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Do you know of any golfing gadgets or equipment that can help older golfers? My dad loves to play golf, but arthritis in his hands makes gripping the club difficult.
He also has a hard time bending over to tee up or retrieve the ball. Is there anything out there that can help?
There are actually a number of golfing gadgets and accessories on the market today that can help older golfers who struggle with arthritis, injuries, or loss of mobility.
Here are some possible solutions that can help keep your dad on the golf course.
Gripping a golf club is a very common problem for older adults with arthritis or those who have hand or elbow injuries, or any condition that affects their hand strength.
To help alleviate this problem, there are specially designed golf gloves and grips that can make a big difference.
Depending on the severity of your dad’s problem, an inexpensive option to check out is the Bionic Golf Gloves (www.bionicgloves.com), which are ergonomically designed to improve grip with less effort. Or try the Power Glove (www.powerglove.com), which uses a Velcro strap to secure the club to your hand.
Another option to consider is to get oversized grips installed on your dad’s clubs. These can make gripping the club easier and more comfortable, and they are also very good at absorbing shock. Oversized grips are usually either one-sixteenth inch or one-eighth inch larger in diameter than a standard grip. Your local golf pro can help with this.
Or, for a grip-and-glove combination fix, check out the Quantum Grip (www.quantumgrip.com), which incorporates hook Velcro golf grips and companion golf gloves that have mating loop Velcro material in the palm. This ensures gripping power and prevents the club from slipping in your hand.
If back, hip, or knee problems or lack of flexibility is also hampering your dad on the golf course, there are a number of innovative gadgets that can eliminate the bending and stooping that comes with teeing up the ball, repairing divots, marking the ball on the green, retrieving a ball or tee on the ground, and picking a club, sand rake, or flagstick.
These stoop-proof devices can be found at sites like Tee Pal (www.teepalpro.com) and the Upright Golf company (www.uprightgolf.com).
There are also a number of great ergonomic golf carts that can help older golfers who still like to walk the course. These are three- or four-wheeled, lightweight push carts that provide great stability, can be adjusted to fit your body size, and fold into a compact size in a matter of seconds for easy transport.
Sun Mountain Sports (www.sunmountain.com), Bag Boy (www.bagboycompany.com) and Caddytek (www.caddytek.com), are three companies that make these types of carts.
Or, for people with severe mobility loss or who are disabled, there’s the SoloRider golf cart (www.solorider.com), which provides the ability to play from a seated position.
This cart is lightweight and precisely balanced so it can be driven on tee boxes and greens without causing any damage. And federal ADA laws require that all publically owned golf courses allow them.
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Music Awards Party Gold Ticket Invitation. This design can be reworded to be for a different event.
Admit one ticket style invitation for a Music awards themed party. Great design choice for a Grammys, American Music, People's Choice, Mtv or other music awards party.
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0.999913 |
Students need to be registered with the school-based health center. To be registered, a student must have a consent form signed by a parent or guardian. Registration provides important information to be used in case of an emergency and is required for medications, treatment, and most laboratory tests.
Basic school health services are available to all students. These services include health screenings, counseling, education, communicable disease prevention, and basic first aid.
Services which require a request from parents include immunizations, follow-up of exiting health conditions, and physical exams.
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Manchester is an exciting, forward thinking city, and is the third largest city in the UK. Through the 80s there was a dramatic deterioration in manufacturing and heavy industry that led to a huge rise in unemployment and left the city seeking a new direction. 1996 was the turning point for the city, with the City Council deciding to forge ahead with an expensive redevelopment scheme, and it is this development that has transformed the city and kick started the economy once more.
Manchester is located approximately 160 miles from London and sits in an area that is bordered by the land of the Pennines to the north and east. The Pennines is a mountain range that follows the length of the north of England and to the south there are the Cheshire Plains. Liverpool and Sheffield are 35 miles from Manchester respectively with it being in the centre. The city centre sits on the east bank of the River Irwell, about 138 feet above sea level. Through the south of Manchester flows the Mersey River.
The south area of the city centre is flat and the views from the high-rise buildings of the moors of the Pennines are stunning particularly when they are capped with snow in the winter months. The geographical features of Manchester hail from and are highly influenced by the early development as the first industrial city in the world.
There is a mixture of high density urban and suburban areas with Heaton Park being the largest open space and Manchester is connected on all sides with many large settlement areas except for a small area along the southern boundary that borders Cheshire. Both the M56 and M60 run through the south of Manchester through Wythenshawe and Northenden respectively.
The total population of Manchester is approximately 2.7 million and whilst the name Manchester applies officially to the metropolitan district within the city, Greater Manchester includes the city centre, Stockport, Oldham, Tameside, Bolton, Bury, Rochdale, Wigan, Trafford and the City of Salford.
The population of Manchester rapidly increased in Victorian times where the population in 1931 was in the excess of 750,000. However, the population decreased as quickly when the slums were cleared and the City Council increased the building of social housing at the end of the Second World War.
Since 2001 the population of Manchester has increased by 20% and statistics from 2012 show that the population was approximately 510,700, an increase of 1.6% from the previous year. Manchester city has showed the greatest population growth outside of London, with the population projected to exceed 530,000 by 2021.
Manchester has a young population, with the majority being made up of the 20–35 age group. During the academic year 2011/2012 there were 76,090 under and post graduates at the three universities.
During the academic year of 2011/12 there were 76,095 under- and post-graduate students studying at the University of Manchester, the Royal Northern College of Music and the Manchester Metropolitan University.
During the Industrial Revolution, there was no order to the way in which the city developed and although there is little agreement on the differing areas many streets and areas have distinctive characteristics with easily identifiable industrial warehousing, civic buildings and modern developments.
Located to the southwest between the Irwell River and Deansgate lies Castlefield. Being the only Urban Heritage Park in the UK the area retains most of its industrial character. The area of Castlefield is quiet and best known for the waterside pubs and bars. The most notable points of interest in Castlefield are the Liverpool Road railway station which was the first inter-city station in the 1830s. The front of the station is now a Grade 1 listed building as is the warehouse adjoining it.
The area of the Northern Quarter is thought of as a bohemian area in the city centre best known for the warehouses and lies to the northwest. Until 1970, Northern Quarter was considered the heart of the retail however, once the Arndale centre opened the following diminished. Due to the boom in the late 90s and early 2000s the area has become popular for its independent shops, bars, nightclub and restaurants.
In 1975 when the Arndale shopping centre opened the retail focus shifted towards the High Street, Withy Street, Corporation Street and Market Street and although the Arndale has been heavily criticised it is a success in accordance with visitor’s numbers and spending, attracting over 40 million visitors per year whilst also being the largest city centre shopping centre in the UK.
The area is home to the Manchester Cathedral and gardens, Exchange and Shambles Square. Many of the most prestigious retail names such as Next, Marks and Spencer and Selfridges have all opened large stores in the area, and although not all the shops are in this area, they are located within a short walk.
Spinningfields is in the west and joins the middle area of Deansgate and is the main business area in the city centre. In 1997 Allied London brought many of the buildings in this area to create a designated business district. The development incorporates Bridge Street to the north, Quay street to the south, Deansgate to the east and the River Irwell to the west.
In this area, there are many modern glazed buildings most of which are offices. In recent times the district has secured its name for food and drink with many people enjoying a drink after work before heading home.
Piccadilly is where all the transport links are found with bus services, tram and rail all within a five-minute walk of the city centre. Dominated by Piccadilly Gardens this area also has the largest public square that underwent redevelopment during 2000. Piccadilly is predominately busy with pedestrians commuting back and forth from the city centre.
Peter’s Field is more commonly known as St Peter’s Square and can be found at the top of Oxford Road and Peter Street and extending east towards Princess Street. The area is famed for being civic and it is home to the central library, YMCA building, Manchester town hall plus the town hall extension and the Midland hotel with these buildings being listed.
Chinatown is in the area south of Piccadilly and is home to numerous oriental restaurants. It is the third largest Chinatown in Europe and the second largest in the UK. The end of WW11 saw a huge shortage of labour and in response to this the government passed the British Nationality Act 1948, which meant that it was easy for nationals to move to England and by the early 70s Chinese businesses began to emerge.
Canal Street has long been associated with the gay community and is often referred to as Gay Village. Situated to the east of Portland Street and the west of Whitworth Street with the Rochdale canal running through it. There are several clubs and bars in the area with the majority being focused on the gay community.
Manchester city is well connected with buses available to most areas during the day and special services that run through the night. Bus travel is free in the centre and a simple bus ticket is approximately £4.00 for areas out of the centre. The tramway runs around the city centre and towards the west, north and east outskirts operating until 11.30pm seven days a week. An off peak one day ticket costs about £5.00 and a monthly pass is £50.00.
Trains operate to many parts of the city centre and there is an excellent express service that operates to Leeds and Liverpool and you can be in London within two hours. One day rail ranger tickets are £5.00 and there is a monthly travel card that is approximately 96.00. You can also purchase a monthly county card for £107.00, which is valid for use on all buses and trains in all the areas of Greater Manchester.
Manchester has its own airport, which offers direct flights to many cities in Europe.
Manchester contributes hugely to the UK economy and research suggests that it is responsible for half of the north west economic output and at least 5% of the UK total. Many industries of note can be found in Manchester and it is a hot spot with regards to business and finance.
The technology sector is rapidly expanding and currently employs approximately 100,000 people and the Manchester Science Park is home to over 150 technology and science companies. Aside from London, Manchester has the largest retail and commercial floor space and continues to see the media industry homed here thanks to the development of the MediaCityUK, which is located at Salford Quays.
Tourism is also a sector that has grown immensely and the added growth of the transport industry will only see these areas continue to flourish.
Regardless of the industry, Manchester is one of the most likely places to have a global, national or at the very least a regional office, and therefore the employment levels continue rising. Manchester is also home to the highest salary in the world totalling £5.3 million annually, however this is only if you happen to play for Manchester City Football Club! However recent statistics have shown that the average salary in Manchester is £24,492 which is about £3000 more than the UK average and Manchester ranks 8th when compared to the other 11 largest cities in the UK.
The number of Manchester residents that are in employment is rising year on year and the economy is keeping in tune with the population growth, however age and experience is probably a major factor. There is concern for the youth unemployment as this is still slightly higher than other cities.
During 2016, most of the property sales in Manchester were flats that were marketed in the region of £150,000. Terraced properties were sold for £140,000 - £144,000 whilst semi-detached properties commanded a premium of about £195,000. With an overall average price of £170,000 Manchester was about £35,000 more expensive than the nearby area of Hulme, yet £20,000 cheaper than Castlefield and £25,000 cheaper than buying in the City Centre.
2016 continued the trend and saw that property prices had increased by at least 5% on the previous year and 11% up on prices recorded 10 years ago. Property in the east and north of the city have not fared as well as the south and west however no area has experienced a decrease in property prices.
For the buy to let investor or the first-time buyer there are many up and coming areas which can provide great alternatives to purchasing in an established area. It is not unusual to see property grow in value relatively quickly but as in all places there is never a guarantee that the price will rise.
Set within the grounds of Liverpool Street Station the museum of science and technology explores the rich industrial legacy of Manchester. The museum boasts a vast collection of locomotives, steam engines and original factory machinery. The museum is aimed at all age groups however there is a definite emphasis on making sure smaller visitors do not get bored with many things for them to see and do. Offering space age style technology and the Manchester Revolution gallery offers a unique barcode scanner that activates many games that can be continued even the visitor once the visitor gets home. This is the ideal way to understand that Manchester was where the first stored program computer was born in 1948, whilst the first submarine was designed in 1880 by the Mancunian curate Reverend George Garrett.
The Manchester art gallery exhibits a stunning collection of both British and European masterpieces. The older wing holds over 30 Turner watercolours along with some of the best Pre – Raphaelite art. The newer gallery houses many 20th century British art including works by David Hockney, Lucien Freud and Francis Bacon to name a few. The introductory tour lasts about 20 minutes and is free, visitors can also book a one hour tour with one of the museum curators which costs approximately £80.00.
If electro, techno or non-mainstream house music is your preference then a visit to Sankey’s should not be missed. As one of the best clubs in Britain the music is world class and you are guaranteed a great time.
Port Street Beer House located in the Northern Quarter is a must for lovers of real ale. Offering 18 draught lines, 7 hand pulls and over 100 beers from all over the world including gluten free ales. The Beer House regularly hosts tastings, where all are welcome.
Rosylee tearooms provides a tough of Georgian and Edwardian elegance and class. With an expanded menu offering a range of British favourites such as fish and chips. The afternoon tea starts at about £15.00 and is great value for money and not to be missed.
Sitting in a 81 hectare site and home to the northern arm of the BBC, it has six departments of the national broadcaster as well as being home to the set of one of ITV’s most popular soaps, Coronation Street.
If natural history and social science are for you then you will not want to miss out on a visit here. There are several interesting galleries but the biggest attraction must be the Egyptology area with an amazing collection of mummies. One area of the museum is dedicated to Dr Richard Neave who rebuilds the faces of people who have been dead for thousands of years. The pioneering techniques used by Dr Neave are used today in criminal forensics.
Encased within an original Victorian police station is one of the city’s secrets which is the Greater Manchester Police Museum. The building is magnificent and visitors can walk in and out of the cells where the prisoners would have laid their heads on the wooden pillows, visit the 1895 restored magistrates court and take a close look at some of the case histories from some of the notorious villains that were held here.
This amazing museum tells the story of how football has involved into the multibillion pound game that it is today. One of the main attractions here is called Football Plus that is made up of interactive stations where visitors can test their skills in simulated conditions. This museum is recommended for any one over the age of 7 years.
Immerse yourself in a true Manchester United experience at the world famous Old Trafford. The tour lasts for approximately 75 minutes and visitors can explore the historical exhibits and interactive experiences in the museum before moving in to the actual club dressing rooms. From here visitors are taken on a walk down the players tunnel onto the pitch and then into the manager’s dugout where Sir Alex Ferguson has stood on so many occasions. Whether you are a fan of the game or not this is a truly informative and enjoyable experience for all.
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0.950985 |
take up arms in defending their right to worship.
The year 428 ad brought an end to Armenia's Arsacid (Arshakuni) monarchy, which had ruled the country since 52 ad, when its founder, Trdat I, received his crown from the Roman emperor Nero. Most of Armenia then fell under the rule of the Persian Sassanids and was governed by marzbans (governors-general), appointed by the king of Persia. The marzban was invested with supreme power, including the power to impose death sentences, but could not interfere with the privileges of the Armenian nobility. Of the 35 successive marzbans who ruled during a 200-year period, six were Armenians.
In spite of the Arsacid monarchy's demise, the Armenians preserved their cultural identity through the spiritual power of their Christian faith. King Trdat III (286�6) had declared Christianity to be the state religion in 301 ad, thereby making Armenia the first officially Christian nation on earth. (The first Christian emperor of Rome, Constantine the Great, did not announce his conversion until 312.) Following the invention of the Armenian alphabet in 405, the Bible and works of the church fathers were translated into Armenian between 422 and 432, filling the soul of the nation with a fervent Christian zeal.
During the marzbanic period, the Persians launched a series of intermittent persecutions against the Christian Armenians. In particular, King Yazdegird II (438�7), wanted to pressure the Armenians to accept Zoroastrianism, which included the worship of the supreme god Ahura Mazda. By doing so, he hoped to prevent any future alliance based on religion between the Armenians and Persia's archenemy, the Eastern Roman Empire.
Yazdegird called the Armenian nobles to his court at Ctesiphon. Mihr-Nerseh, the grand vizier, promulgated an edict enjoining the Armenians to give up "the erroneous and foolish ways of the Romans, thus depriving themselves of the benefits of the Persian perfect religion."
After returning to their country in 449, the Armenians held a general assembly in Artashat to ponder an answer to the edict. Catholicos Hovsep presided over the meeting. It was attended by 17 bishops, 18 major nakharars (feudal lords), many noblemen and prominent priests, whose spokesman was the Erets (priest) Ghevond.
The Armenians' reply to Mihr-Nerseh concluded with the following words: "From this belief [Christianity] no one can move us; neither fire, nor sword, nor water, nor any other horrid tortures. All our goods and our possessions are in your hands, our bodies are before you; dispose of them as you will.
"If you leave us to our belief, we will here on earth choose no other lord in your place, and in heaven choose no other God in place of Jesus Christ, for there is no other God but him."
When the Persian king was informed of their rejection, he flew into a rage and sent an order for the chief dignitaries of Armenia to appear before him in Ctesiphon. Fifteen came, headed by Vassak Siuni and Vardan Mamikonian. Before receiving them in audience, Yazdegird had sworn "by the Sun God, that if tomorrow morning, at the rise of the magnificent one [the sun], the nobles would not kneel before it with him, and acknowledge it as god, they would be imprisoned and chained, their wives and children exiled into distant lands, and the imperial troops and herds of elephants would be sent to Armenia to demolish their churches."
The dignitaries opted to make a pretense of yielding, for the sake of their homes and families. Yazdegird, in great joy, heaped honors and gifts upon them and sent them off to Armenia accompanied by 700 Magi, to convert the entire country to Zoroastrianism, or Mazdaism.
Scarcely had the strange cavalcade crossed the frontier, 420 miles east of Dvin, when a horde of Armenian peasants, armed with clubs and slings and led by the fiery priest Ghevond, assailed the trespassers and sent them fleeing.
The Armenian leaders, most of them ashamed of their sham apostasy, avoided appearing in public. Many young men and women were ready to fight and die for their Christian faith if the Persian king made good his threat of an armed invasion. They had implicit confidence in their commander, Vardan Mamikonian.
Vardan was the son of Sparapet (general) Hamazasp Mamikonian and Sahakanush, the daughter of the Catholicos Sahak Bartev, a descendent of Gregory the Illuminator. The Roman Emperor Theodosius II (408�0) and the Persian King Bahram V (421�8) had both conferred the rank of general upon Vardan. He had visited Constantinople on diplomatic missions. As a commander of Armenian contingents of the Persian army, with a record of service in 40 engagements, he had won laurels in campaigns in Khorassan (modern Turkestan).
With war now inevitable, Vardan dispatched a delegation to the Eastern Roman court for help, but he was met with bitter disappointment. Atilla the Hun, ruling over a territory that stretched from the Caspian Sea to the Rhine, was threatening Constantinople. The Roman emperor had drained his meager treasury to purchase peace with the barbarian. As long as the Huns menaced the very gates of the capital, no Roman emperor dared irritate that other great enemy, the king of Persia.
On Easter Day, April 13, 451, the Persian army, numbering 300,000 men, arrived at a location between Her and Zarevand (Khoy and Salmast in present-day Iran). The army's center was held by the division of the "Immortals"--10,000 horsemen. A herd of trained elephants, each carrying an iron tower full of bowmen, was another menace. The rear guard was reinforced by a column of elephants, on one of which, in a barbed tower, sat the commander, Mushkan Nusalavurd, viewing the entire battlefield and directing movements.
The Armenian forces, comprised of 66,000 cavalry and infantry and accompanied by a considerable number of clergy, camped near the village of Avarair in the Plain of Shavarshakan (modern Maku, in the northwestern corner of Iran). The rivulet Ighmud ("muddy"), a tributary of the Araxes River, separated the two armies.
On May 26, Vardan, who from childhood had been well versed in the Holy Scriptures, read aloud the heroic deeds of the Jewish Maccabees, who successfully fought against the Seleucid tyrant Anthiochus IV (175�4 bc) in defense of their faith. Then Ghevond delivered a discourse.
Eghish�, a contemporary chronicler, described the Battle of Avarair, to which he was an eyewitness: "One should have seen the turmoil of the great crisis and the immeasurable confusion on both sides, as they clashed with each other in reckless fury. The dull-minded became frenzied; the cowards deserted the fields; the brave dashed forward courageously, and the valiant roared. In a solid mass the great multitude held the river; and the Persian troops, sensing the danger, became restless in their places; but the Armenian cavalry crossed the river and fell upon them with a mighty force. They attacked each other fiercely and many on both sides fell wounded on the field, rolling in agony."
Upon seeing his left flank crumbling before the Persians, Vardan led a counterattack that cut off and destroyed the Persian right wing. Mushkan, however, rallied his troops and committed his reserves. Vardan and his warriors were surrounded by the Persian vanguard and went down fighting.
The battle continued until evening. By that time, 1,036 Armenians and 3,544 Persians lay dead in heaps on the battlefield. The survivors were scattered over the hilltops and in more protected valleys. Despite the heavier Persian casualties, Mushkan had won the day. Vardan had fallen in battle, and there was no longer any chief who could rally his remaining troops.
Though beaten, however, the Armenian army was far from destroyed. Vahan Mamikonian, son of the great Vardan's brother Hmayak, took charge and led the Armenians in a guerrilla war that flared around strongholds and along impregnable heights for the next 33 years.
During that time, the Sassanids underwent three changes of rulers, and also had to deal with external conflicts with Rome and a new wave of eastern barbarians known as the Ephthalites, or White Huns. After the death of King Peroz at the hands of the White Huns in 484, his brother and successor, Balash, made a serious reassessment of the long, inconclusive conflict in Armenia and sued for peace. Vahan sent messengers to the Persian camp, with proposals for liberties in Armenia, the main one being: "Religious worship in accordance with Christian doctrines and rites to be declared free in Armenia, and fire altars to be removed."
Balash accepted Vahan's terms, and in 484, a treaty was signed in the village of Nuwarsak. Vahan was appointed marzban of Armenia. His victory was celebrated in the Cathedral of Dvin, with the Catholicos Hovhan I Mandakuni (478�0) officiating. Armenia had regained her autonomy and freedom of the national church and culture. Vahan ruled for 20 years (485�5).
Vardan Mamikonian's analogy comparing the Armenians' struggle to that of the Jewish Maccabees proved to be remarkably apt. In both cases, followers of the Bible had fought for the right to worship in the face of religious oppression, and in each case the long, protracted struggle ended in a negotiated settlement assuring those rights. Both struggles also produced martyred heroes--Judas Maccabee the Hammer and Vardan Mamikonian the Brave.
The Vardanian War, as it came to be called in Vardan's honor, began on May 26, 451, but the Armenian church celebrates the event in February. In the past, spring was considered the season for warfare. Armenia's ecclesiastical fathers had decided to commemorate the event in February, before spring, in order to inspire the youth and prepare their minds for battle, in defense of church and fatherland.
it is 999 silver wit nice layer of 22kt gold on top it is 31.3 gr.
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0.978716 |
Is a singleton component in phalcon a real singleton?
Let me declare the question: As far as I know, when a request end, php will clear objects and other data that it created.
But as the Phalcon's document said: "Services can be registered as “shared” services this means that they always will act as singletons. Once the service is resolved for the first time the same instance of it is returned every time a consumer retrieve the service from the container".
//Register the session service as "always shared"
What I want to know is that: after a shared component was created, then at the next request, phalcon will reuse the shared component? I means phalcon will not create a new component instance.
But what if between different request, does $di will give me the same object? I don't mean in one request lifetime.
Singleton is valid in a request lifetime. from beginning to end. for example calling index.php till watching the output. it's a request lifetime.
I think you misunderstand a singleton functionality with a storage functionality that is same in all request like database.
Ok, I get it. I just confuse because in java word, a singleton component means sharing in the lifetime of the server process. That's what I consider a real singleton.
Btw, does phalcon have any lazy-load strategy? I don't want to initialize every component in a request.
Yes, Phalcon DI completely supports lazy-loading and never initiate a class before it needed.
PHP itself is stateless, So every request is treated differently. You can story object in memory that can be used in different request, unless you use caching technology that serialize object and store it in file or database.
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0.999292 |
Bovine mastitis remains one of the costliest diseases affecting the dairy industry. Individual susceptibility to mastitis and severity of infection varies between animals and can only be partially explained by genetics. As such, understanding how genetic predisposition coordinately interacts with epigenetic modifications and environmental exposures is necessary to bridge the gap in missing heritability. The role of DNA methylation in regulating the response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was first determined by performing reduced representation bisulfite sequencing on fibroblasts isolated from heifers at 5- and 16-months of age that exhibit an age-dependent up-regulation in LPS-responsiveness. More than 14,000 differentially methylated sites were identified between the two sets of cultures with a trend towards decreased methylation with age. Young cultures were also hyper-methylated in gene promoters regulated by NF-κB and exhibited lower expression in genes that regulate the innate immune response, suggesting that methylation contributes to gene regulation in fibroblast innate response.
Previously, TLR4 expression was shown to differ in the age-dependent fibroblast model, however, it was not known if variation in TLR4 expression would affect mastitis severity. Therefore, fibroblasts were isolated from sixty lactating, adult Holstein cows and their expression of TLR4, along with LPS-induced production of IL-8 and IL-6, was used to rank the animals from high to low. Six high responders and six low responders were then experimentally infected in one mammary gland with E. coli. Overall, severity of mastitis was quite variable, with a few notable differences between high and low responders. High responding animals had an earlier increase in somatic cell count and febrile response that coincided with more efficient bacterial clearance. However, tissue damage and milk production did not differ between the two groups, indicating that while rapid up-regulation of the innate response addresses bacterial clearance, subsequent down-regulation is required to alleviate damage within the mammary gland.
Finally, one-week old bull calves were subjected to treatment with either saline or LPS to determine if neonatal exposure to endotoxin would make calves less responsive to a second LPS challenge at 32-days of age. The initial treatment showed a large effect of LPS as measured by higher plasma IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations in calves treated with LPS over saline. Subsequent treatment of all 10 calves with LPS showed a very similar response between the two treatment groups and significant inter-animal variability in clinical response. Fibroblasts and monocyte-derived-macrophages (MDMs) were also isolated following initial treatment to determine if any changes occurred at the cellular level as a result of LPS exposure. Fibroblasts isolated from calves at 20-days of age had a very low response to LPS that did not differ between the early life treatments. MDMs isolated from calves at 28-days of age were more responsive to LPS, but again no differences were detected between the early life treatments. In summary, our results suggest that DNA methylation likely plays a role in the cellular response to LPS and may partially contribute to differences between animals in severity of E. coli mastitis, however, the appropriate in vitro phenotype to detect susceptible animals still needs to be characterized before epigenetic biomarkers can be identified, and perhaps modified by environmental interventions.
Korkmaz, Filiz, "An Analysis of Between-Cow Variation in Innate Immunity in Relation to Mastitis Severity" (2018). Graduate College Dissertations and Theses. 856.
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Persians migrated from central Asia to Iran. They are the largest ethnic group of Iran who constitute of 51 % of Iran's population and speak varied Armenian, Turkic languages and Indo-Iranian.
They include tribal groups such as Bakhtiaris, Khamseh, Lurs, Qashqai, Gilaki (in Gilan province), mazandaran (in mazandaran province) and also have ethno-linguistic minority groups that the main ones are Azeris, Kurds, Arabs ,Baluchis, turkeman ,Armenians, Assyrians and Jews.
But Kurds and Lurs are only the two groups that both ethnically and linguistically related closely to the Persians.
The remainder of the population comprises small communities of Arabs, Armenians, Assyrians, Baluch, Georgians, Pashtuns, and others.
According to the CIA World Fact book and other Western sources, ethnicity/race in Iran breaks down as follows: Persian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%, Arab 3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%.
The Azerbaijanis are an ethnic group that likely drives from ancient iranic tribes and mainly found in the northwest provinces. They form the largest minority in Iran with aobut24% of population. In 11th century, the Turkic tribes (which Azeris are one of their groups) migrate into northwestern Iran and gradually made the maximum percent of habitants in east Azerbaijan province.
The Kurds reside mainly in a province in the northwest part of the country and south of western Azerbaijan province. The Kurds are Iranian origin and their language is from the family of Indo-European languages with several dialects such as Goorani (southern Kurdish) and Zaza (western Kurdish). Although the dialects of people in Sanandaj and Kermanshah are kormanji which is vastly different from the above stated ones. The most important Kurdish clans are mokri in the north of Kurdistan, Bani-Ardalan in the south and kalhor in the southernmost Kurdistan.
Arab tribes, whose presence in Iran stretches back 12 centuries scattered in an areas between the Arvandroud, Persian Gulf in the south and shush in the north. Their territory is located to the west of bakhtiyari territory. Bani-kaab is the largest and also most important of Arab tribes in Iran with numerous clans that inhabit Khorramshahr, Minoo Island, both sides of Karun River and around Ahvaz. Other tribes are Bani-lam, Bani-Saleh, Bani –Torof and etc.
2 % of Iranians are Baluchis that reside in a southeastern province and an area between Iran and Pakistan that known as sistan & Baluchistan. Baluchistan is a dry region that is stretched from Kerman deserts to bam and Beshagard Mountains and to the western borderline of Sind and Punjab province in Pakistan.
Historically, the Baluchis were nomads that never had a centralized government and lived under a tribal system, and then in the 11th century, they moved from Kerman to makran.
The Baluchis speak Baluchi which is a west Iranian language of indo-European family of language. Baluchis have two branches of sorhadi which are in north and makrani in the south that are divided into a number of clans that the most important of them are Bameri, Balideh, Bozorgzadeh, riggi, Sardaar Zaie, Shahbakhsh and etc.
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In scientific modeling and simulation, one often defines multiple functions, e.g. temperature, pressure, species distributions etc. on a common domain. Understanding the relation between such functions is crucial in data exploration and analysis. The Jacobi set of two scalar functions provides an important tool for such analysis by describing points in the domain where the two gradients are aligned, and thus partitioning the domain into regions based on relative gradient orientation. A variety of interesting physical phenomena such as the interplay between salinity and temperature of water in oceanography and the critical paths of gravitational potentials of celestial bodies (similar to the Lagrange points in astrophysics) can be modeled using Jacobi sets. In data analysis and image processing, Jacobi sets have been used to compare multiple scalar functions, as well as to express the paths of critical points overtime, silhouettes of objects , and ridges in image data .
However, the Jacobi sets can be extremely detailed to the point at which their complexity impedes or even prevents a meaningful analysis. Often, one is not interested in the fine-scale details, e.g. minor silhouette components due to surface roughness, but rather in more prevalent features such as significant protrusions. The Jacobi sets are also highly sensitive to noise which further leads to undesired artifacts. Finally, the most common algorithm to compute Jacobi sets [4, 16] is designed for piecewise linear functions defined on triangulations, and is well known to introduce a large number of discretization artifacts which could skew the analysis. The natural answer to these problems is the controlled simplification of a Jacobi set by ranking and ultimately removing portions of it in order of importance.
Some previous techniques exist that can be broadly classified into direct and indirect Jacobi set simpli- fication. Indirect simplification [3, 9] simplifies the underlying functions in a hope to obtain a structurally and geometrically simpler Jacobi set. However this poses several problems. First, especially in the case of two non-trivial functions, changing either of them can introduce a large number of complex changes in the Jacobi set. These changes are difficult to predict and track, and instead the Jacobi set is typically re- computed at each step, which quickly becomes costly. Second, the Jacobi set encodes the relation between two functions and therefore simplifying one function may not actually simplify the Jacobi set. For example, two functions with complex gradient flows, which are similar in terms of relative orientation, define a small and simple Jacobi set. In this case, smoothing the gradient flow of either of the functions can introduce significant additional complexity into the Jacobi set. Finally, creating an appropriate metric to rank potential simplification steps can be challenging as small changes relative to traditional function norms e.g. L2 or L∞ may induce large changes in the Jacobi set and vice versa.
H. Bhatia, Bei Wang, G. Norgard, V. Pascucci, P.-T. Bremer. "Local, Smooth, and Consistent Jacobi Set Simplification," In Cornell University Library, No. arXiv:1307.7752, 2013.
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If you're looking to understand the terminology on this site a little more, this coaster dictionary is a good place to look. Text in brackets tell you which Thorpe ride the definition could relate to.
Airtime: This is where riders get the sensation that they are flying out of their seat on a ride. Often found whilst cresting a hill on a roller coaster (good airtime can be enjoyed on SAW, Colossus and Detonator).
Air Gates: The holding pen for guests which features gates which open to let riders onto the ride (most major Thorpe rides).
Banked Turn: A turn on a coaster that is tilted to make the ride more comfortable for the rider (Colossus, Nemesis Inferno).
Barrel Roll: A 360º turn on a coaster where the train rotates around the track. Also called Inline Twist; often confused with Heartline Twist (The Swarm).
Brake Run: A section of track designed to slow or stop a coaster train (all coasters).
Capacity: The number of people that a ride can theoretically process in one hour.
Cobra Roll: An element that resembles a cobra's head. Where the coaster ascends, inverts riders 90 degrees to the side onto a flat piece of track, and then inverts them 90 degrees to the left again into a descent (Colossus).
Corkscrew: An inversion on a coaster that looks like just a horizontal corkscrew! On B&M Inverted coasters, they're called Wingovers (Colossus, Nemesis Inferno, The Swarm).
Dark Ride: A ride that is enclosed completely in a building (X:\ No Way Out).
Dive Loop: An inversion where a high section of track twists up and to the side, inverts, and dives down towards the ground at 90 degrees from its entry point in a half vertical loop. The reverse of the dive loop, where a train inclines up the half loop and twists and exits at 90 degrees at the top, is called an Immelman loop (SAW - The Ride, The Swarm).
Element: A piece of track on a coaster designed to give a thrill - such as a vertical loop, for example.
Fastrack: Merlin's queue jumping service, available for an additional charge.
Flat Ride: One where a vehicle is not travelling along a fixed track. Flat Rides are fixed in one position and the entire ride moves to give riders a thrill. Flat Rides can also be called Thrill Rides (Vortex, Rush etc).
G-Force: A measurement of the pressure put on your body when riding a ride - it's how heavy or light you feel, and is caused by your inertia. Standing still on Earth, you are under 1G. Positive Gs make you feel heavy, and Negative Gs make you feel light. Detonator makes you feel very heavy at the bottom of its drop, putting you through +5.5G! The bump halfway down Logger's Leap's drop, that lifts riders a little out of the boat, is a good example of where negative G can be felt.
Headchopper: A part of a coaster where riders experience a "near miss" with another part of the ride, or nearby scenery/themeing. Most common on wooden coasters. Colossus' bunny hop diving under the shop is a good example of this.
Heartline Roll: An inversion where the train performs a 360º roll, keep the average rider's heart at the same height throughout. In order for the centre of the train to rotate on just one axis, the track has to change height (Colossus). Barrel rolls, by contrast, go through a similar motion but the track remains at the same height, and the train rotates around it.
Hydraulic Launch: An alternative to a Lift Hill; a much faster way of getting trains to the top of a coaster. Hydraulic launches use hydraulic motors to fire trains along track at high speeds. Requires compressed Nitrogen and Hydraulic Oil to create intense acceleration (Stealth).
Immelman Loop: The reverse of a dive loop. The train inclines up a half loop and twists and exits at 90 degrees at the top (SAW - The Ride).
Inclined Loop: A 360º loop that is neither vertical nor horizontal (a helix). Inclines loops are angled at between 45º - 80º (The Swarm).
Inertia: A property of matter that causes it to resist changes in speed or direction.
Inline Twist: See "Barrel Roll" (The Swarm).
Interlocking Corkscrews: Where two separate corkscrews spin around each other. Found only on B&M coasters (wingovers), Nemesis Inferno is the only inverted coaster in the world to feature interlocking corkscrews on the same track.
Inverted Coaster: One where riders hang below the track (Nemesis Inferno).
Inversion: Where the coaster turns riders upside down (Colossus, Nemesis Inferno, The Swarm, SAW).
Lap Bar: A restraint; a bar that clicks down over a riders lap (X:\ No Way Out, Quantum).
Lift Hill: A section of track which pulls riders to the top of a coaster - usually at the start of the ride. Lift hills can also be found halfway round a track, and there can be more than one on a coaster (Colossus, Nemesis Inferno, SAW, The Swarm, X:\ No Way Out).
Loading Platform: Where the riders board the ride.
Over the Shoulder Restraint: A restraint that riders pull down over their shoulders onto the chest (Colossus, Nemesis Inferno, Detonator, Vortex, SAW, Samurai, Stealth).
Restraint: In place on rides to prevent riders from falling out of the ride.
Single Rider: Somebody that wants to ride on their own. They can often skip the queues for a spare seat (Stealth).
Station: Where the ride controls are kept, and where the loading platform is situated (all coasters).
Target Audience: The demographic a product is aimed at. Thorpe Park's target audience is teenagers, young adults and couples.
Theming: Scenery, buildings and effects that give a theme to a ride.
Thrill Ride: See "Flat Ride".
Top Hat: Common to launched coasters, a top hat consists of a 90 twist up an incline, a crest over a hill, and then a 90 twist back down the other side so that the train is travelling back in the same direction from which it entered. Top hats are often encountered following a launch (Stealth).
Train: The vehicle which transports riders around the coaster track. Trains come in various shapes and sizes, from The Swarm's wide Wing Rider trains to SAW's 8-person cars.
Vertical Loop: A normal loop-the-loop on a coaster (Colossus, Nemesis Inferno).
Zero-G Roll: A 360º roll that starts with an ascent and ends with a descent (Nemesis Inferno, SAW - The Ride, The Swarm).
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The homeless may refer to people with little or no family ties and no physical address of their homes. Among the things homeless people need are health care, food, and shelter. Everyone should try to do more about homeless people.
The homeless population lacks decent conventional housing as most sleep in places not intended for sleeping such as in the streets, abandoned buildings and bus stations. It is a basic human right to have access to a private space. Due to lack of one’s own shelter, the homeless lack the privilege of privacy particularly in regard to accessing restrooms. Homeless people need shelter to improve their personal hygiene through access to bathrooms and toilets. Having a roof over their head would secure a homeless person the opportunity for better human connection with others and help them pursue the need for a family.
A significant fraction of the homeless population lack quality health care. This is despite their vulnerability due to exposure to health risk factors as a result of living in destitute unused spaces. Additionally, there is the risk of drug addiction. Often the reality for the homeless is manifested as a gamble between life and death. Other than an adverse effect on physical health, their mental and behavioral health is also at risk. The homeless also require rehabilitation to address the impact of their mortifying experiences.
Without a home and an income, it proves difficult for the homeless to access a well-prepared home-cooked meal. Due to public ridicule, most of the homeless shy away from asking for food from strangers and eventually spend days without a meal. It is even harder to access fresh and nutritious food on a regular basis. Consequently, their health is also compromised. The homeless often are at risk of diseases such as diabetes and other chronic illnesses. Food security is needed for the poor and homeless.
Undeniably, the homeless have a basic right as human beings to food, shelter and health care. Lack of these things predisposes them to several risk factors.
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It's one and a half hours before your flight, you're on a diet, and your stomach is growling. What to have for dinner? Here's some tips.
1: The main rule of eating right: get as much vegetables as possible. Salads obviously do, but make sure to avoid dressing, croutons, and bacon bits.
2: If you must have meat, go for grilled or roasted chicken, or seafood like tuna or salmon. Turkey or roast beef also works, but limit how much you consume.
3: For sandwiches, ask for whole-wheat or multi-grain. If they don't have either, don't eat the bread and just eat the veggies and/or low-fat meat.
4: Most likely you'll want a slice of pizza. Ask for whole-wheat crust; this is becoming more popular. If they don't have it, ask for any veggie toppings: onion, mushroom, broccoli, peppers, and even lettuce.
5: Avoid fast-food. Try some healthier alternative eating establishments.
6: If you had something unhealthy (or even something healthy), take a walk around the airport. You're going to be sitting in a seat for at least two hours: this is your last chance for serious exercise.
7: For dessert, have fruit. Fruit cups without syrup can be easily found: if you know where to look, you'll find a place.
Most likely there will be vegetarian options. If there is nothing else, go for those options. Those will be the healthiest in the whole airport.
If you have less than half an hour, don't take your time buying food. Most (if not, all) airlines start boarding 30 minutes before takeoff. For example, if takeoff is 5:00, they'll start boarding at 4:30. Buy a little something quickly (only if you need to), and when you land buy something.
Reserve fifteen to twenty dollars for airport food. You never know what the prices are, you may be thirsty, and you need money to buy fruit (only if you want to).
When ordering, say your order quickly. Other people behind you may not have as much time as you do. If you want a chicken sandwich, for instance, say, "Grilled chicken sandwich on whole-wheat with onions, please."
If you need napkins, take two to four. This is not the place to get ten: hundreds of people are coming through, and some need napkins more than others.
Sometimes you'll have to eat unhealthy. In travel, this is really hard to avoid. When you come home, start your diet back again.
Don't say anything about violence to the servers or anyone in line. There is a fine line between talking about the latest film starring Vin Diesel and saying you have poison in your briefcase.
wikiHow is a “wiki,” similar to Wikipedia, which means that many of our articles are co-written by multiple authors. To create this article, volunteer authors worked to edit and improve it over time. This article has also been viewed 3,191 times.
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 3,191 times.
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What are the three best ways to get more from my hybrid golf clubs? Now when you’re selecting hybrid golf clubs and when you’re thinking about how to get the most performance out of them, there are a number of different factors you need to consider. So to condense it down to the three best ways; first of all, you need to make sure that the loft on the club is right for you. So if you’re choosing a hybrid maybe to replace a long iron or a or a fairway wood, make sure that that one hybrid or the few hybrids that you might want to pop into the bag have different lofts and different lengths so you actually hit different distances. What a lot of players fall into the trap of is getting a hybrid and they’re getting a fairway wood, or the hybrid and the fairway were hitting at very similar distances. Make sure that you’re hybrid will give you a little bit more of a flexibility in the amount of yardage that you actually hit.
Now the second thing you need to do to get the most out of your hybrid is use an appropriate technique. Now by an appropriate technique is a combination of a fairway wood and an iron shot. So the ball should be just inside the left heel by a couple of inches, so not on the left heel like it would be a driver or slightly as high as it would be a fairway wood; just slightly further back. This is because the angle of attack needs to kind of bottom out just after the ball, so you just bruise the ground afterwards. Now this is important because the hybrid is a combination design of a fairway wood and an iron, so it needs to be a combination of that swing arch and that swing path as well. So you just want to be swinging, try and bottom it out just after the ball to try and get the most out of the club. So you need to make sure the lofts are appropriate and you need to make sure the technique’s appropriate.
Now not only that, but the third thing you need to make sure you do with your hybrids is actually understand the different types of shot you can hit. Don’t just think of a hybrid club as a replacement off the tee or a replacement for your long iron. Hybrid clubs, because of their design, especially the wide, smooth sole are incredibly adaptable. You can hit them out of bad lies. You can hit them out of heavy rough. You can hit them out of bunkers and from around the green you can play a lovely little chip and run shots with them as well. So don’t just think of it as a one dimensional piece of equipment. It has so many different factors, and to get the most out of them, use those three kinds of examples, but explore it a little bit more. They’re a fantastic option for so many golfers. Try and get the best out of them and as a result you’ll probably get the best out of your game.
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How do you version your Oracle database changes?
I am interested to know what methods other people are using to keep track of changes made to the database including table definition changes, new objects, packages changes, etc. Do you use flat files with an external version control system? Triggers? Other software?
At the sites I've worked at, any changes that need to be made to the production instance(s) must be scripted as change scripts that will run in SQL*Plus; in addition, scripts needed to recreate all schema objects from scratch must be kept up-to-date. All these scripts are checked into change control, and are migrated from there.
You can audit DDL changes or use DDL triggers to pick up changes, or even use diff software to compare two instances, but these methods are indiscriminate; often a developer will make and undo a number of changes to a schema (e.g. little test changes, creating dummy tables to test out concepts, etc) before working out what exactly needs to be changed.
I have thought and read a lot about this topic. This is a broad topic of configuration control and change management strategy. CMMI has a domain in this topic. Even in companies which has a accreditation of CMMI 3-5, they sometimes do not version control their databases.
This question should be answered while keeping in mind following constraints.
You have a keeper and every DDL is executed by this keeper.
Other People have ability to execute DDL statements.
You need only to log what changes has been done but you do not need to compare vast differences.
Your database design is done via external tool then is published to database. This external tool can be DDL scripts in source control even. But key point is you source control this then publish to database.
You do not need to know instantaneous changes but from time to time: i.e. hourly, daily.
You have a defined server structure: Development, Test, Production. And a good testing strategy.
Embercadero has a database change management tool (http://www.embarcadero.com/products/db-change-manager-xe). Which has ability to reverse engineer a database (Oracle) and put it in their source control. Then any number of developer, dba can reach this schema and make changes to it.
Oracle SQL Designer is similar to this approach.
Putting you create table scripts to source control (svn, mercurial etc) and maintaining them also same thing.
http://www.liquibase.org is automated approach of above.
I wrote code generator which generated DAL (Data Access Layer), DDL (Create Table) statements. We put them source control and maintained there. I think dedicated solution like liquibase may work better.
This approach works well if have 6. You put DDL statements,which is also a code, in source control and maintain it. Nobody will change Test and Production Servers without due consideration.
Disadvantages is if you make any changes to production or test servers for any reason, a quick bug fix, primary key change etc. You need to roll that changes to development server also. Since actually Development server is your GROUND TRUTH. Not other way around.
This is a very developer oriented approach. But when you first developing a new module it works pretty well.
Similar approach to answer 1 is maintaining a development server. Everybody uses it changes it. Than when time comes to update. You use a database comparison tool. Get these as scripts , put it under source control.
Difference between Answer 1 and Answer 2 is, in answer 1 you collect DDL statements for entire database and you store them. In answer 2 you need to store every version of change.
If you put a column to a table and later decide to remove it. You scripts will show this in answer2 while in answer1 you will only see last version. And you need to compare V2 and V1 to see differences. Personally I like answer 1 better since I can easily compare Start and V3, V1 and V3. In answer2, I need to look for all changes. Also in answer 2 script in source control tends to be a big bang, complex script. Hard to find information.
