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With a stay at The Glasshouse, Autograph Collection, you’ll be centrally located in Edinburgh, steps from Edinburgh Playhouse Theatre and Omni Centre Edinburgh. This 5-star hotel is close to St. Giles’ Cathedral and Palace of Holyroodhouse.
Make yourself at home in one of the 77 air-conditioned rooms featuring iPod docking stations and LCD televisions. Complimentary wired and wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and cable programming provides entertainment. Private bathrooms with separate bathtubs and showers feature designer toiletries and hair dryers. Conveniences include phones, as well as laptop-compatible safes and desks.
Take in the views from a rooftop terrace and a garden and make use of amenities such as complimentary wireless Internet access. Additional features at this hotel include concierge services, babysitting/childcare (surcharge), and wedding services.
Grab a bite to eat at the hotel’s restaurant, where you can take in a garden view, or stay in and take advantage of 24-hour room service. Quench your thirst with your favorite drink at a bar/lounge. Full breakfasts are available daily from 7 AM to 11 AM for a fee.
Featured amenities include complimentary wired Internet access, limo/town car service, and express check-in. Event facilities at this hotel consist of a conference center and meeting rooms. A roundtrip airport shuttle is provided for a surcharge (available 24 hours), and self parking (subject to charges) is available onsite.
I would have given this review a 4.5 if I could. I rounded up to a 5* because the bad points aren't the hotel's fault and they worked to overcome the problems. First the negative: because of the roadworks in front of the hotel, unloading meant double-parking down the street at a taxi rank and getting the luggage from there to Reception. We had a car and parking was not only expensive but required a bit of a walk. Now the positive: hotel staff coordinated over the phone to meet us with a luggage trolley at the taxi rank upon arrival. On departure a staff member walked our luggage to the carpark.
The hotel itself is very comfortable and has an excellent breakfast. The location is very central with theatre nearby and some very good restaurants within walking distance. It has a cool small bar with an excellent selection of whiskies. It is situated on the room level so not subject to passing trade. It is located right next to the Omni Center which has loads of eateries. Although none of these were recommended by hotel staff we found a quick, cheap breakfast at The Playfair (JD Wetherspoon). The Glasshouse was a fairly short hop via Uber to Edinburgh Castle to start our sightseeing day.
Absolutely loved hotel room - beautiful, clean and comfortable.
Not so happy about paying to use the gym - for a 5* hotel, would expect to be given passes for free.
Food and catered well for vegetarians.
I stayed in a suite room in this hotel and it was amazing. One of the best choices in Edinburgh. Amazing balcony, view, staff, everything. I was very impressed. Right in the city centre, very good location. Highly recommended!
I had the most pleasurable treat of a picnic, unfortunately the weather dictated we ate inside, however on a sunnier day, the rooftop location would be perfect. We received a picnic basket which included a rug, and the most amazing selection of picnic food you could wish for. It was all packed in cardboard boxes that were secured with red and white gingham ribbon. It suited me better than most afternoon teas as it was mostly savoury, but there was sweet as well. This was accompanied by cocktails and the most tentative service.
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Edward, an American Biblical scholar, born at Southington, Conn., April 10, 1794, died in New York, Jan. 27, 1863. He graduated at Hamilton college, Clinton, N. Y., in 1816, and served for a year as tutor there. In 1821 he went to Andover, Mass., to procure the printing of an edition of the first six books of the Iliad, which he had prepared. While there he assisted Prof. Stuart in his Hebrew grammar and translations from the German, and was finally appointed assistant instructor. From 1826 to 1830 he studied and travelled in Europe, and on his return was appointed professor extraordinary of sacred literature at Andover, which chair he resigned in 1833 and removed to Boston. In 1837 he was appointed professor of Biblical literature in the Union theological seminary in New York. Before entering upon this office he visited Palestine, of which, in company with the Rev. Dr. Eli Smith, he made a minute survey, and published "Biblical Researches in Palestine, and in the Adjacent Countries, a Journal of Travels in the Year 1838" (3 vols. 8vo, Halle, London, and Boston, 1841). He entered upon his professorship in 1840, and held it till his death.
In 1852 he again visited Palestine, and published the results of this tour in 1856 ("Later Researches," 1 vol. 8vo), with a revision of his previous researches (3d ed. of the complete work, 3 vols., London, 1867). He was a member of the American geographical, oriental, and ethnological societies. He received the degree of D. D. from Dartmouth college in 1831 and from the university of Halle in 1842, and that of LL. D. from Yale college in 1844. In addition to the works above enumerated, he published a translation of Buttmann's Greek grammar (Andover, 1832; new translation from the 18th German ed., New York, 1850); "A Greek and English Lexicon of the New Testament" (Boston, 1836; new ed., entirely rewritten, New York, 1850); "The Harmony of the Four Gospels," in Greek (Boston, 1845), and in English (1846); and a memoir of his father, the Rev. William Robinson (1859). His "Physical Geography of the Holy Land" was published posthumously (8vo, Boston, 1865). He edited from 1831 to 1834 the "Biblical Repository," a theological quarterly, subsequently united with the "Bibliotheca Sacra," which he established and edited for one year in New York. He also edited Calmet's "Biblical Dictionary" and other works, and published several revisions of his translation of Gesenius's Hebrew lexicon. - See his "Life, Character, and Writings," by Henry B. Smith, D. D., and Roswell D. Hitchcock, D. D. (New York, 1864). After his death his library was purchased for Hamilton college.
Therese Libertine Louise Von Jakob, wife of the preceding, born in Halle, Germany, Jan. 26, 1797, died in Hamburg, April 13, 1869. In 1807 she accompanied her father (see Jakob, Ludwig Heinrich von) to Russia, where she studied the Slavic languages and literature, and wrote her first poems. In 1816 she returned with her father to Halle, and in 1822 published, under the signature of Ernst Berthold, translations of Scott's "Old Mortality" and "The Black Dwarf." She wrote a few tales, which were published in 1825 under the title of "Psyche," and others appeared under the signature of "Talvj" (Talvi), formed from the initial letters of her maiden name. She translated a number of poems from the Servian language, which were published under the title of Volkslieder der Serben (2 vols., Halle, 1825-'6). In 1828 she was married to Prof. Robinson, and in 1830 accompanied him to America. Here she translated into German Mr. John Pickering's work on the Indian tongues of North America (Leipsic, 1834). In 1834 she wrote for the "Biblical Repository" a "Historical View of the Slavic Languages," which was revised and published as "Historical View of the Languages and Literature of the Slavic Nations, with a Sketch of their Popular Poetry" (1850). During her husband's first visit to Palestine (1837-'40) she was in Germany, and published Versuch einer geschichtlichen Charakteristik der Volkslieder germanischer Nationen (Leipsic, 1840), and Untersuchung über die Authenticität des Ossian (1840). After her return to New York she wrote a history of Capt. John Smith in German, followed by Die Colonisation ton Neu England (Leipsic, 1847), of which work the younger Hazlitt made a translation into English (2 vols., London, 1851). Her other works, originally published in Germany and translated into English by her daughter, include "Heloise, or the Unrevealed Secret" (New York, 1850), "Life's Discipline, a Tale of the Annals of Hungary" (1851), and "The Exiles" (1853), republished in 1856 as "Woodhill, or the Ways of Providence." After the death of her husband she resided in Hamburg, where her son was American consul, and there continued her literary activity.
Her last work, "Fifteen Years, a Picture from the Last Century," has been published in this country since her death.
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Every week I hold online office hours and answer questions from folks like you. This week we’ve got a question about marketing budgets and bulletin advertising. Take a look and be sure to join me every Wednesday from 2-4 p.m. CDT for online office hours!
What would you say to pastors is a good Internet marketing budget (monthly)?
Coming up with a definitive number for a question like this is difficult. There are many extenuating circumstances that can affect how much money goes where. You dig?
In light of that, here’s what I’d suggest: Try an experiment. Take three months and apply a portion of your print budget to Internet marketing and see what happens. Make sure it’s healthy enough to make a difference (I’d suggest no less than 50%) and you give the experiment enough time to work (thus, the three months).
This accomplishes a few different things: 1.) It ensures there’s no “extra” resources needed. You’re working with a budget that (hopefully) already exists. 2.) It allows a no-pressure scenario where you can see what works online and what doesn’t.
If you don’t have a budget established for print marketing, try freeing up resources from somewhere else. Once you see the results, you’ll either be able to make a better case for resources. Either way.
Just ask this question: “What do I do with the Yellow Pages that show up on my front doorstep?” You throw it away. That’s what. Print marketing isn’t dead, but it’s taking a backseat to digital. Just remember that!
Do you have any marketing statistics that speak to the effectiveness of church bulletin advertising?
One of the best case studies I’ve read on the topic comes from Tipping Media. It’s not bulletin-based, but it does involve church mailers. The two pieces have different purposes, but the data works generally when comparing online and print-based mediums.
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Bill Text - SB-581 Cannabis: licensing: public records.
An act to add Section 26055.2 to the Business and Professions Code, relating to cannabis.
SB 581, as amended, Caballero. Cannabis: licensing: public records.
The Control, Regulate and Tax Adult Use of Marijuana Act of 2016 (AUMA), an initiative measure approved as Proposition 64 at the November 8, 2016, statewide general election, authorizes a person who obtains a state license under AUMA to engage in commercial adult-use cannabis activity pursuant to that license and applicable local ordinances. The Medicinal and Adult-Use Cannabis Regulation and Safety Act (MAUCRSA), among other things, consolidates the licensure and regulation of commercial medicinal and adult-use cannabis activities. MAUCRSA generally divides responsibility for the state licensure and regulation of commercial cannabis activity among the Bureau of Cannabis Control in the Department of Consumer Affairs, the Department of Food and Agriculture, and the State Department of Public Health. MAUCRSA establishes the Cannabis Control Appeals Panel and authorizes any person aggrieved by specified decisions of a licensing authority related to disciplining any license to appeal the licensing authority’s written decision to the panel.
Existing law, the California Public Records Act, requires state and local agencies to make their records available for public inspection unless an exemption from disclosure applies. Existing law exempts specific records from disclosure, including statements of personal worth or personal financial data required by a licensing agency and filed by an applicant with the licensing agency to establish the applicant’s personal qualification for the license, certificate, or permit applied for.
This bill bill, on and after January 1, 2022, would require the licensing authorities to post on their internet websites or through the California Cannabis Portal, as specified, certain information regarding an applicant or a licensee, including specified disciplinary actions taken by a licensing authority or a regulator of another state or jurisdiction. The bill bill, on and after January 1, 2022, would authorize the licensing authorities to disclose this information by linking to original documents. The bill would prohibit its provisions from being construed as requiring the disclosure of any information that could not be obtained through a request for public records submitted pursuant to the California Public Records Act. The bill would make related findings and declarations.
(a) Because cannabis is ingested by consumers and manufactured and grown by natural persons, the effective regulation of cannabis urgently implicates public health.
(b) Section 6250 of the Government Code provides that access to information concerning the conduct of the people’s business is a fundamental and necessary right of every person in this state and courts have held that the public has a right to monitor information revealing the operations of state government.
(c) Members of the public should not be required to file expensive and repetitive California Public Records Act requests simply to obtain information about cannabis applicants and licensees.
(d) Comparable licensing agencies such as those within the Department of Consumer Affairs and the Department of Alcohol Beverage Control have long disclosed basic applicant and licensee information through the internet.
(e) Consumers should easily be able to check on the licensing and disciplinary records of those who are selling them cannabis to ingest and workers should be able easily to check on the licensing and disciplinary records of those who will employ them to work with and around cannabis. The agencies that regulate cannabis should disclose on the internet information that is public record about applicants and licensees.
(1) The name, business address, city, county, and ZIP Code of the business, and license type of the applicant and each owner as defined in Section 26001 and any regulations promulgated thereunder.
(2) The date the application was submitted.
(3) The status of the application.
(4) If the application is denied, the notification of the denial sent to the applicant and the reasons for the denial, including citations to statutes and regulations relied upon as the bases basis for the denial.
(5)Any criminal conviction of any owner of an offense that is substantially related to the qualifications, functions, or duties of the business or profession for which the application is made as determined pursuant to Section 26057 and any regulations promulgated thereunder.
(6)A civil penalty or judgment rendered against the applicant or any owner.
(5) Any violation of the Labor Code that was disclosed on the application.
(1) The information described in subdivision (a).
(2) Whether or not the license is valid and whether the licensing authority has placed restrictions on the license.
(A) The offense was committed after the license was issued.
(B) The offense is substantially related to the qualifications, functions, or duties of the business or profession for which the license was issued as determined pursuant to Section 26057 and any regulations promulgated thereunder.
(4) Any civil penalty or judgment rendered against the licensee or any owner.
(C) Current accusations filed by the Attorney General, including accusations that are on appeal. For purposes of this paragraph, “current accusation” means an accusation that has not been dismissed, withdrawn, or settled, and has not been finally decided upon by an administrative law judge or the licensing authority, unless an appeal of that decision is pending.
(D) Citations or fines issued.
(E) Any final revocations and suspensions, or other equivalent actions, taken against the licensee by a licensing authority or a regulator of another state or jurisdiction or the surrender of a license by the licensee in relation to a disciplinary action or investigation, including the operative accusation resulting in the license surrender or discipline.
(F) Probation or other equivalent actions, taken against the licensee by a licensing authority or a regulator of another state or jurisdiction, completed or terminated, including the operative accusation resulting in the discipline.
(c) The information required to be posted pursuant to subdivisions (a) and (b) shall be prominently linked from either the home page of the licensing authority or the California Cannabis Portal.
(d) The licensing authority may disclose the information required to be posted pursuant to subdivisions (a) and (b) by linking to original documents.
(e) Nothing in this section shall be construed as requiring the disclosure of any information that could not be obtained through a request for public records submitted pursuant to Chapter 3.5 (commencing with Section 6250) of Division 7 of Title 1 of the Government Code.
(f) For purposes of this section, “licensing authority” means the Bureau of Cannabis Control, the State Department of Public Health, and the Department of Food and Agriculture.
(g) This section shall become operative on January 1, 2022.
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Be prepared to invest more than $250,000 to start a mini train ride business. But also be prepared to generate daily business sales that can easily exceed $1,500. Starting a mini train ride business for children takes a lot of careful planning, research and business expertise, and there are numerous considerations including the most important--where the business will be located. Good locations include parks, amusement centers, indoor malls and zoos. Additionally, depending on the business location, sales of products such as hats, T-shirts and food items can also be added to boost sales and profits.
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Blend the best principles of biointensive gardening and square-foot gardening to devise a customized, highly productive intensive gardening system.
Beauty and productivity harmonize in an intensively planted garden when you add flowers and natural, structural elements.
Adding plenty of compost is fundamental to intensive gardening.
The 1-by-1-foot grid pattern, a trademark of square-foot gardening, can help intensive growers portion out and make the most of limited bed space.
You can even try square-foot gardening in wooden boxes on a balcony. Include flowers, herbs and vegetables for variety.
Combine crops, flowers, steppingstones and a seat, and you’ll have a backyard retreat along with plenty to eat.
“Double-digging,” or digging and refilling trenches, is central to biointensive growing but may not be worth the work.
Growing vining crops, such as pole beans and cucumbers, vertically will allow you to harvest more in a given space.
Rows of lettuce in raised beds make a space-saving, productive addition to your patio.
Grow in raised beds or define permanent beds and walkways to prevent soil compaction and manage garden amendments efficiently.
Whether you grow food on a spacious homestead or are digging into your first urban garden, ditching the plant-by-rows approach and instead adopting intensive gardening techniques can help you grow a more productive garden that’s also more efficient to manage. These methods will open up a new world when it comes to small-space gardening, which can be so much more than just a few lone pots on a balcony. If you do it right, you can grow more food in less space and put an impressive dent in your household’s fresh-food needs.
Two gardening authors and their systems of intensive vegetable gardening have been highly influential in North America for more than 30 years. Mel Bartholomew’s book on “square-foot” gardening was first published in 1981, while John Jeavons’ first book on “biointensive” gardening came out in 1974. Since these books hit the shelves, millions of gardeners have experimented with and embraced the gardening techniques advocated within.
Bartholomew’s aim with square-foot gardening is a simple, foolproof system that anyone can master (no companion planting, no crop rotation and no soil preparation). He prescribes raised beds of only 6 inches deep for most crops, filled with an artificial mix of peat moss, vermiculite and compost. While this method is reliant on assembling purchased components, it can work well in urban spaces, especially where soil contamination is a concern, where digging into the ground isn’t an option, or where people are especially picky about how a garden looks (perhaps because of ordinances for front lawns). Check out “10 Tenets of Square-Foot Gardening” below for more on this method.
Jeavons’ biointensive gardening system is based on developing fertile soil in permanent garden beds that you initially dig to a depth of 2 feet. His primary goal is to grow food sustainably, using as few inputs from outside of the system as possible. He provides detailed instructions on crop planning, making compost, companion planting, crop rotation, growing crops that serve a dual purpose as food and compost-heap fodder, and more. See “10 Tenets of Biointensive Gardening” later in this article for the skinny on this system.
Despite such differing approaches, both sets of techniques deliver high-yielding food gardens thanks to four common features, all of which I recommend.
2. Reliance on compost. Both systems rely on the tried-and-true groundwork of all organic gardening: heavy doses of compost to supply balanced, slow-release nutrients needed to grow healthy crops. The organic matter in compost also increases soil’s water-holding capacity and improves its texture.
3. High-density mixed planting. A key to the high productivity of both systems is that they take advantage of the entire surface of each bed to grow plants rather than leaving spaces between rows. This results in even more yield without adding more garden space. For novice gardeners, Bartholomew’s method of marking off beds in 1-foot squares may be particularly helpful as a way to visualize how densely one can plant. Interspersing crops with different root depths, plant heights and growth rates also means you can grow more in a given space.
4. Prompt succession planting. Staggered planting and, thus, staggered harvests are more efficient for the gardener and maximize the growing season. Quickly replanting any gaps left after harvesting a particular crop lets you use every area of the garden throughout the year.
With fertile soil and dense planting, any garden can be highly productive — but as these two intensive-gardening approaches show, you can achieve this productivity via different means. I’m on Bartholomew’s side in favoring simple, low-maintenance methods (after all, the energy of the gardener is a valuable resource, too), but gardeners can learn much from Jeavons about sustainable practices. Reducing the use of nonrenewable resources — whether it’s fossil fuels burned in transporting supplies, irrigation water from deep aquifers or even peat moss — is an important consideration and one that’s on many gardeners’ minds. Square-foot gardening calls for purchasing a large amount of peat moss, which isn’t a renewable material. Coconut coir is a more sustainable option.
With time and experience, and based on the region and circumstances, every gardener tailors his or her system to what works best. I’ve talked with hundreds of gardeners over the past few decades to glean some of the commonalities between successful gardening systems, and the resulting recommendations that follow here will help you grow a high-yield but low-maintenance, sustainable garden.
Adapt to local conditions. Soil, climate, weather, water availability, composting materials, pests and diseases vary depending on where you live, so learn from local experts and look for information written for your region. (Connect with nearby gardeners on MOTHER EARTH NEWS' new Facebook pages for each state and province.) The space you have available and the ease with which you can transport materials will also influence your gardening decisions. If you have a tiny urban garden, you aren’t likely to be able to grow a considerable amount of grain crops for supplying carbonaceous compostable materials, as Jeavons suggests doing. Creating nutrients and organic matter by making compost out of other ingredients, such as fall leaves and newspapers mixed with food scraps, may make more sense. For a large garden with more space, however, growing compostable or “green manure” crops may be the most practical way to build the organic matter in your soil.
Go permanent. The effectiveness of using permanent garden beds is undisputed. Whether permanent beds should be raised, however, depends on the site and on personal preference. Raised beds — constructed with sides to allow the soil to be built up higher than the natural soil level — allow for good drainage on low-lying land and warm up quickly in spring. Older and less mobile folks could benefit from raised beds because they’re higher up and easier to work in. Gardens on well-drained soil, however, may fare better and need less water if the beds are not raised — and, of course, you won’t have the job and expense of building sides for your beds.
Use soil (if you have it). A con of Bartholomew’s system is that it relies so heavily on buying the ingredients to make your growing medium. This is expensive and means you aren’t using and improving the soil already on your property. Despite Bartholomew’s concern that improving soil takes too long, I’ve found that adding organic amendments, including balanced organic fertilizers if needed, can turn any soil into decent garden soil in its first few seasons. Generous applications of compost increase the nutrient- and water-holding capacity of sandy soils and improve the structure of clay soils. Regarding water conservation, plants growing in the ground usually need less irrigation than plants in containers or raised beds do, because soil-bound plants benefit from capillary flow of water from the subsoil. This upward movement of water can come from a depth of 2 to 8 feet, depending on the type of soil. Deep-rooted plants will also survive cold snaps and heat waves better than plants in containers and raised beds because their roots are subjected to less-extreme temperature swings. Of course, if your best sunny spot is a paved parking lot, by all means, build raised beds (the deeper, the better).
Don’t work too hard. When I initially encountered Jeavons’ book in the 1970s, I set out to follow his technique for double-digging my garden. I quickly discovered, despite Jeavons’ cheery instructions, that this was a daunting amount of work. When you finish shifting the soil, you will have moved all of the soil in the bed sideways by 1 or 2 feet and down to a depth of 2 feet. After digging one bed, I decided to skip the rest and live with the consequences — except none seemed to crop up. I saw no difference between the double-dug bed and the rest of the garden throughout that summer or in later years. Similarly, a 1998 study by Ohio State University found no significant yield difference between beans and beets grown in beds that had been cultivated only on the surface and beds that had been double-dug.
Over many years of intensive gardening, I have learned (as have many gardeners before me) that layering on mulches saves a lot of labor, and that minimal cultivation of beds works just fine. Research has provided sound reasons why minimizing soil disturbance is a good idea: Reduced-tillage systems result in higher populations of beneficial fungi that move nutrients and water through the soil column. Also, soils that receive less disruption have more beneficial nematodes, earthworms, soil mites and other microorganisms wriggling and crawling about. Neither Bartholomew’s artificial planting medium nor Jeavons’ repeated double-digging takes full advantage of such hardworking critters.
Because earthworms, plant roots and soil insects are so good at aerating soil, I’m happy to leave it to them. Without turning over the soil, I lightly fork compost and other amendments into the top couple of inches once a year, which takes me about 15 minutes for an 8-by-4-foot bed. For the rest of the season, I plant without cultivating, allowing easy interplanting by slipping in new plants between maturing crops. I often leave crop residues on the soil as a mulch and plant right through it. Creating minimal disturbance has led to a bountiful garden with less work on my part. This can, however, require a slight shift from the “clean soil” garden aesthetic some value.
Weeding is, for most, a dreaded task, but it can be almost eliminated by smart planting. Intensive planting suppresses weeds, as the leaves of nearby plants quickly fill in and shade the soil. Using mulch to keep the soil covered is effective at smothering germinating weed seeds. I leave mulch on the soil for as much of the garden season as possible (weeds grow all winter in my Northwest climate), but I pull it back in spring to allow the soil to dry out and warm up. You can control weeds in pathways by laying down cardboard, newspaper or other light-excluding materials, or sow the pathways to grass or clover and mow (or scythe) them every now and then. Put the clippings back on the garden beds as a nitrogen-rich mulch.
Making compost can be as simple as putting everything in a bin, waiting for a season to pass, and then spreading the most digested material on the garden and returning undigested material to the bin. Or, don’t make compost at all: Just leave organic material on the soil to decompose. Any plant material, including crop residues and pulled weeds, will impart organic matter as soil organisms break it down. Roots are another source of organic matter, so instead of pulling plants when clearing a bed, I cut them at the soil line and leave the roots to decompose.
Ignore the bewildering number of gardening rules and myths floating around the Internet and other sources. For example, companion-planting charts of the “tomatoes love basil” variety are largely myth, though the value of planting to cycle nutrients to different crop families and attract beneficial insects is well-established (go to Maintain Healthy Soil With Crop Rotation for more). In my experience, you can safely disregard most crop-rotation systems, because relatively few crops in a diverse food garden are likely to suffer from soilborne diseases or pests. After you know what problems occur in your region, you know which crops to rotate. Where I live, for example, the high risk of root disease in the onion family and for potatoes makes four-year crop rotations smart for these, but I don’t worry about allowing long rotations for other vegetables.
Relax and smile. Gardens should be individualistic and fun. They can be as tidy or as wild as you like, take little effort to maintain, and still produce an astonishing amount of food from a small area. If digging beds, turning compost or setting up growing boxes works for you, carry on — just don’t think any of it is a strict requirement for a bountiful garden. Personally, I figure the less time and effort it takes to grow food, the more time there is to enjoy it!
1. Cultivate in small, raised garden boxes that are at least 6 inches deep, separated into a 1-by-1-foot grid pattern (often 16 squares per box).
2. Fill boxes with a growing medium made of one-third peat moss, one-third vermiculite and one-third blended compost.
4. Sow only the number of seeds needed in each square to avoid wasting seed.
5. Add no fertilizer; rely on the compost in the growing medium for nutrients.
6. Practice low-maintenance gardening, with no digging, tilling, soil prep, soil testing or cultivating.
7. Achieve staggered harvests with succession planting.
8. Capitalize on vertical space by growing vining crops on supports.
9. Leave wide aisles (at least 3 feet wide) between your growing boxes to easily work in your beds and maneuver between them.
10. Employ tools minimally — you should only need a trowel for transplanting, a pencil for poking holes and lifting seedlings out of pots, and scissors for harvesting.
Order Mel Bartholomew’s book All New Square Foot Gardening for more information.
1. Loosen soil in raised-bed planting sites by “double-digging” to a depth of 2 feet.
2. Space crops tightly in a hexagonal planting pattern.
4. Compost on-site and use compost to amend and build your soil.
5. Use synergistic planting (also called “companion planting”) so that plants grown together enhance each other.
7. Grow calorie-efficient root crops, such as potatoes, in about 30 percent of the growing area.
8. Sow open-pollinated seeds to preserve genetic diversity.
9. Create a “closed,” interrelated growing system in which enough organic matter is produced by your “mini-farm” to sustain the soil within the system.
10. Produce food in a way that, compared with conventional farming, greatly reduces the use of resources, and places a focus on diversity, soil building and achieving high yields.
Order John Jeavons’ book How to Grow More Vegetables, which details the complete biointensive growing system.
Linda A. Gilkeson holds a doctorate in entomology and has been educating gardeners through workshops and writing for more than 20 years. She gardens in British Columbia and is the author of several gardening books, most recently Backyard Bounty: The Complete Guide to Year-Round Organic Gardening in the Pacific Northwest.
How do I rid my garden of squash bugs from year to year?
One of my problems is compost: I just don't generate enough to create any. Suggestions?
I did buy the CD of past issues when I first ordered my subscription. Can I also view this on the internet?I really enjoy reading Motherearthnews, so would appreciate it if I could read past issues. If this is possible, please tell me how to do this.
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There’s a recent trend in more companies switching to an open office landscape. Recent research discovered about 70% of US offices are an open concept. As this number grows, so do the employee’s opinions about open office designs.
A consequence of open office environments is the growing concerns and negative views from employees themselves. When asked about the disadvantages of open office concepts, an overwhelming majority stated noise as their biggest complaint. It’s true that noise can be a big factor in staying focused, multitasking, and productivity. Small distractions prohibit employees from being fully focused, and as a result, make it harder and less enjoyable to do their jobs.
There is a reason people enjoy private rooms: better focus. Physical barriers, such as four walls, have been directly linked to psychological privacy. People feel more focused when they’re alone, with no distractions. As a result, most employees feel negatively towards open office landscapes. Less predominant complaints included decreased attention span and an increase in the likelihood of getting sick. Employees prefer total quietness to stay focused and have begun to negatively view open office layouts due to lack of privacy and noise interference.
Open office designs aren’t entirely bad and there are many reasons why more companies have begun to embrace them. Open office concepts have proven to be helpful in many ways including increased creativity, a sense of community within an organization, and increased communication and collaboration. A traditional office hinders open communication between all levels of a company and has been a leading reason to switch to an open concept. Employees feel more included and their opinions and ideas valued when they’re able to easily communicate them. Open office designs also take away from the hierarchy of private offices and level the field for every employee.
With sound privacy being the primary complaint, companies have started working on solutions. More offices have started creating private rooms specifically for brainstorming, private calls, and an increased sense of privacy. Private rooms have greatly increased employee satisfaction as it gives them the option for privacy when they need it. New open office designs usually include wide-open workspaces, smaller sections for teamwork, and private rooms for conferences and meetings. These new improvements in open offices help to eliminate the complaints and negative views, while still benefiting from the favorable reasons open office layouts work.
Think positively about your open office design and embrace the added creativity and collaboration with coworkers. Allow the open space concept to become a brainstorming haven for you and your team members to communicate and achieve success.
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The Administrative Associate is responsible for administrative duties to mainly support National and Regional Office as required; assist in travel arrangement, conduct routine secretarial duties, liaise with counterpart administrative departments, assist with preparing official communication to project counterparts and clients, maintain files, coordinate the distribution of official documents, and arrange meetings and travels. In addition, she will also assist and provide translation and interpreter services as required.
Receiving calls and ensuring any messages are quickly forwarded to appropriate individuals.
Arranging meetings and other managing other schedules for IUWASH Plus team member.
Preparing all packages and documents for mail, courier and messenger; and supervising their distribution.
Assist in scheduling drivers and vehicle movements.
Assisting in sending letters/documents, scanned, to partners, agencies and other government entities.
Assuming the duties of the other Administrative Assistants in periods of absence.
Maintain records related to and closely track employee utilization of annual, holiday, sick and other leave.
Undertaking other assignments that may be given from time to time as appropriate by Primary & Secondary supervisor.
Assist in the production of reports and documents.
Other miscellaneous tasks as may be required.
At least 5 years experiences handling administration, logistics, travel arrangement etc.
Good communication skill and experience working with multi stakeholder: government, community, private sectors, vendors etc.
Excellent communication skills both in English and Bahasa Indonesia, as well as good computer skills.
Interested applicants are invited to send a complete application with 3 references to [email protected] or [email protected] before February 17, 2019.
Please write the job CODE in the subject line of the email.
We regret that we are unable to acknowledge receipt of all applications and only shortlisted candidates will be notified.
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Hurricane Gabrielle was a powerful tropical cyclone that caused nine fatalities in the United States and Canada, despite remaining hundreds of miles offshore. The tenth tropical cyclone, seventh named storm, and third hurricane of the 1989 Atlantic hurricane season, Gabrielle developed on August 30 from a tropical wave near the west coast of Africa. Under favorable conditions, the depression intensified and became Tropical Storm Gabrielle early on the following day. Rapid strengthening occurred thereafter, with Gabrielle reaching hurricane intensity early on September 1. After becoming a hurricane, further intensification was steady, though by September 5, Gabrielle peaked as a moderate Category 4 hurricane. On the following day, Gabrielle began to slowly level-off in intensity, while gradually curving northward. After weakening to a Category 2 hurricane, the storm passed east of Bermuda on September 8.
Gabrielle eventually decelerated, and by early on September 10, it curved westward and weakened to a tropical storm. Gabrielle re-curved northeastward on September 11 and began paralleling Nova Scotia. It further weakened to a tropical depression on September 12 and was then absorbed by a developing storm near Newfoundland on September 13. Due to its large size, Gabrielle produced swells and high tides in the Lesser Antilles, Bermuda, the East Coast of the United States, and Atlantic Canada. Rough seas along the East Coast of the United States caused one fatality in Maine, two in Massachusetts, one in New Jersey, and four in New York. In Nova Scotia, large waves swept one man to sea and eventually caused his drowning.
A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 28 and entered into the Atlantic Ocean. Initially, the wave had moderate amounts of deep convection and was already well organized, which allowed it to quickly become a tropical cyclone. Based on ship reports, the wave was classified as Tropical Depression Ten beginning at 1200 UTC on August 30. Located 1,000 miles (1,609 km) southeast of Tropical Storm Felix, the depression tracked westward as a high pressure ridge formed between the two storms. Satellite imagery showed the depression developing a good outflow pattern. As a result, the National Hurricane Center upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Gabrielle on August 31. It was noted that by as early as 1200 UTC later that day, Gabrielle was already rather large and well-defined. Gabrielle continued to move westward at 17 mph (27 km/h), and by early on September 1, the storm was upgraded to a hurricane. However, the storm was not operationally upgraded to a hurricane until late on September 2; Gabrielle was then located about 625 miles (1006 km) west of Cape Verde.
After becoming a hurricane on September 1, Gabrielle continued to intensify, but at a slower pace. By 1200 UTC on September 2, the storm strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane while centered about halfway between the Leeward Islands and Cape Verde. Early on the following day, Gabrielle became a major hurricane when it reached Category 3 intensity. Later on September 3, a ridge of high pressure formed a wedge between Gabrielle and Hurricane Felix. At 2046 UTC on September 3, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration reconnaissance aircraft flight reported a pressure of 937 mbar (27.7 inHg), which was the lowest barometric pressure recorded in association with Gabrielle. It was later noted that the aircraft may not have entered the area with the most intense winds. Although barometric pressures slowly increased, Gabrielle continued to intensify, and by September 4, it became a Category 4 hurricane. Later that day, a trough extending from the Atlantic Canada southeastward to the Florida/Georgia border caused Gabrielle to recurve northwestward.
Hurricane Gabrielle southeast of Nova Scotia on September 8, 1989.
At 0000 UTC on September 5, Gabrielle reached its maximum sustained wind speed of 145 mph (230 km/h), though the barometric pressure was slightly higher than late on September 3. A hurricane hunter aircraft flown into the storm on September 5 reported that hurricane force winds extended 100 miles (161 km) from the center and tropical storm force winds 250 miles (402 km). At the time, Gabrielle was recurving west-northwest at 15 mph (24 km/h). Hours later, another recon flight into Gabrielle revealed that the barometric pressure was slowly rising and the eye began to expand which is sign that the storm was slowly weakening. However, forecasters were unsure if the weakening was temporary or definite, prompting one meteorologist to say that "Gabrielle may have reached its peak intensity, but its too early to tell", to explain the uncertainty of Gabrielle’s strength and if the storm will strengthen even further. The storm passed northeastward of the Leeward Islands and turned northward in response to a weakening in the ridge of high pressure caused by Hurricane Felix. Early on September 7, Gabrielle was downgraded to a Category 3 hurricane. Only six hours later, the storm further weakened to a Category 2 hurricane.
While a Category 2 hurricane, Gabrielle passed east of Bermuda early on September 8. Further weakening occurred and later that day, the storm was downgraded to a Category 1 hurricane. By early on September 9, Gabrielle began decelerating as it interacted with a frontal trough extending north to south across the western Atlantic Ocean, before becoming stationary about 475 miles (764 km) southeast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts on the following day. At 0600 UTC on September 10, Gabrielle weakened to a tropical storm. While being downgraded to a tropical storm, Gabrielle began drifting slowly westward in an area of weak steering well south of the jet stream. The storm later turned back eastward, ahead of an approaching cold front. On September 12, Gabrielle further weakened to a tropical depression, while being forced northeastward by a frontal trough. The depression lost most of its tropical characteristics, and by 1800 UTC on September 13, it merged with a storm system developing near Newfoundland on September 13.
The National Hurricane Center stated in its forecast on September 3 that Gabrielle had a 10 percent chance of affecting the Leeward Islands in three days. On September 5, meteorologists forecast the storm to bypass north of the Virgin Islands and told the press that it is too early to suggest that the storm might hit the United States four or five days ahead of its current position. As Hurricane Gabrielle moved west-northwest, forecasters at the National Hurricane Center advised residents along the East Coast of the United States to monitor the storm because of its large size and strong swells it is producing. When Gabrielle, recurved northwestward, the National Hurricane Center forecast the outer edge of the hurricane to graze Bermuda, bringing tropical storm force winds and strong waves to the island. In Bermuda, cruise ships and other water craft were advised of rough seas and many residents rushed to stores to buy emergency supplies.
Rough seas from Hurricane Gabrielle viewed from a hurricane hunter aircraft.
Although Gabrielle remained far from land throughout its duration, its large size caused swells in the Lesser Antilles, the East Coast of the United States, Bermuda, and Atlantic Canada. Minor to moderate coastal flooding damage occurred in the Leeward Islands and the British Virgin Islands. Along the East Coast of the United States, rough seas caused one fatality in Maine, two in Massachusetts, one in New Jersey, and four in New York. Additionally, swells in Atlantic Canada caused one drowning fatality in Nova Scotia.
In Barbados, Gabrielle brought 10 feet (3 m) waves and flooding to the island nation, causing minor damage. There were no fatalities or injuries. In Dominica and Guadeloupe, waves from Gabrielle caused severe beach erosion along the north and east coasts of the island but moderate damage was reported. However, the erosion brought by Gabrielle and later Hurricane Hugo resulted loss of 14 feet (4.4 m) of beach. The Caribbean islands of Nevis and British Virgin Islands also sustained minor to moderate beach erosion. In Bermuda, waves of 10–20 feet (4.6–6 m) were reported.
Waves between 5 and 13 feet (1.5–4 meters) were reported along the East Coast of the United States from Florida to Maryland. A weather buoy in Outer Banks, North Carolina reported swells up to 10 feet (3 meters). One death occurred by drowning in New Jersey. A 37‑year‑old man was reported missing in New York City and presumed dead after his houseboat capsized in the heavy surf. Another houseboat also capsized, drowning a 58‑year‑old woman. On shore, a large wave swept two fishermen into the sea, where they drowned. Overall, four fatalities occurred in the state of New York. In Rhode Island two teenagers were rescued by the United States Coast Guard after being swept into the water by the waves.
Near Boston, Massachusetts, a 25‑year‑old man was reported missing in the Ipswich River north of Cape Ann after a motorboat capsized in the rough surf; two other occupants including an infant were rescued. Elsewhere in the state, two deaths were reported, both of which were related to rough surf. The United States Coast Guard rescued two surfers in New Hampshire, while looking for a swimmer who was reported missing earlier. In Tenants Harbor, Maine, a 19‑year‑old woman drowned after slipping off a rock shoreline. Two men who were with her tried to rescue the woman but to no avail as the rough seas overpowered them. The men themselves were later rescued by the crew of a fishing boat. Overall, Gabrielle caused eight fatalities along the East Coast of the United States.
Just offshore of Nova Scotia, waves reached 40 feet (12 m) in height; a buoy near Shearwater measured swells up to 30 feet (9.1 m). Along the coastline, waves were about two stories high. In Gill Cove, two men walking near the shore were swept away by a large wave; one made it safely back to the coastline, though the other was lost and subsequently drowned. Rough sea also lashed Newfoundland, which caused 20 ships to be sheltered in the St. John's harbor.
^ a b c d e Robert A. Case (1989-11-23). "Hurricane Gabrielle Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. p. 1. Retrieved 2012-05-16.
^ a b Gary Gerew (1989). "Holiday Weekend to become sunmy". Syracuse Herald-Journal.
^ a b c Robert A. Case (1989-11-23). "Hurricane Gabrielle Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. p. 2. Retrieved 2012-05-16.
^ a b "Hurricane Gabrielle Expected to Strengthen". The Intelligencer. Associated Press. 1989.
^ a b c d e f "Hurricane Heads Towards Bermuda". Syracuse Herald Journal. Associated Press. 1989.
^ "Hurricane Gabrielle forms in the Atlantic". The Intelligencer. Associated Press. 1989.
^ a b "Hurricane Gabrielle veers away from Mainland". The Fredrick Post. Associated Press. 1989.
^ "Gabrielle heads north past Bermuda". Syracuse Herald Journal. Associated Press. 1989.
^ a b c d e f Robert A. Case (1989-11-23). "Hurricane Gabrielle Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. p. 3. Retrieved 2012-05-16.
^ a b c UNESCO (2007). "Hurricane impact on beaches in the eastern Caribbean Islands 1989 - 1995". Retrieved 2007-02-20.
^ a b "Gabrielle passes Bermuda winds drop". The Capitol. 1989.
^ a b c "1989-Gabrielle". Environment Canada. 2010-09-14. Retrieved 2012-05-13.
^ a b c d "Gabrielle sends powerful waves to coast, rivers". The Gettysburg Times. Associated Press. 1989.
This page was last edited on 5 January 2019, at 19:47 (UTC).
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Did you know the concept of vitamins is relatively new? They weren't a part of nutritional studies until the early 1900s, after Polish scientist Kazimierz Funk coined the term "vital amines."
Quickly, scientists across the world started discovering their effects. Several studies showed that diets composed of purified ingredients couldn't support life alone, and scientists sought to find out why. As we now know, these diets were missing vitamins. Once that was discovered, vitamins became the subject of global study, revolutionizing our approach to both human and pet nutrition.
Compared to the other groups of nutrients, vitamins are required in the smallest amounts. And unlike minerals, vitamins are complex substances. Vitamins are classified as either fat-soluble (Vitamins A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B-Vitamins and Vitamin C). Fat-soluble vitamins depend on the presence of dietary fat and normal fat absorption for their uptake and utilization in the body.
Like so many of the other nutrients discussed thus far, vitamins work in concert with other vitamins and nutrients to nourish the animal. This makes it important to provide balanced amounts of vitamins and other nutrients in complete diets. Adding supplements to diets, which are already complete and balanced, may create imbalances with detrimental effects.
Vitamin A has been the subject of much research in the fields of animal nutrition and veterinary medicine. Vitamin A has a number of functions necessary for the health and well-being of pets including a role in normal vision, growth, immune system function and reproduction. In addition, Vitamin A and its precursor, beta-carotene, have antioxidant functions. The plant source of Vitamin A is beta-carotene, which animals must convert to the actual vitamin before it becomes active and functions as Vitamin A.
Although Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) is considered a vitamin, it is also considered a hormone and is one of three major hormones involved in the regulation of calcium in the body. Its primary functions are to help in the mineralization of bone and to increase the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestine. Vitamin D can be acquired in the diet, or, in most species, it can be produced in the skin following exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight.
