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Other than for the reason that custom wheels look cool on your car, truck or van, why would you want to add custom wheels to your vehicle? First and foremost, the reason should be for their better performance value. Adding custom wheels to your car is the most common way to personalize your car and make it unique to you. For those who want stand out in the crowd, adding custom wheels to your car is a way to do it. Those who have the best custom wheels on their car will always get the most notice when they are out going for a drive, however your main concern should really be all about better performance.
Custom wheels that are for sale on the market today are made out of lightweight aluminum alloy. These lightweight custom wheels provide the strength that is needed for better tractability on the road. Custom wheels are made in a number of different finish options. Today's trendy custom wheels come in chrome and polished aluminum. There are also painted aluminum alloy custom wheels come in silver, white, gray, black and anthracite. The performance benefits you will get from custom wheels is related to the reduced wheel weight. Custom wheels are a lot lighter when you compare them to factory wheels.
Added to their light weight, custom wheels are stronger than factory wheels. They can reduce tire rollover when cornering and reduce tire deflection. Aluminum alloy is a fantastic conductor of heat so your brakes can be cooled easier when you have custom wheels. The way that the brakes are cooled easier is by dissipating heat from the brakes through the aluminum wheels. If you choose an open design of five spoke or six spoke custom wheels, more air can flow over the brakes so that they can cool easier in heavy traffic. Factory wheels will not allow this cooling effect. Custom wheels made out of aluminum alloy can hold the road better which is a better advantage over factory built steel wheels. Custom wheels also give you an improved acceleration and braking rate because they are so lightweight.
However, you should be wary of gravity cast aluminum alloy custom meals. These are cheaper wheels and may be more tempting to buy because of their decreased cost, but gravity cast aluminum alloy wheels are heavier and have the disadvantage of being prone to the bend easily. Instead you should find custom wheels that are forged or low pressure cast aluminum wheels.
If you are in the market for custom wheels you may have noticed that there are over 100 different custom wheel manufacturers. Some of the best-known brand name custom wheel manufacturers are: American racing, Crager, Givanni, Enkei, Centerline, Lexani, Foose, Dayton and Weld.
There are custom wheel packages that can help you reduce your overall costs. If you are looking for the larger wheels, keep in mind that the larger the wheels are, the more they will weigh. Some people choose to use a larger diameter wheel that has a lower profile tire so they can maintain the overall original diameter of their wheels. The best advice is to keep your custom wheels within 3 percent of your original wheel size. If you get into a larger percentage difference you may have trouble with the shift points on your transmission. This can cause you to loose gas mileage. The newer cars that have a computerized braking system may have trouble with the system also by getting confused and as a result, the cornering capability will not be as good as it should be and the ride comfort can be reduced. It is better to look for wider custom wheels than it is to go with a taller custom wheel. A wider custom wheel will give you a sportier look too.
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I, however, never link to specific products just in order to advertise them. I link only to the products that I genuinely find helpful and the webpages linking to such products express my honest opinion on the products. In other words, I never recommend a product just in order to persuade you to buy it; I recommend it because I myself find it useful.
To support your privacy, this website doesn’t use any cookies. Third party services used by the website, such as Disqus for comments and the Google+ button, may use their own cookies to fulfill your specific requests.
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Описание: Music and lyrics by Vladimir Sidorov. Translate in English by Lenny Bord. Sings Kristina Vikhrova. 2003.
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It began with Florentino Perez, who entered the national team dynamic as a disruptive force, Julen Lopetegui followed by being disloyal and unethical, and then it continued with Luis Rubiales and his quick trigger finger.
The players finished it off with some negligent performances in key moments of La Roja's four matches, of which they won only one. To think that the dismissal of the coach wouldn't bring negative consequences was naïve.
To reduce everything to a poorly executed penalty shoot-out is a simplistic and cheap summary. The same as loading everything on Fernando Hierro's door, who was in essence forced to swallow a turd of biblical proportions.
It's only possible to try and take something from the disaster and return home. Florentino will be whistling and looking at the ceiling, Lopetegui is already where he wanted to be and Rubiales now has to look for a coach and begin to rebuild a team and a project that has a lack of tranquillity due to his actions.
The team, at least near the end, resembled a horror. They played badly and prepared badly and delivered an incredible gift to an inferior opponent in the last-16.
The collection of passes in slow motion, the lack of intensity at 1-0, the lack of creative solutions throughout the second half and extra time explain the disaster. Once the penalty shoot-out arrived Spain were a destroyed team, without the requisite psychological strength to face such a lottery.
Every single visit to the penalty spot seemed like a death-row walk and any hope that David De Gea would enjoy his moment vanished as he failed to save a single spot-kick.
Spain are headed back to where they deserve to be: at home. Florentino, Lopetegui and Rubiales: thank you. Thank you very much to each of you.
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review guide Restaurants London restaurant review list Richard B.
Here are 5 of the best teppanyaki restaurants in London.
Quiet and relaxing atmosphere, perfect for trying Japanese dishes that, while delicious, go beyond the boundaries of the Japanese cuisine dogma. The service is very slow, but the food is worth th who says it!
Very good Japanese sushi, sashimi and teppanyaki. Also, the staff seems very concerned with the enjoyment of the client, which is always very pleasant. The chicken gyoza, which is steamed dumplin who says it!
Miyama is an elegant Japanese restaurant that provides its customers with excellent sushi and sashimi, but the service does tend to become rather slow during diner time. Even so, I definitely rec who says it!
Matsuri is a great place for Teppanyaki, which is a traditional form of grilled Japanese food, as well as for sake drinking. There is a wide variety of options when it comes to the food and drink who says it!
I’ve been to Koya for a date night with my partner and I have to say I was pleasantly surprised and found out I really love the Japanese cuisine especially the noodle soup and trust me, I am no who says it!
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This result was first proved by Wedderburn.
Every finite division ring is a field, and hence, a finite field. Here, by division ring, we mean associative division ring.
Bruck-Kleinfeld theorem states that every alternative division ring is either associative (and hence a division ring in the usual sense) or is a Cayley-Dickson algebra.
In particular, this shows that every finite alternative division ring is a field.
Given: A division ring of finite size.
To prove: is a field.
Proof': We denote by the multiplicative group of nonzero elements of .
The key idea behind the proof is to switch between the additive/linear structure and the multiplicative structure. For the additive structure, we use key fact that the size of a vector space over a field is a power of the size of the field. For the multiplicative structure, we use Lagrange's theorem (a multiplicative constraint) and the class equation (a combinatorial constraint on how things should add up). Finally, we show that the number theory does not work out.
1 Let be the center of , i.e., the subset of comprising those elements that commute multiplicatively with every element of .
is an additive subgroup of because of the distributivity laws relating addition and multiplication. By definition, the nonzero elements of are the center of the multiplicative group . The center of a group is an abelian subgroup, so the nonzero elements of form a commutative subgroup of , hence is a field under the induced operations.
Creating base field for which many of the additive structures of interest are vector spaces.
The linearity follows from distributivity of multiplication.
Since is finite, so is , so has some size (since there is no field with one element). Next, since is finite, it must be finite-dimensional as a vector space over . If its dimension is , it is in bijection with the vector space obtained by taking a direct sum of copies of . Hence its size must be .