Answer 3 If 3 is true. Note that in this situation you do not have constraint 6 , that is : you do not have Development, Test, Product servers. Only production server. You can use DDL triggers to log what changes has been done. This is mostly used to discourage people from abusing their DDL grants. If any problem occurs, you can find responsible. For this to work every person should connect with their user account and Application account should not have any DDL grants. Since every developer knows Application account and can use it.
Answer 4 If you have 3 and 5. Note that in this situation you do not have constraint 6 , that is : you do not have Development, Test, Product servers. Only production server. Instead of trigger to store changes. You use an external tool find changes and store DDL scripts in the source control.
If these tool has an ability to record who has done changes, it would be useful. Note that in this solution you loose extra DDL which are done in intervals.
Just found an interesting tutorial on using Liquibase to version Oracle.
On some of our databases we are using DDL triggers to catch changes and save them to a table. We then have a web interface to pull up these previous versions. It has severe drawbacks, which is why I am looking for alternatives, but it is easy and is better than no version control.
We have used Schema Version Control for our 11g databases, but have had some problems with the software on 11.2. If it weren't for those problems which we are still working through, it would be a great product.
That was quite nice, esp. the ability to set DOMAINs for columns and save a lot of time creating common columns (mtime, ctime etc).
We use oracle-ddl2svn set of tools (which I am the author of) for automatization storing of oracle DDL schema in SVN.
Have a look on DBmaestro TeamWork which its database enforced change management approach.
I've never used it, but http://blog.gitora.com/ is another option.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged oracle oracle-11g-r2 version-control or ask your own question.
How can a group track database schema changes?
do oracle redo logs need to be copied when all other data is copied to a new disks?
Oracle upgrade, v$version what is it actually doing?
Are there any databases with out of the box Point-in-Time-Architecture support?
Oracle Workspace Manager: How is DDL applied to versioned tables?
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The Standard Model of particle physics is a theory that accounts for all known elementary particles and their interactions, with the exception of gravity. It emerged in the 1960s and 1970s as a result of several discoveries, notably of quarks, the quantum-chromodynamics (QCD) theory of the strong interactions, and electroweak unification. Since then, there have been nearly forty years of Kuhnian normal science with it — it has been very successful in agreeing with experiments as particle accelerators have gone up to the teraelectronvolt (TeV) energy range.
"Low energy" here means energy scales less than the electroweak-unification energy scale of about 250 gigaelectronvolts (GeV). Below that energy scale, the Higgs boson has a nonzero vacuum or ground-state field value, and that nonzero value makes it always present to every particle that it interacts with. That is what gives the other massive Standard-Model particles their masses.
The Standard Model contains a variety of elementary particles.
Bosons: the Higgs boson and the gauge bosons (photon, W, Z, gluon).
These particles have masses and several quantum numbers: spin, electric charge, and QCD multiplicity. The masses here are all given in GeV for easy comparison. Also here is whether a particle is its own antiparticle (X for yes, blank for no). The graviton is the hypothetical quantum of the gravitational field, and it is presented here for comparison.
A particle's antiparticle has the same mass and spin, but opposite charge and conjugate QCD multiplicity. Thus, the antiparticle of the W+ is the W- and vice versa. The QCD multiplicity is a bit complicated. The colorless multiplicity 1 and the gluon multiplicity 8 have themselves as conjugates, but the quark multiplicity 3 has a separate multiplicity 3* (or 3 bar) for antiquarks.
Neutrinos may be their own antiparticles if they are "Majorana neutrinos". Flipping the spin of a Majorana neutrino makes it a Majorana antineutrino and vice versa. However, neutrinos would not be their own antiparticles if they were "Dirac neutrinos", analogs of the charged elementary fermions.
The best-known Standard-Model interaction is the electromagnetic interaction. It is a "gauge interaction", and it preserves a "gauge symmetry". For EM, that symmetry involves modifying elementary-particle fields by multiplying them by factors of exp(i*a*Q) for charge Q and a the same for all particles. Using conservation of charge, the particle fields' equations of motion reduce to their original ones. Since a is constant here, this is a global symmetry. Make it a function of space-time, and the symmetry becomes local. But it produces extra terms involving a in the equations of motion. But one can get rid of them by adding EM interactions, complete with its own terms involving a that cancel the other such terms. Thus, EM gauge symmetry is local and not just global.
Quantum chromodynamics is constructed in a similar fashion. Quarks come in three QCD states that have been named "colors": red, green, blue. Antiquarks have anticolors or cyan, magenta, yellow. QCD gauge symmetries are mixings of color states. To make these mixings local, one needs an analog of the electromagnetic field: the gluon field. Thus, the gluon has eight possible states: color-anticolor states with a colorless combination subtracted out. Since these mixings can interact with each other, gluons can interact with each other as well as with (anti)quarks.
The W and the Z are similar to these particles. The W does up-type <-> down-type for quarks and neutrinos <-> charged leptons for leptons. The Z does not do such "flavor" changes, being like a photon but with different interaction strengths.
Gauge-symmetry operations form continuous abstract-algebra groups called "Lie groups", after mathematician Sophus Lie ("Lee"), not deliberate falsehoods. They are generated by "Lie algebras", mathematical structures that are often much easier to work with than the groups themselves. Electromagnetism has symmetry group U(1) and QCD symmetry group SU(3).
General relativity may be interpreted as a gauge theory of gravity, where the gauge transformations are spacetime coordinate transformations.
The Higgs boson interacts with all the massive particles of the Standard Model, including itself. It is not a gauge interaction, since it has no associated symmetry.
The Standard Model has electroweak symmetry, though it is broken down to electromagnetic symmetry at low energies. This symmetry breaking is caused by the Higgs boson getting a nonzero field value. This always-present field then induces masses in most of the Standard-Model particles. Only the photon and the gluon are unaffected by it, and they stay massless.
Their quantum numbers are somewhat different from the low-energy case. The elementary fermions here have chirality or handedness (left or right), a "weak hypercharge" value, and a "weak isospin" multiplicity. The WHC value is closely related to electric charge, while the WIS multiplicity is a shrunken version of the QCD multiplicity (only two "colors": up and down). Masses are not included because all these particles but the Higgs boson are massless.
The right-handed neutrino and the hypothetical graviton are both included for completeness. The WHC reverses for antiparticles, just like the electric charge, but the WIS has no conjugate multiplets as QCD does.
The Higgs conjugate is listed as a separate particle for convenience, even though its field is a flipped complex-conjugate version of the "canonical" Higgs particle's field.
for QCD, WIS, and WHC. Electroweak symmetry breaking makes it SU(3) * U(1) for QCD and EM.
The Standard Model is evidently a very complicated theory, something that has provoked the construction of grand unified theories (GUT's). It is also incomplete, not including several observed phenomena and having some theoretical problems.
If the latter is produced by the Higgs mechanism, then this means some very curiously small Higgs-interaction strengths. An alternative is the "seesaw model", featuring a "Majorana mass" for the right-handed neutrinos and a "Dirac mass" that connects the left-handed and right-handed parts in the fashion of the charged elementary fermions. With plausible Higgs-induced Dirac masses, the Majorana masses must be close to the GUT mass scale to make the observed neutrino masses.
The "hierarchy problem", where the Higgs boson gets a very large mass by quantum-mechanical effects.
The "strong CP problem", where QCD may give electric dipole moments to protons and neutrons.
Interrelationships. Though the Standard Model's multiplet structure is very complicated, it has certain regularities that suggest some GUT.
Gauge interaction-strength convergence at high energies, from quantum-mechanical effects. This convergence also suggests some GUT.
The first problem is solved by an additional symmetry called "supersymmetry". It extends spacetime symmetry to include interrelationships between particles with different spins. For the Higgs boson, it introduces a spin-1/2 "higgsino" whose interactions cancel out that extra mass. Supersymmetry can also improve the high-energy convergence of gauge interaction strengths.
This page was last modified on 13 November 2017, at 15:34.
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Wrote a Bloomberg column about why unions’ manners matter. We live in a society that treasures tiny options and respects the every mood of the investor or consumer. But there is one corner of that society, where that treasuring and that respect of the individual do not hold. That corner is the corner created by the Wagner Act. And Big Labor, the child of the act, is downright rude. Workers in some states must pay union dues, or the equivalent, even if they are not in unions. Companies must subject themselves to the behavioralism of the National Labor Relations Board or see their business damaged. The NLRB’s rough handling of Boeing is a recent example. The NLRB has said Boeing must even consider undertaking business in Washington state in order to get permission to build its Dreamliner in the Carolinas.
William F. Buckley paid great attention to words. Words tell a lot about our labor situations, too. The way you know our labor law is rotten is because its words, the union terminology, do not make sense. Is collective bargaining truly “collective” if an individual does not want to be part of the contract? The National Labor Relations Board is not really national if only one in ten American laborers in the private sector has chosen to be in a union, which is the case. Since 1983 union membership has gone from 20 percent to just under 12 percent. We used to believe the unions did not matter, because the economy would grow past them; but this particular year, each job matters much. We are not growing past unions fast enough. If we cannot repeal the Wagner Act, here’s a gentler suggestion: suspend the act for two years, and then see what happens to growth. The National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation is one of my favorite nonprofits. They’re aggressive, but in my experience only as aggressive as their union counterparts.
Amity Shlaes is the author of several New York Times bestsellers, including The Forgotten Man.
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The name of the curtains on the main stage is Golden Sunburst which was created by the design duo of Hutton Wilkinson and Tony Duquette for Jim Thompson Designs.
When Conan O'Brien announced (on January 13, 2010) that he wouldn't continue to host the show if it would be pushed back to another time slot to air, he rather abruptly ended his stint as host of "The Tonight Show". The last episode of The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien (2009) aired on January 22nd, 2010. O'Brien remained under contract with NBC until September 1, 2010.
During the time of the "Late Night Wars", in January 2010, in which NBC was re-scheduling its Late Night-program, there evolved the "I'm with Coco" movement, which favored Conan O'Brien over Jay Leno as host (of "The Tonight Show" or anything else) and thought that NBC's behavior towards O'Brien was rude.
On the episode of November 18, 2009, Conan O'Brien said Heidi Montag and Spencer Pratt are on the show and the audience booed. On the next day's episode, Conan said, "In 17 years in this business, I've never heard an audience respond like this."
The final episode of The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien garnered a 4.8 rating in the demographic of adults 18-49, which was over 40% higher than the 3.4 rating for the 2009 finale of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.
At 46 years old, O'Brien is the oldest person to start hosting "The Tonight Show".
In January 2010, NBC announced that Jay Leno, host of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (1992), from whom Conan O'Brien took over the role as host, would have his not-so-well-received The Jay Leno Show (2009) move towards the 11:35 PM time-slot and that The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien (2009) would be pushed back to the 12:05 AM time-slot. "The Tonight Show" has never aired that late during its almost 60 years on air. Furthermore, this push-back would have meant that Late Night with Jimmy Fallon (2009), follow-up to O'Brien's own Late Night with Conan O'Brien (1993), would also have been pushed back to a later time-slot, too. When The Jay Leno Show (2009) was officially canceled and it became clear that Leno would get his own new show at 11:35 PM, O'Brien released a statement in which he made clear that he didn't like how NBC handled the situation. He also stated that he wouldn't continue hosting The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien (2009) if it was pushed back to a later time-slot. Eventually that month, it was officially announced that Leno would get "The Tonight Show" back on March 1st and that O'Brien will receive a severance payment of about $33 million from NBC.
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The Ukrainian People's Republic or Ukrainian National Republic (Ukrainian: Українська Народна Республіка, Ukrayins'ka Narodna Respublika; abbreviated УНР, UNR), a predecessor of modern Ukraine, was declared (on 10 June 1917) - at first as a part of the Russian Republic after the Russian Revolution - but proclaimed its independence on 25 January 1918. During its short existence the republic went through several political transformations from the socialist-leaning republic headed by the Central council with its General secretariat to the national republic, led by the Directorate and by Symon Petlyura. Between April and December 1918 the Ukrainian People's Republic did not function, having been overthrown by the Ukrainian State of Pavlo Skoropadsky. From autumn 1919 the UNR operated as an ally of the Second Polish Republic, but by then the state de facto no longer non-existed. The 18 March 1921 Treaty of Riga between the Second Polish Republic, Soviet Russia (acting also on behalf of Soviet Belarus) and Soviet Ukraine sealed the fate of the Ukrainian People's Republic.
After the Bolshevik Revolution of October/November 1917 many governments formed in Ukraine - most notably the Ukrainian People's Republic (based in Kiev) and the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets (1917-1918, based in Kharkiv) and its Soviet successors. These two sides fought constantly with each other, which resulted in many casualties among Ukrainians fighting in a civil war as part of the wider Ukrainian-Soviet War of 1917-1921. The Soviet Union would (after the 1921 Treaty of Riga) extend control over what would ultimately become the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and a founding member of the Soviet Union.
On 10 June 1917 the Ukrainian Central Council declared its autonomy as part of the Russian Republic by its First Universal at the All-Ukrainian Military Congress. The highest governing body of the Ukrainian People's Republic became the General Secretariat headed by Volodymyr Vynnychenko. The Prime Minister of Russia Alexander Kerensky recognized the Secretariat, appointing it as the representative governing body of the Russian Provisional Government and limiting its powers to five guberniyas: Volyn Governorate, Kiev Governorate, Podolie Governorate, Chernigov Governorate, and Poltava Governorate. At first Vynnychenko protested and left his post as Secretariat leader, but eventually returned to reassemble the Secretariat after the Tsentralna Rada accepted the Kerensky Instruktsiya and issued the Second Universal.
After the October Revolution the Kievan faction of the Bolshevik Party instigated the uprising in Kiev on November 8, 1917 in order to establish Soviet power in the city. Kiev Military District forces attempted to stop it, but after the Tsentralna Rada threw its support behind the Bolsheviks, the Russian forces were eliminated from Kiev. After expelling the government forces, the Rada announced a wider autonomy for the Ukrainian Republic, still maintaining ties to Russia, on November 22, 1917. The territory of the republic was proclaimed by the Third Universal November 20, 1917 (November 7 by Old Style) of the Tsentralna Rada encompassing the Volyn Governorate, Kiev Governorate, Podolie Governorate, Chernigov Governorate, Poltava Governorate, Kharkov Governorate, Yekaterinoslav Governorate, Kherson Governorate, Taurida Governorate (not including Crimea). It also stated that the people of the Voronezh Governorate, Kholm Governorate, and Kursk Governorate were welcome to join the republic through a referendum. Further the Tsentralna Rada in its Universal stated that because there was no Government in the Russian Republic after the October Revolution it proclaimed itself the Supreme governing body of the territory of Ukraine until order in the Russian republic could be restored. The Central Rada called all revolutionary activities such as the October Revolution a civil war and expressed its hopes for the resolution of the chaos.
UPR postcard with national flag and athem. November–December 1917.
Besieged by the Bolsheviks and having lost much territory, the Rada was forced to seek foreign aid, and signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on February 9, 1918 to obtain military help from the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires. Germany helped the Ukrainian Army force the Bolsheviks out of Ukraine. On February 20, 1918 the council of the Kuban People's Republic accepted the resolution for a federal union of Kuban with Ukraine as Bolshevik forces pushed towards Ekaterinodar. It was agreed to forward the resolution for ratification to the Ukrainian government.
After the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Ukraine became a virtual protectorate of the German Empire which at that time seemed more favorable than being overrun by the Soviet forces that were spreading havoc in the country. Germany was anxious about losing the war and was trying to speed up the process of food extraction from Ukraine, so it decided to install its own administration in the person of Generalfeldmarschall von Eichhorn who replaced the Colonel General Alexander von Linsingen. On April 6 the commander of the Army group Kijew issued an order in which he explained his intentions to execute the conditions of the treaty. That, of course, conflicted with the laws of the Ukrainian government, which annulled his order. The Germans arrested and disbanded the Tsentralna Rada on April 29, 1918 to stop the social reforms that were taking place and retarding the process of food supply transfer to Germany and Austria-Hungary. The German authorities also arrested the Ukrainian Prime Minister, Vsevolod Holubovych, on terrorist charges, and thus disbanded the Council of People's Ministers. Prior to this, the Rada had approved the Constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Concurrently with all these events and a few days prior to the change of powers in the country on April 24, 1918 the government of Belarus confirmed the Belarusian Chamber of Commerce in Kiev headed by Mitrofan Dovnar-Zapolsky on the initiative of the Belarusian secretary of finance Pyotr Krechevsky.
After the coup, the Rada was replaced by the conservative government of Hetman Pavlo Skoropadsky, the Hetmanate, and the Ukrainian People's Republic by a "Ukrainian State" (Ukrayinska derzhava). Skoropadsky, a former officer of the Russian Empire, established a regime favoring large landowners and concentrating power at the top, although it was merely a puppet of Germany. The government had little support from Ukrainian activists, but unlike the socialist Rada, it was able to establish an effective administrative organization, established diplomatic ties with many countries, and concluded a peace treaty with Soviet Russia. In a few months, the Hetmanate also printed millions of Ukrainian language textbooks, established many Ukrainian schools, two universities, and the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.
Ukraine according to an old postal stamp from 1919 that was reprinted in 2008.
This page was last modified on 7 May 2016, at 20:08.
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Internet voting can be useful for expatriates.
Many people consider Internet voting flawed because there are no physical paper ballots.
Internet voting, a type of electronic voting, is a method of casting votes for an election or other contest using online resources. The precise technology involved in Internet voting differs by the area using it and the security required for the contest, but the process usually involves verifying a person's identity and voting from a number of options. Additional security measures are often used as well, particularly when the voting apparatus is used for political elections rather than recreational contests. Primary opposition to Internet voting for serious elections stems from the vulnerability of such systems to hacking, as well as the perceived loss of certainty due to the lack of a physical ballot.
One of the primary requirements for Internet voting is access to a computer. In areas where this is not a problem due to an abundance of technological resources, many people believe that being able to vote over the Internet encourages voter turnout. Internet voting has been used successfully in some areas, but there are still claims that tampering may be a problem even in those elections. People who are opposed to Internet voting due to this lack of security sometimes attempt to hack prototype systems in order to demonstrate vulnerability to manufacturers and users.
For expatriates and other people far from home during elections, Internet voting can prevent ballots from getting lost or arriving late. This issue is especially important considering how far human populations may some day travel. Astronauts are sometimes allowed to vote via email over the Internet because there is no other possible way for them to vote. Voting over the Internet may be one way for people who are separated from their home planet to continue to have a voice in the politics of the Earth.
In both philosophical and practical ways, voting over the Internet is problematic because there is no physical ballot. Many electronic voting strategies suffer from this problem, but users often see the Internet as intangible, making the concern over the disappearance of ballots extremely widespread. Anyone who has ever accidentally deleted an email or a file understands how the data that determines who takes a powerful political office might be lost in a similar way.
Most people acknowledge that at some point voting over the Internet will be nearly unbeatable in its security and accessibility. The problem over which most people disagree is at what point technology can be said to be secure enough. In practice, it will likely take many errors and challenged voting periods before a suitable arrangement has been reached.
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In 1919, Fitzgerald begins to rewrite his novel "The Romantic Egoist" and it is accepted by Scribner Editor, Maxwell Perkins. (Accepted September 16th).
April 10, 1925, "The Great Gatsby" is published as the Fitzgeralds (Scott and his wife, Zelda) settle in Paris.
Fitzgerald moved to Paris for the better part of 7 years, starting in 1924.
Scott Fitzgerald had a wife by the name of Zelda and a friend/colleague whom he met in Paris by the name of Ernest Hemingway.
Paris influenced Fitzgerald's writing in many ways, especially during the "Jazz Age."
Some of these influences resulted in heavy drinking, mass short story writing to support himself and tense relationships with people close to him. (i.e. Zelda and Hemingway).
He traveled all over Paris and the community became very familiar with him.
Him, his wife Zelda, and their daughter "Scottie."
F. Scott Fitzgerald's most well known book.
F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway.
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图像纹理特征能够反映图像的灰度分布程度、对比度、空间分布和图像的内在变化特性,在确保较低计算复杂度的前提下,有效提取深层次的图像纹理信息是其研究的难点问题.针对这一问题,从相邻区域的统计特征分析入手,提出了一种Haar 型特性局部二元模式(Haar local binary pattern,简称HLBP)的图像纹理特征提取方法.鉴于Haar 型特征运算简单、快捷,统计局部特征有效、可靠,将其引入LBP 中.该方法首先给出8 组Haar 型特征编码模式,按照局部二元模式(local binary pattern,简称LBP)统计图像局部纹理特征,因采用局部区域统计方法能够有效降低噪声的影响;其次,为了进一步提高图像纹理特征的有效呈现,结合Gabor 小波滤波在不同方向、不同尺度对灰度水平图像进行特征提取,以增强纹理有效提取的性能,提高不变特征的稳健性;最后,通过4 组对比实验验证了该方法的可行性.实验分别在标准的Brodatz 正常分块纹理库测试集、分块且缩放Brodatz 纹理库测试集、分块且旋转Brodatz 纹理库测试集以及Yale B 扩展的非均匀光照条件人脸库测试集上进行.实验结果表明,该方法能够有效地表达图像的纹理特征.
The image texture feature reflects some characteristics of the degree of gray distribution, contrast, spatial distribution and changes in the intrinsic properties of image. Under the premise of lower computational complexity, it is a difficult problem for effective feature extraction of deep level image texture. Aiming to solve this problem, this paper, from the analysis of statistical characteristics of adjacent regions, proposes an image texture features extraction method, which is based on Haar local binary pattern (HLBP). In view of simple and quick operating of Haar-like features, effective and reliable to local features statistic, Haar is inducted into LBP. This method first shows eight groups of Haar feature encoding models, which calculate the local texture features of image in accordance with local binary pattern (LBP). Through this method, it can reduce the noise impact effectively. Then, in order to further enhance the effective representations of the image texture features, the method combines with Gabor wavelet filters in different directions and different scales of gray-level image feature extraction, which intends to enhance the effective performance of the texture feature extraction. Finally, through four comparing experiments, this method has proven to be a feasible tool for analyzing image texture features.
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Why do some people prefer to travel abroad rather than travel in their own country?
I think some people prefer to travel abroad instead of in their home country because they want to experience as many new things as possible in a short time, or because they are curious about another culture. Take me for example. Since I’ve already traveled around my home country extensively, I only want to go abroad on vacation and see places, foods, and landmarks that are new to me. Another example of why people travel is that people become fascinated by learning about other languages and and cultures, like speaking Spanish in Spain, and want to experience them for real. So, those are some reasons why people go abroad.
Do you think traveling to another country can change the way that people think?
Yes, I think that for open minded people like me and my friends, traveling abroad can really change our way of thinking. If you visit a country that has a culture very different from your own, you will experience a new way of life, which will alter your perspective. For example, if you’re from Asia, visiting a European country will give you a whole new look at a different history and culture that you’ve only seen in pictures before. Traveling also gives you the chance to meet new friends, who can further influence your thinking. Going abroad can change your perspective and open up new doors.
Do you think it’s safer to travel today than in the past?
Yes, it has become safer to travel in almost every way, including travel by land, sea, and air. In the past, technology was not as well-developed, which led to more potential accidents and problems while traveling. Take traveling by boat for example. Today, most people enjoy going on cruises and ships without worrying about running out of food or water, or having some disaster happen, like Titanic. But in the past, all of those things were real dangers while on a ship going overseas. So, that’s why traveling is safer today than it used to be.
Let’s move on to tourism. What are some famous tourist spots in your country?
Well, India is large, diverse place, so in each of its regions you’ll find a few different famous tourist destinations. In the north, there are some Mughal Empire landmarks, such as Delhi’s Red Fort, which is a famous historical site, as well as the huge Jama Masjid mosque. I would say that the most famous tourist destination in the whole country is probably the Taj Mahal, which is located in Agra. Everyone has at least seen a picture of the large, white structure and its surrounding pools. It’s quite iconic.
There are a few benefits of tourism for us. Namely, it brings in money for local people and it also allows foreign visitors to learn more about our culture and history. And these days, Indian food is popular all around the world, so I can find some of my favorite foods even when I leave the country. Many visitors to India come to learn about practices such as yoga and meditation, so I think it’s definitely a positive thing when people can spread these ideas around the world once they return home.
I’m not sure about the details of this, but there are a few drawbacks of tourism that I have personally witnessed. Recently, the biggest one is probably damage to the natural environment. Tourists are often careless about where they toss their rubbish and do not pay enough attention to where they step or what they are doing while they’re abroad. For example, they may accidentally cause a forest fire in a dry region by throwing their cigarette butts out into the grass. Another way that tourists can harm the country is by causing people to mass produce souvenir items instead of local goods. When this happens, the quality and prices of local things tend to become worse.
What can you say about the future of the tourism industry in your country?
I think that the future of tourism is bright, as transportation methods are improving to keep up with increasing demands of tourists to travel around the country. Another positive aspect about tourism in the future is that more people in my country can speak English these days, which allows them to communicate more effectively with tourists. Finally, tourists can continue to learn about and appreciate our food, culture, and history, and by doing so our reputation will rise throughout the world.
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Have you made Baked Spaghetti?
1. Combine spaghetti, eggs and Parmesan cheese.
2. Place half the mixture in a greased baking dish.
3. Add half the Mozzarella cheese. Repeat with remaining spaghetti and Mozzarella.
4. Bake in a 350 degrees oven for 20 minutes. Cut into squares and serve with spaghetti sauce .
This recipe contains potential food allergens and will effect people with Wheat, Egg, Gluten, MSG, Cheese allergies.
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Signed in June 1919, the Treaty of Versailles limited Germany to an army of 100,000 soldiers. The treaty also stipulated that the Rhineland be demilitarized and occupied by the western Allies for fifteen years and that Germany surrender Alsace-Lorraine, northern Schleswig-Holstein, a portion of western Prussia that became known as the Polish Corridor because it gave Poland access to the Baltic, and all overseas colonies. Also, an Allied Reparations Commission was established and charged with setting the amount of war-damage payments that would be demanded of Germany. The treaty also included the "war guilt clause," ascribing responsibility for World War I to Germany and Austria-Hungary.
The political reforms of October were overshadowed by a popular uprising that began on November 3 when sailors in Kiel mutinied. They refused to go out on what they considered a suicide mission against British naval forces. The revolt grew quickly and within a week appeared to be burgeoning into a revolution that could well overthrow the established social order. On November 9, the kaiser was forced to abdicate, and the SPD proclaimed a republic. A provisional government headed by Ebert promised elections for a national assembly to draft a new constitution. In an attempt to control the popular uprising, Ebert agreed to back the army if it would suppress the revolt. On November 11, the government signed the armistice that ended the war. Germany's loses included about 1.6 million dead and more than 4 million wounded.
After the Bolshevik Revolution of November 1917, Russia and Germany began peace negotiations. In March 1918, the two countries signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The defeat of Russia enabled Germany to transfer troops from the eastern to the western front. Two large offensives in the west were met by an Allied counteroffensive that began in July. German troops were pressed back, and it became evident to many officers that Germany could not win the war. In September Ludendorff recommended that Germany sue for peace. In October extensive reforms democratized the Reichstag and gave Germany a constitutional monarchy. A coalition of progressive forces was formed, headed by SPD politician Friedrich Ebert. The military allowed the birth of a democratic parliament because it did not want to be held responsible for the inevitable armistice that would end the war on terms highly unfavorable to Germany. Instead, the civilian government that signed the truce was to take the blame for the nation's defeat.
Germany's leadership had hoped for a limited war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. But because Russian forces had been mobilized in support of Serbia, the German leadership made the decision to support its ally. The Schlieffen Plan, based on the assumption that Germany would face a two-front war because of a French-Russian alliance, required a rapid invasion through neutral Belgium to ensure the quick defeat of France. Once the western front was secure, the bulk of German forces could attack and defeat Russia, which would not yet be completely ready for war because it would mobilize its gigantic forces slowly.
Despite initial successes, Germany's strategy failed, and its troops became tied down in trench warfare in France. For the next four years, there would be little progress in the west, where advances were usually measured in meters rather than in kilometers. Under the command of Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, the army scored a number of significant victories against Russia. But it was only in early 1918 that Russia was defeated. Even after this victory in the east, however, Germany remained mired in a long war for which it had not prepared.
Military leaders refused a moderate peace because they were convinced until very late in the war that victory ultimately would be theirs. Another reason for their insistence on a settlement that fulfilled expansionist aims was that the government had not financed the war with higher taxes but with bonds. Taxes had been seen as unnecessary because it was expected that the government would redeem these bonds after the war with payments from Germany's vanquished enemies. Thus, only an expansionist victory would keep the state solvent and save millions of German bondholders from financial ruin.
Germany's war aims were annexationist in nature and foresaw an enlarged Germany, with Belgium and Poland as vassal states and with colonies in Africa. In its first years, there was widespread support for the war. Even the SPD supported it, considering it a defensive effort and voting in favor of war credits. By 1916, however, opposition to the war had mounted within the general population, which had to endure many hardships, including food shortages. A growing number of Reichstag deputies came to demand a peace without annexations. Frustrated in its quest for peace, in April 1917 a segment of the SPD broke with the party and formed the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany. In July the Reichstag passed a resolution calling for a peace without annexations. In its wake, Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg was forced to resign, and Hindenburg and Ludendorff came to exercise a control over Germany until late 1918 that amounted to a virtual military dictatorship.
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A glioma is a type of brain tumor that starts in the brain. It is a "primary brain tumor." This is different than a brain tumor that has spread from another area of the body, which is called a metastasis. There are a number of different types of gliomas which are named based on the type of cells from which they arise: glioblastoma, astrocytoma, oligodendrogliomas, and ependymomas.
Gliomas are tumors that arise from "glial" cells. While neurons are the cells that carry signals, glial cells are the support cells in the brain that help keep neurons in place and working well. There are many more glial cells than neurons. There are many types of glial cells, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells. All types of glial cells arise from a common brain stem cell (stem cells are a type of cell that can turn into many different types of cells). Gliomas form when these immature stem cells mutate and grow out of control.
What causes gliomas and am I at risk?
According to American Brain Tumor Association, more than 79,000 new cases of brain tumors are diagnosed each year; but only about 23,880 of these are malignant (cancerous) tumors of the brain or spinal cord. Gliomas make up about 74% of malignant brain tumors. Men are at a slightly higher risk for developing a malignant brain tumor. The incidence of malignant brain tumors is small, with a lifetime risk of less than 1%.
There are few known risk factors for gliomas. Prior exposure to ionizing radiation, either to treat a medical condition (for example, a childhood cancer) or as a result of nuclear weapon exposure increases glioma risk. There are also several genetic conditions that predispose individuals to developing multiple types of cancer, including gliomas. Individuals with these genetic syndromes often have family members with a history of multiple cancers. Some of these genetic syndromes include Li-Fraumeni Syndrome, melanoma-astrocytoma syndrome, neurofibromatosis (types 1 and 2), Turcot's syndrome (types 1 and 2), and BRCA syndrome. If you have been diagnosed with multiple cancer types, or multiple cancer types run in your family, consider asking your healthcare provider about genetic testing.
Despite much press, cell phone use has not been shown to increase the risk of developing a brain tumor. Similarly, there is no conclusive evidence to suggest that aspartame (a sugar substitute), power lines, or industrial chemicals increase your risk of developing a brain tumor.
How can I prevent a glioma?
There are no known practices or lifestyle changes to prevent a glioma.
There are no standardized screening recommendations at this time.
What are the signs of a glioma?
Vision loss or blurred/double vision.
Change in speech or language.
Difficulty with walking or balance.
These symptoms usually come on gradually over a period of days to months. Depending on what part of the brain the glioma is in, the symptoms may vary. Patients with brain tumors are also at higher risk of developing blood clots in the leg (deep vein thrombosis, DVT), lung (pulmonary embolism, PE), or brain (stroke). The symptoms of a brain tumor are quite general and can also be caused by a number of other, non-cancerous, conditions. If you have the symptoms above, you should be evaluated by your healthcare provider.
When a patient has the signs and symptoms above, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) with contrast of the brain is used to see whether a brain tumor is present and to characterize the tumor. MRI has largely replaced CT scans because MRI provides more detailed images of the brain and brain tumor and MRI does not use radiation. However, CT scans can be used in patients who cannot have an MRI (e.g. patients with metal objects in their body).
The type of brain tumor a person has is determined by a biopsy. A piece of the tumor is obtained, usually during a craniotomy, or via stereotactic (needle) biopsy, and then looked at under a microscope. This is done by a pathologist, a doctor who specializes in examining tissues under a microscope and making a diagnosis. A biopsy or surgical removal of the tumor, is needed to diagnose a brain tumor as a glioma.
Gliomas are classified as either low-grade or high-grade, based on their appearance under a microscope. The glioma's grade is based on the World Health Organization classification, and considers the cell type that makes up the tumor and how aggressive it looks under the microscope. The term "anaplastic" is used to describe aggressive tumors, which may grow more rapidly, invade surrounding brain, and tend to return after treatment. Gliomas are graded on a scale from I-IV, with grade I tumors growing the slowest and grade IV tumors carrying the worst prognosis. (I don’t know that I like that we say worst prognosis) Grade I gliomas, called pilocytic astrocytomas, are rarely seen in adults, and not talked about in this article. (More information about pediatric brain tumors).
Almost normal appearance under a microscope.
Can recur as a higher-grade tumor.
Abnormal appearance under a microscope.
Invasions of adjacent normal tissue.
Tumor tends to recur as a higher grade.
Abnormal cells which reproduce rapidly.
Very abnormal appearance under microscope.
Form new blood vessels to maintain growth.
Areas of necrotic (dead tissue) tumor in middle of the tumor.
*Surgery is required to determine the grade and type of glioma.
What are the treatments for gliomas?
Surgery is the primary treatment for gliomas since surgery is needed for staging. Often, a combination of therapies will be used for treatment, known as multi-modality treatment. See below for details regarding each type of treatment.
Improve symptoms by decreasing the size of the glioma.
Remove all of the tumor if possible. If not, remove as much of the tumor as possible.
Surgery to diagnose and treat a brain tumor is known as a craniotomy. Most symptoms from gliomas are due to either increased pressure in the brain or compression of normal brain tissue. By removing some (if not all) of the tumor, pressure and compression are decreased, improving symptoms.
Whether or not the whole tumor can be removed is determined in part by where the tumor is in the brain. If a tumor is located in the speech and language or motor center, for example, complete removal of the tumor may not be possible without damaging speech, language, or movement. In other areas of the brain, it may be safe to remove the entire brain tumor. Consult with a neurosurgeon if you have questions about whether or not a tumor can be safely removed in its entirety.
Chemotherapy is the use of medications to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy can either be a pill that you take by mouth or a liquid that is given through an IV into the bloodstream (intravenous). For chemotherapy to be able to kill glioma cells, it must be able to pass from the bloodstream into the brain. The brain is protected by the blood-brain-barrier, a specialized defense that prevents many toxins and chemicals (including some medicines) from entering and damaging the brain. Only certain chemotherapy medicines are able to cross the blood-brain-barrier.
The types of chemotherapy available to treat gliomas are based on the type of glioma being treated. With low grade astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma, medications used may include procarbazine, lomustine, vincristine (PCV) or temozolomide (TMZ). Anaplastic gliomas also are treated with PCV and TMZ; but recurrent anaplastic gliomas can also be treated with other chemotherapy medications including bevacizumab, irinotecan, carboplatin, cyclophosphamide and etoposide. Chemotherapy medications used to treat glioblastoma include TMZ, bevacizumab, irinotecan, carmustine, lomustine, carboplatin, PCV, cyclophosphamide and/or cisplatin. Ependymoma are often treated with carboplatin/cisplatin based regimens, etoposide, lomustine or carmustine, bevacizumab and/or temozolomide. Ask your healthcare provider about which chemotherapy (if any) may be right for you.
Radiation therapy (radiotherapy) is commonly used to treat many different types of brain tumors. Radiation therapy is a "local" therapy, meaning the radiation is only aimed at the portion of the brain being treated. Gliomas are treated with fractionated radiation, which is the type of radiation therapy where a small dose of radiation is given to the area of the brain tumor 5 days a week, for several weeks. Over the treatment period, the amount of radiation to the tumor accumulates and causes the tumor cells to die.
The most common side effects of radiation to the brain are fatigue, hair loss, and memory loss. Other side effects depend on the location of the tumor. Fatigue and hair loss typically occur during the radiation treatment and last for about 4-6 weeks after radiation treatment is over. Memory loss develops over the years after radiation treatment, though you may notice some changes right away. It is often said that radiation to the brain is "like aging, but faster," meaning that the cognitive changes that normally happen with aging happen much sooner if you have had radiation. Ask your radiation oncologist about the details of your treatment what side effects you may be at risk for.
Steroids, like prednisone or dexamethasone, may be a part of your glioma treatment. Steroids are anti-inflammatory medications that are used to decrease swelling in the brain that may develop from the tumor itself or its treatment. Some common side effects of steroids are infection, stomach ulcers or bleeding, weight gain, difficulty sleeping, and mood changes.
Another category of treatments used for gliomas (especially high-grade and recurrent glioma) is implants. These are used after surgical resection. Implants are typically small "seeds" or "wafers" which contain either chemotherapy or radiation. Implants are designed to bypass the blood-brain-barrier, by delivering treatment directly to the site of the tumor. Chemotherapy wafer implants (called Gliadel®) are small gel wafers containing the chemotherapy agent carmustine (BCNU). During surgery, a neurosurgeon places up to 8 wafers in the area where the tumor was (the so-called "tumor cavity"). Over the subsequent few days, the wafers release chemotherapy directly into the site of the tumor. The wafers dissolve completely in 2-3 weeks.
Brachytherapy is "internal" radiotherapy, meaning that the radiation source is inside the body, very close to the tumor. In the case of gliomas, brachytherapy can come in several forms, most commonly iodine-125 (125I) seeds and GliaSite®. GliaSite® is a radiation delivery system used for gliomas. During brain surgery, a neurosurgeon places a small balloon into the tumor cavity. A few weeks after the balloon is implanted, it is filled with liquid radiation, which delivers radiation to the surrounding tumor for a period of 3-6 days. After that time, the balloon and liquid are removed from the brain. Iodine-125 seeds are similar to GliaSite®; they too are placed by a neurosurgeon into the tumor cavity during brain surgery. The seeds also deliver radiation to the surrounding tumor, but, unlike GliaSite®, the iodine-125 seeds do not need to be removed.
Which treatment(s) is right for me?
Treatment depends on whether the glioma is low-grade or high-grade and the size and location of the tumor. There are different treatments used for recurrent high-grade gliomas, those gliomas which return despite treatment.
If left untreated, low-grade gliomas will progress to become high-grade gliomas. There is no standard treatment for low-grade gliomas, though surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible is recommended for most patients. If a young patient (less than 40 years old) has complete removal of their tumor, no additional treatment is generally needed. If a patient is older than 40 years or has incomplete surgical removal of their tumor, radiation is often recommended. Often, clinicians attempt to delay radiotherapy for as long as possible because patients with low-grade gliomas tend to be younger. Delaying (or avoiding) radiotherapy attempts to spare patients the memory loss and cognitive troubles that often develop after radiation to the brain. Chemotherapy is sometimes recommended for oligodendrogliomas, which tend to respond better to chemotherapy than astrocytomas.
The most common types of high-grade glioma are glioblastoma and anaplastic astrocytoma. High-grade gliomas cannot be cured. Quality of life issues are important to consider in the treatment of patients with high-grade glioma. Some quality of life issues to consider are fatigue, overall health, cognitive function, social function, emotional function, financial burden, future uncertainty, and insomnia. Symptom management and comfort concerns should be part of the conversation regarding the overall treatment plan. Measuring quality of life is important to fully understand the impact of a treatment on the disease; while the goal is improved survival, it must not be at the expense of quality of life.
A pivotal study (known as the Stupp trial) in treatment of glioblastoma found that combination treatment with temozolomide and radiation therapy significantly improved survival. These researchers found a group of patients who responded especially well to temozolomide – these patients all had a similar mutation in their tumors, causing the MGMT gene to be turned off. The MGMT gene is responsible for repairing DNA when it becomes damaged. When this gene is turned off, DNA damage caused by temozolomide (through the process of alkylation) cannot be repaired, leading to cell death. The Stupp trial established the standard treatment for glioblastoma. While a standard treatment for anaplastic astrocytoma has not been so clearly established from research studies, most doctors treat anaplastic astrocytomas like glioblastomas.
Based on the Stupp trial, high-grade gliomas are first treated with surgery, removing as much tumor as is safe. After surgery, the standard treatment is a combination of fractionated radiotherapy for six weeks and temozolomide (Temodar). Temozolomide is given until the tumor begins to grow again (called tumor progression). In the setting of tumor progression, chemotherapy with bevacizumab (Avastin) is commonly used, though other chemotherapy drugs, including experimental treatments, may be tried.
High-grade gliomas are often resistant to treatment or return after treatment. In fact, in excess of 90% of patients with glioblastoma will experience at least one recurrence. Patients whose tumors do not improve with radiation and temozolomide are candidates for participation in a clinical trial. Treatment options for recurrent high-grade glioma include surgery and chemotherapy. Some patients are offered re-resection along with chemotherapy wafers (Gliadel) or radioactive implants (e.g. GliaSite). Chemotherapy options include bevacizumab, irinotecan, carmustine, lomustine or platinum-based agents (e.g. cisplatin, carboplatin).
Once a patient has been treated for a brain tumor, they need to be followed closely for a recurrence. At first, the patient will have follow-up visits fairly often. The longer they are free of disease, the less often they will have to go for checkups with examinations. The provider will decide when to obtain follow-up MRI scans.
Fear of recurrence, financial impact of cancer treatment, employment issues and coping strategies are common emotional and practical issues experienced by brain tumor survivors. Your healthcare team can identify resources for support and management of these practical and emotional challenges faced during and after cancer.
American Brain Tumor Association. Brain Tumor Statistics. Found at: http://www.abta.org/about-us/news/brain-tumor-statistics/.
Baumert, B. G., Hegi, M. E., van den Bent, M. J., von Deimling, A., Gorlia, T., Hoang-Xuan, K., ... & Hartmann, C. (2016). Temozolomide chemotherapy versus radiotherapy in high-risk low-grade glioma (EORTC 22033-26033): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 intergroup study. The Lancet Oncology, 17(11), 1521-1532.
Buckner, J. C., Shaw, E. G., Pugh, S. L., Chakravarti, A., Gilbert, M. R., Barger, G. R., ... & Stelzer, K. (2016). Radiation plus procarbazine, CCNU, and vincristine in low-grade glioma. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(14), 1344-1355.
Cohen, A. L., & Colman, H. (2015). Glioma biology and molecular markers. In Current Understanding and Treatment of Gliomas (pp. 15-30). Springer, Cham.
Darakchiev, B. J., Albright, R. E., Breneman, J. C., & Warnick, R. E. (2008). Safety and efficacy of permanent iodine-125 seed implants and carmustine wafers in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme.J Neurosurg,108, 236 – 242.
Fernandes A. (2012). MGMT promoter methylation as predictive biomarker for response to radiotherapy versus chemotherapy in malignant astrocytomas in the elderly: the NOA-08 trial. OncoLink Reports from ASCO 2012.
Hegi, M. E., Diserens, A. C., Gorlia, T., Hamou, M. F., De Tribolet, N., Weller, M., ... & Bromberg, J. E. (2005). MGMT gene silencing and benefit from temozolomide in glioblastoma. New England Journal of Medicine, 352(10), 997-1003.
Kyritsis, A. P., Bondy, M. L., Rao, J. S., & Sioka, C. (2009). Inherited predisposition to glioma. Neuro-oncology, 12(1), 104-113.
Merrell R. Brain Tumors. (2015) Section 10: The Nervous System. In, Bope, E. T., & Kellerman, R. D. Conn's current therapy 2016. Elsevier Health Sciences, pp. 647-724.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2018). Central Nervous System Cancers. Retrieved from https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/cns_blocks.pdf(log in required).
Newman, W. C., & Amankulor, N. A. (2016). Focused Ultrasound Enhances Central Nervous System Delivery of Bevacizumab for Malignant Glioma Treatment. Neurosurgery, 79(6), N12.
Stupp, R., Hegi, M. E., Mason, W. P., van den Bent, M. J., Taphoorn, M. J., Janzer, R. C., ... & Hau, P. (2009). Effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a randomised phase III study: 5-year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial. The lancet oncology, 10(5), 459-466.
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Recently, NCLAT faced a situation in State Bank of India v. Mr. V. Ramakrishnan and Ors. [Company Appeal (AT) Insolvency no. 213 of 2017], where the State Bank of India had appealed against an order of the National Company Law Tribunal (“NCLT”), Chennai, which prevented it from invoking the personal guarantee of a promoter of a corporate debtor while the latter had declared bankruptcy under the IBC. The promoter had given such guarantee in order to obtain certain credit facilities for the corporate debtor. The NCLT held that once a moratorium has been declared under section 14 of the IBC, such guarantees cannot be invoked by a financial creditor. Further, NCLAT dismissed the appeal before it and reiterated the position enunciated by the NCLT, Chennai. It observed that a moratorium under IBC not only prohibited legal proceedings against assets of a corporate debtor, but reasoned that since a resolution plan approved by a committee of creditors under Section 31 of IBC is binding on the corporate debtor and, its employees, members, creditors, guarantors, and other stakeholders involved in the plan, a moratorium would also extend to the guarantor. In other words, NCLAT agreed with NCLT Chennai in holding that the moratorium will extend to the personal guarantor thereby preventing recourse to invocation of such guarantees by a financial creditor whilst the corporate debtor is in the midst of bankruptcy.