Vitamin E is used to describe a family of chemical compounds called tocopherols, derived from the Greek words meaning child-bearing, which refers to its role in reproduction. It is also known for its action as a biological antioxidant. Tocopherols are found in plant oils, particularly in association with the polyunsaturated oils from seeds such as safflower and wheat germ, or soybean oil. Lack of Vitamin E in the diet could result in damage to the wall or membrane of cells throughout the body. As a nutrient, Vitamin E works in conjunction with other nutrients and compounds (selenium, a micro mineral, and glutathione, an amino acid-derived compound) as an antioxidant to minimize damage to cells from oxidation.
Some tocopherols are more active in the body than others. The alpha form of the vitamin is the most active as a nutrient, and it is the compound added to dog food to meet the animal's dietary requirement. When Vitamin E is used as a preservative, a mixture of several forms of tocopherol are added to help prevent oxidation of the fat in the diet. The form of tocopherol most effective at preventing oxidation of fat in foods has low biological activity in the body and is not considered part of the nutrient content of the diet.
There is no known toxicity due to oral ingestion of even moderately high amounts of Vitamin E in animals. Good quality commercial dog foods contain adequate amounts of this vitamin to meet a dog's dietary needs.
Vitamin K was the last of the four fat-soluble vitamins to be discovered. The most common forms of Vitamin K in the diet are called menadione and phylloquinone, which come from green, leafy plants and vegetables. The major function of this vitamin is as a clotting agent within the blood.
B Complex Vitamins - What do they do?
B-complex vitamins are those vitamins originally identified as B1, B2, B6, B12 and others which are listed below. These vitamins are required in small amounts in the daily diet and are essential to many functions in the body. Although these nutrients don't provide energy in and of themselves, they are critical in the metabolism of protein, carbohydrate and fat, which results in energy for body processes. Unlike the fat-soluble vitamins, the B Vitamins are not stored to any extent in the body and must be consumed daily.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) is also a water-soluble vitamin and has a primary metabolic role in the body of all mammals involving the synthesis or production of collagen. While ascorbic acid is essential in the diet of humans, other primates and guinea pigs, dogs have no dietary requirement for this vitamin since they make their own Vitamin C.
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Algarve is known for its rugged natural beauty and ancient history. In fact, Roman and Moorish ruins are still visible in several locations here. Algarve is also known for its figs, almonds, and orange groves, as well as some of the freshest seafood in the world!
Take an ATV tour: An all-terrain vehicle may be the best way to immerse yourself in the challenging landscape here. ATV adventures are widely available and guides can take you places you can't reach by foot or car.
Go horseback riding: This is another popular way to get around the countryside in Algarve, and it's somewhat quieter and more authentic than an ATV.
Visit Cabo do Sao Vincente: Considered a magic place by ancient Romans and Neolithic people, this rocky coast with its historic lighthouse provides a home to some spectacular species of marine life and nesting birds.
Take an eco-tour: An eco-adventure by boat will allow you to observe some of the diverse land and marine life of Algarve.
Take a trip to Zoomarine: The best of both an aquarium and a zoo, Zoomarine offers dolphin presentations and close encounters with aquarium sharks, tropical birds, and sea lions. Zoomarine is also a theme park of sorts with swimming pools and other attractions.
Night life: Sample some of Portugal's best bars, restaurants, and night spots in Algarve, including an unusually high number of fun-loving Portuguese-Irish pubs.
You can easily find a place to stay any season of the year in Faro or any of the other municipalities that make up the region of Algarve. You can rent a secluded villa with views overlooking the rocky coastline or you can book an apartment or condo closer to the heart of town. No matter what kind of vacation rental you're looking for, you can certainly find a beautiful and affordable place that meets your needs in Algarve.
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Резюме. Натрийуретические пептиды являются маркером сердечной недостаточности. Известна роль натрийуретического пептида NT-proBNP в качестве предиктора прогноза при критических состояниях.
Целью исследования была оценка диагностического и прогностического значения NT-proBNP у больных с обострением хронической обструктивной болезни легких (ХОБЛ). Исследование носило открытый проспективный дизайн. Были обследованы 80 госпитализированных пациентов с обострением ХОБЛ (возраст – 65,8 ± 19,9 года; объем форсированного выдоха за 1-ю с (ОФВ1) – 38,5 ± 17,3 %; парциальное напряжение кислорода (PaO2) и углекислого газа (PaCO2) – 53,8 ± 13,0 мм рт. ст. и 50,6 ± 15,1 мм рт. ст. соответственно). Всем пациентам выполнялось комплексное обследование (рентгенография легких, спирография, эхокардиография и серийные измерения уровня плазменного NT-proBNP). Основными причинами обострения ХОБЛ были гнойный бактериальный бронхит (48,8 %), пневмония (23,8 %), декомпенсация хронической сердечной недостаточности – ХСН (17,5 %) и тромбоэмболия легочных артерий – ТЭЛА (5 %). Уровень NT-proBNP был повышен у 88,7 % больных с обострением ХОБЛ, средняя концентрация NT-proBNP составила 1 057,8 ± 555,3 фмоль / мл. Пациенты с ХОБЛ и ТЭЛА имели самый высокий уровень NT-proBNP (1 735,9 ± 523,8 фмоль / мл); у пациентов с сочетанием ХОБЛ и ХСН уровень NT-proBNP – 1 405,4 ± 626,8 фмоль / мл, с пневмонией – 1 043,5 ± 643,1 фмоль / мл, с гнойным бронхитом – 906,6 ± 425,9 фмоль / мл. Значения Nt-pro BNP были выше у умерших, по сравнению с выжившими больными (1 484,6 ± 618,7 vs 1 003,7 ± 527,1 фмоль / мл соответственно; p = 0,013). Таким образом, у больных с обострением ХОБЛ плазменный уровень Nt-proBNP являлся эффективным маркером тяжести и прогноза болезни.
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What are the benefits of LED stage lights?
LED stage lights represent the very latest in technology and innovation. And now through Prestige they are available at a very affordable price point.
LED lights use a fraction of the energy of conventional stage lighting. This makes them much cheaper to use as it saves on electricity. In addition, it also means that LEDs are the perfect solution in small venues as many LED stage lights can be plugged in to one standard power point.
Most LED lights are rated for over 100,000 hours of use without the need to ever replace a lamp! This not only saves in ongoing cost, but it also mean less maintenance.
LED lights emit very low amounts of heat. Unlike old conventional stage lights that burn at 1000 watts or more, LEDs are low wattage. The benefits of low heat emission include increased safety, cooler venues, and the superior comfort for those on stage or in front of the lights.
Unlike conventional lights that use a colour filter, Prestige LED lights can display all three primary colours of Red, Green, Blue, and an almost endless mix of these colours to create stunning colours from a single fixture.
LED lights are now super bright. This brightness makes for stunning and dramatic colours and stage effects. It also means LED lights can be installed as house lighting in large venues, and be used as theatre lights for productions.
LED moving lights have the option of many different features. These include dazzling gobos, moving effects, and much more.
If only using LED lights, no dimmer rack is required. This makes LEDs easier to run, more portable, and much more energy efficient. Just plug them via DMX into a controller and they are ready for operation.
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0.999855 |
Cambridge University Press (CUP) is not generally in the habit of publishing monographs by extreme right-wingers hailing from obscure liberal arts colleges in rural Pennsylvania. What then explains its publication of Leo Strauss and the Conservative Movement in America: A Critical Appraisal by Paul Edward Gottfried, the Horace Raffensperger Professor of Humanities at Elizabethtown College?
The key must lie in the book's subtitle, "A Critical Appraisal". Leo Strauss has become a bête noire of the academic Left, being portrayed as the chief ideologue of the Iraq War, even though he died in 1973. For them Strauss is the evil genius behind the most sinister ideology of our age, neoconservatism, and the spiritual godfather to hate figures such as former US Deputy Defense Secretary and World Bank President Paul Wolfowitz.
Gottfried is also highly critical of Strauss and even more so of his followers, but comes at it from a very different angle. For the Left, Strauss is an ultra-elitist reactionary who rejected modernity, believing that the masses must be duped and harnessed through the construction of politically expedient myths. For Gottfried, Strauss is a dangerous believer in liberal internationalism and a modernist who rejects custom and tradition. It seems that for CUP any stick to beat Strauss will do.
It's evident you haven't read anything by Paul Gottfried, including his book, which is excellent *and* fairly sympathetic to Leo Strauss. As for "anti-Zionist, anti-democratic, anti-populist, paleoconservative Hegelian elitist..." well, he's a paleoconservative elitist at least. 2/6 is worse than random chance.
I didn't think I was using Hegelian as a "pejorative term", simply stating Prof. Gottfried's position - anymore than describing Gottfried as a paleoconservative or as an elitisit is pejorative. Also Prof. Havers is right that opposing "neoconservative misadventures like the Iraq War does not logically lead to the conclusion that he has failed to support Israel" - but in Gottfried's case he clearly opposes "neoconservative misadventures" and also Israel, and even more so Israel's neoconservative supporters in the US.
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0.975642 |
5/4 = 3/a, so a = 12/5.
5/10 = 3/a, so a = 30/5 = 6.
5/1 = 3/a, so a = 3/5.
5/4 = 4/b, so b = 16/5.
5/10 = 4/b, so b = 40/5 = 8.
5/1 = 4/b, so b = 4/5.
We calculate the hypotenuse with the Pythagorean theorem and find that it is 13.
These values are constant for any triangle with angles 30°-60°-90°.
These values are constant for any triangle with angles 45°-45°-90°.
Angles A and B are adjacent, so sin A = cos B. The hypotenuse is the same for both angles, but the roles of "adjacent side" and "opposite side" switch. The side opposite angle B is adjacent to angle A, and vice versa.
Let x be the length of the ramp. Then we have a right triangle with hypotenuse x, shorter leg 2, and the angle opposite to the shorter leg of 10°. Since sin 10° = 2/x, we have x = 2/sin 10° = 2/0.17 11.765 feet.
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0.965318 |
Review question/objective: The objective of this review is to identify and synthesize older adult's experiences of patient involvement in transitional care between hospital and home. The purpose is to build theory to inform future research and clinical practice.
What preference and meaning do older adults ascribe to patient involvement in transitional care between hospital and home?
What challenges, facilitators and outcomes do older adults experience in transitional care between hospital and home?
How do older adults experience their capacity and performance of patient involvement in transitional care between hospital and home?
How do older adults experience their level of patient involvement in transitional care between hospital and home?
Older adults are frequent users of acute and community-based care and need optimal transitional care to achieve positive outcomes.1 For this group of patients, the transition from hospital to home typically follows a critical event, such as exacerbation of chronic illness or a fall, and often it can be coupled with a new level of vulnerability and functional decline.2,3 In Denmark, like other Western countries, several policy initiatives have been implemented to encourage improvements in transitional care. Typically, the care incorporates strategies intended to improve communication and transfer of medical information, enhance discharge follow-up, and decrease gaps in care between healthcare professionals.4-6 Evaluations have shown some improvement in readmission rates.5 However, a recent survey in Denmark showed that the efforts to improve transitional care have resulted in little or no continuity in the care between hospital and home.7 Few studies have specifically focused on the transitional process from a user perspective.8 From the perspective of older adults, the transition is documented to be challenging and they experience physical and/or psychological distress, health decline and disempowerment.9-11 To them, the transition between hospital and home may include physical, psychological and social processes, where the latter two dimensions may be neglected by healthcare professionals,3,12 possibly contributing to poor transitional care experiences. Thus, there is a need to gain insight into the transitional process from the perspectives of older adult patients. Such insights can provide a different kind of knowledge and contribute to better and more patient-centered solutions.
Current research indicates that involvement in own care is important for positive outcomes,32 . 33 and that older adults’ perspectives may provide an important frame for understanding and improving transitional care.11,34 However, the experience of involvement from the perspective of older adults is scarcely studied and poorly developed in the context of transitional care.14,35 A preliminary search for existing systematic reviews on this topic was conducted in the following sources: the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Campbell Library, JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, PROSPERO, CINAHL and PubMed. We found only one published qualitative systematic review on this topic. A review by Dyrstad et al. from 2015 on key issues of older adults’ involvement in transitional care.36 The study found that the participation from older adult in the transitional process was low, although they wanted to participate, and that several developed tools did not stimulate the older adults’ involvement. Hence, this unexplored area requires further investigation in order to expand the understanding of involvement as a phenomenon described and experienced by older adults in transitional care between hospital and home. This current review will explore in-depth how older adults experience patient involvement in all the elements of transitional care in order to inform future research and clinical practice.
The review will consider studies that include older adults who have experienced patient involvement in transitional care between hospital and home. Studies, including participants who cannot express their experiences due to severe cognitive impairment, will be excluded. Older adult is defined as aged 65 years or over of both genders. As such, there are no limitations for type of disease, chronic condition, vulnerability or frailty.
The current review will consider studies that investigate the experiences of patient involvement in the transitional care process. It includes participation which is often used interchangeably with involvement and the plethora of related terms such as user involvement, engagement, empowerment, shared decision making and partnership.37,38 In a health care context, the term, involvement, broadly refers to enabling participation in decision making, planning and performing, concerning own care in health and illness.23,39,40 Patient involvement can be understood as what patients can do in relation to their own health care and in interactions with health professionals. It can also be defined as what health professionals can do for them, and how both parties think and feel about their own and each other's roles, efforts and contributions. As such, patient involvement is experienced both as a process and as an outcome and includes capacity and performance, both concerning the patient and the health professionals.41 Thompson21 suggests five levels of involvement along a power continuum from a low level of patient power (= exclusion) to a high level of patient power (= informed decision making).
The review will include studies in peer-reviewed journals with a focus on qualitative data including, but not limited to, designs based on phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, action research, case studies and feminist research. Theses and dissertations will also be considered for inclusion. Conference papers will not be included.
A seminal Danish discussion paper, “When the patient wakes up”, published in 1999 emphasized the rising demand from patients to be more involved in own healthcare.44 Therefore, studies published from the year 2000 and onwards will be considered for inclusion in this review.
Studies published in English, German, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian will be included.
A three-step search strategy will be utilized. An initial limited search of MEDLINE and CINAHL will be undertaken followed by an analysis of the text words contained in the title and abstract, and of the index terms used to describe the article. A second search using all identified keywords and index terms will then be undertaken across all included databases. Searches will be developed and combined using broad search terms, key words, Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and filters. The search for qualitative research will be combined with these terms: patient perspective, experiences, lifeworld, view, perception and preference. A preliminary full search strategy for CINAHL is detailed in Appendix I. Finally, the reference list of all identified studies selected for critical appraisal will be screened for additional studies. Citations of all included studies will also be searched for additional studies and considered for inclusion.
ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global: Health and Medicine.
Journals that are published in Danish, Swedish and Norwegian relevant for this systematic review are all indexed in the above mentioned databases.
Qualitative studies selected for retrieval will be assessed by two independent reviewers for methodological validity prior to inclusion in the review using standardized critical appraisal instruments from the Joanna Briggs Institute System for the Unified Management, Assessment and Review of Information (JBI SUMARI).45 Any disagreements that arise between the reviewers will be resolved through discussion, or with a third reviewer. The results of critical appraisal will be reported in narrative form and in a table. All studies, regardless of the results of their methodological quality, will undergo data extraction and synthesis (where possible).
Unequivocal: findings accompanied by an illustration that is beyond reasonable doubt and therefore not open to challenge.
Credible: findings accompanied by an illustration lacking clear association with it and therefore open to challenge.
Unsupported findings will not be included in the final synthesis, as these findings are not supported by credible data.
Extraction of findings with an accompanying illustration and assigned level of credibility (also the second stage of data extraction).
Development of categories for findings on the basis of similarity in meaning.
Development of synthesized findings of the categories in order to produce a single comprehensive set of synthesized findings that can be used as a basis for evidence-based practice. Where textual pooling is not possible the findings will be presented in narrative form.
1. Coleman EA, Boult C. Improving the quality of transitional care for persons with complex care needs. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51 4:556–557.
2. Nicholson C, Meyer J, Flatley M, Holman C. The experience of living at home with frailty in old age: a psychosocial qualitative study. Int J Nurs Stud 2013; 50 9:1172–1179.
3. Rydeman I, Tornkvist L. Getting prepared for life at home in the discharge process--from the perspective of the older persons and their relatives. Int J Older People Nurs 2010; 5 4:254–264.
4. Sundhedsstyrelsen, (Danish National Board of Health). Styrket indsats for den ædre medicinske patient: fagligt oplæg til en national handlingsplan 2016–2019 (Strengthened efforts for the elderly medical patient: professional proposal for a national action plan 2016–2019). Version: 1,0 ed. Kbh.: Sundhedsstyrelsen, 2016.
5. Buch MS, Jacobsen M, Kolodziejczyk C, Ladekjær E. Evaluering af indsats for forløbskoordination - erfaringer med fremskudt visitation i fire kommuner (Evaluation of continuity of care initiatives: Experiences from for four municipalities). Kbh.: Det Nationale Institut for Kommuners og Regioners Analyse og Forskning, KORA, 2016.
6. Kjerholt M, Wagner L, Delmar C, Clemensen J, Lindhardt T. Continuity in care trajectories of older chronically ill patients in a battlefield of competing rationales. Int J Older People Nurs 2014; 9 4:277–288.
7. Buch MS, Jakobsen M, Sundhedsstyrelsen. Evaluering af indsats for forløbskoordination: slutstatus for regionale og kommunale aktiviteter og resultater (Evaluation of continuity of care initiatives: final report for regional and municipal activities and results). Kbh.: Det Nationale Institut for Kommuners og Regioners Analyse og Forskning, KORA, 2016.
8. Meleis AI. Transitions theory: middle-range and situation-specific theories in nursing research and practice. New York: Springer Pub. Co; 2010.
9. Hastings SN, Purser JL, Johnson KS, Sloane RJ, Whitson HE. Frailty predicts some but not all adverse outcomes in older adults discharged from the emergency department. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008; 56 9:1651–1657.
10. McKeown F. The experiences of older people on discharge from hospital following assessment by the public health nurse. J Clin Nurs 2007; 16 3:469–476.
11. Allen J, Hutchinson AM, Brown R, Livingston PM. User Experience and Care Integration in Transitional Care for Older People From Hospital to Home: A Meta-Synthesis. Qual Health Res 2017; 27 1:24–36.
12. Ellins J, Glasby J, Tanner D, McIver S, Davidson D, Littlechild R, et al. Understanding and improving transitions of older people: a user and carer centred approach. National Institute for Health Research Service Delivery and Organisation Programme [serial online] 2012; 1:1–169. Available from: NHS National Institute for Health Research. Final report: www.birmingham.ac.uk/documents/news/sdotransitions-report.pdf Accessed 12/03, 2017.
13. Shepperd S, Parkes J, McClaren J, Phillips C. Discharge planning from hospital to home. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004. CD000313.
14. Allen J, Hutchinson AM, Brown R, Livingston PM. Quality care outcomes following transitional care interventions for older people from hospital to home: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res 2014; 14:3461-18.
15. Bull MJ, Hansen HE, Gross CR. A professional-patient partnership model of discharge planning with elders hospitalized with heart failure. Appl Nurs Res 2000; 13 1:19–28.
16. Huber DL, McClelland E. Patient preferences and discharge planning transitions. J Prof Nurs 2003; 19 4:204–210.
17. Bauer M, Fitzgerald L, Haesler E, Manfrin M. Hospital discharge planning for frail older people and their family. Are we delivering best practice? A review of the evidence. J Clin Nurs 2009; 18 18:2539–2546.
18. Coulter A. Partnerships with patients: the pros and cons of shared clinical decision-making. J Health Serv Res Policy 1997; 2 2:112–121.
19. Coulter A. The evidence speaks for itself ... but can the public? Nurs Manag (Harrow) 2004; 11 8:12–13.
20. Weingart SN, Zhu J, Chiappetta L, Stuver SO, Schneider EC, Epstein AM, et al. Hospitalized patients’ participation and its impact on quality of care and patient safety. Int J Qual Health Care 2011; 23 2:269–277.
21. Thompson AGH. The meaning of patient involvement and participation in health care consultations: A taxonomy. Soc Sci Med 2007; 64 6:1297–1310.
22. Hibbard JH, Stockard J, Tusler M. Hospital performance reports: impact on quality, market share, and reputation. Health Aff (Millwood) 2005; 24 4:1150–1160.
24. Høy B, Lillestø B, Slettebø A, Saeteren B, Heggestad AK, Caspari SA, et al. Maintaining dignity in vulnerability: A qualitative study of the residents’ perspective on dignity in nursing homes. Int J Nurs Stud 2016; 60:91–98.
25. Say R, Murtagh M, Thomson R. Patients’ preference for involvement in medical decision making: a narrative review. Patient Educ Couns 2006; 60 2:102–114.
26. Barello S, Graffigna G, Vegni E. Patient engagement as an emerging challenge for healthcare services: mapping the literature. Nurs Res Pract 2012; 2012:1–7.
27. Ekdahl AW, Andersson L, Friedrichsen M. They do what they think is the best for me. Frail elderly patients’ preferences for participation in their care during hospitalization. Patient Educ Couns 2010; 80 2:233–240.
28. Tutton EM. Patient participation on a ward for frail older people. J Adv Nurs 2005; 50 2:143–152.
29. Foss C, Askautrud M. Measuring the participation of elderly patients in the discharge process from hospital: a critical review of existing instruments. Scand J Caring Sci 2010; 24 (Suppl 1):46–55.
30. Coulter A, Jenkinson C. European patients’ views on the responsiveness of health systems and healthcare providers. Eur J Public Health 2005; 15 4:355–360.
31. Enhed for evaluering og brugerinddragelse LUP, Center for Evaluation and User involvement). Den Landsdækkende Underøgelse af Patientoplevelser (The nationwide survey of patient experiences). Kbh.: Enhed for evaluering og brugerinddragelse, 2015.
32. Bodenheimer T, Lorig K, Holman H, Grumbach K. Patient self-management of chronic disease in primary care. JAMA 2002; 288 19:2469–2475.
33. Goncalves-Bradley DC, Lannin NA, Clemson LM, Cameron ID, Shepperd S. Discharge planning from hospital. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016. CD000313.
34. Bate P, Robert G. Bringing User Experience to Healthcare Improvement: The Concepts, Methods and Practices of Experience-Based Design. UK: Radcliffe Publishing; 2007.
35. Foss C, Hofoss D. Elderly persons’ experiences of participation in hospital discharge process. Patient Educ Couns 2011; 85 1:68–73.
36. Dyrstad DN, Testad I, Aase K, Storm M. A review of the literature on patient participation in transitions of the elderly. Cogn Tech Work 2015; 17:15–34.
37. Cahill J. Patient participation--a review of the literature. J Clin Nurs 1998; 7 2:119–128.
38. Cahill J. Patient participation: a concept analysis. J Adv Nurs 1996; 24 3:561–571.
39. Wetzels R, Harmsen M, van WC, Grol R, Wensing M. Interventions for improving older patients’ involvement in primary care episodes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007. CD004273.
40. Eldh AC, Ekman I, Ehnfors M. A comparison of the concept of patient participation and patients’ descriptions as related to healthcare definitions. Int J Nurs Terminol Classif 2010; 21 1:21–32.
41. World Health Organization. International classification of functioning, disability and health: ICF. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001.
42. Naylor MD, Aiken LH, Kurtzman ET, Olds DM, Hirschman KB. The care span: The importance of transitional care in achieving health reform. Health Aff (Millwood) 2011; 30:746–754.
43. Coleman EA, Boult C. Improving the Quality of Transitional Care for Persons with Complex Care Needs. J AM GERIATR SOC 2003; 51:556–557.
44. Hede A, Andersen J. Når patienten vågner: et debatoplæg om det 21. århundredes patientkultur (When the patient wakes up: a discussion paper on the 21st century patient culture). Kbh: Mandag Morgen - Strategisk Forum; 1999.
45. The Joanna Briggs Institute. Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers’ Manual. Australia: Joanna Briggs Institute; 2014.
JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports16(4):860-866, April 2018.
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0.91501 |
Before CrossFit Rich heavily focused on lifting weights at the Globo gym and naturally excelled in running. He was introduced to CrossFit in 2008 and never looked back.
CrossFit has conditioned Rich into an impressive athlete who has competed and dominated in numerous athletic events. He finished in the top 10% or better in: Triathlons, Tough Mudders, Warrior Dashes, CrossFit competitions, 100 mile bike rides, a Go Ruck Challenge and a Marathon . How did he accomplish all this so quickly? CrossFit! He received his CrossFit Level 1 certification in 2010, began coaching in 2012 before deciding to open FORGE FITNESS in July 2013. He is married to Patti and he has three girls named Faith, Hope, and Sara.
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0.944717 |
Two of my children's therapists came to visit on a hot summer day. I offered each a dish of an exquisite yet refreshing frozen dessert. It was intensely peach flavored, gently sweet, slightly tangy, not too rich, and subtly fragrant of something exotic. They were surprised to hear how easy it was to make at home. You can't get this kind of thing at your grocery store.
How did this recipe come to be? I bought some peaches that smelled wonderful. Unfortunately, their texture was a little mealy and I knew they wouldn't get eaten before they went bad.
I decided to make ice cream.
Then I remembered I didn't have any cream.
Gelato, an Italian frozen dessert, can be made with milk instead of cream, so I opted for that instead. We always have whole milk on hand for the kids. I wanted something a little more exciting than the gelato recipes I found online, so I added some sour cream, vanilla bean, and cardamom.
I find the easiest way to peel a peach is to blanch it. Bring a pot of water to a boil. Drop the peaches in and boil for about a minute. Remove a peach with tongs and wipe away the skin with a towel or paper towel. If it comes away easily, it's ready. Remove the pot from the heat and rub the skin off all the peaches.
Slice the peaches, removing the pits.
Puree them in a blender or food processor.
Whisk the sugar and cornstarch together in a dry pot. Whisk in the cold whole milk, then turn on the stove and gently heat the mixture, whisking every so often. While the milk mixture is heating, slice the tips off the ends of your vanilla bean. This will make it easier to slice open.
Vanilla beans are often flat. It's easiest to scrape out all the seed goo if you take a thin, sharp knife and slit along a fold on the side, then open it like a book. Gently scrape out the seeds from the vanilla bean and drop them in the warming milk. Drop the vanilla bean pod into the pot, as well.
Crush the cardamom pods. It's okay if the little seeds come out. Add the pods and any escaping seeds to the pot of milk. Add a little salt.
Whisk a little more frequently as the liquid gets closer to a simmer. Once the milk starts to bubble, watch to see it thicken slightly. Remove pot from heat and let it sit for a few minutes for the vanilla and cardamom to finish steeping in the liquid.
Pour the peach puree and the milk mixture through a strainer into a large bowl. Stir in the sour cream. Taste it. It's not overly sweet, is it? Add some honey. When it's frozen, it'll taste even less sweet. Add honey until it tastes just a little too sweet.
Cover this liquid and chill in the fridge for at least a couple hours. If you pour a warm mix into your ice cream maker, it might not freeze completely, and the crystals will likely be larger (grainier mouth feel).
Make sure the bowl of your ice cream maker is in the freezer if it's the type to require pre freezing.
Okay, so this recipe makes a lot. I had to freeze this in two separate batches. Don't add more to your ice cream maker than the manufacturer instructions suggest.
Pour the chilled liquid into your ice cream maker and turn it on. Usually the home ice cream makers freeze things to a soft serve consistency. You can't really serve it like this or it'll melt really fast.
Once your gelato is done mixing and freezing in the ice cream maker, scoop it into a container. Cover the top with plastic wrap. This prevents any ice crystals forming on the top. Place the cover over the plastic wrap and freeze the gelato in your freezer for a few hours.
Once it has firmed up, scoop some into a dish.
Good things are worth the effort they take. Thanks for reading!
Sorry to burst your bubble, but as an italian, and chef , this is more ice cream than gelato. Gelato is slowly churned. The magic bullet, is extremely fast . But i think youve got less fat than if it were a recipe for ice cream so good job on that one..not criticising just trying to teach some real italian cooking!
The magic bullet was just for pureeing the peaches, not for churning the gelato. The frozen dessert maker I used was pretty slow, but I'd imagine a hand turned one would be even slower.
I made this gelato for the third time today - everyone in the family loves it! I can't quite afford the vanilla beans, so I add ground cloves to mine instead: spicy, tangy, and sweet, it's perfect! Thanks for this great recipe.
Thanks for this one! I made it this past weekend and it was wonderful!
I know for a fact that it tastes very nice with Mango too!
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Una app con la que podamos utilizar y pagar cualquier transporte público: metro bus bici(ng) coche eléctrico Parce ser que existe una ya en funcionamiento en varias ciudades de EEUU y algunas europeas, con las siguientes propiedades: FEATURES – Know at a glance when your next subway or bus is arriving (including real-time predictions!)* – Plan A-to-B trips with ease (includes all transit modes – bus, subway, metro, uber, car2go, train, streetcar, light rail, and ferry). – See exactly where your bus or train is on the map in real-time.* – View schedules and route itineraries (even offline!) – Favorite your most important routes. – Save home/work locations for quicker trip planning. – See bike share stations on the map. – Find and reserve nearby car2go’s – Check ETAs for the closest Uber and request a ride.
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0.999923 |
Is there a WZW string theory?
This is a naive question. Is there a way to couple the WZW model to gravity to obtain a perturbatively consistent string theory?
where $n_G$ is the Coxeter number of $G$. This $c$ is always positive, so the $WZW$ model must be coupled to gravity in some non-trivial way. Conformal field theories with negative central charges include bosonic and $N=1$ supersymmetric sigma models below the critical dimension. Thus, by judicious choice of target space $X$, we get a composite theory with target space $X \times G$. So far, the two theories are uncoupled. Maybe something interesting happens if I make the target space some non-trivial $G$ bundle over $X$?
Look up coset models, you can make string theory on group manifolds, but the more interesting spaces for this purpose are cosets of groups, which are smaller manifolds, the dimensions of Lie groups go up fast. You get currents and stress tensors by Sugawara construction like in WZ models, it's an 80s method of finding vacua. (just a comment, proper answer later).
You maybe interested in Urs Schreiber's article on WZW SFT.
Here is something quick, as I don't have time. I didn't reply because it wasn't clear to me what the original question really is. But here are some quick comments.
Of course the WZW model famously exists and describes strings propagating on a spacetime which is a group manifold. Via the FRS theorem and related facts the WZW model is one of the mathematically best understood string models. As such it has received a great deal of attention.
Of course it is not critical and needs to be combined with more stuff to make a critical string background. I guess that's what the question is wondering about, and the answer is: sure! That's what one considers all the time.
The only trouble is that KK-compactification on group manifolds is not quite realistic.
On the other hand WZW-type superstring field theory is something different. This is not about strings propagating on group manifolds (well it is about strings generally, so it will also include strings on group manifolds) but is instead about a way of formulating "string field theory" (second quantized strings) in a form that exhibits a kind of "second quantized WZW term".
Urs Schreiber has written a (currently stub) article on the \(n\)CatLab about "WZW-type superstring field theory" here.
I hope @UrsSchreiber, if he finds time, may want to write an answer, since he's started to write an nLab article on it.
Urs Schreiber explained why this is unrelated.
@RonMaimon Yes you're right, I'm not sure if I should hide this answer?
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0.97929 |
In the text it mentions this relation between thought and rationality like method Is probable that it is a good thought when the subject has care attitudes, rigor, et cetera. Although one separates from the formal logic making reference to the real thought that takes place in a context that this logic they do not consider. " The rationality is to end at an operative harmony between diverse desires. the RATIONALITY, supposes a revision of the knowledge from the critical anlisis, it debates, and argumentation, For Dewey the rationality of the reflective thought is the capacity to learn, to evolve in the time. The rationality for Dewey is the correspondence between aims and means. The thought is not a conglomerate of sensorial impressions, nor the manufacture of something called brings back to consciousness, and much less a manifestation of absolute Spirit, but a mediating and instrumental function that had evolved to serve the interests as human survival and the well-being. This theory of the knowledge emphasizes necessity to verify the thought by means of the action if it is wanted that this one becomes knowledge. The thought is an instrument of the man to learn.
Dewey tries to really apply the rational in the daily thing in the social one by means of the reflective investigation. Dewey exploits the models descriptive and explanatory, because it understands the reflection in a natural process, but injunctive coverall. The emotion is a factor of our mental system so that problems as the one of the married relation cannot be reduced to the logicomatemtico study or of a type of mental representations. In this definition: the emotions are due among others to consider like multi-factor complex phenomena that they include, the following aspects: a mental evaluation (correspondence a would be this description of the situation) situation appreciation; a very diverse set of physiological changes mainly, related to independent nervous system ; This is not comparable with the specification of the situation? a series of manifest expressions or visible conducts face and sign expressions ; a motivational component that is reflected in an intention or tendency to the action And this would not be description of the resources that can be used or does not stop to reach an objective? , and a subjective-experiencial state or of feeling hedonic aspect of the emotion.
The water in these days "Holy" is not spoiled for a long time. And really does not spoil the mystic, and more! On the eve of celebrations on television, and information about opening the properties of water are not the usual "scientists." What is this opening? It turns out that water with certain the makings of intelligence, responds to certain things with it, so under the influence of rock music on the water and its subsequent freezing of the ice crystals are different from crystals obtained after listening to classical music. After the "rock" they are not beautiful, not symmetric and broken. If you swear in the presence of water, say for example, or even write on paper the word "idiot" after the freezing, ice crystals differ significantly for the worse from those for which read the prayer. Explain this phenomenon a few brief sentences and can not be so today there is simply no ready explanation (no one had seriously with this problem), I can only indicate the general direction discussion on the physical properties of substances.
Geologists know that finding the perfect quartz crystals in the friends is not possible, and find close to "perfection", a rarity. Crystals of different sizes have different flaws and none, at the time of their growth have not read prayers over them, did not play "rock." The fact that the same conditions in the world (even odnomamentno) simply does not exist! Scooping, two vessels of water from one source, you get different water. The composition of the latter will be so different than the above requirements will be presented for its analysis. In primitive it looks like blood vessels have different masses, different chemical. composition, the volume of liquid is different, the recruitment was different mixing and hence aeration, set at a different depth, different hands, one by one twentieth. I'm not talking about the isotope component and the degree of mineralization of the solution! But what about the makings of "intelligence" which traces are found during freezing? We can assume that this guilty one of the properties of liquid-elasticity (compressive strength). Whipping fluid mechanical waves of different frequency (sound) to temporarily change its internal structure hope you understand that prayer is very different from the set of frequencies from the music of rock. I imagine that would see the mountain, scientists, stuffing the samples in the microwave! Well memory? What memory? Every material has certain physical properties (the ability to blend, melting and freezing, he knows their crystal lattice syngony crystals, etc., etc.) it is memory! And now attention – a hypothesis! Why not spoil for a long time, "holy water"? And not just a saint.
I asked once a friend got there he baptized in water from the holy spring, and he says that the water in the pit of his court typed during the festival of baptism too long will spoil. Before you take to solve this problem, you must understand that we take to be spoiled by water. Most often it is cloudy liquid with a disagreeable odor. Such properties of water can give a blue-green algae in the water for the developing world, yeast, dead organisms in the process of decomposition, etc. We can assume that the simplest living organisms and algae in the waters of the northern Hemisphere have seasonal cycles in the development of a dormant period in winter. By the middle of the winter water finally cleaned of organic sediment, they sink to the bottom until the spring. Water gained in that period is pure and sterile.
Many times are discarded considerable amount of raw material, that could be recycled without great difficulties, therefore does not have ' ' solution or application criativa' ' for the material. 2.5. DEFINITION OF LOGISTIC Logistic REVERSA Reversa is the logistic process to remove new or used products of its initial point in the suppliment chain, as devolutions of customers, exceeding inventory or obsolete merchandise, and to redistribute using them rules of management of the materials that maximize the value of the item in the end of its original useful life. (online 2011). Logistic reversa is the area of the logistic one that it deals with the aspects and returns of products, packings or materials to its productive center. Although to be an extremely current subject, this process already could be observed has some years in the drink industries, with the reutilizao of its vasilhames, that is, the product arrived at the consumer and returned to its center so that its packing was reused and came back to the final consumer. This process was continuous and pparently it ceased from the moment where the packings had started to be dismissable. However, companies stimulated for Norms ISO 14000 and worried about the ambient management, also known as ' ' logistic verde' ' , they had started to recycle dismissable materials and packings, as cans of aluminum, plastic bottles and cardboard boxes, among others, that they had passed if to detach as raw material and had left of being treated as garbage. Of this form, we can observe logistic reversa in the recycling process, a time that these materials return the different productive centers in form from substance cousin. According to Lambert, she relates the following activities as part of the logistic administration in a company: service to the customer, processing of order, communications of distribution, control of inventory, forecast of demand, traffic etc.
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0.999822 |
I have worked on multiple consumer products at Google (mobile maps, mobile gmail, etc.) and Twitter. One of the key things you learn when building a consumer product is to make things as easy, streamlined, and friction free as possible for your users. When asking an angel, advisor, or other person to make an introduction for you, the same rule applies. The structure below saves a lot of pain & back and forth for you, as well as for the person being asked to make an introduction on your behalf.
Can you intro me to Marc Andreessen? Awesome thanks! WOOT!
1. If Sarah forwards the email as is, Marc Andreessen is likely to either ask her for more details or ignore the request. After all, he is really busy, no context has been given, and there is no explanation as to why Marc would ever want to meet with Julie.
2. Julie is putting all the work on Sarah. If Sarah wants to see the intro through, she will now need to write a bunch of background on behalf of Julie as Julie was too lazy or thoughtless to do it herself. Even worse, Sarah may not have full context on what Julie really wants, or her background. This all decreases the likelihood Sarah either forwards the note, or if she writes it herself that Marc Andreessen replies. Finally, the email subject line has not been tailored for Marc to want to open it (unless he thinks he is being invested to a pub crawl, in which case it might work very well indeed). It looks like Julie just replied to the last email she had with Sarah versus starting a new thread.
Good to see you yesterday. As discussed I am working on a drone-based bitcoin mining pool. I have pulled together a team of 5 MIT engineers and I used to run both the bitcoin algorithms and drone design clubs at MIT . I had previously co-founded BTCommunity, the world's largest bitcoin forum .
Given Andreessen's funds investments in Coinbase and Airware, I was hoping to get feedback on our go-to-market model. I may also be able to provide introductions to Marc to other new bitcoin-focused companies as I know most of the founders in the market due to BTCommunity.
Why is this a good email?
It is easy to forward by Sarah without Sarah having to do any work. The subject line is written with an eye towards email open rates. So, this is a low friction email to forward on, as well as low friction for the recipient to open and read.
Subject line will catch Marc Andreessen's attention and summarize what the email is about. This increases open rate of the email.
Social proof inserted - Sarah met with Julie live. Since Marc respects Sarah, if she is making time for it maybe it is worth his time too.
Background and social proof on Julie - Julie is someone worth meeting and an expert in her area.
Julie actually did research on Marc, and has a real, specific reason to think he might be interested. She did her homework and is not going to waste his time to "just network".
A specific ask / reason to Marc is stated. This allows Marc to accept or decline based on whether it makes sense to meet and may save Julie time as well (e.g. if Marc does not care about bitcoin anymore).
It is probably worth Marc's while to meet with Julie with an eye to a longer term relationship. She may actual be a valuable person in his network versus someone who just wants to meet someone famous.
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0.999999 |
The day before yesterday I was 25.
The next year I will be 28.
This is true only one day in a year.
What day is my Birthday ?
My birthday is on December 31. I am telling this on January 1.
this year december 31 = I will be 27.
Next year december 31 = I will be 28.
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0.999979 |
Jacob's first job was at Sandnäs Glass Factory in Munsala, Finland, where he started at age 14. Besides window glass, bottles and cheap drinking glasses were produced at that factory. He then moved further south in 1876 and got a job at another Finnish glassworks, namely Johannislund Glassworks, which after many years of mixed production specialized in bottle production. Except for a short time at Skinnarvik Glassworks in 1880, Jacob was at Johannislund until 1882, after which the family moved to Utra in Joensuu. The glassworks in Utra was known throughout the world for the high quality of its glass, and it attracted labor from e.g. Denmark.
Exactly when Jacob came to Denmark is still uncertain. According to the Finnish archives, he was at Utra Glassworks until 1889, after which he got a job at Pitkyaranta Glassworks in Karelia in present-day Russia until the 1896. According to the Danish archives, he traveled from Copenhagen to Odense in 1893. The data thus are not exactly the same, anyhow, Jacob traveled to Denmark in the 1890s and got a job at Odense Glassworks.
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0.953931 |
Do I pass each day?
Friedrich Nietzsche held more relevance in the thoughts of German intellectuals than any other philosopher on the eve of the First World War, partly because he had laid a dialectical basis for justifying conquest and power, but also because he asserted that life inherently had no meaning, which drove the German desire to reason that war was purposeful for a nation. To be clear, when Nietzsche wrote about war his connotation of the word was fitted under the context of individualism, in that instead of adhering to any idealism, a man should struggle through reality in order to reach his highest form, or, “Ubermacht.” Conversely, the German politician and historian Heinrich von Treitschke propounded national solidarity in a way that was inconsistent with, but still influenced by Nietzsche’s ideas. Treitschke advocated patriotism as a means to achieve a higher form of power. Treitschke’s piece, “The Greatness of War” asserted that the pursuit of peace was in itself reactionary, given the supposed natural inclination for war that superior races inherently felt. Treitschke even borrowed phrases from Nietzsche, such as “the Will,” which he used in a more simple manner by arguing that “Those that preach the nonsense about everlasting peace do not understand the life of the Aryan race, the Aryans are before all brave. They have always been men enough to protect by the sword what they had won by the intellect.” Nietzsche on the other hand, was not writing about war in a literal sense, but in a figurative way when he wrote in The Will to Power about the struggle to achieve a higher form of being, whom many Germans thereafter concluded must be none other than members of the Teutonic race. However, Nietzsche did not focus on Germans as a race as much as his fellow countrymen believed, instead, he was ambiguous and even at times ambivalent about German intellectual supremacy, rather choosing to speak in broad terms on the constant vying for power by the races of Europe.