Linear consolidation over , introduce numerical constraints. Note that must in fact be a prime power, but we only need use here that .
That is closed under addition and -scalar multiplication follows from the distributivity laws and the fact that is the center. For the same reason, contains . Thus, is a -vector subspace of containing . If is its dimension, then because it is between and , and its size is . Finally, if , then contains both and , so it is strictly bigger than . Thus, its dimension is strictly greater than . On the other hand, cannot equal all of , since is non-central, so .
6 For , the centralizer of in the multiplicative group has size for ( depends on ) Step (5) For the multiplicative group, we need to throw out the zero element. Convert linear/additive constraint to constraint on multiplicative group.
7 The class equation of is: where are dimensions over of the centralizers in of representatives of conjugacy classes in of non-central elements. For each , we have . Fact (2) Steps (2) -- (6) This is a direct application of the construction of the class equation. Combinatorial constraint on multiplicative group.
By Lagrange's theorem and the previous step, divides . Thus, . If where is the quotient and is the remainder, we get . Simplifying, we get that , with . But this gives that . Since , this forces . so , and we get that divides .
Combine linearly arising multiplicative constraints with basic number theory to get further constraints.
Since each is a proper divisor of , the polynomial , as a polynomial, divides and each of the quotients -- we can see this by considering the roots of these polynomials. Since all these polynomials are monic with integer coefficients, the divisibility as polynomials implies divisibility of the values taken at any integer, in our case . Thus, divides and each of the quotients .
We can show this by noting that where ranges over all primitive roots of unity, so . Taking modulus, we get . This product is over numbers, which means it involves at least one number, and also, by the triangle inequality: , and equality holds only if which in turn could happen only if , hence for , we have strict inequality. Finally, each because so . The upshot is that the product is the product of at least one number greater than and others that are greater than 1, hence . Since and are integers, and is positive, we conclude that cannot divide .
By step (9), divides both and the quotients . Plugging into step (7), must also divide . But step (10) says that this is not possible for . Thus, we must have , so and it is a field.
Show irreconciliability of constraints derived from linear structure and constraints arising from cyclotomic polynomial theory.
This page was last edited on 30 July 2013, at 18:06.
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The insomnia meaning can be classified into two categories. It may be a person’s difficulty to sleep or a person’s difficulty in trying to maintain being asleep. Either way, the person experiencing poor sleeping patterns should immediately look into its possible causes.
In relation to the meaning of insomnia, it may also be caused by existing physiological conditions. It is commonly considered as a symptom of some psychiatric or medical disorder.
Medical conditions having insomnia as an effect include hormonal disorders, pain caused by physical discomforts, traumas, or brain injury. Simply put, once the main problem is cured, insomnia may also cease from making an appearance.
On the other hand, another insomnia meaning may be independent of medical disorders. The insomnia may be due to different choices made in everyday life. Irregular sleeping patterns due to work schedule, stressful activities, distracting noises, or current problems may produce temporary insomnia these days. Immediate medical actions can still apply when mentioned irregular sleeping patterns prove fatal to health.
Medications and treatments also vary depending on the diagnosis of said insomnia. For cases that can be solved with appropriate relaxation methods or a stress-relieving vacation, the meaning of insomnia might not be too serious. Some people may even get used to insomnia occurring at particularly tensed moments. They calmly accept that the difficulty in sleeping should be expected and will eventually disappear.
The appropriate insomnia meaning may vary for a person living in this generation. It’s advisable to have regular breaks from stressful routines to avoid exhausting the body. Sleeping pills might help in reducing mild insomnia, but without the proper guidance and support, it might lead to abuse. There is only one body available for a person, so taking care of it should be a priority at all times.
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The largest financial institutions effectively awarded themselves billions of dollars of "bailouts", after putting out the story that they were "too big to fail".
In 2009, the audacious daylight robbery of the 2008 TARP was repeated as financiers worldwide repeated the move, looting trillions of dollars from the general public.
In 2009 the dogma of the "too big to fail" financial institutions was widely promulgated by the commercially-controlled media, as top executives were rewarded at taxpayers' expense for their losing speculations. This increased the size of the those financial institutions in proportion to their leverage over national governments. Smaller institutions, the productive sector of the economy and ordinary citizens fond themselves under increasing financial pressure as the windfall profits given to the largest banks decreased the effective value of their assets.
In 2008 the US government passed the Troubled Asset Relief Program. In 2009, this was repeatedly amended. In other countries, the largest financial institutions carried out similar thinly veiled thefts from the public purse. In UK, the Bank of England carried out "Quantitative easing". These measures were taken in spite of over 99% of the calls from the public being against them.
In 2009, the Guardian published an article by Charlie Skelton entitled Our man at Bilderberg: in pursuit of the world's most powerful cabal in which he wrote that "a handful of people are saying, this weekend is Bilderberg". This was the beginning of the end for Bilderberg's secrecy since this was to be the first of annual articles for the Guardian, and other UK commercially-controlled media outlets sent reporters to 2010 Bilderberg.
Beverly Eckert, widowed by the 9/11 attack, was a campaigner for a real investigation of the events of that day. Stating "My silence cannot be bought", she refused to accept the 9-11/Compensation fund. On February 12, six days after meeting Barack Obama to demand a real investigation, she was killed aboard Colgan Air Flight 3407.
Michael Doran was a US lawyer who volunteered his services to help 9-11 victims' family members who refused the US government's 9-11/Compensation fund - with the associated legal gag. On April 28 he was killed in a small plane crash outside of Cleveland.
David Wherley was a US Air Force Major General who ordered the fighter pilots under his command to shoot at will after the attack on the Pentagon on 9/11. He and his wife were killed in the June 2009 Washington Metro train collision.
David Wherley On 9/11 Wherley ordered his pilots, who did not launch until after the Pentagon attack, to operate weapons free, meaning that they were permitted to shoot at will.
Al-Salam weapons deal 21 December 2005 - 2017 A large arms deal signed during the government of Tony Blair.
Gaza War (2008–09) 27 December 2008 - 18 January 2009 Three weeks of assault launched against Gaza by Israel, including the use of white phosphorus, leaving over 1000 people dead and over 5000 injured.
Operation Nicole 2009 - Present A tabletop exercise "based on a realistic counter terrorism incident... specifically developed for Muslim communities".
June 2009 Washington Metro train collision 22 June 2009 A train accident which some consider a murder, since it eliminated a high ranking witness to the events of 9-11.
Scottish Defence League 2009 - Present Far-right An offshoot of the English Defence League.
Institute for Statecraft 24 September 2009 - Present The UK MoD/FCO funded group that ran the ironically named Integrity Initiative, exposed in 2018 by 'Anonymous'.
Public Intelligence 2009 - Present https://publicintelligence.net A leak site which has provided a large number of apparently genuine documents about operations of the deep state, notably reports from the Bilderberg group.
Boiling Frogs Post September 2009 - Present http://www.boilingfrogspost.com A partly free, partly pay for access website which takes a firmly establishment sceptic line. It has a variety of contributors and was set up by whistleblower Sibel Edmonds.
Businessperson Suspected to have been the Swiss director of the Le Cercle.