PSA view: NCLAT has, in effect, rejected the stand taken by the NCLT, Mumbai in Schweitzer Systemtek India Private Limited v. Phoenix ARC Private Limited [2017 140 CLA 121], which had instead allowed invocation of personal guarantees during a moratorium under IBC, and has held otherwise. Consequently, while on one hand the NCLAT ruling may come as a relief for personal guarantors such as promoters who furnish such guarantees to obtain credit facilities for their companies, and would perhaps, reduce litigation in this behalf against corporate debtors embroiled in bankruptcy, on the other, it will have an adverse affect on the use of personal guarantees as an acceptable form of securing debt by the creditors, since creditors will not be able to invoke a personal guarantee in the event it relates to an entity that is in bankruptcy under IBC and therefore, covered by the moratorium.
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0.952959 |
Tech talk: Are Event Technology Creatives the next big thing?
Technology has been an omnipresent driver of change within the meetings and events industry, and new hardware and software solutions emerge every day. Disruptive technologies such as wireless communication (beacons), custom mobile apps, wearables, touchscreens, virtual and augmented reality, and online streaming have found their way into the events industry in Asia Pacific with different levels of adoption and success.
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0.999999 |
What is the fastest speed recorded for a male downhill skier?
The fastest downhill speed for skiing to date for a man is 139.03 miles per hour by Michael Pruffer of France.
The fastest woman on skis is Tara Mulari of Finland, clocked at 133.234 miles per hour.
Both records were set at Les Arcs, France, in 1988.
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0.97621 |
As fall and winter approach, thoughts often turn to annual holiday gatherings and the food that typically accompanies these gatherings. One particular food, turkey, is a staple of the holiday season. Once considered a more majestic animal than the bald eagle, the turkey is a fierce and savage bird in the wild. However, the bird many Americans consume is not the same bird that the Meso-American civilizations first encountered over 2,000 years ago.
The turkey has undergone a process known as domestication. At its core, domestication is a specific form of artificial selection where the initial selection criterion is how well a species can live and breed alongside humans. Humans, not nature, then apply the selecting force to a species either by allowing organisms with desired traits to breed, or by withholding resources from organisms that do not contain the desired traits. By providing this selective pressure, humans have cultivated many breeds of turkey, all with unique attributes and differences that distinguish them from their extant wild progenitors.
The male turkey, or tom, strutting to attract a female during the breeding season.
flushing the head with blood to change its appearance, drumming, and occasional fighting.
The wild turkey, which is still found in the United States and much of Central America, is a wholly different bird than the one typically eaten. The wild turkey is a good flyer, often roosting in tree boughs, and it can run as fast as a horse in a straight line. The domestic turkey is, in many cases, incapable of flying. In fact, some have been known to get so large that their legs cannot even hold them up, rendering them unable to walk or breed.
Due to the pressure to create a more domesticated bird, Meso-American tribes bred turkeys that were less likely to fly away from humans or even to fly at all. This made it easier to collect eggs and catch turkeys for meat. Once turkeys were shipped to Europe by the Spanish, turkey meat was considered a delicacy, and breeding programs began to increase the size of turkeys to feed more people. Turkey size turns out to be a highly inheritable trait, with parent size indicating the maximum size a farmer can expect a turkey to attain.
Empirical studies have shown what farmers knew all along. To get a larger turkey, you need to select and breed the larger turkeys. But the question remained: When do you decide which turkeys are big? Of course, a 5-year-old tom (or male turkey) would weigh much more than a 6-month-old hen (or female turkey), but that does not mean those turkeys should or should not be used for breeding. As it turns out, selecting which turkeys to breed can be determined at around 8 weeks of age for both males and females. This selection has led to the modern domesticated turkey being twice the weight of the modern wild turkey.
before puberty. After puberty, nonrelated males tend to be competitors and can fight during courtship.
Artificial selection of turkeys has led to a major shift in size and abilities between the wild turkey and the domesticated turkey. While wild turkeys are frequent flyers and can run faster than a human, the domestic turkey is incapable of flying and in some instances can barely walk, with males typically requiring human assistance to breed. The US Department of Agriculture tracked turkey growth over a 50-year period and found that, over the course of that time, body weight nearly doubled between domestic turkeys of comparable ages. As we sit down this winter to our turkey dinners, take a minute and think about how humans have shaped the life of the turkey and transformed this animal from its wild roots to the bird we all enjoy today.
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Beginning a gfcf diet can seem intimidating and confusing. Following are some of the most frequently asked questions, and my input on them!
My child has not been diagnosed with autism.
Will he or she still benefit from a gfcf diet?
If your child is experiencing bowel problems (either diarrhea or constipation), language or social skill difficulties, problems with sensory integration (including difficulty processing touch, sounds, etc.), or difficulty monitoring his or her activity level, or if there is some other indication of allergies or intolerances, your child may possibly benefit from this diet, with or without a diagnosis of an autistic spectrum disorder (ASD).
If your young child benefits from this diet, there is also the possiblity of avoiding (or losing) a diagnosis of ASD, as symptoms decrease.
Of course, not everyone with the above symptoms has a gluten or casein intolerance, and not everyone will benefit from this diet. However, I certainly consider it worth a try, since there exists such a tremendous potential for success!
My child is a picky eater. Won't he or she starve?
We certainly thought our son would. However, when we looked objectively at his already-limited diet, we realized that everything he was eating was gluten or casein based. He existed on crackers, bread, yogurt, milk, and cheese!
It is important to remember that people with an intolerance to gluten and casein actually crave foods that contain them. Research has shown that when the body is unable to break down these proteins, they pass from the intestines into the bloodstream (this is known as the "leaky gut syndrome"), building up a substance similar to morphine. This is what is theorized to cause autistic-like symptoms such as hand-flapping, sensory dysfunction, lack of eye contact, etc. In other words, it isn't surprising that a child with an intolerance to gluten and casein would be a picky eater, and prefer foods that contain these items!
Other difficulties such as muscle weakness and/or sensory integration disorder can add to the picky eating problem. Our son had difficulty moving food around with his tongue, causing him to choke often, and to avoid anything that required much chewing, such as sticky foods, meat, and raisins. Other children avoid slimy things. We found it helpful to consult with an occupational therapist, and to have a swallow study done (it's a completely painless procedure where they watch--via a form of x-ray--a child eat, chew, and swallow). Our son went through several months of feeding therapy to help with these difficulties.
Although beginning the diet required us to make several changes, our son eventually adapted, and now eats afrom all the food groups. His weight has climbed from the 5th percentile to the 50th (he's by no means "starving!"), and he has been extremely healthy, with significantly reduced ear and respiratory infections!
Is it expensive to implement a gfcf diet?
I do not have definite figures for how our food budget changed once we began the gfcf diet. I know that specialty foods tend to be more (sometimes MUCH more) expensive than other foods. However, we eat very differently than we used to. I bake most of our treats and meals from scratch, rather than investing in "TV Dinners," ready-made snacks, or eating out. Because we believe very strongly in the diet and its positive effects on our family, we purchase what we need to without much regard to cost.
However, there are ways to save money. Buying in large quantities, using "generic" ingredients when possible, etc. can help. See my cookbook for more money-saving tips.
How do I explain the diet to my child and others?
Once we determined that gluten and casein were causing problems for our boys, we began using the term "allergy" to describe the need to avoid them. Although an intolerance is not an allergy, and won't show up on traditional allergy tests, the word "allergy" conveys a more serious need to avoid something. Our boys are good at informing people, "I can't eat that. I'm allergic to it." It has also made other people (teachers, relatives, etc.) more receptive to the diet, and to the need to follow it strictly.
It is advisable to work with a qualified health professional when determining whether to try this diet. However, it has been our experience that the medical community is slow to embrace the thought that food intolerances would affect symptoms such as those which lead to a diagnosis of autism, and equally slow to believe that a medical test would be helpful in determining the liklihood of this. We were told that an allergy elimination diet was the only way to accurately determine the presence of an intolerance, and our physician would not sign off on the lab work. For us, it was evident after only a few days on the diet that our boys were intolerant to gluten and casein.
How long will I have to follow this diet once I begin it?
It is generally accepted that in order to truly determine whether the diet is working, you should plan to implement it for at least 3 months. (Dairy can be eliminated from the body within days, but it takes months to remove all traces of gluten). Sometimes there are dramatic results such as we observed in our children. Other times the results are less noticeable or dramatic.
Once it is determined that the diet is working, individual responses vary as to whether and when gluten and casein can again be consumed. The theory is that after eliminating them for a time, you should be able to at least consume small amounts without incident. We occasionally "cheat," (only on gluten, not on dairy), but have evidence that it should only be done infrequently (see FAQ, above). Our plan right now is to continue the diet indefinitely, as a true "lifestyle" change. In fact, just recently my 7-year-old son said to me, "Mom, I need to get your cookbook so that when I am grown up I can cook everything I need!"
There are other cookbooks available. Why have you written another?
When I first implemented the gfcf diet in our home, I spent hours researching the Internet and library for recipes that we could use. Unfortunately, many of the results were either inedible, or only acceptable to adults, not picky kids. Many of the recipes used obscure ingredients, which were not only hard to find, but very expensive.
I love to cook, and quickly learned that I achieved much better results by adapting all my old favorite recipes. I began adapting them one at a time, with rave reviews from my children, husband, friends, and relatives. Eventually, I realized that I needed to have the recipes and tips written down so that others could cook for my children.
As word spread that we were "doing the diet," I began receiving numerous phone calls and e-mails from other parents who were interested in implementing the diet. I quickly realized that they, too, would benefit from the use of my recipes and experience with a wide variety of products. The Gray Center was interested in making this book available to whomever could benefit from it, so they agreed to publish it.
I believe that this will be a helpful book for those interested in implementing a gfcf diet in their home. The recipes are easy to follow, even for those who do not like (or have abundant time) to cook. The recipes should also be a refreshing change for those who have been following the diet for a long time.
I continue to develop new recipes, which I will share with this site's visitors. My hope is that my cookbook and this site will help those who are implementing the gfcf diet in their home!
See related links for more places to get information on the gfcf diet and autistic spectrum disorders.
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In many situations human behavior approximates that of a Bayesian ideal observer, suggesting that, at some level, cognition can be described as Bayesian inference. However, a number of findings have highlighted an intriguing mismatch between human behavior and that predicted by Bayesian inference: people often appear to make judgments based on a few samples from a probability distribution, rather than the full distribution. Although sample-based approximations are a common implementation of Bayesian inference, the very limited number of samples used by humans seems to be insufficient to approximate the required probability distributions. Here we consider this discrepancy in the broader framework of statistical decision theory, and ask: if people were making decisions based on samples, but samples were costly, how many samples should people use? We find that under reasonable assumptions about how long it takes to produce a sample, locally suboptimal decisions based on few samples are globally optimal. These results reconcile a large body of work showing sampling, or probability-matching, behavior with the hypothesis that human cognition is well described as Bayesian inference, and suggest promising future directions for studies of resource-constrained cognition.
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0.999999 |
How can I create a lesson plan that reaches more students?
There are many ways to create a lesson plan that reachers a large portion of your students. One practice is to make sure you are reaching multiple learning styles through audio, visual, and hands on learning. In addition, relating the studies to things your students can relate will increase attention and retention of a lesson.
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0.99988 |
Get your team logos, colours and sponsors on rugby balls and garments of your design.
"Thanks heaps LeslieRugby for the amazing kit!"
What will happen once I get started?
Generate a quote to present to sponsors/your club.
Once funding is confirmed you are able to invoice your order.
This will put your order into production and you can expect it delivered to you in 4-6 weeks.
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0.999787 |
Pretend for a minute that you're a general of a vast army, and that you are in charge of defending your city from the ruthless Colonel Blotto. You know that you both have 1,000 troops, and there are ten battlefields between your two armies.
Assuming that whoever sends the most troops to a battlefield wins that battle, and whoever wins the most battles wins the war, what is the optimal distribution of troops in order to maximize your chances of winning? Think about it for a minute.
Certainly there are some very poor possible choices - for instance, allocating all 1,000 troops on one battlefield means that the best you can do is tie if your opponent does the exact same, and you lose under any other configuration. But is there a best strategy?
As you may have guessed, this is a classic and well-established game theory game (they're called games but are often not fun) known as the Blotto game. However, unlike many games there is no perfect strategy to this one. No matter what you do, your opponent can beat you if only they know your strategy. For instance, a strategy of evenly splitting 166 troops onto the first six battles and 0 on the remaining four gives you a very high chance of winning six of the fields, but is very easily countered by your opponent with troops to spare if they knew your plan.
This has led to a classification of a large series of games as "Blotto" games - there is an optimal strategy, but it is only identifiable after the fact (once you know your opponent's strategy). Another example of this type of game is rock-paper-scissors - your best bet is to pick randomly from any number of good strategies, but after the game is over both sides can identify the one strategy that could have beaten their opponent.
A wonderful paper published fairly recently hypothesized that the American elections may be able to be modeled as a Blotto game, but with a couple other parameters tossed in as well. A Blotto game is fairly similar to the electoral college system, they thought, because each side has a fixed amount of money to distribute across a 51 electoral colleges, with the winner being whoever can get at least 270 electoral college votes.
First, though, they had to consider how much strategic variables, which they chose to be polling numbers ten weeks before the election and campaign spending ratios, impacted the vote (if at all). They came up with three game possibilities: either the election could be modeled as a Lotto, Blotto, or Frontrunner game (which is, coincidentally, the name of the paper). In a Lotto game, knowing your opponent's strategy couldn't help you - much like in a lottery, you can't identify any strategy that could lead to victory beforehand, even though afterwards you could see where you went wrong. In a Frontrunner game, there is an identifiable connection between strategic variables and victory, but one side has such an insurmountable advantage that they cannot lose.
The paper analyzed the 1996 and 2000 American presidential elections, and determined that campaign spending per state did have a strong impact on winning or losing that state. They further determined that the 1996 election was a Frontrunner game - Clinton has so much money and such favorable polls that it was easy for him to pick a winning strategy, and that even if Dole had known that strategy he still couldn't have won.
The results from the 2008 election. In general you'd expect states up and to the right to be won by Democrats (due either to higher spending or higher poll numbers). This is indeed the case.
Much more interestingly, though, the 2000 election was in fact determined to be a Blotto game - in other words, Al Gore could have re-allocated his money in such a way that Bush would have lost the election. The authors of the paper estimated that he only had about a 4% chance of choosing the strategy at random, but it was still a possibility.
Fast-forward to 2012, and these results have an interesting impact on the upcoming presidential election. A glance at the current polling numbers shows that this election is nearly as tight as the 2000 election, suggesting that a Blotto-like model may turn out to be valid. Considering that Obama is currently leading the expected vote count as well as fundraising, though, it seems more likely than ever that Romney has a steep uphill climb ahead of him.
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0.999999 |
The city of Dunedin is located in Eastern Otago, in the South Island of New Zealand. With a population of around 120,000, Dunedin has the facilities, entertainment and variety of larger cities while being small enough to be friendly, uncrowded and safe.
Known as the student city of New Zealand, Dunedin is home to New Zealand's oldest university, the University of Otago. Residents enjoy easy access to the Otago region, famous for its spectacular lakes, snow capped mountains, outdoor pursuits and fruit growing.
What is it like to live in Dunedin?
Dunedin has a temperate climate, with warm summer temperatures and cool winters. Frosty mornings can be common in parts of Dunedin, but heavy snow is rare. Annual rainfall for the city is around 75cm and Dunedin averages about 1,650 sunshine hours each year.
All those sunshine hours get put to good use during the summer time in Dunedin and you will see people jogging, biking and walking regularly. Other outdoor activities are easily accessed from the city, including surfing at some of New Zealand's best surf beaches, walking the spectacular tramping tracks, mountain biking and skiing at the Central Otago ski fields.
The Dunedin area was first populated by the Ngāi Tahu iwi, and named Ōtepoti in the local Māori dialect. The city of Dunedin was established in 1848 by Scottish immigrants.
The University of Otago has strong bonds with Ngāi Tahu and is committed to further developing Māori culture and language within the University and Dunedin. The University also attracts students from all over the world, creating a melting pot of cultural influence.
The University campus is located in the centre of Dunedin within walking distance of major city suburbs.
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0.696672 |
What's the current world's tallest building? Petronas! Second? Still Petronas. The Petronases, when completed in 1996 have surpassed the height of Sears Towers in Chicago by 33 feet which was the world's tallest. Though the world's tallest title had been authorized by the Council of Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) and other decent parties, there are still some which is against it and still consider Sears as the title holder. This is because of the spires on top of the building which contributed to the height, which they do not want to consider. But anyway, the creation of the twins is a major breakthrough of architecture. Malaysia is also proud to be the first country in the world to take away the world's tallest title from the US.
1) They were built by spending the taxes paid the citizens.
NO. It was built 100% by Petronas money. In fact, Petronas is not owned by the government. It is only the child company of the government. Petronas is also the richest oil company in Asia. It controls oil in many parts of Africa including South Africa and Somalia. Now, it is helping Pakistan and Vietnam to venture oil. Not bad for a company that was only set in 1974. The government plays the role of initiating it by promoting stability. A country that is not stable won't be able to have these towers.
2) The skybridge is where it is to stabilize the 2 towers.
Now, this is another comment by a moron. If you check out Caesar Pelli's first ever sketch of the Petronas Towers, its is already there. The skybridge besides connect workers between the two towers, also acts as an observation platform for the public.
3) One of the towers was bought by a particular foreign billionaire.
NO. This has also been denied by that billionaire himself in a daily newspaper of that country. I personally read that newspaper and saw the statement on the front page. Petronas Twins are owned by the Petronas group. Petronas is an ultra-rich company.
Design/Architecture Cesar Pelli & Associates [U.S.] in association with KLCC architects.
Foundation 4.5 metre [15 feet] thick raft containing 13,200 cubic meters of grade 60 reinforced concrete, weighing approximately 32,550 tonnes under each Tower, supported by 104 barrette piles varying from 60 to 115 metres in length.
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0.999809 |
Should a wine label display the ingredients used in winemaking? A seasoned wine writer and marketer—and avid wine consumer—considers the issues.
Last week, wine writer Talia Baiocchi published the views of four industry professionals on whether wine labels should list the ingredients used in winemaking. Although she classified the story as a “Hot Topic,” her interview subjects—a sommelier, a winemaker, a distributor, and a retailer—seemed rather circumspect, withal. The consensus was that ingredient labeling is possibly helpful and sometimes confusing, and that engaged customers will find some way to get this information, anyway. The upshot of the article: Why bother?
My own views on this subject are likewise colored by my work in the industry as a wine marketer, wine writer, and wine educator. But my views are also colored by my status as a wine consumer, and I think the consumer’s voice is an important addition to the mix.
I’m an avid back-label reader. I like knowing what has—and by extrapolation what has not—gone into the food I’m about to eat. I favor foods produced with minimal intervention and least processing, foods that are in their purest possible state, and, to the extent possible, expressive of where they’re grown. I avoid foods that are genetically modified, hormone-fed, antibiotic treated, inhumanely farmed, or that contain artificial ingredients, preservatives, and additives. I’d rather go without a food—particularly meat and dairy products—than support industrial farming practices, which are often unethical and ecologically damaging.
I appreciate the existence of a national organic standard (albeit one whose creation was weakened by the interests of big business), and the federal nutrition and ingredient labeling requirements, because together these offer some assurance about a producer’s claims. Note that no one’s saying that you can’t make Cheetos. They’re only saying that if you do make Cheetos, you have to tell everyone what they’re made from, so people can decide whether to eat them. Personally, I don’t.
Wine is no exception. I don’t want to drink Mega Purple or citric acid (because I’m intolerant of it) or other additives if I don’t have to. So as a consumer: Yes. I would like to see more ingredient labeling on wine bottles.
Speaking as a marketer, though, I understand the complexities of this choice. First, I know that many consumers don’t share this level of interest in how their wine came to be. Some may care more that a wine taste the same from one vintage to the next, and so may be more willing to accept additives or other interventions in order to achieve such consistency. That’s not truly an argument against ingredient lists, though, because these folks could ignore the lists if they chose—assuming they actually understand what all that stuff is.
On one occasion, we sent to media samples of a red whose label stated that untoasted oak chips were used in the winemaking process. In his review, a writer remarked that the wine tasted too oaky to him, and that he’d wished we’d skipped the oak chips. These, though, had been used only to stabilize the anthocyanin during fermentation; they were in contact with the must for a short time, and did not add to the flavor profile of the finished wine. Moreover, the wine hadn’t spent much time in barrel during élevage, so I wondered whether the reviewer had mis-ascribed the grippy tannins of a young wine to something he’d read on the label. In this case, the oak chips disclosure was a ruby-red herring.
But that simply points to the need for more and better education, plus open communication between winemakers, media, and customers. Transparency is an important corporate tenet no matter what the industry, and consumer goodwill eventually accrues to companies that commit to it, even if initially the terms are vexing and hard to learn. Education and media coverage has, for example, led to a public that now grasps the nutritional difference between a natural oil that’s solid at room temperature and a purposely hydrogenated oil that may contain undesirable trans fats. If engaged consumers can learn that distinction, they can certainly learn that bentonite is a harmless fining agent, most of which precipitates out of the wine anyway.
Which brings us to another argument about ingredient disclosure, viz., What, exactly, should be disclosed? Grapes for sure, but what about wild yeast, or cultivated yeast? What about nutrients, acid, sugar, sulfur dioxide? What about the dry ice packed around the grapes on that sultry harvest afternoon? What about those Bonny Doon oak chips?
The key, absent federal labeling requirements, is simply to use good judgment. Disclose whatever seems important according to your winemaking principles and to your customers. For example, while it may be true that many compounds are detectible in only trace amounts in the finished wine, I do believe most vegetarians and vegans would want to know if casein (from milk), isinglass (from fish), or albumin (from egg) were used in the winemaking process. These are all fairly common fining agents, yet many vegans are unaware that animal products are often used in winemaking. “Isn’t wine just grapes?” they ask. Well, no, it’s not. A sensitive producer will stay tuned to the information needs of their consumer, and disclose accordingly.
So speaking as both consumer and industry professional, I do believe that ultimately, disclosure will lead to a better-informed market, and that this could in turn lead to more consumers choosing wines that are less manipulated, with fewer additives. This would be a good thing. Granted, that’s my value system, not everyone’s, but given the alternative, I prefer to put my faith in the success of a thoughtfully crafted, non-mass-produced, and possibly more expressive wine.
Many thanks to Eric Asimov, wine critic at the New York Times, for recommending this article in the paper’s “What We’re Reading” column. Thanks also to Wine Business and Organic Wine Journal for recommending it to their readers.
You mention that you are intolerant of citric acid and yet citric acid is (in small amounts) naturally occurring and in virtually all wines. So would listing “citric acid” on an accurate ingredient label dissuade you from buying the wine?
Thanks so much for reading and for your thoughtful question. I’m aware that citric acid is naturally present in minuscule amounts in grapes. I’m more interested in whether a winemaker added citric acid to acidulate the juice, because this method is both inexpensive and often contributes an unwelcome flavor. It’s mostly used for very inexpensive wines, and is forbidden in the EU except for some rare use cases.
So, a disclosure about the addition of citric acid would provide me with two interesting points of information: first about the winemaker’s treatment of the wine, and second about the fact that, given enough of the stuff, I could end up uncomfortable. Would it dissuade me from buying it? Perhaps, but perhaps not. Knowing me, I’d probably try it at least once, just to check it out. But I would certainly appreciate having information that would let me make that informed choice.
Thank you for reading and especially for sharing the link to your Palate Press story.
I’m glad your article mentioned QR codes, as these do offer some promise. I introduced QR codes at Bonny Doon Vineyard to provide more information about vineyard sources, winemaking approach, aging windows, tasting and pairing notes, serving temperature, and the like. I agree that maintaining the QR landing pages is a hassle, but I think they could be worthwhile for the consumer both at point of sale and afterward, as he stands in his wine cellar scratching his head about what to open next.
I think where my concern lies (and where we may differ) is in what is of benefit to the average consumer. Tell the average consumer that a wine with 9g/liter of tartaric acid (all of it natural) doesn’t need to list tartaric acid as an ingredient, but a wine with half as much tartaric acid (but a small amount added), needs to have it listed as an ingredient….and they will tell you that doesn’t make sense to them. Try it. I have, many times here at the winery.
Or tell the average consumer that a wine from Burgundy needs to list “sugar” as an ingredient but that the wine is dry, and they won’t get that either.
As wine geeks (which I proudly count myself as one of them) we care about these things, but consumers are concerned about what’s in the wine.
Meg this discussion seems to go on and on with few, if any commenters apparently acknowledging that two completely different things are being discussed: ingredients, and process.
Ingredient labeling is Federally regulated, and generally is defined as what remains in the package in the consumer’s hand after the process is complete.
“Grapes” – don’t have to say organic, or biodynamically farmed, or any other description, just “grapes.” And If “grapes” are on the label there is no requirement to disclose anything that is naturally found in grapes, including all the acids, even if tartaric, malic or citric were added in the process, because there is no way to determine if the remaining acids were derived from the “grapes” or from the bag.
If the wine is sterile-filtered there is no requirement to disclose “yeast” or “malolactic bacteria” however if the wine is not filtered and either yeast or bacterial cells are present, both would probably have to be disclosed regardless of whether they were “added” or not. And for “natural” wines? – they certainly have all sorts of yeast and bacteria in the finished product.
None of the fining agents: proteins, Bentonite, PVPP, etc. would be disclosed because they are – by definition – not present in the finished wine.
If (god forbid) we ever are required to do ingredient labeling I will be interested to see the final rule-making on barrels. Something like: “tannins, non-fermentable sugars, vanillin, syringaldehyde, and guiacols derived from French/American/Slovenian/Hungarian oak barrels.” Or chips, or staves, or powder. Corks, too.
If something like Quebracho tannin is added at the beginning of fermentation, will it have to be listed? It is virtually indistinguishable chemically from oak tannins, and very well may precipitate entirely from the wine, making it a processing agent.
The point I’m trying to make here is that the rule-making for ingredient labeling is complicated, and deeply technical. Consumers will not be involved in this rule-making.
Regarding process, “process” is intellectual property, and consumers have no right at all to have IP disclosed to them, on the label or anywhere else for that matter. That really should be the end of discussion on process. But I’m sure it won’t be.
Adam, if I read your comment correctly, we may indeed have a difference of opinion. You seem to lean toward less disclosure because the majority of customers either don’t care, or could become confused by it. I tend lean toward more disclosure, letting the consumer decide whether she cares or not.
I agree on more information is better than less. The people who do not care about ingredients are going to ignore this information anyway.
John, thank you so much for reading and for adding your voice to the mix.
I offer this example not to promote mandated nutritional labeling and ingredient lists on wine bottles, but simply to note the similarity to the situation in which grapes contribute some of the wine’s finished acids, while acidulation contributes others. Personally, I’d rather eat honey than corn sweetener, so enjoy seeing that detail on the yogurt label. I’d feel the same way about citric acid, too.
I’d also like to underscore the distinction between government mandated and voluntary ingredient and additive disclosure. Federally mandated disclosure would require the input of regulators, industry contributors, and consumer advocates. The process of obtaining consensus would likely be long and onerous, and industry would probably dislike the results despite their participation in the process, if only because regulation is anathema to industry. But mandated ingredient disclosure could also ultimately yield greater consistency across labels.
Meanwhile, voluntary disclosure requires only the thought processes of the producer and the input (if she’s smart) of her market. It’s less onerous, because producers can opt in or out at will. But this is not going to yield anything resembling consistency across labels. One winemaker will disclose a tartaric acid addition, and another will not. No one can rightly say whether this is good or bad, except us—when we have discussions like this one, or when we decide to buy the bottle, or not.
Right now I lean toward voluntary disclosure, and toward letting that test run for a while to see what happens.
No, you are not reading me correctly. I am saying that consumers primarily care about what is in the bottle, but you apparently are less concerned with that….but about where it comes from. Wine geeks are more interested in process, consumers more interested in ingredients.
Thanks, Adam, for clarifying. In fact I do care about both, and tried to be explicit in my article about my concern both for process and product. I regret if that wasn’t ringingly clear.
BTW, on the small producer end of things, I don’t know anybody that adds citric.
When you talk about food labels in response to John…where does something like velcorin in Gatorade fit in. It isn’t in nutrition information nor is it in ingredient listing (because it doesn’t exist as an ingredient after killing off the yeast cells).
Alan, thank you for sharing your experience about the RS disclosure. I feel your pain. I’ve found that especially in pouring wines with floral aromatics—Moscato, Gewürz—many customers will sniff and wrinkle their noses, proclaiming their distaste for “sweet wines” even if the wines are bone dry.
Sometimes I can get them to taste it, and will try to help them access the difference between what they’re smelling and what their tongue is experiencing. In that particular case, it’s their nose that sets an expectation. In the case of a label RS disclosure, it’s their intellect (and their passion, evidently!) that sets an expectation.
But in any case, my guess is that if more wines were to list RS, wine customers could more readily come to understand that sugar on the tongue and sweetness on the nose are two different things. As long as we’re only disclosing RS on wines like Gewürz and Riesling, wines that are quite often sweet, we’re going to wind up with a public who associates RS disclosure with sweet wine only.
Adam, I am truly interested in both process and product. I’m not terribly interested in the minuscule amounts of a substance naturally occurring, but I’m quite interested in any quantity of that substance that’s been added.
The very nature of this commentary today is one reason I encourage discretion on the winemaker’s part about what’s worthy of disclosure. I’m not being willfully obtuse; I simply believe that as an industry we don’t have all the answers yet, nor even all the questions. And it’s why I think that for now, voluntary disclosure could help shake some of these issues out of the tree, so we can see clearly how best to move forward.
I have to agree with John, I am an avid label/ingredient reader myself and most people would be amazed by how much sugar are in things for example, but wine is such a complex product it would be extremely hard to select which things should be listed. Most commercial wines are sterile filtered and when it comes to acid additions tartaric is mostly used specially in reds and to a way smaller extend citric, and if citric is added usually only very small amounts to “freshen up” the wine a bit.
Overall I think ingredients would confuse most consumers since they can not even really make sense of what wine was made from organic grapes or and if the wine was made under organic rules. Or even here in Oregon we have the “LIVE” program and some people use sustainable but most consumers have no clue what any of these terms actually mean, so bottom line for me the more info the more confusion.
Hi Rene, it’s nice to see you here! Thanks for reading, and for sharing your position. I do appreciate your desire not to addle consumers.
I’m not certain it would be wise to draw conclusions, but thus far in the comments the vote from winemakers has been a resounding Nay. This is why I believe it’s important to hear the consumer perspective, while acknowledging the complexities that labeling would visit upon industry folks. I do hope more consumers will weigh in here, not least to read your thoughts on the matter. Thanks again for participating.
Absolutely agree. During my pregnancies, my label reading and research into what I was putting into my body increased exponentially. I recently became aware of all of the additives that can be used in wine making and I was shocked. Now, that has not caused any change in consumption, but it does make me wonder.
I would love disclosure. Let me make an informed decision about what I am putting in my body. Even if there are additives in my favorite wines, I would likely still drink them in moderation. I, too, am all about food/cosmetics/cleaning products with the least processing/testing/chemicals. I try to consume with a conscience and am willing to pay more to do so. Teach us the purpose/origin of the additives and help us be conscientious in our drinking.
Thanks so much, SAHMelier, for weighing in with your thoughts. I appreciate your moderate approach that asks first, What’s here? yet also provides latitude for producers to make choices about how best to answer that question for you.
I’ve thought about this a number of times, both because of my consumption of Bonny Doon wines and the content of their labels. Also because I make wine at home, do as little as possible, but still want to share what goes on with those who drink the wine and are interested in what had transpired.
Times are certainly trending towards the need for consumer access to info about the products they consume and acquire. At this stage, I see it becoming an important brand differentiating factor. It would be very interesting to see how that factor manifests across socio-economic lines.
The winemaking process is complicated subject matter for the label. We are talking about prime real estate, already some of which is aggressively occupied by the Surgeon General and ignored by virtually all who pass by it. If we even discuss the topic we should be equally interested in the ingredients of beer, cider, and spirits.
Let’s also consider if requirement for actual ingredient content would lead to increased overhead costs…and increased prices! Now you have the consumer’s attention. Is there any chance that labeling will give neo-prohibitionists surface area to work with, and frighten consumers?
Don’t get me wrong, I care about what goes into my wine, and try to choose as wisely as I can per my budget. Web based distribution of information by producers and importers is easily facilitated and increasingly expected than ever. While QPR pages may be a pain to maintain, they are potentially an authoritative source for information if the producer chooses to provide it. As a winemaker, and tasting geek, I already try to ferret out what I can about the process of wines I am interested in…it’s a necessary component of “Continuing Ed”.
It is going to be a voluntary process for the foreseeable future. If the FDA was in charge I could see it as a mandate, but the TTB mission is to collect taxes and there is no incentive to require it…if there is no ingredient listing on tobacco products there won’t be for alcohol either. Who knows what they put in guns and bullets?
It may be that the system will sort itself and those buyers that need information about the content and process will gravitate to the producers who give them what they want, both in and on the bottle. Others will stick to what works for them, and in many cases, less will mean more.
“Should water be listed as an ingredient?
7. Catalysts that are essential to the manufacturing process and without which, the final food product would not exist, e.g., nickel, copper, etc.
Processing ingredients that are then later removed, such as fining agents, would not be required to be listed as they essentially do not exist in the finished product.
Fining agents, animal products or otherwise, would not be required to be listed. They’ve been removed from the finished wine. Vegetarians are left holding their breath hoping there are no residuals left behind. Or as little as they would personally deem acceptable.
Mega Purple is a grape concentrate so at best a label would have to say “grapes and grape concentrate”.
Wines with residual sugars would only need to list sugar as an ingredient if it was added to the wine. If no sugar was added and fermentation was stopped before all the natural grape sugars were turned to alcohol then sugar would not be an ingredient here, though the wine is sweet.
Yeasts would only need to be listed for wines left on the lees, like some sparklers. But those that have been disgorged may not need to list yeast as an ingredient, it’s been removed. Still wines that have been fined and filtered have had the yeast residues removed and in that case would have been a processing aid, not an ingredient. Quite possibly the same for malolactic bacteria. “Natural” wines don’t use added yeasts, just those naturally present on the grape skins, again no need to add yeast as an ingredient, it’s already a competent of the grape.
Yeast nutrients may be added but they in turn are consumed by the yeasts.
Other processing ingredients like calcium carbonate or potassium bicarbonate to reduce acidity, or potassium bitartrate (cream of tartar) to assist in cold stabilization, end up forming crystals that precipitate out of the wine later. Again, no need to list them, they are gone from the finished product.
I would even say that oak aging in a barrel is a process. The tannins and vanillins and esters, etc.. that get transferred into the wine from the oak would likely be exempt from ingredient lists. Their concentrations are very small, likely under required thresholds, and that list would get rather long as their are oodles of flavor components beyond the more well known ones being transferred during oak aging.
What you may end up with for an ingredient list for most wines is simply : grapes, sulfur dioxide as a preserving agent. That’s it.
Some cheaper and mass produced commodity wines might have an ingredient list of: grapes and grape concentrate, sugar, citric (or malic or tartaric) acid, sulfur dioxide as a preserving agent.
You probably won’t see much variation between those two sets of ingredient lists. At least in terms of what would be legally required to be listed.
Wine and alcoholic beverages are currently exempt from the rules that apply to most foods but if labeling became a requirement it’s very likely it would just have the same rules. To expect anything more from wine labeling would mean an entire re-write of the rules on all food labeling. If wine is exempt now how could you ever expect it to require more than other foods do now?
As to what was said about “process” and IP. Wineries would not need to disclose things like leaving the mash to sit for 8 days vs 10 days before fermentation. How often do they punch that mash down during fermentation? Or what strain of yeasts do they like to use? How much toast do they like on their barrels?
A winery could always choose to disclose all that in as much or as little detail as they like. Their website would be the place for that. As a wine geek I would not mind seeing a bit more detail than just “we selected our best grapes and aged the wine in French and American Oak barrels for 12 months”.
Perhaps there is a market niche for wines that specifically dont use any animal by-products as fining agents or stabilizing agents, and choose to highlight that fact in order to cater directly to the vegans and vegetarians? Or at least to those that care if there might still be some egg white in there at about 1 part per 10 million.
So really, the disclosure, how much or how little, is up the the winery. Until enough consumers demand otherwise, and then governments step in and force wine to follow the same guidelines as other foods you simply wont see detailed ingredient lists. If it becomes required some consumers may be disappointed in how little actually gets listed. Wineries need not fear ingredient lists, if they became required. The lists would be as basic, or more so, than many foods we already consume and customers will very quickly become accustomed to them. I even doubt many would steer away from their favorite cheap wines when they see grape concentrate listed.
Even Bonny Doon are being somewhat selective of their ‘disclosure’ and it comes largely from a marketing stance. They mention the process, and admittedly they do mention parts of the process that could un-nerve some customers (bentonite, copper sulfate) but also skirt things by saying ‘yeast nutrients’ which may actually be a mix of diammonium phosphate, dipotassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, amino acids and other compounds.
Boony Doon labels have been this “transparent” since 2007-2008. Good on them. But has it impacted the market place? Have other wine makers felt the need to jump on the bandwagon else be left behind by consumers wanting transparency? The answer is no.
WineCharlatan – Best explanation about wine additives I’ve ever read. Bravo! I’m on the wine production side, and I cringe thinking about full disclosure, simply because very few people understand what those ingredients even are, let alone how and why they are added. The worst would be the wine writers. The example given about the wine critic that thought there was too much oak, even though it had only seen oak during fermentation. But it was on the label. The other classic example are the people that see an RS number on the label, and thus convince themselves that the wine is sweet. It would become rampant. I hate to imagine what the sensationalists over at the Wine Speculator would do with full disclosure labels. They know less about wine additives than your average tasting room staff.
A very fun piece with good comments all around. I particularily liked the “oak chip” and “R.S.” comments. It’s very true. We label a lot of our wines “No added sulfites” (when there aren’t any added of course), there’s always one in the group that says “Oxydised”, they aren’t but that’s the connotation. It isn’t going to stop us from writing it on the label. I think the wine biz has been enjoying smoke and mirrors for a long time. I totaly get the average Joe coming home from a grueling day at work and saying “I just need a glass of wine, any wine”, but what’s wrong with letting them know what’s in it (or not). There will be questions, there will be confusion but eventualy there will be education and that’s good. The argument as to “What is an addition” is spurious and a red herring, if it isn’t the grape from the vineyard, it’s an addition. Keep at it Meg.
Todd, thanks for adding your remarks to the conversation. Label real estate is limited and precious, and as noted, QR codes hold some promise. So does good website architecture that lets a customer find wine information by starting at a winery home page; this is remarkably difficult on some sites.
Re. the TTB, in my experience they become somewhat flummoxed by ingredient disclosure on labels, and this adds drag to the approval process. That means only the most passionate producers will undertake to include it—or at least include it twice.
WineCharlatan, I appreciate your taking the time to develop a detailed commentary, which is so extensive it perhaps deserves its own comment thread.
To one of your points, and one also addressed by others: absent federal guidelines, winemakers are indeed on their own to determine what to include and exclude about their method, and what to say and how to say it. I think this is a good thing, at least in the near term, because I support a model in which a market determines for itself what it cares about, and only much later, if ever, a regulator steps in (preferably with a light hand) to ensure that collective good faith is maintained.
I don’t believe we’re ready to talk about regulation yet, but it seems evident the community has a good appetite for discussions like these, and is certainly ready for more experiments to flush out the issues in the market. And from a marketing perspective, it’s reasonable to assume that those producers who choose disclosure will seek feedback about the gesture. I certainly did at Bonny Doon. Perhaps another winery rep could offer his or her experiences here.
What’s most compelling to me about this commentary so far is the predominant opposition to ingredient disclosure from those on the production side. The primary concern cited is consumer confusion or apathy, but there’s also a strong vein of antipathy about the complexities of determining a reasonable standard. This is somewhat surprising, because complexity isn’t reason enough not to attempt something worthwhile. If that were true, the wine itself would never get made. Fortunately, for now, those who don’t want to disclose, don’t have to.
Phillip, thanks for stopping by and adding your views. I agree that after confusion comes education, if the communicators (and I’m one) are doing their jobs.
Meg! Another brilliantly written article and a most worthy topic. I can only say that I agree with you 100%!
Meg ~ Brilliant post and the responses are stunningly Humbling in their scope and depth.
My immediate reaction was to wince at the thought of Government Intervention into the hallowed grounds of vineology. My cynical side has long thought that with the explosion of growth in the US wine industry, the Government is not long to be satiated with mere tax income and this may be just the introduction of the regulatory entry point they long for. The licensing, fees and such which feeds another layer of bureaucracy seems eminent, as greedy politicians attempt to “Get in on the action”. Let’s hope this discussion doesn’t ring the dinner bell!
Clearly the customer did not taste trehalose, sucrose, arabinose or any other non-“reducing” sugar in the wine and say that it was sweet.
Obviously the taster was a novice, and a rube for not convincing himself that there are only 2 possible sugars in the wine.
Buy a cheap HPLC and a cheap RI detector and learn how much and which sugars are in a wine before you automatically assume the customer is wrong. The customer was probably right, to be quite honest.
“Isotope” it happens that I and a number of my colleagues actually ARE trained in analytical chemistry. I can tell you that “plonk” is exactly what you get when you start believing that chemical analysis should drive wine “improvement.” That said, I’m not sure how your comment bears on the question of whether or not wine producers should disclose ingredients and process, either voluntarily or otherwise.
Well “John” if you think that poor wine is made by “Terroir” or using “Biodynamic voo-doo” then I’m sure reason is outside of your realm of understanding.
The customer base knows far more than you think they do, and you should put on your label “If you are a customer that thinks this white is sweet, you are a moron, cause I tested 2 of 20 possible sugars in my wine, and since those are the usual ones, you are an idiot.
Wine is a product of fermentation. This is a scientific process, which those with Microbiology degrees seem to understand, far more than those without.
product contains egg or milk or peanuts etc.
Beyond those above, I think that would cover the main customer concerns.
Ever since voo-doo, uncleanable concrete eggs, and team-preparation-deer-bladder-chamomile became the main concern of the average lemming wine-maker, quality has fallen into the toilet. Just do another 15 day “cold soak” so that those bacteria can make up enough waste to make the wine taste like a truck stop toilet. Brilliant.
I think what I’m hearing you both say is this: customers are capable of being both knowledgeable and skeptical; winemakers, meanwhile, need to be knowledgeable and ready with answers when questions arise.
I expect winemaking and enological details are most welcome when they’re stated plainly and in a way that respects the customer’s intelligence. It’s usually a good strategy to give the customer benefit of the doubt regarding his ability to assimilate information; in other words, to assume limitless intelligence but limited prior knowledge.
If a winemaker believes in his production methods, he’s at liberty to explain these, letting the customer decide what to do with the information. Isotope would likely want to know if, for example, a winemaker followed biodynamic principles, since the practice seems to provoke in him considerable animus.
So caveat emptor—but it sure helps the emptor if the producer tries to meet him at least partway.
There is no easy answer here. You articulate that well.
The issue of course is that there is little to no information today about most wines either on the bottle or from the vineyard.
With that any information will be glaringly obvious and raise questions. That is goodness in my opinion.
The consumer asking the retailer what all this means opens the conversation and brings the consumer into the know. Those interested enough to read the label, will ask IMO.
My suggestion, labels aside is that every winemaker should take control of this and provide the real facts and details on their sites so there is a source. And not having a true source of the information somewhere is a larger problem.
As an example of someone that does this well is the tiny winemaker that I write often about, Domaine de la Tournelle in the Jura.
Sure they are pretty natural and don’t add much but search any wine on their site and they tell you everything anyone would ask.
They also of course, make amazing wines.
Arnold, many thanks for taking the time to read the article and add your thoughtful remarks.
I agree it would be a great benefit to consumers for producers to include process and ingredient details on their websites—and also ensure this information is readily findable.
Thank you, Fabio, for adding your voice here. I support your approach and admire your willingness to disclose what you think is most critical, then gird yourself for the consequences—good and bad. I’ll look forward to hearing how your customers respond. Onward!
Colleagues, an update: Eric Asimov, wine critic of the New York Times, read this article back in August, and kindly included it in his “What We’re Reading” dispatch on 8/20/12 (see http://dinersjournal.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/08/20/what-were-reading-504/). He also told me then via Twitter that having thought about this issue a bit more, he favors full disclosure of both ingredients and processes on wine labels.
Very rare to see wine ingredients in the label. I had wanted for corporate catering services to have organic red wine. I’ll seek out that wine.
I am coming from the consumer side and felt invited by your comments to post.
I came across your article while I was researching toxins, allergens, and additives, for a friend who is having some big reactions after consuming beer. My husband and our close family are in town and enjoying a lot of wine over the holidays too. (Wine is the main thing that brings our family together from cultures as varied as Scottish, Peruvian, Filipino, and American, so I have some emotional investment in supporting our wine-drinking as long as they are all healthy!) They all have their own health quirks that I am watchful for, especially those in my parents’ generation. So this topic is close to my heart. I myself do not drink wine.