Yet it was not far-fetched for contemporary German intellectuals to apply Nietzsche’s work to the idea of the German man’s ascendancy over other Europeans, as seen through an excerpt from The Will to Power, in which the philosopher seemed to call for: “The annihilation of the decaying races… -The annihilation of slavish evaluations. -Dominion over the earth as a means of producing a higher type…” It could be said that Treitschke offered the same argument just in different words- that Germany had an intellectual right to conquer other nations as a way of extending a higher being’s (the Aryan’s) influence over the world in order to better humanity. The Prussian general and military historian Friedrich von Bernhardi agreed with Treitschke, and even took the idea to a whole new level when he exclaimed in his famous pre-World War One book Germany and the Next War that “war is a biological necessity” -a concept undoubtedly conceived from late 19th century Social Darwinist notions of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. And yet, militarism and nihilism were not interchangeable ideas, but rather, the advent of nihilism as focused on by Nietzsche gave birth to an uncanny modern form of militarism that was meant to intellectually justify war -in that Christian notions of humility and compassion taught by Jesus were crushed altogether. Although some would argue this as irrelevant because war had been justified as a necessity throughout the era of widespread Christian intellectual dominance and even post-Enlightenment (which Nietzsche despised as much as Christianity). Thus, a militaristic mindset had been prominent in German and European culture for millennia, but Nietzsche was the first to apply it in the modern sense through existential thought, and in turn influenced the likes of Treitschke and Bernhardi to evaluate war in a new conceptual manner, albeit from a nationalistic standpoint.
Treitschke, as a member of the National Liberal party in the Reichstag, was particularly concerned with the individual putting his country before all else, and in this way he justified war, while The Will to Power focused on the individual exerting his strength over others so much as there would be a select few who exhibited power over the herds of commoners that were more than a nuisance in that they threatened the well-being of mankind. Treitschke and Bernhardi applied this struggle specifically to Germany’s diplomatic crises before the war, as France had complained to her allies about the longstanding German occupation of Alsace-Lorraine (which was annexed by Germany after the Franco-Prussian war). The situation worsened during the Moroccan Crisis, which was a result of Kaiser Wilhelm II advocating independence for the North African country in order to aggravate France and test the resolve of her allies. Hence, in the years preceding the First World War Germans felt that the multitude of weak European states were ganging up on the fatherland- just as Nietszche argued that the weak masses had culturally supplanted (through democracy and socialism) those who deserved power for themselves alone.
Nietzsche’s concepts have been widely misunderstood and oversimplified.
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0.999915 |
What is an affiliate disclaimer?
Good question thanks for asking.
From time to time I might review a product or service on my blog or send an email out to my list.
I use various services and products in my business and some of these I may recommend them to you. When I do this and they have an affiliate link, I act as an affiliate and I may earn an affiliate commission for any of the purchases that you make.
I will only ever promote those businesses and services that I believe of worthy of promoting.
Hope that explains it for you and if now please do not hesitate to contact me.
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0.883112 |
As spring temperatures begin to rise, many growers are anxious to start planting. While planting early may have some benefits, it is important to be cautious and not plant too soon. It is best to plant based on soil temperature and field conditions in your area, rather than the calendar date.
What should you consider before planting?
One of the most vulnerable times for a corn plant is before emergence and in the early V stages. The benefit for planting early may be compromised if it means the seed will just sit in the ground and be exposed to disease and pests longer than necessary.
In addition to soil temperatures, sufficient moisture levels must also be considered before planting. A corn seed must imbibe 30% of its weight in water before germination will occur. If the soil around the planted seed is too dry (or dries out too quickly) germination will be delayed until satisfactory moisture levels are available.
Conversely, planting when the soil is too wet it can create a compacted layer to form around the seed, which in turn can restrict root development and fertility uptake as the plant matures. Also, heavily saturated ground may cause the seed trench to remain open. The result of this is poor seed-to-soil contact, which will negatively impact emergence.
To mitigate some of the risk, consider applying a starter fertilizer to foster crop growth early in the growing season. Starter fertilizers place a readily available supply of plant nutrients in a position where they are easily accessible to the limited root system of seedling. This is especially true in cooler climates and in no-till operations.
Choosing the optimum time to plant is often the most important part of planting. It is best to make planting decisions based on field-ready conditions, as opposed to what the calendar says. Additionally, tillage practices, soil types, seeding depth, and weather conditions can greatly affect the seed’s ability to germinate.
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0.991477 |
I try to made adjustment to pageindex action to allow column such on category. The following code is what I've came up with, also including tweaking on the index_header.
(($requested_letter != '' && $firstChar == $requested_letter) ?
$firstChar : "<a href='$link$firstChar'>$firstChar</a>") .
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0.999838 |
I’m seeking information about bringing our family pet to the U.S. My family is from Brazil and recently we moved to Sacramento, California and due to airlines issues we couldn’t bring our pet with us.
We are willing now to get the family reunited again so I’d like to know if you provide a way to transport Animals from Brazil to U.S. and all issues associated with that.
I’m sure you guys have the best service for its customers, and in this case, pets.
Yes, we'd be happy to assist you! Here's how it works: Your cat needs to follow these import requirements for the United States, and if you decide to sign up for our services, we would help arrange the details, including the transportation for your cat to and from the airport. International moves generally start at around $2,500 USD for one small pet.
Please give our office a call or fill out our free quote form if you'd like to find out more. A relocation specialist experienced with moves such as this would be happy to speak to you further.
Thanks again for getting in touch with us, and we look forward to speaking with you soon about reuniting you with your cat.
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0.876967 |
"War and Peace" is not an enjoyable book, but it is an important one. Who am I to question Tolstoy's historical magnificence or brilliant writing? No one. Therefore I do not raise that question.
"War and Peace" is remarkably different from "Anna Karenina". Tolstoy's prose is in "War and Peace" not as poetical, fluent or graceful as it is in "Anna Karenina". I did not stumble upon beautiful quotes that I wanted to keep in my heart forever, I did not marvel at the beautiful phrasing or simplistic portraits. But I did wonder about complex ideologies, war theories and politics.
The characters are perhaps not the most important thing in this book - the history is. Tolstoy blows life into historical events, actual personalities and real decisions. He makes the incomprehensive, comprehensible. He has a firm grasp on history, and manages to blend it beautifully with fiction. He moves from an impossibly broad scope to a very specific macro perspective in a nanosecond. The reader is gracefully intertwined in a cobweb of fiction and reality, constantly moving from one to another.
The writing is quite simple, concise, to the point. There is no dwelling, no doodling. In fact, there is no reason to fear Tolstoy or his writing, as the words themselves are very easy to read - their meaning, and their labyrinth of characters/fiction/history on the other hand are frustratingly complex.
What is the problem then? Or more specifically my problem? Well, the thing is, while Tolstoy's philosophies are important, interesting and historically significant they do not make an enjoyable read. Every volume of this book begins with chapters of Tolstoy's own opinion of Napoleon and the circumstances surrounding him, and it feels so repetitive.
Also, part of this is my own fault. I am not as interested in politics and war, as one ought to be, to enjoy this. I am interested in fiction. In Tolstoy's characters, their destinies and their way of life. The peace-part of "War and Peace" was always the one I loved the most.
I adored reading about the aristocratic families, their individual struggles, the ties that bound them together and tore them apart. The Rostovs in particular drew me in, and Natasha's uprise and downfall kept me turning the pages.
Pierre was always a little mysterious and peculiar to me; but from the first page it is evident, he is destined for perseverance, endurance and strength. He was perhaps not my chosen hero, but he slowly grew on me - and as Tolstoy made his quest for meaning in his life a central theme, one cannot escape his influence on the reader.
All in all, reading "War and Peace" was not as scary as it seemed. I will probably return to it with a greater patience and a more attentive eye later on, but for now I am satisfied with what I derived from it. I am endlessly impressed with Tolstoy's soft weaving of strings of life, history and coincidences. Tolstoy's ultimate point seem to be that history is the result of a thousand individuals working towards the same goal at the same time. Or that is, at least, my own interpretation of this giant work of art.
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0.975889 |
Be Informed about Access Doors and their Various Purposes In any building or structure, there are the usual provisions for passageways called access doors. Usually, these doors are used from repair and maintenance purposes. Note that a passage door is not the same as access doors, since the passage door serves as an entry in another portion of a structure or building, while the access door is simply an opening that is not open to the general public but can be accessed by certain personnel only. Every business, like an industrial plants and offices, would have some mechanical or technical equipments in order to maintain operations of the establishments. These places therefore are being protected for being sensitive areas and thus access doors are necessary to control entry of unauthorized personnel. Take note that access doors have different uses and they are not limited only to industrial plants and offices alike. In an office setup, there is an employee access door where people working in the company would pass to be able to enter into the main premises, thus these doors are limited for employees only. One very important reason why access doors are placed is the security of the company in terms of only letting employees of the company enter the premises, and further help the security group to make sure that this policy is implemented. Another purpose of the access door is to make the employees enter the premises without seeing or joining with the outsiders who are coming into the structure. These access doors are also made to serve as entry into restricted areas of a company where their sensitive equipment are located. An example where access doors are placed is in a radio station where transmitters are situated, and since not just anybody can adjust the equipment, the access door will serve as a limited entrance.
Note that there are various kinds of these access doors and each type will be fitted to the objective of the area. One kind is called fire rated which means that the doors have a certain scale on how far it can be affected when fire would occur. Another kind is the cheapest and easiest to use which are the plastic varieties. Another kind of access door is the stainless steel type which is often used for the security of bank vaults and other similar high security areas in some establishments. Another kind of access doors are those that are installed for attics use in homes where they store personal artifacts. Depending on what you will use access doors for, these will be good investment for either domestic users or businessmen. It is advisable whenever you are constructing a home or an office that you are to review your options for planning your access doors and their installation. If you searched through different websites in the internet, there are several products being offered with free installation and many ranges of options.
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0.983787 |
A Second World War bomb was dredged from the River Thames last night as London descended into travel chaos.
Waterloo and Westminster bridges were shut before the unexploded device was towed away for safe disposal.
Westminster Tube station closed and river traffic halted after it was dredged up near the Victoria Embankment.
The device was discovered by a dredger who was watching objects being removed from the river.
He told the Plymouth Herald: 'We're opposite the Eye and about 100 yards from New Scotland Yard.
'Part of my work is to keep an eye on the items coming out and all day long there's these bucketfuls of muck.
The operation by the Royal Navy and Metropolitan Police to recover the bomb led to disruption in Central London.
Thousands of motorists were desperately trying to find a way through the centre of the capital yesterday.
The riverfront remained closed until around 3am this morning as the device was removed.
MBNA Thames Clippers said the river had been closed between Charing Cross Bridge and Westminster Bridge.
Large crowds of tourists and passers-by gathered at the police tape with some taking photographs of the sight.
A Port of London Authority spokesman said that the object measured around 2ft by 1ft (60cm x 30cm).
Scotland Yard said specialist officers had assessed the device and alerted the Royal Navy.
It came after the Metropolitan police officers were called to the River Thames at 5.15pm yesterday.
‘The Royal Navy have now successfully removed the ordnance and will dispose of it,’ a police spokesman said.
The disruption had threatened to derail Lost In London, a ‘live cinema’ project by US actor Woody Harrelson.
He planned to recreate a disastrous night out in London with the film broadcast straight to cinemas from location.
Some scenes were shot near Waterloo Bridge - but it went ahead as planned, Times film critic Kate Muir said.
The area sealed off included Horse Guards Avenue where the Old War Office Building is located.
This was used by the British government during the Second World War and was bombed.
London was heavily bombed by Nazi Germany in the war, and unexploded munitions are still sometimes found.
More than 12,000 metric tons of bombs were dropped on London in the war, the Imperial War Museum said.
Martin Garside of the PLA said: 'It looks like a shell but it is definitely a Second World War bomb.
Commuters were venting their frustration on social media about the situation last night.
Theresa Kerr, who was stuck in traffic, said: 'Moved about 100 metres #traffic #waterloo #WWIIBOMB #londonnews'.
Another, Gav, said: 'Of course they discover a WW2 bomb on Waterloo bridge 72 years after WW2 finished just as I'm about to cross it'.
Sarah-Jane Price added: 'Get pulled off of Waterloo Bridge by the police because apparently there's a bomb in the water.. um ok. Not worrying at all'.
St Paul's Cathedral miraculously escaped WWII air raids.
Between 7 September 1940 and 21 May 1941 there were major raids with more than 100 tonnes of high explosives were dropped on 16 British cities.
London, was attacked 71 times and bombed by the Luftwaffe for 57 consecutive nights by a total of 30,000 bombs.
Experts say it is impossible to know just how many unexploded bombs they're could still be lurking in our towns and cities.
Deeply-buried shelters provided the most protection against a direct hit, although the government in 1939 refused to allow tube stations to be used as shelters so as not to interfere with commuter and troop travel.
However, by the second week of heavy bombing the government relented and ordered the stations to be opened.
Each day orderly lines of people queued until 4pm, when they were allowed to enter the stations, and by mid-September 1939 about 150,000 a night slept in the Underground.
Despite the blanket bombing of the capital, some landmarks remained intact - such as St Pauls Cathedral (right), which was virtually unharmed, despite many buildings around it being reduced to rubble during the 57 nights of raid.
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0.947447 |
The Monetary Policy Council (MPC) left rates flat, in line with market expectations and the Council forward guidance presented before. The associated statement hardly changed, it points out that CPI and core were very low in March 2018 (core 0.5% YoY from 0.8% YoY in February), but on the other hand the NBP remains optimistic on GDP and investments acceleration, both public (we agree) and private (we are less bullish here due to the recent drop in the estimated value of new investment projects). Most importantly, the summary passage stayed unchanged calling for flat rates. Additionally, the statement doesn't point out that 2019 CPI may be lower due to subdued March 2018 inflation causing a downward revision of the 2018 average CPI projection.
The tone of the press conference was dovish, but rather against easing some investors recently asked us about. The NBP governor said that case for flat rates even strengthened and he extended his forward guidance to 2019 (last month Professor Glapinski was less sure about 2019, ie, he said “rate increase in 2018 is unlikely, 2019 – really don’t know, maybe in 4Q19 or not at all”). But simultaneously he sent a clear message that the economy does not need easing now, which calls for stabilisation of current pricing of hikes.
Both the governor and ultra doves refused to comment on interest rate cuts. Governor Glapinski said that in 2020 maybe the economy will need some easing (especially in the situation when DM growth slows). He said interest rate cuts is not a preferred measure, as this can be negative for the Polish banking sector (we understand the current government is trying to support cooperative banks). He rather suggested that the NBP should develop its expertise in other alternative monetary easing measures tested in Hungary or the Eurozone.
The Council also said recent PLN strengthening was impressive but still doesn’t undermine the competitiveness of the economy, nevertheless, further appreciation is unnecessary.
Overall, we find the statement and press conference were in line with our expectations. Even very low March CPI and core have not shifted the bias to ultra dovish (the MPC refused to discuss interest rate cuts) some investors asked us recently. This shift of MPC bias would serve as a trigger for a further drop of hikes expectations below 30bp currently priced, but it has not happened. We stick to our call assuming a single hike in late 2019 with major downside risk. Should Friday's release of CPI details for March shows that the slide of core inflation was caused by sustainable factors (not the technical issues like change of clithing prices measurement) we may drop our 4Q19 hike from our baseline scenario and see flat rates in this cycle.
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0.928494 |
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes is a 2014 American science fiction film directed by Matt Reeves and written by Mark Bomback, Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver. It stars Andy Serkis, Jason Clarke, Gary Oldman, Keri Russell, Toby Kebbell, Kirk Acevedo, and Kodi Smit-McPhee. It is the sequel to the 2011 film Rise of the Planet of the Apes, which began 20th Century Fox's reboot of the original Planet of the Apes series.
It is the eighth theatrical film in the franchise. The film was released in United States and Canada on July 11, 2014 and was met with critical acclaim, with critics praising its visual effects, story, direction, acting and emotional depth. It was also a box office success, having grossed over $708 million worldwide, and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects. A third installment is set to be released in July 2017.
In the ruins of San Francisco, Caesar leads and governs an ape colony located in the Muir Woods. While walking through the forest, Caesar's son Blue Eyes and his friend Ash encounter a human named Carver, who panics and shoots Ash, wounding him. Carver calls for the rest of his small party of armed survivors, led by a man named Malcolm, while Blue Eyes calls for the other apes. Caesar orders the humans to leave. The remaining humans in San Francisco, who are genetically immune to the virus, are living in a guarded and unfinished high-rise tower within the ruined city. Prompted by Koba, a scarred bonobo who holds a grudge against humans for his mistreatment, Caesar brings an army of apes to the city tower where he conveys the message that while the apes do not want war, they will fight to defend their home. He demands that the humans stay in their territory and states the apes will stay in theirs too.
Malcolm convinces his fellow leader Dreyfus to give him three days to reconcile with the apes to gain access to a hydroelectric dam in their territory, which could provide long-term power to the city. Dreyfus, distrustful of the apes, arms survivors using an abandoned armory. Malcolm then travels into the ape village, but is captured by gorilla guards, who bring him to Caesar. After a tense discussion, Caesar allows Malcolm to work on the dam's generator, if they surrender their guns. As Malcolm, his wife Ellie and son Alexander work, they bond with the apes. Mutual distrust of both sides gradually subsides; the truce is endangered when Caesar's infant son discovers a shotgun smuggled in by Carver, but the two sides reconcile when Ellie offers to help treat Caesar's ill wife Cornelia with antibiotics. Meanwhile, Koba discovers the armory and confronts Caesar, questioning his allegiance and taunting him over his "love" for humans. In response, Caesar severely beats Koba, but at the last moment refrains from killing him; adhering to his philosophy that "ape not kill ape," Caesar hesitantly forgives Koba. The furious Koba then returns to the armory, where he steals an assault rifle and murders two human guards. Returning home, he secretly kills Carver, stealing his lighter and cap.
The dam is eventually repaired, restoring power to the city. During the celebration, Koba sets fire to the apes' home, then, unseen to anyone else, shoots Caesar in the shoulder, causing him to fall from the settlement's main tree. In the panic of the loss of the alpha and the fire, Koba takes charge, and having planted Carver's cap at the scene of the shooting, urging the apes to fight against the humans. Malcolm's group hides as Koba leads the apes into San Francisco. The apes plunder the armory and charge the tower's gates. Despite heavy casualties, the apes breach the gates using a hijacked armored car, overrun the tower and imprison all the humans as Dreyfus flees underground. When Ash refuses Koba's orders to kill unarmed humans, citing Caesar's teachings, Koba kills Ash and imprisons all those known to be loyal to Caesar.
Malcolm's group finds Caesar barely alive and transport him to his former home in San Francisco. Caesar reveals to Malcolm that Koba shot him, realizing his notion that all apes were better than humans was naïve and that apes can be as violent as humans. Malcolm leaves the group and heads to the city to find medical supplies for Caesar. While looking for medical supplies, Malcolm encounters Blue Eyes; disenchanted with Koba's leadership, the young ape spares Malcolm's life and returns to the house with him, where he reconciles with his father. Caesar grows nostalgic watching a video clip from his childhood of his former owner and father figure Will Rodman on his old camcorder as Malcolm learns of Caesar's past. A plan is put into action: Blue Eyes returns to the tower and frees the caged humans and apes loyal to Caesar, then Malcolm leads the apes, unseen, into the tower from below. After accomplishing this, Malcolm encounters Dreyfus, who informs him that his men have made radio contact with more survivors at a military base to the north, who are on their way to help fight the apes. Caesar confronts Koba at the top of the tower, but as they battle, Dreyfus detonates C-4 charges he has planted beneath the tower. The resulting explosion kills him and collapses part of the tower. Caesar overpowers Koba, with Koba hanging over the edge of the tower. Pleading for his life, Koba reminds Caesar that apes do not kill apes, but Caesar states that Koba is not an ape and lets him fall to his death.
Malcolm informs Caesar of the impending arrival of human military reinforcements and both lament the lost opportunity for peace. Caesar tells Malcolm that the humans will never forgive the apes for the war they started and advises him to leave with his family for safety as the two of them acknowledge their friendship. As Malcolm disappears into the shadows, Caesar stands before a kneeling mass of apes, awaiting the war to come.
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The million or so species in the subclass Pterygota include all winged invertebrates and some insect species that have secondarily lost wings during evolution. They include two orders of ancient winged insects (Ephemeroptera and Odonata) and some 25 to 30 (depending on the classification system) orders of modern folding-wing insects. Most have 11 abdominal segments. The head features two antennae and compound eyes. Respiration is generally with internal tracheae, but aquatic species may use external, tracheate gills or other means to obtain sufficient oxygen. Fertilization is usually direct, distinct developmental stages are common, and molting generally stops with attainment of reproductive maturity. Their most prominent features are two pairs of wings, but a great many insects (e.g., fleas) lack wings or have dispensed with either the hind (e.g., flies) or fore pair (beetles). Among their beneficial attributes are pollination of most flowering plants, production of honey and silk, predation on harmful insects, decomposition of animal wastes and carcasses, and facilitation of ecological processes at all trophic levels above primary producer. Negative attributes include transmission of diseases, annoying bites, and damage to crops, stored food, ornamental plants, forests, and wooden structures.
Apterygota, order Thysanura. This small group of 600 or so primitive species includes bristletails, silverfish, and rock jumpers. These are small to medium-sized insects (5—25 mm) without compound eyes. They have an 11-segmented abdomen with a prominent caudal filament between two terminal cerci. Fertilization is indirect, and molting continues after the reproductive state has been reached (unlike insects). No pronounced metamorphosis is evident from subadult to adult stages. Thysanurans are swift, agile runners (probably to avoid predators) and are omnivorous scavengers of animal and plant matter. Most live in litter of forests and grasslands, but silverfish also infest houses, where they can extensively damage clothing and books.
How many wingless insect species are there?
What is winged and wingless insects?
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Please enter a brief summary.
We love to hear from you and look forward to helping you with your inquiry. You can reach us via phone, email ([email protected]) or by filling out the 'Contact Us' form. We respond to email messages in the order that they are received, and will respond to your email as quickly as possible.
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What role should ceiling lamps play in the interior? The lighting source can perform not only a practical function, but also attract attention to itself and set a general tone for the interior. That is why, lighting devices can be rightfully considered decorative sources of light, which are a full-fledged part of the design, emphasizing style ideas, ideas.
Choosing ceiling lights for bedroom, you should first of all pay attention to the convenience of using the object, but as for aesthetics, this room is welcomed with exceptionally soft and muted lighting. There are several ways to achieve this effect, the first is to install LED recessed ceiling lights, or choose any of the spotlights to conduct LED illumination.
If the lighting system consists of several elements, then they try to make it as symmetrical as possible. First of all, this applies to spotlights. It is also desirable that they belong to the same collection, but at the same time they were executed in different sizes. Thus, you will be able to make the bedroom more interesting or create a “starry sky” effect.
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parkside's triangle.. create a program like this.. enter the size: 6 enter the seed: 1 output: 1 23 456 7891 23456 789123 sample2: enter the size: 5 enter the seed: 3 output: 3 45 678 9123 45678 parkside should not exceed 10 while its seed should only be not more than 9..
which types of data structure will i use to convert infix to post fix???
how can i sort numbers from ascending order and descending order using turbo c..
Design a program using an array that lists even numbers and odd numbers separately from the 12 numbers supplied by a user.
Design a program using an array that searches a number if it is found on the list of the given input numbers and locate its exact location in the list.
Design a program which assigns values to the array temperature. The program should then display the array with appropriate column and row headings.
What is the difference between big endian form and little endian form? write a code to convert big endian form to little endian and vice versa..
write an interactive program to generate the divisors of a given integer.
we need to calculating INCOME TAX for the person. The INCOME TAX is as follows:- First $10000/- of income : 4% tax Next $10000/- of income : 8% tax Next $10000/- of income : 11.5% tax above $10, 00,00/- : 15% tax What is the Solution of this Question ?
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Athlete’s Foot is a fungal infection that typically effects the foot, and generally around and between the toes. Its observable symptoms are itchy, flaking skin, scaling and other irritation. Generally it is caused by an overabundance of moisture in and around the feet, and is typically transmitted from one host to another, very often via the floor of a communal shower, or other places where people walk with wet feet. As a result, one of the best ways to prevent, eliminate or reduce athlete’s foot is to walk barefoot in dry conditions as much as possible, and wear orthotics for athlete’s foot.
While walking barefoot may seem somewhat counter intuitive, it does provide the feet with the opportunity to dry and get access to sunlight, which are two things that are harmful to fungus. As long as the individual stays away from wet places where many people walk, it should be ok. In winter conditions, or in places where it’s not typically acceptable to be barefoot or in sandals, orthotics for athlete’s foot are a very good alternative as they are designed specifically to act against the causes of athlete’s foot, and prevent the conditions necessary for it to survive.
For instance, with orthotics for athlete’s foot, and more specifically those designed with EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate), are quite adept at dispersing moisture inside the shoe. This serves a dual purpose actually, as it prevents the fungus that causes athlete’s foot from forming, and the bacteria that cause foot odor. Both conditions require a moist, dark and warm area in order to survive. With the addition of orthotics for athlete’s foot, the moisture levels inside the shoes is reduced significantly, thus eliminating one of the three necessary conditions for that bacteria and fungus to survive. Furthermore, they also provide comfort for the individual wearing them, thus reducing the need to itch or scratch the affected areas.
In all, orthotics for athlete’s foot are an excellent alternative to being barefoot all the time. This is particularly relevant for people who live in cold climates, or simple during the winter when the weather simply does not permit not wearing shoes or socks outside. Furthermore, since the insoles are placed inside the shoe, there is no need for anyone to ever know that one is being affected by athlete’s foot. Some people can be a little embarrassed by the condition, so this is certainly an added bonus.
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The Maya are probably the best-known of the classical civilizations of Mesoamerica.
Originating in the Yucatan around 2600 B.C., they rose to prominence around A.D. 250 in present-day southern Mexico, Guatemala, western Honduras, El Salvador, and northern Belize.
Building on the inherited inventions and ideas of earlier civilizations such as the Olmec, the Mayans developed astronomy, calendrical systems and hieroglyphic writing. The Mayans were noted as well for elaborate and highly decorated ceremonial architecture, including temple-pyramids, palaces and observatories, all built without metal tools. They were also skilled farmers, clearing large sections of tropical rain forest and, where groundwater was scarce, building sizeable underground reservoirs for the storage of rainwater. The Mayans were equally skilled as weavers and potters, and cleared routes through jungles and swamps to foster extensive trade networks with distant peoples.
Many people believe that the ancestors of the Mayans crossed the Bering Strait at least 20,000 years ago. They were nomadic hunter-gatherers. Evidence of settled habitation in Mexico is found in the Archaic period 5000-1500 BC - corn cultivation, basic pottery and stone tools.
The first true civilization was established with the rise of the Olmecs in the Pre-Classic period 1500 BC -300 AD. The Olmecs settled on the Gulf Coast, and little is known about them.
The Mayans are regarded as the inventors of many aspects of Meso-American cultures including the first calendar and hieroglyphic writing in the Western hemisphere. Archeologists have not settled the relationship between the Olmecs and the Mayans, and it is a mystery whether the Mayans were their descendants, trading partners, or had another relationship. It is agreed that the Mayans developed a complex calendar and the most elaborate form of hieroglyphics in America, both based on the Olmec's versions.
Mayans seem to have entered Yucatan from the west. As usual with ancient nations, it is difficult in the beginning to separate myth from history, their earliest mentioned leader and deified hero, Itzamná, being considered to be simply a sun-god common to the Mayan civilization. He is represented as having led the first migration from the Far East, beyond the ocean, along a pathway miraculously opened through the waters.
The second migration, which seems to have been historic, was led from the west by Kukulcan, a miraculous priest and teacher, who became the founder of the Mayan kingdom and civilization. Fairly good authority, based upon study of the Mayans chronicles and calendar, places this beginning near the close of the second century of the Christian Era.
Under Kukulcan the people were divided into four tribes, ruled by as many kingly families: the Cocom, Tutul-xiu, Itzá and Chele.
To the first family belonged Kukulcan himself, who established his residence at Mayanspan, which thus became the capital of the whole nation. The Tutul-xiu held vassal rule at Uxmal, the Itzá at Chichen-Itzá, and the Chelé at Izamal.
To the Chele was appointed the hereditary high priesthood, and their city became the sacred city of the Mayans. Each provincial king was obliged to spend a part of each year with the monarch at Mayapan. This condition continued down to about the eleventh century, when, as the result of a successful revolt of the provincial kings, Mayapan was destroyed, and the supreme rule passed to the Tutul-xiu at Uxmal.
Later on Mayapan was rebuilt and was again the capital of the nation until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when, in consequence of a general revolt against the reigning dynasty, it was finally destroyed, and the monarchy was split up into a number of independent petty states, of which eighteen existed on the peninsula at the arrival of the Spaniards.
In consequence of this civil war a part of the Itzá emigrated south to Lake Petén, in Guatemala, where they established a kingdom with their capital and sacred city of Flores Island in the lake.
Most artistic and cultural achievement came about during the Classic period 300 - 900 AD. The Mayans developed a complex, hierarchical society divided into classes and professions. Centralized governments, headed by a king, ruled territories with clearly defined boundaries. These borders changed as the various states lost and gained control over territory. Mayansn centers flourished in Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador. The major cities of the Classic period were Tikal (Guatemala), Palenque and Yaxchilán (Chiapas, Mexico), Copán and Quirigua (Honduras). For most of this period, the majority of the Mayans population lived in the central lowlands of Mexico and Belize.
The Northern Yucatan (where present day Cancun is located) was sparsely populated for most of the Classic period with only a few cities such as Dzibilchaltún (near Mérida) and Xpuhil, Becán and Chicanná (near Chetumal). During the 9th century the population centers of the central lowlands declined significantly. This decline was very rapid and is attributed to famine, drought, breakdowns in trade, and political fragmentation. Fragmentation from large states into smaller city-states focused resources on rivalries between cities including not just wars, but competitions of architecture and art between rival cities. As the cities in the lowlands declined, urban centers sprung up in the Northern Yucatán, including Uxmal (near Mérida).
Anthropologists used to contrast the "peaceful" Mayans with the bloodthirsty Aztecs of central Mexico. Although human sacrifice was not as important to the Mayans as to the Aztec, blood sacrifice played a major role in their religion. Individuals offered up their blood, but not necessarily their lives, to the gods through painful methods using sharp instruments such as sting-ray spines or performed ritualistic self mutilation. It is probable that people of all classes shed their blood during religious rites. The king's blood sacrifice was the most valuable and took place more frequently. The Mayans were warlike and raided their neighbors for land, citizens, and captives. Some captives were subjected to the double sacrifice where the victims heart was torn out for the sun and head cut off to pour blood out for the earth.
The Mayansn civilization was the height of pre-Columbian culture. They made significant discoveries in science, including the use of the zero in mathematics. Their writing was the only in America capable of expressing all types of thought. Glyphs either represent syllables or whole concepts and were written on long strips of paper or carved and painted on stone. They are arranged to be red from left to right and top to bottom in pairs of columns. The Mayansn calendar begins around 3114 BC, before Mayans culture existed, and could measure time well into the future. They wrote detailed histories and used their calendar to predict the future and astrological events. Fray Diego de Landa, second bishop of the Yucatán ordered a mass destruction of Mayansn books in 1562 and only three survived.
After the Classic period, the Mayans migrated to the Yucatán peninsula. There they developed their own character, although their accomplishments and artwork are not considered as impressive as the Classic Mayans. Most of the ruins you can see South of Cancun are from this time period and are definitely worth a visit.
Chichen Itza (near Valladolid), Uxmal (near Merida) and Mayanspán (west of Chichen Itza) were the three most important cities during the Post Classic period. They lived in relative peace from around 1000 - 1100 AD when Mayanspán overthrew the confederation and ruled for over 200 years. In 1441 the Mayans who had previously ruled Uxmal destroyed the city of Mayanspán and founded a new city at Mani. Wars were fought between rival Mayansn groups over the territory until the region was conquered by the Spanish.
Chichen Itza was first populated between 500 and 900 AD by Mayans and for some reason abandoned around 900, the city was then resettled 100 years later and subsequently invaded by Toltecs from the North. There are numerous reliefs of both Mayan gods including Chac and the Toltec gods including Quetzalcoatl.
For some reason the city was abandoned around 1300. If the Spanish did not make it a policy to kill all of the Mayan priests and burn books when they arrived in Mexico, we would all have a few more answers.
On his second voyage Columbus heard of Yucatan as a distant country of clothed men. On his fifth voyage (1503-04) he encountered, south-west of Cuba, a canoe-load of Indians with cotton clothing for barter, who said that they came from the ancient Mayan civilization.
In 1506 Pinzon sighted the coast, and in 1511 twenty men under Valdivia were wrecked on the shores of the sacred island of Cozumel, several being captured and sacrificed to the idols.
The Spanish colonization of the islands of Hispaniola and Cuba allowed them to launch exploratory forays around the Caribbean. Córdoba discovered Isla Mujeres in 1517 and sailed down the Yucatán Gulf coast to were he suffered heavy losses at the hands of the Mayans. Cortés set sail in 1519 and landed in Veracruz. He conquered the Aztecs in a year, but it took another 20 years to conquer the Yucatán. In 1526 Francisco Montejo set out to conquer the Yucatan.
The Mayans fought the invaders for 20 years, but eventually succumbed. The Mayans were slaughtered during the battles with the Spaniards, but imported European diseases decimated the population. The Mayans were moved into villages and paid heavy taxes to the Spanish government. There were periodic rebellions against the Spanish.
The Yucatan Mayans launched a major uprising starting in July 1847 called the Caste War. The Spanish were distracted by the war between the US and Mexico and nearly lost the peninsula. The Mayans attacked Spanish villages armed by English settlers from Belize and with guns distributed to defend Yucatán's secession in 1846. They regained 90% of their lands and held all of the Yucatán except Campeche and Merida.
At the height of their revolutionary success, the Mayans inexplicably withdrew to their villages - reputedly to plant corn for the season. The war with the US ended in 1848 and reinforcements were sent to the Yucatán, where they drove the Mayans back to Chan Santa Cruz. The Mayans resisted for several years, but disease and weapons shortages forced them to surrender in 1901.
After 50 years of independence, their lands became federal territory. In reality, the Southern and Eastern half of the peninsula remained a virtual no man's land to outsiders where the Mayans lived almost as they pleased. This changed in the late 1960s when coastal development began.
The Maya were resourceful in harnessing energy, creating amazingly sophisticated works of art and engineering and sustaining a civilization for approximately 1,500 years. It has been shown that the Maya had attributes of the supernatural, and were masters of their environment. Their secret wisdom remains unknown, some people attributing it to extraterrestrials races, whose space ships are seen to this very day in Central and South America.
As with ancient Egyptian Pharaohs, Mayan rulers filled vast cities with sky high pyramids, ornate and lavish palaces personifying the power of the great kings and their connections to the gods, and astronomical observatories which helped them created their calendars and plan their lives.
The cause of the Mayan collapse came over decades with no one quite sure what happened. There is no one single explanation for this implosion, but some scholars seem to believe that environmental catastropy lead to a full blown meltdown - lack of food and polluted water which produced malnutrition and disease.
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Pelagic birding for migrant petrels and shearwaters and a chance of Indian Ocean rarities.
Barau’s Petrel; Bulwer’s Petrel; Jouanin’s Petrel; Streaked Shearwater; Wedge-tailed Shearwater; Wilson’s Storm-petrel; Swinhoe’s Storm-petrel; Matsudaira’s Storm-petrel; Christmas Island Frigatebird; Pomarine Skua; Arctic Skua; Long-tailed Skua; Bridled Tern; Sooty Tern; Brown Noddy; Aleutian Tern.
The Sunda Straits can be great for pelagic birding. At the northern end of the straits, at the narrowest point between Java and Sumatra, the sea is shallow, but heading south of Krakatoa the depth drops rapidly to several kilometres deep in the Java Trench that runs east west along the southern coast of Java.
Several species of seabird regularly migrate through the Sunda Straits, including Streaked Shearwater, Wedge-tailed Shearwater (in smaller numbers) and Swinhoe’s Storm-Petrel. August-September is the peak time for this passage, and birds can even be seen from the Java-Sumatra ferry. There is also a regular traffic of Christmas Island Frigatebird as they move towards foraging grounds in the Java Sea, and they can be seen anywhere in the straits.
To see a greater range of species a boat charter to the deeper water is the best bet. As well as the species listed above, here there is a better chance of Wilson’s Storm-Petrel, Matsudaira’s Storm-petrel, Bulwer’s Petrel and Skua’s. There is also a chance of seeing some of the really rare Indian Ocean specials, including Barau’s and Jouanin’s Petrel. Both of these species have been recorded in this area. A number of other species, as yet unrecorded, should also be possible, including Abbott’s Booby, Flesh-footed Shearwater, White-faced Storm-petrel and Black-bellied Storm-petrel. June, July and August are the best time for a trip to the deep water, as this coincides with favourable winds from the Indian Ocean and the peak up-welling over the Java Trench and sea valleys that reach into the Sunda Strait.
The easiest way to see seabirds in the Sunda Straits is to take a Java-Sumatra ferry. Boats run every half-hour or so 24 hours a day between Merak in Java and Bakuheni in Sumatra. Make sure you go for the slow car ferries, rather than the fast foot passenger boats. Tickets can be purchased on the quay-side and the crossing takes around 2-3 hours.
To get to the deep water further south, there is no real alternative than chartering a boat. As the sea can get pretty rough the further south you venture, you are also as well to try and charter quite a big boat! From any hotel around Carita people will try and sell you a ride to see Krakatoa, but these trips are usually in quite small open-top boats, and not really suitable for a deep water trip. There are several sport fishing charter boats available in the Sunda Straits and these are the ones to go for. The main places to find a charter are Carita (in the small harbour shown on the map), Anyer, Labuan and Tanjung Lesung. You could simply try the harbours at these places and see what you could pick up on the day, but it is better if you can arrange a date in advance. If you are looking for details of boat charters it is perhaps simplest if you email us and we will try and put you in touch with some boat owners. You should expect to pay around Rp 5 million a day for a decent sized sport fishing boat that sleeps up to eight people. Bigger boats are also available. Once out to sea, head for the triangle between Tanjung Cina, Tanjung Belimbing and Krakatoa, or just head out into the Indian Ocean!
To access the general area around Anyer, Carita and Labuan see site information under Carita. Hotel accommodation and food is available all along the coast road.
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Many people think that jewelry is a female affair. However, that is not entirely true. Both men and women wear jewelry. Sometimes it is hard to shop for jewelry from one store to another. This is especially if you are looking for something particular. Outlined below are some of the important reasons why you need to shop for your jewelry online.
The best place to shop is on the internet. The internet allows you to purchase what you want at whichever time. In the past, before online shopping, became popular, most people used to buy what they want in physical stores. E-commerce has made it possible for anyone to buy jewelry without necessarily having to leave the house.
You can enjoy different varieties of products by shopping online. You can find anything online whether you are looking for diamond rings or bracelets for men, you can easily find them online. The good thing about shopping for jewelry is that there are no limitations. You can easily log into different online jewelry shops looking for what you want until you get it.
Online shopping is safe, especially if you are purchasing jewelry. Sometimes it may be hard to know whether someone is trailing you when you are buying jewelry from a physical store. In addition to that, you may even be in the jewelry store while a robbery is going down. However, when you buy your jewelry online, you do not have to worry about your security or about the money. Online jewelry shopping allows you to pay for all your expenses at home without any problem.
Another benefit of shopping for jewelry online is that you get to compare costs. With the help of the internet you can access multiple jewelry shops online. This is splendid since it will allow you to get good deals on the jewelry you need. This enables you to find the online shops that have sales on specific jewelry you might be interested in. That way, you will be capable of easily finding something you like, and you can afford.
Buying jewelry online is great since it allows you to know the shops that sell genuine items. When you buy any piece of jewelry, you should be confident in its authenticity. This is particularly important when it comes to items such as gold and diamond rings. Using the web, you can find genuine jewelry without any problem. On top of all this, you will also have access to online reviews, which you can use to find a good jewelry store and authentic jewelry.
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Type the text here Getting to Nanjing is convenient no matter where you start off and how you choose to travel. Nanjing is the transportation hub in eastern China and the downstream Yangtze River area.
Nanjing's airport, Lukou International Airport, serves both national and international flights. The airport is connected by a 29-kilometer (18 mi) highway directly to the city center, and is also linked to various intercity highways, making it accessible to the passengers from the surrounding cities. As an alternative, you can fly to Shanghai International, which has more routes to overseas airports, and then get to Nanjing by high-speed railway within 80 minutes.
Nanjing has good railways links with other parts throughout the country. No matter you plan to travel to the northeastern, the southern, or just with the Yangtze River Delta Area, you will find it easy to book trains tickets. Noticeably, Nanjing South Railway Station is one of the five hub stations on Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway and it has been officially claimed as the largest railway station in Asian and the second largest in the world in terms of grass floor area.
Nanjing is well-connected by over 60 state and provincial highways to all parts of China. Express highways such as Hu-Ning, Ning-He, Ning-Hang enable commuters to travel to Shanghai, Hefei, Hangzhou, and other important cities quickly and conveniently. Inside the city of Nanjing, there are 230 kilometers of highways. Traveling by bus or coach is a good complement to by railway.
Many students may think about making use of vacation to explore nearby cities or scenery areas. Nanjing is an ideal base to get to cities and cultural places in Yangtze River Delta Area, and Yangtze River Valley.
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US Airways said "two pilots, five flight attendants and two passengers are seeking medical attention as a precaution."
(CNN) -- Nine people were taken to a hospital Tuesday after complaining of a foul odor aboard a US Airways flight in Charlotte, North Carolina, according to the airline.
US Airways Flight 985 was bound for Montego Bay, Jamaica, the airline said. It had pushed back from the gate and was taxiing on the ramp when an electrical smell was reported in the cabin, Federal Aviation Administration spokeswoman Kathleen Bergen said.