Pilot On 9/11 Wherley ordered his pilots, who did not launch until after the Pentagon attack, to operate weapons free, meaning that they were permitted to shoot at will.
Neoconservatism "The Godfather of Neoconservatism"
This page was last edited on 10 January 2018, at 21:11.
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What is the name of the corporation?
Enter the name of the corporation that the stockholder owns shares in.
hereby designates the following individual as true and lawful proxy ("Proxy") for the Stockholder with the full power of substitution to represent Stockholder and vote all of Stockholder's shares with respect to the Corporation: ________.
Such Proxy shall be valid at the meeting on the following date: ________. This meeting is the annual meeting of the Corporation.
By this designation of Proxy, the Stockholder hereby revokes any and all prior proxy designations which may have been made with respect to the Stockholder's shares.
The Proxy shall have full power as the Stockholder's proxy to vote any issue, motion or action that the Stockholder may have voted and to otherwise represent the Stockholder with respect to the corporation.
On this _____ day of ________________________________________, 20__, before me, personally appeared _____________________________________________, to me known to be the person described in and who executed the foregoing instrument, and acknowledged that they executed it as their free act and deed.
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What did you all think of these and which you recommend? Use for small repairs at the farm and making some smokers and other projects. I have used a Lincoln 210mp but from reading the miller is better.
"Paging KAM - - customer needs information on Isle One"
It's really just a ford vs. chevy thing. They're both good machines, Lincoln has done some "dabbling" in the Home Depot/Lowe's maker with some machines that aren't quite the equal of their higher lines, but if you get similar price level machines, they're both good. I have lincolns at home and deal with millers at work, and I don't know that I could pick a real winner between the two.
I'd say just whichever one you have the best access to parts and consumables, go with it.
You might look at Hobart as well, since they took over Miller there's a lot of crossover between the two.
dwilliams35 wrote: It's really just a ford vs. chevy thing. They're both good machines, Lincoln has done some "dabbling" in the Home Depot/Lowe's maker with some machines that aren't quite the equal of their higher lines, but if you get similar price level machines, they're both good. I have lincolns at home and deal with millers at work, and I don't know that I could pick a real winner between the two.
Thanks I have looked at hobart and like them but I like the fact the miller has the infinite voltage adjustment.
OldUsedParts wrote: "Paging KAM - - customer needs information on Isle One"
I will leave the wirefeeds to the wirefeed crew I weld stick.
Oh well, a Welder not I be and I've proved it many times over many years - - - glad you gotta giggle.
Ya know what I'd think about doing if I was just starting out welding right now? March down to harbor freight and get one of those new Vulcan series welders. Everything I've seen says they're fairly solid, and they're advertising a one-year free trial... use it for a while, figure out what you want in a welder, and take it back if you want something different. You've got a year to figure that out.
Also, don't get wound up with the details at this point; my MIG at home is a 5-position power switch, and the ones I use occasionally at work are infinitely variable. I can't honestly tell you that I've ever really needed the latter. From the tasks you mention, you really don't need multiprocess, square wave, etc.. The main thing you want is power: have plenty of juice to pour into it, and it just gets easier to weld well. You also take the dreaded duty cycle out of the picture. I've been doing everything you mention, including some pretty heavy farm-equipment welds, with a $700 Lincoln MIG and a $250 crackerbox, for 25 years now... you just don't need tv screens on the control panel.
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Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), known as Michelangelo, was an Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer. Along with Leonardo da Vinci, he is often called a "Renaissance man" which means that he had great talent in many areas.
Michelangelo lived an extremely busy life, creating a great number of artworks. Some of Michelangelo's works are among the most famous that have ever been made. They include two very famous marble statues, the Pieta in Saint Peter's Basilica and David which once stood in a piazza in Florence but is now in the Accademia Gallery. His most famous paintings are huge frescos, the Sistine Chapel Ceiling and the Last Judgement. His most famous work of architecture is the east end and dome of Saint Peter's Basilica.
A lot is known about Michelangelo's life because he left many letters, poems and journals. Because he was so famous, he became the very first artist to have his biography (story of his life) published while he was still living. His biographer, Giorgio Vasari, said that he was the greatest artist of the Renaissance. He was sometimes called Il Divino ("the divine one"). Other artists said that he had terribilità, (his works were so grand and full of strong emotion that they were scary). Many other artists who saw his work tried to have the same emotional quality. From this idea of terribilità came a style of art called Mannerism.
Michelangelo was born on 6 March 1475 in Caprese near Arezzo, Tuscany. His father was Lodovico di Leonardo di Buonarroti di Simoni, and his mother was Francesca di Neri del Miniato di Siena. The Buonarrottis were a banking family from Florence. They claimed they were descended from the noble Countess Matilda of Canossa. Michelangelo's father had lost most of the bank’s money, so he worked for the local government in the town of Chiusi. When Michelangelo was a baby, the family moved back to Florence. Because he was sickly, Michelangelo was sent to live on a small farm with a stonecutter and his wife and family. The stonecutter worked at a marble quarry owned by Michelangelo's father. Many years later Michelangelo said that the two things that had helped him to be a good artist were being born in the gentle countryside of Arezzo and being raised in a house where, along with his nurse's milk, he was given the training to use a chisel and hammer. His mother died when he was only seven.
Michelangelo’s father then brought him back to Florence and sent him to study with a tutor, Francesco da Urbino. Michelangelo was not interested in his school lessons. He explored the great churches of the city, and drew copies of the frescos that he saw there. When he was thirteen, he was apprenticed to the painter Domenico Ghirlandaio. Ghirlandaio had a large busy studio. He had rich patrons who worked for the Medici. He painted frescos in their family chapels. Michelangelo was able to learn the art of fresco painting very well, from Ghirlandaio. In a large workshop such as Ghirlandaio’s, artists would have been working in all sorts of different media, including sculpture, metalwork and painting altarpieces. Michelangelo would have learned about all these things. When Michelangelo was only fourteen, his father persuaded Ghirlandaio to pay his apprentice as an artist, which was highly unusual at the time.
The richest, most powerful family in Florence were the Medici. They had an academy where some of the most famous philosophers, poets, and artists met to share their ideas. The Medici family were important patrons of the arts. In 1489, Lorenzo de' Medici, the head of the family, asked Ghirlandaio to send his two best pupils to the academy. Michelangelo was one of the students chosen and he attended the academy from 1490 to 1492. He heard the teaching and discussion of Marsilio Ficino, Pico della Mirandola and Angelo Poliziano. The philosophy that they taught was called Humanism. It was based on the philosophy of the ancient Greek Plato. Michelangelo’s ideas and his art were influenced by these teachings.
The Madonna of the Stairs was made while Michelangelo was in his teens.
Michelangelo and another young sculptor called Pietro Torrigiano studied sculpture under Bertoldo di Giovanni. Michelangelo had an argument with Torrigiano, who punched him on the nose so that it was badly broken and spoilt his appearance for the rest of his life. Michelangelo sculpted some reliefs (flat panels with raised figures on them). One was ‘’the Battle of the Centaurs’’ which was made for Lorenzo de Medici.