I very much appreciated reading your article and hearing all the viewpoints. I can empathize with those who are concerned about confusing customers, and I as a consumer of healthcare can absolutely validate this. In regards to healthcare, there is so much medical information out there, and so many biases as to what is healthy and not, it really is confusing. In my view, (staying with the healthcare example a little longer), there is a real lack of pure information with no bias, or at least aware, conscious bias, for a consumer to learn from. A place to start, a voice to trust. (I realize that this is a different topic but I see some similarities.) So I can appreciate it when those in marketing are truly interested in open discourse with the public, welcoming potentially uncomfortable questions, instead of taking a defensive stance. I can appreciate that this would be hard to do because of the relative ignorance of the consumer, and honestly we don’t know what we will learn about what is helpful and harmful for the human body. And to top it off, this varies from person to person. And yet it’s exactly because of this that I see a real opportunity for marketers to fill this huge need, and become empowering, trusted teachers/interpreters. Personally, I don’t expect a wine maker to tell me that the wine will improve my health or reassure me that it will have no negative effects on me. An honest conversation with a sense of humanity on both sides, is all I can ask for as a consumer. Even if it means saying, “I would like to tell you more but I am worried it will cause you unnecessary worry when I truly believe, based on the experience I have, that it will be fine.” I realize with the risk of lawsuits and liabilities that this kind of vulnerability may be unrealistic in our culture but it is my value, and I would absolutely respond to a maker that strives for this as well.
Thank you for having this conversation, and for facilitating it so respectfully.
Have you seen the Gambero Rosso letter that Jeremy Parzen just translated? I recommend the read.
I directed them to this piece in the comments.
Thanks, Alissa. I had seen the story, and greatly appreciate the cross-reference in its comments.
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The Battle of San Jacinto was fought April 21, 1836 and was the decisive engagement of the Texas Revolution.
While Mexican President and General Antonio López de Santa Anna laid siege to the Alamo in early March 1836, Texan leaders gathered in Washington-on-the-Brazos to discuss independence. On March 2, a formal declaration was approved. In addition, Major General Sam Houston received an appointment as commander-in-chief of the Texan Army. Arriving in Gonzales, he commenced organizing the forces there to offer resistance to the Mexicans. Learning of the Alamo's fall late on March 13 (five days after its capture), he also received word that Santa Anna's men were advancing northeast and pushing deeper into Texas. Calling a council of war, Houston discussed the situation with his senior officers and, being out-numbered and out-gunned, decided to commence an immediate withdrawal towards the US border. This retreat forced the Texan government to abandon its capital at Washington-on-the-Brazos and flee to Galveston.
Houston's hasty departure from Gonzales proved fortuitous as Mexican troops entered the town on the morning of March 14. Having overwhelmed the Alamo on March 6, Santa Anna, who was eager to end the conflict, split his force in three, sending one column towards Galveston to capture the Texas government, a second back to secure his supply lines, and launched a pursuit Houston with the third. While one column defeated and massacred a Texan force at Goliad in late March, another harried Houston's army. Having briefly swelled to around 1,400 men, the Texan force began to erode as morale sunk during the prolonged retreat. Additionally, concern arose in the ranks regarding Houston's willingness fight.
Concerned that his green troops would only be capable of fighting one major battle, Houston continued to avoid the enemy and was nearly removed by President David G. Burnet. On March 31, the Texans paused at Groce's Landing where they were able to take two weeks to train and re-supply. Having ridden north to join his lead columns, Santa Anna first conducted a failed endeavor to capture the Texan government before turning his attention to Houston's army. Having departed Groce's Landing, it had turned southeast and was moving in the direction of Harrisburg and Galveston.On April 19, his men spotted the Texas Army near the confluence of the San Jacinto River and Buffalo Bayou. Moving closer, they established a camp within 1,000 yards of Houston's position. Believing that he had the Texans trapped, Santa Anna elected to delay and postpone his attack until April 22. Reinforced by General Martín Perfecto de Cos, Santa Anna had 1,400 men to Houston's 800.
On April 20, the two armies skirmished and fought a minor cavalry action. The next morning, Houston called council of war. Though most of his officers believed they should wait for Santa Anna's assault, Houston decided to seize the initiative and attack first. That afternoon, the Texans burned Vince's Bridge cutting off the most likely line of retreat for Mexicans. Screened by a slight ridge that ran across the field between the armies, the Texans formed for battle with the 1st Volunteer Regiment in the center, the 2nd Volunteer Regiment on the left, and the Texas Regulars on the right.
Quickly and quietly advancing, Houston's men were screened by Colonel Mirabeau Lamar's cavalry on the far right. Not expecting a Texan attack, Santa Anna had neglected to post sentries outside of his camp, allowing the Texans to close without being detected. They were further aided by the fact that the time of the assault, 4:30 PM, coincided with the Mexican's afternoon siesta. Supported by two artillery pieces donated by the city of Cincinnati and known as the "Twin Sisters," the Texans surged forward yelling "Remember Goliad" and "Remember the Alamo."
Caught by surprise, the Mexicans were unable to mount an organized resistance as the Texans opened fire at close range. Pressing their attack, they quickly reduced the Mexicans to mob, forcing many to panic and flee. General Manuel Fernández Castrillón attempted to rally his troops but was shot before they could establish any resistance. The only organized defense was mounted by 400 men under General Juan Almonte, who were forced to surrender at the end of the battle. With his army disintegrating around him, Santa Anna fled the field. A complete victory for the Texans, the battle only lasted 18 minutes.
The stunning victory at San Jacinto cost Houston's army a mere 9 killed and 26 wounded. Among the wounded was Houston himself, having been hit in the ankle. For Santa Anna, the casualties were much higher with 630 killed, 208 wounded, and 703 captured. The next day a search party was sent out to locate Santa Anna. In an attempt to avoid detection, he had exchanged his general's uniform for that of a private. When captured, he nearly escaped recognition until other prisoners began saluting him as "El Presidente."
The Battle of San Jacinto proved to be the decisive engagement of the Texas Revolution and effectively secured independence for the Republic of Texas. A prisoner of the Texans, Santa Anna was compelled to sign the Treaties of Velasco which called for the removal of Mexican troops from Texas soil, efforts to be made for Mexico to recognize Texas independence, and safe conduct for the president back to Veracruz. While Mexican troops did withdraw, the other elements of the treaties were not upheld and Santa Anna was held as a POW for six months and disowned by the Mexican government. Mexico did not officially recognize the loss of Texas until the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which ended the Mexican-American War.
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0.999891 |
Was reading the article on WIRED.com about Disney's MagicBand and how it created seamless transitions before, during and after your experience at Disneyland that greatly enhanced your experience, allowing you to focus on enjoying and eliminating as many barriers to it as possible. As I was reading it, I also kept drawing a parallel to the airline industry and what airlines could do to provide this seamless, almost magical experience.
From my research into airline brands in a project I was working on last term, I realized that airlines have so much potential to expand their service offering beyond the flight experience. There are many airlines with an already good brand reputation and each has its own loyal following, and they could leverage on that, providing services that transcend beyond the cockpit of the plane. This could also open up new revenue streams that help ease the pressure placed on them with fuel costs etc.
Perhaps airport security organizations like the TSA could take a cue from Disney's MagicBand, to provide a seamless service and experience that we are so sorely missing, especially the mess that is the airports today.
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0.994868 |
Hypothetically, if I have 5 applicants, run her info and she's golden, do I have to return the $35 to the other applicants even though I never ran their info?
Yes, I do, you didn't incur costs in running the applications.
With each application I actually process, I incur costs for the credit and criminal check which the fee covers.
Yeah, you do. Be honest with your applicants.
No way in hell. Application fees are there so the landlord can make money. Do you disagree? Consider this: The mortgage on one of my rental houses is $480 per month. I'm charging the tenants $1100 per month to live there. Should I refund them the additional $620 every month because "It's not honest?!"
No, don't return them. What do large management companies do? They charge an application fee for all parties and don't refund to anybody. Business isn't "nice".
You have a legally binding contract here, even if part of it is written, and part of it is oral. You have an offer (the written app.), an acceptance (you accepting their app. and telling them you will run it), and money changed hands (the fee of $35 ). An applicant has a reasonable expectation that you will run their app, and either approve, or deny them, within , say, 1 week from them turning in their app. (they paid you to do something for them) If you are truly an HONEST LL, you will return the fee to them, saying the 1st person who turned in their app, qualified, so you did not run any other apps.
Now, obviously, you could just call all the other applicants up, and tell them you ran their app, and they didn't qualify. And no one is going to know if you did or didn't run their app. EXCEPT YOU! Those applicants kissed their $35 goodby forever when you took their app. This is REALLY all about how it makes YOU FEEL INSIDE. Are you as HONEST as the day is long, or do you sometimes tell "little white lies" to get you thru life. Regardless of what any of us say to you on this forum, ONLY YOU can truly answer your own question.
I would say "IT DEPENDS".
How much time did you spend screening the application - checking references making phone calls, driving by their current home, etc. - whether you paid for a credit report or not?
Most management companies NEVER return nonrefundable application fees.
It's not a matter of being honest or not. It is a matter of if they want to apply and be considered, there is a nonrefundable fee. Period.
I charge $100 per person for a very comprehensive application. For self employed applicants with income from multiple entities I charge an additional $50 per entity that they are submitting Yes this is steep and when I have five unrelated adults applying for a three or four br house,....and the key tenant makes 40 k towards 3500 or 4000 rent per month,....it's a challenge to try and meet the formulas.
Before I even send out an application I have a no nonsense conversation about how deeply I check and what I'm looking for. .....both verifiable income,assets and negatives. Some of em lie anyway and submit with the fees and with a lot of blanks on the application. Some of em I never hear from.
It never ceases to amaze me how many of these wise guys will send out hundreds of dollars with a bogus application. Do they actually think we as LLs don't even look at the paperwork .....??
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0.99654 |
What causes an anxiety panic attack? There are clear triggers, risk factors and underlying medical causes that anxiety attack sufferers must fully understand. Anxiety attacks can happen anytime, anywhere when you least expect it.
Anxiety is what we always feel when we are in a tense situation, like studying harder for a major exam, rendering a speech in front of many people, or going on a blind date where you don't know what to expect; even a bride definitely feel anxious on her wedding day (maybe thinking, what if she'll be stood up by her groom! What a terrifying thought!).
If you feel anxious or fear for certain circumstances or things and with logical reasons to be, it is just a normal and rational response. But, if you feel unexpected surges of overwhelming dread that comes without warning and for no reason at all, it is no longer regular anxiety but anxiety attack.
Anxiety attacks are far more intense than having the feeling of being stressed or anxious that most people experience. It is described as a sudden attack of intense fear or feelings of impending fate or disaster that strike without warning and for no apparent reason. And this can be immediately followed by several symptoms.
These are caused by a shift in the way the Amygdala, the small organ in the brain which regulates the anxiety response, behaves when confronted with an anxiety provoking thought, sensation or situation. Anxiety attacks occur when a level of anxiety is reached which causes the Adrenalin to produce severe symptoms which reach a peak in just a matter of minutes.
The peak of an attack can range anywhere from 5 to 30minutes, but the symptoms may last a little longer. The symptoms of anxiety attacks are completely harmless, although they can be very frightening. Anxiety attacks belong to a group of anxiety disorder, like panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and agoraphobia.
Some of the symptoms of anxiety attack are intense heartbeat, difficulty of breathing, palpitation, nausea, excessive sweating and trembling, chest pains, fearful of going crazy or about to die, sudden chills, and the like. Some people may experience different or more anxiety attack symptoms but this does not mean that their condition is far worse or that you are suffering from different undiagnosed condition.
Because we are all different, the symptoms during anxiety attacks can vastly vary. You might not find among the listed anxiety attack symptoms what you are experiencing and you'll start to think there's something very wrong with you. The list is just a guide only. Everyone reacts differently.
Anxiety attacks are always a sign of underlying anxiety disorder which itself can be treated successfully with or without having to go through medication or costly therapy. Linden Method offers a cure on panic and anxiety attacks. According to this method, anxiety attacks are not a sign of illness. The way to cure it is to eliminate the causes that trigger anxiety attacks.
• Peyronies Disease: Rare or Common?
• How To Detect Asthma Attack Symptoms and Stress?
• Keep Your Cholesterol Down!
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0.999997 |
If you look back at successful teams, programs and people, what is one characteristic that stands out? The key trait that stands out with successful people is TRUST and RELATIONSHIPS. If you build solid relationships and people can trust you, your programs will be very successful.
You may sit there and ask yourself, “Well, how do I build those solid relationships?” The answer is quite simply by networking. The following tips are keys to success outside of athletics for successful futures.
Regardless of your field of endeavor, networking and connecting with others are essential to your growth. It does matter who you know and it does matter what you know. Here are five tips on how to network.
1. Say something unexpected: When someone asks, “What do you do?” be prepared to say something that shows the results you get vs. the standard of what you do. Making your first response something unexpected will often give the conversation momentum and have the other party intrigued to ask for more information.
2. Have good hand & eye coordination: A firm handshake is an important part of a first impression and networking. Lose the fist bump, hug and fraternity brother style handshake that you give to your closest friends. Instead, go with the web-to-web, firm yet gentle squeeze while administering one downward shake that travels about 1 inch.
3. Be positive: A sure way to turn off the person who you are meeting for the first time is to come in with negative energy. Instead of complaining about the traffic or the GPS that got you lost, come in with positive energy and presence.
4. Ask questions: The sooner you can turn the conversation from yourself to them the better. People genuinely like talking about themselves as they are most familiar with that topic. Think TAT – Talk About Them.
5. Tee up the conversation for the future: You are not trying to close a sale or a deal in the first interaction with someone. You are simply trying to set up another time in the future to talk.
6. Follow up: Be sure that you follow up on your leads and new contacts. Some people prefer to follow up on LinkedIn or via the handwritten message. Whatever your preferred method, be sure that you follow up and say where you met within 48 hours of your meeting or you are less likely to follow up at all.
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0.955503 |
How many different types of dogs that exist in world ? It about 157 in total but the dogs type are separated into dog groups. The dog groups are sporting dogs and non-sporting dogs and working dog breeds and hound breed type of dogs. The another five groups are terrier breed ype of dogs and herding breed type of dogs and herding breed type of dogs and toy breed types of dogs and miscellaneous breed type of dogs.I will break down only three groups and I will give a example of a dog from the group. The dog groups are sporting dog and non-sporting and working dogs will be the only ones that will be talk about.
The first dog group is Sporting Dogs ,it is about twenty-six different types of this breed of dogs out of one hundred fifty-seven dogs. The Pointer is part of the sporting dogs group,because the Pointer is use to locate birds and rabbit. The Pointer is a great family dog for childern of all age,if it proper train by dog tainner.The Pointer breed average weight is fourty-five pounds to seventy-five pounds.The Pointer average height is about tewnty-three to tewnty-six inches to the shoulder.The different Pointer coat colors is Lemon and white ,orange and white,liver and black and white. The potential health problems for a Pointer Hip Dyspalasia and Epilepsy and Elbow Dysplasia.The Pointer puppies cost depending on location,breeder and pedigree history.The orign of the Pointer is dated back to the 1600 century in England were it was use for small hunting games.
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0.860827 |
As I work to chase an elusive answer to the question, what is a complete API Swagger definition, I'm also faced with what I know John Musser (@johnmusser) would agree is the age old question, what exactly constitutes an API? Is it the Twitter API, or is it the Twitter account, status, friends, media, etc. APIs? While this has been a tough question, facing anyone who considers API discovery, I think it is a question that is evolving as part of the current microservices conversation.
One layer of the microservices onion is focused on breaking down services into their smallest possible unit of value (at least this is one of my takeaways). Doing this is an enabler all the other orchestration, devops, voodoo magic that represent the other architectural layers of the microservices onion. As I work to define Swagger definitions for the almost 1000+ companies in my API Stack, I'm working to employ this line of thought, and actively breaking down each API I profile, into the smallest unit possible, using Swagger.
Ultimately this is more work for me, but from an API discovery perspective, I'm looking to identify the small, most unique unit of value possible, which allows me to discovery, and organize APIs into extremely precise, yet powerful API menus. Right now this is a very manual process, but I'm developing tooling that will help me to "explode" existing Swagger definitions based upon unique API paths--we will see how that goes.
Now I can evaluate TigerText's approach to user APIs, or metadata APIs, without wading through the actual messaging side of the coin. I am not in the business of creating at database of APIs, where my metric is number of APIs--my objective is a database of high quality APIs, where my metric is number of companies, with complete API definitions for resources they provide, and as complete profile of overall API operations as possible.
We'll see how I feel about this after doing another 500 APIs (I've done almost 500 so far) :-) My tune may change, but I'm hoping to have more tooling that helps me throughout the process. I will never be able to fully automate the creation, or fine tuning of API definitions, but I feel I can automate certain aspects--greasing the gears.
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0.999949 |
An 11-year-old girl today told a court how she escaped her home as her mother was subjected to a series of 'degrading assaults' before being shot dead.
The girl, who can't be named for legal reasons, is giving evidence during the trial of David Oakes, who is accused of shooting dead her mother, his ex-partner Christine Chambers and their two-year-old daughter Shania.
She told the jury at Chelmsford Crown Court Oakes threw a gun at her as she fled down a flight of stairs and out of a window during the terrifying ordeal.
The girl said her mother and Oakes had broken up and were fighting over custody of Shania.
In a video interview taken shortly after the attack and played to the court today, she said: 'He came in our house with lots of weapons. He came in when we were all about to go to sleep and mummy said "get out of my house".
'It was about 12.10am and we heard somebody coming up the stairs. He turned the light on and said "do you know why I’m here?"
She said she had pleaded with Oakes not to hurt her, Miss Chambers or Shania and he said 'yeah, yeah'.
'Mummy was crying but he didn’t shed a tear of anything,' she added.
'He said "I want you to come back to me’" and made her say she loved him but he said he didn’t believe her.
'I jumped out of the window and went to my daddy’s. Before I went out of the window I ran down the stairs and he threw a gun at my back.
Describing Oakes, she added: 'He was horrible. Sometimes when they were in arguments he hit her and threatened her.
The girl, who clutched a cuddly toy dog during parts of the interview, added: 'Last time I saw Shania she was asleep in her cot.
'Last time I saw mummy was when she told me to climb out of the window and gave me a hug.
'Her eye was swollen and she couldn't open it. She had a very sore face and there was lots of blood.
She described previous occasions on which Oakes had attacked Miss Chambers.
These included strangling her until she fell unconscious and punching her when she was holding a baby.
On another occasion, Miss Chambers was forced to jump from a van in which they were travelling after Oakes threatened to crash it into a brick wall, she added.
The jury has heard that Oakes claims Miss Chambers threatened him with the gun and as they struggled Shania was shot, so he punched her to calm her down, then shot her in the leg.
Asked if Miss Chambers had attacked Oakes with a pair of scissors, the girl said: 'No'.
She denied suggestions that the gun was already in the house, saying Oakes had brought it with him in a bag.
Oakes, 50, of Canney Road, Steeple, Essex, was treated for a gunshot injury after what the prosecution describes as a suicide attempt during the incident.
Oakes, who was not in court to hear the girl’s evidence, allegedly attacked Miss Chambers before shooting the pair and then turning the gun on himself.
Earlier in the trial, the jury heard how Shania was found dead on the landing, having been shot at 'point-blank range' and Christine Chambers was discovered lying on the floor.
She had been shot at close range with a shotgun and suffered horrific injuries to her left thigh, right knee and along her right side and there was nothing that could be done to save her.
Forensic experts concluded that seven shots were fired; three at Miss Chambers, one at his daughter and one at Oakes.
Another blast was found in ceiling and another in the skirting board in one of the children’s bedrooms.
Police found Oakes lying down on a bed and although only semi-conscious he exchanged a few words with both police and paramedics before being rushed to hospital.
Because of his condition, detectives were unable to speak to him for about two weeks.
The court heard that in April 2011, Miss Chambers had made a statement to a family solicitor describing how her former partner was a violent and jealous man, and that 'endured throughout their association'.
Mr Pownall added: 'That is not to say Miss Chambers was necessarily blameless for the many arguments that took place.
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0.999996 |
You are presented with a board containing two colors.
The goal is to turn all colors the same color.
Each symbol depicts which buttons will change.
Pressing a button enacts the change.
The change can be to color, position or symbol.
Use your mouse to click on the buttons to enact changes based on its symbol with the goal of getting all buttons the same color.
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0.999978 |
You are an American citizen wishing to access American websites as if you're at home.
You are an Internet entrepreneur wanting to review your marketing campaigns in the US.
You are learning English and desire to surf the Internet as if you are located in the United States.
You are an American traveler and your bank only allows online access from within the US.
NEGATIVE: They are often ad supported, so you'll encounter a lot of popups; They may not be compatible with certain protocols, such as video or SSL; Relay of your personal/private information is usually not secure, so you should not enter any passwords or financial info; They are easily broken (meaning your IP may be exposed via popups, etc) .
To give it a try, do a Google search for "US web proxy".
If you need a reliable Internet connection through an IP address in the U.S., you're probably going to end up spending at least a little money. While there are some free options, mentioned above, subscribing to a fee-based service will give you an incredibly more convenient and secure means of accomplishing your objective.
As with the previous options, a paid proxy will also route your web requests through a server in the US (that's the only practical way to appear that you're surfing with an American IP address). However, the few advantages mentioned below make the process a lot more logical for most purposes.
VPN, which means "Virtual Private Network", is a secure method of connecting to a remote network, such as logging into an office server from your home. If the VPN is setup to do so, it can also act as a relay for web requests (not unlike a proxy), and be your virtual IP address in the United States. There are some distinct advantages that a VPN has over a proxy, most notably the ability to relay data for most Internet applications without special configuration.
Thank you for reading "How to Change your IP Address to the U.S."
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0.985328 |
By lifting the flapper up, the water inside the tank is allowed to flow down into the toilet bowl. As the water leaves the tank and enters the bowl, it fills the toilet bowl and the siphon effect occurs, resulting in removal of water and waste.... To get more water in the water brushes bristles, you squeeze the water reservoir. (As you can see in Photo 2, this particular waterbrush even tells you exactly where to push.) Basically, you move your hand up a little way along the brush handle, then squeeze with your fingers. Though this feels odd at first, you'll soon get used to this action when painting with the brush.
A water rocket is a type of model rocket using water as its reaction mass. The water is forced out by a pressurized gas, typically compressed air . Like all rocket engines , it operates on the principle of Newton's third law of motion .... Expect the water level to rise and fall in the tube when you first place the tube at a new location. Just give it time to settle down. If the tube is hanging above the ground such that it can swing this will also cause the water level to go up-and-down as long as the tube continues moving.
Expect the water level to rise and fall in the tube when you first place the tube at a new location. Just give it time to settle down. If the tube is hanging above the ground such that it can swing this will also cause the water level to go up-and-down as long as the tube continues moving.
launch tube, it is not losing any water. This gives the rocket a kind of ‘moving start’ This gives the rocket a kind of ‘moving start’ and allows it to use its charge of water more effectively.
To make up for the lower temperature, you can cook the food for a longer amount of time. Here's a simple rule for how much time to add: If the recipe would take less than 20 minutes to boil at sea level, add 1 minute of cooking time for each 1,000 ft (305m) above sea level.
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0.998714 |
How can I safely and affordably store family items?
I understand the difficulties in trying to pay for acid-free boxes for all your family collections. I work with many people and institutions who struggle with the same problem. What I advise is to get acid-free tissue to wrap the clothing and acid-free folders for the paper documents. This way, what is directly in contact with your family items is safe and will protect the items from the non-acid-free boxes. If you find you have a little extra over the years, you can slowly replace the old boxes with new acid-free ones.
Good luck keeping your family treasures safe!
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0.998505 |
Home remedies to get rid of a cluster headache Well as we have already explained in the above section of this article that a headache has several types and other form of the headache is known as a cluster headache.
Natural Ways To Get Rid Of A Headache: 2. Massage Scalp, Neck and Ear Lobes Massage Scalp, Neck and Ear Lobes Doing some light massage can distract you from the pain, as well as improving circulation and relieving tension.
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0.999999 |
Passage Communications: Social CRM - The Implications of "Micro-Loyalty"
Social CRM - The Implications of "Micro-Loyalty"
I've been spending a lot of time thinking about where we've landed as an industry in the social CRM space. With the increasing demand from clients to develop social media strategies, it's easy to get swept up in campaign-land where we forget to think about the long term perspective of brand presence. It's our own fault for racing towards building fan bases and creating one-off social content campaigns that are often wired with predictable contest models or leveraging sponsorship events.
Brands are competing with a constant fire hose of unbranded baby pictures, hilarious memes and links that deliver on the highly coveted WTF factor. To make matters more complicated, the normalization of social media usage has diminished the value of likes in that it has fragmented to small moments in the consumer's mind. What's happening, is that we're starting to delineate between liking content and liking a brand. In my humble opinion, the best way to describe the current state of social CRM is "Micro Loyalty". It is the product of consumers learned generosity towards "liking" and of brands spraying hopefully likeable content throughout the channels. Over time, it has left a long trail of hits and misses.
The need for a more consolidated "like" or engagement score as opposed to outright "fandom"
Brands, like individuals, need to remember that their activity doesn't just "disappear" when a campaign is through. They must assume that it is tattooed on their faces. Investing in longer term social strategies will ensure that brands are winning the "Micro Loyalty" game over time - as well as the shorter term.
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0.999128 |
The Avengers : Series 6 : Who Was That Man I Saw You With?
Jay Fairfax (William Marlowe) and Perowne (Richard Owens) are waiting to meet a contact. Fairfax tosses a coin and Perowne gets to go - Fairfax tells him to find out who he is and what he has to sell. Around the corner, Perowne sees the contact - Zaroff (Alan Browning) - slump to the ground and searches him. While he's examining his wallet, Zaroff pulls out a pistol and shoots him. Fairfax hears the shots but Zaroff escapes before he arrives. Perowne croaks the name Gregor Zaroff and hands him the bank card he found in the wallet. Zaroff arrives back at his employer's den, where the shrouded Dangerfield is receiving a manicure from the scantily-clad Kate (Nita Lorraine). He reports mission accomplished and Dangerfield raises a glass to "the girl who will make all our dreams come true" - Tara King!
A military installation in the country - Tara, in military camouflage and blacked out face, evades the sentry then slips through a concealed door. She attacks the soldier inside, Cpl Powell (Ken Haward), defeating him easily, then takes care of the relieving sentry, Hamilton (Ralph Ball) before descending in the lift. She stops it between floors and crawls through the ducts towards the War Room, where Gilpin (Alan MacNaughtan) is telling General Hesketh (Ralph Michael) they can track military aircraft anywhere in the world, and missiles fired at Britain can be detected in 32.6 seconds. Hesketh asks what they do if an attack is detected and he's introduced to the "Field Marshall" - a computer, complete with rank and decorations, which "creates an impenetrable barrier, a shield of absolute safety". Hesketh asks what would happen if it were damaged or destroyed - Gilpin says it's impossible as Pye (Neville Marten) looks on, but concedes Western Europe would be a sitting duck. Tara sneaks into the room as Gilpin explains how the computer won its medals. He turns to show the General the rest of their operations and Tara rushes at the computer. Her gun misfires and the box slides down out of harms way - she's grabbed by the guards and Gilpin calmly tells her she was in the magnetic field, preventing her gun from working. Gilpin introduces her to the startled Hesketh, and explain Tara's assignment is to try to attack the computer; she tells Hesketh she tried four times and failed miserably every time. The lift arrives and a beaming Hamilton congratulates her on surprising him.
Tara returns home and finds Steed there - he tells her he designed the War Room defences. While she's changing, some flowers, accompanied by a pearl necklace arrive, with a card signed "Affectionately, G." Steed leaves and bumps into Zaroff in the hall - he notices the initials GZ on his briefcase as he hands it to him. A moment later, Tara's door bell buzzes - it's Fairfax, who had been tailing Zaroff. He telephones Mother to report he's lost him - enduring a barrage of abuse - then Zaroff rings. He convinces Tara to leave the flat then Dangerfield rings after she's gone - he says, "Tara, it's all set, Zaroff is waiting" when Fairfax picks up the receiver. Fairfax chases after Tara, who drives to an isolated 'phone box where she's told to look under the directories. Fairfax sees her remove an envelope then run to her car. Dangerfield meanwhile orders Kate to deposit Zaroff's personal cheque for £2,000 into Tara's account. Fairfax returns to Tara's apartment and sees Zaroff leaving, carrying an identical envelope. Zaroff ostentatiously removes its contents - a War Room dossier.
Tara wanders around the War Room, pretending to sneeze to cover the sound of a miniature camera but when she tries to leave the alarms clang and she's grabbed. Gilpin smiles and tells her they have a film emulsion sensor as he exposes the film. Fairfax meanwhile reports his suspicions to Mother (Patrick Newell), who is furious. He is disbelieving, but still reduces Tara's security rating to Zero minus and orders surveillance to commence. Zaroff meanwhile is wandering around her flat, touching as many items as he can. Steed and Tara arrive, watched by Fairfax, but she senses something is wrong - a man bursts out of her bedroom and escapes. Tara checks but finds the flat strangely neat, while Steed spots Fairfax waiting outside. After Steed leaves, Tara gets out her darkroom equipment and removes a roll of exposed film from her camera watch, which had evaded detection. Steed goes to see Mother to find out why Fairfax is outside Tara's flat and finds him with the man who had escaped - Aubrey Phillipson (Bryan Marshall), a new recruit. Phillipson reads a report to Steed and shows him Zaroff's cheque. He then tells him Tara requisitioned a micro and a miniature camera from stores and they suspect she's managed to smuggle film out of the War Room - film she's developing prints of. Steed asks to handle the case and is given 24 hours.
Dangerfield rings Tara and tells her to go to "that address"; outside, Zaroff stops her on the footpath and allows himself be filmed by Fairfax talking to her before she drives off. Fairfax follows Tara to Maple's Garage while Steed arrives at her flat and finds the photographs. Mother calls the flat, telling him to get over to Maple's Garage, where Tara waits and watches as Fairfax slowly creeps towards her. someone shoots him and throws the revolver against his corpse - Tara picks it up just as Steed arrives. "He's dead", she says and Steed replies, "With your gun".
Dangerfield beams at his reflection in the mirror and says it's a perfect fit - not his new suit, but their concocted evidence against Tara. Zaroff's unsure if it's enough and Dangerfield tells him there only one more nail for the coffin then they can collect their fee. Tara meanwhile is being grilled - Mother plays the film of her talking to Zaroff and Phillipson asks her to explain Zaroff's prints in her apartment, and his gifts. She can't of course and her explanation of the photographs is disbelieved. Mother tells her her security rating is reduced to Zero minus one and she is to stay at her apartment until called for. Tara promptly escapes Phillipson's house arrest - Dangerfield sends Zaroff to get her while Steed is directed to the 'phone booth at Lynstead Woods. Inside the E-K directory is an envelope containing some film and when he returns a man bumps against him in the street. Inside his apartment are crates of champagne, apparently a gift from Zaroff, and Tara lies on the floor behind the sofa. Tara gets up and shows him how compromising the evidence is - she show him a polaroid of him talking to the man in the street, a friend of hers, but points out it seems they know each other from the photo. She tells Steed she's ben framed by Zaroff and they ponder why - Steed goes to return her to custody but Zaroff knocks him out at the door and captures Tara. Dangerfield has her dressed in Kate's clothes, while Kate dons hers and is given an air ticket, passport and briefcase identical to Tara's.
Steed returns with Miss Gladys Culpepper (Aimee Delamain), an expert lip reader who views the film and confirms that Zaroff asked Tara the way to Wilson Street, then asks the cab to drive him to the Baronet Sporting Club, Edgechester Place. Steed kisses her in thanks and leaves Mother to pay her £200 fee - Mother receives a call to say the War Council has decided to dismantle the Field Marshall, that they believe is now compromised. Dangerfield is explaining that as soon as they knew she had War Room duty, they laid evidence to suggest she was working with enemy agents. It's all a plot to make the Ministry believe security has been compromised so that the automated defences will be dismantled, giving them a 48 hour period to launch a massive missile strike on Britain. They prepare to kill her and she asks for one last cigarette - Zaroff and Dangerfield are surprised when Steed calls out, "But you don't smoke!" and she kicks away Zaroff's revolver as he turns around. Steed defeats them, with a bit of help from Tara and says he must find out one last thing from Dangerfield. Tara asks if it's which government he was working for, and Steed replies, "his tailor"!
To celebrate, Steed constructs a champagne fountain from the crates delivered by Tara in her frame-up exercise, and they toast each other from it.
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Take care when you select your input as it will affect your output. What type of music is played in the lobby of a high end hotel? What type of music is played at a sports bar? What might you hear on an elevator? The music you listen to will fill you with a spirit that can assist in the direction you want to push yourself. It can be counter productive if you listen to something that is not in line with your desired outcome. Example - listining to a Mozart while attending a high intensity work out could hinder you from reaching your peak intensity. Also consider this at home when you cook, while you drive, and when you want to have a romantic evening at home.
Music sets the pace best. It bothers me that I cannot listen to music at my current job. I feel listening music helps you find solutions you might not have come across otherwise.
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The name 'spear' mint derives from the pointed leaf tips of the plant. Mint descends from the Latin word mentha, which is rooted in the Greek word minthe, personified in Greek mythology as Minthe.The most popular version of the myth states that Hades seduced the nymph, Minthe, and his wife, Persephone, became jealous and turned Minthe into a plant that people would constantly walk on. Outraged by his wife's interference, Hades gave the plant a wonderful aroma. Hades hoped that by doing this, people would remember Minthe and recall how beautiful and full of life she had been. Mint is also dedicated to the god of darkness, Hades.
There are about 26 species of mint. All of them considered as the most fragrant plants with a pleasant taste and many healing properties. Spearmint is a herbaceous rhizomatous perennial plant growing 30–100 cm tall, with variably hairless to hairy stems and foliage, and a wide-spreading fleshy underground rhizome. The leaves are 5–9 cm long and 1.5–3 cm broad, with a serrated margin. The stem is square-shaped, a trademark of the mint family of herbs. Spearmint produces flowers in slender spikes, each flower pink or white.
The main active substances contained in the essential oil of peppermint is menthol (alcohol), the menthone (ketone) and tannins. Its leaves contain vitamins A and C, niacin (vitamin B3), magnesium and iron.
Before scientific methodology occured the efficacy of herbal medicines was spread by word of mouth. The mint tea was a popular nostrum, simply because it was said that it was acting very quickly and effectively relieving a range of disorders including headaches, nasal problems, upset stomach, menstrual cramps. It seems to be antiseptic, preventing the growth of bacteria and microorganisms, but it is also a good analgesic and anti-rheumatic (muscle pains). It helps digestion and breathing fragrance as well as the proper functioning of the liver. The essential oil of mint is aromatic and refreshing and so acts as fighting stress and tension and removing negative thoughts. Mint is a popular ingredient in aromatherapy.
For centuries, mint tea was delightful for its refreshing taste, as well as for its medicinal properties. Traditionally it was recommend by botanists and other natural healers to relieve a range of disorders. Most recently, the mint tea was discovered by scientific researchers, who verify increasingly the story elements recognizing the benefits of mint tea for health. What are these benefits? In the past decades people who used mint tea and oils for their beneficial effects were less interested in how or why they acted in a way that seemed to actually be effective. These questions have arisen more recently and most of them were answered. It was discovered that the active substance of mint and peppermint, menthol, has anticonvulsant effects. This explains why relieves stomach upset so quickly. The fact that it is a muscle relaxant helps explain why it works so well in relieving stress. It is important for sufferers of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Mint oil, when used clinically, has proven promising in alleviating this condition and it is believed that regular consumption may help alleviate the symptoms of IBS.
The mint has properties that give a range of other potential health benefits. It is known to have antibacterial, antimicrobial and antiseptic properties, so it may be effective in use as a cleaning of the skin helpful to fight bacterial infections. It is also known to have decongestant properties, so it can be a potentially effective treatment for a range of respiratory disorders. Its analgesic properties can help relieve pain.
Also, mint tea can become an ideal tool for the students during the exam period and helps drivers to drive more safely. In one study showed that only the scent of mint tea showed can helps students to stay awake and focused when studying. Another study, concencerning the effect of the consuption of mint team from professional drivers, resulted that drivers appeared to stay alert and relaxed in movement.
Mint oil is also used as an environmentally friendly insecticide for its ability to kill some common pests like wasps, hornets, ants and cockroaches.
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Time for a double boss battle, talk to either one of the clowns. The red clown is Danielle and the blue one is Pierre. Use the opposite type of magic they throw at you against them, those clowns are also very fast so most of the time you will have to wait, while they attack first.
I suggest you spare your IP for the 2 battles later on when you have to beat them both at the same time with only two characters to battle each.
After defeating the first clown, it will regenerate and throw you one room back. They will be defeated once and for all, opening the door to the next room.
Head up to collect the treasure sword from the chest. Give him the treasure sword and a messenger will come telling that a single man destroyed an entire town by the name of Gordovan!
Sinistral; Gades - Master of Destruction -Go through the left door and take the left door as soon as the monster presses the button.
Go up the stairs, walk two chambers down, here you will find another small puzzle. Hit the switch causing the red pillars to drop, walk over them.
Move the middle block one space down and walk back to the other block you just moved. You should be standing against it, move 3 spaces down and the switch will move to the lowest of the four squares.
Move the block to your left one square to the left. Turn with the shoulder button and use an arrow to hit the switch again.
You can just walk down, triggering the other switch in the lower right corner to lower the platform outside.
Now you come in a room with a pot and two switches. If you want to heal go down one room Put the pot on the right switch and follow the path of dark tiles to the right door and go up the stairs.
The first dragon egg and the water jewel can be obtained -Go back one room and push the pillar above you to the right. Use the hook to cross the gap.
Walk a bit up use the hook to the left to get to the next door, where you will find some stairs. Go through the left door from here and use a bomb to blow up the crate while getting past the spikes.
Go back again, use the switch in the corner to lower the spikes, go through the door on your right. First go to the first floor and then walk up and seek a section in the wall that can be destroyed with a bomb.
Go through to find an eagle rock and back to the elevator. Take the right route and you will see a stairway leading up. Go up and through the door to find a muscle ring.
Go to the second floor with the elevator. Move the left pillar two places and walk to the opposite side of it. Use the hook to get across, push the pillar below you one square down and move the other to the right against the wall.
Walk down to the lower middle part and use the hook again to get across. Push the pillar up onto the button and the door will open.
Here you will find a zombie who can regenerate it self every time you defeat it. So you need to do something else to get rid of him.
In the original Japanese version you have to move five blocks so that they form a cross. In the American and European version of the game you have to hit whack the switches in the right order.
Go back to the elevator by using the shortcut with the stairs. Go up another floor and walk down to find a miracle. Now go up to the highest floor and take the right path.
You can open the door with the wind key now. Go outside, up the ladder and prepare to be defeated! At least that is what will happen anyway even if you defeat him However if you defeat him in combat you will receive the Gades blade.
Read the strategy in appendix C for some tips and walkthrough to destroy this fiend. He will say something like "How irritating, now witness my true power", and the game goes on as if you were defeated in the first place.
You can nab the Scimitar and Block Shield from behind the door, after this go back to Parcelyte Castle and report to the king.
He asks if there is someone called "Guy". After this, the pillars leading to the exit of the tower will be lowered, so you can travel on to Merix.
The bridge to Bound Castle --Merix-- People in this small village are talking about a great carpenter. He recently left the village to repair the bridge to Bound Kingdom, which was probably destroyed by monsters.
Here you can buy new spells like a stronger version of spark; Fireball. Holy Energy and will do three times regular damage on any enemy, plus this amount get doubled to a whopping 6!
First talk to the carpenter who will tell you that you have to take care of the monsters, before he can start repairing the bridge.
Go down the stairs and through two doors to collect regain, a little bit to the right in the previous room you saw a weakened wall.
Bomb it and whack the switch with your sword, now use the hook to pull yourself to the other side in the room with the water.
Go down the stairs and take the right door first to collect a Hi-magic, then continue through the left door. The enemies here keep on regenerating until you destroy their crystal ball with your sword.
After that you can walk to the right and walk several stairs, until you reach the other side of the bridge. Here you will meet up with the carpenter, who will repair the bridge and will leave for home.
Before you go to Bound go back to Merix first. That should make three with the ones from Alunze basement and Cave to Sundletan.
He attacks Dekar with some monsters, but they are no match for him. After Idura leaves humiliated the prince will come out and fight the Red jelly that Dekar forgot to dispose of.
This shows that the prince is very conceited, because he thinks that the small jelly is "invading" his kingdom. You will also find out that every time the prince goes on an adventure the king will have Dekar follow him, to make sure nothing happens.
This is the reason why the prince is too overconfident about himself. Because of his overconfidence, he decides to go to the northern labyrinth to defeat Idura on his own.
The fool The king of course will have Dekar follow him again. And if you still have the secret fruit feed it also to Jelze once he is on level four, he will now be able transform into his M master level.
After talking to the king go to the Northern Labyrinth. Continue on down the stairs. Cut the top left bush here to find the opening switch for the door.
In the next room use your hook to get to the other side of the gap and walk through the door here. Go to the left to the next room over the spikes you just lowered use the switch to form a bridge.
If you want to use it go back to the "priest" in Bound, then equip it and undo the curse, giving you a strong and uncursed sword You can take the right route again to lower the lower set of pins and walk on over the bridge you created.
A little farther beyond that you will find a room with a lone zombie, bomb the top wall to receive thunder ax from the chest.
Walk through the next two rooms until you come to a puzzle, if you want to go down the moving stairs step on it from the left side the stair will move one place down.
Walk a space to the left then down and then to the right on the stairs. Repeat this process until stairway is trapped in the lower middle. Walk on it from above to descend to the next floor.
Go down a room and move the pillar to the right, use the hook to get to the upper part with the pot. Pick it up and place it on the button.
Move the pillar back and proceed to the stairs and the next floor. Walk first to the most upper platform and move it to the right.
Go through the door and place four pillars on the dark square of tiles to make a platform rise up. This will allow you to reach the dragon egg.
Go back to the last room and move the lowest platform 1 space to the right, then move the middle-right platform down. Flash --North labyrinth-- From the puzzle with the moveable platforms you can take the lower right door to reach a mini one-way labyrinth with capsule monster Flash at the end.
So in the beginning he will be quite useless, but in the end he might be one of the most valuable monsters, because he can heal your entire party on the higher classes.
Here you will find another puzzle room can be quite tricky, but if you place the bombs like this in the right order, all will go swell: Place bomb here in this order 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Go to save point and move the pillar in the next room onto the right button so the door will open. Now enter the final room of this dungeon and meet up with Idura.
You are not going to fight him, but instead he will send four mummies at you and then three trolls. Fire, Water, Light, Heal Weak: They were so weak that after two or three Fireballs all four are destroyed.
Talk to the king and a moment later Guy will make his return. Evil threats --Bound kingdom - continued-- You will hear from the king that Gades has left a message.
It was more like a threat actually, he said that he would sink Seim island; the island on which Parcelyte is located.
Make sure you equip Dekar with some AGL increasing stuff like speedy ring and jewels, because with him being so slow you have quite a disadvantage at some points.
Then again, his supreme strength makes him well suited for the battle against Gades. After that you will find 4 pillars and a pumpkin head.
You must trap the pumpkin head between the four pillars and get it stuck so he has to stand on the switch, meaning that he will open the door for you.
In the next room you must move a pillar down against the wall then four squares to the right and then 7 spaces down. Stand on the other side of the square with spikes and keep an empty square between you and the spikes.
You can use your hook to get in the square and making it easy to reach the stairway. Go up the stairs, up another room, walk to the right and look at the teleporters.
Step on the teleporter from the right side to go to the left. Proceed on, you can collect three chests with protect ring, Pumkin jewel and muscle ring.
Walk up two rooms to find four blocks. Move them all one space towards the block with a green dot in the middle. This block will become a switch, so hit it with the hook to open the door.
Go through, press the switch there, go to the entrance and go back to the teleporters. Step on the middle teleporter from the left side to go to the right, go up the stairs and go through the right door to find a Fayza shield.
Then head through the left door in the room with the stairs and hit the other switch. This will lower the red pillars allowing you to exit on this floor.
Go through the left door first to lower the ladder outside. Go through the left door after you disposed of all enemies in here.
Proceed on one room to collect the cloud key, bomb the weakened part of the wall and pick up a miracle. Go outside enter the entrance down the left ladder.
Here you must move the three right pillars one space up and the left pillar down one space to open the door.
Now step on the circle in the middle, this will two healing pads will appear and the door will be opened. Go down here to find a save tile and go outside to the other entrance to your right.
Go upstairs, walk up a room to come to the monster races, the details are explained in the previous room on the hint table on the wall.
It can be a little confusing but the races are not so hard as they look. If you win you will be teleported to a door. Go through and hit the switch to lower a platform outside.
Open the door with the key and go up the stairs. Prepare for a battle. His attacks take away some nice amounts of HP.
Use "strong" to heal your party and all will go well. It is up to Maxim to save Parcelyte. After meeting up and talking to Selan and Tia who have followed the trio to this place, they will be transported back to Parcelyte.
Here you will see three stairs, go down the lower right one to find another statue. Place a bomb at his feet to blow it up.
So head back and take the upper middle stairs. Here you will find one healing tile and in the room below a stairway, it leads to a statue on a blue carpet.
Hit it with an arrow to destroy it, go through the door to collect the magic bikini. In order to make the stairs appear here just walk over all the tiles in both rooms to make them all grey, a stairway will automatically appear like magic.
After some more rooms, ladders and stairs you will come in the last room with lots of lowered pillars. Step on the gray tile and sit back, relax and read the dialogues if you want.
You have saved Parcelyte from Gades, but you also sealed your own fate. Luckily Iris just drops by and warps you back to Parcelyte.
Selan admits she has feelings for Maxim, and Tia will leave the scene for good after small conversation with Dekar.