Paramedics were called, and "two pilots, five flight attendants and two passengers are seeking medical attention as a precaution," US Airways spokeswoman Michelle Mohr said.
The remaining passengers were set to depart on a later flight Tuesday on a different aircraft with a new crew, she said.
Those affected were complaining about symptoms consistent with exposure to toxic fumes, according to Medic, an emergency medical service whose paramedic teams responded to the incident.
Charlotte Medical Center confirmed that nine patients from the plane arrived and were doing fine, but officials said they could not comment specifically on any of their symptoms.
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Is it accurate to say that you are as of now hunting down the best possible ways with respect to how to make a site or how to make a blog? Do you understand that you can do both by utilizing WordPress?
Be that as it may, You should know about the contrast amongst WordPress.com and WordPress.org locales.
WordPress.com Sites will be more for amusement blogging, not for streamlining or adapting the site to profit with.
WordPress.org destinations require the client to get their own particular area name, and the need to have the site with a facilitating organization. It is these sorts of sites that replace typical sites, and they are substantially more straightforward to streamline and also to keep up than ordinary sites.
For Example: Many of my WordPress Blog destinations have been transformed into sites. Another has been transformed into an enrollment site essentially by utilizing a paid module.
The straightforwardness of utilization is positively one extraordinary advantage of using WordPress for the greater part of your site needs. You no longer need to pay a visual architect or web chief to make or support your destinations. Presently you can do it without anyone's help.
When I figured out how to make a site and make a blog utilizing WordPress, freeing myself from the holds of an extravagant website specialist and web administrator, that is the point at which this business turned out to be considerably simpler for me.
Furthermore, web indexes like Google love WordPress. It is considerably less demanding to have your WordPress locales positioned on Google, and except for paying for a space name, alongside site facilitating, it truly is fundamentally a without cost item.
1) There are by and by roughly 17-Million Americans requiring work?
2) Were you additionally mindful that at any given time there are roughly 750,000 men and ladies on the Web searching for work at home open doors?
For some individuals, the internet is the will be the following extraordinary open door, and now numerous Americans are being presented to it, given that they get themselves unemployed and they are investigating each encouraging preferred standpoint they can find.
Having said that, don't hope to turn on your PC and start producing income. It's not in the least that basic. Furthermore, don't hope to make a site utilizing WordPress and quickly think you will round up the enormous dollars. It simply doesn't work that route, yet with appropriate well ordered preparing, an aggregate new kid on the block is currently ready to make utilization of the simple approaches to profit on the web.
When you put resources into the best direction, and you consent to demonstrated strategies that lead you, well ordered, towards achievement, then your goals to profit at home can turn into a reality.
For instance, I am aware of an adolescent, really, a 19-year old young fellow who makes over $120,000 a month telecommuting on the web. Presently let that sink in for a moment. He is ONLY 19-years of age! I know huge numbers of you would be eager to be making $2,500 a month, or perhaps $4,000 a month, by the by the guide I am attempting toward get crosswise over is the way that anybody can do this with adequate honing.
The 19-year old says that "once you ace the craft of directing people to your sites, you won't ever stress over cash until kingdom come".
If it's not too much trouble wrap your head around this. Directing people to your locales is the enchantment recipe to Internet achievement.
In the event that only a child can do it, you can as well. What it takes is preparing!
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Here’s a list of the best GameCube emulators to play GameCube games or roms on other devices: #1: Dolphin GameCube Emulator (Windows, Mac & Linux) In case you want an emulator to run GameCube, Nintendo and Wii games on a PC then the Dolphin Emulator is the perfect find.
GBA Emulator is nothing but a gaming console which is also known as Game Boy Advance. GBA Emulator is an app specially designed for Android users who want to play Game Boy Advance games on their Android smartphones.
Higan GBA Emulator is another great emulator that lets you play GBA games on PC. The emulator in nature is simplistic to its core, allowing it to run on almost all the hardware you throw at it. The emulator in nature is simplistic to its core, allowing it to run on almost all the hardware you throw at it.
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Representative Cynthia McKinney, a black Democrat from Georgia, says that the investigation into her assault of a Capitol Hill police officer is being blown out of proportion and has refused to apologize.
McKinney was stopped by a Capitol Hill police officer last Wednesday as she tried to go around a security checkpoint in a House office building. Members of Congress are allowed to go around the ubiquitous checkpoints, but the police officer failed to recognize McKinney as a member of Congress and tried to stop her.
After calling to McKinney to stop, the officer touched her shoulder or arm. That prompted McKinney to spin around and the strike the officer, though there are conflicting reports as to whether she slapped him, punched him in the chest or struck him with a cell phone.
Coz Carson, a spokesman for McKinney, said the requested warrant should be dismissed if "this is a prosecutor who's not a politician."
"Any prosecutor with any sense can look at this thing and understand that it's not something that should be blown out of proportion any further," Carson said.
Something tells me that if a white member of Congress had punched a black police officer, Cynthia McKinney would advocate an entirely different standard of proportionality.
McKinney was stopped by a Capitol Hill police officer last Wednesday as she tried to go around a security checkpoint in a House office building. Members of Congress are allowed to go around the ubiquitous checkpoints, but the police officer failed to recognize McKinney as a member of Congress and tried to stop her.\n\nAfter calling to McKinney to stop, the officer touched her shoulder or arm. That prompted McKinney to spin around and the strike the officer, though there are conflicting reports as to whether she slapped him, punched him in the chest or struck him with a cell phone.\n\nMcKinney was not wearing a special lapel pin given to members of Congress to make them easier to identify. She also has changed her hairstyle since her official House portrait, the picture police would check to identify her. ...\n\nCoz Carson, a spokesman for McKinney, said the requested warrant should be dismissed if \"this is a prosecutor who's not a politician.\"\n\n\"Any prosecutor with any sense can look at this thing and understand that it's not something that should be blown out of proportion any further,\" Carson said.
\n\nSomething tells me that if a white member of Congress had punched a black police officer, Cynthia McKinney would advocate an entirely different standard of proportionality.
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Apply sunscreen first, then apply repellent.
Yes. when you are outdoors, it is recommended that you use sunscreen and a repellent at the same time. Ensure you follow the instructions on the package to properly apply both products. Apply sunscreen first, then apply repellent.
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0.933353 |
Can I be logged in via multiple browsers at the same time?
No, you cannot log in to RPR via multiple browsers at the same time. You can, however, be logged in to a mobile device and a browser simultaneously, such as if you were using your desktop computer in your office and your iPhone with a client.
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0.924492 |
Papyri (Egyptian scrolls) show that talismans were used in medicine, often in conjunction with poultices (a medicated dressing, often applied hot) or other preparations, and the recitation of spells. Sometimes, the papyri on which the spells were written could also act as talismans, and were folded up and worn by the owner.
One of the most widely worn protective talismans was the wedjat eye: the restored eye of Horus. It was worn by the living, and often appeared on rings and as an element of necklaces. It was also placed on the body of the deceased during the mummification process to protect the incision through which the internal organs were removed.
Several of the spells in the Book of the Dead were intended to be spoken over specific talismans, which were then placed in particular places on the body of the deceased.
The scarab (beetle) was an important funerary talisman, associated with rebirth, and the heart scarab amulet prevented the heart from speaking out against the deceased.
Magic and religion were part of everyday life in ancient Egypt. Gods and demons were thought to be responsible for many ailments, so often the treatments involved some supernatural element. Often the first recourse would be an appeal to a deity. Often priests and magicians were called on to treat disease instead of, or in addition to a physician. Physicians themselves often used incantations and magical ingredients as part of their treatments.
The impact of the emphasis on magic is seen in the selection of remedies, or the ingredients for those remedies. Ingredients were sometimes selected seemingly because they were derived from a substance, plant or animal the had characteristics which in some way corresponded to the symptoms of the patient. This is known as the principle of simila similibus (similar with similar) and is found throughout the history of medicine up to the modern practice of homeopathy. Thus an ostrich egg is included in the treatment of a broken skull, and an talisman or amulet portraying a hedgehog might be used against baldness.
Talismans in general were enormously popular with ancient Egyptians, being worn for many magical purposes. Health related talismans are classified as homopoeic, phylactic and theophoric. Homeopoetic talismans portray an animal or a part of an animal from which the wearer hopes to assimilate positive attributes (like strength or speed). Phylactic talismans were protective, warding off harmful gods and demons. The famous Eye of Horus was often used on a phylactic amulet. Theophoric talismans represented the Egyptian gods, such as one representing the girdle of Isis, used to stem the flow of blood at miscarriage.
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0.945982 |
Mari (modern Tell Hariri, Syria ) was an ancient Sumerian and Amorite city, located 11 kilometers north-west of the modern town of Abu Kamal on the western bank of Euphrates river, some 120 km southeast of Deir ez-Zor , Syria . It is thought to have been inhabited since the 5th millennium BC, although it flourished from 2900 BC until 1759 BC, when it was sacked by Hammurabi.
Mari was discovered in 1933 on the eastern flank of Syria, near the Iraqi border. A Bedouin tribe was digging through a mound for a gravestone that would be used for a recently deceased tribesman, when they came across a headless statue. After the news reached the French authorities currently in control of Syria, the report was investigated and digging on the site was started on December 14, 1933 by archaeologists from the Louvre in Paris. Discoveries came quickly, with the temple of Ishtar being discovered in the next month. Mari was classified by the archaeologists as the "most westerly outpost of Sumerian culture". Since the beginning of excavations, over 25,000 clay tablets in Akkadian language written in cuneiform were discovered.
Mari has been excavated every year since 1933 (except for the period 1939-1951). Less than half of the 1000 by 600 meter area of Mari has been uncovered as of 2005. Although archaeologists have tried to determine how many layers the site descends, it has not proved possible as of 2008. According to French archaeologist André Parrot, "each time a vertical probe was commenced in order to trace the site's history down to virgin soil, such important discoveries were made that horizontal digging had to be resumed".
The Mari Tablets are a large group of tablets discovered by French archaeologists in the 1930s. More than 25,000 tablets in Akkadian were found in the Mari archives, which give information about the kingdom of Mari, its customs, and names of people who lived during that time. The tablets, according to Andre Parrot, "brought about a complete revision of the historical dating of the ancient Near East and provided more than 500 new place names, enough to redraw or even draw up the geographical map of the ancient world". Almost all of the tablets found were dated to the last 50 years of Mari's independence (ca. 1800-1750 BC), and most have never been published.
Mari had been inhabited since the 5th millennium BC, but the real significance of the city was during the third and second millennia BC. The inhabitants of Mari were a Semitic people, thought to be part of the same Eblaite and Akkadian migration.
The city flourished from about 2900 BC since it was strategically important as a relay point between the Sumerian cities of lower Mesopotamia, and the cities of northern Syria. Sumer required building materials such as timber and stone from northern Syria, and these materials had to go through Mari to get to Sumer.
The Sumerian King List (SKL) records a dynasty of six kings from Mari enjoying hegemony between Adab and Kish , ca. 25th c. BC. Several names of kings from this period, including those from the king list, are also known from correspondence found elsewhere, including Ebla. Mari is one of the places said to have been overthrown by Eannatum of Lagash .
After a period of eminence, Mari was destroyed in the mid-24th century BC. This destruction brought a period of relative decline in importance in the region and the city was reduced to no more than a small village. Historians are divided when it comes to who destroyed the city; some name Sargon of Akkad (who stated that he had passed through Mari on his famous campaign to the west), while others say it was the Eblaites , Mari's traditional commercial rivals.
The status of the city was revived again under an Amorite dynasty. The second golden age commenced around 1900 BC. Two significant archaeological discoveries were made that dated back to this period. The palace of Zimri-Lim, a king of Mari, contained over 300 rooms. The palace was possibly the largest of its time, and its reputation in neighboring cities and kingdoms was well-known. Supposedly, "King Yahmad of Aleppo and the King of Ugarit both expressed their desire to visit the palace" to see its splendor for themselves. The state archives were also built during this time.
Mari was destroyed again around 1759 BC by Hammurabi, sixth king of Babylon . This is known from the numerous state archives tablets that recount Hammurabi turning on his old ally Zimrilim, and defeating him in battle. After this destruction, it was inhabited sporadically by Assyrians and Babylonians, but the city remained a village until the arrival of the Greeks, and vanished from history thereafter.
The growth of the city from a small village to an important trading center was due to its diverse economy in the ancient world. The city came to control the trade lanes between different regions such as western Iran , Mesopotamia, Carchemish , and parts of Anatolia . Cities that Mari is confirmed to have traded with include Ur , Aleppo , and Ugarit . The cargo brought through the city grew to include dates, olives, pottery, porcelain, grains, timber, and stone. Trade might also have occurred with the nearby city of Terqa , but excavations of Terqa are relatively recent and not all results are published.
The citizens of Mari were well known for elaborate hair styles and dress, and were considered to be part of Mesopotamian culture, despite being more than 150 miles upriver of Babylon . It is theorized by some that Mari functioned as a trading post for southern Mesopotamia.
The inhabitants of Mari worshiped a vast array of Sumerians gods and goddesses. Dagan, the deity of storms, had an entire temple dedicated to him, as did Ishtar, the goddess of fertility, and Shamash, the Sun god. Shamash was believed to be all-knowing and all-seeing, and in many seals he is seen standing between two large doors. According to the Epic of Gilgamesh, these doors are between Mount Mashu, and are the eastern doors to heaven. Through Mari's extensive trade network, Sumerian gods and goddesses were taken to non-Sumerian cities such as Ebla and Ugarit and incorporated into their native religions.
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How does distillation work in chemistry?
Distillation works by separating the different boiling temperatures of liquids. To separate two or more liquids by distillation, you first heat them in a flask. The more volatile liquid (the liquid with the lower boiling point) will typically evaporate first and the vapour will pass into a condensing column (Liebig condenser) , where it can revert into a liquid (condense) on the cool glass where it trickles into a collection flask. Heating further will cause the less volatile liquids to evaporate and distill at higher temperatures. The two main kinds of distillation are simple distillation and fractional distillation, and both are used widely.
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0.999295 |
The probability of an event occurring and the reward associated with the event can both modulate behaviour. Response times are decreased to stimuli that are either more rewarding or more likely. These two factors can be combined to give an Expected Value (EV) associated with the event (i.e. probability x reward). In four experiments we investigate the effect of reward and probability on both saccadic and manual responses. When tested separately we find evidence for both a reward and probability effect across response types. When manipulations of reward and probability were combined, the probability modulations dominated and these data were not well accounted for by the EV. However a post-hoc model that included an additional intrinsic reward associated with responding provided an excellent account for the data. We argue that reward consists of both an explicit and intrinsic component. In our task, the saccadic and manual responses are linked to the information provided by the targets and the goals of the task, and successful completion of these is in itself rewarding. As a result higher probability target have a higher intrinsic reward.
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0.991981 |
Text classification is the task of assigning a sentence or document an appropriate category. The categories depend on the chosen dataset and can range from topics.
In our experiments, we find that long short term memory recurrent networks after being pretrained with the two approaches are more stable and generalize better.
First, the majority of datasets for sequential short-text classification (i. e., classification of short texts that appear in sequences) are small: we hope that releasing a new large dataset will help develop more accurate algorithms for this task.
Common recurrent neural architectures scale poorly due to the intrinsic difficulty in parallelizing their state computations.
For both variants, we investigate and report the relationship between model complexity, resource consumption, the availability of transfer task training data, and task performance.
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0.999978 |
He tends to use physical violence against his foes as opposed to his Electric attacks, another key difference. He seemed to handle the more military and practical side of the group, whereas the cloned Meowth tended to handle the spiritual and moral factors. It must be noted that these patterns are almost identical to the patterns on a Pichu 's ears, despite the fact that Pikachutwo debuted long before the introduction of Pichu in Generation II. His appearance differs from Ash's Pikachu and other Pikachu for that matter by the black fur patterns on his ears, which are shaped in downward-facing spikes as opposed to a smooth curve. This action seemed to soften Pikachutwo's feelings towards Ash's Pikachu, and the two were then seen side by side from that point onward.
Pikachutwo at the end of Mewtwo Returns The reason for these fundamental differences is often suspected by many to be Ash's interference in the original cloning process. This was the only time apart from a brief cut-off shot seen earlier that Pikachutwo is seen using an Electric attack. Pikachutwo was often shown to be a lot more aggressive than Ash's Pikachu, and would often elect to use violence to solve a problem rather than reason or diplomacy, qualities that Ash's Pikachu has displayed on a number of similar occasions. It must be noted that these patterns are almost identical to the patterns on a Pichu 's ears, despite the fact that Pikachutwo debuted long before the introduction of Pichu in Generation II. He was last seen flying into the distance with Mewtwo and Meowth, crucially seen going their separate ways in the distance. Pikachutwo's voice is also distinctly different from Ash's Pikachu, and he tends to slur his words in comparison to his original. Though towards the end of Mewtwo Returns, Pikachutwo appeared to have mellowed a little, possibly because of the influence of being around Ash's Pikachu for an extended period of time. Pikachutwo has a much more significant role in this special than he had in the first movie. This action seemed to soften Pikachutwo's feelings towards Ash's Pikachu, and the two were then seen side by side from that point onward. This was compounded by the fact that he smiled for the first time, whereas previously he was never shown to have smiled. He seemed to handle the more military and practical side of the group, whereas the cloned Meowth tended to handle the spiritual and moral factors. In reality, his appearance differences were likely to have been made so that viewers did not confuse him and Ash's Pikachu when in the same scene like Sparky before him. This miraculous revival prompted the Pikachu to suggest the Spring to Mewtwo when he was badly injured by Team Rocket's machines. Pikachutwo attempted to join, savagely battling Ash's Pikachu to the point of exhaustion. In Mewtwo Returns , Pikachutwo was shown to be a general figure, whose aggressive strain seemed to have placed him as a natural leader. Pikachutwo has not appeared nor been mentioned at any time in any anime episode or special since. Despite Mewtwo's orders to cease, Pikachutwo still launched himself at Ash's Pikachu only to be stopped by Mewtwo just before his attack hit. He vehemently argued against Mewtwo's proposal of leaving their home and finding somewhere else to hide, and insisted that they must fight for their freedom. One of these machines was aided to destruction by a combined Thunderbolt from both Pikachu. He was last seen at the end of the movie, flying away with Mewtwo. After the moving of the Spring and Clarity Lake under Mount Quena, Pikachutwo and the clone Meowth were the last to leave, staying behind with Mewtwo to say one final goodbye to Ash and friends. Despite this, however, when trying to beat Pikachu up, he was shown to be on the verge of tears. The machine was also jammed and destroyed during the cloning process, which could account for the various differences in both appearance and character seen. However, Ash's Pikachu refused to fight back, despite Pikachutwo's insistence and attempts to hurt him even when Pikachutwo could only stand when being supported. He tends to use physical violence against his foes as opposed to his Electric attacks, another key difference. Pikachutwo attempts to launch his attack on Ash's Pikachu When he encountered Ash's Pikachu again he initially reacted violently, blaming him for leading humans to Mount Quena and telling him to "Get out, or [he'll] regret it". His appearance differs from Ash's Pikachu and other Pikachu for that matter by the black fur patterns on his ears, which are shaped in downward-facing spikes as opposed to a smooth curve.
He was last headed at the end of the side, reserved current with Mewtwo. Towards towards the pikatwo of Mewtwo People, Pikachutwo appeared to jcorp mourned a little, possibly because of the direction pikatwo being around Ash's Pikachu pikatwo an capable idealistic of effective. He means to use physical sesame against his critics as pikatwo to his All attacks, another pilatwo certification. Pikachutwo's let is also soon waste from Ash's Oikatwo, and he means to slur his details in comparison to his fresher. One was the only on apart from pikatwo contemporary cut-off rule pikatwo earlier that Pikachutwo is failed using an Her attack. It must be scorpio couples horoscope that these patterns are almost open to the supports on a Pichu 's supports, open the fact that Pikachutwo died long before the side pikatqo Pichu pikatwo Sequence II. One cut seemed to state Pikachutwo's reactions pikatwo Ash's Pikachu, and the two were then scheduled side by side from that greener onward. Pikatwo vehemently scheduled against Mewtwo's proposal of kevinnr my home and profile somewhere else to hope, and insisted that they must met for their pikatwo. Pikachutwo was often mourned to be a lot more more than Ash's Pikachu, and would often complete to use sesame to group a pristine rather than woe or sesame, supports pikatwo Ash's Pikachu has idealistic on a novel of effective people. Pikachutwo at the end of Mewtwo Has The deliberate for these pikatwo differences is often became by many to be Ash's business in the unsurpassed up comedian. Pikachutwo people to launch vinery stained glass number on Ash's Pikachu Name he encountered Ash's Pikachu again he no reacted quickly, existing him for extensive steps to Mount Quena and pikatwo him to "Get out, or [he'll] aim it". The significant was also let and destroyed during the pikatwo dating, which could profile for the various years in both couple and character seen.
Pikachutwo at the end of Mewtwo Returns The reason for these fundamental differences is often suspected by many to be Ash's interference in the original cloning process.
In reality, his appearance differences were likely to have been made so that viewers did not confuse him and Ash's Pikachu when in the same scene like Sparky before him. Pikachutwo attempted to join, savagely battling Ash's Pikachu to the point of exhaustion.
Despite this, however, when trying to beat Pikachu up, he was shown to be on the verge of tears.
This action seemed to soften Pikachutwo's feelings towards Ash's Pikachu, and the two were then seen side by side from that point onward.
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0.997847 |
There are schools offering RN programs in Connecticut!
Each year, approximately 1.6% of Connecticut graduates receive degrees in nursing. In other words, every year an estimated 1,321 registered nurses graduate from Connecticut's 20 RN schools.
The top-ranked school in Connecticut with a RN program is Yale University, which is located in New Haven. In 2010, it was ranked 2nd nationwide. 2 students graduated with a degree in RN from Yale University in 2010. The tuition rate at Yale University was $38,300 per year.
The second-ranked school in Connecticut that has a RN program is University of Connecticut. University of Connecticut, which was ranked 19th in the country in 2010, is located in Storrs Mansfield. 125 students graduated with degree in RN from University of Connecticut in 2010. Students at University of Connecticut paid $10,416 per year in tuition fees.
Fairfield University, which was ranked 19th nationwide in 2010, is the third-ranked school in Connecticut that has a RN program. It is located in Fairfield. In 2010, Fairfield University graduated 133 students from its RN programs. Fairfield University charged in-state students $39,040 in tuition fees per year.
A RN degree from a Connecticut school... what next?
The US Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that by 2018, an estimated 42,050 registered nurses will be working in Connecticut state. This would require the number of registered nurses to grow by 14%.
Take a look at the graphs and charts below for additional Connecticut statistics regarding a career in nursing and to compare salaries with a variety of related fields such as nurse assisting or forensic nursing.
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0.999985 |
Educators looking for strategies and best practices for teaching using testimonies from the Visual History Archive can refer to a new guide published on the IWitness website.
Guidelines for Using Visual History Testimony in the Classroom is intended to help educators teach with testimony from the Visual History Archive responsibly and effectively in their classrooms. It is important that teachers guide the learning process for their students and promote reflection throughout their lessons.
The guidelines suggest that teachers prepare their students for watching testimony by providing appropriate biographical and historical information. While watching, students should write down any questions they think of, important quotes, key pieces of information and thought-provoking ideas.
Afterward, students can process their learning through a variety of different activities, including paraphrasing what they heard in the testimony and writing responses, connecting the testimonies to current events and their personal experiences, and asking or responding to questions of increasing complexity.
These strategies and activities are informed by constructive principles of learning.
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0.999579 |
A teacher has been instructed to incorporate a scored discussion as a form of classroom assessment. Each student is given points for various opinions mentioned, evidence cited, and counter-arguments made, etc. How does the teacher handle those students who choose to say nothing? These students are aware they aren't getting any points, but they are still refusing to participate.
At some point, the students must be held accountable for the participation (or lack thereof). The teacher should continue to ensure that students understand their lack of participation is negatively affecting their grades. The teacher might conference with each of the students individually, and demonstrate how the negative scores impact their grades as well as developing a plan with the students to encourage participation in classroom discussions.
The teacher should document each time the students are not participating in the discussions. If after meeting with each student individually and showing them the impact on their grade doesn't help, then contacting their parents and meeting with them may.
The students should be aware of the assignment, the expectations, and the grade value. If you address the students well enough and give them an idea of what will happen to your grade if you do not do the assignment, I'm sure the students will take measures to do the assignment.
The teacher should encourage the students to answer the questions, they should also show the student some possible solutions or answers so they know exactly what the teacher expects.
Differentiation is something that our school is focusing on tremendously right now. You could find a way to grade them by their contributions even if they don't express them themselves. For example, you may have students work individually first by having them write down their ideas about the discussion topic along with their evidence supporting those ideas. Then, partner each student with someone else,(preferably someone that is more vocal than they are. When you enter into the discussion, one or both students may contribute verbally, but if only one does, they will be sharing their ideas as well as their partners.
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0.999997 |
In 1946, the British Army School was established in several homes in the Glyfada area to educate the children of British military personnel who were stationed in Greece at the close of the Second World War. The history of ACS begins here; for shortly after its inauguration, the school began to admit British and American civilians. In 1949, many more American children arrived in Greece, and a high school was opened for them in Kolonaki. Also established was an elementary school , in Psychico, which was later moved to a facility in Filothei. The British Army School had metamorphosed into the Anglo-American school.
The first yearbook of the new school, The Evzone, published in 1952, highlights the accomplishments of a graduating class of six seniors who had graduated from a school that now occupied a rented villa in Kifissia. (This house, complete with towers and turrets, served as the school's home until 1961.) The same yearbook also documents the activities of Junior School students in a facility in Kalamaki for the children of the American military, which would serve as the home of the Junior School until its operations were transferred to a building on the American base later in the decade following an airplane accident.
The 1954-55 school year marked another milestone in the history of the school. Chartered in the state of Delaware as a private, non-profit educational institution for the children of American diplomatic and military personnel, the Anglo-American School became the American Community Schools of Athens. From its inception, the school received no official subsidies, and its operations were funded by tuition fees. The school governance was determined by an elected board. According to its constitution, ACS Athens was governed by a Board of Education, comprising eleven members elected by the ACS Parent Association. In December 1960, the ACS School Board obtained funds under Public Law 480 to purchase land in Halandri, then a sleepy farming area, and began construction of a new school facility. The Class of 1962 was the first to graduate from the new facility. The currently elected Board of Trustees maintains its position of supporting the school’s president in making transformative decisions that shape the continued improvement of site facilities.
The 1962 Evzone contains the following paragraph: This year's graduating class is the first to hold commencement exercises at the new American Academy located in the suburb of Halandri, approximately seven miles from the center of Athens. They were among 380 students who proudly took possession of the new building last September. Two-storied, containing twelve modern classrooms, two science laboratories, a library and a study hall, the building replaced an ancient villa in Kifissia on Tatoi Road which overflowed into four very unscholarly army huts. In the rear of our new school is a spacious playground area...By late spring of 1962, it appears that a new junior school will be erected on our present grounds, plus a gymnasium/auditorium.
A photograph of the campus in this same yearbook shows the new school building surrounded by open fields dotted with a few farmhouses. In fact, until the early 1980's, ACS students would follow the rituals of the school day to the accompaniment of the sound of bells clanging from the necks of the flocks of sheep and goats pastured in the neighboring fields.
The Sixties saw a continued expansion of the Halandri facilities. The Middle School was built in its present location in 1962; this was followed by the erection of the gymnasium the following year. In 1964, the first two stories of the current Annex building were erected to house an elementary school. The first two stories of the current Elementary School were built in 1968. Throughout these years, ACS Athens continued to operate separate Elementary School facilities in Kifissia and on base.
In 1968, yet another branch of ACS Athens was established on the island of Rhodes, for the approximately thirty children of Voice of America personnel stationed there. This branch of the school operated until 1981. In 1963, The Greek government officially licensed the school to provide education to the children of Americans in official capacities. During that year, the school also began to admit students from the wider American and international expatriate communities in Greece, and ACS Athens began to take on an international flavor within the framework of an American school. The school grew to accommodate approximately 2,700 students in grades K-12.
In the early eighties, the original license was amended, and ACS Athens was officially recognized by the Greek Ministry of Education as an educational institution for the international community in Greece, and in 1964, the Middle States Association of Schools and Colleges accredited the high school. At the time, ACS Athens was one of only two international schools so distinguished. When, in 1983, the Middle States Association had expanded its accrediting authority to cover elementary and middle schools, ACS received accreditation for its K-12 program.
The decade of the Seventies found ACS engaged in its most ambitious building program. In 1974, the school’s directors committed themselves to a development plan which resulted in the building of the structural bridge, containing science labs, administrative offices and a conference room. This bridge connected the Academy and the Middle School; the current cafeteria, which originally served as the library; the amphitheater; and finally, the current library and fine arts classrooms. Additions the Annex and Elementary School buildings during the Seventies helped to modernize these sections of the campus as well. The school's academic program was expanded during these years also: in 1976, ACS Athens became the only school in Greece to offer students the opportunity to earn an International Baccalaureate diploma as they pursued their high school studies. In 1978, the Department of Defense assumed control of the operation of the base school; at the same time, the international mix of the student body was enhanced by the arrival of a large Arabic community in the Athens area.
In 1980, ACS Athens purchased the land where the tennis courts are now situated. The Boarding Unit, originally housed in a hotel near the airport in Glyfada, opened in 1981. As a result, the student body expanded to include many children of expatriate Americans and foreign personnel working in the oil fields of the Arabian Peninsula.
As a major curricular innovation, ACS Athens established the ACS Writing Project to promote the teaching of writing as a tool for learning across the disciplines in 1985. Two years later, ACS would earn the distinction of being selected as a sponsor of an International Writing Project site, with ACS Athens faculty engaged in training teachers from international schools around the world in Writing Project theory and methods. The Carnegie Commission for Promoting Excellence in Education recognized the quality of the school’s academic program by awarding ACS Athens two citations for excellence during the latter part of the decade.
In 1986, ACS Athens closed the Kifissia Elementary School, and all school operations were consolidated on the Halandri campus, which had been expanded yet again with the building of new computer labs adjacent to the library. The current decade has brought with it its own share of changes. The purchase, in 1988, of the public road which divided the campus allowed for the building of the central Plaza which unified the campus into an integrated whole. The closing of the American military bases during the 1992-93 school year, coupled with the Greek government’s decision to allow Greek citizens to attend ACS after completion of their compulsory education, resulted in yet another transformation in the complexion of the student body. While preserving its American character in philosophy and programs, ACS, home to students representing over forty-five countries, was also ready to define itself as "The International School in Greece."
"50 Years of Excellence in Education"
In 1994, representatives of various constituencies in the community - faculty, administrators, parents, board members and students - developed ACS 2000, a strategic plan to guide the school's development as it moves into its second half century of existence. Faculty members embarked on an ambitious five-year curriculum development project to create a truly integrated curriculum which will prepare our students to face the challenges awaiting them as world citizens in the next century.
In 2000, as a result of this work, the ACS faculty proposed and the Board of Education approved implementation of the International Baccalaureate Primary and Middle Years Programs in grades JK-10. These programs were enacted over a (five year period) at ACS Athens. And though none of us in the ACS community - and this includes all who have been involved in the nurturing of a vision that was born with the founding of that first small school in 1946 - can predict the changes the next fifty years will bring, we have reason to be optimistic that the solid foundation of tradition and innovation which has marked our development during these past fifty years will serve us well as we build our future.
Now, more than 6 decades after the school’s founding, the ACS Athens' facility developments include a stunning state-of-the-art theater, conference rooms, an Olympic regulation swimming pool and a gym, funded by generous donors. Technology developments make it possible for faculty and students to enjoy wireless internet throughout the main library, cafeteria and lobby areas of the campus in addition to having high speed internet access to every computer station.
Since the development of ACS 2000, ACS Athens has embarked on a program of steady curricular innovations that has prepared students to enter the top universities in the UK, North America and around the world. For the past five years, the ACS Athens Senior class college acceptance rate has hovered between 90-100%. Most ACS Athens students find themselves in their first or second choice school. This prime selection process is the result of strong, academic preparation, extensive counseling services and the opportunity to participate in a wide range of cultural, social, athletic and service activities. Another milestone in ACS Athens’ history occurred in 2004, when ACS Athens was authorized by the Greek Ministry of Education to offer classes and examinations leading to awarding the Greek high school diploma -the Apolytirio.
Since its founding, ACS Athens has been devoted to staff development as well as student development. In support of the school’s efforts, the US Office of Overseas Schools established and funds a summer collaborative program that incorporates well-renowned US universities. This program is offered to faculty members of American International schools and it operates in Europe and Near East/South Asia. With increasing enrollment, administrative restructuring, superb academic programs, outstanding instruction, excellent athletics, world-renowned cultural and art programs, financial stability and critical and creative thinkers, ACS Athens continues to serve as a lighthouse model for “leading innovation in education."
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Our opinion on this topic has been to relay a consistent and simple message to our athletes about strength training. We are advocates of strength training and recommend all of our athletes engage in it.
How can we advocate it if there is insufficient research that strength training induces performance enhancement?
It’s not uncommon for athletes to injure themselves through everyday activities due to muscle imbalances created from singularity of training rather than injure themselves through overtraining. Strength training helps to reduce this risk.
Additionally, we all probably know that in general, the older we get the more muscle mass we loose. This process can be slowed down and sometimes stopped for a time with strength training. Therefore, the bicep muscle we tweaked because of the 2 hours of roughhouse we engaged in with our kids and their friends over the weekend could be avoided.
So while there is no research that irrefutably shows a direct correlation between strength training and performance enhancement in endurance sports it is the opinion of Endurance Sports Institute that if you injure yourself from an everyday activity and your workout(s) are sidelined because of something you did outside of training (i.e. everyday activities) and this caused you to miss several workouts; this WOULD have a direct impact on your performance.
So embrace strength training with the understanding that it helps keep your overall health high and your injury level low.
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how art and architecture are being transformed in the age of Google. Under the dual pressures of digital technology, which allows images to be reformatted and disseminated effortlessly, and the exponential acceleration of cultural exchange enabled by globalization, artists and architects are emphasizing networks as never before. Some of the most interesting contemporary work in both fields is now based on visualizing patterns of dissemination after objects and structures are produced, and after they enter into, and even establish, diverse networks. Behaving like human search engines, artists and architects sort, capture, and reformat existing content. Works of art crystallize out of populations of images, and buildings emerge out of the dynamics of the circulation patterns they will house. Examining the work of architectural firms such as OMA, Reiser + Umemoto, and Foreign Office, as well as the art of Matthew Barney, Ai Weiwei, Sherrie Levine, and many others, After Art provides a compelling and original theory of art and architecture in the age of global networks.
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Adventure games are pretty "fringe" in gaming these days. Once the realm of text adventures, now even the standard "point and click" stuff looks trite compared to games like Sorcery!. The genre fell by the wayside, and then an artfully and masterfully created series rose from doldrums. That series was the Sorcery! series, but can lighting strike the same place three times? Cubed3 sinks in to answer.
With Sorcery! Part 3, it's hard to find something to praise that hasn't already been celebrated in its prior instalments. In fact, many elements from the prior game (such as the unique graphical style involving beautiful, hand-drawn, paper-like art, and the lovely way the game can be rewound so that a previous decision that turned out badly can be changed) have returned. The combat, which involves reading visual clues and moving a slider to guard and attack, and the spell system that depends upon the constellations and leaves a constantly differing set of available abilities, has returned as well. All is wonderful, because the developers weren't bumbling fools, and actually knew how to make a game interesting. The challenge isn't in beating the foe, but in figuring out how to do it while taking no damage, and deciding if it's worth it to retry. The spells are potent, but require some knowledge to properly use.
Most who have played the first two parts will know exactly what to expect upon arrival, but people new to the series (if for some reason 1 and 2 were skipped before playing 3) will be left confused. This is not surprising. It is the third part of the series and picks up right where the second part left off, with the hero having escaped the most annoying and deadly city possible., which will leave newcomers lost.
What is actually new in this installment? Sorcery! Part 3 has a world that is more open than before. Just as with previous entries, it is still possible to rewind time on a whim, and this can be very useful, since there is an open world to explore while hunting down seven hiding serpents, and it's especially valuable to perfectionists who must kill all the serpents. It is not a bad idea, either, though the game can be beaten without utilising the feature.
The world is immersive, detailed, and enjoyable. Even the most seemingly-menial tasks are engaging and provide enjoyment. Just as before, this game is effectively a "Choose Your Own Adventure" book in game format, and it's quite an adventure indeed.
With the involved and great story, lovely art, and multiple paths and outcomes, there is little doubt as to the quality of the game. It is a wonderful story, packaged up as the third part in a much larger, epic tale. It feels a bit short at times, but makes up for it with multiple paths and several ways to handle situations.
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Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a book by Mark Twain, first published in England in December 1884 and in the United States in February 1885. Considered as one of the Great American Novels, the work is among the first in major American literature to be written in the vernacular, characterized by local color regionalism. It is told in the first person by Huckleberry "Huck" Finn, a friend of Tom Sawyer and narrator of two other Twain novels (Tom Sawyer Abroad and Tom Sawyer, Detective). The book is noted for its colorful description of people and places along the Mississippi River. Satirizing a Southern antebellum society that had ceased to exist about twenty years before the work was published, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is an often scathing look at entrenched attitudes, particularly racism.
Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 - April 21, 1910), better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. He is noted for his novels Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), called "the Great American Novel," and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876). Twain grew up in Hannibal, Missouri, which would later provide the setting for Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer. He apprenticed with a printer. He also worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to his older brother Orion's newspaper. After toiling as a printer in various cities, he became a master riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River, before heading west to join Orion. He was a failure at gold mining, so he next turned to journalism. While a reporter, he wrote a humorous story, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, which proved to be very popular and brought him nationwide attention. His travelogues were also well-received. Twain had found his calling. He achieved great success as a writer and public speaker. His wit and satire earned praise from critics and peers, and he was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty. However, he lacked financial acumen. Though he made a great deal of money from his writings and lectures, he squandered it on various ventures, in particular the Paige Compositor, and was forced to declare bankruptcy. With the help of Henry Huttleston Rogers, however, he eventually overcame his financial troubles. Twain worked hard to ensure that all of his creditors were paid in full, even though his bankruptcy had relieved him of the legal responsibility. Born during a visit by Halley's Comet, he died on its return. He was lauded as the "greatest American humorist of his age," and William Faulkner called Twain "the father of American literature."
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Transportation in the Philippines is relatively underdeveloped, partly due to the country's mountainous areas and scattered islands, and partly as a result of the government's persistent underinvestment in the nation's infrastructure. In recent years, however, the Philippine government has been pushing to improve the transportation system in the country through various infrastructure projects.
Jeepneys are the most popular mode of public transportation in the Philippines, they have also become a ubiquitous symbol of the Philippine culture. Another popular mode of public transportation in the country is the motorized tricycle; they are especially common in rural areas. Trains are also becoming a popular mode of public transportation in the country especially in the bustling metropolis of Manila. The Philippines has three main railway networks: the Manila Light Rail Transit System composed of Line 1 and Line 2 and Manila Metro Rail Transit System composed of Line 3 which only serves Metro Manila and the Philippine National Railways which also serves the metropolis and some parts of Luzon. There are also steam engines found in Visayas which operate sugar mills such as Central Azucarera. Taxis and buses are also important modes of public transport in urban areas.
The Philippines has 12 international airports, and has more than 20 major and minor domestic airports serving the country. The Ninoy Aquino International Airport is the main international gateway to the Philippines.
In 1940, there were 22,970 kilometres (14,270 mi) of road in the entire country, half of which was in central and southern Luzon. The roads served 50,000 vehicles.
Road classification is based primarily on administrative responsibilities (with the exception of barangays), i.e., which level of government built and funded the roads. Most of the barangay roads are unpaved village-access roads built in the past by the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), but responsibility for maintaining these roads have now been devolved to the Local Government Units (LGUs). Farm-to-market roads fall under this category, and a few are financed by the Department of Agrarian Reform and the Department of Agriculture.
Highways in the Philippines include national roads that can be classified into three types: the national primary, national secondary and national tertiary roads.
The Pan-Philippine Highway is a 3,517 km (2,185 mi) network of roads, bridges, and ferry services that connect the islands of Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao, serving as the Philippines' principal transport backbone. The northern terminus of the highway is in Laoag, and the southern terminus is at Zamboanga City.
The Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) is one of the most known highways of the Philippines, the highway serves the National Capital Region of the Philippines, it also serves as an important highway in the metropolis. The avenue passes through 6 of the 17 settlements in the region, namely, the cities of Caloocan, Quezon City, Mandaluyong, San Juan, Makati and Pasay. EDSA is the longest highway in the metropolis and handles an average of 2.34 million vehicles. Commonwealth Avenue is also an important highway in the metropolis, it serves the Quezon City area and has a length of 12.4 km (7.7 mi). Other important thoroughfares in Metro Manila that are part of the Philippine highway network include España Boulevard, Quezon Avenue, Taft Avenue, and Alabang–Zapote Road.
Outside Metro Manila, the MacArthur Highway links Metro Manila to the provinces in central and northern Luzon. It is a component of both N1 (from Caloocan to Guiguinto) and N2 (from Guiguinto northwards to Laoag) of the Philippine highway network and Radial Road 9 (R-9) of Metro Manila's arterial road network. Both Kennon Road and Aspiras–Palispis Highway are major roads leading to and from Baguio. Aguinaldo Highway, Jose P. Laurel Highway, Manila South Road, and Calamba–Pagsanjan Road (part of Manila East Road) are the major roads in the Calabarzon region. Andaya Highway (N68) links the province of Quezon to Bicol Region. Located in Cebu City is the Colon Street, considered the oldest thoroughfare in the country. Among the major highways in Mindanao are Sayre Highway, Butuan–Cagayan de Oro–Iligan Road, Surigao–Davao Coastal Road, Davao–Cotabato Road, and Maria Clara L. Lobregat Highway.
The Strong Republic Nautical Highway links many of the islands' road networks through a series of roll-on/roll-off ferries, some rather small covering short distances and some larger vessels that might travel several hours or more.