In 1492, Michelangelo’s patron, Lorenzo de' Medici died. This brought about a big change in Michelangelo’s life. He went back to live at his father’s house. Michelangelo asked the prior at the Church of Santo Spirito to allow him to study the anatomy of the bodies of people who had died at the church’s hospital. In 1493, as a “thank-you” gift to the prior, Michelangelo carved a large wooden Crucifix which still hangs in the church. In January 1494, there were very heavy snowfalls. Lorenzo de’ Medici’s son, Piero de Medici commissioned Michelangelo to make a snow statue. So Michelangelo began to work for the Medici again.
In 1494, a new leader rose up in Florence. He was a Dominican friar called Savonarola. His strong preaching caused people to burn their books, throw away their jewellery and chase the rich families out of the city. The Medici had to go. For Michelangelo, it was a good time to travel. He stayed for a while in Venice, then moved to Bologna. In Bologna he soon got work sculpting three figures for the big marble Shrine of Saint Dominic. When things calmed down in Florence, Michelangelo returned and worked for another member of the Medici family, Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici.
Michelangelo made a marble statue of Cupid asleep. Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco told Michelangelo that it looked just like a real Ancient Roman statue and said that if he made it dirty and knocked a few chips off, someone would pay a lot of money for it. Lorenzo sold it to a Cardinal who discovered that it was a fraud. He thought that Michelangelo’s work was so good that he told the pope about it. The pope then invited Michelangelo to go to Rome and work for him.
The Pieta shows the Virgin Mary with the body of Jesus in her lap after the Crucifixion.
Michelangelo arrived in Rome 25 June 1496 at the age of 21. He lived near the church of Santa Maria di Loreto on the Gianicolo hill.
In 1496 he got an important “commission” (he was given a paid job) from Cardinal Raffaele Riario. The Cardinal wanted Michelangelo to make a marble statue, larger than life-size, of Bacchus, the Ancient Roman God of wine. Michelangelo worked hard at the statue. He carved Bacchus as a young man who was quite drunk, and looked as if he was staggering as he raised his cup to make a toast. The cardinal did not like the drunken Bacchus and would not pay for it. A banker called Jacopo Galli bought it for his garden.
Michelangelo’s next important commission was from the French Ambassador who asked him to make a statue of the Virgin Mary mourning over the dead body of her son Jesus. This type of artwork, either a painting or a statue, is called by the Italian name “Pieta” (say: “Pe-ay-ta”). Michelangelo’s Pieta is the most famous Pieta that has ever been made. It is now in Saint Peter's Basilica and is visited by thousands of people every day. Giorgio Vasari wrote: "It is a miracle that a shapeless block of stone could have been carved away to make something so perfect that even nature could hardly have made it better, using real human flesh."
The Statue of David is one of the most famous works of the Renaissance.
In 1499 Michelangelo returned to Florence. The priest Savonarola had made so many people angry that he had been put to death in 1498. Life in Florence started to return to normal. Many years earlier the Guild of Woolworkers had commissioned some artists to make statues of the heroes of the city. A sculptor called Agostino di Duccio had started carving a huge statue of David, the hero of the Bible story of David and Goliath. For 40 years the Guild of Woolworkers owned the huge block of marble, with the statue hardly begun. In 1501 they commissioned the young Michelangelo to carve it. It took him three years to complete.
Once again Michelangelo made a statue that became world-famous. The statue shows a young man, naked in the way that statues of ancient gods were made, just pausing for a moment and looking with fierce eyes at the huge soldier Goliath that he is about to kill. The statue is 5.17 meter (17 ft) tall. It was placed in the piazza (public square) outside the Palazzo Vecchio where the town council met. After many years, the statue was put into an art gallery, the Accademia. A copy now stands in the piazza. People still go great distances to see the statue that he made.
In 1505 Michelangelo was invited to Rome by the newly elected Pope Julius II. Pope Julius was an old man. He wanted Michelangelo to design a grand tomb. It was to stand inside a church and have many carved figures which were to include several slaves to hold up part of the tomb and Old Testament prophets to sit in niches (openings in the walls). Michelangelo started work. He made a magnificent statue of Moses which is now in the Church of S. Pietro in Vincoli (St Peter in Chains) in Rome. Many people go to look at this statue. The slaves were only partly carved. Four of them are now in the Accademia in Florence. The rest of the great plan was unfinished.
The main reason that Pope Julius' tomb was not finished was that the Pope had an idea for another artwork. The Sistine Chapel near St. Peter's Basilica had its walls painted by some famous artists from Florence. The Pope decided that Michelangelo should paint the ceiling. Michelangelo did not want to. He said that he was not a painter. But the Pope bullied Michelangelo until he agreed to do it. He told the Pope that he would do it "for God" and that he would only do it if the Pope let him paint it "in his own way".
The chapel was long and wide. Its curved ceiling was held up by twelve fan-shaped pieces of wall called "pendentives". Pope Julius told Michelangelo to paint one of the twelve apostles of Jesus on each pendentive. Michelangelo started to do this. Then he got a different idea and scraped off the work that he had done. Instead of apostles he painted twelve prophets. Seven of them were men from the Old Testament but the other five were women and did not come from the Bible. They were five prophets from the Classical world. Like the prophets in the Bible, they had all told people about the birth of Jesus.
On the middle of the ceiling, instead of painting a starry sky, Michelangelo painted scenes from the Bible telling the story of Creation and the downfall of humanity. The most famous scene is the picture of God creating Adam. The ceiling was so famous that many artists tried to copy the way that Michelangelo had arranged and painted the figures.
In 1513 Pope Julius II died. The next pope was Pope Leo X, a member of the Medici family. He gave Michelangelo several jobs in Florence, including designing the Medici Chapel to hold the tombs of his family members. Although not all the tombs were built, Michelangelo finished seven large statues including a "Madonna and Child". His pupils later completed the chapel.
In 1527, the people of Florence became angry at the Medici for acting like princes. That was not the right way for a family to act, in a city that was a republic. The people threw the Medici out, but the Medici came back with an army and took over the city. Michelangelo was so upset at the behaviour of the Medici that he left his beloved city and never went back.
Pope Clement VII called Michelangelo back to the Sistine Chapel to paint the wall behind the altar with a huge scene of The Last Judgement. He worked on it from 1534 to 1541. At the centre it shows Jesus, surrounded by saints, sitting in judgement over the people of the Earth. To the left, people are rising from their graves and many are welcomed into Heaven. To the right, other people are being sent to Hell where they are dragged down by demons. It is a huge painting with many figures in it.
Like Adam and Eve on the ceiling, all the figures were shown naked. Some of the cardinals in the church said that it was wicked to paint saints, including the Virgin Mary, with no clothes on. They called Michelangelo "the painter of rude bits". There was a long argument about this because some people said that God had created everyone naked, so clothes would not be needed in Heaven. After Michelangelo's death another artist, Daniele da Volterra was called in to paint drapes on the figures. For the rest of his life he was known as "the painter of pants".
In 1546, when Michelangelo was his seventies, he was given one of his most important jobs. The old St Peter's Basilica had been partly demolished and a new one designed by Bramante. But many architects had worked on it and it was still just at the beginning stages. Michelangelo was made the architect. He immediately improved the plan, had important parts made much stronger, and designed a huge dome, taller than any other dome in the world. He died before it was completed, but he left drawings and models so that the next architect, Giacomo della Porta, could finish what he had started. The dome of St. Peter's Basilica still stands as one of the greatest monuments of Christianity, and as a symbol of the city of Rome.