Just watch the marriage. Guy does seem to have some problems with his girlfriend, and when monsters are spotted in the basement of Alunze they all 4 decide to go there instead of having a party.
After seeing the four seasons and the birth of their son who is named Jeros the game continues. Idura is back --Parcelyte-- After a year, Idura will manage to kidnap Jeros and challenges them to come to the Northern lighthouse.
Maxim and Selan go after him and set out to the lighthouse. Idura -Move up one room from the start and place the blocks so they will form an arrow pointing to the right.
Since I got some e-mails about people who are unable to form a good arrow here are the examples for left and right: The trick is to make the door visible by using both boxes.
Then use the third box to block the walls from closing, while you move two boxes to lower the spikes and place a box on the switch at the same time.
The door will now open and behind it you will find a mystery ring, a dragon egg and big shield. Go up the stairs and go down one room to find a memory game, which is an easy puzzle: Walk down here to press the button to raise two pillars for later on.
Go back and take the door that is located below the memory game. Go outside to the other doorway and go up the stairs again. Get outside, climb the ladder, go through the entrance and open the chest with a Fire ring.
Go back to the room where you pressed the button, now use the hook to get to the other side, go through the door you see here to your right and bomb the weakened wall between the two "background" pillars.
Hit the switch to complete the ladder outside. Press the switch and watch carefully where the two dark tiles are hiding. They are hiding beneath: The most left white tile and the other is two squares to the right of the first.
Place on these squares a vase to lower the pins. The blue chest can now be opened which is containing the light key, step on the teleporter to your left.
Head back to the room where you made the arrow with the aid of blocks on the floor. Here are two doors in the first room of floor 4F.
Move one room down and you will see a pillar to your right. Push it to the left, bomb the floor on the place where the pillar stood this will create a hole , push the pillar through the gap and fall down as well.
Put the pillar on the top button and walk on the lower one to lower the spikes and to raise the two pillars. You can collect the Bee rock.
Push the pillar against the edge and use the hook to get to the other side and use it again on the pillar to fall down into a secret room.
Here you will find the cancer rock. You will find two healing tiles and a save tile in here. Go outside and enter the left entrance, go up two rooms and place only three blocks on the switches.
Move the fourth one away and stand on the last switch yourself so you can walk the stairs. Have Maxim do some sword attacks or IPs to defeat him.
Idura looses a turn when he tries to cast Idura Thunder, when all his MP is depleted or drained. Check Appendix F for more information.
Groupie can drop Magic Fruit this can be handy for raising capsule monsters. Use the teleporter here to get across the water to get to the harbor town Aleyn After catching up on some things they will both join your party.
After this is done continue on to the harbor of Aleyn. Jyad the ship builder --Harbor town Aleyn-- Talk to various people here to find out some valuable information about Jyad.
Better check the mountain to see what happened to him. I usually buy all the Magic spells and some new equipment here. Lion 2x -First thing you need to do is walk up and cut the grass patch.
Walk over it, and use an Bomb. The three patches will be destroyed at the same time, opening the door for you.
Go through, climb the stairs, hit the switch, go back and take the right door, climb up the stairs and a ladder. Walk into the next room and go outside, enter the next entrance and climb the stairs.
First blow up the darker looking wall, go through and then outside. You will come to a puzzle involving walking on a small bush to make it grow.
So go back to the room where you had to blow up the wall. When all the bushes are big the door will open. This is a little hard to explain, but start in the lower left corner; with a small bush above and to the right of you.
The door will be opened and you can collect the fire arrow. To your right you will see a stairway leading down, if you use it you will come in a room full of monsters and a chest with in the top left corner with a water ring.
Cut the vines to find a secret route leading towards a stairway. Now you come to another puzzle room, walk up the right ladder, and use your fire arrows to get rid of most of the grass patches.
Move the lowest block to the left, burn some more bushes, move the most left block on the platform against the wall. Move the one that was next to it to the right.
Move the top right block on the switch. A ladder will appear, climb it and move the two blocks both up by two squares. If you walk two times on the same square you will fall down and must start all over again.
Bomb the dark wall in the next room, walk down the ladder behind it, climb the other ladder and use the hook to get through the next section from island to island.
Walk through the door, go upstairs and up one room. Go outside, walk over the bridge, bomb the door and walk inside. Get the mad gorem to follow you onto the square in the middle so you will fall down.
Walk down the stairs, talk to Jyad who will ask you to get rid of the 2 monsters up ahead then go south and save your game if you like to.
Get ready for another boss battle against two identical Lions. Lion 2x HP: Jyad will tell you that the wood of this tree is great for shipbuilding.
After two nights in the local inn, the ship will be ready down at the pier. You can visit two places; I suggest you visit them at least once so you can warp to that place.
The two places you can choose between are Gruberik and Narcysus. The Ancient Cave --Gruberik-- Here you will hear people talking about a dungeon that consists of 99 floors!
At the local pub you can go down two floors, and you will find an empty display. The woman here is talking about the 10 legendary Iris treasures; these can be found in the ancient cave.
Every time you exit the cave with one of those Iris treasures you can give them to her, if you collect all ten she will say that you are an excellent treasure seeker.
Master Ancient Jelly Dekar is still in your party in story mode, but he will leave very soon so make up your mind if you want to get in the cave with Dekar in your party.
All the possible combinations are: The current party with Dekar has a good set up to beat the Ancient Cave or else go for the final combination with Artea in it.
Look at the end of the walkthrough to find the details of the cave, and how to defeat the Ancient jelly. A mysterious Melody --Narcysus-- Once you arrive here you can try to walk up the stairway on the right side, but suddenly you will hear a mysterious melody.
For some reason all young and unmarried women will leave the village, they seem to be in a trance and are heading to the tower of sacrifice up to the north.
Guy and Dekar want to go first, but finally they agree to go together. With the aid of charm fruit that the evil fish randomly drops you can evolve Blaze from level 3 to the M level.
The specters in this tower are the first enemies you will encounter that have instant death spells. However you already have collected three items that can block instant death spells: Holy Wings - Parcelyte Castle 2.
It seems to blow some sort of wind that you cannot pass. So walk around it and go up the stairs to the next room.
Walk down, hit the switch, and use the hook to get over the pit. Active the two switches in the next room, notice the weakened wall to your right.
You will have to walk back because of those blowers. You can walk through it and reach the door in the next room. Go down two stairs and collect the Narcysus key.
You will also see three pillars here, break those using bombs and go back up the stairs. Take the lower placed stairway to find the ice ring, go back down the stairs and up the stairs you came from.
Walk outside and enter at the left. Use the Narcysus key to get to the next room. Move the block to the left and use it to get past the lower of the two blowers, hit the lever and step on the other button.
Push the other block to the right past the button and then up. Now you can walk past the other blower towards the door.
Bomb them like this to open the door. Bomb in this logical order: For the people who have a difficult time doing this in mirror mode; I mirrored the drawing already.
Gusto --Tower of sacrifice-- Walk down the door in the middle of this room to find Gusto. His element is wind, which explains why he is so incredibly fast.
Use the earth fruit on him when he is on level 4 to reach the M level. One of his specialties is that Gusto is sometimes able to completely cancel an attack out no matter how strong it is.
Go back to the "arrows" and take the left path and up the ladder to finally come to a save tile. In the next room you must walk a strange path to place all four blocks on the buttons.
Go completely to the right, walk up One block on the switch , walk to the left until you reach the middle path Between column 2 and 3 , walk down.
Head to the left and head up again then walk down on the left side of the columns. If done correctly all the switches are pressed.
Ascend the final stairs to meet the women of Narcysus. They are imprisoned by Idura, and a few moments later you will be imprisoned too.
For Idura that is Just have Selan cast trick, and Maxim will do with a normal attack. They will go back to Narcysus and you can go back as well.
The unique 2-attack-in turn Multi Sword can be handy even though it is weaker than the usual weapons. Idura -From the start go up one room, and destroy the pillar that is lying on the ground with a bomb in order to make a secret switch appear.
Move the pillar on the switch, and the door will be opened. You can proceed to the next floor, and when you come to the room with the lever on the other side of a gap you could take the upper route first.
Here you must hit the red and blue switches to raise a pole on the other side. Use the hook on it to collect the Dekar Blade on the other side.
A couple of rooms further on you will find a room with two candlesticks. Hit the one that burns to extinguish the flame, the other candlestick will start burning, and the other door will opened.
Maxim can continue on up the stairs and then up one room. Push the moveable block one space up and collect the Lion fang. Head one room up to the teleporter and use it, then go up again.
Here you will come to another block moving puzzle. It goes a bit like this: Walk up, to the left, move the block to you left, go up one square and move the block to your left.
Go up, push the block above you one space up, walk two to right, up, right, push the block to your right to the right, then move the block below you, and finally move the block to your left.
You can get to the teleporter, use it and look at the upper wall which has two cracks. Blast them both to find a path to a lever, lower the spikes behind the left crack with it.
You can get to the usual healing and save tiles. Teleport again and go up one room to find the boss of this temple. I think you should be able to take him out without healing.
They then try to use the escape spell, but it seems to be blocked by some force field. They have got find the source and destroy the barrier.
Here you must place the two pillars on the buttons to heighten a third one. You can use your hook on to go down one room. The way to go from here is down the stairs twice.
Go to the lower part of this room to collect the Fury ring. The wall to the north has three pillars showing cracks, use bombs on each one to lower the wall section, go up with the stairs, up one room and down the stairs.
Beware that the Dekar Blade is worth Gold so unequip that too!!! Head up and you will come to the room where the barrier is. Dekar will volunteer to crush the barrier.
Iris will go to pray for Dekar, and leaves you again. Boat for sale --Treadool-- Talk to one of the guys with blue hair and follow him to the boat that is for sale.
That boat turns out to be owned by the genius called Dr. He lives in a small lab to the north east of Treadool. Talk to him to get a demonstration of his latest invention: The Priphea flower --Treadool-- When Maxim enters Treadool again he will see a girl at the entrance of town who sells flowers.
Talk to her and she will faint. Upon recovering, Leefa talks about a flower that is located on the Flower Mountain. After Maxim and the others hear about it they decide to get the flower for her.
Rogue flower -Bomb the first entrance so you can get inside the mountain. In the second room you will receive the hammer. Still remember the two items in the North West cave of Alunze kingdom by the way Use it in the next rooms to pulverize the small rocks.
Go outside, climb the ladder, and enter the next entrance. Use the hammer to move the pillar onto the switch, which would normally be out of reach.
Continue on by going up the stairs and outside, fall down the first edge then walk to the left and fall down again. Walk to the left from here to get to a chest with a life potion.
Since you are stuck here, walk back and go to the left and use the door. Once you get to the maze again using the other entrance it will be different allowing you to collect the Snake rock behind the entrance you opened with the hammer.
Head back and find the way to the upper left corner and go up two stairways. Go down one room and use the healing pad then go down using one of the weakened sections of the floor Cut the bushes to reveal them.
To your right you will see a chest containing the Burn sword, then go down towards the entrance and find the flower key outside to your left.
Repeat the things you did in here before to reach the stairs. Go up again, only this time destroy the rock with the hammer. Move the right block to the right and go up through the normal door, here you will find another puzzle maze.
The spikes to your left should be gone now making it able for you to destroy the dark wall so you can collect a flying ax, dragon egg and power ring.
Sully --Flower mountain-- Go through the door between the 2nd and 3rd row of spikes to eventually come to the next capsule monster.
His default name is Sully. Go through the next entrance and walk 5 or so rooms until you come to the HP Healing and Save pads, go outside to meet the boss of this dungeon.
Rogue flower HP: Sneeze spreader, Thorn When you equip weapons like the Spark staff, Sizzle sword both from blue chest of the Ancient cave or Burn sword and he will be defeated before you know it.
Walk outside to the harbor on the down right end of Treadool to find Lexis. He tells and shows Excerion your ship. After talking, Lexis will join you and you are now able to use the boat on the map.
You can go to the casino on Forfeit Island, but if you want to continue your quest go to Dankirk. The best expenses in the casino are the dragon sword for , coins that is 5 million gold pieces!
You can also buy sonar for 20, coins or , gold pieces. One big mistake is to save up all your money for the "bunny" items, their IP attacks are not that bad, but they are too very weak for the huge effort needed to get the money.
Here you will find a slot machine that eats coins a turn, and a game called stud poker. Flower slot machine Cost: Is this a jukebox or something.
You access it when you get three bar or three seven. I actually play a lot of poker in real life, and the stud games were the first I learned as a little kid.
That said, I used none of those strategies when playing on here for coins. Also, if you were to fold, it charges you for that bet anyway, which is weird.
Then, that money gets put into the next pot for some reason. Trusting my soul to the ice cream assassin. More topics from this board Keep me logged in on this device.
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Swing your sword to cut bushes inside a dungeon. A-button; use it to confirm an attack or command. Also used to talk to people in villages, open chests and pick up items.
Switches, Levers and Buttons: When standing next to the switch press "A" to pull or push switches and levers. In some cases you need a special skill to reach it.
Walking over them usually activates a button. Most of the time you will have to use it to do something like opening a door or putting it on a switch.
Stand next to the item to lift it with "A". Moving blocks and pillars: By collecting the key of the dungeon you can open the other type, you know, the "bigger-looking-reinforced-colored-with-a-lock-in-the-middle" doors.
They are usually hidden in a special blue chest. These are hint-tiles; if you read them when standing in front of them with "A" you can get a clue to help solve difficult puzzles.
Grass patches and bushes: If a wall looks darker or shows breaches it can usually be destroyed with an explosion of the Bomb or a hit with the Hammer.
Damaged floor tiles are often used to fall down one floor, if there are no stairs nearby. Just walk over the tile to fall through it.
There are two big differences between them: It is not possible to walk past the front of a Horse statue, that is the line in which their mystical wind blows.
Normal blowers can be passed, when you are walking against the wall opposite of them. Horse statues can be moved and regular blowers not.
Here you will find the following options: Open the full list of items you have in your inventory, except for the weapons and armors that have been equipped.
In this screen you can use potions to heal your characters. Once you have bought a Sonar you can use it to check the number of chests in a dungeon as well.
If you want to examine an item, select in with "A", then press "X" to see the details of that particular item. You see the qualities of a party member as well as the currently selected equipment.
Use R and L to switch between allies, you can also see the percentage of IP a character has. Here you can change the position of your party members.
Also people in the front line can deal more damage with the same attack. It only makes a difference in which order they attack if they have the same AGL.
When the characters have the same AGL then the character in the front attacks first. You can check your capsule monsters and their statistics.
Their type, class and special attacks are listed here as well. When you select FEED you can feed them with your older weapons to make them evolve to a higher class.
Their names can be changed as well, if you like to call them different. In the configuration you can set: When you choose remember it means that the last selected item or spell that you used in the options menu will be selected the next time.
In this sub screen you can set the weapons and armor for each ally. This way you can equip someone with a weapon or armor you just found. Here you will find all the keys and items important to the storyline such as the ruby apple of the game that you have collected so far.
So I decided to include the meaning of all these qualities: STR - Strength, number displayed shows how strong that character is, the higher the number the more damage they can cause and the less they take.
Strength can be split up in two other categories: Therefore a slow party gets hit more often than a fast party.
Red cores for instance have an AGL of INT - Intelligence, this is only important if the character can use magic and some types of IP, the higher the intelligence the more damage a spell will cause.
INT also has a small effect on the growth of your MP. This will allow you to use IP attacks more often. For capsule monsters it has an extra meaning: EXP - Experience, defeated enemies give you Exp.
The more battles you win the faster you will level up and the higher your statistics will reach, thus making you stronger in the oncoming battles.
The attack will unleash the power sealed inside the item, these special attacks can do huge amounts of damage against your enemies when chosen strategically.
Since you will need to revive again. At the end of a battle all characters will automatically wake up and gain experience. It has actually the same effect as Sleep and can be cured.
Now you will be unable to cast any magic spells. Be careful, because if all party members die Capsule monster excluded you will be defeated and you will have to restart your game.
There are only a few ways to revive a character. So you must lift the curse of that item, and there are two ways of doing so.
They can reach till the end of the screen if nothing is blocking their path. Alunze Basement Used to solve puzzles, blow up walls and destroy bushes.
The bomb will explode 6 steps or moves after you placed it down. Gordovan West Tower F3 Use it to pull yourself over huge gaps to the other side, if there is a pole or pillar over there.
For the rest it has the same properties as an arrow. Flower Mountain The hammer is used to move pillars that are out of reach. Phantom Tree Mountain The same as an arrow, the only difference is that these arrows are on fire, which means that you can burn bushes out of reach or entire rows in one go.
The order of attacks is depending on the AGL stat of the character or monster. You can get an extra round, if you manage to attack an enemy in his back when you were in the dungeon got in first.
However beware that if an enemy succeeds to attack you in the back they will get an extra round before the initial battle commences surprise attack.
In the middle you will see three options. You can choose between: The third option is run away, if you choose this you will flee from your enemies and return to the dungeon or world map.
The middle or second option is Attack and is selected as default, when you press "A" you will get the "Battle methods" option. Use this to attack your enemy with the object your character is currently equipped.
Sometimes your character will make a critical hit. This is noted by the light flashes, and usually does more than double damage.
Use Magic Cane, Up: This will open up the magic spell screen, here you will see all the spells you currently have. A spell with white letters can be used, so select the spell and choose the monster s or character s you want to use your spell on.
Upon casting a spell that increases your statistics e. Use this option when you need to heal a person, or if you wish to wait a turn.
This option is also used, when you are "harvesting". This will open up a different version of your equipment screen. Here you will see your current equipment and IPs of those weapons.
If your IP bar has grown enough you can perform some special attacks that can be devastating to your enemies. I usually spare up my IP to use it against the bosses, for IP attacks are the best way to defeat strong enemies very quickly.
Use Item bag, left: If you have been wondering why the Lizard Blow or the Flying Blow do so little damage on enemies that are weak to it may well be because you are wearing the ring on that particular Character.
So if you combine for instance: A final note that I would like to add is that IP attacks are also affected by the Rings too.
In the Ancient Cave all characters get a small boost at level 1 as well; that is why Maxim Initial statistics level 1 that are listed here are not the same as the stats when you start in the Ancient Cave.
After meeting Iris in the cave to Sundletan he starts his quest to find the Dual blade so he can defeat the Sinistrals, for he turns out to be the one chosen by destiny.
His spells are weaker than the magic of the other spell casters. Statistics Stat Init. Until they reach the Bound kingdom she will fight on your side.
After the defeat of Gades she gives up Maxim and leaves the scene, only to be seen once again near the very end of the game.
Good magic, pretty fast. Very weak, low HP. He has a girlfriend called Jessy, but the relation is not always as it should be. Guy will fight amongst your side in the final battle against the Sinistrals.
After the king sends you on the mission to retrieve the treasure sword she is forced to join you. They will then have a child called Jeros.
Good INT; great in combination with healing spells. After Tia she is the weakest of the team. His sword skills are unmatched, and he is always very confident about himself.
Dekar lives in the Bound kingdom, and is secretly helping out the prince whose ego is too big. He will join you when you go to the ancient tower to confront Gades again.
Lexis Shaia lives in his own cave to the north east of Treadool. His inventions are not always as perfect as they should be.
He helps you with your boat; Excerion. He has also a part in making Excerion ready for submarine-, flight-mode. I think he only exists as a playable character to fill in the gap between Dekar and Arty, and therefore you can only use him in a small part of the game.
Best INT of all; causing the magic spells to be more effective. His equipment is very limited. Arty then decides to come with you to save Karyn.
After failing in bringing Karyn back, he will do everything in his power to avenge her death. So Artea will then join you in the battle against the Sinistrals.
His STR is somewhat low, making him vulnerable to enemy attacks. Daos mentions him once near the end of the game. Other than that he only appears in the introduction scene, where he has a sort conversation with Erim.
He asks her who should rule the world: Iris - The Enigma: She tells about - the dual blade - the sword forged to destroy Sinistrals.
In the end she turns out to be someone you might not have expected Jeros - Son of Maxim: Idura made a feeble attempt to invade the Bound kingdom, he kidnaps not only Jeros and all the young women of Narcysus, but also Iris.
Idura is finally defeated after the third battle in the shrine to the north of Karlloon. Bosses drop 4x normal experience and gold.
This option becomes available after you completed the game the first time. It is a bonus game that you can only play in the ancient cave. However you can select your own party.
Meaning that you can have a party with: Maxim, Tia, Dekar, and Artea for instance. The Sinistrals began a war for the most selfish reason of all; they wanted the land of Lufia for them alone to rule.
Daos - the leader of the Sinistrals - heard about the song of the Dual blade and believed that the time has come. The Dual blade would insure their victory, and all pathetic and despicable humans would soon know the power of the Sinistrals and the Dual blade.
Although they have the knowledge of the power of the Dual blade, they would never achieve their goal as long as Maxim has anything to say about the future of Lufia.
Guided by destiny Maxim will meet other people who will join him in his battle against the evil Sinistrals. Together they will find the cause of the evil and exterminate it, so they will triumph over the Sinistrals.
The request of the old man --Elcid-- Here in Elcid the story begins about Maxim and his fight against the four Sinistrals. After the chitchat with Tia you will go outside.
Now you can try to walk out of the village, if you do so the elder of the village will stop you. He will ask you to go to the cave to south of Elcid for some basic training.
Lizard, Red jelly Boss: Here you can observe the movements of your enemies. This can be important later on in the game if you want to avoid a battle with stronger enemies.
Remember that monsters can only move if you move. Also if you attack a monster in the back you will get an extra round, but if a monster attacks you in the back it will get an extra turn against you.
After that you simply use an arrow in the next room to make a bridge appear. A little bit further you will see a pillar and a switch.
The solution to the next part is to pick up a pot, turn around, put it on right switch, get the other pot and put it on the switch to the left to open the last door.
Monsters in the cave to Sundletan --Elcid-- Head back to Elcid, because dinner is served by Tia. After some more talking to her you will step outside.
Walk over the bridge and you will hear someone approaching. A messenger tells about monsters blocking the cave to Sundletan, Just back and duty calls again but first you might want to buy some spells or maybe a rapier and a small shield.
Walk through the door and across the bridge. The entrance ahead of you leads to a room with the exit to Sundletan; however it requires a key to open it.
So go to the right and open the door above first. Pick up the other pot and walk against the other pot, then turn around without moving use R button.
Put the pot down onto the button to lower the spikes, turn degrees and pick up the other pot and put it on the other button.
Walk you will have to pick up the first pot through the left door to find a life potion. Walk through the right door and cut some grass to find "escape".
Just cut the single grass patch to find a button that unlocks it. Further on you will see a chest to the left. Go to next room. Here you will see two doors two pots and 4 patches of grass.
Start mowing again, to reveal two hidden switches. Place the pots on them to open the doors. So take left one, move the blocks out of the way so you can go down the stairs.
Hit the switch and fall down at the edges marked with arrows. Walk over the bridge and you can find a spot on the left wall were you can walk through.
Here you will to come at a secret stairway. Walk down to find "Hide armor", a magic jar and an already opened chest.
You can save on here as well on the star tile. Since this battle is one on one there is not much to say about this fight, just use a potion if your HP is low.
After the fight you will meet a woman who will ask Maxim about his natural fighting skills, she also wants to know what he thinks about it; why would he posses those skills.
She disappears as quickly as she came leaving Maxim alone again. Go through the big door that was locked before, so you can go to Sundletan.
After you talk to some other people, you will find out that some believe that a fish is responsible for the earthquakes. Time for some investigating, but first you can do some shopping here.
Instead buy a Cap and some spells. Big catfish -First hit the switch to your left with an arrow. Make a bridge with the three tiles, and keep on walking up through the next chamber.
Take the upper door first to end up in a room with three enemies. Beat them all and most importantly remember which order you beat them.
If you run out of HP in these battles go down one room from here to find two healing pads Once they are all three defeated you will see them again, hit them again with an arrow in the right order.
If you do it right the top right door will open, go through, down the stairs to collect the Insect Crush. You might as well equip this new sword.
This will trigger the right door, but first go through the door at the bottom of the screen. Here you will see a chest with a power potion, use it to become a little stronger.
Walk back and go through the top right door and behind it you will find two pillars. Move the pillar below one space up to open a door.
Walk through and go to the right of this room with the grass patches. Cut them until you can reach the top of the room, walk through the left wall here to collect a miracle.
Go back and head for the door with the hint tile next to it. Fight all the monsters in the small passageway. You can use IP: In order to open the other door, move the lower right block to find some stairs.
Here you will see a small puzzle. All you have to do is: Since you can only move the three outer blocks not much can go wrong.
Just move the left block one space up and then two spaces to the right, move the lowest block two to the left and one up and push the last moveable block one square down.
The door will open allowing you to get the Lake key. First make a bridge over the water to the switch using three tiles, then pick up the fourth tile and put it in the water on the spot to the right of the switch itself.
Trigger the switch so the water lowers and walk down the stairs. Pick up the last tile, and use it to create the final bridge.
Climb the ladder and go through the door to meet the boss of this cave. Big Catfish Can drop catfish jewel HP: All Ailments, not Instant Specials: So you should heal yourself one or two times, but in the end Maxim should be victorious.
Level up to a least 10, build up on IP and save at the save point just before you go to the Catfish. He then decides to go to sleep at the bottom of the lake once again.
After restoring peace head back to Sundletan. So you better get back to the cavern to find her. Upon entering a skeleton and a goblin will attack Tia.
Defeat him too, then after some more talking Tia and Maxim decide to go together. So Tia joins your party and travels alongside. Once Tia joins you the bloke blocking the portal to the north of the Lake cave will step aside allowing you to get past it.
Jelze --Foomy woods-- Walk to the left on the world map after passing through the portal and then head south to find the first capsule monster in the Foomy woods.
He is a Foomy with a default name that goes by: Take a look at Appendix A for more information on Capsule Monsters. Feeding him weapons will make him evolve into a stronger form.
It is not necessary to get him up to his third class, but by making a CM Capsule Monster evolve they will become more powerful and gain new attacks.
The coronation of the king --Alunze-- You can go to village to gamble in the "Mini-Casino" at the inn, but the stuff here is very expensive and the flame charm is the only thing that might be handy later on against the boss of the Ruby cave.
You can talk to the people here and they will talk about the main event that is going to happen around here: The king will be crowned very soon.
So you better give him a small visit before traveling on. Once you are there two soldiers come running into the room telling everybody that the crown is a fake.
So they say that they will take it to an expert for closer examination. Just before they leave the commander asks who they are.
After this short interrogation the two soldiers are unmasked! Bart tries to use a bomb so they can escape, but not everything worked how it was supposed to do.
He allows you to investigate the basement of the castle. Go through the first door and head down another room, put the pot on the switch.
In the next room place one of the blocks on the switch causing the path leading down to become one space wider.
Fight the mad horse and collect the Bomb. Go through and you will be in a huge room with a pot in the middle and a switch to the left of it.
Put the pot on the switch so the floor will fill up the gap, making it able for you to cross it. This allows you to collect the Headband, if you head up from there you will see a lone chest.
After powering up you can go through the wall in the other room by using a bomb. This will lead you to a room with a small bridge. Go through the door again, and use the pot to the left on the top left switch to open the door with a chest containing Escape.
Use the pot on the other switch to get in a small but long room with two bats. Push the block at the right end, place a bomb at the place the block stood to open the way to a new room.
There are multiple ways of solving this puzzle, if you form three or more of the same color on a row they will disappear.
Behind the door you will find a chest containing a coat. Continue on to the next room. Push the left moveable block down, the right block the right, walk one step down, move the block so you can pass through.
The floor mysteriously fills up the gap filled with water and you can now collect the first of the 8 Dragon eggs.
Head down through the door and push block, move it 2 spaces down and the spikes will disappear. Teleport and then press down first so you can walk around the sides along spike maze.
On the right side of the maze, there should be a small path leading to the wall with the crack. Place a bomb and move 6 steps, this will open the way to a chest with a Miracle inside.
Step back on the teleporter, go back and enter the maze again. Walk up through the mini maze to find some Secret fruit, keep this in your inventory.
It will be handy at some point for evolving Jelze. Press down so the Mad horse will be trapped between three walls. Walk to either left or right, then up and towards the Mad horse.
Defeat him in order to get the chest, which contains a Light knife. In a room you must defeat the 3 Cobalts, watch their walking patterns and attack them.
After they are all defeated the door will open leading to the area where you lowered that line of pins earlier on. After some talking they escape with a waterslide and leave you "trapped".
In this room you should find the crown which those villains lost while trying to escape. Money, Princess, King or Nothing.
Abel and the key --Entrance of North-west cave-- After returning the crown, you can go to the cave northwest of Alunze. Here you will find a small boy named Abel.
When Tia has talked to him it will become clear that he was playing around with the key of the Tanbel Shrine Door.
Abel saw an evil monster, got scared and dropped the key. So, it up to you to explore the cave and find that key. Regal goblin -Walk down the ladder at the beginning, walk a bit up, stand next to the spikes and chest, choose your arrow and shoot one against the switch.
You can now collect a Hi-potion. Walk up on the other ladder, and form a bridge with the tile. To your right you will see a door, go through and you will be in a room with 2 monsters, 3 pots, 3 switches and some rocks at the bottom.
You need a Hammer to break those rocks so come back later on to collect the Eron hat and Tuff buckler. Place the 2 pots on the switches.
Finally pick up a third pot hidden behind the right pillar. It is hard to spot, but it is there. Here you will see a weakened piece of floor at the bottom.
Step on it to fall down one floor, move the block you see here a space the right or left, walk one step up and push the other block one space up.
Walk around it and push it two spaces down, the block should be on the switch and keeps the door opened for you. Move on to find a chest with a Horse rock in it, push the first block you see one space up or down, then push the second one until you can walk around it.
A stairway will appear which you need later on, go back and take the other door. In the room down there is a Light armor.
Go back again, and proceed through the next 2 rooms without taking any of the stairs. You should find yourself in a chamber with to two healing pads, and a vine growing against the wall.
Cut it to find Brave and a Miracle. The idea here is to put some bombs on the weeds so you can push the block over them in less then three moves.
Then fire an arrow and the wall will break apart. If you where standing in the middle of the wall you may have fell down. The walkthrough will be a little different, but not much so I assume you stayed atop of the wall.
Go through the door and the stairs. Three chests are here on your right containing Hi-potion, Hi-magic and Power brace. Be ready though, because as soon as you touch those chests the spikes you just walked over will extend and they can only be lowered by defeating all the enemies.
Use the other two pillars in order to create a bridge next to the right wall. Here you can walk through the wall to collect the Witch ring. Go up and to the far right to find Jet Helm in a chest.
Go down the stairs above the water. Here you are in a room with water, hit the switch water lowers and head back.
Go down with the left stairs and head up via the other stairway. If you want to collect a Miracle it is best to walk under the small bridge and through the wall, leading down to a secret room.
Go back, and this time climb the ladder, enter the next room with a second switch. Hit it, go back again to where you skipped the door that was leading up.
Because you activated the two switches the water rose and the two bridge parts combined into one. Heal and save here, blow up the wall above you to meet the boss of this cave.
Regal goblin HP: According to Relnqshd the "Drowsy" Spell does miracles in this battle. You will also meet Hilda around here. She owns a hotel in Tanbel and is very happy to see that the key has returned to the shrine.
So open the door and go to Tanbel to meet up with her again. Camu kidnaps Hilda - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Note: He wants to duel with Maxim, just when they get started something happens.
Someone named Camu one of the henchman of the Sinistrals appears. Then Camu summons two slaves to fight you. Follower 2x HP: The followers are not so strong they only have HP each.
You can take care of these goons without too much trouble; in two or three rounds. If you do have trouble beating these clowns up, I suggest you train some more to gain more EXP.
Before you leave it might be wise to do some shopping. Buy some Kukris, since thunder power of the IP is effective on Camu.
Also buy some magic spells, because your enemies are getting stronger and the elements are starting to come into play.
Camu -At the entrance take the left door walk over the marked tile, move 3 blocks on the left, right and lower switches.
A little further down you will see three blocks, move one of them down, pick up the pot, walk to the door, turn around using R and drop the pot.
The door will open allowing you to go F2. Push the pillar to the left to open both passages, go up the stairs 2 times. Here should be two doors and a skeleton.
Go outside, walk up the ladder, press the switch and a platform will be lowered. Here you must push the pillar on the square that looks different, if done correctly 4 markings will appear.
A skull will be located near the lower wall if you walk over it you will notice a small dust cloud. Use a bomb to blow up the skeleton and a button will appear.
Press the button and a new path is opened. Go outside down the ladder and inside. Here you will see three pillars. Each of them will make a sound if you step on the tile at its front.
Imitate those sounds, start with lowest and work you way up. Using your sword, then arrow and last the bomb.
The door will open so you can collect the sky key from the blue chest. This is some sort of "clock". The pillar is the big hand and the block the small hand, to open the door you must set it on 9: That is put the block on the left mark and the pillar on the upper mark; the door should open.
A graphical picture would look like this: You might want to save first, because he is harder than the other bosses you previously encountered.
Camu Rarely drops Camu jewel HP: He is more dangerous than the other bosses you have fought. Guy then decides to join Maxim and Tia, because he feels it is his destiny to fight against the dark and demonic forces.
After you defeated him, you can go to the chamber of Camu again to collect: Fire dagger, Camu armor and pearl brace. Finally go through the other door to find the exit to Clamento.
Do so now, because the fire dagger is important for the next boss. Also you can actually get the equipment before you fight Camu!
The legend of the Ruby apple --Clamento-- In this little village the super-rich Rochy owns every house. The husband of the shop keeper has left home to find the Ruby apple.
Maxim and the others decide to help the lady, by going to the ruby cave to find that apple and her husband. Also Release and Mystery pins are valuable, since we will be battling the Tarantula Boss very soon.
Blaze --Ruby cave-- Go right, blow up the darker looking wall, through the door, down the stairway. Then you will see 4 switches, push them all four once, and you will hear the lava flowing away.
Blow up the dark part of the wall and use the teleporter, walk towards the dog-like creature. This is Armordog and it is his default name is Blaze.
He gets his power from the fire element; hence most of his attacks are fire elemental. If you use him, feed him at least until he reaches level 3. Simple; fight lots of big bees, because they will drop bee rocks.
With those rocks you can feed your monsters to level 4, though it takes quite a huge amount of rocks to do so. Cut the bushes to reveal a switch for the left door.
Go through and cut again to find a hidden stairway. Make the bridge complete and walk over it, then go up and take the right stairs.
Walk down on the left side, select your arrows, hit the switch, go back take the left stairs, go down the other and fight the skeleton, cut the middle vine and collect the ruby key.
Drop it at the lowest right corner while looking down. Pick up another and drop it at the lowest right corner of the melted ice while facing down.
Do two more times, you should have made contact with both islands containing 2 more blocks of ice, lift one cube, stand at the low left corner and drop it, while facing down.
Pick up the last available block of ice and drop it at the low left corner, while facing to the left. You can pick up the Fury-helm and the Water whip.
There should be a block of ice as well pick it up and take it to the most left corner, drop it and walk over to the island.
Pick up another piece of ice and drop it in the left corner, the chest has some Flame fruit. Save this item for Zeppy Pick up another block of ice and go to the most right corner and face right while dropping it.
Make sure you are equipped with fire weapons as much as possible. You can also collect fire charms from the "casino" in Alunze because the boss is weak against that element Go through the door on the left, walk up, open the locked door and walk to the ruby apple that is displayed.
A giant spider will fall down It will tell you that you fell into his trap. Time for a real fight, so be on something like level Tarantula He can drop Spido jewel HP: Equip the Insect Crush to one of your allies to cause more damage on the Tarantula.
Insect Crush is effective against insects and spiders The battle itself: Tia will do best when casting "Spark" or "Strong" every round.
Using the Spellstruck IP can be handy too, since the arachnid has very high amount of MGR, so you can make it more susceptible to you spells.
It will usually take several rounds to beat him. After you give him that, Jaffy will give you some jewelry which Maxim then gives to Tia to please her.
Better buy a Franshiska, and a Rod for Selan who will join you soon. He wants you to go to the Treasure sword shrine to find the Treasure sword.
After some more talking it turns out to be that she only came along because the king ordered her to do so and finally Selan joins your party.
Head up on the world map towards the shrine to the north of Parcelyte. If you want to level up fast walk on the map along the sides of the castle.
Sometimes a bunch of red cores pop up. With an AGL of it is unlikely you will get the first turn and they usually run away, but if lucky one or 2 will stay.
Use magic on them and they will be defeated easily. They leave EXP. Pick up the vase and place it on the switch, the spikes will lower so you can investigate the wall.
Just place a bomb and it will blow up, you can enter an empty room. Step on the weakened part of the floor to go down one floor, go through the door and collect the round shield.
Push the first block to either right or left and push the other one down. You might as well take the stairs as the other door leads to a dead end.
Take the stairs in the room north of here. You will be in a puzzle room, the best way to collect all the items is: Stand on the moving platform that is closest to the stairway, collect the Undead ring, go back on the moving platform.
Cherish this ring very much since it has many useful abilities: Shadow type weapons like the Gades Blade will work on undead creatures 2.
Makes you invulnerable to Instant attacks 3. Makes all physical attacks Light elemental 4. Increases MGR which is nice -Walk off and on the platform again, walk to the left to the next platform, and walk up to another.
Walk down and take the last one that is available, collect the Cold rapier, and walk back on the platform. Go up again and take the one that should be next to the stairs, switch to the next one, walk around to the lower right corner and take that platform.
Walk back to the one that is the on the lower part, switch platforms again, step up and you should find yourself on the platform with the red and green chest.
Take the anger brace and the Treasure key from the only Green Chest in the game, next to the chest with the treasure sword that is of course.
Go to the corridor up from here, but be careful there are some monsters hiding behind the pillars. Go up, take the stairs, and go down 2 rooms.
Here you will find a door leading to a dead end, but there is a chest with a Bat rock. Continue to the next room on the right side. Proceed on and the room above here has a secret: If you walk to the right against the most upper segment of the right wall a new area and a chest containing a Mind ring will become visible, go up with the stairs here.
Here you must place a bomb above the left crate and then above the right crate, then walk to the edge in the middle and keep walking up so you can walk over to the other side while the bombs explode.
Go up two rooms and some stairs and then head down 2 rooms to come to another puzzle room. Since I think you will probably have the latter version of the game I will give the solution of the three block puzzles first.
The next 2 puzzle rooms are just as easy as long as you think diagonally, but I might as well give the solutions. To solve this one, start on the 2nd arrow tile from the left, walk up taking all branches to the right, after that one branch to the left and head up to the upper arrow tile.
After you walk over it the door will automatically open. After another room, some stairs go north to the last door.
Two clowns will appear. Time for a double boss battle, talk to either one of the clowns. The red clown is Danielle and the blue one is Pierre.
Use the opposite type of magic they throw at you against them, those clowns are also very fast so most of the time you will have to wait, while they attack first.
I suggest you spare your IP for the 2 battles later on when you have to beat them both at the same time with only two characters to battle each. After defeating the first clown, it will regenerate and throw you one room back.
They will be defeated once and for all, opening the door to the next room. Head up to collect the treasure sword from the chest. Give him the treasure sword and a messenger will come telling that a single man destroyed an entire town by the name of Gordovan!
Move the block to your left one square to the left. Turn with the shoulder button and use an arrow to hit the switch again. You can just walk down, triggering the other switch in the lower right corner to lower the platform outside.
Go through to find an eagle rock and back to the elevator. Take the right route and you will see a stairway leading up.
Go up and through the door to find a muscle ring. Go to the second floor with the elevator. Move the left pillar two places and walk to the opposite side of it.
Use the hook to get across, push the pillar below you one square down and move the other to the right against the wall.
Walk down to the lower middle part and use the hook again to get across. Push the pillar up onto the button and the door will open. Here you will find a zombie who can regenerate it self every time you defeat it.
So you need to do something else to get rid of him. In the original Japanese version you have to move five blocks so that they form a cross.
In the American and European version of the game you have to hit whack the switches in the right order. Go back to the elevator by using the shortcut with the stairs.
Go up another floor and walk down to find a miracle. Now go up to the highest floor and take the right path. You can open the door with the wind key now.
Go outside, up the ladder and prepare to be defeated! At least that is what will happen anyway even if you defeat him However if you defeat him in combat you will receive the Gades blade.
You can nab the Scimitar and Block Shield from behind the door, after this go back to Parcelyte Castle and report to the king. He asks if there is someone called "Guy".
After this, the pillars leading to the exit of the tower will be lowered, so you can travel on to Merix. The bridge to Bound Castle --Merix-- People in this small village are talking about a great carpenter.
He recently left the village to repair the bridge to Bound Kingdom, which was probably destroyed by monsters. Here you can buy new spells like a stronger version of spark; Fireball.
Holy Energy and will do three times regular damage on any enemy, plus this amount get doubled to a whopping 6!
Go down the stairs and through two doors to collect regain, a little bit to the right in the previous room you saw a weakened wall. Bomb it and whack the switch with your sword, now use the hook to pull yourself to the other side in the room with the water.
Grinding gold is faster in most ways anyways. Apparently the best place to grind gold is the ocean. The ocean is the same enemies no matter where you are.
The enemies that appear are based on your level. It should also be noted that if you get the Engage Ring, the Dragon Blade price is cut by half twice, making it cost only gold.
Using the Engage Ring is indeed the best option for buying stuff at the casino as prices are cut in half twice when buying from gold.
I totally recommend five card stud. I actually play a lot of poker in real life, and the stud games were the first I learned as a little kid.
Cheats zu Lufia 11 Themen 5. Einhornjuwel - 7E0B Ich habs auch noch nie gefunden. Page 1 Page 2 Next Page. Tipps, die wir zu Sprüche trainer gerne gewusst hätten Eisjuwel und Titanhelm in ihr benutzen kann. You're standing too close to the wall. Der Anfang ist Teils wirklich schwer, grade wenn man noch kein Stark hat, bzw. Newsletter Mit diesem Formular kannst du den Spieletipps. You're standing too close to the wall. Google [Bot] und 0 Gäste. Komplettlösung zur Leon- und Claire-Kampagne Diese kann man ganz leicht finden, indem man auf der Schicksalsinsel den Schatzsucher kauft. Ich glaub das ist der zweite Dungeon die nächste Stadt ist immer noch die erste glaub ich! Wiederholt dieses ganze Zeug so oft, bis ihr dem Drachen insgesamt 4x die Dracheneier gebracht habt! Vorallem, wie Gandalf schon sagte, die Ahnenhöhle. Alle Herausforderungen und Belohnungen aufgelistet casino trick lufia - Interessante Orte und wo ihr sie alle findet Ich hab mal gelesen das man mit - Stunden Spielzeit rechenen kann. Okt Need for Speed - Payback: Alle Herausforderungen aus Season 6 aufgelistet. Die Viecher hatten mich aus U67 rauss gebratzt. Spielt dann ein Spielchen Action-Bingo, da ihr dort die höchste Gewinnquute habt. Schönes 2D-Rollenspiel, trotz schwacher Übersetzung. The door will open allowing you to get the Lake key. Used spelling check and grammar correction, corrected a huge lot of errors and also placed info on "harvesting" enemies in Appendix D: Flower Mountain The hammer is used to move pillars that are out of reach. Phantom Tree Mountain The same as an arrow, the only difference is that these arrows are on fire, which means that online casino games companies can burn bushes out of reach or entire rows in one go. First go to the first floor and then walk up and seek a section in the wall that can be destroyed with a bomb. I have put the monsters now in alphabetical order Version 2. Heal and save here, blow up the wall berge tour de france you to meet the boss of this cave. That should make three with the ones from Alunze basement and Cave to Sundletan. Bomb the dark wall in the next room, walk down the ladder behind it, climb the other ladder and use the hook to get through the next section from island to island. Worked play casino roulette game online bit on the layout to make the walkthrough easier to read and easier to tv show a bayer leverkusen vfl wolfsburg part. Use in a dungeon to turn in a direction without having to make a step or move. They leave EXP.
Sagenhafte 43 Millionen Euro zeigt der Automat in einem österreichischen Casino an. Kann jemand vielleicht die neueste Version des Hacks nochmal hochladen? Alle Safe-Codes für Tresore und Kombinationsschlösser Apparently the best place to grind gold is the ocean. Auf jeden Fall is der Eierring hammer! Es gibt wirklich nicht viele starke Gegner und auch nicht viele brenzlige Situationen. Sers, also ich hab da was gehört was ich irgendwie net glauben kann das des stimmt weils irgendwie bescheuert klingt aber kann mir jemand sagn ob des stimmt oder net? Um sich die Dracheneiersuche zu erleichtern sollte man auf der Schicksalsinsel im Casino sich einen Schatzsucher zulegen. Then I'll dig you up!
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Shortly before the beginning of the Second World War, Almásy's book "Unbekannte Sahara" ("Unknown Sahara") managed to arouse the passionate interest of an entire generation of adventure-hungry youths. Shortly thereafter, he participated in Rommel's desert campaign in the pay of the German army. An English agent saved him from the Soviets in the post-war years. Was our hero a supporter of the National Socialists, an unscrupulous adventurer and double agent, or was he merely a follower as so many others were at the time? Is there a grain of truth in this melodramatic Hollywood love story?
who filmed Ferdinand of Liechtenstein's 1929 expedition through East Africa, which was led by Ladislaus Almásy.
Born in Vienna in 1903. Cameraman for the family business, Mayer's Filmaktualitätenbüro, until 1936. The first Austrian company to make newsreels between the world wars, it was founded by Mayer's father, Gustav (1875-1936), who began working for the French company Pathé Fréres in 1908.