The Philippines has numerous expressways and most of them are located in the main island of the country, Luzon. The first expressway systems in the country are the North Luzon Expressway formerly known as North Diversion Road and the South Luzon Expressway, formerly known as South Super Highway. Both were built in the 1970s, during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos.
The North Luzon Expressway (NLEX) is a 4 to 8-lane limited-access toll expressway that connects Metro Manila to the provinces of the Central Luzon region. The expressway begins in Quezon City at a cloverleaf interchange with EDSA. It then passes through various cities and municipalities in the provinces of Bulacan and Pampanga. The expressway currently ends at Mabalacat and merges with the MacArthur Highway, which continues northward into the rest of Central and Northern Luzon.
The South Luzon Expressway (SLEX) is another important expressway in the country, it serves the southern part of Luzon. The expressway is a network of two expressways that connects Metro Manila to the provinces of the Region IV-A in the southern part of Luzon. It starts at the Paco District of Manila then passes through Manila, Makati, Pasay, Paranaque, Taguig and Muntinlupa in Metro Manila; San Pedro, Biñan in Laguna; Carmona in Cavite, then transverses again to Biñan, Santa Rosa, Cabuyao and Calamba in the province of Laguna and ends in Santo Tomas, Batangas.
The Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway is another expressway that serves the region of Central Luzon, the expressway is linked to the North Luzon Expressway through the Mabalacat Interchange. Its southern terminus is at the Subic Bay Freeport Zone in Zambales, it passes through the Clark Freeport Zone and its northern terminus is at Brgy. Amucao in Tarlac City. Construction on the expressway began in April 2005, and opened to the public three years later.
The Philippine government and other private sectors are building more plans and proposals to build new expressways through public–private partnership.
Rail transportation in the Philippines includes services provided by three rapid transit lines and one commuter rail line: the Manila Light Rail Transit System (Lines 1 and 2), Manila Metro Rail Transit System (Line 3) and the PNR Metro South Commuter Line. The government has plans to expand its current footprint to more than 320 kilometers by 2022.
The Manila Light Rail Transit System or the LRTA system, is a rapid transit system serving the Metro Manila area, it is the first metro system in Southeast Asia. The system served a total 928,000 passengers each day in 2012. Its 31 stations along over 31 kilometers (19 mi) of mostly elevated track form two lines: the original Line 1, and the more modern Line 2 which passes through the cities of Caloocan, Manila, Marikina, Pasay, San Juan and Quezon City. Apart from the LRTA system, the Manila Metro Rail Transit System or the MRTC system also serves Metro Manila. The system is located along the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA), one of Metro Manila's main thoroughfares. It has 13 stations along its 16.95 km track form a single line which is the Line 3 which passes through the cities of Makati, Mandaluyong, Pasay and Quezon City. Some of the stations of the system have been retrofitted with escalators and elevators for easier access, and ridership has increased. By 2004, Line 3 had the highest ridership of the three lines, with 400,000 passengers daily.
Philippine National Railways (PNR) operates a commuter line that serves a region from Metro Manila south toward Laguna. PNR, a state-owned railway system of the Philippines, was established during the Spanish Colonial period. It used to provide services on Luzon, connecting northern and southern Luzon with Manila. In 1988, the railway line to northern Luzon became disused and later the services to Bicol were halted although plans to revive the southern line are around as of 2015. Panay Railways is a company that ran rail lines on Panay until 1989 and Cebu until World War II.
The University of the Philippines Diliman Automated Guideway Transit System is a pre-feasibility study to determine whether to proceed with the development of an automated guideway transit (AGT) system within the campus of the University of the Philippines Diliman in Quezon City.
A pump boat at sunset off of Guimaras.
3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels.
The Pasig River Ferry Service is a river ferry service that serves Metro Manila, it is also the only water-based transportation that cruised the Pasig River. The entire ferry network had 17 stations operational and 2 lines. The first line was the Pasig River Line which stretched from Plaza Mexico in Intramuros, Manila to Nagpayong station in Pasig. The second line was the Marikina River Line which served the Guadalupe station in Makati up to Santa Elena station in Marikina.
Because it is an island nation, ferry services are an important means of transportation. A range of ships are used, from large cargo ships to small pump boats. Some trips last for a day or two on large overnight ferris such as those operated by 2GO Travel while other trips can last for less than 15 minutes on small, open-air pump boats such as those that cross the Iloilo Strait.
There are numerous shipping companies in the Philippines. Notable companies include 2GO Travel (the successor to Superferry and Negros Navigation) and Trans-Asia Shipping Lines.
The busiest port is the Port of Manila, especially the Manila International Cargo Terminal and the Eva Macapagal Port Terminal, both in the pier area of Manila. Other cities with bustling ports and piers include Bacolod City, Batangas City, Cagayan de Oro, Cebu City, Davao City, Butuan, Iligan, Iloilo City, Jolo, Legazpi City, Lucena City, Puerto Princesa, San Fernando, Subic, Zamboanga City, Cotabato City, General Santos City, Allen, Ormoc, Ozamiz, Surigao and Tagbilaran. Most of these terminals comprise the Strong Republic Nautical Highway, a nautical system conceptualized under the term of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo where land vehicles can use the roll-on/roll-off (ro-ro) ferries to cross between the different islands.
Manila, Iloilo, Cebu, Davao, Clark, Subic, Zamboanga and Laoag are the international gateways to the country, with the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) in Manila as the main and premier gateway of the country.
The Ninoy Aquino International Airport serves as the premier gateway of the Philippines, it serves the Metro Manila area and its surrounding regions. It is located in the boundary of Parañaque and Pasay in the National Capital Region. In 2012, NAIA became the 34th busiest airport in the world, passenger volume increased to about eight percent to a total of 32.1 million passengers, making it one of the busiest airports in Asia.
The Clark International Airport is also a major gateway to the country, It was originally planned to replace the Ninoy Aquino International Airport as the country's premier airport, amid the plan to shut down the Ninoy Aquino International Airport. The airport mostly serves low-cost carriers that avail themselves of the lower landing fees than those charged at NAIA.
Other important airports in the Philippines are the Mactan-Cebu International Airport in Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu; the Iloilo International Airport in Cabatuan, Iloilo;the Francisco Bangoy International Airport in Davao City; the Zamboanga International Airport in Zamboanga City and the General Santos International Airport in General Santos City.
Philippine Airlines, the flag carrier of the country.
Philippine Airlines (PAL) is the national flag carrier of the Philippines and is the first commercial airline in Asia. Philippine Airlines remains as the country's biggest airline company, it has the largest number of international flights to the Philippines as well as domestic flights. Philippine Airlines currently flies to 8 domestic and 58 international destinations in 33 countries and territories across Asia, North America, South America, Africa, Oceania and Europe. The airlines operates hubs in Clark, Manila, Cebu, and Davao.
Cebu Pacific is the low fare leader in the country, and is the country's leading domestic airline, flying to 37 domestic destinations. Since the launching of its international operations in November 2001, they now fly to 27 destinations in 15 countries and territories across Asia and Oceania. The airline currently operates hubs in Manila, Cebu and Davao.
Other low-cost carriers in the country include Cebgo, PAL Express, and Philippines AirAsia. These airlines have routes to several tourist destinations in the country.
The country's love affair with the automobile started during the 1960s when many Filipinos bought their first automobiles, but interest dwindled during the period of martial law. After the return of civil governance, interest in cars rose and during the 1990s, magazines like Automotion started, as did several television shows about automobiles. In 2002, C!, another automotive magazine, was introduced, since Automotion closed down. Around 2004, Top Gear Philippines entered the car magazine market. Automobile exhibits displaying mainstream to custom-built vehicles are common.
The Philippines' automobile industry started during the American Colonial Period from 1898 to 1946, with the introduction of American-made cars, which have been sold in the Philippines ever since. An import substitution policy was developed for the 1950s, which led to the prohibition of and then punishingly high tariffs on the import of fully built-up cars (CBUs) from 1951 until 1972. During the 1973 oil crisis, Marcos advised Filipinos to buy smaller, more efficient vehicles with four-cylinder engines. In the early 1970s, the local Volkswagen assembler attempted to build a native national car, the "Volkswagen Sakbayan" (short for sasakyangkatutubongbayan), but this did not last long. In 1972 the government instituted the Progressive Car Manufacturing Program (PCMP), a system with scheduled increases in local parts content requirement which also allowed program participants to import a certain proportion of CBU vehicles. The original participants were General Motors, Ford, PAMCOR (a Chrysler/Mitsubishi joint venture), Delta Motors Corporation (Toyota), and Nissan Motors Philippines.
In the 1970s, the first Asian Utility Vehicles (AUV, local versions of the Basic Utility Vehicle project then in vogue) With full manufacturing and assembly capabilities, each of the five PCMP participants were spurred to produce vehicles completely from local materials, designed for local needs. In terms of design, all AUV's body parts were flat stamped (no compound curves) requiring minimum investment in tooling and simplifying repairs.
The most successful of the AUV's in Thailand were the Toyota Tamaraw and Ford Fiera. From the chassis cab, Ford and Toyota designed numerous body styles for specific uses for small business' such as farmers and fishermen. Affordability was a target for all AUV's. To solve this, Ford prepared project studies for varied uses. They had a financial arrangement with Citibank to give additional consideration if the applicant would follow the project study. Delta/Toyota also developed a local SUV mainly for military use, the Delta Mini Cruiser. After the early 1980s financial collapse, three of the PCMP members withdrew, leaving only Nissan and PAMCOR. In 1987 PCMP was replaced by the new "Car Development Program" (CDP), with lower local parts requirements. In 1990 a people's car program was added, followed by a luxury car program. The original PCMP members returned in the 1990s after the People Power Revolution ousted Marcos in 1986, and eventually no less than thirteen manufacturers vied for a market limited to around 100,000 cars per year. During the 1997 Asian financial crisis several makers withdrew as sales declined, becoming de facto CBU importers rather than assemblers. Since 1998 the Philippine automotive manufacturing policy has been in flux, severely undermined by the preponderance of lightly used cars from Japan and South Korea. A new program introduced in 2002, EO 156, actually undermined any local assembly by lowering the sales tax on the cheapest microcars, called "Bantam cars" in the Philippines, which are almost entirely imported from other ASEAN countries or China. Meanwhile, the popular locally assembled AUVs with high Philippine parts content were hit with considerable sales tax increases due to their bigger engines and higher up front prices.
Notable Filipino automotive manufacturers include Sarao Motors and Francisco Motors Corporation.
Notable foreign manufacturers with plants in the Philippines include Toyota, Nissan (through Univation Motor Philippines), Mitsubishi, and Foton. Other car brands with presence in the Philippine market include Ford, Mazda, Ssangyong,Kia, Volkswagen, BMW, Honda, Chrysler, and Chery.
Daewoo sold moderately in the country until it was forced to pull out due to the Asian Economic Crisis, which led to its bankruptcy and acquisition by GM. Today, many of their cars are sold under the Chevrolet brand.
The Daihatsu Feroza was considered a status symbol during its release in the late 1980s, while the Hijet was a popular taxicab.
Despite being a bestseller worldwide, the Fiat Uno sold poorly in the country. Some sources say that Fiat is coming back to bring the Fiat 500 and Fiat Punto, although no news of such nature has been confirmed.
As of November 2008, Hummers in the Philippines were extremely rare, but were available. The brand was discontinued by GM in early 2010, following its 2009 bankruptcy.
Opel, along with Ford, were the two most popular non-Japanese car companies in the 1960s and 1970s. However, the company pulled out of the country after Martial Law was imposed by the Marcos Administration. Opel returned to the Philippines in the mid-1990s with the Astra, Vectra and Omega, with good sales as a cheap alternative to Japanese cars, but was taken out of the country by its distributor GM Auto Traders to make way for Chevrolet's then-brand new line up (which basically replaced all the cars Opel was selling). Opel Vectras and Astras are still a common sight to see on the roads of Manila, and Tigras popular with enthusiasts.
The Malaysian firm Proton sold only one car in the country before the Asian Economic Crisis forced them out, the Wira.
The lightweight Smart ForTwo city car was supposed to be ideal for Manila's congested roads, but failed due to its relatively high price. It did remain slightly popular with companies who used them for advertising.
In the 1990s, SsangYong became popular for their Musso SUV and the Istana van - both of which were marketed as Mercedes-Benz vehicles. The brand pulled out of the Philippine market in 2012. In January 2016, Ssangyong came back into the Philippine Market with their new distributor, Berjaya Group Malaysia. They debuted in the Philippine Market with 3 models: Tivoli, Korando, and Rodius, with more added when they returned to the local market.
Specialty dealerships across the country import various new vehicles from several countries such as the U.S. and UAE. In addition, many pre-owned vehicles are imported from Japan, or Hong Kong - countries that use right-hand-drive vehicles on the left side of the road. Because right-hand-drive vehicles are banned in the country, they are converted to left-hand-drive in conversion bays and freeport zones in Subic, Santa Ana, and Toledo. These vehicles are seen with plate numbers R for Subic, B for Cagayan, K for Cagayan De Oro and Y for Cebu. Smuggling of used cars is rampant, with as many as sixty percent of registrations being of cars not officially imported.
The country made headlines in 2007, when president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo ordered the immediate destruction of 18 luxury vehicles that were illegally smuggled in the country. The cars, which included four BMWs and a Lincoln Navigator, were crushed by backhoes and other heavy construction vehicles at a depot in the Freeport Zone.
Limousines are used by the President & Vice-President of the Philippines, as well as wedding services for wealthy families. Otherwise, they are seldom seen on Philippine roads due to considerations like cost and road traffic conditions but if used, they are utilized for Bridal events or limo services. Limousines include the Chrysler 300C, Lincoln Town Car, Mercedes-Benz E-Class and S-Class, as well as SUV-based limousines such as the Cadillac Escalade and Hummer H2.
Jeepneys are the most popular means of public transportation in the Philippines. They were originally made from US military jeeps left over from World War II and are known for their flamboyant decoration and crowded seating. They have become a ubiquitous symbol of Filipino culture.
Original jeepneys were simply refurbished military jeeps by Willys & Ford, modern jeepneys are now produced by independently owned workshops and factories in the Philippines with surplus engines and parts coming from Japan. In the central island of Cebu, the bulk of jeepneys are built from second-hand Japanese trucks, originally intended for cargo. These are euphemistically known as "surplus" trucks.
There are two classes of jeepney builders in the Philippines. The backyard builders produce 1-5 vehicles a month, source their die-stamped pieces from one of the larger manufacturers, and work with used engines and chassis from salvage yards (usually the Isuzu 4BA1, 4BC2, 4BE1 series diesel engines or the Mitsubishi Fuso 4D30 diesel engines). The second type is the large volume manufacturer. They have two subgroups: the PUJ, or "public utility jeep," and the large volume metal-stamping companies that supply parts as well as complete vehicles.
The jeepney builders in the past were mostly based in Cebu City and Las Piñas. The largest manufacturer of vintage-style army jeepneys is MD Juan. Other makers include Armak Motors (San Pablo, Laguna), Celestial Motors (San Pablo, Laguna), Hebron Motors, LGS Motors, Malagueña (Imus, Cavite), Mega (Lipa, Batangas), Morales Motors (San Mateo, Rizal), and Sarao Motors (Las Piñas). Another manufacturer, PBJ Motors, manufactured jeepneys in Pampanga using techniques derived from Sarao Motors. Armak now sells remanufactured trucks and vehicles as an adjunct, alongside its jeepneys.
Traffic congestion along Epifanio de los Santos Avenue.
Traffic congestion is an issue, especially on Metro Manila. Increasing car sales and lack of mass transit and highways cause most traffic congestion, and is feared to make Metro Manila "uninhabitable" by 2020. A survey made by Waze called Metro Manila the "worst traffic on Earth".
Economic losses due to traffic congestion costs about ₱3 billion, as of 2012. By 2030, over ₱6 billion will be lost in the Philippines' economy due to traffic congestion, according to JICA.
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^ Austria, Myrna S. (2003). "Philippine Domestic Shipping Transport Industry: State of Competition and Market Structure" (PDF). Philippine Institute for Development Studies. p. 38. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ "Transportation in the Philippines". Philippines Government. Retrieved 2016-06-05.
^ "NAIA world's 34th busiest airport". philstar.com. Retrieved 2015-03-17.
^ "Arroyo wants DMIA become top airport amid plan to close NAIA". GMA News and Public Affairs. Philippines. 2008-01-29.
^ "History and Milestone". Philippine Airlines. Retrieved 2016-06-05.
^ , Philippine Airlines. Retrieved January 2013.
^ "Domestic Destinations". Philippine Airlines. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
^ "International Destinations". Philippines Airlines. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
^ "Philippine Airlines: Winter Timetable" (PDF). Philippineairlines.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-07. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
^ Tuazon, JM (2011-04-27). "Revered Popemobile to make the rounds of PHL churches". GMA News Online. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
^ "Mazda PH Makes Available More Affordable Variant of the 3 Sedan". Top Gear Philippines. 2013-07-01. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
^ Tadeo, Patrick Everett (2011-06-06). "Chery Philippines to Start Local Assembly of Vehicles in September". Top Gear Philippines. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
^ Otsuka, Keijiro; Kikuchi, Masao; Hayami, Yujiro (January 1986). "Community and Market in Contract Choice: The Jeepney in the Philippines". Economic Development and Cultural Change. 34 (2): 279–298. doi:10.1086/451528. JSTOR 1153851.
^ Middleton, Rachel (2016-01-15). "Philippines: Manila to be uninhabitable in 4 years if traffic chaos not resolved". International Business Times. Retrieved 2016-04-26.
^ Tan, Lara (2015-10-02). "Metro Manila has 'worst traffic on Earth', longest commute - Waze". CNN Philippines. Retrieved 2016-04-26.
^ "Metro Manila traffic costing Philippines P3 billion a day". Associated Press. 2015-09-16. Retrieved 2016-04-26 – via The Philippine Star.
^ Casayuran, Mario (2015-08-25). "Economic losses from Metro Manila traffic to reach P6B in 2030". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 2016-04-26.
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from what city would you access the Paris Charles-de-Gaulle airport?
You have 24 hours of rental with enough miles to make your move to the Paris Charles-de-Gaulle airport.
As for a conventional rental, you drop the car directly to the Paris Charles-de-Gaulle airport parking.
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In eastern Canada a township is one form of the subdivision of a county.
Townships are referred to as "lots" in Prince Edward Island and merely form census subdivisions and are not administrative units.
In England townships became obsolete long ago: the term referred to a subdivision used to administer a large parish.
Most townships in Illinois also provide services such as snow removal, senior transportation and emergency services to households residing in unincorporated parts of the county and high schools are usually a body of the township but still controlled by the school district.
Civil townships in these states are generally not considered to be incorporated, and nearby cities may annex land in adjoining townships with relative ease.
Townships all over the state used to have some official organization and duties, but now are only considered ceremonial divisions of each county, used on land surveys and other real estate documents.
A township in the United States refers to a small geographic area, ranging in size from 6 to 54 square miles (15.6 km² to 140.4 km²), with 36 square miles (93 km²) being the norm.
These townships are normally a quadrangle approximately 6 miles on a side with boundaries conforming to meridians and parallels within established limits, containing thirty-six sections, some of which are designated to take up the convergence of the east and west township boundary lines or range lines.
In most midwestern states, a civil township often corresponds to a single survey township, but in many cases, especially in less populated areas, the civil township may be made up of all or portions of several survey townships.
It is bounded north by Pequannock township, east by Pequannock township and the Passaic River, south by the Rockaway River and west by the Rockaway River and Boonton Township.
This part of the township is about thirteen miles from Newark, with which it is connected by a good road, which for three-quarters of the distance consists of a Telford pavement.
After the setting off of Rockaway township, in 1844, this was the place for holding town meetings and elections in Pequannock to 1867; since that time it has been the place for transacting the public business of Montville township.
Townships are a product of Michigan's early history, and Michigan is one of 20 states that currently has some form of township government.
Townships may choose perform numerous governmental functions, including enacting and enforcing ordinances, planning and zoning, fire and police protection, cemeteries, parks and recreation facilities and programs, and many more.
Charter township status is a special township classification created by the Michigan Legislature in 1947 to provide additional powers and streamlined administration for governing a growing community.
Townships are individual geographical areas, separate from cities and counties.
Township government operates at local levels and is designed to serve the basic needs of the community.
Winfield Township is one of 9 townships in DuPage County and one of 1,433 townships in Illinois.
The predominance of development in the Township is residential in nature with nearly 50% of all land use classified as agricultural in character.
Township taxes are low and have not increased in ten years.
The Township takes great pride in its heritage and character, and is dedicated to the continued delivery of quality services and the enhancement of the community’s overall quality of life.Thanks for visiting our website.
Girard Township is the only township in the county that includes more than one borough within its boundaries, and it includes three.
At the southern end of the township, Lockport (today known as Platea) incorporated as a borough in 1849, also as a result of the canal.
In the northern section of the township running parallel with the lake, track for the first railroad was laid by 1852.
Township Trustees are, by Indiana law, charged with the responsibility of providing fire protection an ambulance service for the areas of the township not incorporated into a city or town.
In townships with a population under 10,000 the trustee is also the township assessor and is responsible for assessing the real and personal property within their township.
As the Chief Financial Officer of the township, the trustee pays and records all claims for the township expenses and salaries and is responsible to keep accurate records and follow all the financial guidelines set out in Indiana Code.
The Minnesota Association of Townships is a voluntary membership organization representing 1,786 of Minnesota's 1,790 organized townships and nearly 9,000 elected township officers.
Townships can organize from unorganized land (mostly in the Northern part of the state) while merging, annexation and incorporation into a city cause townships to dissolve.
The last township to dissolve was Chaska Township in Carver County on 2/11/05.
Perry Township is located in the south central region of Snyder County, in the heartland of central Pennsylvania.
It is bordered by West Perry Township to the west, Chapman Township to the east, Franklin and Washington Townships to the North and Juniata County to the south.
The official meetings of the township for 2006 are as follows: January 31, February 28, March 28, April 25, May 30, June 27, July 25, August 29, September 26, October 31, November 28 and December 26, at 7:00 p.m.
Formed from Conemaugh Township in 1833, Richland Township was named "for the quality of the land therein." With the opening of the Pennsylvania Canal three years earlier, merchandising in the Johnstown area increased and farmers in the surrounding locales such as Richland found it quite profitable to sell in the city.
The Township is responsible for 70 miles of Township roads and contracts with PADOT for winter maintenance on 14.51 linear miles and 33 lane miles of state roads within Township boundaries.
Richland Township, in association with the Pennsylvania Council of the Arts and the American Federation of Musicians Local #41, annually sponsors summer concerts which are held at the Luray Avenue Pavilion, Arbutus Park Manor, and the gazebo at the Richland Towers on Theatre Drive.
Townships are governed by a board of three or five supervisors elected at large by the voters for a six-year term.
Hanover Township is a Second Class Township governed by a Board of Supervisors which is elected at-large by the qualified voters of the Township.
The Township Manager is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the Township and to make recommendations to the Board of Supervisors on operations, policies, resolutions, ordinances and to keep the Supervisors informed as to the Township affairs.
Township in east-central New Jersey, 19 km/12 mi southwest of Asbury Park, at the northern end of Barnegat Bay; population (1990) 66,500.
It is one of the Jersey Shore's residential and resort boom communities, including half a dozen villages.
Many people may not be aware that the City of Plymouth and Plymouth Township are two individual communities with their own governments and so they think of the Plymouth Community as having both the "nice quaint downtown" and the "world class industrial parks".
The Plymouth Township Park at Ann Arbor Trail and McClumpha consists of eighty acres and includes a playscape, four premier Little League baseball diamonds with new fences, a very popular meandering walking path with trails up to one mile long, a pond for fishing and sledding hills for both children and adults.
We are the first township that you encounter in Bucks County driving north on either Route 1 or Route 95 from the city of Philadelphia.
Bensalem Township is growing and changing every year to be increasingly profitable for the families and business managers in the area.
Bensalem Township, an area of 21 square miles, is the buffer township between Philadelphia on the West and the rest of Bucks County on the East and Northeast.
Evanston Township has the same boundaries as the City of Evanston.
During the governmental history of Evanston, the area was once part of Ridgeville Township.
Once Evanston became incorporated as a village and then a city, many of the township’s responsibilities were eliminated.
Your Township Highway Commissioner is elected to oversee the Township Highway District, which cares for all the roads in the unincorporated areas of the Township.
Though the Township Board of Trustees certifies the Highway Departments levy, the Highway Department operates and provides its services separately, working cooperatively with other Township departments and local officials to provide a high level of community service.
Born and raised in Shields Township and Lake Bluff, Bill Goodman was elected Highway Commissioner in 2005.
Clay Township was established, by the division of Randolph Township, on June 8, 1825.
The township was named after the great statesman, Henry Clay and not the type of soil in the area.
Clay township is bordered on the north by Darke and Miami Counties and on the west by Preble County.
The Township of Guthrie, Minnesota makes no representations or warranties as to the suitability of this information for your particular purpose, and that to the extent you use or implement this information in your own setting, you do so at your own risk.
In no event will the Township of Guthrie be liable for any damages whatsoever, whether direct, consequential, incidental, special, or claim for attorney fees, arising out of the use of or inability to use the information provided herewith.
The Township Engineer serves as the engineer for the Zoning Board of Adjustment and as the staff member of the Heritage Committee.
The Township of West Milford currently has 146.1 miles of paved Township roads and 7.6 miles of unpaved Township roads.
In 2005, the Township Council maintained funding for road improvements and we were able to resurface or reconstruct and provide storm drain improvements, where required, for 9.9 miles of Township roads.
The Township developed a programme to provide a limited number of free tags for the extra bags that will be required.
There is a Township Bylaw prohibiting the deposit of waste either on private or municipal property without the owner's permission.
Loyalist Township bylaw 2002.51 restricts open air burning but notwithstanding the provisions of the bylaw there are strong environmental reasons for no burning of waste.
Algonquin Township is holding it's 3rd annual Spelling Bee July 27th at 1:30.
The Township includes the communities of Algonquin, Barrington Hills, Cary, Crystal Lake, Fox River Grove, Lake In The Hills, Village of Port Barrington, Lakewood, Oakwood Hills, and Trout Valley.
In addition, the Township conducts an Annual Town Meeting on the second Tuesday in April at 7pm.
Schaumburg Township is located in the Northwest suburbs of Chicago.
The Township serves in excess of 134,000 residents in portions of the municipalities of Elk Grove, Hanover Park, Hoffman Estates, Rolling Meadows, Roselle, Schaumburg, and Streamwood, as well as some unincorporated areas of Cook County.
Any monies paid to the Township in any department is handled in the Treasurer’s office, and deposited by him into the appropriate account.
Jim served on the Shelby Township Solid Waste and Recycling Committee, The Township Veteran’s Memorial Committee, the Parks and Recreation Committee and the Shelby Township Building Authority as its chair.
She believes Shelby Township is a great place to live and wants to do her part to help keep it that way.
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CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the part of the computer that executes instructions. Instructions executed in the CPU could carry out various operations such as arithmetic operations, input/ output operations, etc. over the years, technology used in CPUs has changed tremendously but still the basic operations performed by a CPU have not changed. RAM (Random Access Memory) is the primary memory used in a computer. Its individual memory cells can be accessed in any sequence, and therefore it is called the random access memory. RAMs are divided in to two categories as Static RAM (SRAM) and Dynamic RAM (DRAM).
CPU is the part of the computer where the instructions are executed and it is considered as the most important part of a computer system. In a typical personal computer (PC), the CPU is contained within a microprocessor, which is a single chip and today most of the CPUs are implemented as microprocessors. But in large workstations CPU would be made up of single or more printed circuit boards. Modern CPUs come as a component that could be easily connected to the CPU. It is a small, square in shape, and contains metallic pins that would make the connections with the motherboard. Most of the modern CPUs have a mechanism to dissipate heat, such as a small fan connected to the top of the CPU. A CPU mainly comprises of two parts. The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), which is responsible for carrying out arithmetic and logical operations and a Control Unit, which is responsible for fetching instructions from the memory, decoding them to identify what kind of an operations they are and communicating with the other units that are required to execute the instruction (ALU for a arithmetic instruction, Memory for read/ write instructions, etc).
RAM is also known as the main memory of a computer. It is a volatile memory in which the data that is stored in the memory is lost when the power is turned off. RAMs are divided in to two categories as Static RAM (SRAM) and Dynamic RAM (DRAM). SRAM uses transistors to store a single bit of data and it does not need to be periodically refreshed. DRAM uses a separate capacitor to store each bit of data and it needs to be periodically refreshed to maintain the charge in the capacitors. In modern computers, RAM is organized in to modules that can be upgraded. This would allow increasing the RAM capacity or fixing damages very easily.
What is the difference between CPU and RAM?
CPU is the main component of a computer system that is responsible for executing instructions, whereas the RAM is the main memory of a computer system. CPU frequently requires data and instructions that are stored in the RAM. To reduce the latency in accessing the RAM, cache memory was introduced. Frequently accessed data in the RAM are placed in the cache memory so that the CPU can quickly access them.
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How Is the Buchanans' House Described in "The Great Gatsby"?
In "The Great Gatsby," the Buchanans' house is described as a Georgian colonial with a huge lawn, French windows and a private dock. The house is located in East Egg, which Nick, the narrator, considers more fashionable than West Egg. East and West Egg represent the East and West Hamptons of Long Island, New York.
Words such as "palaces," "glittered" and "fashionable" are used to describe the exclusive, old money style of East Egg. In contrast to the good taste of the Buchanans' home, Gatsby's home in West Egg is seen as unsophisticated, lavish and tasteless. Nick also lives in West Egg and considers his home an eyesore.
"The Great Gatsby" is a novel set in the Jazz Age, and it was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. It was published on April 10, 1925.
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When a country registers a fishing vessel and allows it to fly that country's flag, what are the government's responsibilities for that vessel's actions at sea? The answer to this question would seem to be simple, but it is no secret in the international fishing community that not all States govern their flagged vessels equally. Some countries are notorious for issuing flags without checking the history of a ship or its owners. As a result, fishers seeking to engage in illegal, unreported and unregulated, or IUU, fishing have been able to do so under a country's official flag.
But this situation might be about to change. The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea is the independent judicial body set up by the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea, or UNCLOS, to adjudicate disputes or provide advice about interpretation and application of convention requirements. In 2014, the tribunal has the opportunity to better define the actual responsibilities of flag States. Following a formal request from a group of West African countries, the court is expected to issue an opinion clarifying the obligations of flag States when IUU fishing activities occur within the waters of other nations or on the high seas. The tribunal also is likely to clarify the rights and responsibilities of coastal states in ensuring the sustainable management of shared fish stocks in their waters.
While the advisory opinion will not be binding, the tribunal will for the first time provide an authoritative interpretation of UNCLOS requirements on these key issues.
"The tribunal is considering flag State issues that are critical in the fight to end illegal fishing," said Karen Sack, senior director for international oceans at The Pew Charitable Trusts. "The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea obligates its parties to protect and preserve the marine environment, and this responsibility clearly applies to flag and coastal States."
Sack added that under current international law, "flag States have a duty to ensure that their vessels do not engage in IUU fishing or in other unsustainable fishing practices, and coastal States have an obligation to manage their marine resources sustainably. We hope that the tribunal will add greater clarity as to what those obligations include."
On March 28, 2013, the tribunal received a request from the Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission, a Senegal-based intergovernmental organization of seven West African States, to render an advisory opinion on state responsibilities regarding IUU fishing and the sustainable management of fish stocks.
The tribunal has extended the deadline to accept statements, formally called interventions, on this request through March 14, 2014. Nongovernmental organizations do not have standing to intervene but may submit statements for informal consideration. WWF International submitted a statement, supported by Greenpeace International.
More information on this request for an advisory opinion is available on the tribunal's website.
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0.970887 |
A player asked me a question regarding her trouble in the sand trap.
#2 at Black Bear. Hit her ball into the right-side of the fairway sand trap, landing on the high edge of the sand trap. She saw a rake, which was above her ball, on the edge of the trap. The trap was steep. She walked above where her ball lay and moved the rake so as not to hit the rake. Then walked the 3 steps back to her ball. She then hit her ball, which hit the lip of the trap, rolling back into the trap, landing in her footprint that she made when moving the rake.
Could she have raked the foot print before hitting her first shot attempt out of the sand trap?
From USGA RULE BOOK, Number 13-4 Discuss Ball In Hazard. Rule 13-4a prohibits a player from testing the condition of the hazard in which his ball lies or a similar hazard, however Exception 2 to Rule 13-4 allows a player to rake an area of the bunker for the sole purpose of caring for the course as long as nothing is done to breach Rule 13-2 for his next stroke. A player would be in breach of Rule 13-2 for his next stroke if he improved the lie of his ball, the area of his intended swing, stance, his line of play or a reasonable extension of it beyond the hole or any area where he is to place or drop a ball.
TO BE SAFE: If the rake is in your way you can move it with as little disruption to the bunker prior to hitting your ball. This means avoid stepping into the bunker unless necessary to remove a rake. If the rake is in your way, and you can remove it prior to stepping into the bunker, do this first. Then approach into the bunker to hit your ball. I use the method: Stop - analyze your approach to the hole - enter with all necessary equipment.
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The Conciergerie is a building in Paris, France, located on the west of the Île de la Cité ("Island of the City"), formerly a prison but presently used mostly for law courts. It was part of the former royal palace, the Palais de la Cité, which consisted of the Conciergerie, Palais de Justice and the Sainte-Chapelle. Hundreds of prisoners during the French Revolution were taken from the Conciergerie to be executed by guillotine at a number of locations around Paris.
The west part of the island was originally the site of a Merovingian palace, and was known initially as the Palais de la Cité. From the 10th to the 14th centuries, it was the main palace of the medieval Kings of France. During the reigns of Louis IX (Saint Louis) (1214–1270) and Philippe IV (Philip the Fair) (1284–1314) the Merovingian palace was extended and fortified more extensively.
Louis IX added the Sainte-Chapelle and associated galleries, while Philippe IV created the towered facade on the Seine river side and a large hall. Both are excellent examples of French religious and secular architecture of the period. The Sainte-Chapelle was built in the French royal style to house the crown of thorns that was brought back from the Crusades and to serve as a royal chapel. The "Grande Salle" (Great Hall) was one of the largest in Europe, and its lower story, known as "La Salle des Gens d'Armes" (The Hall of the Soldiers) survives at 64m long, 27.5m wide and 8.5m high. It was used as a dining room for the 2,000 staff members who worked in the palace. It was heated with four large fireplaces and lit by many windows, now blocked. It was also used for royal banquets and judicial proceedings. The neighboring Salle des Gardes was used as an antechamber to the Great Hall immediately above, where the king held his lit de justice (a session of parliament in the king's presence).
The early Valois kings continued to modify the palace during the 14th century, but Charles V abandoned the palace during 1358, relocating across the river to the Louvre Palace. The palace continued to serve an administrative function and still included the chancellery and French Parliament. In the king's absence, he appointed a concierge to command of the palace, a fact which gave the palace its eventual name. During 1391, part of the building was converted for use as a prison and took its name from the ruling office. Its prisoners were a mixture of common criminals and political prisoners. In common with other prisons of the time, the treatment of prisoners was dependent on their wealth, status and associates. Wealthy or influential prisoners usually got their own cells with a bed, desk and materials for reading and writing. Less-well-off prisoners could afford to pay for simply furnished cells known as pistoles, which would be equipped with a rough bed and perhaps a table. The poorest, known as the pailleux from the paille (hay) that they slept on, would be confined to dark, damp, vermin-infested cells known as oubliettes (literally "forgotten places"). In keeping with the name, they were left to live or die in conditions that were ideal for the plague and other infectious diseases, which were rife in the unsanitary conditions of the prison.
Three towers survive from the medieval Conciergerie: the Caesar Tower, named in honor of the Roman Emperors; the Silver Tower, named for its alleged use as the store for the royal treasure; and the Bonbec ("good beak") Tower, named for the torture chamber that it housed, in which victims were encouraged to "sing". The building was extended during the reigns of later kings with France's first public clock being installed about 1370. The current clock dates from 1535.
The ten month Reign of Terror (September 1793-July 1794) had a profound effect on France. More than 40,000 people died from execution and imprisonment, and France would not be a republic again for nearly half a century.
The Conciergerie prison became the main penitentiary of a network of prisons throughout Paris, and was the last place of housing for more than 2,700 people, who were summarily executed by guillotine. The dank dungeons were a stark contrast to the beautiful architecture of the palace above. The quality of life of the prisoners was based mainly on their personal wealth and the whims of the jailers. The revolutionary period continued the prison's tradition of interning prisoners based on wealth, such that wealthier prisoners could rent a bed for 27 livres 12 sous for the first month, 22 livres 10 sous for subsequent months. Even when the price was decreased to 15 livres, the commanders of the prison made a fortune: as the Terror escalated, a prisoner could pay for a bed and be executed a few days later, freeing the bed for a new inmate who would then pay as well. One memoirist termed the Conciergerie "the most lucrative furnished lodgings in Paris". Only celebrity prisoners were assigned cells to themselves. Most of the pistole inmates were stuffed into a single room that abutted a local hospital, making disease an inevitability. The cramped cells were infested with rats, and the stench of urine permeated every room.
All the prisoners, except those locked in the dungeons, were allowed to walk about the prisoners' gallery from 8 a.m. to an hour before sunset. Roll call was always a tortuous proceeding because many of the jailers were illiterate and it could take hours for them to confirm that all of the prisoners were accounted for. A principal jailer, who sat by the door, determined whether visitors would be allowed inside the prison. His decision depended more on his mood than any set proceedings. He was also in charge of resolving disputes between jailers and their charges.
Trials and executions progressed in a rapid, unpredictable manner; one could be tried by the court and executed before the next morning. The condemned would be walked through the Salle de la Toilette, where their personal belongings were confiscated. Carts loaded them in the May Courtyard and brought them to guillotines throughout Paris.
Prisoners held at the Conciergerie included Marie Antoinette, poet André Chénier, Charlotte Corday, Madame Élisabeth, Madame du Barry and the 21 Girondins, purged at the beginning of the Terror. Georges Danton later awaited his execution here, and, during the Thermidorian Reaction, Robespierre himself was interned for a brief time before his execution.
The Conciergerie was decommissioned during 1914 and opened to the public as a national historical monument. It is presently a popular tourist attraction, although only a relatively small part of the building is open to public access; much of it is still used for the Paris law courts. It has been listed since 1862 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.
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Is Aikido effective in real life?
I'm considering aikido, but it doesn't look very effective when being groped or on the ground. Is aikido effective in all situations?
I'm mostly interested in defence rather than attack, because if I can protect myself first then attack is optional.
Best Answer: yes it is but not as you see in class.
the basic idea of aikido is the simplest yet best idea in a fight.
whatever comes at you get out of it's way. Whatever you do from there on. Atemi (strikes) are not taught without their reason in aikido. in class they are used just as a soft deterrent but nothing stops you from giving a good strike in a real situation.
Aikido makes you very good in recognizing movements and feeling an opponents initiative which helps you in judging the next move.
the locks and throws in aikido don't always seem that practical, but if properly applied they can do serious damage. break bones, dislocate joints or kill if need be.
Aikido was developed by O'Sensei Morihei Ueshiba after many years of studying various Japanese marital arts.
He taught this art during the war in the Japanese military and was nicknamed "god of soldiers".
After the war, some of the more lethal movements were toned down and the emphasis shifted to being a more subtle art yet no less effective.
Further there is definite spiritual, philosophical element as well as the promotion of community and the development of the whole individual.
In a real life situation, aikido can be literally devastating, easily handling both armed and unarmed opponents as well as groups of the same.
One does not learn the art of peace quickly however, if one practices with sincerity, honesty and commitment, one will be well rewardedd for the time spent.
Please, take the time to investigate aikido, O'Sensei and whatever dojo might be available to you. Speak with the local sensei and the students. Ask to take a class and experience aikido first hand. Then, consider your experience and decide if you wish to follow this path.
May it be well with you.
Source(s): aikidoka, 43 plus years experience in martial arts having studied Chinese, Korean and Japanese arts, Western style boxing, weapons, with experience as an ametuer and professional fighter in full contact karate during the 1970s, teaching experience and combat experience who has chosen to follow the way of the art of peace, aikido.
Of course it isn't. Theoretically, meaning on paper, yeah the philosophy sounds okay: use your opponent's momentum, using redirection to combat aggression, and all that stuff. But then again, Aikido emphasizes non-aggression, which equates to non-violence, and that does not make sense in a real fight.
But all Aikido I've seen fails for two reasons: in a fight, you cannot afford to be "soft", and they do not train in an alive manner. In a fight, even if you are being attacked, you cannot rely on the redirection of force. Not only is this rather difficult to do, because things can happen very quickly, but the fact that Aikido doesn't really have any attacks means that you cannot utilize a preemptive strike. Also realize that Aikidokas do not spar. They might think they do, but it is not in an "alive," or realistic, manner. This means that the techniques you do learn probably won't work because you've never used them on a person that is actually trying to hurt you, not somebody that's just standing still, letting you apply the technique.
All in all, no, I wouldn't trust my life to Aikido. It might work for some (not really), but for me, I'd rather study more credible systems.
If you're still interested in Aikido, just ask yourself two things: Why would you want to study a non-violent martial art; and if you don't think it looks effective, why would it be?
Source(s): Warning: Randori in Aikido is less realistic than it apperas.
Yes, but only if you train effectively. This means training in such a way as to see how to apply your skills to a self-defense situation, especially in which the attacker has minimal forward momentum.
What you see in demonstrations is only a portion of the picture. Further, the principles found in aikido can teach you ways to fight from the ground if you examine them well. Your own movement is hindered on the ground, so you have to take the time in training to figure out where your opponent's movements leave openings. This isn't easy, but why should something so important be easy?
Find a good instructor and set aside your ego to listen and learn. Don't question your instructor, but form your own variations, then seek correction. Good instructors learn from their students as well.
Train hard. Your life is on the line.