When Michelangelo died, his body was taken back to Florence and buried in the Basilica of Santa Croce (Church of the Holy Cross). On his tomb sit three mourning figures who symbolize Architecture, Painting and Sculpture.
Michelangelo Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.
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0.928993 |
Why do knife companies apply animal-like names and descriptions to their knives? In Spyderco's defense, the Spyderco Round Hole and super sharp edge are reminiscent of eyes and claws.
Think cats. Cats represent a highly developed level of predatory resourcefulness, sleek sharp claws and efficiency. The C129GP Cat CLIPIT has a leaf-shaped CTS-BD1 blade just under two-and-a-half inches in length that is flat-ground for hair popping sharpness.
The cat is unique. Spyderco aimed for a high pinnacle of cutting adeptness but demanded it be polished and sophisticated in appearance. So, they combined cat-claw sharpness with a G10 handle and Michael Walker LinerLock. The black G10 handle is shaped and sized ergonomically with full-length skeletonized liners inside for strength without bulky weight.
Spyderco believes the name is appropriate and think you might too.
Mandarin mauling, tangerine orange peeling, apple carving CAT. Having tip of blade so close to your finger tips is great for precision fruit carving. Go anywhere legal blade length. Pivot screw came a bit tight. Backed it off to flick open.
There are many areas in which this knife doesn't disappoint, so I'll start with the few in which it does. Where fit and finish are concerned, this knife is generally just fine, however my particular piece came with an ugly burr inside the thumb hole. Functionally this is a non-issue, it just looks terrible. The only other place I can ding this knife is that it doesn't have jimping on the thumb ramp or finger choil. Again, functionally there's nothing wrong with that, so this is all personal preference. This knife is incredibly ergonomic and having a good grip on it isn't compromised, but many other less expensive Spydercos have this feature, and I would have loved to see it on this one. Everything else I have to say about this knife is completely positive. The handle fills the hand well and allows for a full grip, and the thumb ramp and finger choil contribute to the fantastic ergonomics. This knife can be flicked open relatively easily, and the liner lock is easy to access for closing. The G10 looks good and provides a good texture. The pocket clip is great and sits the knife deeply in the pocket. Overall, I definitely recommend this knife for a good sub-3" option.
Liner lock is super tight. Really great value.
The G129GP I got was really solidly built and has virtually no movement in the blade in any direction. The blade is also pretty much perfectly centered while folded. The action is a little stiff new and I haven't had time to see if breaking it in reduces that. The traction between the clip and the scale grip is very aggressive on cloth and holds the knife in place very firmly on the cloth of your pants/pocket. The handle scales have fairly squared corners and are the only thing I think could improve this without totally different materials.
Hey, I wanted to share "Spyderco Cat Folding Knife 2.44 inch CTS-BD1 Satin Plain Blade, Black G10 Handles" with you from KnifeCenter.
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0.986351 |
Detroit has been in both the U.S. and global news for months with respect to its unsustainable and desperate financial position. As of July 24, Judge Steven Rhodes, a U.S. federal bankruptcy judge, blocked legal attempts by interested parties to stop the bankruptcy proceedings initiated on July 18 by Kevyn Orr, Detroit's state-appointed emergency manager. At this point, there are many interested parties, such as current city dwellers, pensioners and debt holders and all have different agendas. Therefore, recounting many to the decisions and circumstances which led to this city's collapse may provide valuable lessons for many confused and puzzled interested parties and bystanders alike.
First, Detroit has more than US$18 billion of debt and unfunded liabilities. That includes US$5.7 billion in liabilities for healthcare and other retiree benefits and a US$3.5 billion pension liability. This is no small amount of money by any means. So, the question becomes: How did this city pile up so much debt and liabilities without any way, short of filing for bankruptcy, to pay them off?
Like many serious financial disasters, this situation has been a long time in the making. During the 1950s, 1960s and up into the 1970s, Detroit was growing and prosperous. This prosperity was largely due to the fact that the U.S. automobile industry was centered in Detroit and the surrounding area. Tax collections were able to pay the city's bills for the most part; but auto worker wages were significantly above national market rates due to strong unions and the city had to respond in kind to its workers' demands for high salaries and rich benefit packages.
During the 1970s, the auto industry became much more international in nature. In 1985, General Motors management announced a planned non-union plant in Spring Hill, Tennessee for its newly created Saturn brand. The first Saturn cars rolled off the assembly line in 1990. Not long after this milestone, other U.S. and foreign auto makers began operations in various parts of the U.S. that were far away from Detroit; both physically and philosophically. The result was a significant detrition of the auto industry in Detroit. The number of auto workers fell and tax collections began an accelerated decline as people moved away from the city.
Detroit's descent into bankruptcy has been a litany of poor decisions, short-sightedness and ineffective, corrupt leadership.
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What world leader was awarded the 1953 Nobel Prize for Literature?
Carefree wherever you may be...!
This was a European leader.
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No doubt, cyber risk is arguably one of the biggest risks that businesses face. A new generation of quickly evolving cyber risks is imminent, and businesses must prepare to look beyond the established threats - data breaches, privacy issues and reputation damage - to focus on operational damage, business interruption and massive financial losses. Regarding my personal experience in this matter, I need to say that the most reliable service for sharing data online is iDeals.
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0.949964 |
Narrative structure understanding is the key to construct computational models. While narrative generation is about deriving engaging stories creatively based on a corpus, understanding has subtle applications. Studying corpora of narratives and understanding different aspects is critical to construct a well-defined model. We will first review the use-cases solved by narrative understanding and later delve into general narrative computational models.
In Elson et al. , social networks are extracted from literary fictions, and nineteenth-century British novels and serials. It is a commonly held belief that literary works represent the social world of the time when the novel was written. By studying dialogue patterns in novels social networks is derived and with that the characterization of novels. In Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil and Lee , fictional literary works are studied to understand the coordination of linguistic style in dialogues. Often during conversations we tend to adapt to each others style, which is termed as Chameleon effect. These kind of studies are helpful in understanding social networks.
In Alharthi et al. , a recommender system for books based on the content is proposed. It is observed reading books by people has reduced during recent times. Book reading is statistically known to promote better mental health and particularly reading fictional books stimulate profound social communication. There are two approaches to recommender systems: Collaborative Filtering (CF), which are based on ratings given by other readers, and Content Based (CB) recommendations based on the actual content of the book. In situations where we do not have sufficient ratings on a book which is more often, content based systems are more useful.
In Serban et al. , a comprehensive survey of copora to build data driven dialog systems is presented. Dialogue systems are very useful in machine to human communication. Till the recent past these systems were built based on expert knowledge and significant engineering. With availability of exhaustive data-sets in public domain, state-of-art computational power and new machine learning models like neural network architectures, there are immense possibilities of building dialogue systems from corpora.
In Ashok et al. , a quantitative analysis of successful novels based on writing style is proposed. The answer to whether a novel will be successful or not has been a qualitative approach through expert opinion and experience of publishers. In this work various aspects of style are quantified and used to analyze successful from unsuccessful novels backed by empirical data of prominence from popular book selling websites.