The company's first recorded documentary film was "Das Grubenunglück in Hart bei Gloggnitz 1924" ("The Mine Catastrophe in Hart, 1924"); its first documented feature film was "S' Hannerl vom Dreimäderlhaus ("Hannerl of the Three-Girl House", 1923). In 1929, Mayer was hired by Ferdinand of Liechtenstein and László Almásy for an expedition across East Africa.
Together with his younger brother Adi, Rudi Mayer filmed the most important political and social events of the following years. In 1930, Gustav Mayer founded a production company called Tonfilmschau Austria in cooperation with the Selenophon company; the name was changed to "Österreich in Bild und Ton" in 1933.
Rudi Mayer married Rosina Zauninger, the daughter of a movie-theater owner from Lower Austria, in the early 30s. They had two sons. After Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany, he was drafted and became a cameraman for German newsreels. In this position, he traveled to most fronts of the Second World War. After the war's end, he vainly tried to recreate his previous level of success. Mayer specialized in special effects: The flying saucer in "1. April 2000 in Wien" ("April 1, 2000 in Vienna") was his work. He died in 1962 during shooting of a film based on a work by Johann Nestroy.
Born in Bernstein (formerly Borystánko, Hungary) in the Austrian province of Burgenland on August 22nd, 1895.
His father György (1864-1833) was a well-known Explorer.
While at school in Graz, Austria, he constructs a glider at the age of 14 and crashes it, breaking three of his ribs and arousing the anger of his teachers.
1912 First pilot`s license in England.
1915 - 1918 Pilot and flight instructor for the Austro-Hungarian air force; volunteer in the 11th Hussars, Szombathely. His regiment spends the fall and winter of 1915/16 on the Dniestr River east of Horodenka.
1917 King Ferdinand of Bulgaria awards Almásy a medal for bravery in the face of the enemy; flight instructor in Wiener Neustadt, Austria.
1920 - 1926 Private secretary and huntsman for Bishop Mikes in Szombathely, Hungary; agent for the Steyr automobile company, test driver, winner of a number of automobile races.
1921 Drives the former King Charles IV of Hungary from Szombathely to Budapest in the latter's attempt to regain the throne.
November 30th, 1921 - The Burgenland, formerly a part of Hungary, is occupied by Austrian troops in accordance with the Protocol of Venice.
1926 Automobile expedition from Alexandria to Khartoum and southward to the Dinder River and the White Nile. First one-man crossing of the Nubian Desert as a sporting adventure. The expedition lasts two months.
1929 Expedition with two Steyr automobiles from Mombasa to Cairo with Prince Ferdinand of Liechtenstein and the English industrialist Anthony Brunner. Rediscovery of the Darb el Arbe'in (Road of 40 Days). They are the first to cross the Sud (a large swamp) between Mombasa and Khartoum in a motorized vehicle. Rudi Mayer, a cameraman for the first Austrian newsreel production company, documents this expedition in the film "Durch Afrika im Automobil" ("Through Africa in an Automobile").
1932 English explorer P. A. Clayton, Wing Commander Hubert S. Penderel and Sir Robert Clayton East participate in a combined expedition with trucks and a plane (a De Havilland Moth) for the purpose of surveying Gilf Kebir; a short expedition to pick up water in Kufra is made through unexplored desert.
1933 Return to Gilf Kebir in search of the lost oasis Zarzura (with Wing Commander Penderel; Dr. Lászlo Kádár, a young assistant at the Geographical Institute of the University of Budapest; Richard Bermann, travel writer; Hans Casparius, photographer; drivers Sabr and Abdu; and cook Mahmud); discovery of prehistoric cave paintings with swimming figures, the Cave of the Swimmers!
1935 Expedition with Joachim von der Esch the German desert explorer through the Great Sand Sea of Abu Ballas to Siwa. Search for the legendary army of Cambyses, a Persian king.
1936Almásy receives pilot's license number 1 of the Egyptian pilot's club and founds the country's first glider school.
1936 - 39 Flight instructor in Almaza, Cairo.
1937 First flight of a glider over the pyramids.
1940 - 1943 Reserve officer in Hungary's air force; receives orders to join Rommel's Afrikakorps.
April-June 1942 - Operation Salam: Two German agents are smuggled over a distance of 2000 km and behind English lines; the group passes through stretches of desert known only to Almásy.
1943 Almásy's young lover Hans dies in North Africa.
1945 Occupation of Bernstein by Soviet troops; Almásy is arrested.
1946 Almásy is acquitted and a ransom is paid for his release.
1948 Return to Egypt with the help of British intelligence.
1949 World record flight of a glider under tow from Paris to Cairo via Rome and Tripoli. The glider-pilot is the Egyptian Hassan Said Kamel.
March 11th, 1951 Named Director of the Cairo Desert Institute.
March 22nd, 1951 Dies of dysentery in Salzburg.
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To contact us, please click on the "Go to Contact Page" link below, then enter the User Name & Password listed below. All characters are lower case.
This is done to prevent non-human visitors (robots) from accessing the contact page.
If you prefer, telephone us at 831-375-1294.
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Do you live in Crystal River?
Crystal River is a city in Citrus County, Florida, United States. The population was 3,108 in the 2010 census.(3,485 in 2000). According to the U.S Census estimates of 2012, the city had a population of 3,055. The city was incorporated in 1903 and is the self professed "Home of the Manatee". Crystal River Preserve State Park is located nearby, and Crystal River Archaeological State Park is located in the city's northwest side.
Crystal River is at the heart of the Nature Coast of Florida. The city is situated around Kings Bay, which is spring-fed and so keeps a constant 72 °F (22 °C) temperature year round. A cluster of 50 springs designated as a first-magnitude system feeds Kings Bay. A first-magnitude system discharges 100 cubic feet or more of water per second, which equals about 64 million gallons of water per day. Because of this discharge amount, the Crystal River Springs group is the second largest springs group in Florida, the first being Spring Creek Springs in Wakulla Countynear Tallahassee. Kings Bay is home to over 400 manatees during the winter when the water temperature in theGulf of Mexico cools, and is the only place in the United States where people can legally interact with them in their natural conditions without that interaction being viewed as harassment by law enforcement agencies. Tourism based on watching and swimming with manatee is the fastest growing contribution to the local economy. In 2005 there was a movement to dissolve the city which did not succeed, and the city has since grown by annexation.
Crystal River was home to the Crystal River 3 Nuclear Power Plant. In 2012 the owners, Duke Energy, announced the closure of the plant.
Motto: "Gem of the Nature Coast "
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The Bahrain GP is live on 5 live sports extra and the BBC Sport websiteKimi Raikkonen headed Sebastian Vettel to a Ferrari one-two in second practice at the Bahrain Grand Prix.Mercedes appeared to be struggling - Valtteri Bottas was third and 0.563 seconds off the pace, with team-mate Lewis Hamilton 0.092secs adrift.Hamilton was blocked by Haas driver Kevin Magnussen at the last corner on his fastest lap but was already 0.4secs off the pace before that happened.
Red Bull's Max Verstappen was fifth, ahead of team-mate Daniel Ricciardo.The Australian was also blocked on his fastest lap - by Bottas.It is always hard to draw an accurate conclusion as to the competitive picture from practice and that was made even more difficult in this session because both Hamilton and Raikkonen encountered problems on their fastest laps.Raikkonen suffered a lack of front grip at the final corner and lost time, while Hamilton had his trouble with Magnussen.The world champion also had to abandon his first lap on the fastest super-soft tyres after running wide at the first corner when he locked his brakes. That would have meant his tyres were not at their absolute optimum when Hamilton did his next lap.
Are Red Bull actually fastest here?
Even Red Bull's pace was not necessarily their optimum. Verstappen edged Ricciardo by 0.006secs but Ricciardo would have been expected to be the faster Red Bull had he not been blocked by Bottas because Verstappen's weekend was compromised by missing the entire first session.Verstappen then ran out of sync with the other drivers - doing more laps at the start of the session to get a feel for the car, which meant the track would have been in better condition for him when he did his fast lap later in the session than others.The gap between the Ferraris was also small - Raikkonen had a slight edge on pace, as he had in the first race of the season in Australia, but was just 0.011secs ahead of Vettel.On race pace on the super-soft tyre, the Red Bulls appeared to have an advantage - they were an average of about 0.3secs quicker than the Ferraris, with Bottas about 0.1secs off the red cars and Hamilton a further 0.3secs back from that.Best of the rest was Renault's Nico Hulkenberg in seventh, ahead of the surprising Toro Rosso of Pierre Gasly and McLaren's Fernando Alonso and Stoffel Vandoorne.If those positions are repeated on Saturday in qualifying, it would be embarrassing for McLaren at the home race for their chief shareholders, the Bahraini sovereign investment fund. McLaren dropped Honda engines at the end of last year - at a net cost of about $100m - claiming their lack of performance and reliability was holding back a car they said was one of the best in the field.
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You can be denied entry at the U.S. border if they know you've purchased weed.
The Privacy Commissioner of Canada released a "guidance document" today explaining why he feels it best that Canadians use cash when purchasing marijuana, even at legal and licensed dispensaries. The guideline also advises Canadians to provide as little personal information as possible when making purchases of marijuana.
Marijuana became legal in Canada this past October, and while most Canadians were more than pleased with the choice by the federal government, there have been a handful of hiccups.
TL;DR The Privacy Commissioner of Canada has advised Canadians to be especially cautious with their personal information when it comes to purchasing marijuana. Among the advice is a suggestion to make purchases with cash to avoid proof of payment at a dispensary.
Because cannabis is an illegal substance in most other countries, the personal information of Canadians who are making legal purchases within Canada is very "sensitive," according to the guide.
This sensitivity is, of course, due to the fact that countries can deny entry to Canadian citizens if they know they have purchased cannabis, even if it was purchased within the limits of the Canadian law.
This of course is most pertinent to Canadians travelling to the United States. Because marijuana has not been legalized by the federal American government, Canadians who have purchased marijuana can still be under scrutiny at the border, and can certainly be turned away.
Ambiguity about the spread of personal data through legal marijuana purchases is exactly why the Privacy Commissioner has released this document — while any personal information collected should be kept private at all times, it can be difficult to ensure.
Under the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, retailers are required to inform individuals about "what personal information is being collected, to which parties it will be disclosed, the purposes for its collection, and any residual risks of harm" to the customer.
The guide is clear that while marijuana dispensaries are required to confirm the age of customers before purchase, there is no reason to record this information. Moreover, because marijuana has been legalized recreationally, customers should not feel the need to provide medicinal information upon purchase.
With that said, a retailer cannot avoid collecting personal information when completing a transaction with a credit card. As we all know, "a purchase made using a credit card would involve the collection of the credit card number and cardholder’s name."
This is also the case with a mailing list or a membership club, where a retailer might choose to collect an e-mail address associated with the customer. The privacy guideline suggests that retailers "consider only collecting the minimum amount of personal information required for mailing lists or memberships."
The guideline also makes reference to the safety of online information, going so far as to advise consumers to "ask retailers whether they store [...] personal information on servers outside of Canada," inevitably implying that the safety of information stored on international servers may run the risk of being compromised.
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What types of beer are there?
Just imagine exploring Netflix and flicking through the genres of movies and content. There’s most likely be sections marked, horror, romance, comedy, action and drama to name just a few but we all know that those genre titles don’t cover or truly describe the wealth of material which rests under their description.
The very same goes for beer. Pale ale, pilsner, stouts, porters, all are popular styles of beer, and think of the many breweries around the world as different bands, all composing very different and exciting brews for you to try. Whatever your tastes and preferences is, there’s a beer ( probably several) waiting out there for you.
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Codeine is a short-acting pain medication and is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Short-acting means its effects last only a few hours per dose. Codeine is a member of the class of drug known as opiates which is derived from the opium poppy. Opiates include all drugs with morphine-like effects, such as heroin or Demerol for example. Most codeine found in pharmaceutical products today is synthetically produced via the methylation of morphine. Codeine is often combined with other pain killers such as acetaminophen and aspirin. Codeine is metabolized into morphine in the body, and is typically prescribed to treat mild to moderate pain and to relieve cough and occasionally to treat diarrhea.
Opiates such as codeine have been used for centuries to treat pain. While initially intended for use in the medical community, opiates such as codeine quickly became drugs of choice among recreational drug users. Opiates are now some of the most commonly abused drugs in the world. Opiates such as codeine are often abused because of the powerful effects that they can have on its user. Codeine not only relieves pain, but in high enough doses also produces a sense of please and reward, along with an euphoric calm, much like the effects of heroin. When codeine enters the brain, the brain responds by activating its hormones which are part of its "reward system", producing these bouts of pleasure and euphoria. The excessive release of these hormones and stimulation of the reward system as a result of having used codeine or any opiate can lead to addiction.
Because of the effects of the drug, codeine is commonly abused and diverted. Codeine and other prescription narcotics constitute the most-abused group of prescription drugs in the U.S. Codeine addiction can occur even if someone is taking the drug legitimately for pain. It is quite common for an individual to begin taking codeine legitimately in fact, and then have significant trouble getting off of it when it is time to do so. This is because the brain becomes used to having codeine, and once use has stopped has to readjust to functioning without it. Individuals who become addicted to opiates such as codeine need more and more of the drug just to feel normal. Users quickly develop a physical and psychological dependence to the drug and may experience withdrawal symptoms after as few as 5-7 days of continuous use.
Codeine withdrawal symptoms are similar to those experienced in heroin withdrawal. The effects are so similar, that a heroin addict may try and get their hands on codeine to ward off the effects of withdrawal from heroin or other opiates such as OxyContin or Vicodin. To avoid withdrawal and to be able to continue their habit, individuals who become addicted to prescription opiates such as codeine will do just about anything to get more of the drug. "Doctor-shopping" is one method that is commonly used among opiate addicts to get more drugs, and an addict will go from doctor to doctor complaining of this or that ailment in an attempt to get more prescriptions for opiate narcotics such as codeine. Individuals take part in criminal activity such as prescription forgery, stealing prescriptions or attempting to get the drug via the internet. To help reduce the occurrence of doctor shopping, pharmacy robberies, thefts, shoplifting incidents, health care fraud incidents and prescription fraud, the US Department of Justice has established prescription monitoring programs in 21 states to facilitate the collection, analysis, and reporting of information regarding pharmaceutical drug prescriptions.
Withdrawal symptoms of Codeine are very similar to different narcotic drugs such as: heroin, morphine, and Vicodin. Withdrawal from Codeine usually begins within 12-24 hours after the last dose. Acute withdrawal symptoms peak between 48 and 72 hours and generally wean away within a week. Opiate withdrawal has been known to linger for weeks or months after the initial Codeine withdrawal phase however. How severe or long a person suffers from withdrawal from Codeine is dependent upon how much has been consumed and over what period of time the person has been using. Withdrawal typically starts in 6 hours of the last dose and can be extremely unpleasant, and can exacerbate other conditions. This is why it is always best to undergo Codeine withdrawal at a drug detox or drug rehab facility.
One an individual has completed codeine withdrawal, it doesn't mean they are in the clear. Individuals who become addicted to prescription opiates often need further treatment to address underlying issues which may have caused their addiction problems. Just detoxing and getting through withdrawal is not considered treatment at all, and most addicts will often return to regular use of prescription opiates such as codeine. This is why it is recommended that anyone who is struggling with addiction to codeine take part in a drug rehab program of at least a 90 day duration which addressed opiate addiction. This will ensure that they remain off of the drug for good.
Codeine overdose can occur both in individuals who have been legitimately prescribed the drug, and in individuals who have been abusing the drug recreationally. In general, opiate narcotics such as codeine as known to cause pulmonary failure, jaundice, liver/kidney failure, amnesia, seizures, blackouts, respiratory depression, heart failure, heart attack, and coma. Repeated use of codeine can also result in stomach bleeding, kidney & liver damage, lowered heart rate and blood pressure, depression, erectile dysfunction, sexual problems, and lessened libido. People who use codeine with other substances such as cocaine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, benzodiazapines, barbiturates, or alcohol more likely to have severe reactions and possibly overdose.
Codeine is often prescribed as a syrup, and "Purple Drank" is a slang word for a drug of abuse which has become popular in the USA, starting in the south (Texas). The main ingredient for Purple Drank is very strong cough syrup that contains promethazine and codeine. The codeine syrup is usually combined with Sprite or Mountain Dew and pieces of Jolly Rancher candy. The concoction takes on a purplish hue, hence the name Purple Drank. There are many slang terms for purple drank, including syrup, lean, purple jelly, barre, sizzurp, drank and Texas tea.
The codeine concoction has been a popular drug of choice in the "hip hop" community, and abuse of Purple Drank has resulted in the deaths of several prominent users. As with all opiates, individuals who abuse the drug are at risk of respiratory depression. But there are other dangers when the drug is also mixed with central nervous system depressants such as promethazine. An overdose caused by misuse of promethazine can result in respiratory or cardiac arrest. As with all central nervous system depressants, combining the drug with alcohol dramatically raises the risk level for failure of the respiratory system. DJ Screw, who made "Purple Drank" popular became a casualty himself, and died from a codeine/alcohol overdose in 2000.
When mixed with acetaminophen, overdose can occur as a result of abuse of the drug as high doses of acetaminophen can cause liver damage. Acetaminophen is metabolized solely by the liver, so there is a risk of fatal overdose due to hepatotoxicity when mixed with alcohol. The mixture can also cause serious damage to the liver, kidneys, and stomach wall. Dosages of acetaminophen should never exceed 4000 mg a day.
Codeine abuse is becoming more and more common, and it is estimated that 33 million Americans use pain relievers such as codeine non-medically every year. Opiate narcotic abuse is second only to marijuana in terms of past-year use in the United States. This has led to many lives lost, prematurely, with unintentional deaths involving prescription opiates increasing 114% from 2001 to 2005. There is billions of dollars to be made legitimately from sales of codeine and other prescription opiates legitimately, which $10 billion dollar is sales yearly. Not to mention how much the drug dealers are making on the streets. Codeine and other prescription opiates are grossly over prescribed as a result, fueled by the money making machine that also needs its fix.
Codeine is a highly effective drug when used properly and short-term to treat legitimate medical conditions. It is not meant to be used long term, and should never be prescribed to someone who has a history of opiate abuse or addiction.
Codeine is the most widely used, naturally occurring narcotic in medical treatment in the world.
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0.999979 |
Marie urges her parents to attend Faith's birthday party, and Stephanie is determined to prove herself at her single release party as she tries to bring her family together.
Kat "Tatu Baby" considers giving Eddie another chance as a dad, Michael Blanco starts therapy to grapple with his father's death, and Stephanie attempts to reunite her family.
Kat, Stephanie, Nicole, Loz and Dayana come face to face with survivors of Pablo Escobar's reign in Colombia, and back in Miami, Marie urges Michael Blanco to see a therapist.
While in Colombia, a new feud emerges between Loz and Stephanie, Dayana accuses Nicole of lying about her past, and Michael breaks down when he sees his mother's grave.
Nicole tells her father about the physical altercation she faced and how she's chosen to deal with it.
Stephanie performs at her single release party as Lil Wayne, Mack Maine and her friends show their support.
Marie and Dayana make a scene when they argue at Stephanie's single release party.
Marie wants to include her parents in Faith's birthday party, but Michael Blanco has doubts that they'll come around.
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0.983568 |
How can I safely use “Thalidomide” in my novel while respecting the trademark?
Thalidomide is a tricky one, as I am referring to its disastrous past regarding birth defects; however, Thalidomide is still used as a immunomodulatory drug today - and even though its used under another name, I'm worried about using the trademarked "Thalidomide" in my novel (One I plan to publish).
Although I try my best to avoid trademarks like the plague, I'm not sure how I can write, especially negatively, in regards to this medicine and the disaster while legally protecting my novel and any subsequent revenue.
Although I could create a pseudonym for "Thalidomide", I do not want to go this route - I reference other important historical events in my novels as well and want to stay as realistic as possible. If possible, I would like to use its actual name.
What this entry means is that thalidomide is a generic name for a chemical compound—like aspirin. It isn't a proper name and therefore should not be capitalized.
But if you use the generic term thalidomide, you aren't pointing to any specific brand sold during the 1950s (or later) and, again, you shouldn't capitalize the word.
The other answers correctly point out that "thalidomide" is a generic drug and is not trademarked. But I'd like to answer the more general question, which is if/how you can refer to a trademark in a work of fiction.
Product disparagement would be the main issue in your work. Technically it's only a problem if your claims are false, but we know that large companies will bring suit anyway if they feel the need. The costs for them in a garbage suit are few but they can control the press and bankrupt the writer. In the US, it doesn't matter if you're right, it matters if you can pay your lawyers.
In another web article, Can I Mention Brand Name Products in My Fiction?, the author focuses on 4 issues: "trademark infringement," "trademark dilution," "trademark tarnishment,"and "defamation."
Here, we also have recommendations of an abundance of caution. Big companies can be really touchy.
For example, the director Danny Boyle, told the press that he caused Mercedes Benz logos to be digitally removed from cars in his film Slum Dog Millionaire when the manufacturer objected to the depiction of its cars in Bombay slum settings.
Makers of movies and TV shows generally are a lot more careful than book publishers, because of the wider audiences and more obvious references.
I have not found legal references for what to do when a product is widely acknowledged as having caused harm. Certainly it is okay to talk about (or even show explicitly) the dangers of cigarettes or lead. These aren't trademarks but they both have powerful lobbyists and industry groups. Remember how the beef industry went after Oprah for talking about mad cow disease on her show in 1996? She ultimately won, but only after a lot of her time and money.
So it depends. If all you're doing is mentioning that a character has a disability caused by thalidomide, even if it were a trademarked product, you're probably fine, as it is well-documented that these cases happened.
Thalidomide is the generic form of the brand-name drug Thalomid. I would think no one owns a trademark on a generic name. If you are taking thalidomide to treat XYZ, the most common side effects are: … is an example of a name that is geneticized but if the sentence reads; If you are taking Thalomid … then you would be using the brands name.
If you have a character who has a birth defect caused by thalidomide, just use the term. Thalidomide child or thalidomide baby were how this defect was called.
When I was in university, one of the girls in our dorm announced that her younger sister would be joining her. She warned us of two things: Susan was a thalidomide child and DO NOT help her.
Susan moved into the dorm and she was a tough minded girl. In her case, her defect was that her arms were extremely short. Carrying books was difficult for her, but we had been instructed on how not to drive her nuts.
One afternoon, I saw Susan by the elevator of the Humanities building and she had dropped her books. I asked her if she would like some help - an important lesson in respect - and she agreed it would be faster if I helped, so let me pick up a few of her books and give them to her.
Susan once told me that the doctor who prescribed the thalidomide to her mother apologized to her.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged publishing legal trademark or ask your own question.
Can a plagiarist sue one who plagiarized them?
How does one determine how much of a song you can use without paying?
Can you make (Negative) references to real people and places in a novel?
Can I use a real college in my fiction book?
Can I use the real name of TV shows in my novel?
How would I give the rights to my novel to my parents?
How can I ban someone from publishing my work without my permission?
Can I use a scientific theory for my story?
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0.999998 |
What are the three parts of an essay?
The three parts of an essay include Introduction, Body, and Conclusion.
What is the most important rule in math?
To always write out the different steps one by one in order to get the correct answer.
My favorite book is Catcher in The Rye by J.D. Salinger.
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0.955369 |
German poet; born 1731 in Breslau; died there April 3, 1790. His parents had chosen for him the career of a student of the Talmud; but his faith had been shaken by the influence of a skeptic teacher, and he preferred to enter his father's business. In spending all his spare time in reading and studying, he acquired a substantial knowledge of Latin and modern languages and a general education quite unusual among the Jews of his time. After the death of his father (1755) he at first associated himself with his brothers in business; but in 1763 he accepted a position with his uncle Veitel Ephraim, the well-knownmedalist and jeweler to Frederick the Great, and became intimately connected with Moses Mendelssohn and his friends. But in spite of his considerable fortune he soon got into financial difficulties, due largely to indiscriminate charities and to his somewhat irregular mode of living. In 1768 he surrendered his position with his uncle, and with the remainder of his money began to travel, taking with him his library, from which he would not separate himself. He wandered through Holland, France, Switzerland, and some parts of Germany, where he often was deeply humiliated by the imposition of the "Leibzoll" (personal tax).
These travels completed the ruin of his fortune as well as of his health. In Saxe-Coburg-Gotha he was fined heavily for evading the toll, and had to sell his clothing in order to get to Breslau. There his brothers took care of him and endeavored to let him lead a quiet life; but the misfortunes of his career darkened his mind and caused him to isolate himself. Soon his melancholy turned into a madness that lasted for six years, though with brief intervals of sanity in which he wrote some of his best poems. After having recovered, he devoted himself wholly to poetry, till in 1786 he was stricken with apoplexy and remained robbed of all power of movement, and almost of speech, until his death.
In his poems Kuh vividly expresses his patriotism and his reverence for Frederick the Great; but he expresses also resentment at the bad treatment of Jews in Germany and scorn at his own and others' failures and weaknesses. His poems were greatly esteemed by Mendelssohn and other contemporaries. The German poet and critic Ramler revised them and published a selection in German periodicals; but the greater part of Kuh's poems, revised by Ramler, were not published until after the poet's death, and then by the Christian physician Kausch. Critics prefer among his poems the short witty epigrams, often full of biting satire and irony. Gervinus calls his Anacreontic verse "superior to similar poems by Gleim." Kuh was the first German Jew of modern times who won recognition as a poet. Berthold Auerbach made him the hero of a novel entitled "Dichter und Kaufmann" (Stuttgart, 1839).
Gervinus, Gesch. der Deutschen Dichtung, iv. 243 et seq., Leipsic, 1873.
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0.995724 |
Background: Dental anomalies can lead to various complications. Screening of subjects at an early age to detect these anomalies if present, which can be managed by simple treatment options, may prevent complicated treatment procedures at a later date.
Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental anomalies associated with the anterior teeth in the permanent dentition, of individuals with age group ranging between 19 and 24 years without any syndromes.
Materials and Methods: A total of 265 cases were screened for any defects associated with the upper and lower anterior teeth. We carried out a thorough clinical examination to analyze the prevalence of microdontia, macrodontia, talon cusp, fusion, dens invaginatus, transposition, retained deciduous teeth, and supernumerary teeth.
Results: Our study included 265 subjects, out of which 39 cases presented with dental anomalies were recorded. The common dental anomalies found in the group were as follows: 8% of cases with congenitally missing teeth, 1.71% of cases with supernumerary teeth, 5.71% with macrodontia, 5.71% with microdontia, and 1.14% retained deciduous teeth.
Conclusion: Developmental dental anomalies are evident clinically, which result in different dental deformities. The pursuit of the present study was to determine the frequency with which various developmental dental anomalies in anterior teeth occur in non-syndromic patients. It was seen that these anomalies did not vary much between the males and females. Macrodontia, supernumerary teeth, peg-shaped lateral incisors (microdontia), and congenital missing teeth outnumbered the other dental anomalies in our study. Attentive observation and applicable investigations are needed to diagnosticate the condition and regulate pertinent treatment. Antecedent diagnosis can result in early intervention and treatment if necessary.
How to cite this article: Supreetha C, Sreelatha SV. Vetting of selected dental anomalies associated with anterior teeth. J Med Radiol Pathol Surg 2017;4:1-5.
How to cite this article: Chatura KR, Mohan B. Liver biopsy to the aid in diagnosis of pediatric hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: A case report. J Med Radiol Pathol Surg 2017;4:6-9.
Pyogenic granuloma is a benign oral soft tissue inflammatory hyperplasia. It occurs as a tumor-like proliferation of the oral mucosa, which usually seen in response to nonspecific infection. Due to its high frequency in the oral cavity, this is a case of pyogenic granuloma in a male patient aged 13 years which occurred on the lateral border of tongue. Clinical and histopathologic features and also differential diagnosis are mentioned in this case report which helps in the treating the lesion and also reducing the chances of recurrence.
How to cite this article: Nagaraj T, Irugu K, Okade DR, Saxena S. Extragingival pyogenic granuloma on the tongue: A rare case report and review of literature. J Med Radiol Pathol Surg 2017;4:10-13.
Pemphigus vulgaris is an autoimmune blistering disease of the skin and mucous membrane. It is mediated by autoantibody against desmoglein 3, an intracellular adhesion glycoprotein that forms a part of desmosome. Loss of tolerance to this autoantigen happens for a still unknown reason. However, this disease has a very strong association with some human leukocyte antigen molecules whose structure favors the binding of certain peptide of desmoglein 3. The mechanism of the action of autoantibody has turned out to be more complicated than it was thought, and it is not well established yet. Nevertheless, in the past few years, important discoveries have been made that point to a role of autoantibodies in staining different signaling cascades that lead to loss of adhesion between keratinocyte and death of these cells resulting in acantholysis as histologic manifestation and blister as clinical manifestation.
How to cite this article: Raju KL, Nambiar KS, Haragannavar VC, Augustine D, Sowmya SV, Rao RS. Immunopathogenesis of pemphigus vulgaris: A brief review. J Med Radiol Pathol Surg 2017;4:14-16.
Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a congenital disease which is increasing in prevalence. It affects permanent first molars and, often to a lesser degree, permanent incisors with variable severity. The etiology is unknown, but various risk factors have been put forward. Differential diagnosis is mandatory not to confound MIH with other diseases such as amelogenesis imperfecta or fluorosis. Treatment consists in a minimally invasive approach by reinforcing and protecting the existing dental structure. In more severe cases, restorative treatment or extraction may be indicated.
How to cite this article: Singh A, Singh N, Srivastava M, Khan R, Kariya P, Abdullah A. Molar incisor hypomineralization: An update. J Med Radiol Pathol Surg 2017;4:17-21.
Genodermatoses are inherited dermatological disorders associated with the structure and functions of skin and its appendages. Several genodermatoses presenting with multisystem involvement lead to increased morbidity and mortality. Dermatological diseases, besides including the skin and its supplements may also involve the oral cavity, which deserves special attention considering that they may be the only presenting sign of these disorders. The important aspect to be noted about these disorders is the rarity of the conditions and lack of awareness among the population which are the major drawbacks in the early diagnosis and prompt management of these diseases. This review intends to outline various genodermatoses with their characteristic oral manifestations.
How to cite this article: Kavya L, Vandana S, Paulose S, Rangdhol V, Baliah WJ, Dhanraj T. Oral manifestation of genodermatoses. J Med Radiol Pathol Surg 2017;4:22-27.
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0.999574 |
Why go to the trouble of making up a new argument every time you and the wife have a disagreement? Use this handy-dandy generic marital argument!
Let A be the subject of the argument.
Husband knows A=true. A has been true all of his life. It is commonly known by all sentient beings that A=true. It is one of the bedrock strictures of his life.
In a conversation with Wife, Wife mentions that A=false. Husband questions this. No, she says. A is false, has always been false, and only a complete idiot (like Husband) would think otherwise.
OK, thinks Husband. She is the light of my life and I must support her. Let A be false forever.
Soon afterwards, Husband comes across a situation where he must act on A. His first instinct, nurtured by years of life experiences, is to assume A=true. But wait, he thinks. Wife said A is false. I don't want to get in trouble with Wife, so I will act as if A is false. He proceeds to do so, and feels good about it.
A while later, Wife comes along and observes that Husband has acted as if A=false. Husband proudly beams as he awaits his well-deserved praise.
Wife flies off the handle. How could you possibly think A is false?, she hisses in her best third-grade teacher sneer. Any idiot knows A is true.
But you said A is false, Husband replies.
I never, ever said that, says Wife.
Yes, you did, answers Husband, as the room begins to spin. You stood right there and told me A is false.
Not only did I never, ever say A is false, Wife opines, but I've never stood right there, either.
Husband rubs his temples and heads off, mentally, to a happy place (like his old bachelor apartment) and hunkers down for the obligatory 45-minute oratory on his failures as a husband, a human being and a carbon-based life form.
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0.999389 |
One problem remained. Britain, as reigning Olympic champions was not keen that India, then its colony, participate in the Olympics.
After an appeal, the British agreed to India's participation as the British Indian team.
From 1928 till India won independence in 1947, Britain never competed in the same Olympic hockey tournament as India.
n the first 3 modern Olympics (1896 - 1904), hockey was not one of the sports included. Hockey made its debut in the 1908 London Olympics, where England won the gold among 6 nations.
Excluded from the 1912 Olympics, hockey staged another comeback in the 1920 Antwerp Olympics. Four nations participated in the event, with England yet again winning the gold. Hockey was not included in the 1924 Paris Olympics.
There was a strong possibility that hockey would be included in the 1928 Olympics. The International Hockey Federation, which was formed in this period, was lobbying the International Olympic Committee to include hockey in the Olympics.
The Indian Hockey Federation (IHF), founded in 1925, was also lobbying for hockey as an Olympic sport. In preparation for that possibility, the IHF had already conducted its inaugural national championship in 1925. The successful Indian army tour of New Zealand in 1926 had convinced the IHF that an Indian team should participate in the Olympics.
However, one problem remained. As England had won both the Olympic hockey tournaments held thus far, Britain was not keen that India, then its colony, participate in the Olympics. After an appeal, the British agreed to India's participation as the British Indian hockey team.
It is a matter of record that from 1928 till India won independence in 1947, Britain never competed in the same Olympic hockey tournament as India. The first meeting between India and Britain would take place two decades later, in the 1948 Olympic hockey final at Wembley, London. India won this match 4-1 to assert its hockey supremacy in the world.
Anyway, the IHF got to send a team for the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics. Dhyan Chand got selected in this first ever Indian Olympic hockey team.
There was some alarm when the IHF said that they could send only the minimum 11 players. Eventually, the availability of funds made it possible for two more players to join the team.
Before leaving for Amsterdam, the Indian team played some trial matches. The Olympians surprisingly lost to Bombay 2-3, with Dhyan Chand scoring both his team's goals.
Could this first Indian Olympic team really win the Olympic gold?
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0.990493 |
Three brothers, David, Edwin and Wesley Ingle were grocers in Dayton, Ohio at the start of the twentieth century. They were familiar with the usage of tokens in business. They developed unique tokens and a system for their use which they initially test marketed in Dayton and later distributed nationwide.
Ingle System tokens were issued between 1909 and 1919, personalized for hundreds of businesses. The Ingle System is a method of bookkeeping which allows merchants to treat customers' credit purchases the same as cash transactions. Prior to this system, businesses required credit ledgers listing each item and its price for credit purchases. Ingle provided an alternative system to this time consuming bookkeeping process, where a certain amount of credit was extended by providing the debtor with tokens in the amount of credit extended. The tokens could be spent the same as cash with the issuing merchant. The merchant's ledgers now only had to include an amount rather than a long list of items and prices. It is estimated that 75% of all Ingle System tokens were used by general stores, grocers and meat markets. Coal and lumber companies likely accounted for about 5% of use, and used the tokens to pay their employees, thus ensuring their loyalty to the "company store."
Another important part of the Ingles' system was using a patented design for tokens to prevent the manufacture of counterfeits. There were two base designs for the tokens, one with a patent date of June 1909 and the later one with a patent date of April 7, 1914. The tokens come in denominations of 1¢, 5¢, 10¢, 25¢, 50¢, $1, $5 and $10. The tokens appear to have been made in copper, nickel, brass and nickel plated varieties.
Based in Dayton, The Ingle Company was succeeded by the Insurance Credit System in 1919, which became part of The Osborne Register Company (ORCO) of Cincinnati in 1925. ORCO also issued numerous tokens. In that same year, Edwin Ingle and Jerry Schierloh formed the The short-lived Ingle-Schierloh Company which also issued tokens, many with the "Master Metal" slogan. Ingle-Schierloh was taken over by The Dayton Stencil Company in 1927.
There are several resources for known Ingle tokens. Richard's Token Database, tokencatalog.com and there is a book, Ingle System Scrip by Lloyd Wagaman (1987). Fortunately copies of the Ingle Company ledgers and shipping records starting about 1910 have survived, and much information has been gleaned from them as to what tokens were issued and for whom. Much of this information has been contributed to Richard's Token Database.
Ingle System token from C.F. White of Camden, Ohio.
Ingle System tokens from H.B. Schafer of Wheeling, West Virginia, offered in an online auction in November 2015.
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0.970842 |
2College of Physics and Institute for Structure and Function, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
3Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60439, USA.
College of Physics and Institute for Structure and Function, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60439, USA.
Experimental results (Huang et al.) indicated that nanotwinned diamond (nt-diamond) has unprecedented hardness, whose physical mechanism has remained elusive. In this report, we categorize interaction modes between dislocations and twin planes in nt-diamond and calculate the associated reaction heat, activation energies, and barrier strength using molecular dynamics. On the basis of the Sachs model, twin thickness dependence of nt-diamond hardness is evaluated, which is in good agreement with the experimental data. We show that two factors contribute to the unusually high hardness of nt-diamond: high lattice frictional stress by the nature of carbon bonding in diamond and high athermal stress due to the Hall-Petch effect. Both factors stem from the low activation volumes and high activation energy for dislocation nucleation and propagation in diamond twin planes. This work provides new insights into hardening mechanisms in nt-diamond and will be helpful for developing new superhard materials in the future.
Diamond, the hardest material available (1), is of great interest both scientifically, for understanding the origin of its outstanding mechanical properties (2), and technologically, for its direct industrial and research applications as cutting and polishing tools, diamond knives, diamond anvil cells, etc. (3). Therefore, numerous experimental and theoretical studies have been performed to understand its origin of superhardness (4, 5) and improve its hardness further (6–9). Similar to metals and alloys, diamond can be hardened by grain refinement. The hardness of synthetic nanograined diamond (110 to 140 GPa) is higher than the average hardness of single crystal diamond (96 GPa) (7). Recently, nanotwinned diamond (nt-diamond) synthesized by compressing onion carbon has achieved hardness values more than twice that of natural diamond (180 to 200 GPa) (8, 9), setting a new world record. Can the hardness be further increased? Understanding the origin of hardness in nt-diamond is an important scientific problem, as it may provide a new strategy for designing new materials with even higher hardness.
Although it has been speculated that the unprecedented hardness in nt-diamond may be due to combined Hall-Petch effect (10, 11) and quantum confinement effect (12–14), alternative mechanisms have also been proposed (15, 16). Diamond is a covalent material, and its elastic and plastic properties are largely different from those of metals. As carriers of plastic deformation (17), dislocations in diamond must also be different from those in metals. The Hall-Petch effect is an experimental rule deduced from metals (18). Is it valid to apply this rule to covalent materials? To answer these questions, a detailed study on interactions between dislocations and twin planes in nt-diamond is necessary. Here, we investigate these interactions using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Our calculated results indicated that two factors contribute to the unprecedented hardness in nt-diamond: high lattice frictional stress by nature of diamond and high athermal stress due to the Hall-Petch effect. This work provides a new insight into the nt-diamond hardening mechanism, which will be helpful for studying superhard materials in experiments.
shuffle-set perfect dislocations cannot disassociate into partial dislocations (22). This results in six types of dislocations in diamond: glide-set 0° perfect dislocations, glide-set 30° partial dislocations, glide-set 60° perfect dislocations, glide-set 90° partial dislocations, shuffle-set 0° perfect dislocations, and shuffle-set 60° perfect dislocations.
As illustrated in Fig. 1A [simplified on the basis of the micrographs reported in (8)], nt-diamond is composed of near-parallel nanoscale twin lamella in submicrometer-sized grains. Across a given twin boundary (TB), the slip systems can be expressed as a combination of two opposite Thompson tetrahedrons (Fig. 1B). Tetrahedrons ABCD and ATBTCTDT represent the Burgers vectors of dislocations in the parent crystal and its twined counterpart, respectively. In either case, Burgers vectors of perfect dislocation are parallel to the edges of the tetrahedron (such as AB, AC, BC, etc.). The partial dislocations are denoted by Roman-Greek pairs (such as Aδ, Cδ, Bδ, etc.). According to dislocation lines and their kink orientations, we divide dislocation slip modes into three types in nt-diamond, all of which are plotted in Fig. 1B (23). In mode I slip (slip transfer mode), dislocation lines are parallel to the twin planes, and the kink direction is nonparallel to the twin planes. In this mode, the dislocations can penetrate TBs into the adjoining twin lamellae or be absorbed into the twin plane. In mode II slip (confined layer slip mode), both dislocation lines and the kink directions are nonparallel to the twin planes. Dislocation motion is confined inside the independent twin lamellae. In mode III slip (paralleled to twin plane slip mode), both dislocation lines and kink directions are parallel to the twin planes. Both slip planes and slip directions are parallel to twin planes.
Fig. 1 Schematics of the nt-diamond microstructure, slip modes, and the computational model.
(A) A polycrystalline nt-diamond microstructure consists of subparallel nanoscale twin lamella embedded in submicrometer-sized grains. Grains have random orientations. (B) Three dislocation slip modes in nt-diamond: slip transfer (slip mode I), confined layer slip (slip mode II), and paralleled to TB slip mode (slip mode III). (C) Computational model for studying interactions between dislocations and a twin plane. (D) The local enlarged drawing for the purple rectangle in (C) showing detailed dislocation structure, where the blue line is the dislocation line.
Critical resolved shear stresses (CRSSs) for the three slip modes are investigated. For slip mode I, when a dislocation reaches a twin plane, it may react with the twin plane and produce a new dislocation. The energy required for the production of the new dislocation results in an additional dislocation motion resistance, which, in essence, is the origin of the Hall-Petch effect. The CRSS for mode I slip therefore can be deduced by calculating the threshold stress of the dislocation reaction. For slip modes II and III, dislocation motion processes are confined within either the twin planes or individual grains, respectively, and their CRSSs can be deduced from the well-known dislocation motion theory.
Glide-set 0° perfect dislocations. All four possible interactions between a glide-set 0° perfect dislocation and twin planes by slip mode I have been investigated. The interaction schematics and the corresponding reaction heat and activation energy are plotted in Fig. 2 (A and B). The interactions involve both perfect and dissociated dislocations (Fig. 2A). For the perfect dislocation interacting with a twin plane, there are two reaction pathways: BC → Bδ + δC and BC → BTαT + αTCT. When the perfect dislocation BC in the BCD plane reaches the twin plane ABC, BC dissociates into two partial dislocations (Bδ and δC) in ABC. At the same time, a twin plane migrates in the opposite direction of dislocation motion. By comparing the system energies before and after the dissociation, the corresponding reaction heat can be calculated. In addition, activation energy of the reaction has been calculated by building a dislocation kink motion path as shown in fig. S2. On the basis of the calculated kink energy and activation energy of kink migration (table S1), the obtained reaction heat and activation energy are −0.9 eV/Å and 6.2 eV, respectively. The activation energies for the dislocation reactions vary with applied shear stress (fig. S3). We define the barrier strength as the threshold stress of dislocation reaction with TB when the activation energy is equal to zero (24). From the shear stress–dependent activation energies thus obtained, the barrier strength is calculated to be 43.7 GPa. All the values are listed in Table 1 and plotted in Fig. 2B. Similarly, for the dislocation reaction BC → BTαT + αTCT, the glide-set 0° perfect dislocation dissociates into two glide-set 30° partial dislocations (BTαT and αTCT) separated by an SF. The calculated reaction heat, activation energy, and barrier strength are −0.9 eV/Å, 10.2 eV, and 31.7 GPa, respectively.
Fig. 2 Interactions between dislocations and the twin plane by slip transfer mode in nt-diamond.
(A) Glide-set 0° perfect and glide-set 30° partial dislocations reacting with the twin plane. (B) Reaction heat and activation energy of interaction in (A). (C) Glide-set 60° perfect and glide-set 90° partial dislocations reacting with the twin plane. (D) Reaction heat and activation energy of reactions in (C). (E) Shuffle-set 0° and 60° perfect dislocations reacting with the twin plane. (F) Reaction heat and activation energy of reactions in (E).
Table 1 Calculated reaction heat, activation energy, and barrier strength for dislocation reactions by slip transfer mode.
For a dissociated perfect dislocation interacting with a twin plane, there are two reaction pathways: Bα + αC → Bδ + δC and Bα + αC → BTαT + αTCT. For the former reaction, the partial dislocation Bα slips along the twin plane and becomes Bδ, leaving with a stair-rod dislocation (δα) in the twin plane. The trailing 30° partial dislocation αC then slips after the leading dislocation, capturing the stair-rod dislocation δα to form a glide-set 30° partial dislocation δC which slips in the twin plane. The calculated reaction heat, activation energy, and barrier strength are 0 eV/Å, 6.9 eV, and 53.7 GPa, respectively. For the latter reaction, the leading dislocation Bα penetrates the twin plane and becomes BTαT, leaving a stair-rod dislocation (αTα) in the twin plane. The trailing 30° partial dislocation αC then slips after the leading dislocation, capturing the stair-rod dislocation αTα and forming a glide-set 30° partial dislocation αTCT which slips into the adjacent twin domain. The calculated reaction heat, activation energy, and barrier strength are 0 eV/Å, 6.7 eV, and 52.1 GPa, respectively. We use the barrier strength as the criterion to identify the most possible dislocation interaction. The lower the barrier strength, the more possible for the dislocation interaction to occur. On the basis of this criterion, perfect glide-set screw dislocation BC interacting with twin planes is the easiest mode, as its barrier strength is the lowest among the four dislocation interaction modes.