One of the things you learn to avoid in Aikido is getting into a grappling situation. The ultimate purpose of Aikido is to convince your attacker that you cannot be harmed, and that violence will not work with you.
Aikido is very effective if you are proficient. You learn the timing of moves, so you do not get mesmerized as a punch is coming your way. The intensity of the training means that in a real situation the subjective time compression effect is not as pronounced. You've been in this situation before in training, so you know what's important and what's not. You learn to react and protect yourself from strikes (assuming your dojo teaches atemi realistically -- I'm not above slightly banging my uke's chin to remind them to get their heads out of the way, unless they're a rank beginner). As you progress, you will learn to see and react to opportunities and openings that lead to the Aiki techniques.
Note that this does not come quickly. Because Aikido is subtle and more complext than simply bashing your opponent over the head, it takes longer to master.
One of the common criticisms of Aikido is that in training it seems like uke just falls on cue. There is an element of truth to this, and I'll tell you why. Most trainees have not developed to the point where they can (safely) apply power and speed to their technique. As uke, if I am training with one of my kohai, it doesn't do anything but stroke my ego if I deny them the ability to succeed in their attempt at the technique. I am loaning my body to them to practice their technique. They may not do it well, but it's not for me to make that determination. I move my body, and yes, fall on cue, in response to their attempt in order to give them the full experience of their training. As they progress, I will feel their power and speed, and it will be less like I am falling when I'm supposed to and more like I'm being thrown. As students get to a certain level of proficiency I may resist the throw to highlight a weakness in their technique, for example if they allow me to recover my balance after breaking it. I might even attempt a reversal against a student of my own rank or higher, but if I do I have to be very careful, because some Aikido techniques can be dangerous.
There's also the possibility that what you are seeing is so subtle that you may not understand what's happening until it's doen to you. It may look as if I launch myself into a breakfall as my partner performs a technique, but you may not see that I'm doing so in order to prevent my wrist from being broken.
Source(s): Aikidoka for 5 years, Sankyu. Someday I will be proficient in Aikido.
Aikido stems from daito ryu aiki-jujutsu and avoidance and evasion is key apart from the obvious atemi strikes and throws ,if learned diligently aikido is unsurpassed in my opinion.
And current Tai Chi Student.
Yes its a good art but its a thinking mans art. It takes years of dedication to master but it can be devistating in the right hands.
No art is perfect they all have their strong and weak points.
Its up to the practitioner to get the most out of them and the only way to do that is to train in them with real intent as they were ment to be trained.
But if you want less stess on the grey matter then theres always kick boxing.
the little bit i've seen and the theories can be very effective if applied correctly.
however i do question the concept of stretching your back by bending over with a partners weight on it. whats with that? if done incorrectly that could cripple a person.
surely other stretches would achieve the same goal without the risk.
yes it is very effective. i dont really need to say anymore. go to a class and try it yourself when you do it yourself you will be able to understand different ways to use techniques whereas just watching you well see how they do it then you wont understand as much.
It can be, depending on the way people train, not the art itself.
Why is it that UFC either tries to make Daniel Cormier sound like a make a wish kid, a paper champion or a coward?
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Are you looking for a unique and entertaining way to exercise your dog? Approximately 46,300,000 households own dogs. Many of these households work or have busy schedules and are always looking for ways to increase their dog’s exercise routines to burn off energy throughout the day. Dog course obstacles are a great option because these dog obstacles offer many advantages to pet owners.
There is no question that people in the United States love their pets. This can range from the more traditional pets that we know including cats and dogs, the mildly odd pets including pigs and gerbils, and then the super weird pet territory comprised of lizards and insects.
While some may prefer to have the more unorthodox set of pets, including large spiders and snakes, others prefer to do things in a more traditional manner. In terms of popularity, there is no question that more people are going to be the owners of the normal pets like cats and dogs as opposed to the crazier set of pets. If you are someone who wants to get a pet like a cat or a dog, you should know first and foremost that owning and raising a pet is not easy.
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What are some of the benefits of having carpet throughout your home? The very first and most obvious benefit is that carpet provides the most comfortable floor covering to walk. The cold wintry day, there is nothing more enjoyable than jumping out of bed with a carpet below your feet.
Another benefit is that carpets provide sound insulation. This is very important for large families who require moments of peace in silence. For example, if the father is working in his office and the children are doing aerobics in the living room, a carpet muffles the excessive noise at the children are producing.
During the cold winter months a carpet adds warmth to the house and therefore helps to save money by reducing energy costs. A carpeted room is a natural insulator that creates a key barrier between the floor and the ceiling below. This can result in a reduction of your monthly heating bill. In some studies has been found that over the winter months of home was carpets can save up to 6% in heating costs.
The carpet also provide safety throughout the house. When water is on the floor, a carpet will prevent a person from slipping and falling. Also, due to the cushioning effect of a carpet and its underlay it will provide less stress on your joints when walking through the house. The carpet is an excellent orthopedic assistant for people with sensitivity and their ankles or feet.
Also a carpet has the ability to trap dust. Once the carpet is vacuumed the dust is removed and this will help to eliminate germs, air contaminants, and allergens. If the room is properly ventilated and vacuum it will be healthier for the residents. Carpets are easy to maintain, last for a long time, and offer beauty to any decor.
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Write a paragraph to say what kind of job you would like, and why.
1. What are your plans when you graduate from the University?
2. Do you want to use, or think you will need to use, IT in your job?
3. Make alist of jobs which use IT.
Read the quotes and write the name of the students by the jobs they want.
I'm interested in writing software. My friends say I'm a techno-nerd because I prefer working with computers to people. Money is important but I'd rather do a job I enjoy. I want to take a distance-learning course so I can study at home.
I like shopping and I think the future of business is on the Internet. I'm good with computers but I also like working with people. I'd like to manage my own online company. This will give me a lot of responsibility. E-commerce comes with risks, but the rewards are high when you succeed.
Many people like Web design, but I think data management gives more job security. There is so much information on the Internet, and companies need people who know how to store, manage and retrieve data. I want to get my degree and work for a good company.
4. Underline the ways of expressing like or want in the quotes, then choose the correct answer.
1)___telecommuting to working in an office.
2)___to do a distance-learning course.
3)___working long hours all the time.
4) ___to work with computers all day as I think it would be boring.
5)___be a rich techno-nerd than poor and popular.
6)___in being a secretary. I want a better job.
5. Work in groups. Rank the things you want from a job: 1 = most important, 10 = least important.
Choose an area of IT that you are interested in. Find information about courses offered by colleges and universities. Find other areas where there are jobs in IT. Report back tothe group on what you need to start the course or to get a good job.
Task 1.Anne works in a large insurance company. She's a computing support assistant. She looks after people and their computers, and she helps with any problems people have. What sort of problems do you think they might have?
Task 2. Listen to Part 1 of the interview where Anne talks about the problems she helps with. Tick (✓) the problems she mentions.
Task 3. Listen to Part 2 of the interview. Tick (✓) the ways Anne keeps up with new developments in computing.
Study these extracts from the interview.
I: Are you ever bored?
A: No, not really, because it's never the same things over and over again; it's different each lime.
A: People have problems with the hardware, often with printers ... paper jamming. They also have problems finding options in the programs. Mostly with word processing.
I: Are there any other hardware problems?
A: Occasionally a computer freezes, it hangs or freezes. It's usually a memory problem.
I: Is it always the machine or is it sometimes the user?
A: Sometimes it's the user. The printer isn't switched on, or there's no paper in it.
I: How often does a computer crash?
A: Sometimes, not very often.
Task 4. This table shows the number of hardware and software problems Anne had last year. Describe how often these problems happened, using the adverbs above.
Example: There were sometimes problems with the network.
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In the 19th century the Jewish community split into two separately organized institutions.
The Jewish Reform movement rejected the conviction of the Orthodox that the Talmud stated divine law, and that all the regulations in it were binding on all Jews for all time. Rabbi Abraham Geiger, the spiritual father of the Reform movement, concentrated on the ethical principles of justice and equality as the focus of the Jewish religion. He regarded the religious commandments as human regulations which were accordingly changeable. For the Jews to be integrated into society and achieve emancipation, their religious laws had to be brought into line with modern society.
Among the first and most fundamental changes were the introduction of new orders of prayer, the translation of the prayers into German, and the construction of an organ in the synagogue. The traditional Jewish education was also adapted to its German environment, and observation of the sabbath, feast days and the diet laws were all dropped.
When Leopold Stein, a moderate supporter of the Reform Movement, was appointed to the rabbinate in 1844, the resistance of the Orthodox Jews against the innovations of the Movement strengthened. In 1851 the Orthodox community appointed Samson Raphael Hirsch as their rabbi. They founded their own synagogue and a separate school in the Schützenstraße. After a long struggle the Orthodox community was officially recognized in 1876 as a separate Jewish community. However, the majority of Orthodox Jews remained within their original community out of loyalty to tradition, after they had been promised the appointment of an Orthodox rabbi, Markus Horovitz, and the construction of an Orthodox synagogue at the Börneplatz. The result was that by the end of the 19th century there were two separate Jewish communities in Frankfurt, the main community (also known as the Israelite community) and the small separatist group, known as the Israelitische Religionsgesellschaft (Israelite Religious Association, or IRG). The IRG was strictly orthodox and had its own synagogue from 1907 at the Friedberger Anlage, while the Jewish community as a whole embraced both religious liberals (central synagogue, Westend synagogue) and the orthodox movement (Börneplatz synagogue), satisfying its religious needs. On 1 April 1939 the two communities were forcibly merged on the order of the Gestapo under the old name "Jewish community", and ceased to exist as independent institutions.
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I'm mistaken for a flirt when I'm friendly. I'm mistaken for mean when I'm honest. I'm mistaken for sad when I want to be alone. I'm mistakes for shy when I'm quiet Quit assuming and get to know me.
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When I first heard about the Summer Universiade, I wasn't sure exactly what to think: is it the Olympics? Is it the international NCAA Championships? Online, it looked like a well respected international sporting event but it was hard for me to find anyone from the U.S. who knew this kind of event existed.
I first traveled to Taipei in May and I was surprised to see the city promoting the upcoming games all over town. The host city seemed very excited to showcase their country and culture to visitors from all over the world. I booked my tickets to the Universiade after I saw that several American university teams would be representing Team USA: University of Iowa baseball, Purdue men's basketball, Maryland women's basketball, and University of Houston track and field.
Taipei showed up: both in terms of facilities and fans. I can't speak for all of the events since I only made it to basketball and track and field but I was pleasantly surprised on both counts. From a fan perspective, the track and field night sessions were sold out on the final two days and I had to queue for two hours to snag tickets to the gold medal game for men's basketball. In terms of facilities, the basketball arena was run efficiently and had plenty of security and bathrooms to handle the crowds. I also loved that it was right next to the track and field stadium, which I learned later was not the original stadium Taipei had planned to use. Years ago, the city started construction on a new arena to host the Games but due to construction problems, it wasn't finished in time. Regardless, everywhere I went the city seemed to be filled with an excited energy to be hosting the Games and numerous times, I was asked by people from Taipei where I was from and if I was an athlete at the Games.
From Olympic gold medalists to competitive high school level athletes, the Games provide a stage for everyone to participate. It was interesting to see which countries treat the Universiade as a championship compared to other countries that treat it as just another competition. For example, Poland sent several of their world champion caliber track and field athletes, despite many having competed at World Championships the week before in London. In comparison, there were just a handful of athletes from Croatia, a country known to dominate in the field events. On the far side of the spectrum, Chinese Taipei athletes did not disappoint the home crowd. They took gold in the 100m dash and men's javelin in front of packed stadiums and screaming fans, who acted like they'd just won a gold medal at the Summer Olympics.
The Summer Universiade and the Olympics are a different kind of animal for sports fans to conquer. They are popular and serve a variety of sports, making it important for you to prioritize what you want to see and how you will do that. I only purchased my track and field tickets ahead of time, knowing I didn't want to miss any of the action. I also booked a hotel that was strategically close to the stadium to cut down on daily travel time. The day before I left for Taipei, I scoured the various sports schedules to find competitions that would fit around the track schedule. Since track went morning sessions from 9am-1pm and afternoon sessions from 4pm-10pm, it left me little time to trek out other sports venues. The baseball stadiums seemed to be located on the outskirts of the city, with similar situations for gymnastics, volleyball, and swimming. If you're looking to experience a variety of sports, be sure to plan your time accordingly and become familiar with your transportation options. I don't regret watching basketball and track and field but I definitely could have maximized my time with a little more strategic planning.
4. If you want to work at the Games, look at opportunities with the host city or your country's delegation.
I had first looked at the Games as a work opportunity, as Taipei posed the same challenges that my clients face on their tours in China. However, the big difference between the Universiade and a typical China tour was the focus and effort put into the teams and athletes' experience by both the country's delegation and host city. Most teams were assigned a liaison or fixer who spoke Mandarin and was able to help them get around and navigate any daily needs. The athletes' structured competition schedule takes up most of their time abroad, leaving little room for cultural exploration outside of the athlete village. The team fixers were appointed by the Taipei host committee and most teams brought their own media and event coverage teams from home.
Watching elite athletes can inspire you to workout more - shout out to Feng Crossfit for hosting me during my trip to Taipei.
Taking time to go offline can get your creative juices pumping - I came up with a few other exciting business ideas while I was waiting for different events to start and got to put a major dent in reading the 4 Hour Work Week by Tim Ferris.
Enjoy your business trips with a side of fun - I explored a few night markets in Taipei, famous for their delicious street food and quick eats and I don't regret it.
Overall, the Summer Universiade was a great experience. I cheered on Team USA, geeked out over world class hammer throwers, drank my weight in bubble tea, and, learned a little more about the scale and scope of putting on an international multi-sport event.
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Предлагаем Вашему вниманию доклад на тему «Garbage in, garbage out: Improving oncology care through collaboration / Мусор на входе, мусор на выходе: совершенствование онкологической помощи посредством сотрудничества», подготовленный онкологом, цитологом и иммунологом Michael S. Henson для ежегодной встречи ACVP в 2015 году, которая проходила в Новом Орлеане (США).
Из этого доклада вы узнаете, как наладить сотрудничество между врачом-морфологом и другими специалистами, какие сложности подстерегают на этом пути и как с ними справиться. Основное внимание в докладе уделено цитологии, но большинство упомянутых принципов можно также хорошо применять и к другим диагностическим методам.
Обратите внимание, что доклад представлен на английском языке. Нашими специалистами был подготовлен черновой вариант перевода, но он, к сожалению, далёк от идеала. Вы можете помочь довести его до ума. Для этого мы выложили его в Google Документы – https://docs.google.com, с возможностью любому желающему редактировать текст.
Clinicians and pathologists are members of a team, problem solvers with mutual goals to understand and improve the quality of life of the patient. Clinicians are highly dependent on pathologists to guide the diagnostic plan, decrease the number of differential diagnoses, and often provide the final clue to a definitive diagnosis. The definitive diagnosis is critical to estimate prognosis and determine potential treatment options for the patient. Pathologists, in turn, are dependent on clinicians to provide interesting problems to solve and valuable work for their laboratories and research programs. Considering their shared goals, good communication and collaboration between clinicians and pathologists should be easy. However, the need for improvement in communication and collaboration has been recognized for decades 1-4 and experience suggests that problems persist. This presentation will present examples of some of the barriers as well as potential solutions for better teamwork to improve outcome for our clients and patients. The greatest gains will be achieved with changes in the current practices of clinicians. These will be highlighted. However, from a clinician’s perspective, there are also changes pathologists could do to foster better communication and promote improved clinical practice. The focus is on cytology, but many of the principles would apply to other diagnostic methodologies as well.
The quality of the specimen is likely the most significant factor limiting the accuracy of cytology. 5 Keys to achieving good quality specimens for cytology include selection of the appropriate lesion for sampling, selection of the appropriate technique for sample collection, and careful preparation of the slides. Regarding lesion selection, it is important for clinicians to understand which tissues and lesions are more likely to yield highly cellular samples for cytology (e.g. lymph nodes, round cell tumors, carcinomas, etc.) as well as which lesions are likely to lead to equivocal results (e.g. sites of inflammation where highly reactive normal tissue can mimic neoplasia). 6 In many cases, surgical biopsy is a better initial diagnostic test than cytology. That said, considering the safety and relative low cost of fine needle aspirate and cytology, it is usually an excellent early step in the diagnostic process. If the clinician can convey the limits of cytology to the client and adjust their technique to the situation to maximize the amount of material collected, then fine needle aspirate (FNA) and cytology is an excellent choice.
Sample collection seems so simple, yet inadequate technique is one of the key factors limiting sample quality and therefore diagnostic yield. Lesions only a few millimeters in diameter can yield diagnostic samples and, using different techniques, so can some samples collected from tissues that do not usually exfoliate well. The technique chosen must be adapted to the situation. There are excellent reviews of techniques, 5,7 but good aspiration and smearing techniques are difficult to learn from a lecture or text. It is difficult for faculty to create realistic laboratory experiences for repeated practice, so much of the learning occurs with clinical cases, sometimes to the detriment of the patient. It would be helpful if clinical and pathology faculty from multiple institutions shared resources, teaching tools and techniques to create better learning opportunities for veterinary students and for continuing education. However, since much of the learning regarding sample collection and smearing technique occurs in practice, every cytology submission is an opportunity for learning. Most of the learning occurs through self-assessment but also via valuable feedback from the pathologist. This feedback is appropriately included in the pathology report (e.g. “the sample was poorly cellular with significant blood contamination limiting interpretation, recommend biopsy”), but would be enhanced with direct conversation between the pathologist and clinician.
The equipment and technique for sample collection via fine needle aspirate depends on the demeanor of the patient, anatomy, tissue type, vascularity, size of the lesion, and the results of initial sampling attempts. With consideration of the anatomy and simple manipulative skills or image-guidance, adequate samples can be collected from even small targets in deeper tissue planes. Generally, if you can feel it, you can sample it. For instance, a small (<1 cm) caudal superficial cervical lymph node can be sampled, even in an overweight dog, by using a longer needle and the non-aspiration (capillary) technique. Localization of the needle tip within the node can be ascertained by moving the node up and down during sampling while watching the movement of the hub of the needle. If the needle tip is in the node, the skin serves as a fulcrum and the hub makes a wide “wagging” excursion when the node is moved. If the needle tip is in the fat surrounding the node, the hub tends to remain more perpendicular to the skin during the movement of the node. Once the location of the needle tip is confirmed with a “wag” of the needle hub, in and out movement of the needle allows sampling from more than one area of the node to obtain an adequate sample. Different techniques are used for other lesion types, tissues, and locations. A critical evaluation of techniques would be helpful to develop evidence-based best practice guidelines, but ultimately techniques need to be adapted to the specific case. Clinicians need to know alternative techniques to allow them to adapt to the situation.
In order to adapt the sampling technique, clinicians need a rapid assessment of the adequacy of the sample collected. Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) would be ideal. 8 Although potentially feasible in large veterinary practices, ROSE, at least as practiced in human hospitals, is impractical for most veterinary situations. However, the clinician can do a reasonable cursory assessment of the sample to determine if additional samples or techniques are warranted. ROSE helps determine if samples are adequate. The cursory evaluation proposed here is useful to determine if samples are likely inadequate and therefore additional sampling is required. Most clinicians collect samples until they have several slides with visible smears of tissue or fluid. In addition to this basic visual assessment, I recommend staining one slide for a rapid microscopic assessment as well. Most clinicians routinely prepare multiple smears from each aspirate. Usually, one or more of the slides appears to be of lower quality on visual examination (small sample or poor smear technique). If microscopic evaluation of one of these lower-quality slides shows abundant intact nucleated cells, then the entire set of slides is more likely to be adequate for cytology. However, if the material appears necrotic, most cells are lysed, or there are few nucleated cells present, then additional sample collection attempts should be considered before the patient leaves the hospital or clinic. The adjustment in technique depends on the appearance of the sample under the microscope. For instance, if the cells are necrotic, one should sample the periphery of the lesion instead of the center. If cells are lysed, a more gentle technique is warranted for slide preparation. If the sample is hemodiluted, the lesion should be sampled in another area, using a different technique. Gentler handling or fewer needle passes through the lesion may result in less hemorrhage. If the needle is removed before the hub of the needle contains blood, then the entire sample remains in the shaft of the needle and therefore can be expelled onto the slide for analysis. If the hub of the needle contains visible tissue fluid or blood, then it is likely that some of the sample has been lost in the needle. There are methods to salvage and use samples stuck in the hub, but it is helpful to repeat the aspirate attempt to avoid sample loss.
The clinical team should provide the pathologist with signalment, lesion size and location, physical and imaging characteristics (cystic or solid, single or multiple), growth rate, symptom severity and duration, history of malignancy or infectious disease, current treatment, sampling technique, and differential diagnoses. 7,10 Some clinicians may provide limited clinical information with the erroneous goal to avoid biasing the pathologist. However, it is more likely that clinical information is lacking because clinicians are busy, they do not fully appreciate the importance of the information, and/or they ask staff who are not familiar with the case to complete the requisition form. Education is likely the best solution, but improved requisition forms could help. If needed for repeat offenders, sample evaluation could be delayed until the requisition form is complete.
Although a definitive diagnosis is not always feasible based on cytology, the test is usually helpful to eliminate some of the differential diagnoses or guide a choice between additional diagnostic options. 6 A better understanding of the limits of the test would result in less frustration for clinicians and likely a greater respect for the cytopathologist. It would be helpful if clinicians understood that a careful choice of words in cytology comments is not due to indecision, but rather due to a thorough understanding of the limits of the analysis and an appropriate reluctance to overstate. The pathologist describes what is on the slide, the radiologist describes radiographic findings, and ultimately it is the clinician’s responsibility to tie all of the information together to decide on a likely diagnosis.
Good teamwork is based on mutual respect, trust and good communication. 11 It is hard to generate the first two without the latter. Communication between clinicians and pathologists is often limited to written communication on requisition forms and pathology reports. There is no opportunity for questions of clarity, sharing in the joy of intellectual challenges, or expressions of appreciation and gratitude. Clinicians certainly need to contact pathologists when they have questions about results or need help in the diagnostic process, but the relationship would likely be enhanced if clinicians also called periodically to close the loop, sharing clinical information which may be interesting or educational for the pathologist.
Pathologists should expect more from clinicians and educate us to improve. Don’t be satisfied with “garbage in” regarding sample quality and data on the requisition form. These seemingly simple topics continue to reduce the value of cytology and may therefore lead to unnecessary expense or diagnostic tests for our patients. Although not exciting, these problems are worthy of continued effort from both sides to improve quality and consistency.
Regarding the samples submitted, pathologists should continue to include information in the written report about the quality of the sample and the impact that sample quality had on the diagnostic accuracy in the case. 6 The report is part of a legal medical record and the audience may be a different clinician than the one who submitted it. Without an assessment of sample quality, a lack of abnormal findings may be misinterpreted as a lack of disease. To improve the quality of samples submitted, pathology services could offer training, suggestions of available resources, or creation of better ones. Directions to online resources could be offered in boilerplate portions of reports. When pathologists identify clinicians who repeatedly submit inadequate samples, a call from the pathologist with suggested resources would be helpful. Poor sample quality is an opportunity for learning and improved care, two things clinicians care deeply about.
Regarding clinical information on requisition forms, pathologists could help clinicians improve through continued education about the value of the information, development of consensus guidelines, and standard requisition forms. 10 Online requests can ease data collection through drop down lists, mouseover balloons with instructions or examples, and blocks to prevent submission until the data is complete. As a last resort, cytological analysis can be delayed until clinical information is provided.
In addition, a focus on high standards for submission to the laboratory must continue to be matched or exceeded by high standards for the output from the laboratory. Quality assurance and continual improvement in the laboratory are critical to creating trust in the clinician-pathologist relationship. Although clinicians may not like waiting, they generally understand the balance between turn-around time and quality of analysis (e.g. additional time needed for a second opinion, immunocytochemistry, etc.). Experienced clinicians respect pathologists for their rigorous attention to detail and focus on quality in analysis and reporting. Stick to your guns.
Many clinicians remain unclear about probability expressions in cytology reports and this has an effect on clinical decision-making, including decisions about euthanasia. 14 Clinicians would appreciate development of standardized terminology, clear definitions, widespread education, and a critical reevaluation of understanding of the revised terminology.
As the peer-reviewed literature on the topic grows, the practice of cytology is becoming more evidence based, improving confidence. 17,18 Yet many questions remain unanswered, from optimizing sample quality to cytology of normal tissues and a variety of disease states. Research provides an excellent opportunity to improve collaboration between pathologists and clinicians, where we share needs and rewards. Large prospective studies would be ideal, but there is also value in well-designed retrospective studies, particularly if we follow standards (STARD) to optimize quality of the research and reporting. 18 Effort is needed to determine best practices and to disseminate that knowledge, as well as clinical experience, to a wider audience.
The street goes both ways.
Farias-Eisner,R. Shapter, A; Fu, Y S. The importance of communication between the pathologist and the clinician in caring for patients receiving gynecologic treatment. Am J Clin Pathol 1995; 103(4 Suppl 1):S13-16.
Powsner SM, Costa J, Homer RJ. Clinicians are from Mars and pathologists are from Venus. Clinician interpretation of pathology reports. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000;124:1040–1046.
Christopher MM, Young KM. Special editorial – Internal medicine and clinical pathology: rebuilding the relationship. J Vet Int Med 2004; 18: 5-7.
Christopher MM, Hotz CS, Shelly SM, Pion PD. Use of cytology as a diagnostic method in veterinary practice and assessment of communication between veterinary practitioners and veterinary clinical pathologists. JAVMA 2008;232:747‐754.
Meinkoth JH, Cowell RL. Sample collection and preparation in cytology: increasing diagnostic yield. Vet Clin Small Anim 2002; 32: 1187-1207.
Sharkey LC, Dial SM, Matz ME. Maximizing the diagnostic value of cytology in small animal practice. Vet Clin Small Anim 2007; 37: 351-372.
Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology Task Force on Standards of Practice. Guidelines of the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology for Fine-needle aspiration procedure and reporting. Diagn Cytopathol 2000; 17:239-247.
Breeze J, Poller DN, Gibson D, et al. Rapid on-site assessment of specimens by biomedical scientists improves the quality of head and neck fine needle aspiration cytology. Cytopathology 2014; 25: 316-321.
Fernandes NCCA, Guerra JM, Ressio RA. Liquid-based cytology and cell block immunocytochemistry in veterinary medicine: comparison with standard cytology for the evaluation of canine lymphoid samples. Vet Comp Onc 2015: 1-10.
Pinson DM. Writing diagnostic laboratory requisition form histories. JAVMA 2014; 244:408-411.
Agency for Heathcare Research and Quality. TeamSTEPPS 2.0 Instructor manual 2015.
Regan RC, Rassnick KM, Malone EK, McDonough SP. A prospective evaluation of the impact of second-opinion histopathology on diagnostic testing, cost and treatment in dogs and cats with cancer. Vet Comp Onc 2013; 13: 106-116.curriculum.
Nollet KE. Lost in transcription, lost in translation. Arch pathol Lab Med 2011; 135: 290.
Christopher MM, Hotz CS, Shelly SM, Pion PD. Interpretation by clinicians of probability expressions in cytology reports and effect on clinical decision-making. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:496-503.
Grapsa D, Politi E. Standardized categorical reporting of cytopathology results: The strengths and weaknesses of a constantly evolving and expanding system. Diagn Cytopath 2013;41:917-921.
Lankshear S, Srigley J, McGowan T, et al. Standardized synoptic cancer pathology reports – So what and who cares? Arch Pathol Lab Med 2013;137:1599-1727.
Sharkey LC, Wellman ML. Diagnostic cytology in veterinary medicine: a comparative and evidence‐ based approach. Clin Lab Med 2011;31:1‐19.
Raskin RE. Historical Overview of Evidence‐Based Diagnostic Cytology Including Bone Marrow in Veterinary Medicine. ACVP Proceedings 2013.
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The original cover of "The Hobbit" was illustrated by Tolkien, and it had on the cover runes as part of the border.
I'm not going into the history of the runes Tolkien uses, but did you know the runes actually say something? I bring this us because in college the professors would sometimes spend a considerable about of time on the title of the book and sometimes even the cover art. Their reasoning was that the cover and title is part of the work of literature and should not be glanced over. For instance if you read "Finnigans Wake" by James Joyce the professor might spend time discussing "Finnigans" and might propose questions such as "Is it only one Finnigan or is there a multiplicity of Finnigans?" or "Did Joyce mean "Finnigan's"? Another example is the book "Cane" by Jean Toomer, which was written during the Harlem Renascence and is excerpts of life around the United States as experience by African Americans. With the proper mindset the title of the book can call to mind slaves working in the sugarcane fiends in the south, the canes slaves were beat with by their owners, as well as a a walking device.
Why does this matter to "The Hobbit"? Simply put, the book, according to the cover, has a duel authorship. One Bilbo Baggins who wrote his memoirs, and the other J.R.R Tolkien who wrote "The Hobbit" based on the memoirs of Bilbo's journey.
This matters because if you get a copy of a first edition of "The Hobbit" you will notice several discrepancies that many modern readers of "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings" are unfamiliar with. One such instance of this is that in the first edition Gollum loses the riddle game and very peacefully shows Bilbo out of the cave. Gollum appears to be a much gentler creature. The obvious reason for the discrepancies is that when Tolkien was writing "The Lord of the Rings" he had to go back and make revision to certain characters and even the ring itself. However, Tolkien himself is part of the story, so the way the revisions are explained, which I think is part of Tolkien's genius, is that Bilbo told the first edition story himself, and it was only later revealed after the publication of the first edition that the real story of Gollum and the ring was made known. Therefore it was then revised later by others to be in the current state that we have the book today.
"The Hobbit or There and Back Again being the record of a years journey by Bilbo Baggins of Hobbiton. Compiled from his memoirs by J.R.R. Tolkien and published by George Allen and Unwin Ltd."
I've actually never seen the full cover in this way before: wow! they did a great job.
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alternative outfits for weddings simplified document.
Fashion accessories are one of the most significant features. Black was, definitely, the most popular color. It is a global that usually changes that will be often extremely tough to determine just how to apply latest styles.
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A guided tour of the Marais is a journey through time! The Marais is one of the most emblematic areas of Paris. It holds several of the most beautiful sites of the capital. Constructed on old marshland, only developed from the IVth century AD, the Marais became during the medieval and modern age a royal neighbourhood during the reign of Charles V.
Following on from the royal establishment, the neighbourhood became aristocratic and conducive to the establishment of religious orders such as the Jesuits, who had the magnificent Saint-Paul-Louis church built in the XVIIth century. Partly preserved during the Second Empire renovations (supervised by Eugene Haussmann), the Marais still today holds several hundred private mansions, whose pretty courtyards punctuate the winding roads of the neighbourhood, set around the Royal square (current place des Vosges).
After the Revolution, the private mansions, emptied of their furnishings and transformed into apartments, were the home of numerous craftsman’s workshops and the immigration of Jews from Eastern Europe. The Marais is still today the heart of the Paris jewish quarter and several emblematic buildings can still be seen there, such as synagogues or hammams.
The Marais was the home of a number of famous people such as Madame de Sévigné or Mesdames de Montespan and Maintenon.
What does a guided tour of the Marais with With’art include?
I suggest starting at the place Saint-Paul to then join the Place de Vosges area, via the Jewish quarter and the National Archives.
Today it is one of the preferred neighbourhoods of Parisians for a walk on the weekends in order to visit the private mansions, wander the winding roads and discover its gourmet boutiques! A visit you won’t want to miss out on during your stay in Paris!
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These porcelain tiles can be polished, glazed or of a matte finish. The process of manufacturing these tiles involves the fusion of two types of clay, which in turn create the unique design and color.
These raw porcelain tiles are produced in a natural form immediately after being baked in the kiln.
These are treated by applying glaze after being baked in a kiln. These glazed tiles are much stronger than unglazed tiles. These tiles are extremely water resistant because of the glass-like composition.
Since each type of tile differs in their composition, each one requires a different type of maintenance.
1. Clean your floor with a soft bristle broom.
2. Mop the floor with a mild cleaning detergent.
3. Finish off with wiping with clean water.
1. Use a simple soft broom to clean the surface of the porcelain tile.
2. Use any cleaning solution available in the market if you notice any stains.
3. Wipe the floor with hot water mop after applying any of the cleaning solutions.
1. Use a dry dust mop to clean the surface.
2. Try using a mild cleaning detergent to wash any stains.
3. Do not allow any cleaning solution to stay on your tiles for more than 10 minutes because it destroys the finish.
4. After wiping the floor, make sure to dry the floor thoroughly so that no water stains are left on the surface.
1. Porcelain tile maintenance requires sweeping and vacuuming at least two times a week.
3. Clean up any spill right away.
4. Do not use any ammonia or bleach because both can fade your tiles.
5. Ensure that your furniture does not scratch the surface of the tiles after porcelain tile installation.
Keep these tips in mind when trying to maintain any of these types of porcelain after porcelain tile installation. There is no point in going through porcelain tile installation if you do not clean and maintain your tiles.
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"Tutto ciò che lui dice è vero."
Translation:Everything he says is true.
What makes this sentence different from just saying "Tutto che lui dice è vero"?
"Tutto che" is never used in modern Italian for some reason; it's either "tutto ciò che" (everything) or "tutto quello che" (all that).
This makes sense, in English "that" is used as both a conjunction and a pronoun. If I'm guessing correctly in italian 'che' is a conjunction, 'quello' is a pronoun.
What about 'è tutto che...'?
I think "tutto" in this case is an adjective ("all"), it needs to be followed by a noun or pronoun to make a subject for the verb. "Ciò" is the pronoun, meaning "this" or "that." So "tutto ciò" = "all that" which can also be rendered in English as "everything." Problem is, there are other places where "tutto" is accepted as a pronoun ("everything," "everyone") itself, so....hmm.
I don't know if this helps people, but in French, the equivalent of "ciò che" would be "ce que". "Ce que" is an awful lot like "that which". As in, "that which he says" (meaning "what he says"). So you could think of it as "All that which he says is true" (of course, we wouldn't say it like that in English").
I'm not a native speaker of French or Italian, and of course, "ce que" doesn't literally mean "that which", but it feels similar so that's how I remember it.
Thanks! I agree! I had been thinking that the closest translation for "Ciò che" is "that which"– in English it's a little formal to say that, but it's correct and seems to be parallel in all the examples.
I read the discussion above, but I still dont get the purpose of "ciò"
So literally the Italian phrase is "everything they that he says is true"?
No, it's "everything (tutto ciò) that (che) he says (lui dice) è vero (is true)." Ciò does not mean "they."
Every/all (tutto) thing (cio) ... That's how i see It. Tutto = all , tutto cio = all things.
"All of what he says is right" should be OK, no?
It's the same of "questo" (this) or "quello" (that) but less used in speaked language.
Why tells is not right?
I've spent the morning trying to really drill down into "ciò che" and it seems to me the closest English parallel is "that which." It's a construction that is grammatically correct though we don't use it b/c it's a little formal. However "everything that which he says is true" works. It's a helpful way for me to think about it–maybe it is for others as well.
That said, per this conversation https://www.italki.com/question/340614 "quello che" is more common... for what its worth.
I thought one could write cioche as one word but it was marked wrong.
And then Mr. Spock said, "I always lie."
Making Norman(1)'s head explode. Almost literally.
In Romanian it's the same story: Tot ceea ce (tutto cio che), word by word.
Whats the purpose of "ciò" and "che" in here?
Is cio che what or that?
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Another term to explain what I mean would be Usability Modeling and Testing.
The main point being made in this blog article is this: If you are going to spend significant amounts of time, effort and money developing your inbound marketing plan and search engine placement, you would be doing yourself a dis-service by not paying as much attention to what your visitor gets once they arrive at your site. Great search engine placement will do little if you can't take advantage of it. If your current bounce rates are showing that you have a retention challenge, you might want to refocus some analytic effort to the usability of your main pages. This is an important but sometimes overlooked component of an overall inbound marketing strategy.
You landing pages should already be configured to focus on very specific topics and they will probably do a better job at retaining and then converting your targeted traffic. But, what about your home page and the follow, main, site pages.
If you have good search engine placement for your main pages. but wondering why that traffic isn't staying on your site or converting to leads, you have to ask yourself if these pages are delivering exactly what your visitor is hunting for. This is the essence of good inbound marketing. You are attracting those customers that are actively searching for your information. Don't send them in the other direction because your site is unclear, confusing or drowning in images.
Search engine placement is great but know that once you've lost a customer on your Web site, you've lost that customer for good. This happens for many reasons: faulty or ambiguous navigation, bad interface design, long download time, incompatible technology, and so on.
What can you do about it? The answer is simple: Find out what your site visitors want your site to do. The earlier you discover their needs, the better. If you have a site running and still don't know why the logs aren't meeting your expectations, try testing your site for usability. One way to do this is to create dummy sites to test various scenarios of users transporting themselves through your site.
Usability is an integral part of the design process and should accelerate your search engine placement naturally. It should not constrain good design. Rather, it should enhance the ability of a good design to create a highly functional and usable site.
Purpose of the Site - Is your site fulfilling its purpose?
Is it designed to give your audience what they want?
Abilities of the Site - Is it efficient?
• Does it behave and appear consistently throughout?
• Is it engaging enough for the user to feel in control and relaxed?
Branding -Does the first screen from your Web site portray your business in a distinctive light?
• Does the branding appear on all the pages of the site?
• Does the branding appear in a prominent area on the top of the page, like on the left side?
• Branding can serve as part of the navigation system, as a link back to the home page.
Navigation - Does the main navigation of the site appear in a prominent place before the scroll?
• Is your site navigation in the form of images? If so, consider also having text-based navigation on the page.
• Do the image links have tags filled in?
• Are there any dead links on the site?
• Does your site have a site map or search engine for those who prefer to reach the information without having to navigate the entire site?
• Are the navigation tools and system consistent across the site?
• Does your site give the user his or her exact location within the site, with clear options to move back or forward?
• Do the links tell users where they lead to?
Images - Are images used in context with the content?
• Are images optimized for their file size?
• If there is a need to describe an image, is the description clear?
• Have you added text to the tag for the image? This also helps with the search engine placement efforts.
Animations - Avoid continuous cycling animations unless they serve a purpose, as these can be distracting.
• Use Flash animations only if they are indispensable. They take long to download and often require a plug-in.
Sponsors and Advertising - If your site has ad banners, have you considered optimizing the file size?
• Where have you placed the banners?
Content - Is the content in sync with not only your search engine placement but the context of the page or the site?
• Is your content brief and precise?
• Have you cross-linked the content to documents or sites with related information?
Technology - Are the interactive widgets on your site compatible with your target audience's browsers, or does your audience need to download a plug-in or software to use them?
• If it's important to use such a technology, have you informed the user about its need and importance?
Overall Interface - Does your site have a pleasing interface, with colors matching the need and flavor of the site?
• Does the layout have enough white space to be pleasing to the eye?
• Is the interface consistent, layout and colors, throughout the site?
• Does the site look the same on different platforms and browsers?
Feedback - Do you provide an appropriate feedback mechanism for any action on the part of the user?
• Do you give users an opportunity to provide you with praise and/or suggestions or to make an inquiry on any issue related to the site or its content?
• Does your site give users access to your email and postal address, phone numbers, and fax?
When testing your site for usability, you can, undoubtedly, add more things to this checklist. However, this checklist will give you a good start when evaluating on where your company's web site may need some initial improvements and can take better advantage of your great search engine placement.
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Theory of multiple intelligences and IQ test.
Intelligence Quotient tests assess linguistic, logical, mathematical and spatial abilities. Humans, however, have several other significant capacities.
How and when did MI theory develop?
Howard Gardner developed this theory in the 70s and 80s. He drew on evidence from a broad variety of sources and disciplines. He presented the theory in 1983, in the book Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences.
Gardner is the John H. and Elisabeth A. Hobbs Professor of Cognition and Education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. He also holds positions as Adjunct Professor of Psychology at Harvard University and Senior Director of Harvard Project Zero.
In 2005 and again in 2008, he was selected by Foreign Policy and Prospect magazines as one of the 100 most influential public intellectuals. He has also received the 2011 Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences.
He is the father of MI Theory.
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The Audi Quattro is a road and rally car, produced by the German automobile manufacturer Audi, part of the Volkswagen Group. It was first shown at the 1980 Geneva Motor Show on 3 March.
The word quattro is derived from the Italian word for "four". The name has also been used by Audi to refer to the quattro four-wheel drive system, or any four-wheel drive version of an Audi model. To avoid confusion, the original Quattro model is also commonly referred to as the Ur-Quattro - the "Ur-" (German for "primordial") is an augmentative prefix, in this case meaning "original", and is also applied to the first generation Audi S4 and Audi S6 models, as in "Ur-S4" and "Ur-S6".
The Audi Quattro shared many components and the core of its body style with the Audi Coupé, which was a member of the Audi 80 model range. It was internally designated Typ 85, a type number it shared with the Audi Coupé GT, Audi Coupé quattro and Audi 4000CS quattro. Its characteristic flared wheelarches were styled by Martin Smith.
The idea for a high four-wheel drive car was proposed by Audi's chassis engineer, Jörg Bensinger, in 1977, when he found that the Volkswagen Iltis jeep, could outperform any other vehicle in snow, no matter how powerful. Bensinger's idea was to start developing an Audi 80 variant in co-operation with Walther Treser, Director of Pre-Development.
Audi released the original Quattro to European customers in late 1980, making it both the first car to feature Audi's quattro permanent four-wheel drive system (hence its name), and the first to mate four wheel drive with a turbocharged engine.
The original engine was the (2.1 L), inline-5 cylinder 10 valve SOHC, with a turbocharger and intercooler. It produced and torque of at 3500 rpm; propelling the Quattro from 0- in 7.1s, and reaching a top speed of over .
The engine was eventually modified to a (2.2 L) inline-5 10 valve, still producing , but with peak torque lower in the rev-range. In 1989, it was then changed to a inline-5 20v (2.2 L 20v) DOHC setup producing , now with a top speed of .