In He et al. , a supervised machine learning approach for attributing utterances to the characters in a novel is proposed. Relating utterances to a character is considerably challenging even for a human reader. The solution has applications like generating high-quality audio books without human networks and analysis of dialogues is useful for the study of social interactions.
Writing essays is an important part of education for children. In Somasundaran et al. , an automatic way of analyzing narrative quality written by children is proposed. Assessment of different quality dimensions of a written narrative is non-obvious, since creative ways children can use to write are unbounded. With U.S. Common Core State Standards rubric 942 essays were annotated and inter-annotator agreement was used to understand the reliability of scoring.
Above were some example use-cases that were addressed using narrative modelling. In next section, we will review core narrative models.
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0.999996 |
What was the morale threashold for revolts in BotF?
Rebellions are one of the worst mess ups in the logical game design of BotF with the main code being mistakenly part of the random events instead of the penalties for low morale.
And they avoided the question of restoring empires by skipping rebellions on systems with inhabitants of dead empires, so rebellious morale issues on said systems could be solved by eliminating conquered empires as fast as possible(untill we fixed that).
When I have the time I'll look into adding a chance for low morale systems inhabited by another race to revolt (become independent if minor race, rejoin original empire if subjugated) - that's the easy(ier) part.
Your own systems rebelling and becoming independent, that's not going to be easy - I don't think the game supports systems having no owner.
In 2., aren't those chances kind of on the low side? 1/2000 ?
They do nothing in BotF (no pop-growth or building agenda) just the techlevels of the source empire get read for system defenses (even if gone).
@ 2. each turn for each system and vs. 10 events in total, so its a matter of combinatorics and most player demanded lowering those frequencies for hard and impossible.
In Supremacy, random events are done differently, so we'll have to adapt.
Changed the requisite for building Troop Transports from population to garrison. Will make them actually cost garrison units next.
Tweaked the chance for AI Borg fleets to retreat.
Added some more soundfx, and tweaked others.
I'll probably release a new build soon.
Implemented rebellion of non-native systems.
Made the number and size of the moons of planets in the Sol system (and a couple of other planets) be as close as possible to reality.
Danijel managed to fix the most critical crash in the game, yay!
You should now be able to assault as many systems per turn as you want! I'd ask feedback on this, as both Danijel and myself could only do some limited testing.
So please check if multiple assaults are working as they should, or if there's anything wrong with it - and give us some feedback.
The system assault SitRep shows an incorrect number of structures destroyed - fixed it.
Tweaked the amount of damage from bombardement according to bombardment strategy used: Maximum Precision will do less damage and focus on Garrison and Buildings (military targets mostly), Maximum Damage will do lots of damage and focus on Population and Production Facilities (economy); Balanced will be something in between.
Still a few things to improve in battles, namely showing the results of all space battles instead of just the last one... and show details for system subjugation.
Also fixed an issue with Garrison in assimilated colonies.
Will fix that for the next release.
Fixed an issue with planet animation in 2+ assaults a turn.
A couple more tweaks to invasions.
Working on adding the new star textures Danijel made - will probably allow both the current and the new ones to be used, maybe by adding another option to the Settings window.
Also working on this. It's still not working, the assign officer button is not doing anything and the image is a placeholder, and only the first ship in the fleet is actually shown. No ship stats yet either.
Apparently I must have disabled agent spawning by accident... probably with the crash fix.
I've increased initial resources for Early and Developed levels, so that building an outpost is not such a drag.
I think I'll have to tweak weapon damage, it's way too high late game. I'll probably halve the level increase rate.
A few bells and whistles in the diplomacy screen, like the border of a civ's image is color-coded according to relationship, the civ's image is dimmed if it is eliminated, the left side envoy button doesn't say No Envoy if a minor civ is chosen (they have no agents), the image for an envoy is dimmed if he cannot be recalled from the current mission.
The Economic button is mostly working, a few details need to be ironed out.
The Task Forces tab now shows more than just the first ship in the fleet (but I cheated , need to make it work properly).
The overview modes (Economic, Military) now work correctly.
When scrapping stations, the correct station is now scrapped. Still need to fix the scrap menu.
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0.998657 |
What is the value of the angle pie over 6 if the hypotenuse is 1.
Remember, pie is equal to 180 degrees. So? we can take 180 and divide it by 6 to get the value of the angle. 180 divide by 6 = 30. In trig triangles, one angle has to be 90 (right-angled triangle). And since we discovered that the value of the other angle is 30, we know that 180-90-30= 60. That is because we have to remember that the sum of all the angles in a triangle is 180. This is also a triangle with an identity we need to recognize. In this triangle, the hypotenuse is 1 ( given in the question) and the opposite side to the 30 degrees angle is half of the hypotenuse, which in this case is 1/2. So? if we take the sin of 30 degrees, we get 1/2 over 1. which is 1/2. If you notice this is a great way to find out the actual value of sin(30), or sin(60) if you have a hard time to memorize their value. ( just make sure the value of the hypotenuse as 1).
At first glance, this question looks complicated. But, since sin(x) is an odd function. The integral of this function would be even ( in this case cos(x) ). That is a rule in Calculus. Just to give you an example of a simpler question take for instance the value of 3x^3 [ an odd function since it is in the power of 3]. Notwithstanding, its integral is x^2 which is even. For the question above, since the value of the original function is even(cox(x)). We need to remember the rule that in even functions f(-x) = f(x) . Which means that in this case f(-3) = f(3). Thus, to solve this question, we continue with part 1 of "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus " which means that the value of the original function is the value of 3 in the function minus the values of -3 in the function. So? cos(3) - cos(-3) = 0! ( because the value of 3 and -3 is similar, it is basically like doing 3 - 3 = 0).
The value of X is one more than the value of y. The value of 10,000Y is 1 more than Z. If x is 1, what is the Value of (3Z+1)?
First, we want to understand the value of X since it will help us to get Y which would help us to get Z. ( X --> Y ---> Z: in order for us to realize it we have to look carefully at the question and write down all of the equations we have. That is the way to break down the question and build a full picture that will help us to find the solution). X = Y + 1 10,000Y = Z +1 3z+1? X= Y+1 ( since X is one more than Y, we want to add 1 to Y to make them EVEN). So? if x is 1, Y is : 1 = Y + 1 / -1 (moving 1 to the other side and flip the sign) Y = 1-1 Y= 0 Let's continue, so if 10,000Y is 1 more than Z, we write the equality 10,000Y = z + 1 ( Z gets one because he is the smaller one). Note: do not be afraid of 10,000. As we saw, Y is actually 0! Thus, even it would be 100,000,000, it does not matter! [Every integer times zero is zero]. so? 10,000 * 0 = Z +1 0 = Z +1 ( now let's move 1 to the other side, do not forget to flip its sign!) Z = -1 Now, let's check what the question wanted. 3z - 1. ( We found that z is -1). So? 3 * (-1) -1 = -3 -1 = -4 ( Make sure you multiple 3 and -1 correctly) The final answer is -4.