Glide-set 30° partial dislocations. For the glide-set 30° partial dislocation Bα interacting with a twin plane (Fig. 2A), two reaction pathways exist: Bα → Bδ + δα and Bα → BTαT + αTα. For Bα → Bδ + δα, the 30° partial dislocation Bα slips in the twin plane and becomes Bδ, causing the TB to migrate in the opposite direction of dislocation motion and leaving a stair-rod dislocation δα (b = 1/6<110>) in the twin plane. The calculated reaction heat, activation energy, and barrier strength (Table 1 and Fig. 2B) are 1.5 eV/Å, 6.9 eV, and 53.7 GPa, respectively. For the reaction Bα → BTαT + αTα, the 30° partial dislocation Bα penetrates the twin plane and slips into the adjacent twin domain to become BTαT, leaving a stair-rod dislocation αTα (b = 2/9<111>) in the twin plane (25). The reaction heat, activation energy, and barrier strength for this reaction are 2.4 eV/Å, 6.7 eV, and 52.1 GPa, respectively. Because the magnitude of the Burgers vector for αTα is greater than that of δα, the reaction heat is higher than that of Bα → Bδ + δα. However, the energy barriers and barrier strength are almost the same for these two kinds of reactions.
Glide-set 60° perfect dislocations. The reaction of glide-set 60° perfect dislocation with a twin plane can occur in two ways: BD → Bδ + δD and αD + Bα → 2αTδ + DTαT + BTαT (Fig. 2C). For BD → Bδ + δD, when a glide-set 60° perfect dislocation BD reaches the twin plane, the interaction releases a partial dislocation Bδ in the twin plane, leaving an additional Frank partial δD, and at the same time the TB migrates in the opposite direction of Bδ motion. The reaction heat, activation energy, and barrier strength (Table 1 and Fig. 2D) are 2.7 eV/Å, 9.9 eV, and 55.3 GPa, respectively. These values are higher than those of the reaction of a glide-set 0° perfect dislocation with the twin plane. For αD + Bα → 2αTδ + DTαT + BTαT, a glide-set 60° perfect dislocation BD first dissociates into a glide-set 30° partial dislocation Bα and a glide-set 90° partial dislocation αD, separated by an SF. The leading 30° partial dislocation Bα penetrates the twin plane by the reaction Bα → BTαT + αTα; the trailing 90° partial dislocation αD reacts with the stair-rod dislocation αTα by the dislocation reaction αD + αTα → 2αTδ + DTαT. Therefore, the total reaction can be expressed as αD + Bα → 2αTδ + DTαT + BTαT. The corresponding reaction heat, activation energy, and barrier strength (Table 1 and Fig. 2D) are 3.0 eV/Å, 6.7 eV, and 52.1 GPa, respectively. Because two stair-rod dislocations are produced in this reaction, the heat of the reaction is higher than that of the glide-set 0° perfect dislocation, as described in the “Glide-set 0° perfect dislocations” section. The energy barrier in this case is identical to that described in the “Glide-set 0° perfect dislocations” section.
Glide-set 90° partial dislocations. Two possible interactions for a glide-set 90° perfect dislocation with a twin plane by slip mode I are αD → Aδ and αD → αδ + αTδ + DTαT (Fig. 2C). For reaction αD → Aδ, when a glide-set 90° partial dislocation αD reaches the twin plane, it becomes equivalent to a glide-set 90° partial dislocation Aδ in ABC, causing twin plane migration. Since both αD and Aδ are the same type of partial dislocations, the net total reaction heat is 0. The activation energy and barrier strength are calculated to be 3.9 eV and 37.2 GPa, respectively. For the reaction αD → αδ + αTδ + DTαT, first, a 90° partial dislocation αD dissociates into a stair-rod dislocation αδ and a Frank partial δD. The Burgers vector of δD is identical to that of DTδ, which can further dissociate into a 90° partial dislocation in the adjacent twin, along with a stair-rod dislocation in the twin plane: DTδ → DTαT + αTδ. The corresponding reaction heat, activation energy, and barrier strength (Table 1 and Fig. 2D) are 2.9 eV/Å, 4.6 eV, and 49.3 GPa, respectively. Because of two stair-rod dislocations produced in this reaction, its reaction heat is almost twice that of the 30° partial dislocation. The activation energy is lower than that of the 30° partial dislocation interaction described in the “Glide-set 30° partial dislocations” section.
Shuffle-set 0° perfect dislocation. The shuffle-set 0° perfect dislocation BC is always maintained as a full dislocation with pure screw properties. Therefore, the reaction of the shuffle-set 0° perfect dislocation with the TB (in Fig. 2E) has only two pathways: cross-slip reaction BC → BC and penetration through the twin plane into the adjacent twin domain BC → BTCT. The reaction heat for both reactions is 0 eV/Å. As shown in Fig. 2F, the activation energy and barrier strength (Table 1 and Fig. 2F) for BC → BC are 7.8 eV and 24.1 GPa, respectively, and those for the BC → BTCT reaction are 8.2 eV and 19.2 GPa, respectively. Thus, for both reaction pathways, the energy and shear stress requirement is the same.
Shuffle-set 60° perfect dislocation. The reactions of a shuffle-set 60° perfect dislocation with a twin plane (Fig. 2E) are BD → BC + CD and BD → BTCT + CD. For both reactions, when a shuffle-set 60° perfect dislocation BD reaches the twin plane, a new shuffle-set 60° perfect dislocation CD appears. Since Burges vectors produced for these two kinds of reactions are the same, their reaction heat and activation energy (Table 1 and Fig. 2F) are identical, that is, 7.1 eV/Å and 16.3 eV, respectively. The barrier strength of these two dislocation reactions is also the same (47.7 GPa).
The net Burgers vector must remain unchanged after a dislocation reacting with a twin plane. For the aforementioned six types of dislocations, their reactions with a TB also follow this rule. For example, for both shuffle-set and glide-set screw perfect dislocations, their reactions with a twin plane are carried out by cross slip, and there is no new dislocation formed. However, for glide-set 60° perfect, glide-set 30° partial, glide-set 90° partial, and shuffle-set 60° perfect dislocations, additional dislocations must be produced when they react with TBs so that the net Burgers vector remains unchanged after the reaction (25).
(1)where τ0 is the lattice frictional stress, G is the shear modulus, b is the magnitude of the Burgers vector, λ is the twin thickness, and τTB is the barrier strength of the dislocations when reacting the TBs. Both modulus and stress are in gigapascal, and all length parameters are in nanometers. The shear modulus of diamond is 540 GPa. The barrier strength τTB of shuffle-set 0° perfect dislocation penetrating into the adjacent twin is lowest in all dislocation reactions (19.2 GPa as shown in Table 1 and table S2). On the other hand, by calculating the stress-dependent activation energy for the shuffle-set 0° perfect dislocation BC slipping in a perfect diamond crystal, lattice frictional stress τ0 is obtained to be 10.3 GPa. Our result is consistent with the CRSS (10.7 GPa) of perfect diamond calculated from the diamond hardness (96 GPa), according to the relation τ0 = H/9. All these parameters are summarized in table S3.
Fig. 3 CRSSs for dislocation motion for the three different slip modes in nt-diamond.
(A) The CRSS for the slip transfer and the confined layer slip mode. A dislocation pileup model is used for the slip transfer mode, and principles of virtual work are used for the confined layer slip mode. (B) CRSS for the slip parallel to the twin plane. Hall-Petch effect by decreasing grain size is used to evaluate CRSS for dislocation slip within the twin plane. The inset is the activation energy as a function of resolved shear stress for dislocation slip in the twin plane and slip in crystal’s interior.
(2)As shown in Fig. 3A, the CRSS for slip mode I increases with decreasing twin thickness.
(6)The calculated CRSS as a function of twin thickness λ is plotted in Fig. 3A, which shows that the CRSS of slip mode II increases with decreasing λ. When λ is less than ~15 nm, the CRSS of slip mode II is higher than that of slip mode I.
(9)The calculated CRSS increases with decreasing d (Fig. 3B), showing excellent agreement with experimental results for polycrystalline diamond samples (6, 7).
On the basis of the CRSSs for the three dislocation slip modes, yield strength and hardness of nt-diamond can be evaluated using the Sachs model (29). We have constructed nt-diamond models with 6000 gains (with average grain sizes of 20 and 125 nm) with random orientation and various twin thicknesses (inset of Fig. 4A) to calculate yield stresses and hardness by evaluating the uniaxial stress for 90% deformed grains. Note that the grain sizes of nt-diamond used in this model are greater than those of nanocrystalline diamond with highest hardness reported (7); reverse Hall-Petch effect is not considered here (30). As shown in Fig. 4A, with increasing uniaxial stress, the population of plastically deformed grains increases owing to different grain orientations and CRSSs. When the population of plastically deformed grains reaches 90% (31), the corresponding uniaxial stress can be considered as yield stress, which is approximately one-third of the hardness (32). The calculated hardness of nt-diamond is plotted in Fig. 4B and fig. S4. The hardness for the model with average grain size of 20 nm agrees well with the experimental results for nt-diamond with the same grain size (shown in Fig. 4B) (6–9). This suggests that the model and parameters used are reliable. The results also indicate that if grain boundaries are all locked (that is, no grain boundary sliding) and only the three slip modes are considered, then a maximum hardness of 395 GPa is expected for nt-diamond with a grain size of 20 nm and twin thickness of 0.62 nm. Although the hardness of nt-diamond monotonically increases with decreasing twin thickness, the increasing slope is different at various twin thickness ranges. This is attributable to different contributions of the slip modes at different twin thickness ranges. At a grain size of 125 nm, the hardness of nt-diamond (shown in fig. S4) is slightly less than that of the 20-nm grain size model at the same twin thickness. This is attributed to the CRSS for slip mode III increasing with decreasing of grain size according to the Hall-Petch effect.
Fig. 4 Calculated hardness compared to experimental observations for nt-diamond as a function of twin thickness.
(A) The population of yielded grains as a function of uniaxial stress, based on the Sachs model, which is illustrated schematically in the inset. When the proportion of yielded grains reaches 90%, the corresponding uniaxial stress is defined as the yield stress. The curve is an example for an nt-diamond sample with twin thickness of 5 nm and grain size of 20 nm. (B) Calculated hardness of nt-diamond as a function of twin thickness compared to experimental ones (8, 9). The inset shows the proportion of yielded grain by different slip modes at grain size of 20 nm.
For the three slip modes, all of their CRSS values consist of two parts: lattice frictional stress τ0 and enhanced stress (or athermal stress τu) owing to effects of TBs and/or grain boundaries. The ratio of τu/τ0 increases with decreasing twin thickness λ for nt-diamond with a grain size of 20 nm. When λ decreases from 10 to 0.618 nm, τu/τ0 increases from 0.8 to 3.3. This shows that contributions of lattice frictional stress and athermal stress to hardness of nt-diamond have similar magnitudes. For metals, the behavior is totally different. In nt-Cu (26), for example, the strength is mainly contributed by athermal stress. Therefore, the origin of the unprecedented hardness of nt-diamond mainly comes from two factors: high lattice frictional stress, which is the nature of diamond bonding, and high athermal stress, which is due to the Hall-Petch effect. The Hall-Petch effect, which may amount to more than three times the lattice friction stress, plays an overwhelming role in enhancing the hardness of nt-diamond. Because of the covalent bonding in diamond, dislocation nucleation and motion in slip planes have low activation volume and high activation energy, as shown in fig. S3, which leads to activation energy insensitivity on external stress which gives high lattice frictional and athermal stresses appear in nt-diamond (33).
In summary, three dislocation slip modes in nt-diamond—slip transfer mode, confined layer slip mode, and paralleled to twin plane slip mode—are identified by considering orientation of dislocation lines and their kink with respect to twin planes. The interaction between dislocations and twin planes is studied by investigating the associated reaction heat, activation energies, and barrier strength using the MD method. CRSSs for the three dislocation slip modes have been obtained. On the basis of the Sachs model, hardness of nt-diamond is calculated. The results agree well with experimental data. The unprecedented hardness in nt-diamond is mainly contributed by two parts: high lattice frictional stress, which is due to the covalent nature of diamond, and high athermal stress, which is due to the Hall-Petch effect. This work provides a new insight into nt-diamond hardening mechanism, which will be helpful for studying superhard materials in experiments.
, and directions, respectively, of the diamond matrix. MD simulations were performed using the LAMMPS (Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator) program (36), and C–C bonding interactions were described by the LCBOP (Long-range Bond-order Potential for Carbon) potential (37). Periodic boundary condition was only imposed along the y axis, and free surface was imposed in the x and z directions (Fig. 1C). A screw dislocation line was constructed in the twin plane. An enlarged dislocation structure is shown in Fig. 1D. As shown in Fig. 1D, the dislocation line is along the y axis. The constructed structures were relaxed via energy minimization.
Reaction heat of dislocation TB reaction in slip mode I was obtained by calculating the total energy difference before and after the dislocation reaction. To exclude the TB and the surface effect on the dislocation energy, the dislocation energy was calculated by setting the dislocation line as far as possible from the TB and free surface. An energy convergent test was performed by using a serial of supercells with different sizes. The calculated dislocation energy as a function of supercell size is plotted in fig. S1. When the supercell size is larger than 198 Å × 25 Å × 98 Å, the calculated dislocation energy will converge. Therefore, the supercell size 209 Å × 25 Å × 138 Å (contains 115,200 atoms) was used, which is larger enough to exclude effect of boundaries.
The process of dislocation reaction with twin planes is a process of dislocation kink nucleation and migration in essence. Therefore, the activation energy of dislocation reaction with the twin plane is the activation energy for dislocation kink nucleation and migration. Schematics of the kink motion path for the dislocation interacting with the twin plane are plotted in fig. S2. For a given dislocation reaction with the twin plane, several stable configurations of dislocations with different kink pair widths were constructed. By using the nudged elastic band method, the activation energy for dislocation kink nucleation (Ef) and migration (Em) can be obtained (38). The activation energy Q of the dislocation reaction with the twin plane was then obtained according to Q = 2Ef + Em(39). The calculated results are summarized in Table 1 and table S1.
(10)where Q0 is the activation energy at temperature of 0 K and stress of 0 GPa; τTB is the barrier strength; p and q are the energy barrier shape parameters. The fitted parameters in Eq. 10 for different dislocation reactions are plotted in fig. S3 and summarized in table S2. When the activation energy reaches zero, the corresponding shear stress is the barrier strength.
Fig. S1. Dislocation energy as function of supercell size.
Fig. S2. Schematic of process for dislocation reaction with twin plane.
Fig. S3. Calculated shear stress–dependent activation energy of dislocation reaction with twin plane.
Fig. S4. Hardness of nt-diamond at grain size of 125 nm.
Table S1. Calculated kink energy Ef and activation energy Wm of kink migration for dislocation reactions by slip transfer mode.
Table S2. Fitted parameters used in Eq. 10.
Table S3. The parameters used to calculate the critical resolved shear stress of slip transfer mode, confined layer slip mode, and paralleled to twin plane slip mode.
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Acknowledgments: We thank two anonymous reviewers for their feedback on this manuscript. Funding: This work supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 51771165, 51372215, and 51332005) and NSF (grant no. EAR-1361276). Author contributions: B.W. conceived the project. J.X., H.Y., and X.W. constructed the dislocation structure. J.X. performed all calculations. J.X., B.W., F.Y., and P.L. analyzed the calculated results. J.X., B.W., Y.W., X.Z., and Y.T. co-wrote the paper. All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Data and materials availability: All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials. Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors.
The unprecedented hardness of nt-diamond originates from high lattice frictional stress and high athermal stress.
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I want to know that, is there any API here by which I can get the specifications and brands of the mobile phones? I want to use it in my wordpress blog site to show the information of mobile phones.
I am sorry if it is irrelevant Kindly help me!!!
Unfortunately, there is no API to provide that information at this time as our primary focus is to detect devices based on their HTTP requests and provide developers information about the device's capabilities.
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Ask most people if they’re stressed and their answer will be an automatic, exasperated “YES!” While many realize it’s not exactly fun to live with the burden of stress, most of us brush it off like it’s no big deal. Unfortunately, a lot of us don’t realize just how negatively it can impact our health, and in turn, our overall quality of life. Stress can sabotage all of our hard-working efforts to live a healthy, simple life. Even if we ate perfectly PFC balanced 100% of the time, exercised just the right amounts, and consistently took the highest quality supplements, all that hard work goes out the window if stress overshadows it all.
Acute vs. Chronic Stress: The two types of stress are acute and chronic. Although some short-term stress isn’t necessarily a big deal, any type of stress can interfere with reaching our goals.
Acute: This type of stress is the most common and short-lived, and is associated with everyday stressors. Acute stress can be thrilling in small amounts, but becomes a problem when it persists. Examples of acute stress include meeting deadlines, worrying about being late for an appointment, and getting stuck in traffic. Symptoms of acute stress may include anxiety, headaches, shortness of breath, heart palpitations, and/or muscle pain.
Chronic: This type of stress is a lot more serious and unfortunately, many of us are dealing with it on an ongoing basis. When all those small stressors continue piling up and we fail to manage them, chronic stress develops. This type of stress wears us down and can manifest in many different ways, such as depression, hypertension, insomnia, acne, strokes, weight gain, migraines and more. Many of us have been dealing with chronic stress for months and even years, which is incredibly detrimental to our health. Our bodies are not designed for this type of stress, so in turn, inflammation develops. Since inflammation is the root cause of chronic disease, it’s vital to manage our stress levels to prevent this type of damage.
Stress can manifest in a variety of ways; both physically and emotionally. No matter the culprit, we have the power to change whether it damages our lives or not!
Emotional stress: This type of stress is far too common in today’s world. Examples of emotional stress include worrying, feelings of insecurity, overthinking, sadness, anger and anxiety. While emotional stress may be more difficult to control than physical stress, there are a variety of ways to work on managing it.
Stress causes elevated blood sugars (and high blood sugars lead to weight gain). When we’re stressed, our brain triggers the release of cortisol (our stress hormone). Cortisol causes our blood sugars to rise and the release of another hormone called insulin (our fat-storing hormone), whose main responsibility is to transport sugar from our bloodstream to our cells to be stored. Guess what the sugar is stored as? Fat! While insulin’s action is essential (it is toxic to have a surplus of sugar floating around our blood stream for too long), the downside of insulin being frequently released is that it usually overcompensates. What does that mean for us? Low blood sugars. And what do we crave when we have low blood sugar? Sugar! The spikes and crashes in blood sugars take us on a ride on the blood sugar roller coaster which can lead to a vicious cycle of weight gain and sugar and/or carbohydrate cravings. (Interesting that so often we blame weight gain on our lack of exercise, or the way we are eating (which could certainly be contributors), but we find that so often that what it really comes down to is hormonal balance.) High cortisol levels = increase in insulin secretion = stored fat = weight gain.
Stress depletes our body of nutrients. During times of stress, our body becomes depleted of vital nutrients (especially our B Vitamins which help improve our moods!), even if we eat the perfect balance of PFC. When we can’t utilize the energy from our food, we feel tired and cranky; leading to a continuous cycle of unhealthy habits and a life that isn’t much fun.
Stress reduces our immune function. Stress interferes with our gut health by decreasing the amount of good bacteria and weakening our gut lining. Without a strong gut permeability, it’s easy for toxins and pathogens to enter our bodies. When our immune function is impaired, we are more susceptible to sickness and colds. Sickness leads to even more stress and inflammation in our bodies. Another vicious and not fun cycle.
Stress affects our mood. Stress alters our ability to think clearly because it interferes with the production of our feel-good brain chemicals (serotonin and dopamine) which are made in our gut. The less of these brain chemicals we have, the more likely we are to feel aggravated, moody, sad, and/or angry. Have you ever noticed that you are more likely to get angry or sad about something when you are stressed? It’s not a coincidence.
Everyone deals with stress, and the good news is that we have the power to manage it. Even if you don’t have a lot of stress going on in your life (which I’d applaud you for!) implementing preventative stress management techniques is important to keep you on that track.
Step 1. Determine where your stress is coming from. The first step is to figure out what is causing stress in your life. Work? Family? Money? All of the above? Although we might not be able to change the source of our stress, it is possible to reframe how we handle it.
Step 2. Manage your stress. Stress management is critical both physically and mentally, as outlined in this post. Find a way to manage your stress in a healthy matter to prevent further damage. I’ll cover this in the next post.
Check out my next post for ideas on how to manage or reduce your stress level!
Have you found out the hard way that stress interferes with your health goals? Share in the comments below!
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Marn Grook (also spelt marngrook), literally meaning "Game ball", is a collective name given to a number of traditional Indigenous Australian recreational pastimes believed to have been played at gatherings and celebrations of up to 50 players. It is often confused with a separate indigenous game resembling Association Football known as Woggabaliri. Woggabaliri is recognised by the Australian Sports Commission as the earliest depicted indigenous ball game and is believed to be the subject of William Blandowski's engraving "never let the ball hit the ground" (see picture on right).
Generally speaking observers commented that Marn Grook was a football game which featured Punt kicking and catching a stuffed "ball". It involved large numbers of players, and games were played over an extremely large area. Totemic teams may have been formed, however to observers the game appeared to lack a team objective, having no real rules, scoring or winner. Individual players who consistently exhibited outstanding skills, such as leaping high over others to catch the ball, were often commented on.
Evidence supports such games being played primarily by the Djabwurrung and Jardwadjali people and other tribes in the Wimmera, The Mallee and Millewa regions of western Victoria, Australia (which are commonly associated with the name "Marn Grook"); however, according to some accounts, the range extended to the Wurundjeri in the Yarra Valley, the Gunai people of Gippsland region in Victoria and the Riverina in south western New South Wales. The Walpiri tribe of Central Australia played a very similar kicking and catching game with possum skins known as Pultja.
The earliest accounts emerged decades after the European settlement of Australia, mostly from the colonial Victorian explorers and settlers. The earliest anecdotal account was in 1841, a decade prior to the Victorian gold rush while the written account dates back to 1857. Although the consensus among historians is that marn grook existed before European arrival, not enough is known by anthropologists about the prehistoric customs of Indigenous Australians to determine how long the game had been played in Victoria or elsewhere on the Australian continent.
Marngrook is especially notable as some historians claim it had a role in the Origins of Australian rules football. This connection has become culturally important to many Indigenous Australians, including celebrities and professional footballers from communities in which Australian rules football is highly popular.
2.2 Marn Grook and the australian rules football term "mark"
Robert Brough-Smyth, in an 1878 book The Aborigines of Victoria, quoted William Thomas, a Protector of Aborigines in Victoria, who stated that in about 1841 he had witnessed Wurundjeri Aborigines playing the game.
The men and boys joyfully assemble when this game is to be played. One makes a ball of possum skin, somewhat elastic, but firm and strong. ...The players of this game do not throw the ball as a white man might do, but drop it and at the same time kicks it with his foot, using the instep for that purpose. ...The tallest men have the best chances in this game. ...Some of them will leap as high as five feet from the ground to catch the ball. The person who secures the ball kicks it. ...This continues for hours and the natives never seem to tire of the exercise.
The game was a favourite of the Wurundjeri-william clan and the two teams were sometimes based on the traditional totemic moeties of Bunjil (eagle) and Waang (crow). Robert Brough-Smyth saw the game played at Coranderrk Mission Station, where ngurungaeta William Barak discouraged the playing of imported games like cricket and encouraged the traditional native game of marn grook.
An 1857 sketch found in 2007 describes an observation by Victorian scientist William Blandowski, of the Latjilatji people playing a football game near Merbein, on his expedition to the junction of the Murray and Darling Rivers. However the Australian Sports Commission considers this sketch to be depicting Woggabaliri, a football game more closely resembling Association Football than Australian Rules Football.
A group of children is playing with a ball. The ball is made out of typha roots (roots of the bulrush). It is not thrown or hit with a bat, but is kicked up in the air with a foot. The aim of the game – never let the ball touch the ground.
What I can say for certain is that it's the first image of any kind of football that's been discovered in Australia. It pre-dates the first European images of any kind of football, by almost ten years in Australia. Whether or not there is a link between the two games in some way for me is immaterial because it really highlights that games such as Marn Grook, which is one of the names for Aboriginal football, were played by Aborigines and should be celebrated in their own right.
This game of ball-playing was also practised among the Kurnai, the Wolgal (Tumut river people), the Wotjoballuk as well as by the Woiworung, and was probably known to most tribes of south-eastern Australia. The Kurnai made the ball from the scrotum of an "old man kangaroo", the Woiworung made it of tightly rolled up pieces of possum skin. It was called by them "mangurt". In this tribe the two exogamous divisions, Bunjil and Waa, played on opposite sides. The Wotjoballuk also played this game, with Krokitch on one side and Gamutch on the other. The mangurt was sent as a token of friendship from one to another.
—As written by Col Hutchison on the plaque at Moyston donated by the Australian Football League in 1998.
Tom Wills monument in Moyston makes a strong claim to the Marngrook connection.
Some commentators, including Martin Flanagan, Jim Poulter and Col Hutchison postulate that Tom Wills could have been inspired by Marngrook.
The theory hinges on evidence which is largely circumstantial and anecdotal. The tribe was one that is believed to have played marngrook. However the relationship of the Wills family with local Djabwurrung people is well documented.
Wills was raised in Victoria's western districts. As the only white child in the district, it is said that he was fluent in the local dialect and frequently played with local Aboriginal children on his father's property, Lexington, in outside of the town of Moyston. This story has been passed down through the generations of his family.
Col Hutchison, former historian for the AFL wrote in support of the theory postulated by Flanagan, and his account appears on an official AFL memorial to Tom Wills in Moyston erected in 1998.
Understandably, the appealing idea that Australian Football is a truly Australian native game recognising the indigenous people, rather than deriving solely from a colonial dependence upon the British background, has been uncritically embraced and accepted. Sadly, this emotional belief lacks any intellectual credibility.
Hibbin's account was widely publicised and caused significant controversy and deeply offended prominent indigenous Australians who openly criticised the publication.
Advocates of these theories have drawn comparisons in the catching of the kicked ball (the mark) and the high jumping to catch the ball (the spectacular mark) that have been attributes of both games. However, the connection is speculative. For instance spectacular high marking did not emerge in Australian rules football until the 1880s.
Marn Grook and the australian rules football term "mark"
Some claim that the origin of the Australian rules term mark, meaning a clean, fair catch of a kicked ball, followed by a free kick, is derived from the Aboriginal word mumarki used in Marn Grook, and meaning "to catch". However, the term "mark" has been used for a catch in both rugby football (the first recorded rule of Rugby football was the "fair catch" or mark rule to protect players) and early Association football in Britain since the 1830s—)—so the claim may well be a false etymology. The term is still used worldwide in Rugby Union in reference to a fair catch by a player who calls "mark" when catching a ball inside their team's 22 metre line. The application of the word "mark" in "foot-ball" (and in many other games) dates to the Elizabethan era and is likely derived from the practice where a player marks the ground to show where a catch had been taken or where the ball should be placed. The use of the word "mark" to indicate an "impression or trace forming a sign" on the ground dates to c1200.
Due to the theories of shared origins, Marngrook features heavily in Australian rules football and Indigenous culture.
Marn Grook (documentary) was first released in 1996.
In 2002, in a game at Stadium Australia, the Sydney Swans and Essendon Football Club began to compete for the Marngrook Trophy, awarded after home-and-away matches each year between the two teams in the Australian Football League. Though it commemorates marngrook, the match is played under normal rules of the AFL, rather than the traditional aboriginal game.
The Marngrook Footy Show an indigenous variation of the AFL Footy Show began in Melbourne in 2007 and has since been broadcast on National Indigenous Television, ABC 2 and Channel 31.
^ The Sports Factor, ABC Radio National, program first broadcast on 5 September 2008.
^ Morrissey, Tim (15 May 2008). "Goodes racist, says AFL historian". Herald Sun. http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/sport/afl/story/0,26576,23701120-19742,00.html.
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The 1998 Winter Olympics, officially the XVIII Olympic Winter Games (French: Les XVIIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver) (Japanese: 第十八回オリンピック冬季競技大会, Dai Jūhachi-kai Orinpikku Tōkikyōgi Taikai), and commonly known as Nagano 1998, was a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 7 to 22 February 1998 in Nagano, Japan.
72 nations and 2,176 participants contested in 7 sports and 68 events at 15 venues. The Games saw the introduction of women's ice hockey, curling and snowboarding. National Hockey League players were allowed to participate in the men's ice hockey.
Other candidate cities for the 1998 Olympics were Aosta, Italy; Jaca, Spain; Östersund, Sweden; and Salt Lake City, United States. The host city selection was held in Birmingham, United Kingdom, on 15 June 1991, at the 97th IOC session. Nagano prevailed over Salt Lake City by just 4 votes. In June 1995, Salt Lake was chosen as the host of the following 2002 Winter Olympics.
The Nagano Olympic bid committee spent approximately $14 million to entertain the 62 International Olympic Committee members and many of their companions. The precise figures are unknown since Nagano, after the IOC asked that the entertainment expenditures not be made public, destroyed the financial records.
United States CBS Sports, Turner Sports In the United States, this was CBS' last of three cycles as Winter Olympic broadcast partner. Turner Sports, through TNT, had been its cable television partner for the three competitions CBS was contracted to carry.
NBC, which had aired the Summer Olympics since 1988, took over the Winter Olympics beginning with the Salt Lake City Games, and its family of networks has been the exclusive home for the Olympics in the United States ever since.
There were 68 events contested in 7 sports (14 disciplines).
The Oxford Olympics Study established the outturn cost of the Nagano 1998 Winter Olympics at USD 2.2 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 56% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, (i) operational costs incurred by the organizing committee for the purpose of staging the Games, e.g., expenditures for technology, transportation, workforce, administration, security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services, and (ii) direct capital costs incurred by the host city and country or private investors to build, e.g., the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. Indirect capital costs are not included, such as for road, rail, or airport infrastructure, or for hotel upgrades or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly related to staging the Games. The cost and cost overrun for Nagano 1998 compares with costs of USD 2.5 billion and a cost overrun of 13% for Vancouver 2010, and costs of USD 51 billion and a cost overrun of 289% for Sochi 2014, the latter being the most costly Olympics to date. Average cost for Winter Games since 1960 is USD 3.1 billion, average cost overrun is 142%.
72 nations participated in the 1998 Winter Olympic Games. The nations Azerbaijan, Kenya, Macedonia, Uruguay, and Venezuela participated in their first Winter Olympic Games.
↑ The emblem represents a flower, with each petal representing an athlete practicing a different winter sport. It can also be seen as a snowflake, thus the name "Snowflower" was given to it.
↑ Flyvbjerg, Bent; Stewart, Allison; Budzier, Alexander (2016). The Oxford Olympics Study 2016: Cost and Cost Overrun at the Games. Oxford: Saïd Business School Working Papers (Oxford: University of Oxford). pp. 9–13. SSRN 2804554 .
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Question: Should we light the Chanukiyah if we are sleeping in an open field?
Answer: The Meharsham rules that one has to be in a house, even a temporary one, to be obligated to light (Shut Meharsham vol. 4 #146). Ha-Gaon Ha-Rav Eliezer Waldenberg gave a "chiddush" (innovative ruling) that it is permissible to light in a field (Shut Tzitz Eliezer 15:29), but this is a big "chiddush." Therefore, one should not light in a field.
Question: Should we kindle Chanukah lights with a blessing at a Chanukah party in the army?
Answer: If the party is in the mess hall, it is like the residence of the soldiers and it is permissible to light with a blessing. But if it is just a hall, one should not recite the blessing. We also light with a blessing in a shul in order to publicize the miracle of Chanukah (Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chaim 671:7), and this would seemingly also to apply to a hall, but the custom is that we only do so in a shul and we do not add to this custom. Thus, if the soldiers are davening minchah or maariv in the hall, it can be considered a shul and it would be permissible to light with a blessing (Yalkut Yosef – Moadim p. 204 note #43 and Hilchot Chanukah of RavHarari p. 98 note #23).
Question: Is there an obligation to light Chanukah lights in an army tent?
Answer: Chanukah lights require a house. A tent is a house. A house does not have to be made of wood and stones; it can also be made of fabric, and a temporary house is also considered a house (Yalkut Yosef – Moadim p. 208). A tent for shelter, however, is not considered a house since it does not have the minimum size of 4 amah by 4 amah (6 feet x 6 feet). It is too small and it cannot function as a house. Therefore, if a soldier is sleeping in a tent for shelter, he is exempt from lighting for Chanukah and he has three options: 1. His family can light for him at home. 2. He can light in the army mess hall. 3. He can light in the army shul.
Question: When there is no choice, it is permissible to use an electric flashlight for Chanukah lights? For example, in a tent when there is a fear of it lighting on fire.
Answer: Regarding Chanukah lights, an electric flashlight is not considered a light because it does not possess oil or a wick, and it is possible that it does not contain the minimum amount of power that it must be lit (Shut She'eilat Shlomo 1, p. 199). Therefore, if there is a question, do not light at all.
Question: Should someone on guard duty light in his guard house?
Answer: Yes. It is his temporary residence (Yalkut Yosef – Moadim p. 208). It is also a nice way of publicizing of the miracle.
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Heather, mark the first week of December "Walt Disney World vacation" on your calendar since this is an excellent week to visit Mickey.
In early December, the holidays are in full swing at WDW, but the crowds are not. The resorts and parks are decked out in beautiful, well themed, festive decor and several Christmas celebrations are held. Hundreds of Christmas trees, thousands of poinsettias, and millions of lights create a magical holiday atmosphere. Plus the weather tends to be mild and sunny, but pack a light jacket and pants for possible cooler evenings and mornings.
Consider purchasing tickets for Mickey's Very Merry Christmas Party in the Magic Kingdom. Held only on certain evenings during the holiday season, this event offers snow falling on Main Street, U.S.A., cookies and hot chocolate, characters attired in their holiday finery, and most popular rides are open. Another special holiday event is Epcot's Candlelight Processional. A spectacular retelling of the nativity story with an orchestra, a choir of hundreds, and a celebrity narrator, this event is included in your admission to the park.
No need to lug along a car seat. Child seats are not required on Disney's Magical Express or on the WDW bus system.
Planning a first trip to WDW can be a bit overwhelming. Please contact me again if you have any questions about resorts, tickets, restaurants, rides, or any other aspect. I would love to help you plan a magical vacation for your family.
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0.96565 |
World War II killed more people, involved more nations, and cost more money than any other war in history. Altogether, 70 million people served in the armed forces during the war, and 17 million combatants died. Civilian deaths were ever greater. At least 19 million Soviet civilians, 10 million Chinese, and 6 million European Jews lost their lives during the war.
World War II was truly a global war. Some 70 nations took part in the conflict, and fighting took place on the continents of Africa, Asia, and Europe, as well as on the high seas. Entire societies participated as soldiers or as war workers, while others were persecuted as victims of occupation and mass murder.
World War II cost the United States a million causalities and nearly 400,000 deaths. In both domestic and foreign affairs, its consequences were far-reaching. It ended the Depression, brought millions of married women into the workforce, initiated sweeping changes in the lives of the nation's minority groups, and dramatically expanded government's presence in American life.
On September 1, 1939, World War II started when Germany invaded Poland. By November 1942, the Axis powers controlled territory from Norway to North Africa and from France to the Soviet Union. After defeating the Axis in North Africa in May 1941, the United States and its Allies invaded Sicily in July 1943 and forced Italy to surrender in September. On D-Day, June 6, 1944, the Allies landed in Northern France. In December, a German counteroffensive (the Battle of the Bulge) failed. Germany surrendered in May 1945.
The United States entered the war following a surprise attack by Japan on the U.S. Pacific fleet in Hawaii. The United States and its Allies halted Japanese expansion at the Battle of Midway in June 1942 and in other campaigns in the South Pacific. From 1943 to August 1945, the Allies hopped from island to island across the Central Pacific and also battled the Japanese in China, Burma, and India. Japan agreed to surrender on August 14, 1945 after the United States dropped the first atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
1. The war ended Depression unemployment and dramatically expanded government's presence in American life. It led the federal government to create a War Production Board to oversee conversion to a wartime economy and the Office of Price Administration to set prices on many items and to supervise a rationing system.
2. During the war, African Americans, women, and Mexican Americans founded new opportunities in industry. But Japanese Americans living on the Pacific coast were relocated from their homes and placed in internment camps.
In 1939, Albert Einstein wrote a letter to President Roosevelt, warning him that the Nazis might be able to build an atomic bomb. On December 2, 1942, Enrico Fermi, an Italian refugee, produced the first self-sustained, controlled nuclear chain reaction in Chicago.
To ensure that the United States developed a bomb before Nazi Germany did, the federal government started the secret $2 billion Manhattan Project. On July 16, 1945, in the New Mexico desert near Alamogordo, the Manhattan Project's scientists exploded the first atomic bomb.
It was during the Potsdam negotiations that President Harry Truman learned that American scientists had tested the first atomic bomb. On August 6, 1945, the Enola Gay, a B-29 Superfortress, released an atomic bomb over Hiroshima, Japan. Between 80,000 and 140,000 people were killed or fatally wounded. Three days later, a second bomb fell on Nagasaki. About 35,000 people were killed. The following day Japan sued for peace.
President Truman's defenders argued that the bombs ended the war quickly, avoiding the necessity of a costly invasion and the probable loss of tens of thousands of American lives and hundreds of thousands of Japanese lives. His critics argued that the war might have ended even without the atomic bombings. They maintained that the Japanese economy would have been strangled by a continued naval blockade, and that Japan could have been forced to surrender by conventional firebombing or by a demonstration of the atomic bomb's power.
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What does it mean to have a “prepared mind”? A “prepared mind” is a mind ready for anything, a mind that acknowledges the role played by chance but which has the will to accomplish remarkable things. It has been noted before that a “prepared mind” is key to making discoveries, be they in the medical field or in science. By ensuring that you keep a “prepared mind” you are ensuring that are ready for whatever life throws at you and ready to improve not only your own life, but the lives of others.
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Write a note on the Advantages of Networks.
Share hardware resources: A network provides us a facility where each computer can access and use various hardware equipment which might be too costly to be provided for each user. As explained in the above example, an employee can print a document from a printer, even if it is not attached to his computer.
Share data and information: Any authorized user has a facility to access data and information stored on other computers in the network. An online data sharing provides us with a facility of airline or railway ticket reservations.
that provides the limited user legal license, This feature saves on the costs of software and enhances the information sharing amongst users.
Communicate easily: People connected in a network can communicate- quite easily and efficiently via e-mail, telephone and video conferences. E-mail messages can be transferred in seconds to some other users. With telephony and video conferences, users in geographically dispersed areas can conduct meetings.
Broaden network sizes: As network exist in various sizes, i.e. from a small network connecting two computers to a global network such as the Internet, which connects millions of computer around the world.
See all related question in Information Management System in Tourism .
Discuss the various factors to be looked upon while telecommunication planning.
Discuss regarding the various Telecommunication Carriers.
Discuss the various trends in Telecommunications.
Describe Client and Server Architecture.
Describe TCP/IP protocol suite briefly.
Describe the various Network Topologies.
See full list of related question in Information Management System in Tourism .
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What is the temperature of ice? The answer is that it depends on the temperature under which it forms. It can be anywhere from absolute zero to 32 °F. At 32 °F, of course, it starts to melt. An ice rink will have temperatures anywhere from the mid-teens to the upper twenties, as the type of ice preferred is different depending upon the use. Colder ice is generally used for hockey, while figure skaters generally prefer warmer ice. The National Hockey League specifies that ice temperature should be 25 °F, with ambient temperature of 58 °F and relative humidity between 35 and 40 percent. Still, ice conditions will vary depending upon type and quality of water among other factors.
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0.999892 |
Vriddhi is the 11th Nitya Yoga, which is ruled by Sūrya and considered to be benefic. Its effect usually described as "ascending", "augmentation" or "increase". Graha, who's ruling Vriddhi, is Buddha.
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Consumer collection law firm, Druckman & Sinel, LLP, attempted to add $35,409 in "fees and late charges" to a foreclosure judgment in a collection demand letter. After being sued for it under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act ("FDCPA"), it attempted to immunize itself from liability by asserting the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, a preclusionary rule that prohibits challenging state court judgments in federal court. The case is Schuh v. Druckman out of the Southern District of New York.
The Plaintiffs in Schuh did not challenge the validity of the underlying state court judgment. Rather, they were challenging Druckman's attempt to tack on unauthorized amounts to that judgment. In other words, the conduct complained of occurred after the judgment was entered.
The Rooker-Feldman doctrine, as defined in Hoblock v. Albany County Bd. of Elections bars a federal court from exercising subject matter jurisdiction if: (1) the plaintiff lost in state court; (2) the injuries complained of in federal court are the same injuries caused by state-court judgment; (3) the plaintiff asks the federal court to review and reject the state court judgment; and (4) the state-court judgment was rendered before federal court proceedings began.
The court relied on Todd v. Weltman, Weinberg & Reis Co. L.P.A. and cited to Wyles v. Excalibur I, LLC to conclude that the FDCPA indeed holds collectors responsible for debt collection misbehavior related to the prosecution of the lawsuit and collection of the judgment itself.
Aside from the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, Druckman unsuccessfully raised res judicata and collateral estoppel, cousins of the Rooker-Feldman Doctrine, that also bar matters previously litigated and decided between the parties.
Druckman misapplied the FDCPA elsewhere. Druckman inartfully pleaded litigation immunity, which doesn't exist in this context. Druckman speciously argued that the case was time-barred claiming that the accrual date related back to the initial proceeding. That argument failed because the violative letter independently violated the FDCPA and did not amount to a "continuing violation."
422 F.3d 77, 84 (2d Cir.2005).
434 F.3d 432, 437 (6th Cir.2006) (FDCPA claim brought in federal court based on affidavit submitted in prior state court debt default proceedings not barred by Rooker-Feldman doctrine).
2006 WL 2583200, (D.Minn. Sept. 7, 2006) (Debt collection practices that led to the judgment is actionable).
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0.993851 |
Annuity received during the year, is it an exempt income?
Is the annuity received as an income also part of tax deduction. E. G 1500x12=18000 annuity paid during the year. Must I also include it as a deduction or is it an exempt income?
Annuities received are taxable income, also the institution paying the annuity should issue you with a certificate stating the total income and if any tax was deducted. The income is declared under the other income or annuity income.
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Taxonomic corpus-based concept summary generation for document annotation.
Semantic annotation is an enabling technology which links documents to concepts that unambiguously describe their content. Annotation improves access to document contents for both humans and software agents. However, the annotation process is a challenging task as annotators often have to select from thousands of potentially relevant concepts from controlled vocabularies. The best approaches to assist in this task rely on reusing the annotations of an annotated corpus. In the absence of a pre-annotated corpus, alternative approaches suffer due to insufficient descriptive texts for concepts in most vocabularies. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised method for recommending document annotations based on generating node descriptors from an external corpus. We exploit knowledge of the taxonomic structure of a thesaurus to ensure that effective descriptors (concept summaries) are generated for concepts. Our evaluation on recommending annotations show that the content that we generate effectively represents the concepts. Also, our approach outperforms those which rely on information from a thesaurus alone and is comparable with supervised approaches.
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How to be a Photographer!
Buying a digital camera online can be very intimidating, but its not as hard as you might think. One of the best ways is to read through every single comment left on a product page, to get a better feel for just how the camera actually functions. Try looking at third party websites like amazon or B & H photo, rather than the maker's website.
Your camera obviously has an owner's guide, right? Find it underneath your bed, or on-line, and read through the whole thing, at least twice. Don't skip functions you don't think you need, because you don't really understand what you'll need yet, do you? You should also go through search engines and use an approach I like to call "Searching for Questions" - enter any question you have about your camera on-line, and if you're clever, you're likely to find it has already been answered on some forum or blog somewhere, where you can then get the answer. Make no mistake - you will need to read a LOT of articles before you can call yourself a guru, but this is so often the case in life.
Practice taking images as much as you can. Take an overwhelming amount of photos. Hard drive space is inexpensive, after all!
One of the best ways to start working is by emulation. You can go on flickr or just google, and figure out what other photographers inspire you the most. Early on you can attempt to copy their work to help yourself learn, and gradually you'll know enough that you might want to branch out into your own style, and be your own photographer.
You cannot just take a few photos and expect to be brilliant. You constantly need more. Try making folders on your pc that contain your favorites for the week, month, year, etc, and your current day absolute best, and constantly update them.
Once you have made your own portfolio, the next thing you need is your own website. There are a lot of no-cost sites out there that you can find just by searching, and you can use them to get started pretty fast. Set yourself up with what you are able to, but make it a goal in mind to have a real formal dot com as soon as you can.
Don't forget that you will need a profile on the big social networking websites too. Facebook and twitter are fairly popular right now, but don't disregard other types of networks. You probably want to at minimum include ones you notice that your close friends or prospective photography clients are using. Don't forget to customize each profile with your bio, photographs, and links back to your primary web site. You can promote each one in addition to your main web site and see even more results.
And it does not end here. Even after you get up to this point, even though you may know how to become an exceptionalphotographer, you should always continue learning. You should also continue taking great pictures, and researching better ways to market. It may all sound exhausting, but that is the price you must pay to have one of the most entertaining and rewarding pastimes / occupations around.
Even while we understand this post is definately not all inclusive, hopefully it has helped you in some way to becoming a great photographer. If you found this valuable, kindly lend your support by giving us a hyperlink and a shout out. We bid you all the best in your voyage towards great digital photography!
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Who do you think will win North Carolina?
Despite having a reputation as a solidly Republican state, North Carolina has a long history as a closely contested state between the two major parties. The state hasn't gone for a Democratic candidate since 1976 when Jimmy Carter carried it but it has been close at times, particularly in 1992 when George H. W. Bush narrowly won it, and has a history of electing Democrats statewide.
Like Virginia, North Carolina is one of those states likely to determine whether this election will be close or whether Obama wins comfortably.
In 2008, the state has been put in play for a variety of reasons. The economy has overtaken the kinds of social and cultural issues that have helped Republicans in this mostly-conservative state as the issue driving voter concerns, as has been the case across the nation. A large black population is expected to give Barack Obama a significant boost and the technological area surrounding Raleigh, Durham and Chapel Hill is loaded with the demographics which have backed Obama throughout this election.