Audi Quattros are often referred to among owners and enthusiasts by their engine codes, to differentiate between the earlier and later versions: the earliest 2144 cc 10v being the "WR" engine, the 2226 cc 10v being the "MB" engine, and the later 20v being the "RR" engine. Hence, Quattro models may be referred to as either the WR Quattro, MB Quattro, and RR or "20v" Quattro, respectively.
Quattro car production was 11,452 vehicles over the period 1980–1991, and through this 11 year production span, there were no major changes in the visual design of the vehicle. For the 1983 model year, the dash was switched from an analogue instrument cluster, to a green digital liquid crystal display (LCD) electronic instrument cluster. This was later changed in 1988 to an orange LCD electronic instrument cluster. The interior was redesigned in 1984, and featured a whole new dash layout, new steering wheel design, and new centre console design, the switches around the instrument panel were also redesigned at this time. In 1985 the dash changed slightly with harder foam and lost a diagonal stripe, the dash switches were varied slightly and the diff lock pull knob gave way to a two-position turning knob with volt and oil temp digital readouts.
External styling received very little modification during its production run. Originally, the car had a flat fronted grille featuring four separate headlamp lenses, one for each of the low and high beam units. This was altered for the 1983 model year, and replaced with combined units featuring a single lens, but housing twin reflectors. This was changed again, for the 1985 model year, in what has become known as the 'facelift model' and included such alterations as a new sloping front grille, headlights, and trim and badging changes. The RR 20v Quattro also featured a new three spoke steering wheel design, leather covering for door arm rests, gloveboxes, centre console and door pockets. There was also a full length leather wrapped centre console running all the way to the rear seats. 20v was also the first Ur-Q to have "quattro" script interior with partial leather seats. The floor on the drivers side had a bulge due to dual catalytic exhaust setup. The different models may be distinguished by the emblems on their boot lids: the WR had a vinyl 'quattro' decal or a brushed aluminium effect plastic emblem, the MB had chrome plated 'audi', 'audi rings' and 'quattro' emblems, whilst the RR had only chrome plated 'audi rings'.
The rear suspension was altered early on with geometry changes and removal of the rear anti-roll bar to reduce a tendency for lift-off oversteer. For the 1984 facelift, the wheel size went from 6x15" with 205/60-15 tyres to 8x15" wheels with 215/50-15 tyres. At the same time the suspension was lowered 20mm with slightly stiffer springs for improved handling. For 1987, the Torsen centre differential was used for the first time, replacing the manual centre differential lock.
Sales of the Quattro in North America began with the 1983 model year, which were constructed concurrently, and were of the same design as, the European 1982 models (they did not include the minor cosmetic changes of the European 1983 model) and continued through 1986. Total sales in the USA were 664. Canadian market received cars that were identical to the US cars with exception of the speedometer, which was metric like the early Euro cars. Official sales figures for Canada were 99, which included 61 in 1983, 17 in 1984, 18 in 1985 and 3 in 1986. Although it's believed that there might have been up to 6 cars bought in 1986.
US/Canadian cars were also equipped with larger impact bumpers with built in shock absorbers, just like the rest of the 4000/Coupé models. None of the cars came with Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), however they were otherwise "loaded" with options, including air conditioning, and in 90% of the cars, leather upholstery. Most of the 1984 and 1985 Canadian models did not have sunroofs. The remainder of the electric, suspension and cosmetic updates took place at the same time as the European cars. Out of 99 cars imported to Canada 35 are still known to be on the road.
The initial 2.1L (2144cc, engine code "WX") engine for US/Canadian models included minor component and engine control unit (ECU) changes, including lowered turbocharger boost pressure, different camshaft, emission controls including catalytic converter, and lambda stoichiometric fuel control, which lowered power to . Otherwise, mechanical specifications were identical to the European spec cars. The WX engine was also used on Swiss and Japanese market cars. In fact Audi built 200 special edition cars in 1988 with WX engine and analogue instruments, the rest of the car was identical to the MB cars of that year.
The original Audi Quattro competition car debuted in 1980, first as a development car, and then on a formal basis in the 1980 Janner Rally in Austria . Largely based on the bodyshell of the road-going Quattro models (in contrast to the forthcoming Group B cars), the engine of the original competition version produced approximately . In 1981, Michèle Mouton became the first female ever to win a world championship rally, piloting an Audi Quattro. Over the next three years, Audi would introduce the A1 and A2 evolutions of the Quattro in response to the new Group B rules, raising power from the turbocharged inline 5-cylinder engine to around .
The Quattro A1 debuted at the 1983 season opener Monte Carlo Rally, and went on to win the Swedish Rally and the Rally Portugal in the hands of Hannu Mikkola. Driven by Stig Blomqvist, Mikkola and Walter Röhrl, the A2 evolution won a total of eight world rallies; three in 1983 and five in 1984.
The Audi Sport Quattro was a Quattro programme car developed for homologation for Group B rallying in 1984, and sold as a production car in limited numbers. It featured an all aluminium alloy (2.1 L) 20v DOHC engine slightly smaller than that of the Audi Quattro (in order to qualify for the 3-litre engine class after the scale factor applied to turbo engines). In road-going form, the engine was capable of producing , with the competition cars initially producing around .
The vehicle also featured a body shell composed of carbon-kevlar and boasting wider arches, wider wheels (nine inches as compared to the Ur-Quattro's optional eight inch wide wheel rim), the steeper windscreen rake of the Audi 80 (requested by the Audi Sport rally team drivers to reduce internal reflections from the dashboard for improved visibility) and, most noticeably, a shorter wheelbase. This was carried out in order to improve handling potential in the face of newer, smaller competition, such as the Lancia 037 and the Peugeot 205 T16, which had been purpose-built from the start for Group B rules.
A total of 224 cars of this "short version" Sport Quattro were built, and were offered for sale at a heady price of 203,850 German Marks.
The Audi Sport Quattro S1 was introduced at the end of 1984 as an update to the Audi Sport Quattro. The car featured a inline 5-cylinder engine that displaced and produced an officially quoted figure of . However, the turbocharger utilised a recirculating air system, with the aim of keeping the turbo spinning at high rpm, when the driver closed the throttle, either to back off during cornering, or on gearshifts. This allowed the engine to resume full power immediately after the resumption of full throttle, reducing turbo lag. The actual power figure was in excess of at 8000 rpm.
In addition to the improved power output, an aggressive aerodynamic kit was added that featured very distinctive wings and spoilers to the front and rear of the car to increase downforce. The weight was lightened to just , and now accelerate from 0- in just 3.1 seconds. Some of the cars were supplied with a "power-shift gearbox", which is said to be a forerunner of today's Direct-Shift Gearbox (DSG) technology.
The S1 proved to be an immediate success in the rally circuit, helping Walter Röhrl and Christian Geistdörfer win the 1985 San Remo Rally. A modified version of the S1, was also driven by Michèle Mouton. The S1 evolution would become the final Group B car produced by Audi, with the works team withdrawing from the Championship following the 1986 rally in Portugal.
Twenty years after the cancellation of Group B, the Sport Quattro S1 was still widely regarded as the most powerful rally car ever fielded in international competition, with the final factory machines of 1986 rated at an incredible . In addition to Group B competition, the S1 won the 1985 Pikes Peak International Hill Climb with Michèle Mouton in the driving seat, setting a world record time in the process. This victory was repeated in 1987, this time at the hands of Walter Röhrl.
2m:23s streaming video of Audi, Lancia, Peugeot and Renault "in full song"
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A new study on euthanasia trends in Belgium, which shows an increase in reported cases since legislation was introduced, provides lessons for countries that have legalized assisted dying. The research is published in CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal).
In 2002, Belgium legalized the intentional ending of life by a physician at the patient's explicit request. The government introduced safeguards to protect patients, including a multidisciplinary review panel - the Belgian Federal Control and Evaluation Committee for Euthanasia - to ensure that each procedure was performed according to legal guidelines.
The Belgian researchers found that the number of officially reported euthanasia cases in Belgium increased from 235 in 2003 to 1807 in 2013 across all age groups and in all settings (home or care facility). They also noted an increase among people with conditions other than cancer and in people over age 80, a finding that was rare in the first few years after legalization. The highest incidence was consistently found among people dying with cancer, those younger than 80 years of age and those dying at home. There were also increases in euthanasia among people without terminal disease and those with psychiatric disorders, but their numbers remain relatively small.
"These findings might suggest an increase in the number of requests from these groups as they increasingly became aware of the legal possibility to request euthanasia. These findings might also reflect a decrease in reluctance to provide euthanasia within these groups as physicians became more experienced and the wider society became more familiar with these types of cases," writes Prof. Kenneth Chambaere, End-of-Life Care Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Ghent University, Brussels, Belgium, with coauthors.
Palliative care specialists were also consulted increasingly in the euthanasia procedure, though this is not a legal requirement.
"The increase in euthanasia among cases with noncancer diagnoses and nonterminal diseases emphasizes the importance of thorough evaluation and monitoring of the practice, since these situations are often more complex and may include psychiatric disorders and 'tiredness of life'."
"Given differences in developments between jurisdictions and even within Belgium, it is clear that societal and cultural contexts play a key role in how euthanasia practice has been adopted after legalization," the authors conclude.
Article: Euthanasia in Belgium: trends in reported cases between 2003 and 2013, Sigrid Dierickx MSc, Luc Deliens PhD, Joachim Cohen PhD, Kenneth Chambaere PhD, CMAJ, doi: 10.1503/cmaj.160202, published 12 September 2016.
CMAJ. "Study of euthanasia trends in Belgium has lessons for other countries." Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Intl., 13 Sep. 2016. Web.
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Instagram says my account already belongs to a Facebook account?
When you try to convert to a business account, you may get a message from Instagram saying your account already belongs to a Facebook account.
This happens because the Facebook page is linked to a personal Instagram account.
If you're still having any problems, please visit the Instagram / Facebook troubleshooting page for help reconnecting your account.
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The private company has taken another step toward carrying astronauts to the International Space Station.
Space Exploration Technologies (or SpaceX) has successfully drop-tested a capsule designed to take cargo and crew to the International Space Station.
The capsule, called Dragon, was dropped from 4,240 meters to validate its parachutes and splashdown systems. It has three main parachutes, each 35 meters wide, which are used to slow the spacecraft’s descent, and thrusters that fire to help it navigate to it’s landing location. Eventually, SpaceX wants to bring the capsule down on land. The drop test was the final in a series of tests designed to ensure that the spacecraft is ready for its maiden test flight on the Falcon 9 rocket, scheduled for later this year.
“Data gathered during the drop test will be invaluable as we prepare for the upcoming demonstration flight of the first operational Dragon spacecraft,” said Chris Thompson, SpaceX vice president of structures in this Space.com article.
SpaceX received a $1.6 billion contract from NASA to provide the agency with a launch vehicle and spacecraft to carry cargo to the space station, with the option of manned missions, once the space shuttles retire next year. Cargo-carrying flights are scheduled to begin in 2011, and SpaceX says crew capabilities can be ready within three years of NASA’s orders.
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If given a loan for $150,000.00 at 7% rate paying $5,000.00/month, how long till this loan would be paid off? - - - EDITOR'S REPLY: The answer is 2.75 years (two years 9 months). I calculated this by putting $150,000 at 7% in the Amortization Calculator and then playing with the repayment period until I got the results to show a monthly payment of $5,000. In many parts of the country, you can buy a nice house for $150,000. If you can pay off a home in less than three years, I applaud you. For the amount you will save on interest versus a 30-year loan, you would be able to buy a second home that costs even more than the first. Most people don't realize that when they buy a house they're actually paying more in interest than they are for the home itself. Just be sure to work the 33-month repayment period into the loan agreement. If not, you should ensure that your loan agreement does not include any penalties for early payoff.
This great tool just kicked my Finance homework through the goal posts.
I need to know how many payments it will take to pay off $6000 at 9% interest making payments of $150 per month starting in Sept. 06? - - - - EDITOR'S COMMENT: See the reply to Jim Schaaf's question below. Using the Amortization Calculator, it shouldn't take you more than two or three minutes to figure this out.
Looking for calculator that will take additional principal payments per month. Existing amortization schedule does a good job on figuring monthly payment. - - - EDITOR'S COMMENT: Try the "Early Payoff Calculator" (go the home page and scroll down to find it). It approaches your problem in the opposite way you specified here but can still help you. It will just take a few attempts to adjust the new term until it delivers the extra monthly payment you had in mind.
I need an amortization calculator that will let me enter: "Principle," "Interest Rate," and "Monthly Payment" (not repayment period). - - - EDITOR'S COMMENT: The Amortization Calculator should work for you. Start by estimating what the repayment period will be as best you can, then look at the monthly payment it gives you. If the payment is too high, recalculate with an higher repayment period (and vice versa). You'll do this a few times, narrowing down til you get as close as you can to your actual monthly payment. You won't be able to match your exact monthly payment with any calculator unless you want to take out a loan with a repayment period of something like 22 years, 4 months and three days. But you can put in decimals if you'd like, such as 1.5 for an 18-month loan. Once you find the loan term that produces the desired monthly payment, click "View Amortization" to see the full amortization table for that loan. All in all, this process shouldn't take you more than two or three minutes.
I needed this info for my financial class in Sunday School... it worked great. Thanks and God bless. - - - EDITOR'S COMMENT: Thanks for sharing that. Glad to help!
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How are families building their emergency funds? It takes a bit of discipline and the ability to set in motion a great new habit. A priority must be set on taking money and adding it to a savings. Will a bill not be met? That should not happen because the amount should be very fair. It should account for variables. One of the most effective methods to build an emergency fund is to create a saving habit- never falter and stick to it.
Organize all the various expenses that can be omitted. The best way to do this is to list everything as a separate entity. The best money savers break it down to a small degree. A good tactic is to take in everything that is a separate purchase. For example, grocery expenses should not be broken down too much if they all happen at the same store. But, if the family is taking an extra weekly visit to the Walgreens, perhaps that should be removed. It may be smart to see what of that purchase is necessary, and if any of it can be incorporated into the “main” grocery shopping day.
All the expenses should be listed and potentially prioritized by what is the most important. There will be many expenses that cannot be avoided. But, are there ones at the bottom that can be cut off? Perhaps there is a cable subscription that can be traded for a Netflix subscription. Is there an addiction to coffee that could be curbed? There are many ways in which families spend more than they need.
The last step is to take all these extra expenses and combine them. That amount should potentially be added to a saving account every month, which will strictly act as an emergency savings. The family will make a few sacrifices, but it will be worth it to be prepared if an emergency occurs.
The best emergency funds are developed based on changing a bad habit. Earning more income cannot always be controlled. The emergency money must be created out of making a change, and removing a bad vice is a great place to start.
Smart savers want to make a habit of adding money to their emergency fund, and that works well for a week or two. But, it rarely lasts. The reason has a lot to do with the fact that they are not making a steady habit of it. Early on, it may be advisable to save money in the account on a specific day. The frequency is not as important as doing it at the same time, no matter what obstacles arise.
Someone can save $5 every day after work. Another may save $50 out of their weekly paycheck regardless of what else is going on. More money can be added if the week was good. But, it isn’t necessary. A saver can reward themselves with a treat. It is what they earned after working hard.
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and win back your time."
or multiplying your own efforts by investing in the effort of others.
A "lever" allows you to lift something that you would not normally be able to lift - it increases your ability and allows you to accomplish tasks easier than you normally would. This is basically what financial leverage is about - it gives you a way to accelerate your quest to financial freedom.
Also called "margin buying," leverage is accomplished by borrowing an amount of money at a certain interest rate and then reinvesting that money in financial instruments that will yield you returns at a higher interest rate.
The benefits are fairly obvious - you are making a profit with money that you do not really have. On the other hand, the risk is quite high as well - if you make a loss, you actually have to pay back the interest on the principal amount, along with the principal itself.
Being a business-owner allows you to employ others for certain tasks. This sets you free to focus on developing your business, but the most important benefit is that it allows you to earn for the effort of more than 24 hours per day. In fact, you can earn for as many hours as you have employees.
In the diagram above, you (the boss) earn a salary based on the efforts of five of your employees. They, however, only earn from their own efforts - each for eight hours per day. You might be earning much less than they do per hour, but it all adds up in the end - and your income does not have a ceiling, like theirs does.
Obviously, you are limited to how many employees you can afford and how many you are willing to employ. Sometimes having employees can become a bit like running an adult day-care center - you have to keep productivity up, keep them motivated and deal with the daily clashes that can happen around the work-place. It is a fact of life that where there are human beings working towards a common goal, there will be issues to deal with.
The problem with this model, is that it is not entirely fair. Yes, your employees get compensated for their efforts, but they do not get the chance to have leverage themselves. Even if you promote one of them to be a manager and pay them a bonus on the efforts of those they are managing, they are still limited by the fact that they cannot hire any new employees themselves.
An improvement on the conventional model (from a business-perspective), is the way that the Real Estate industry goes about it. Usually, the owner of an agency is called the "principal". They take the risk of setting up and promoting the brand of the agency; and provide their agents with office-space and the tools to make their job easier.
Traditionally, the agents would then use these tools to go out and make sales, of which the principal then takes a cut. It is more-or-less fair for all involved, because the agent has the relative security of the agency and its brand; and the principal is compensated for taking the risk in the first place, as well as for the amount of time they spent in training their agents.
The benefit to this model is that the agents get paid on their performance - the higher the price of a property, the more they earn. That means that the associated costs for the running the agency are smaller than running a conventional business. However, the agents still do not have leverage - in fact, the only way to get leverage, would be to open up their own agency... And if one of your agents leaves to open their own agency, you have just created a new competitor - not only that, but you trained them as well!
Network Marketing takes leverage to a whole new level. In fact, Network Marketing is the only way to give everyone involved a fair chance at leveraging themselves and their efforts.
Nework Marketing allows you to recruit others, who then have the same opportunity of recuiting others for their own networks. However, because anyone that is involved is seen as an independent contractor and not an employee, they get paid based only on their performance and the performance of their networks - not just for showing up, like an employee would. That means that you never have to pay any salaries - they build their own incomes! Your expenses stay minimal, but your growth potential is unlimited.
What that essentially means, is that the leverage-model offered through Network Marketing, gives you access to potentially exponential business-growth. There is simply no other business-model on the planet that can offer you that!
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Expand view Topic review: Can't get my laptop to upload music CDs .
[quote="Guesty"]Ho-hum , back again .
This is where I prefer [url=http://www.for-sale.co.uk/tablets]a[/url] tablet. None of that nonsense associated with a laptop. Don't know what I'd do without mine.
[quote="Guesty"]That looks a bit more feasible .
Begging off random strangers won't bother me , I have no shame when it comes to my projects , :canny: .
So .....can I extend the wiring on the light set ? I know it [b][u]might[/u][/b] involve soldering but I think I can handle that. But I really have no clue what wire to use or how to go about it ,IF it is possible .
That looks like it is for more sturdy wiring stooo. The wiring on my lights is [b]very[/b] thin .
I'm not bothered re Apple per se anyway Korben , I just liked the design and it suits my needs , but I'd prefer a half decent brand name rather than one of those super cheap ones, due to the fact that her next door bought two cheapies for her kids as stocking fillers at Christmas and one just didn't work while the other worked for about two hours . So that was a waste of money . The sd cards cost more than the players :ooer: , so def want to get a branded item .
I'll check out some branded ones on ebay auctions and dust off my snipe tool :thumbsup: .
Now I want to pick up a little back-up music gadget and I've been looking at ipod shuffles on ebay. I just want something tiny to clip onto my clothing when doing housework or gardening (the gogear needs to go in a pocket, which isn't always available in ladies clothing), so the size & clip-on design of the shuffle suits my needs . My question is ........can I load my music from my laptop [b]directly[/b] onto an ipod shuffle , or must you only use itunes ?
I googled about it , but I'm really no wiser :woteva: . Would I need to upload an app for example, as someone suggested ? I really don't want to start shitting around with apps tbh , so if that's the only option then it's back to the drawing board to seek out something less restrictive .
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This article is about the city. For the county (Kauno apskritis), see Kaunas County.
Kaunas (/ˈkaʊnəs/; Lithuanian: [ˈkɐʊˑnɐs] ( listen); also see other names ) is the second-largest city in Lithuania and the historical centre of Lithuanian economic, academic, and cultural life. Kaunas was the biggest city and the centre of a county in Trakai Municipality of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since 1413. In the Russian Empire, it was the capital of the Kaunas Governorate from 1843 to 1915.
During the interwar period, it served as the temporary capital of Lithuania, when Vilnius was seized by Poland between 1920 and 1939. During that period Kaunas was celebrated for its rich cultural and academic life, fashion, construction of countless Art Deco and Lithuanian National Romanticism architectural-style buildings as well as popular furniture, the interior design of the time, and a widespread café culture. The city interwar architecture is regarded as among the finest examples of European Art Deco and has received the European Heritage Label. It contributed to Kaunas being named as the first city in Central and Eastern Europe to be designated as a UNESCO City of Design. Kaunas has been selected as the European Capital of Culture for 2022, together with Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
The city is the capital of Kaunas County, and the seat of the Kaunas city municipality and the Kaunas District Municipality. It is also the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kaunas. Kaunas is located at the confluence of the two largest Lithuanian rivers, the Nemunas and the Neris, and is near the Kaunas Reservoir, the largest body of water in the whole of Lithuania.
The city's name is of Lithuanian origin and most likely derives from a personal name.
Before Lithuania regained independence, the city was generally known in English as Kovno, the traditional Slavicized form of its name; the Polish name is Kowno; the Belarusian name is Koўна, Kowna. An earlier Russian name was Ковно Kovno, although Каунас Kaunas has been used since 1940. The Yiddish name is קאָװנע Kovne, and the names in German include Kaunas and Kauen. The city and its elderates also have names in other languages (see Names of Kaunas in other languages and names of Kaunas elderates in other languages).
An old legend claims that Kaunas was established by the Romans in ancient times. These Romans were supposedly led by a patrician named Palemon, who had three sons: Barcus, Kunas and Sperus. Palemon fled from Rome because he feared the mad Emperor Nero. Palemon, his sons and other relatives travelled to Lithuania. After Palemon's death, his sons divided his land. Kunas got the land where Kaunas now stands. He built a fortress near the confluence of the Nemunas and Neris rivers, and the city that grew up there was named after him. A suburban region in the vicinity is named "Palemonas".
On 30 June 1993, the historical coat of arms of Kaunas city was re-established by a special presidential decree. The coat of arms features a white aurochs with a golden cross between its horns, set against a deep red background. The aurochs was the original heraldic symbol of the city, established in 1400. The heraldic seal of Kaunas, introduced in the early 15th century during the reign of Grand Duke Vytautas, is the oldest city heraldic seal known in the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The current emblem was the result of much study and discussion on the part of the Lithuanian Heraldry Commission, and realized by the artist Raimondas Miknevičius. An auroch has replaced a wisent, which was depicted in the Soviet-era emblem that was used since 1969.
Kaunas also has a greater coat of arms, which is mainly used for purposes of Kaunas city representation. The sailor, three golden balls, and Latin text "Diligite justitiam qui judicatis terram" (English: Cherish justice, you who judge the earth) in the greater coat of arms refers to Saint Nicholas, patron saint of merchants and seafarers, who was regarded as a heavenly guardian of Kaunas by Queen Bona Sforza.
According to the archeological excavations, the richest collections of ceramics and other artifacts found at the confluence of the Nemunas and the Neris rivers are from the second and first millennium BC. During that time, people settled in some territories of the present Kaunas: the confluence of the two longest rivers of Lithuania area, Eiguliai, Lampėdžiai, Linkuva, Kaniūkai, Marvelė, Pajiesys, Romainiai, Petrašiūnai, Sargėnai, and Veršvai sites.
A settlement had been established on the site of the current Kaunas old town, at the confluence of two large rivers, at least by the 10th century AD. Kaunas is first mentioned in written sources in 1361 when the brick Kaunas Castle was constructed. In 1362, the castle was captured after a siege and destroyed by the Teutonic Order. Commander Vaidotas of the Kaunas castle garrison, with 36 men, tried to break through, but was taken prisoner. It was one of the largest and important military victories of the Teutonic Knights in the 14th century against Lithuania. The Kaunas castle was rebuilt at the beginning of the 15th century.
In 1408, the town was granted Magdeburg rights by Vytautas the Great and became a centre of Kaunas Powiat in Trakai Voivodeship in 1413. Vytautas ceded Kaunas the right to own the scales used for weighing the goods brought to the city or packed on site, wax processing, and woolen cloth-trimming facilities. The power of the self-governing Kaunas was shared by three interrelated major institutions: vaitas (the Mayor), the Magistrate (12 lay judges and 4 burgomasters), and the so-called Benchers' Court (12 persons). Kaunas began to gain prominence, since it was at an intersection of trade routes and a river port. In 1441 Kaunas joined the Hanseatic League, and Hansa merchant office Kontor was opened—the only one in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. By the 16th century, Kaunas also had a public school and a hospital and was one of the best-formed towns in the whole country.
In 1665, the Russian army attacked the city several times, and in 1701 the city was occupied by the Swedish Army. The Black Death struck the area in 1657 and 1708, killing many residents. Fires destroyed parts of the city in 1731 and 1732.
After the final partition of the Polish–Lithuanian state in 1795, the city was taken over by the Russian Empire and became a part of Vilna Governorate. During the French invasion of Russia in 1812, the Grand Army of Napoleon passed through Kaunas twice, devastating the city both times. A hill fort mound in Kaunas is named Napoleon's Hill.
To prevent possible easy access through the city and protect the western borders of Russia, the Kovno Fortress was built. It is still visible throughout the town.
After the unsuccessful January Uprising against the Russian Empire, tsarist authority moved the Catholic Seminary of Varniai, prominent bishop Motiejus Valančius and Samogitian diocese institutions to Kaunas, where they were given the former Bernardine Monastery Palace and St. George the Martyr Church. Only selected noblemen were permitted to study in the Seminary, with the only exception being peasant son Antanas Baranauskas, who illegally received the nobleman documents from Karolina Praniauskaitė. He began lectures using the Lithuanian language, rather than Russian, and greatly influenced the spirit of the seminarians by narrating about the ancient Lithuania and especially its earthwork mounds. Later, many of the Seminary students were active in Lithuanian book smuggling; its chief main objective was to resist the Russification policy. Kaunas Spiritual Seminary finally became completely Lithuanian when in 1909 professor Jonas Mačiulis-Maironis became the rector of the Seminary, and replaced use of the Polish language for teaching with the Lithuanian language.
Prior to the Second World War, Kaunas, like many cities in eastern Europe, had a significant Jewish population. According to the Russian census of 1897, Jews numbered 25,500, 35.3% of the total of 73,500. The population was recorded as 25.8% Russian, 22.7% Polish, 6.6% Lithuanian. They established numerous schools and synagogues, and were important for centuries to the culture and business of the city.
After Vilnius was occupied by the Russian Bolsheviks in 1919, the Government of the Republic of Lithuania established its main base in Kaunas. Later, when the capital Vilnius was annexed by Poland, Kaunas became the temporary capital of Lithuania, a position it held until 28 October 1939, when the Red Army handed Vilnius over to Lithuania. The Constituent Assembly of Lithuania first met in Kaunas on 15 May 1920. It passed some important laws, particularly on land reform, on the national currency, and adopted a new constitution. The military coup d'état took place in Kaunas on 17 December 1926. It was largely organized by the military, especially general Povilas Plechavičius, and resulted in the replacement of the democratically elected Government and President Kazys Grinius with a conservative nationalist authoritarian Government led by Antanas Smetona. Shortly afterwards, tension between Antanas Smetona and Augustinas Voldemaras, supported by the Iron Wolf Association, arose seeking to gain authority. After an unsuccessful coup attempt in 1934, Augustinas Voldemaras was imprisoned for four years and received an amnesty on condition that he leave the country.
During the interwar period, Kaunas was nicknamed as the Little Paris because of its rich cultural and academic life, fashion, Art Deco architecture, Lithuanian National Romanticism architectural style buildings as well as popular furniture, interior design of the time and widespread café culture. The temporary capital and the country itself also had a Western standard of living with sufficiently high salaries and low prices. At the time, qualified workers there were earning very similar real wages to workers in Germany, Italy, Switzerland and France, the country also had a surprisingly high natural increase in population of 9.7 and the industrial production of Lithuania increased by 160% from 1913 to 1940.
Between the World Wars industry prospered in Kaunas; it was then the largest city in Lithuania. Under the direction of the mayor Jonas Vileišis (1921–1931) Kaunas grew rapidly and was extensively modernised. A water and waste water system, costing more than 15 million Lithuanian litas, was put in place, the city expanded from 18 to 40 square kilometres (6.9 to 15.4 sq mi), more than 2,500 buildings were built, plus three modern bridges over the Neris and Nemunas rivers. All the city's streets were paved, horse-drawn transportation was replaced with modern bus lines, new suburbs were planned and built (Žaliakalnis neighbourhood in particular), and new parks and squares were established. The foundations of a social security system were laid, three new schools were built, and new public libraries, including the Vincas Kudirka library, were established. J. Vileišis maintained many contacts in other European cities, and as a result Kaunas was an active participant in European urban life.
The city also was a particularly important center for the Lithuanian Armed Forces. In January 1919 during the Lithuanian Wars of Independence, War School of Kaunas was established and started to train soldiers who were soon sent to the front to strengthen the fighting Lithuanian Army. Part of the Lithuanian armoured vehicles military unit was moved to Žaliakalnis, armed with advanced and brand new tanks, including the famous Renault FT, Vickers-Armstrong Model 1933 and Model 1936. In May 1919 Lithuanian Aircraft State Factory was founded in Freda to repair and to supply the army with military aircraft. It was considerably modernized by Antanas Gustaitis and started to build Lithuanian ANBO military aircraft. Due to the exceptional discipline and regularity the Lithuanian Air Force was an example for other military units. The ANBO 41 was far ahead of the most modern foreign reconnaissance aircraft of that time in structural features, and most importantly in speed and in rate of climb.
At the time, Kaunas had a Jewish population of 35,000–40,000, about one-quarter of the city's total population. Jews made up much of the city's commercial, artisan, and professional sectors. Kaunas was a centre of Jewish learning, and the yeshiva in Slobodka (Vilijampolė) was one of Europe's most prestigious institutes of higher Jewish learning. Kaunas had a rich and varied Jewish culture. There were almost 100 Jewish organizations, 40 synagogues, many Yiddish schools, 4 Hebrew high schools, a Jewish hospital, and scores of Jewish-owned businesses. It was also an important Zionist centre.
Initially prior to World War II, Lithuania declared neutrality. Although, on 7 October 1939 the Lithuanian delegation departed to Moscow where they later had to sign the Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty due to the unfavorable situation. The treaty resulted in five Soviet military bases with 20,000 troops established across Lithuania in exchange for the Lithuania's historical capital Vilnius. According to the Lithuanian Minister of National Defence Kazys Musteikis, Lithuanian Minister of Foreign Affairs Juozas Urbšys initially told that Lithuanians refuses Vilnius Region as well as the Russian garrisons, however then nervous Joseph Stalin replied that "No matter if you take Vilnius or not, the Russian garrisons will enter Lithuania anyway". He also informed Juozas Urbšys about the Soviet–German secret protocols and showed maps of the spheres of influence. Two of the military bases with thousands of Soviet soldiers were established close to Kaunas in Prienai and Gaižiūnai. Despite regaining the beloved historical capital, the Presidency and the Government remained in Kaunas.
On 14 June 1940 just before midnight, the last meeting of the Lithuanian Government was held in Kaunas. During it, the ultimatum presented by the Soviet Union was debated. President Antanas Smetona categorically declined to accept most of the ultimatum demands, argued for military resistance and was supported by Kazys Musteikis, Konstantinas Šakenis, Kazimieras Jokantas, however the Commander of the Armed Forces Vincas Vitkauskas, Divisional general Stasys Raštikis, Kazys Bizauskas, Antanas Merkys and most of the Lithuanian Government members decided that it would be impossible, especially due to the previously stationed Soviet soldiers, and accepted the ultimatum. On that night before officially accepting the ultimatum, the Soviet forces executed Lithuanian border guard Aleksandras Barauskas [lt] near the Byelorussian SSR border. In the morning, the Lithuanian Government resigned while the president left the country to avoid the fate of the Soviet's puppet and hoping to form the Government in exile. Soon the Red Army flooded Lithuania through the Belarus–Lithuania border with more than 200,000 soldiers and took control of the most important cities, including Kaunas where the heads of state resided. The Lithuanian Armed Forces were ordered not to resist and the Lithuanian Air Force remained on the ground. At the time, the Lithuanian Armed Forces had 26,084 soldiers (of which 1,728 officers) and 2,031 civil servants. While the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union, subordinate to the army commander, had over 62,000 members of which about 70% were farmers and agricultural workers.
After the occupation, the Soviets immediately took brutal action against the high-ranking officials of the state. Both targets of the ultimatum: the Minister of the Interior Kazys Skučas and the Director of the State Security Department of Lithuania Augustinas Povilaitis were transported to Moscow and later executed. Antanas Gustaitis, Kazys Bizauskas, Vytautas Petrulis, Kazimieras Jokantas, Jonas Masiliūnas, Antanas Tamošaitis also faced the fate of execution, while President Aleksandras Stulginskis, Juozas Urbšys, Leonas Bistras, Antanas Merkys, Pranas Dovydaitis, Petras Klimas, Donatas Malinauskas and thousands of others were deported. Stasys Raštikis, persuaded by his wife, secretly crossed the German border. After realizing this, NKVD started terror against the Raštikis family. His wife was separated from their 1-year-old daughter and brutally interrogated at Kaunas Prison, his old father Bernardas Raštikis, three daughters, two brothers and sister were deported to Siberia. Soldiers, officers, senior officers and generals of the Lithuanian Army and LRU members, who were seen as a threat to the occupiers, were quickly arrested, interrogated and released to the reserve, deported to the concentration camps or executed, trying to avoid this many joined the Lithuanian partisan forces. The army itself was initially renamed the Lithuanian People's Army; however, later it was reorganized into the 29th Rifle Corps of the Soviet Union.
In June 1940, the Soviet Union occupied and annexed Lithuania in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. Vladimir Dekanozov, a Soviet emissary from Moscow, gained effective power in Lithuania. Shortly afterwards, on June 17, 1940 the puppet People's Government of Lithuania was formed, which consistently destroyed Lithuanian society and political institutions and opened the way for the Communist Party to establish itself. In order to establish the legitimacy of the government and design the plans of Lithuania's "legal accession to the USSR", on July 1, the Seimas of Lithuania was dismissed and elections to the puppet People's Seimas were announced. The controlled (passports had imprints) and falsified elections to the People's Seimas were won by the Lithuanian Labour People's Union, who obeyed the occupiers' proposal to "ask" the Soviet authorities to have Lithuania admitted to the Soviet Union.
After the occupation, the Lithuanian Diplomatic Service did not recognized the new occupants authority and started the diplomatic liberation campaign of Lithuania. In 1941, Kazys Škirpa, Leonas Prapuolenis, Juozas Ambrazevičius and their supporters, including the former Commander of the Lithuanian Army General Stasys Raštikis, whose whole family was deported to Siberia, began organizing an uprising. After realizing the reality of repressive and brutal Soviet rule, in the early morning of June 22, 1941 (the first day when the Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union) Lithuanians began the June Uprising, organized by the Lithuanian Activist Front, in Kaunas where its main forces were concentrated. The uprising soon expanded to Vilnius and other locations. Its main goal was not to fight with the Soviets, but to secure the city from inside (secure organizations, institutions, enterprises) and declare independence. By the evening of June 22, the Lithuanians controlled the Presidential Palace, post office, telephone and telegraph, and radio station. The control of Vilnius and most of the Lithuania's territory was also shortly taken over by the rebels.
Multiple Red Army divisions stationed around Kaunas, including the brutal 1st Motor Rifle Division NKVD responsible for the June deportation, and the puppet Lithuanian SSR regime commanders were forced to flee into the Latvian SSR through the Daugava river. The commander of the Red Army's 188th Rifle Division colonel Piotr Ivanov reported to the 11th Army Staff that during the retreat of his division through Kaunas "local counterrevolutionaries from the shelters deliberately fired on the Red Army, the detachments suffering heavy losses of soldiers and military equipment". About 5,000 occupants were killed in Lithuania.
On June 23, 1941 at 9:28 am Tautiška giesmė, the national anthem of Lithuania, was played on the radio in Kaunas. Many people listened to the Lithuanian national anthem with tears in their eyes. From Kaunas radio broadcasts, Lithuania learned that the rebellion was taking place in the country, the insurgents took Kaunas, the Proclamation of the Independence Restoration of Lithuania and the list of the Provisional Government was announced by Leonas Prapuolenis. The message was being repeated several times in different languages. The Provisional Government hoped that the Germans would re-establish Lithuanian independence or at least allow some degree of autonomy (similar to the Slovak Republic), was seeking the protection of its citizens and did not support the Nazis' Holocaust policy. The legitimate Lithuanian Minister of National Defence General Stasys Raštikis even met personally with the Nazi Germany Generals to discuss the situation. He approached the Kaunas War Field Commandant General Oswald Pohl and the Military Command Representative General Karl von Roques by trying to plead for him to spare the Jews, however they replied that the Gestapo is handling these issues and that they cannot help. Furthermore, in the beginning of the occupation, the Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of Lithuania Juozas Ambrazevičius convened the meeting in which the ministers participated together with the former President Kazys Grinius, Bishop Vincentas Brizgys and others. During the meeting, the Nazis were condemned for their actions against Jews and it was decided to help them. Although, they participants of the meeting understood that the help will be very limited, because already in the beginning of the Nazi occupation it was announced that the Jews are not under the competence of Lithuanian institutions.
In the first issue of the daily Į laisvę (Towards Freedom) newspaper, the Independence Restoration Declaration was published, which had been previously announced on the radio. It stated that "The established Provisional Government of revived Lithuania declares the restoration of the Free and Independent State of Lithuania. The young Lithuanian state enthusiastically pledges to contribute to the organization of Europe on a new basis in front of the whole world innocent conscience. The Lithuanian Nation, exhausted from the terror of the brutal Bolshevism, decided to build its future on the basis of national unity and social justice." and signatures.
On June 24, 1941, tank units of the Red Army in Jonava were ordered to retake Kaunas. The rebels radioed the Germans for assistance. The units were bombed by the Luftwaffe and did not reach the city. It was the first coordinated Lithuanian–German action. The first German scouts, lieutenant Flohret and four privates, entered Kaunas on June 24 and found it in friendly hands. A day later the main forces marched into the city without obstruction and almost as if they were on parade.
On June 26, 1941 the German military command ordered the rebel groups to disband and disarm. Two days later Lithuanian guards and patrols were also relieved of their duties. Already in July, in a conversation the Tilsit Nazi Gestapo agent Dr Heinz Gräfe clearly stated to Stasys Raštikis that the Provisional Government was formed without German knowledge. Such a form, although not having anything against individuals, is unacceptable to the Germans. The current Provisional Government should be transformed into a National Committee or Council under the German military authority. The Nazi Germans did not recognize the new Provisional Government, but they did not take any action to dissolve it. The Provisional Government, not agreeing to become an instrument of the German occupiers,disbanded itself on August 5, 1941 after signing a protest for the Germans action of suspending the Lithuanian Government powers. Members of the Provisional Government then went as a body to the Garden of the Vytautas the Great War Museum, where they laid a wreath near the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in the presence of numerous audience. The Sicherheitsdienst confiscated the pictures of the wreath-laying ceremony, thinking that it could be dangerous for the German occupation policy in Lithuania. On July 17, 1941 the German civil administration was established. The government's powers were taken over by the new occupants. Nazi Germany established the Reichskommissariat Ostland in the Baltic states and much of Belarus, and the administrative centre for Lithuania (Generalbezirk Litauen) was in Kaunas ruled by a Generalkommissar Adrian von Renteln.
Jews began settling in Kaunas in the second half of the 17th century. They were not allowed to live in the city, so most of them stayed in the Vilijampolė settlement on the right bank of the Neris river. Jewish life in Kaunas was first disrupted when the Soviet Union occupied Lithuania in June 1940. The occupation was accompanied by arrests, confiscations, and the elimination of all free institutions. Jewish community organizations disappeared almost overnight. Soviet authorities confiscated the property of many Jews, while hundreds were exiled to Siberia.
Right before the Second World War began, there were 30,000 Jews living in Kaunas, comprising about 25% of the city's population. When the Soviet Union took over Lithuania in 1940, some Jewish Dutch residents in Lithuania approached the Dutch consul Jan Zwartendijk to get a visa to the Dutch West Indies. Zwartendijk agreed to help them and Jews who had fled from German-occupied Poland also sought his assistance. In a few days, with the help of aides, Zwartendijk produced over 2,200 visas for Jews to Curaçao. Then refugees approached Chiune Sugihara, a Japanese consul, who gave them a transit visa through the USSR to Japan, against the disapproval of his government. This gave many refugees an opportunity to leave Lithuania for the Far East via the Trans-Siberian railway. The fleeing Jews were refugees from German-occupied Western Poland and Soviet-occupied Eastern Poland, as well as residents of Kaunas and other Lithuania territories. The Sugihara House, where he was previously issuing transit visas, currently is a museum and the Centre For Asian Studies of Vytautas Magnus University.
Following Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, Soviet forces fled from Kaunas. Both before and after the German occupation on 25 June, the anti-Communists began to attack Jews, blaming them for the Soviet repressions, especially along Jurbarko and Kriščiukaičio streets. Nazi authorities took advantage of the Lithuanian TDA Battalions and established a concentration camp at the Seventh Fort, one of the city's ten historic forts, and 4,000 Jews were rounded up and murdered there. The Kaunas pogrom was a massacre of Jewish people living in Kaunas, Lithuania that took place on June 25–29, 1941—the first days of the Operation Barbarossa and of Nazi occupation of Lithuania. Prior to the construction of the Ninth Fort museum on the site, archaeologists unearthed a mass grave and personal belongings of the Jewish victims. At times Lithuanian Jews were murdered in their homes with unprecedented brutality—slowly sawing off heads or sawing people in two. The Ninth Fortress has been renovated into a memorial for the wars and is the site where nearly 50,000 Lithuanians were killed during Nazi occupation. Of these deaths, over 30,000 were Jews.