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0.999987 |
Knowing what products work together, why you're supposed to use them and what order to use them is often very confusing for a skincare n00b. Over the next few days, I'm going to be talking about building a skincare routine from scratch. Todays topic: The Products.
Cleanser: It's a no brainer that you are going to need something to clean your face. You want a good cleanser, designed for your skin type that removes debris, oil, and makeup. As Caroline Hirons always says, ALWAYS WET CLEANSE. Double cleanse if you wear a lot of makeup or SPF during the day.
Toners: Toners come in lots of different varieties from balancing, repairing, exfoliating and hydrating. They are designed to replenish and rebalance the skin surface after cleansing. Depending on your skin's need it's best to get one designed for your specific skin type. Therefore, they will meet all your skin concerns; otherwise you could be doing more harm than good.
Exfoliators: Exfoliation accelerates the process of shedding the dead skin from the top layers of the skin. It also helps with hyperpigmentation, improve radiance, aid dry areas and keeps your skin smooth. A good exfoliation session can really refresh the skin and the overall appearance of your face. It also aids how well the skin absorbs other products like moisturiser, stop treatments and oils.
Moisturiser: The moisturising step of a skincare routine is the part that's designed to put back the moisture that will have been removed from the skin during cleansing. They protect your skin from the elements and will help keep it supple and smooth. It's best to use one that's best for your skin type, and roughly a 10p sized blob should be sufficient for your face.
Spot Treatments: If your spot prone then make sure to add an anti blemish treatment into your routine. Something with Salicylic Acid, AHA's or Benzoyl peroxide (in some cases) in which is going to soothe existing breakouts and prevent bacteria from spreading around the face.
Anti Aging Treatments: These can be added to you're routine whatever your age, although are most effective used from the 20's onwards. Designed to protect your skin from environmental damage, like sun damage and pollution. These are typically packed full of antioxidants designed improve your skin in numerous ways, from reducing redness to stimulating healthy collagen production and improving the appearance of wrinkles. The key word in Anti-Aging products is the ANTI bit, designed to prevent the signs of ageing not reverse them.
Targeted Treatments: These are your face masks, facial oils and lip treatments. The added extras that you might not use on a daily basis but can be used as a boost whenever your skin needs some extra TLC.
This week I'll be talking you through building a skincare routine. Including products, building a routine and my skincare routine.
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0.963482 |
Cilantro seeds take 7-14 days to sprout, and will be ready to start harvesting in 3+ months. Continuous harvesting will encourage a bushy plant and greater yield.
A cilantro plant will continue to grow with sufficient nutrients and light. Plants can be continuously harvested for 3+ months. If flowers appear pick them to prevent the plant from going to seed.
How do passive hydroponics work?
Passive hydroponics is a method of growing plants without soil. A combination of an inert porous growing medium and a wick transports water and nutrients to the plant roots via capillary action. The nutrient solution (water and fertilizer) are held in a reservoir and taken up as needed, providing the perfect balance of water to oxygen.
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0.920847 |
Listed by The Observer as one of the funniest acts in British comedy, Frank Skinner is one of the most popular entertainers on British TV, combining his talents as a stand-up comedian with his razor sharp delivery in chat shows and as a guest on numerous programmes.
Since Frank won the 1991 Perrier Award at the Edinburgh Fringe Comedy Festival, beating both Jack Dee and Eddie Izzard, his career has gone from strength to strength. In the 1990s and early 2000s, he worked with David Baddiel, notably on the popular late night show Fantasy Football League (BBC2) from 1994 to 2004, and on Baddiel And Skinner Unplanned(ITV)from 2000 to 2005. The duo also co-wrote and performed the football song Three Lions with The Lightning Seeds, which became the England national football team theme song for Euro 96; they subsequently re-recorded it (as 3 Lions 98) for the 1998 World Cup. The song reached number 1 in the UK charts both times.
From 1995 to 1998, Frank had his own chat show on BBC1, subsequently transferring to ITV in 1999, where the show ran until late 2005. He was named Best Comedy Entertainment Personality at the 2001 British Comedy Awards.
Since 2012, Frank has been host of the ever-popular BBC1 show Room 101, and in 2013 he became team captain on the BBC comedy game show I Love My Country. More recently, he has appeared as a regular in the Dave TV comedy game show Taskmaster. In addition, Frank has appeared in a number of self-written sitcoms, including Blue Heaven and Shane.
In addition to his extensive work in television, Frank has also presented or co-presented a number of highly popular radio shows, starting in 2009 with the Saturday Morning Breakfast Show on Absolute Radio, with co-hosts Emily Dean and Gareth Richards. Two years later he wrote and performed a BBC Radio 4 comedy series, Don't Start with Katherine Parkinson, which returned for a second series in 2012.
Frank has also made a number of comedy DVDs, including Live At The Palladium, Live In Birmingham, Baddiel And Skinner Unplanned, Live From London's West End, Stand-Up! Live From Birmingham's National Indoor Arena and Live - Man In A Suit.
Frank's best-selling autobiography, Frank Skinner By Frank Skinner, was published in 2001. Other books followed, including Frank Skinner On The Road: Love, Stand-up Comedy And The Queen Of The Night.
Frank Skinner is a first class choice as an Awards Host, Events Presenter or After-dinner Entertainer. To book him, contact a Prime Performers Booking Agent via the online booking enquiry form or alternatively call us on 020 7251 8222 to discuss your requirements.
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Jezreel, Hebrew Yizre’el, meaning “God sows,” is mentioned more than 30 times in the Hebrew Bible as the setting for a series of dramatic events during the reigns of Kings Ahab, Joram, and Jehu of the northern kingdom of Israel. In 1Kgs 21, when Naboth the Jezreelite refuses to sell his vineyard to Ahab, Ahab’s wife Jezebel has him stoned to death. This is followed by a visit from none other than the prophet Elijah and the subsequent gruesome death of Jezebel.
Strategically located in Galilee at the intersection of the ancient international highway between Egypt and Mesopotamia—the Via Maris—and the route south to Samaria and Jerusalem—the Way of the Patriarchs—Jezreel was the location of a military compound, a sometime residence for Israelite kings, and an agricultural Eden.
Tel Jezreel was excavated in the early 1990s by David Ussishkin of Tel Aviv University and John Woodhead of the British School of Archaeology; since 2012 the Jezreel Expedition directed by Norma Franklin of the University of Haifa and Jennie Ebeling of the University of Evansville has explored greater Jezreel, which includes the northern slopes of the tel as well as the Spring of Jezreel below. Both excavations have yielded information that helps us understand the nature of the site from prehistory to modern times, including the period of the kings of Israel (ninth–eighth centuries B.C.E.).
What was the nature of the Israelite settlement at Jezreel?
Although the main royal residence was in the Israelite capital of Samaria, Jezreel may have been occupied for at least part of the year by Ahab and Jezebel. Some years after the death of Ahab, when his son Joram was king of Israel, Jezreel was described as a military center and staging post for battles in the north and east, and the military theme continues with Jezebel’s death by trampling under the hooves of the usurper Jehu’s horses. Jezreel also served as a royal retreat of sorts, as Joram went to Jezreel to rest after being wounded in battle with the Arameans (2Kgs 9).