The tilting landscape has put incumbent Senator Elizabeth Dole in danger of losing her seat and forced John McCain to revisit the state just three weeks before Election Day. Like Virginia, North Carolina is one of those states likely to determine whether this election will be close or whether Obama wins comfortably.
Make picks for each state to build a path to electoral college victory.
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Brand loyalty refers to the extent by which consumers become faithful to a particular brand. This is expressed by their repeated purchases, regardless of the marketing pressure brought by other competing brands. In this case the customers will stick to that particular brand irrespective of the prices even if there are similar brands in the market. Brand loyalty is a consumer behavior depicted by loyal customers and will therefore be affected by personal preferences. In this regard therefore, brand loyalty will have an effect on purchases made of the product. It may also affect the customer’s ability to decide whether or not to buy that particular product. This essay therefore, is based on the influence brand loyalty has on the customer behavior and the product. The relationship between brand loyalty and customer preference has made companies to use different strategies to cultivate and get the attention of loyal customers. Some of these strategies include: the use of loyalty programs (e.g. rewards) or trials and incentives. The main argument in this paper is therefore, geared towards answering the question: Is the use of rewards and loyalty cards an effective way to build brand loyalty?
The principle behind loyalty programs believe that if certain behaviors are rewarded chances are very high that they will be repeated. Loyalty programs have therefore been used a tools to promote marketing by encouraging repeated purchase of certain products. Such programs have evolved externally and operate independently of the traditional strategies of store, pricing, and quality decisions. Two types of rewards offered by loyalty programs can be distinguished based on whether they have hard or soft benefits. Hard rewards are generally tangible e.g. discounts while soft rewards include special communication and good treatment. Soft benefits are in most cases emotion based. A lot of research has been done to emphasize on the use of the right choice of rewards for a loyalty program (Bridson, Evans, & Hickman, 2008).
Store satisfaction refers to the consumer’s fulfillment response. It is a personal judgment of whether a product or service provides a certain level of fulfillment to the consumer. Therefore, the consumer maybe under fulfilled or over fulfilled by the product or service. Store loyalty is a biased behavioral response by some customers towards one store out of a number of stores. This is usually a function of certain psychological processes e.g. decision making that makes a customer be committed to a certain brand. It refers to more than just the commitment to a store but rather brings in some extent of preference and dedication (Chaudhuri, 1995). Loyalty was mainly measured by the number if times a customer makes repeated purchases to a given product. Therefore it mainly incorporated the behavioral aspect if the customer. Loyalty if directly linked to sales which is the main goal of most business organizations. However, the concept of loyalty has evolved, with people recognizing the fact that loyalty is more than just behavior alone. Loyalty consists of both behavioral and attitudinal aspects. In this regard loyalty has been linked to repeated purchase and positive word of mouth by the customers .
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Time delays are intrinsic features for various practical systems in engineering, biology, chemistry, economics, mechanics, physics, physiology, population dynamics, and so on. Unfortunately, systems with time delays are difficult to deal with because they belong to the infinite dimensional differential functional equations. Most of existing works on time-delayed systems focus on bounded time-delays, and various approaches to stability analysis and controller synthesis have been developed. Recently, there are increasing interests in systems with infinite delays as infinite delays indeed exist in some real-world systems, such as the HIV spread model, the oscillator model, the traffic flow model, the neural network model, and so on. Infinite delays, also known as unbounded delays, are more general but also more difficult to deal with. Infinite delays can be classified as either time-varying infinite delays or distributed infinite delays. The major challenges in dealing with infinite delays, especially in control of systems with infinite delays, include limitations of analysis and synthesis tools, the sensitivity of solutions to initial conditions, and mathematical complexity.
A group of researchers at the City University of Hong Kong, Department of Biomedical Engineering: Dr. Xiang Xu, Dr. Lu Liu and Professor Gang Feng investigated the stabilization problem of systems with distributed infinite delays at the input. They developed two low gain feedback controllers, for two different classes of linear systems with distributed infinite input delays. They considered two cases where the first case comprised of unstable eigenvalues at the imaginary axis while the second case consisted of unstable eigenvalues at the origin. Furthermore, they showed that the proposed low gain controllers could be used to stabilize those linear systems with a distributed infinite input delay. Their research work is published in the research journal, Automatica.
The authors observed that the linear system could be globally stabilized asymptotically by using the low gain controllers. Consequently, the use of low gain feedback in solving stabilization problems of linear systems with distributed infinite delays at the input was efficiently confirmed. This was attributed to the fact that the results were based on the stability results of the systems with infinite delays. Furthermore, unlike in the previous studies, the authors noted that the existing results in the literature concerning the bounded distributed input delays as well as constant input delays were both considered special with regard to the new results obtained.
The study by City University of Hong Kong scientists is the first to successfully solve stabilization problems of linear systems with distributed infinite input delays based on low gain feedback controllers. The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed low gain controllers are validated through numerical simulations in two engineering systems. Their new method provides a powerful and useful basis in further study of systems with infinite delays, and also provides a great potential for their applications in real-world systems.
P.S The authors acknowledge the support by the research Grants Council of Hong Kong under grant CityU-11206817.
Xiang Xu received the Bachelor of Engineering degree in Automation from Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China in 2014 and the Ph.D. degree in City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong in 2018. He is currently a Postdoctoral Fellow in City University of Hong Kong. His research interests include multi-agent systems and time-delay systems.
Lu Liu received her Ph.D. degree in 2008 in the Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR. From 2009 to 2012, she was an Assistant Professor in The University of Tokyo, Japan, and then a Lecturer in The University of Nottingham, United Kingdom. After that, she joined City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, where she is currently an Associate Professor at Department of Biomedical Engineering. Her research interests are primarily in multi-agent systems, control theory and applications and biomedical devices.
He has been with City University of Hong Kong since 2000 where he is now Chair Professor of Mechatronic Engineering. He was lecturer/senior lecturer at School of Electrical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia, 1992-1999. He was awarded an Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship in 1997, and the IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems Outstanding Paper Award in 2007, and Changjiang chair professorship from Education Ministry of China in 2009.
His current research interests include multi-agent systems and control, intelligent systems and control, and networked systems and control. Prof. Feng is an IEEE Fellow, has been an associate editor of IEEE Trans. Automatic Control, IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Systems, IEEE Trans. Systems, Man & Cybernetics, Part C, Mechatronics, Journal of Systems Science and Complexity, and Journal of Control Theory and Applications.
Xu, X., Liu, L., & Feng, G. (2018). Stabilization of linear systems with distributed infinite input delays: A low gain approach. Automatica, 94, 396-408.
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0.922129 |
When we say we like a movie, what are we really saying? Sure we can appreciate and admire films for their form or content and we can like them for the ideas they convey or for their beautiful cinematography, but what is it that leads us to say we like a certain film? It’s the feeling they evoke in us. There are film theorists who will go great lengths to describe what signs are present in films that cause us to like them, or the ways in which certain films connote or denote things that make them ‘good’ films. But I don’t think that all that theorizing gets to the heart of what makes us like films. I think the power of film really lies in how they make us feel, rather than certain qualities that might be inherent in the film. How often do we like films solely because of their form or content and cast aside the emotions they evoke in us? Perhaps there are truly genuine film connoisseurs who can look at a film only for the ways in which it excels in terms of its medium (and I’m sure there are), but I find it virtually impossible to separate my emotions from my appreciation for a film while I am watching it. If this makes me an average film spectator, then so be it. I would rather remain an emotional film spectator than take the emotion out of the film-vieweing experience and look at films purely from an intellectual standpoint.
Moments, feelings, thoughts are so fleeting that I don’t know how anyone can ever know for certain how they think or feel about something. This is my experience anyway. I may feel something at one point, but it is rarely constant or continuous, so it is really hard to know how I actually feel. Moments – well these are obviously fleeting, although sometimes we can relive them after they have passed. This can be both dangerous, because it’s not good to live in the past at the expense of missing the present, and beautiful, because you can recreate positive memories, like a happy travel experience, with no detrimental consequences. Thoughts likewise come and go, and sometimes they go too soon, leaving you with no chance to fully formulate them cohesively. This can be extremely frustrating, as can fleeting feelings and moments, not to mention heartbreaking at times. I guess this is life though, at least as I experience it. I am curious if other people have similar ailments, as I might call them, because they can sometimes be debilitating, while not physically, certainly emotionally.
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0.999999 |
Just about every business utilizes some sort of customer relationship management (CRM) system. And every business also has some sort of system in place to manage voice communications, whether that be traditional land-lines, voice-over-IP (VoIP), or even using mobile phones. What most businesses do not have today is integration between those two different systems. Although, there are some solutions on the market that tie these separate systems together and companies are starting to drive integration by interfacing their CRM with VoIP technology.
Why would a company want to invest time and resources in driving integration in this area? Below is a summary of benefits to answer that question.
By integrating a CRM with a VoIP system, a company can likely improve automation and eliminate steps entering data into the system. For example, features like “click to dial”, auto pop-up of a contact screen on incoming calls, and auto-creation of an “activity” can be enabled to eliminate a handful of clicks and data-entry steps for a sales person. This can add up to a good amount of time and improved efficiency, which can translate into more time selling and increased sales revenue.
Through integration of a CRM with VoIP, a company will stand to collect two valuable pieces of information: 1) calls logs and 2) call recordings. This information helps the sales staff to easily see when calls were made to their contacts to more effectively manage their activity levels for each contact. In addition, by having access to the call recordings, sales staff can get more information out of each conversation by having the ability to go back and listen to calls again to improve note taking.
When integration of a CRM with VoIP takes place, sales managers will tremendously improve their visibility into what the sales staff is doing, how they are doing, and how much they are doing of it. By looking at the call logs that are produced by this system, a sales manager can easily see and manage sale staff activity levels and this can help to improve management of resources in terms of reward, disciplinary actions, and sales coaching, helping to decrease sales staff turnover.
When a company integrates their CRM with VoIP, they will be able to more easily manage and access call recording. This can help managers to more easily monitor calls to ensure that messaging and quality of service is on point. These call recording can provide tremendous value when management is looking to invest time and money in the areas of sales training and sales coaching.
With the majority of companies looking to decrease costs, there is a common trend of moving employees to virtual and work-from-home arrangements. The two biggest challenges with remote sales staff is 1) managing productivity and 2) managing effectiveness. With the integration of CRM and VoIP, a manager will have call logs and call recordings and this greatly improves the ability to manage remote sales staff.
Launch Pad Solutions provides the Virtual Sales Force CRM helping companies to improve processes.
This article was published on Sunday 12 December, 2010.
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0.974993 |
Fiddlers Ferry Power Station - The power station at Fiddlers Ferry, photographed as a Long Exposure image, in the early morning, from the opposite side of the River Mersey near Runcorn. This image was commended in the 2013 Take a View 'Landscape Photographer of the Year' competition, and features in the hardback book, and in the exhibition at the National Theatre.
Animals - The iconic Battersea Power Station, South London, reflected in the River Thames. The title is from the Pink Floyd Album 'Animals' released in 1977, the iconic Power Station was the cover star.
Northern Powerhouse - Fiddlers Ferry Power Station, Nr Widnes, Merseyside, a LE image shot at dawn.
Power & Motion - Ratcliffe Power Station, Ratcliffe-on-Soar, Nottinghamshire, UK.
Ratcliffe Power Station I - A LE image of the Towers and chimneys at Ratcliffe Power Station, Nottinghamshire, UK.
Ratcliffe Power Station II _ An image of the Towers and Chimneys at Ratcliffe Power Station, Nottinghamshire, UK, on a misty day.
Ratcliffe Power Station III - An image of the Towers at Ratcliffe Power Station, Nottinghamshire, UK, on a misty day.
Ratcliffe Power Station IIII - An image of (part) of the Power Lines, chimneys and cooling stacks at Ratcliffe Power Station, Ratcliffe-on-Soar, Nottinghamshire, UK.
Fiddlers Ferry - A LE image of the massive cooling stacks, at Fiddlers Ferry Power Station, Nr Widnes, Merseyside, UK.
Drax - The coal fired Power Station at Drax, North Yorkshire, UK.
Stanley Dock - An image of (part) of the former Tobacco warehouse at the Stanley Dock, Liverpool, UK. The 14 storey building spans across 36 acres (150,000 m2) and its construction used 27 million bricks, 30,000 panes of glass!
Shine On - The Iconic Battersea Power Station, South London. The Art Deco Power Station was the cover star of Pink Floyd's 1977 CD 'Animals', one of my favorite bands.
Battersea at Dusk - The iconic Battersea Power Station, a LE image shot at Dusk.
Finnieston Crane - The mighty Finnieston Crane, on the banks of the River Clyde, Glasgow. The mighty Finnieston Crane, reflected in the River Clyde, Glasgow. The crane is no longer in use, but has been retained as a symbol of Glasgow's Engineering Heritage. It's one of a number of massive cranes that used to be in abundance along the banks of the River Clyde. This particular crane was used for loading Locomotives/Ship Boilers/Tanks and such onto boats from the quayside. It's 175 ft tall, with a 152 ft cantilever jib, and has a lifting capacity of 175 tons, and if I was 6, I'd build this out of lego, I think it's fantastic.
Fiddlers Ferry - Light, shade and high drama at Fiddlers Ferry Power Station, Nr Widnes, Merseyside, UK.
Castlefields - The Railway bridges and arches at the Castlefields area of Manchester, a city with a rich industrial heritage, and a fantastic place.
Castlefields - The canals and railway bridges at the Castlefields area of Manchester. I really like the structures, light and reflections in and around here.
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0.999873 |
What we were trying to figure out, as I played an alpha-test version on PS4 over the weekend, was: what type of game is Destiny? How does one describe it? She watched me create a character, customizing the hair and eye color and such. Then the game dropped me immediately into a distinctly Haloesque scenario, although set in a rust-red desert the likes of which I'd never seen in Bungie's previous series.
"So you create that whole character, and then it's a first person shooter?" she asked. It was true. I couldn't see my character that I'd spent so much time on. I started running towards what appeared to be my objective, taking out a few minor enemies. We saw friendlies run by with what seemed to be PlayStation gamer handles above their heads.
After the shooting was over, Destiny automatically teleported me back up to my spaceship, which was orbiting around Earth. I jumped to the Tower, the last city of humans, located on a satellite above the ruined planet I'd been exploring. On the Tower, things were in third-person, and I could see my character running around.
"So, it's an MMO and a shooter," she said.
"I... I guess?" Safe in the Tower, I experimented with the game's controls. I remembered there were buttons that would make my character emote. I pressed one and she started dancing, all alone, to no music.
"It's an MMO," my wife said, in a tone that conveyed finality. "If your character can dance, it's an MMO."
After playing the alpha (which turned out to be more of a vertical slice, a cordoned-off, rather finely polished section of the game) for the weekend, I can say almost certainly that Destiny is probably a shooter combined with a massively multiplayer online game. These seemingly disparate genres are mashed together rather elegantly. You begin in your personal spaceship, hovering over the earth.
If you choose to jump to the Tower, that's a safe space, and you play in third person and can see your character. Here you can do all your housekeeping: Buy new items, examine items you've found on the battlefield, upgrade your ship, et cetera.
If you choose to go to Earth, there are actually three different types (in the alpha, anyway) of experiences. You can choose a "Story" level: This will drop you down into one of Destiny's big open maps, but with a very specific purpose. A voice in your ear will advance the plot of the game and direct you to your objective, and there will be a carefully crafted challenging path for you to follow. Once the big fight at the end of it is over, the mission will end and you'll be automatically jumped back to your ship.
The "free-roaming" level option is where things diverge from the usual point-alpha-to-point-bravo shooter. Choose one of these options – like the Story levels, they have a suggested level that you be at before attempting any of them – and you're dropped down into a certain part of Destiny's vast open world. From here you can go anywhere and do anything you like. This did not work out so well for me. I discovered a tunnel that snaked down from a nondescript building, leading down and down into the sewers where I found a high-level enemy that killed me immediately.
Another time, I followed a series of narrow rooms that led away from the rust-red desert, a series of dimly-lit, dilapidated interior corridors that eventually guided me into another open outdoor area, this one looking like a former highway piled with blown-out old cars. But there wasn't anything to do in this new playground. The only missions that were available turned out to be all the way back through that hallway and in the area I was dropped initially. And I hadn't found anything at all in my explorations, besides a single loot crate that was close to the entrance of that first tunnel I decided to poke around in.
So that's how I learned that the Destiny alpha just wants me to do the damn missions.
Kill guys (I may have already mentioned this one).
This can be a little disappointing when you finish off one mission, head to the next beacon and get literally the exact same mission. There are "special events" that occur randomly when you're just bumming around or even when you're mid-mission. In the alpha, these often took the form of a giant "walker" enemy, like a huge robot spider, getting dumped into the battlefield, and you have a set amount of time to kill it. In the case of these dudes, you could shoot at their legs – you'd know this was doing more than normal damage because the little hit point numbers that popped out were gold instead of yellow – until one of them broke off, and this would cause the bug to fall to the ground so you could attack its weak point for massive damage.
You don't have to do this alone. In fact, you probably couldn't. But of course, there are in fact other people running around there to help you. Bungie says that the other players you see while you roam around Destiny's world do not represent the sum total of other players on your server. The people you're playing with are actually matched to your level. So you're always running around with players of roughly your own skill level, which means you can be put into scenarios like the walker drop where everyone is on even footing.
Speaking of having to deal with other people, it seems like certain parts of the game's campaign will require you to team up with others. Once I was done with the "Story" and "Free Roaming" options, just one remained – a "Strike" mission, in which I had to go defeat some big bad, but had to team up with two other players to do it. (This also means, for PlayStation 4, that the PlayStation Plus online service is required, which is helpfully noted within the menu.) This was easier said than done, since there weren't very many people playing the alpha. But eventually I found two other people and off we went.
The mission, in contrast to the relatively short "Story" one, was lengthy and multi-faceted. It again took place in a bracketed-off area of the Free Roaming portion that I'd seen before. We started off killing guys, but then we went into one of those aforementioned interior tunnels. We made our way down to a machine that we had to hack in order to clear our path. This turned out to be one of those "fight waves of enemies for several minutes while you wait for a progress bar to be filled" type missions. This was where we really encountered a challenge, as the game threw much tougher enemies at the three of us than it had in the solo parts.
Once we got through, and had been playing for quite a while, it still wasn't over. We had to face another spider-robot. This one really started wailing on us and we'd die often. If you die, you either have to wait a very long time to respawn or have someone come over and revive you. If everyone dies (and we did!) you go back to a checkpoint, which in this case turned out to be right before the encounter with the walker.
We were so close. We had it down to a tiny sliver of life. A couple more bullets and – it stopped moving. Everything stopped moving. We'd lost connection to the Destiny servers and were unceremoniously dumped out to the menu. Ouch. I guess that's as good a reminder as any that we're just alpha testers.
There's one more option, when you're up there in outer space: the Crucible. This is not an interactive dramatic re-enactment of the Arthur Miller play that I so desperately wished it was, but the competitive multiplayer. You bring in the armor and weapons you've acquired in the main game, and you're again matched up with players more on your level. Although there will be several different gameplay types in the final version of Destiny, for the alpha it's just a six-versus-six control-points match in which you and your team attempt to reach and hold points on the map for longer than your opponents do.
This is not my thing. Remember that I did play a lot of Titanfall and found to my surprise that the tweaks that Respawn had made to the formula caused this very same type of match to hold my interest. But whereas the Titanfall beta took the control-points match and elevated it, the Destiny alpha takes the same base materials and doesn't seem to do much new with it.
With Crucible not being my cup of tea and the Strike mission off the table, I had nothing else to do but jump back into Free Roaming and do missions. The world of the Destiny alpha feels like a graveyard, and not one of those wacky fun graveyards you hear about. Everything's dead, and nobody's hanging around to witness it. The fact that missions come not from eclectic side characters but from glow sticks, that exploring just finds more outdoorsy areas and uninhabited nondescript passageways, makes wandering and exploring less exciting than it could be. This could turn out not to matter when the Death Star is fully operational, but that was what was running through my head as I played.
It's really quite a fun combination of genres, though. The loop – fight, gather, return to town, equip, repeat – makes sense. It's fun to keep going. It's rewarding to finish a firefight, because you've done more than just survive to see the next firefight. You can take breaks, you can explore... to an extent.
I racked up a few more missions, running and jumping across the remnants of a transport ship that had broken cleanly in half, melee attacking low-level enemies to clear the mission's requirements (kill guys). I leveled up, and the game helpfully informed me that I had reached the level cap for the Destiny alpha. I had nothing more to do. No one was there to celebrate my accomplishment. I stood alone on a broken-down hunk of rusting metal.
I danced alone, to no music.
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0.913331 |
Herbert George Gutman (1928-1985) was a historian and professor of history at Fairleigh Dickinson University and various New York universities. His published works concerned the social and economic structure of American labor. Bulk of the collection consists of Gutman's correspondence and writings. Included are his papers as a student and as a university professor, personal miscellany, research notes, and printed matter. His correspondence with historians, professors of history, academic colleagues, graduate students, and others relates mainly to matters of historical method, to the historiography of the black family and of the working class in America, and to Gutman's and his colleagues' research and writings. Also, papers relative to Gutman's professorships, especially at Fairleigh Dickinson University; manuscripts of his writings including his book The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750-1925 (1976); and personal miscellany such as photographs of Gutman, his family and associates, and audio tape recording. Correspondents include the American Association of University Professors, Howard K. Beale, Merle Curti, Michael Feldberg, John Hope Franklin, Michael A. Gordon, Samuel Pfrimmer Hays, H. Wayne Morgan, Richard B. Morris, Howard H. Quint, Richard Sennett, Martin J. Sklar, Charles Vivier, William Appleman Williams, C. Vann Woodward, and Alfred Young.
Herbert George Gutman (1928-85), historian and university professor was graduated from Queens College in New York (1949), Columbia University (1959), and from the University of Wisconsin (1959) where be received his doctoral degree. His doctoral dissertation dealt with the social and economic structure of American labor during the depression of 1873-74. During his professional teaching career he held professorships of history at Fairleigh Dickinson University (1956-63), the State University of New York at Buffalo (1963-66), the University of Rochester (1966-72), the City College of New York (1972-77), and at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (1977-85). His numerous professional activities included presidency of the New York Labor Historians Association and membership on the board of editors of Labor History and Social History (Hull, England). While at Fairleigh Dickinson he served as president of the Teaneck chapter of the American Association of University Professors. He lectured widely in America and abroad and held the chair (1982-83) in American Civilization at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (Paris). His book The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750-1925 (1976) represented a radical departure from the orthodox historiography of the black in America and won him great critical and popular acclaim. Working with birth registers kept on plantations, census data and other primary sources Gutman demonstrated in his book that the accepted view that the black family had been crippled if not destroyed by slavery was invalid. He showed that the black family in slavery and afterwards was characterized by two-parent households, strong kinship ties and lengthy marriages. His book Slavery and the Numbers Game: A Critique of Time on the Cross was considered the definitive critique of the thesis of Fogel and Engerman that the plantation economy was efficient, profitable, and relatively benign. His other major book was Work, Culture and Society in Industrializing America (1976). At the time of his death he was at work on a book, concerning "Gilded Age Workers and the Remaking of American Capitalism". Gutman was survived by his wife, Judith Mara Gutman, writer, art and cultural historian, and by his daughters, Marta Ruth Gutman and Nell Lisa Gutman.
The bulk of the papers consist of correspondence and writings. Included also are papers as university professor, as student, personal miscellany, research notes, and printed matter. The correspondence (1950-1985) which is sorted only by year is both general and personal and consists of in-coming and out-going correspondence mainly with historians, college and university professors (of history), academic colleagues, graduate students, editors, his literary agent and friends and associates. There is some family correspondence with his wife and children (beginning especially in the 1970s). Many of the correspondents are identified only by first name. The correspondence reflects Gutman's career as graduate student, historian, scholar, lecturer, university professor and researcher. Much of the correspondence relates to methodological and historiographical problems connected with the history of the black family and the working class in America and with the researching, writing and publication of works by Gutman and others working in the same fields. Other matters covered include recommendations for academic appointments, arrangements for seminars, conferences and colloquia grants and fellowships, matters of academic administration, his editorship of Labor History, national politics and personal matters. Included is correspondence with his dissertation supervisor (Howard K. Beale) and correspondence while he was on tour in Africa and while he was a visiting professor in Paris. Correspondents include Milton Cantor, Merle Curti, Michael Feldberg, John Hope Franklin, Michael A. Gordon, Samuel P. Hays, H. Wayne Morgan, Richard B. Morris, Howard H. Quint, Richard Sennett, Martin J. Sklar, Charles Vevier, William Appleman Williams, C. Vann Woodward, and Alfred Young.
The bulk of the papers as university professor consist of correspondence and papers kept by Gutman while on the faculty of Fairleigh Dickinson University. Included is correspondence of Gutman with officials of the University and with the American Association of University Professors regarding violations of academic freedom, disputes about academic policy, allegations of autocratic administration of the University by its president (Peter Sammartino), and the denial of a promotion to Gutman. There are also papers relative to Gutman's other professorships, including proposed courses at the New School for Social Research. The papers are unsorted.
The papers as student (1949-52) include term papers, essays, reviews, lecture notes, and final examinations written by Gutman for graduate courses in history and philosophy at Columbia University. There are also records of preliminary examinations taken for the doctoral degree.
The personal miscellany includes a few royalty statements and contracts with publishers, a pocket diary (1959) kept while on trip to Africa, personal bills and receipts, a few snapshots of Gutman and others, and records of college grades. The research notes are for his writings in social history. The printed matter includes clips of reviews of Gutman's books, flyers announcing his lectures, and reprints of scholarly articles by others.
Additions 87 M 18; 87 M 75.
These additional papers consist of correspondence, papers as university professor, papers as student, personal miscellany, writings, research notes, printed ephemera, bills and receipts, and unsorted papers. The correspondence (1950-85) which is sorted only by year and which is similar in content at the previous accession is mainly with historians, professors of history, academic colleagues and graduate students. Included is correspondence relative to Dr. Vera Shlakman who was dismissed from the faculty of Queens College for refusing to testify about her political beliefs before a U. S. Senate subcommittee on internal security. There is also correspondence relative to Gutman's service on the board of the New York Council for the Humanities and some correspondence with historians and students in the People's Republic of China. Correspondents include Howard K. Beale, Ira Berlin, Milton Cantor, Michael Feldberg, John Hope Franklin, Robert W. Fogel, Eugene Genovese, Aileen S. Kraditor, Richard B. Morris, C. Vann WOODWARD, and Alfred S. Young. Many correspondents are identified only by first name. A few items of correspondence in Box 20 have been sealed and restricted until the year 2020.
The papers as university professor relate to Gutman's professorships at Fairleigh Dickinson University, University of Rochester, State University of New York at Buffalo, and as visiting professor at Smith College. Included are copies of syllabi of courses given, reading lists, texts of end of course examinations, administrative memoranda, reports, and some correspondence. Included are papers relative to the German-American Symposium, Baltimore (1984), the Conference on the Historiography of Education and Work, Stanford (1979), and the Conference of American and Hungarian Historians, Budapest (1982). There are also papers relative to the American Studies Delegation to China (1984) in which Gutman participated, and papers relative to the American Working Class History Project at the City University of New York. A few papers have been sealed and restricted until the year 2020 and placed in Box 20.
The papers as student include syllabi, notes and term papers kept at Queens College, Columbia University, and the University of Wisconsin. Included are typescripts of Gutman's masters thesis ("Early Effects of the Depression of 1873 upon the Working Classes in New York City") and of his doctoral thesis ("Social and Economic Structure and Depression: American Labor in 1873 and 1874").
The personal miscellany includes address and pocket memorandum books, membership certificates, and photographs of Gutman, his family and associates. There is also an audio tape recording (3" reel) recorded 2/12/71 (unidentified as to content).
The writings consist of an original typescript and galley proofs with editorial corrections of The Black Family..., unsorted drafts of earlier chapter versions; and typescript (and reprints) of Gutman's scholarly articles, monographs, conference papers, and reviews. There are also scripts of writings by others.
The research notes concern mainly slavery, coal miners and industrial labor in the Gilded Age.
The printed ephemera includes clippings of reviews of The Black Family... The unsorted papers consist mainly of unidentified papers and fragments of notes, writings, memoranda.
One folder of oversized genealogical charts prepared for his book The Black Family... has been filed in the charter case.
No photocopying until year 2000 without permission of Curator of Manuscripts; two folders of correspondence restricted until year 2010 and two folders of papers restricted until the year 2020.
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0.95501 |
1. Make an equipment checklist. It's impossible to keep everything in your head, so write it down. Lay your gear out in piles at home and check things off as you pack the car.
2. Buy high-quality, i.e. comfortable, sleep pads. You may think your kids won't know the difference between the more expensive and the thinner ones, but they may not wind up sleeping on them, either!!
3. Get a first-aid kit. This should be high on your equipment list. A good first aid kit includes basic instructions. Cuts and bruises are common camp injuries, so antibiotic ointment and bandages are essential. So are treatments for headaches and sore muscles.
4. Check the weather. Do this before you leave; the forecast could determine your equipment list, and you want to be prepared. If you can't find a report for your campground, find the daytime temperature of the nearest town and plan on a drop of about 5 degrees for every 1,000-foot gain in elevation.
5. Pack the gear. Unroll sleep pads and lay them down in the trunk to cushion fragile items from bumps. Pack the tent last so you can get it out first when you arrive in camp (typically, just as darkness is setting in).
6. Take a trial run. If you're going with friends you've never camped with before, try a short trip before committing to a long vacation. The close quarters in camp can cause personality clashes that make a long trip, even with people you thought were your friends, seem endless.
7. Pack for the kids. Let each child pack one box or duffel bag, then add coloring books, crayons, cards, and anything else that you know he or she will really want but has overlooked.
8. Scour your site. At the campground, look around for sharp objects left by previous occupants - fishhooks, jagged can tops, and the like. The idea is to find them before your kids do.
9. Don't feed the wildlife. Keep the campground spotless or you'll invite nocturnal visitors.
10. Relax: you're on vacation. Keep in mind the following: The best days are the ones not over planned; decide to do only one major thing a day.
11. Make a final check. Before leaving, send everyone on a sweep of the campsite to look for trash and equipment; it's easy to leave tent stakes and poles behind.
Back country is beautiful, but remember that it is also primitive, and you will be on your own! Before going in, check with the local Forest Service Office for the latest weather conditions and possible hazards, such as swollen creeks and snow.
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a serious, often deadly, respiratory disease that has been found mostly in rural areas of the western United States.
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0.999503 |
Developing a scale of communicative participation: a cognitive interviewing study.
Title Developing a scale of communicative participation: a cognitive interviewing study.
PURPOSE: To revise and improve the instructions, candidate items and response format for a tool to measure communicative participation. METHOD: Cognitive interviewing techniques, designed to study the process that respondents use to answer survey questions, were used to test a bank of candidate items for a measure of communicative participation. Twelve participants with spasmodic dysphonia (SD), a neurologic condition characterized by voice and speech changes, were asked to complete a sample questionnaire and then were interviewed regarding the clarity of instructions, candidate items and response format. Analysis of the interviews was conducted using qualitative techniques and resulted in a series of modifications to the measurement tool. RESULTS: Problems identified related to candidate items included inadequate context, double-barreled or ambiguous items, redundancy, unclear or generally confusing items, infrequent situations, and cultural sensitivity. Participants preferred response options that asked them to rate interference rather than other dimensions such as satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS; Subtle differences in items and response options make key differences in how participants interpret and make decisions about their responses. Rich contextual information is needed in order to respond to items that sample communicative participation. Participants preferred response options that capture the barriers that they experience when participating in everyday communication situations.
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0.999815 |
A diner's opinion of the Benihana Japanese Steakhouse hibachi style restaurant located in the city of Miramar, Florida.
This was my first visit to a Japanese Steakhouse restaurant but I had some idea of what the hibachi or teppanyaki style exhibition cooking show would be like from seeing it performed in television shows and also in movies.
The location we visited was situated at 3261 SW 160th Avenue, Miramar, FL 33027 in the United States of America.
There are about 80 other Benihana locations across the world. Some of the countries where they can found include the USA, Australia, Canada, Thailand, Korea, Chile, Peru, Venezuela, Aruba, Panama, El Salvador, England, Turkey, Romania, and Russia.
The Miami based company, Benihana Inc., also owns the Haru restaurants in New York City, the RA Sushi restaurants and Doraku restaurant in South Florida.
We started off our evening at the fully stocked Benihana bar by ordering their featured specialty drink, which was a very refreshing Mango Mojito. Within a few short minutes, the hostess signaled us to follow her to the communal teppanyaki table where we joined another party. I'm not normally in favor of dining with strangers but the chef's performance kept us all engaged and entertained throughout the entire meal.
The menu included a nice selection of seafood, beef, sushi, and chicken dishes in a variety of combinations. I chose a "surf & turf" option with both teriyaki steak and hibachi grilled shrimp. The dinner entree prices ranged from about $18 to $40. The most expensive options included delicacies like filet mignon steak and lobster tail. We also ordered the fried garlic butter rice, grilled vegetables and the Benihana soup. I really enjoyed watching the chef quickly slice, chop, toss, flip and spin his cooking utensils and the food during the meal. My palette is farily easy to please so I thought all of the food tasted excellent but the rest of the table seemed to also agree.
The highlights of the chef's food tricks show included the beating fried rice heart in the "I love you" message, the onion ring smoking volcano, and the shrimp tail tossing into his hat and shirt pocket.
To finish off the meal, we ordered a fried banana dessert which takes about 10 minutes to prepare. It was decadently delicious and worth the wait, but if you're in a rush, I suggest you order it from the waiter or waitress ahead of time.
Overall, I give the experience a solid 9 points out of a possible 10. The only deduction was for the communal eating arrangement which isn't my preferred dining atmosphere. I'd like to visit another Benihana in the future, but preferably with a large enough group so that we don't have to share a table.
My mouth is watering thinking about all the other Benihana menu items that I'm looking forward to trying in the future. A few that stuck in my mind are the beef sashimi, the calamari tempura, scallops, the Yakisoba, the beef julienne, the salmon, the hibachi tuna steak, and the Chateaubriand (garlic butter tenderloin steak).
If you also live in Florida, there are 8 Benihana locations across the state in the cities of Coral Gables, Fort Lauderdale, Key West, Miami Beach, Orlando, Palm Beach Gardens, Pembroke Pines and Stuart.
For more culinary delights, check out some of my other updates such as the Delray Beach Garlic Festival, the Fairchild Mango Festival, the Pressure Cooker Faux BBQ Ribs Recipe, the Deep Fried Turkey Recipe, the Hickory Smoked BBQ Ribs Recipe, the Creamy Three Cheese Risotto Recipe, the 3 Cheese Chicken Marsala Recipe, the Alton Brown Steamed & Baked Chicken Wings Recipe, and the Fairchild Chocolate Festival.
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0.999988 |
How do I compute the number of distinct observations?
Observations are distinct on a variable list if they differ with respect to that variable list. First, be aware that codebook reports their number, albeit as “unique values”. This command may be sufficient for your needs.
Alternatively, contract will reduce the dataset to distinct observations and their frequencies. Using contract destroys the existing dataset, however, and therefore will be inefficient whenever you wish to continue using the present dataset, which is likely in most problems.
Unique observations are also often interpreted to mean those that occur precisely once in the data. Thus, if values of a variable are 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, and 5, then in one sense of “unique”, there are five distinct or unique values—namely, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5—whereas in another sense there is just one unique value—namely, 1, the only value that occurs precisely once. To put it another way, is uniqueness a property of the input (each value occurs once in the original) or of the output (each value occurs once in the result, because duplicates have been set aside)?
Suppose, however, that we need to calculate the number of distinct observations for ourselves. To do this, we need first to sort the data into groups of distinct observations and then to count those groups.
This process requires an understanding of the use of the by construct and the facts that under by varlist:, _N is interpreted as the number of observations within each distinct group defined by varlist and _n is defined as the observation number, again within each distinct group. Several manual sections are helpful here: [U] 11.1.2 by varlist:, [U] 11.5 by varlist: construct, [U] 13.7 Explicit subscripting, [U] 27.2 The by construct, and [D] by. Stata Journal readers can find a self-contained tutorial on by (Cox 2002). We also need an understanding that true and false conditions evaluate numerically to 1 and 0, respectively, which is also explained in the tutorial just cited and in the FAQ: What is true and false in Stata?.
Let us illustrate with the simplest example, computing the number of distinct observations on a single variable, rep78, in the auto dataset. First, we read in that dataset, sort by that variable, and then we tag the first observation within each distinct group.
The variable nvals now contains the number of distinct observations. Although we chose to tag the first observation in each group, as was specified by _n == 1, we could have done it also for the last observation in each group, for which the code is _n == _N. In this problem, the result is the same.
If you do this for the auto data, you will find that there are 6 distinct values of rep78 when foreign is 0 (Domestic cars)—namely, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and . (missing)—and 4 distinct values of rep78 when foreign is 1 (Foreign cars)—namely, 3, 4, 5, and . (missing). This result can also be shown directly by using tabulate, miss.
If you do this for the auto data, you will find that there are 10 distinct values of rep78 and foreign combined, that is, every possible pair except the pair 1 and Foreign and the pair 2 and Foreign. This naturally follows from our previous calculation and can also be shown directly by using tabulate, miss.
There are two further complications not tackled in detail here that are likely to arise in practice. First, as already exemplified, computations of the kind above include “missing”—whether ., .a, .b, ..., .z for numeric variables or "" for string variables—just like any other value. It is quite possible that you do not want that, and if so, we need to exclude missing values from the computation. Second, you might have further restrictions on the computation, to be specified by if or in.
Stata users have written various programs in this area, including distinct (G. Longton and N.J. Cox), the egen function nvals() (N.J. Cox), and unique (M. Hills and T. Brady), which tackle most or all of the wrinkles mentioned here.
distinct reports on distinct values, egen, nvals() computes their number in a new variable, and unique does some of both.
For an extended version of this FAQ, see Cox and Longton (2008).
Cox, N.J. and G.M. Longton. 2008.
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0.999885 |
Excellent particle identification for hadrons and leptons over a large range of solid angle and momentum is an essential requirement for meeting the physics objectives of BABAR. In particular, measurements of CP violation require particle identification (PID), both to reconstruct exclusive final states and to tag the quark content of the other B in the event. Information from the drift chamber, calorimeter, and the instrumented flux return can be used to identify most of the leptons and many of the hadrons. However, these systems are not sufficient to distinguish charged pions from kaons with momenta greater than about 0.7 GeV/c, or protons above 1.3 GeV/c, as is required to obtain efficient tagging and event reconstruction.
To meet these requirements, a new type of PID system has been chosen for BABAR. This barrel region detector is called DIRC for "Detection of Internally Reflected Cherenkov light". It is a ring imaging Cherenkov detector based on total internal reflection and uses long, rectangular bars made from synthetic fused silica ("quartz") as both radiator and light guide. It is thin (both in radius and radiation length), fast, robust, and tolerant of background.
How does the DIRC work?
A charged particle traversing a DIRC quartz bar with velocity in a medium of refractive index n produces Cherenkov light if . The DIRC Cherenkov radiators are 4.9 m-long rectangular quartz bars oriented parallel to the z axis of the detector. Through internal reflections, the Cherenkov light from the passage of a particle through the DIRC is carried to the ends of the bar.
The DIRC uses as a radiator 144 quartz bars arranged in a 12-sided polygon around the beam line. This maximizes azimuthal coverage, simplifies construction, and minimizes edge effects. For sufficiently fast charged particles, some part of the Cherenkov radiation cone emitted by the particle , (with n=1.473) is captured by internal reflection in the bar and transmitted to the photon detector array located at the backward end of the detector. (Forward-going light is first reflected from a mirror located on the end of the bar.) The high optical quality of the quartz preserves the angle of the emitted Cherenkov light. The measurement of this angle, in conjunction with knowing the track angle and momentum from the drift chamber, allows a determination of the particle mass. An advantage of the DIRC for an asymmetric collider is that the high momentum tracks are boosted forward, which causes a much higher light yield than for particles at normal incidence. This is due to two effects: the longer path length in the quartz and a larger fraction of the produced light being internally reflected in the bar.
Each quartz bar is 1.7 cm thick, 3.5 cm wide, and 490 cm long, and is constructed by gluing end-to-end four shorter bars. The total radial thickness of the DIRC, including quartz thickness, sagitta from the polygonal shape, mechanical supports, and a 1 cm clearance on each side, is 10 cm. This material represents 0.19 (radiation length) at normal incidence. An effort has been made to minimize both the radial thickness and the amount of material, since these increase the radius and cost of the barrel calorimeter while degrading its performance for soft photons.
A quartz "wedge" is glued to the readout end of each bar. It reflects the lower Cherenkov ring image onto the upper one, reducing the number of PMTs needed by 50%. The wedge is a 9 cm long block of synthetic fused silica with the same width as the bars, and a trapezoidal profile (2.7 cm high at the bar end and 7.9 cm high at the quartz window which provides the interface to the water). Total internal reflection on all sides of the quartz wedge provides nearly lossless reflection.
The photon detector consists of about 11,000 conventional 2.5 cm-diameter phototubes. They are organized in a close-packed array at a distance of about 120 cm from the end of the radiator bars. The phototubes, together with modular bases, are located in a gas-tight volume as protection against helium leaks from the drift chamber.
The photodetection surface approximates a partial cylindrical section in elevation and a toroid when viewed from the end. To maintain good photon transmission for all track dip angles, the standoff region is filled with water. The water seal occurs at a quartz window that is glued to the quartz wedges. The standoff box is surrounded by a steel box, which provides adequate magnetic shielding for the phototubes.
The DIRC radiators are supported on the central support cylinder, which is cantilevered from the strong support tube. Both the strong support tube and the standoff box are supported by a yoke directly to the barrel IFR. Since the DIRC bars penetrate the backward endcap return iron, the DIRC mechanical design interacts strongly with other structures at the backward end of the detector.
A conceptual prototype consisting of a single-bar DIRC using 47 phototubes with an air standoff has demonstrated this detector concept. This was followed by a full-scale DIRC prototype that was tested in a particle beam at CERN. The tests were very successful and the construction of the DIRC was completed in 1999.
You can find papers on the DIRC in the SLAC database. Notes on DIRC R&D can be found in the list of DIRC notes.
Last modified 14 Dec 1999, Jochen.
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0.999978 |
The current script is going to lead to the Rockies' ruin.
Act I: Score early. Act II: Offense goes cold. Act III: Pitching collapses.
All of those elements were on display in a maddening Sunday matinee at Coors Field, where the Rockies blew a 6-1 lead and ended up losing 10-7 to the Dodgers, who finished off a three-game sweep. The five-run deficit the Dodgers overcame to win the game was their largest rally of the season.
It was Colorado's fourth consecutive loss at home, turning a once-promising homestand into a 4-5 flop. The Rockies are just 11-16 at Coors Field.
Los Angeles won the game with three runs in the ninth inning against closer Wade Davis, who gave up two doubles, a walk, two wild pitches and a mammoth two-run homer to right by Yasmani Grandal.
"The pitches that they squared up were out over the plate," Colorado manager Bud Black said. "The pitch to Grandal looked like a cutter that didn't quite get to the insider corner and stayed over the middle."
Colorado had tied the game via two Dodgers gifts in the seventh inning. Nolan Arenado singled off reliever Brock Stewart and moved to third on Stewart's errant pickoff throw. Why Stewart was worried about Arenado running remains a mystery. With two outs, Ian Desmond hit a routine grounder to second, but Logan Forsythe booted it and Arenado scored.
Los Angeles' three-run sixth inning gave it a 7-6 lead. It was an ugly inning from the Rockies' perspective. A two-out double by Yasiel Puig brought an end to starter Chad Bettis' subpar day. Left-hander Chris Rusin came in and promptly walked pitch hitter Enrique Hernandez. Then Black turned to right-hander Scott Oberg, who gave up an RBI single to Forsythe. When shortstop Trevor Story uncorked a throwing error, off Breyvic Valera's grounder, the Dodgers had the advantage.
Following a recent trend, the Rockies came screaming out of the gate, putting up six runs in the first two innings to take a 6-1 lead. Then the offense pulled up lame, getting just three hits after the second inning.
Black is aware of his team's hitting drift but said he couldn't put his finger on the reason, adding: "I think it will turn at some point. But it does seem that later in the game, we aren't scoring."
In the first inning, consecutive singles by DJ LeMahieu, Charlie Blackmon and Nolan Arenado gave Colorado a 1-0 lead. Desmond's 459-foot, three-run homer to left-center made it 4-0.
Muncy's solo homer off Bettis put the Dodgers on the board in the second, but the Rockies took advantage of Alex Wood's wildness — three walks and a hit batter in the inning — to score two runs. The RBIs came from Story, hit by pitch, and Desmond, who drew a walk.
Bettis, who is winless at Coors Field with a 7.24 ERA, has seen better days, for sure. The Dodgers belted him for five runs on seven hits across 5⅔ innings. Muncy's two big swings did most of the damage vs. Bettis. Following his solo homer in the first, the L.A. first baseman ripped a three-run homer to right field in the third. The homer, coming on a cutter, put an exclamation point on Muncy's 11-pitch at-bat.
"That was a tough at-bat," Bettis said. "I basically felt I threw the whole kitchen sink at him and the one cutter I decided to throw, it didn't end up where I wanted it to be. If it's executed, obviously, it's a different outcome, but he had a good day."
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