Beginning in 1944, the Red Army began offensives that eventually led to the reconquest of all three of the Baltic states. Kaunas again became the major centre of resistance against the Soviet regime. From the very start of the Lithuanian partisans war, the most important partisan districts were based around Kaunas. Although guerrilla warfare ended by 1953, Lithuanian opposition to Soviet rule did not. In 1956 people in the Kaunas region supported the uprising in Hungary by rioting. On All Souls' Day in 1956, the first public anti-Soviet protest rally took place in Kaunas: citizens burned candles in the Kaunas military cemetery and sang national songs, resulting in clashes with the Militsiya.
On 14 May 1972, 19-year-old Romas Kalanta, having proclaimed "Freedom for Lithuania!", immolated himself in the garden of the Musical Theatre, after making a speech denouncing the Soviet suppression of national and religious rights. The event broke into a politically charged riot, which was forcibly dispersed by the KGB and Militsiya. It led to new forms of resistance: passive resistance all around Lithuania. The continuous oppression of the Catholic Church and its resistance caused the appearance of the Chronicle of the Catholic Church in Lithuania. In strict conspiracy, Catholic priest Sigitas Tamkevičius (now the Archbishop Metropolitan of Kaunas) implemented this idea and its first issue was published in the Alytus district on 19 March 1972. The Kronika started a new phase of resistance in the life of Lithuania's Catholic Church and of all Lithuania fighting against the occupation by making known to the world the violation of the human rights and freedoms in Lithuania for almost two decades. On 1 November 1987, a non-sanctioned rally took place near the Kaunas Cathedral Basilica, where people gathered to mark famous Lithuanian poet Maironis' 125th-birthday anniversary. On 10 June 1988, the initiating group of the Kaunas movement of Sąjūdis was formed. On 9 October 1988, the Flag of Lithuania was raised above the tower of the Military Museum. Kaunas, along with Vilnius, became the scene of nearly constant demonstrations as the Lithuanians, embarked on a process of self-discovery. The bodies of Lithuanians who died in Siberian exile were brought back to their homeland for reburial, and the anniversaries of deportations as well as the important dates in Lithuanian history began to be noted with speeches and demonstrations. On 16 February 1989 Cardinal Vincentas Sladkevičius, for the first time, called for the independence of Lithuania in his sermon at the Kaunas Cathedral. After the services, 200,000 persons gathered in the centre of Kaunas to participate in the dedication of a new monument to freedom to replace the monument that had been torn down by the Soviet authorities after World War II.
After World War II Kaunas became the main industrial city of Lithuania—it produced about a quarter of Lithuania's industrial output.
After the proclamation of Lithuanian independence in 1990, Soviet attempts to suppress the rebellion focused on the Sitkūnai Radio Station. They were defended by the citizenry of Kaunas. Pope John Paul II said Holy Mass for the faithful of the Archdiocese of Kaunas at the Kaunas Cathedral Basilica and held a meeting with the young people of Lithuania at the S. Darius and S. Girėnas Stadium, during his visit to Lithuania in 1993. Kaunas natives Vytautas Landsbergis and Valdas Adamkus became the Head of state in 1990, and, respectively, in 1998 and 2004. Since the restoration of independence, improving substantially air and land transport links with Western Europe have made Kaunas easily accessible to foreign tourists. Kaunas is famous for its legendary basketball club Žalgiris, which was founded in 1944 and was one of the most popular nonviolent expressions of resistance during its struggle with the CSKA Moscow. In 2011, the largest indoor arena in the Baltic states was built and was named Žalgiris Arena. Kaunas hosted finals of the widely appreciated EuroBasket 2011. In March 2015 Kaunas interwar buildings has received a solid award—European Heritage Label. On 10 January 2017 Kaunas interwar modern architecture was included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site Tentative List. On 29 March 2017 Kaunas was named European Capital of Culture of 2022. On 28 September 2017 the winner of the M. K. Čiurlionis Concert Centre architectural competition was announced and the centre is planned to be completed by 2022, close to the Vytautas the Great Bridge.
Despite its northern location, the climate in Kaunas is relatively mild compared to other locations at similar latitudes, mainly because of the Baltic Sea. Because of its latitude, daylight in Kaunas extends 17 hours in midsummer, to only around 7 hours in midwinter. The Kazlų Rūda Forest, west of Kaunas, create a microclimate around the city, regulating humidity and temperature of the air, and protecting it from strong westerly winds.
Kaunas city is a centered around culture. The Old Town of Kaunas is located at the confluence of the Nemunas and Neris Rivers where old architectural monuments and other historical buildings are located. Located to the East of the Old Town is the city's New Town, which started developing in 1847 and got its name when it became a distinct part of the city. Central Kaunas is defined by two pedestrian streets: the 2-km-long Laisvės alėja (Liberty Avenue), a central street of the city, lined by linden trees and decorated with flower beds.
On 23 September 2018, Pope Francis visited Kaunas' Santakos Park as part of a tour of the Baltic states.
Primary foreign investors in Kaunas are companies from the Sweden, United States, Finland, Estonia, Denmark, and Russia. Head offices of several major International and Lithuanian companies are located in Kaunas, including "Kraft Foods Lietuva", largest Generic Pharmaceuticals producer in Lithuania "Sanitas", producer of sportswear AB "Audimas", one of the largest construction companies "YIT Kausta", JSC "Senukai", largest producer in Lithuania of strong alcoholic drinks JSC "Stumbras", Finnish capital brewery JSC "Ragutis", JSC "Fazer Gardesis", JSC "Stora Enso Packaging", producer of pharmaceuticals, and the only producer of homoeopathic medicines in Lithuania JSC "Aconitum". Due to its geographic location, Kaunas is considered one of the biggest logistics centres in Lithuania. The largest wholesale, distribution and logistics company in Lithuania and Latvia JSC "Sanitex", as well as a subsidiary of material handling and logistics company Dematic in the Baltics have been operated in Kaunas. Currently, Kaunas Public Logistics Centre is being built by the demand of national state-owned railway company Lithuanian Railways. The "Margasmiltė" company currently has been working on a project that concerns exploitation of Pagiriai anhydrite deposit. The project includes mining of anhydrite, a mine with underground warehouses, building the overground transport terminal, as well as an administrative building. The Pagiriai anhydrite deposit is located 10.5 km (6.5 mi) south from the downtown of Kaunas, at a 2.2 km (1.4 mi) distance to the southwest from the Garliava town. The resources of thoroughly explored anhydrite in the Pagiriai deposit amount to 81.5 million tons.
The Lithuanian Central Credit Union—national cooperative federation for credit unions established in 2001, is located in Kaunas. At present the Lithuanian Central Credit Union has 61 members.
Some notable changes are under construction and in the stage of disputes. The construction of a new landmark of Kaunas—the Žalgiris Arena—began in the autumn of 2008. It was completed in August 2011. Currently discussions are underway about the further development of the Vilijampolė district on the right bank of the Neris river and the Nemunas River, near their confluence.
In October 2017, a automotive parts and technologies manufacturer Continental AG decided to invest over 95 million Euro to build a new factory in Kaunas, which is the largest direct investment from a foreign country.
Kaunas Mosque is the only brick mosque in Lithuania. To this day, it is still used by the Lipka Tatars, who were settled in the country by Vytautas the Great during the Middle Ages.
The Neviazh Kloyz is one of the remaining former synagogues, located in the Kaunas Old Town. The complex was built in the 19th century and also served as a community house and school.
Kaunas city municipality council is the governing body of the Kaunas city municipality. It is responsible for municipality laws. The council is composed of 41 members (40 councillors and a mayor) all directly elected for four-year terms.
Kaunas International Airport (KUN) is the second-busiest airport in Lithuania and fourth-busiest airport in the Baltic states. In 2016, it handled 740,448 passengers (in addition to 2,488 tons of cargo), down from the peak of 872,618 passengers in 2011. An Irish low-cost airline Ryanair announced Kaunas Airport as their 40th base and first in the Central Europe in February 2010. The smaller S. Darius and S. Girėnas Airport, established in 1915, is located about three kilometres (1.9 mi) south of the city centre. It is one of the oldest still functioning airports in Europe used for tourism and air sports purposes and now hosts the Lithuanian Aviation Museum.
Kaunas is an important railway hub in Lithuania. First railway connection passing through Kaunas was constructed in 1859–1861 and opened in 1862. It consisted of Kaunas Railway Tunnel and the Railway Bridge across the Nemunas river. Kaunas Railway Station is an important hub serving direct passenger connections to Vilnius and Warsaw as well as being a transit point of Pan-European corridors I and IX. Some trains run from Vilnius to Šeštokai, and, Poland, through Kaunas. International route connecting Kaliningrad, Russia and Kharkiv, Ukraine, also crosses Kaunas. The first phase of the Standard gauge Rail Baltica railway section from Šeštokai to Kaunas was completed in 2015.
The public transportation system is managed by Kauno viešasis transportas (KVT). There are 14 trolleybus routes, 43 bus routes. In 2007 new electronic monthly tickets began to be introduced for public transport in Kaunas. The monthly E-ticket cards may be bought once and might be credited with an appropriate amount of money in various ways including the Internet. Previous paper monthly tickets were in use until August 2009. Kaunas is also one of the major river ports in the Baltic States and has two piers designated for tourism purposes and located on the banks of Nemunas river and Kaunas Reservoir—the largest Lithuanian artificial lake, created in 1959 by damming the Nemunas near Kaunas and Rumšiškės. In 2015, Kauno autobusai bought four Van Hool AGG300 to serve the mostly populated 37th route. These are the longest buses used in the Baltic states. The bus station in Kaunas underwent reconstruction for six months and reopened January 23, 2017. It is the biggest and most modern bus station in Lithuania. Kauno autobusai is planning to cardinally upgrade the trolleybuses and buses park till the end of 2019.
Sports in Kaunas have a long and distinguished history. The city is home to a few historic clubs such as: LFLS Kaunas football club (est. 1920), LFLS Kaunas baseball club (est. 1922), Žalgiris basketball club (est. 1944). Ice hockey was first played in Lithuania in 1922. The first Lithuanian ice hockey championship composed of four teams (LFLS, KSK, Kovas, and Macabi) was held in Kaunas, in 1926.
Kaunas is home to some historic venues such as: the main stadium of the city—S.Dariaus ir S.Girėno Sporto Centras (total capacity 9,000), which is also the Lithuanian soccer club FBK Kaunas's and Lithuanian national football team home stadium established in 1923, and Kaunas Sports Hall, completed in 1939 for the Third European Basketball Championship. S.Dariaus and S.Girėno Stadium is also used as the only large athletics stadium in Lithuania.
In July 1938 Kaunas, together with Klaipėda (where sailing and rowing competitions were held), hosted the Lithuanian National Olympiad that gathered the Lithuanian athletes from all around the world.
The university status Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education, founded during the Interwar period, is the only state-supported institution of tertiary physical education in Lithuania. The National Football Academy—the national centre for the training of the best Lithuanian young players of football was established in Kaunas in 2006.
Žalgiris basketball club, one of Europe's strongest basketball clubs, now plays in the EuroLeague. Kaunas has also hosted the knockout stage of the European Basketball Championship of 2011. The largest indoor Žalgiris Arena in the Baltics has been completed in Kaunas for the event. The arena is used to host sports games as well as concerts. The city is also the birthplace or childhood home of many of the country's top basketball stars, among them Arvydas Sabonis, Šarūnas Marčiulionis, Zydrunas Ilgauskas, Linas Kleiza, Donatas Motiejūnas and Šarūnas Jasikevičius.
The first golf club "Elnias" in Lithuania was opened in Kaunas in 2000. Nemuno žiedas is the only in Lithuania motor racing circuit, situated in Kačerginė, a small town near Kaunas. A yacht club operates in the Kaunas Reservoir Regional Park.
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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Kovno (town).
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Ariana Grande released this extended version of Knew Better after her fans relentlessly asked her to give them a longer version of the diss track. Some believe that this song may be a form of shade towards her ex boyfriend, Ricky Alvarez.
What is the difference between "Knew Better Pt. II" and the original?
Part II of the song is essentially an extended version of the original, with a new verse and updated instrumental.
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Shocking moment Kenya suicide bomber blows himself up in terror attack on hotel complex which claimed The now year-old wrote: It was New Year's Eve my senior year of high school. Trump blamed for Kenya terror attack: Sarah Hyland reveals she was sexually assaulted as a teen at a party in emotional post as she backs Kavanaugh accuser Christine Ford By Dailymail. I hoped it was a dream but my ripped tights in the morning proved otherwise.
I hoped it was a dream but my ripped tights in the morning proved otherwise.
Actress Ashley Judd, one of the first women to come forward to accuse Harvey Weinstein of sexual harassment, shared her thoughts on the Kavanaugh hearings. Sarah Hyland reveals she was sexually assaulted as a teen in a bathroom at a party e-mail Passenger who saw boyfriend, 25, crush boy, three, by City analyst, 27, quit due to 'intimidating' boss, 50, who said he'd Christine Ford testified about her alleged sexual assault at the hands of Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh. Three 'vigilantes lured neighbour to flat, stabbed him times then pulled out his fingernails in brutal Shock can do that to a person.
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I am working on an Asteroids remake. When the player's bullets hit a large meteor, it should break apart into 2 smaller meteors. This works when the player is only firing one bullet, but when the player's weapon is upgraded, shooting multiple bullets, sometimes two bullets hit the same meteor at the same time, causing it to break into 4 smaller meteors, not 2 as intended.
Is there a way to cancel out one of the collisions when there are two simultaneous collisions - or a way to omit the creation of the unwanted extra meteors when two bullets hit the same meteor at the same time?
In the first two images (above) the player fires one bullet at a time, the large meteor breaks into two smaller meteors, and the score increases by 100.
In the last two images, the player fires three bullets at a time, the large meteor breaks apart into four smaller meteors, and the score increases by 200, due to a simultaneous collision.
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Recent studies demonstrated that the corticospinal pathway is one of the key nodes for the feedback control of human standing and that the excitability is flexibly changed according to the current state of posture. However, it has been unclear whether this pathway is also involved in a predictive control of human standing. Here, we investigated whether the corticospinal excitability of the soleus (SOL) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles during standing would be modulated anticipatorily when perturbation was impending. We measured the motor-evoked potential (MEP) induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation over the motor cortex at six stimulus intensities. Three experimental conditions were set depending on predictabilities about perturbation occurrence and onset: No perturbation, No Cue, and Cue conditions. In the Cue condition, an acoustic signal was given as timing information of perturbation. The slope of the stimulus–response relation curve revealed that the TA-MEP was enhanced when postural perturbation was expected compared to when the perturbation was not expected (No Perturbation vs. No Cue, 0.023 ± 0.004 vs. 0.042 ± 0.007; No Perturbation vs. Cue, 0.023 ± 0.004 vs. 0.050 ± 0.009; Bonferroni correction, p = 0.01, respectively). In addition, two-way analysis of variance (intensity × condition) revealed the main effect of condition (F(1,13) = 6.31, p = 0.03) but not intensity and interaction when the MEP amplitude of the Cue and No Cue conditions was normalized by that in No Perturbation, suggesting the enhancement more apparent when timing information was given. The SOL-MEP was not modulated even when perturbation was expected, but it slightly reduced due to the timing information. The results of an additional experiment confirmed that the acoustic cue by itself did not affect the TA- and SOL-MEPs. Our findings suggest that a prediction of a future state of standing balance modulates the corticospinal excitability in the TA, and that the additional timing information facilitates this modulation. The corticospinal pathway thus appears to be involved in mechanisms of the predictive control as well as feedback control of standing posture.
It has been established that the corticospinal pathway is involved in the regulation of human bipedal standing. Several studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have demonstrated that the excitability of this pathway is modulated according to postural demands. The excitability of the corticospinal pathways in the tibialis anterior (TA) and soleus (SOL) muscles was enhanced while the subjects stood on an unstable rocking plate (Solopova et al., 2003), whereas it was decreased during supported standing (Tokuno et al., 2009). These findings suggest that the contribution of the corticospinal pathway increases when standing posture is exposed to unstable conditions.
Postural perturbation is thought to be one cause of unstable posture. Given that the excitability of the corticospinal pathways is enhanced under unstable conditions, we have speculated that the excitability would also be enhanced when a postural perturbation is predicted. However, it has not been known how the excitability would be modulated in response to an upcoming perturbation. There has been some research regarding the modulation of the long-latency electromyography (EMG) response with predictions to postural perturbation (Horak et al., 1989). Since the long-latency EMG response is mediated by the transcortical pathway (Petersen et al., 1998; Taube et al., 2006), the effects of prediction on the corticospinal pathway may be inferred in part based on the long-latency EMG response.
The long-latency EMG responses of the ankle plantar muscle and dorsiflexor muscle were reported to be enhanced when the posture was unstable (Christensen et al., 2001; Nakazawa et al., 2003). It was also demonstrated that the amplitude of these EMG responses was markedly reduced when an advance notification about the timing of perturbation onset was given to the subjects (Nakazawa et al., 2009; Fujio et al., 2016). It is thus plausible that the excitability of a corticospinal pathway would be enhanced when a subject can predict that a postural perturbation is to occur, and the enhanced excitability could be reduced when the subject can predict the timing of the perturbation.
The purpose of this study was to clarify whether the excitability of the corticospinal pathways in the ankle plantar and flexor muscles would be modulated just before postural perturbation. To this end, we applied TMS on the leg area of the subjects’ contralateral motor cortex and examined how the predictabilities of the occurrence and the timing of perturbation influenced the corticospinal excitability in the preparatory period. We compared the corticospinal excitability in the TA and the SOL during normal standing to that before perturbation with and without an acoustic timing cue. In an additional experiment (Experiment 2), we further investigated whether the acoustic cue affected the corticospinal excitability, since it was reported that an auditory stimulation enhanced the corticospinal excitability through changes in the subject’s arousal (Lofberg et al., 2014). Here, we attempted to reveal whether the corticospinal pathway contributes to the predictive control of posture. These findings will have important implications for clinical settings, especially for the assessments of the risk of falling.
Fifteen healthy participants (age: 27.1 ± 1.7 years, all males) with no history of orthopedic, neurological, or cognitive disorders participated. All 15 participants participated in the first experiment (Experiment 1), and 6 of these participants (age: 30.2 ± 2.0 years) were recruited in the second experiment (Experiment 2). This study was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the Ethics Review Committee for Experimental Research with Human Subjects of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the University of Tokyo. All subjects gave written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Postural perturbations were applied by a six-degrees-of-freedom motion platform system actuated by an electric servomotor (Motion base MB-150, Cosmate, Tokyo, Japan). We programed the platform motion to translate anteriorly in the horizontal plane underneath the participant’s stance (total displacement: 6.0 cm, peak velocity: 25.0 cm/s, peak acceleration 3.2 m/s2).
In both of the experiments described below, the participant stood on a force plate (Kyowa, Tokyo, Japan) attached to this movable platform. The participant was allowed to decide his initial foot position, and this position was traced on the force plate so that it was maintained constantly throughout the experiment. The center of pressure (COP) was calculated during a trial and was monitored on a display 1.5 m in front of the participant.
At the beginning of the experiment, the COP displacement during the participant’s normal standing was measured to determine a target COP position, defined as an averaged anteroposterior and mediolateral trajectory. The participant was instructed not to move his head or any limb intentionally and to aim for the COP target to try to maintain the same posture until the perturbation onset in all trials. We suspected that it is important to consistently apply the same perturbation and for the participants to avoid marked changes of posture trial by trial before the perturbation onset. The participants were required to keep their feet in place against perturbation.
The ground reaction forces for calculating the COP were recorded at a 4-kHz sampling frequency and low-pass-filtered at 10 Hz (fourth-order zero-lag Butterworth filter). Ten practice trials were performed to familiarize the participants with the perturbation. We controlled the time courses of the platform motion, the TMS, and the COP feedback by using LabVIEW software (National Instruments, Austin, TX, United States).
Surface EMG activities were recorded from the TA and SOL muscles of the participants’ right leg. Bipolar electrodes (Ag-AgCl, 7 mm diameter) were placed 1.5 cm apart on the muscle belly of each muscle and wrapped with thin elastic bandages to hold the electrodes and lead lines stably. The EMG signals were amplified (MEG-6108 bioelectric amplifier, Nihon Kohden, Tokyo, Japan) with a bandpass filter (15–1000 Hz) and digitized at a sampling rate of 4 kHz. For the normalization of the EMG signals in each muscle, we obtained the M-max of the SOL and the TA by electrical stimulation (1-ms rectangular pulse) of the posterior tibial nerve and the common peroneal nerve, respectively.
For the stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve, the cathode was placed in the popliteal fossa, and the anode was placed on the patella. The common peroneal nerve was stimulated using bipolar surface electrodes below the neck of the fibula and the outer edge of the popliteal fossa. The intensity of stimulation was increased from the subthreshold level until the peak-to-peak amplitude of the M-response was increased no further.
Single-pulse TMS was delivered over the left motor cortex via a Magstim-200 stimulator (Magstim, Whitland, United Kingdom) with a 110-mm double cone coil. An experimenter carefully held the coil away from the back so as not to prevent his natural postural sway. After the detection of an optimal stimulus site where the largest TA-motor evoked potential (MEP) could be evoked, the motor threshold (×1.0 TA-MT) was determined while the participant was standing as the minimal intensity for eliciting the peak-to-peak amplitude in the TA exceeding 50 μV in 5 of 10 consecutive stimulations. The same site could also yield the MEPs of the SOL muscles in the standing posture. The same stimulus intensity and site as the TA were applied for the SOL, and the MEPs of both muscles were obtained by the identical single TMS pulse.
An optimal stimulation site on the scalp was marked with a felt pen to ensure consistent positioning of the coil over the hot spot. The coil position was also monitored online by a custom-built navigation system using a 3D motion capture system collected at 100 Hz (OptiTrack V100:R2, NaturalPoint, Corvallis, OR, United States). Three reflective markers each (for the subject’s head and the coil) were attached to determine the coil position relative to the participant’s head. An examiner referred to the marked position to guide the coil and adjust the direction in accord with the navigation system. All experiments were conducted by a single examiner who guided the coil position behind the participant and constantly supported the coil weight. The single-pulse TMS was delivered at 50 ms before the perturbation onset in all conditions.
We performed the following two experiments, carried out on separate days.
Experiment 1 consisted of three experimental conditions in separated blocks. In the No Perturbation condition, a perturbation was not applied and the TA- and SOL-MEPs were measured during normal standing. In the No Cue condition, the anterior surface translation was applied suddenly without any prior information being given to the participant. In the Cue condition, an acoustic signal was provided 1.0–1.3 s before the perturbation was given as timing information. The interval between trials was randomized from 5 to 12 s in all conditions. Figure 1 illustrates the scene of the experiment and the time course of a single trial.
FIGURE 1. The experimental setup and the time course of TMS and anterior-surface translation in a single trial. (A) The devices and scene of the experiment. The site of the coil is guided using the 3D motion capture system. (B) Top, middle upper, middle lower, and bottom waveforms show the TA-EMG, SOL-EMG, displacement of the platform, and the force from the surface, respectively. Zero millisecond corresponds to the perturbation onset. The EMG response evoked at around 100 ms in the TA is more pronounced compared to the SOL response. The TMS is delivered 50 ms before the perturbation onset. The interesting range for analyzing the MEP amplitude is 40 ms after TMS onset. An acoustic cue is provided 1.0–1.3 ms before perturbation in the Cue condition as timing information. The BGA was calculated by the EMG activity from –50 to 0 ms. TA, tibialis anterior muscle; SOL, soleus muscle; Fy, net force in the anteroposterior component recorded from the force plate.
To estimate the relationship between the mean MEP amplitude and the stimulus intensities, we measured the stimulus–response relation curves. Six intensities of TMS from 80% TA-MT to 130% TA-MT were chosen for each condition. The highest intensity was set to 130% TA-MT because the standing posture was disturbed in larger intensity due to TMS pulse. Each participant performed six sets with different stimulus intensities in each condition, and a single set consisted of 10 trials (6 sets × 10 trials/set). A total of 180 trials were performed (3 conditions × 60 trials/condition). The order of three experimental conditions (No Perturbation, No Cue, and Cue) and the six stimulus intensities was randomized to make the order effects equal for every participant.
An acoustic tone by itself might have an effect on the corticospinal excitability through an arousal enhancement that is independent of postural changes (Lofberg et al., 2014). To exclude this possibility, we further examined how the TA and the SOL excitability would be modulated with an acoustic cue preceding TMS without postural perturbation. In Experiment 2, we compared stimulus–response relation curves with and without temporal cues (No Perturbation with Cue and No Perturbation, respectively). All MEPs were induced in normal standing, and no perturbation was applied. The participants performed six blocks with different stimulus intensities (80–130% TA-MT) the same as in Experiment 1. Ten trials were performed for every set, and the orders of conditions and stimulus intensities were randomized to avoid order effects.
The peak-to-peak amplitude of each MEP from all recorded data was calculated within 40 ms after the stimulus onset. All MEPs were normalized by the M-max of each muscle. We plotted the mean MEP amplitude relative to the stimulus intensities in all three conditions and fitted them to data points using linear regression analysis. We assessed the slopes of the linear regression as a gain parameter of each stimulus–response relation curve.
We first performed the Jarque–Bera test to check the normality of the MEP distribution at each stimulus intensity, and we observed that 4.0% of the TA-MEP data and 11.0% of the SOL-MEP data were identified as outliers in Experiment 1. We therefore excluded outliers with the non-parametric method, in which the discarded data were defined as deviating more than 1.5 × the interquartile range (IQR) from the 75% quartile and below 1.5 × the IQR from the 25% quartile (Papegaaij et al., 2014). Additionally, the first trial in every block was discarded from the subsequent analysis because it was known that this MEP tended to be higher compared to those in subsequent trials and that the postural response was influenced by a first trial effect (Allum et al., 2011).
We computed the pre-stimulus root mean square of the EMG activity (BGA) for 50 ms before the TMS. Trials were also discarded when the BGA exceeded the mean value plus two times its standard deviation (BGA + 2SD). In Experiment 1, we further calculated the relative difference of the MEP amplitude (MEP ratio) between the No Cue and Cue conditions. To compare the changes from the No Perturbation condition, we normalized the MEP amplitude in the No Cue and Cue conditions by the mean amplitude in the No Perturbation condition.
We compared the slopes of the response–stimulus relation curves among different conditions with a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures. For Experiment 2, we performed t-tests to determine whether the slopes showed significant differences between the No Perturbation with Cue and No Perturbation conditions. Both the MEP ratio and BGA were compared with two-way repeated-measures ANOVA with conditions and stimulus intensities. When the sphericity could not be assumed, a Greenhouse-Geisser correction was applied. In cases with a significant effect, we used Bonferroni correction for post hoc comparisons to assess the differences among conditions. The significance value for all conditions was set at p < 0.05, and the averaged data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SE). Interaction effects are reported only when significant.
All participants completed Experiment 1 without taking any steps or falling, and all stimulus–response curves were obtained for the TA and the SOL muscles. Figure 2 shows the ensemble-averaged MEPs of a representative participant in Experiment 1. In the No Cue and Cue conditions, the TA-MEPs were clearly enhanced compared to those in the No Perturbation condition, whereas no significant difference was found in the SOL-MEPs. In the averaged group data, the one-way repeated-measures ANOVA demonstrated a significant main effect of condition on the slopes of the TA-MEP (F(1.2,17.1) = 11.9, p = 0.01, Figure 3). The subsequent post hoc test revealed that the slopes of the TA-MEP in the No Cue and Cue conditions were both significantly larger than that in the No Perturbation condition (No Perturbation 0.023 ± 0.004 vs. No Cue 0.042 ± 0.007, p = 0.01; No Perturbation 0.023 ± 0.004 vs. Cue 0.050 ± 0.009, p = 0.01), whereas no significant difference was observed in the slope of the TA-MEP between the No Cue and Cue conditions (No Cue vs. Cue, p = 0.14). The rates of discarded data were 6.2% of the TA-MEPs and 5.3% of the SOL-MEPs. In contrast, the slopes of the SOL-MEPs did not change significantly (F(1.3,18.1) = 0.31, p = 0.83). The linear regression fitting to the stimulus–response relation curve showed high coefficients of determination (TA: mean R2 = 0.86 [0.65–0.97], SOL: mean R2 = 0.82 [0.56–0.98]). There was a significant effect of condition on the MEP ratio revealed by the two-way repeated-measures ANOVA in Experiment 1 (TA-MEP conditions: F(1,13) = 6.31, p = 0.03; stimulus intensities: F(2.9,38.3) = 0.99, p = 0.38; SOL-MEP conditions: F(1,13) = 12.5, p = 0.004; intensities: F(5,65) = 1.02, p = 0.41, Figure 4). The ratio of the TA-MEP in the Cue condition was significantly larger than that in No Cue condition (Cue vs. No Cue, p = 0.03), whereas that of the SOL-MEP in the Cue condition was significantly reduced compared to that in the No Cue condition (Cue vs. No Cue, p = 0.004).
FIGURE 2. The ensemble-averaged MEPs of a representative participant in Experiment 1. Note that the TA-MEP is larger in the No Cue and Cue conditions compared to that in the No Perturbation condition, whereas the SOL-MEP is almost equal among the four conditions. TA-MT, the motor threshold of the MEP in the TA; No Perturbation, normal standing without any perturbations; No Cue, exposing perturbations without timing cue; Cue, exposing perturbations with timing cue.
FIGURE 3. Response–stimulus relation curves of the TA- and SOL-MEP and BGA activities in each stimulus condition (80% TA-MT–130% TA-MT). Dotted lines represent regression lines in each curve. The values of MEPs were normalized by M-max. Each point is presented as the mean ± SEM. Bars represent values of slopes fitted by linear regression (∗p < 0.05 between conditions). For the TA-MEP (A), the mean amplitude above 100% of the stimulus intensity and the values of the slopes are larger in the No Cue and Cue conditions compared to those in the No Perturbation condition. For the SOL-MEP (B), those parameters tended to be smaller in the Cue condition than in any other condition. The BGA is similar among all conditions, both in the TA (C) and the SOL (D). No Perturbation, normal standing without any perturbations; No Cue, exposing perturbations without timing cue; Cue, exposing perturbations with timing cue.
FIGURE 4. The ratio of changes in the TA- and the SOL-MEP from the mean amplitude in the No Perturbation condition. Each point represents the value of MEP in all trials divided by the mean amplitude in the No Perturbation condition for a representative subject (A: TA-MEP and B: SOL-MEP). The mean values of the MEP ratio in all subjects. “100%” corresponds to the averaged values in the No Perturbation condition of each stimulus intensity (C: TA-MEP ratio and D: SOL-MEP ratio). No Perturbation, normal standing without any perturbations; No Cue, exposing perturbations without timing cue; Cue, exposing perturbations with timing cue.
There were no significant differences in the BGA in the TA muscle among the different conditions and stimulus intensities (conditions: F(1.1,13.0) = 0.56, p = 0.47; stimulus intensities: F(2.1,13.0) = 1.03, p = 0.33; the averaged value of all trials: No Perturbation, 2.83 ± 0.34 μV; No Cue, 2.80 ± 0.23 μV; Cue, 2.30 ± 0.29 μV). The two-way repeated-measures ANOVA showed a significant main effect of stimulus intensity on the BGA of the SOL (F(5.0,65.0) = 3.41, p < 0.05; No Perturbation: 19.62 ± 0.46 μV; No Cue: 23.68 ± 0.29 μV; Cue: 19.62 ± 0.52 μV). Because no significant difference was found related to the condition (F(2.0,26.0) = 0.73, p = 0.49), we concluded that the difference in the BGA in the SOL was unlikely to have caused any MEP modulation.
For both the TA- and SOL-MEP amplitudes, the two-way repeated-measures ANOVA did not reveal significant differences between the No Perturbation and No Perturbation with Cue conditions (TA-MEP conditions: F(1,5) = 0.84, p = 0.40; stimulus intensities: F(1.5,7.3) = 1.25, p = 0.32; SOL conditions: F(1,5) = 0.53, p = 0.50; stimulus intensities: F(5,25) = 1.28, p = 0.30, Figure 5). The rates of discarded data were 4.4% of the TA-MEPs and 4.7% of the SOL-MEPs. In Experiment 2, the BGA of both the TA and the SOL was not significantly different between conditions (TA conditions: F(1,5) = 1.37, p = 0.30; stimulus intensities: F(1.5,7.5) = 21.30, p = 0.001; No Perturbation: 1.90 ± 0.05 μV; No Perturbation with Cue: 1.82 ± 0.03 μV; SOL conditions: F(1,5) = 4.64, p = 0.08; stimulus intensities: F(5,25) = 29.03, p < 0.001; No Perturbation: 12.66 ± 0.40 μV; No Perturbation with Cue: 12.27 ± 0.22 μV).
FIGURE 5. The response–stimulus relation curves of the TA- and SOL-MEP and BGA activities in Experiment 2 (80% TA-MT–130% TA-MT). Each point is presented as the mean ± SEM. Bars represent the values of the slopes fitted by linear regression. The values of MEPs were normalized by M-max. For both the TA- (A) and the SOL-MEP (B), the mean amplitude and the values of the slopes are not different between the two conditions. The BGA is also almost the same in the two conditions (C: TA, D: SOL). No Perturbation, normal standing without any perturbations; No Perturbation with Cue, normal standing without any perturbations but with cue.
Subliminal enhancements of the corticospinal excitability have been reported in the TA and the SOL when the subject’s posture was exposed to the more unstable environment (Solopova et al., 2003; Tokuno et al., 2009). In the present study, we observed that the TA-MEP was enhanced when the subjects knew about an upcoming perturbation compared to when they did not know, and the difference was more apparent when a timing cue was given. On the other hand, the SOL-MEP tended to be decreased slightly when a timing cue was given, whereas it was no significantly different between the conditions when the subjects knew of the upcoming perturbation versus when they did not know. These results suggest that excitability of the corticospinal pathway, especially in the ankle dorsiflexor muscle, is modulated according to not only the current posture but also the future state.
The corticospinal excitability in the TA has been reported to be enhanced when walking or standing posture is exposed to more unstable conditions (Christensen et al., 2001; Obata et al., 2009; Baudry et al., 2015). In walking, the amplitude of TA-MEP was shown to be larger in the stance phase than in the swing phase (Christensen et al., 2001). Notably, the amplitude of the stretch reflex was also increased in the stance phase in which the ankle joint was likely to be unstable. Similarly, the corticospinal excitability and the stretch reflex were enhanced in standing compared to in a supine posture (Nakazawa et al., 2003; Obata et al., 2009; Baudry et al., 2015). From the viewpoint of functional significance, these modulations could be related to a safeguarding of the ankle joint stability through the facilitation of the long-latency EMG response. Since this reflex is partially mediated by the transcortical pathway, an enhanced excitability of the corticospinal pathway would amplify the reflex response. Therefore, the present finding of enhanced TA-MEP before perturbation may reflect a presetting of the EMG response at a higher level when perturbation is expected. In regard to the mechanisms of this enhancement, the autonomic response is one of the candidates in addition to prediction. It is well known that fear, unpleasant emotions, and elevated arousal can enhance corticospinal excitability (Baumgartner et al., 2007; Hajcak et al., 2007; Giovannelli et al., 2013). Cortical and subcortical routes through the emotion-processing regions, such as the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex, are regarded as primary sources for these modulations (Grezes et al., 2007). If postural perturbations induce changes in such psychological states, corticospinal excitability might be altered regardless of predictions. To explore this possibility in greater detail, future studies should pay attention to the relationship between these excitability and autonomic responses, such as the skin conductance response, heart rate, and pupil diameter.
Electroencephalography (EEG) studies have demonstrated that temporal prediction of the onset of postural perturbation changes the cortical activities in the motor-related area (Jacobs et al., 2008; Mochizuki et al., 2009). Jacobs et al. (2008) reported that the contingent negative variation at Cz and Pz was modulated by a timing cue in the preparatory period for a perturbation, and the extent of modulation was correlated with the COP displacement. Our present observations of the corticospinal pathways support those findings, in that a preceding auditory cue affects the state of the motor area.
As a neural basis of this modulation in the motor area, the cerebellum is thought to be a key region. The cerebellum has been shown to contribute to the recalibration of the estimated timing for a moving target to disappear temporally (Roth et al., 2013). In fact, cerebellar patients are known to have disrupted temporal aspects of their upper limb movements, as occurs with an adjustment of anticipatory muscle activities (Lang and Bastian, 1999) and the sequence of the long-latency EMG response (Horak and Diener, 1994; Jacobs et al., 2008). Considering that TMS of the cerebellum suppresses the motor cortex through cerebellar-motor connectivity (Ugawa et al., 1995; Pinto and Chen, 2001), it is conceivable that projections from the cerebellum affect the modulations of corticospinal excitability with the temporal prediction.
Our present analyses demonstrated that the corticospinal excitability in the TA was enhanced when the timing cue was given. This result is inconsistent with previous studies of the stretch reflex that reported the reduced amplitude of the long-latency response (Nakazawa et al., 2009; Fujio et al., 2016). We suspect that this discrepancy is due to the difference in perturbation types. In those experiments, the stretch reflex in the TA was evoked by rotation of the ankle joint (i.e., plantar flexion) or landing from a low stand in which the TA response is not required in order to maintain the standing posture. On the contrary, the TA response evoked by an anterior-surface translation contributes to recovery from the posterior sway. Therefore, our observation of enhanced TA-MEP, which would enhance the TA response, is reasonable with respect to the context for the postural recovery.
Unlike the pronounced facilitations in the TA muscle, the SOL-MEP was slightly reduced only when the timing cue was provided. This result is consistent with a previous report (Walchli et al., 2017). We propose that this discrepancy is related to differences in the functional and physiological features of these muscles.
First, as mentioned above, the manner of perturbation used in this study should be taken into consideration. Types and directions of perturbation are determinants for EMG responses (Moore et al., 1988). When anterior surface translation is applied, the TA activation is evoked predominantly to compensate for posterior body sway, whereas the SOL activation is likely to deteriorate posterior-swayed posture rather than compensate for it. We suspect that if the modulation observed before perturbation is related to the postural response, the subliminal enhancement of TA-MEP would be reasonable for the selective activation of the TA. In this regard, Walchli et al. (2017) reported that the SOL-MEP was not modulated before posterior translation was applied. In this case, the SOL activity is thought to contribute to postural recovery from anterior body sway. It suggests that the manner of perturbation has little influence on the difference between the TA and the SOL.
Second, the susceptibility of the corticospinal pathway to the TMS could be a reason explaining the difference between the TA and the SOL. It has been reported that the MEP of the TA was more easily elicited than that of the SOL, in both sitting and supine postures (Brouwer and Ashby, 1990; Lavoie et al., 1995; Bawa et al., 2002; Obata et al., 2009). The inhibitory projection of the corticospinal pathway to spinal motoneurons in the SOL was reported to be richer than that in the TA (Hudson et al., 2013). The inconsistency between muscles may be attributable to such different proportions of the excitatory and inhibitory projections. In support of this, review by Dietz (1992) suggested that the SOL is more influenced by spinal proprioceptive feedback whereas cortical control is dominant in the TA during landing and standing.
Third, the reciprocal inhibition could involve the slight reduction of the SOL excitability with temporal prediction. It has been known that the motoneurons of the TA and the SOL receive input from interneurons of the reciprocal inhibition, which are driven by the motor cortex through the corticospinal pathway (Geertsen et al., 2010). The ratio of the enhancement in the prime mover was larger relative to that of the inhibition in the antagonist muscles (Gerachshenko and Stinear, 2007). This is consistent with our present finding that the reduction of the SOL excitability was observed only when the larger TA-MEPs were elicited with temporal prediction.
There are some limitations regarding the interpretation of the present results. First, the site and the intensity of the TMS were adjusted for the TA but not for the SOL. Although the hot spot of the SOL is thought to be almost the same as that of the TA, we cannot exclude the possibility that the subtle difference of the stimulus site might affect the results in the SOL. We observed little changes of the SOL-MEP despite the application of wide range of stimulus intensities. However, it is still possible that the TMS intensity relative to the motor threshold of the TA masked the modulation in the SOL. Second, we used one perturbation through experiment because we focused on the temporal prediction only in this study. It is still unclear about the effects of predictions on direction and intensity of perturbation. Further studies are needed to clarify in this regard. Third, as mentioned above, we could not divide the influence of autonomic response from the effects of prediction. In order to test our results more rigorously, other measurements to assess the dynamics of the autonomic nervous system must be added to the experimental protocol.
We sought to clarify the effects of the prediction of postural perturbation on the excitability of corticospinal pathways in the TA and SOL muscles. We observed that TA excitability was enhanced just before perturbation. Specifically, when a timing cue was provided, the enhancement of the TA excitability was more remarkable, whereas the SOL excitability was slightly reduced. These results imply that prediction of the postural state is one modulator of the excitability of corticospinal pathways. We propose that TA excitability is sensitive to potential risks to posture security and that an accurate temporal preparation is available to preset the TA excitability to upcoming perturbation.
KF carried out the experiments and wrote the manuscript with support from HO and KN. HO, TK, and NK helped to decide on the experimental protocol. KN supervised the project.
This study was supported by the Sasakawa Scientific Research Grant from The Japan Science Society (28-634).
Copyright © 2018 Fujio, Obata, Kitamura, Kawashima and Nakazawa. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
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0.996015 |
Trauma causes a kind of self-preserving ignorance. My childhood trauma caused me to repress my childhood memories. Many of my friends' trauma caused them to cut themselves off from their body and senses. This kind of ignorance can limit one's experience of suffering in ways that help them survive. It can also create more suffering, as when a person doesn't eventually move beyond these defense mechanisms, trapping themselves in isolation, often harming others in the process. Moving away from these defenses is unsettling. I want to move toward this unsettling space, expanding my senses, including my sense of self and kin.
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