Excavations at Tel Jezreel in the 1990s revealed the remains of a rectangular compound surrounded by walls, a moat, and a four- or six-chambered gate on the southern side. No domestic structures were found within the compound, strengthening its identification as a military or royal center. The excavators dated the compound’s construction to the Omride dynasty (circa 880 B.C.E.) on the basis of the biblical narrative; a destruction layer in the southeastern tower was accordingly attributed to Hazael and the Arameans in the late ninth century B.C.E. The current excavators have challenged both of these conclusions: the compound may date slightly later, and the destruction in the southeastern tower was too localized to signify the demise of the entire compound.
What made Jezreel such an attractive location?
Located at the narrowest part of the Jezreel Valley, in a position to control the major east–west and north–south highways, Jezreel was surrounded by fertile farmland that attracted inhabitants from prehistoric times. The spring of Jezreel that flowed nearly one kilometer north of Tel Jezreel provided the site and surrounding fields with a constant supply of water; even today, the lush fields surrounding Jezreel are considered ideal for growing two traditional staple crops of the region: grapes, as reflected in the narrative of Naboth’s vineyard, and olives. The perennial spring waters would have attracted commercial and military travelers early on; the earliest biblical event associated with the site is the encampment of the Israelite army at the spring of Jezreel while Saul prepares for battle at Gilboa (1Sam 29:1).
A landscape archaeology project conducted by the Jezreel Expedition has identified evidence of the military character of Jezreel over millennia along with a network of roads and paths that connected different parts of the site from as early as the Roman period. These discoveries underscore the agricultural plentifulness alluded to in the story of Naboth’s vineyard in 1Kgs 21 and the military character of Jezreel described in 2Kgs 9.
Norma Franklin is a research associate at the Zinman Institute of Archaeology at the University of Haifa and an associate fellow at the W. F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research in Jerusalem. Codirector of the Jezreel Expedition, Franklin is a field archaeologist with a particular interest in the northern kingdom of Israel and its three key cities: Samaria, Megiddo, and Jezreel.
Jezreel has been continuously inhabited from the Neolithic period until the present day.
The site of Jezreel gave its name to the valley and not the other way around.
According to the biblical narrative, Jezebel died not from falling from the window but by being trampled underfoot by Jehu’s team of chariot horses.
We still do not know where people lived during the Iron Age period when Jezreel functioned as a military center.
Jezreel’s strategic location attracted crusaders in the 12th century C.E., and they named the site Le Petit Gerin, in reference to nearby Jenin. A tower and church from the crusader period still stand on the western part of the site.
What was the main trade route between Antioch and Jerusalem?
The Jezreel Expedition is conducting a strategic excavation of the greater Jezreel area to learn more about the 6,000-year history of this important site.
Jennie Ebeling discusses the vital importance of farming the land to ancient Israelites’ survival.
33Then all the Midianites and the Amalekites and the people of the east came together, and crossing the Jordan they encamped in the Valley of Jezreel.
43David also married Ahinoam of Jezreel; both of them became his wives.
The Philistines Reject David 1Now the Philistines gathered all their forces at Aphek, while the Israelites were encamped by the fountain that is in Jezreel.
11So David set out with his men early in the morning, to return to the land of the Philistines. But the Philistines went up to Jezreel.
5David's two wives also had been taken captive, Ahinoam of Jezreel, and Abigail the widow of Nabal of Carmel.
2So David went up there, along with his two wives, Ahinoam of Jezreel, and Abigail the widow of Nabal of Carmel.
9He made him king over Gilead, the Ashurites, Jezreel, Ephraim, Benjamin, and over all Israel.
Naboth's Vineyard 1Later the following events took place: Naboth the Jezreelite had a vineyard in Jezreel, beside the palace of King Ahab of Samaria.
10The dogs shall eat Jezebel in the territory of Jezreel, and no one shall bury her.” Then he opened the door and fled.
Jezebel's Violent Death 30When Jehu came to Jezreel, Jezebel heard of it; she painted her eyes, and adorned her head, and looked out of the window.
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, Vol 3.
1Now the Philistines gathered all their forces at Aphek, while the Israelites were encamped by the fountain that is in Jezreel.
An archaeological era defined by the advancement of stone wares and tools; generally a late part of the Stone Age and an early stage in the development of a civilization. In the ancient Near East, the neolithic period lasted from about 8500 to 4300 B.C.E.
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0.807936 |
The 2017–18 Spanish constitutional crisis, also known as the Catalan crisis, was a political conflict between the Government of Spain and the Generalitat de Catalunya under former President Carles Puigdemont—the government of the autonomous community of Catalonia until 28 October 2017—over the issue of Catalan independence. It started after the law intending to allow the 2017 Catalan independence referendum was denounced by the Spanish government under Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy and subsequently suspended by the Constitutional Court until it ruled on the issue. Some international media outlets have described the events as "one of the worst political crises in modern Spanish history".
Government of Catalonia's refusal to abide by the Constitutional Court's suspension of the 2017 Catalan independence referendum.
Street protests throughout Catalonia; 2017 Catalan general strike.
Independence unilaterally declared, then suspended by Constitutional Court.
Article 155 of the Constitution enforced and direct rule imposed over Catalonia.
Puigdemont and part of his cabinet flee to Belgium to avoid charges.
Spanish court orders a jail sentence to 8 of Puigdemont's cabinet members (most later released on bail) and EAW against Puigdemont (later withdrawn).
Regional election called for 21 December; plurality for anti-independence party Cs, but pro-independence parties retain their majority. Total collapse for Rajoy's party.
Political deadlock in the Parliament of Catalonia over investiture. Puigdemont prevented from being elected from abroad; Jordi Sànchez dropping bid as a result of detainment; Jordi Turull charged with rebellion and put under detention after first failed ballot.
EAW against Puigdemont reactivated; Puigdemont detained in Germany on 25 March 2018.
Jordi Sànchez and Jordi Cuixart were both arrested on 17 October 2017. Senior Generalitat figures were officially dismissed from office on 28 October 2017 after direct rule was enforced.
Puigdemont's government announced that neither central Spanish authorities nor the courts would halt their plans and that it intended to hold the vote anyway, sparking a legal backlash that quickly spread from the Spanish and Catalan governments to Catalan municipalities—as local mayors were urged by the Generalitat to provide logistical support and help for the electoral process to be carried out—as well as to the Constitutional Court, the High Court of Justice of Catalonia and state prosecutors. By 15 September, as pro-Catalan independence parties began their referendum campaigns, the Spanish government had launched an all-out legal offensive to thwart the upcoming vote, including threats of a financial takeover of much of the Catalan budget, police seizing pro-referendum posters, pamphlets and leaflets which had been regarded as illegal and criminal investigations ordered on the over 700 local mayors who had publicly agreed to help stage the referendum. Tensions between the two sides reached a critical point after Spanish police raided the Catalan government headquarters in Barcelona on 20 September, at the start of Operation Anubis, and arrested fourteen senior Catalan officials. This led to protests outside the Catalan economy department which saw Civil Guard officers trapped inside the building for hours and several vehicles vandalized. The referendum was eventually held, albeit without meeting minimum standards for elections and amid low turnout and police crackdown resulting in hundreds injured.
On 10 October, Puigdemont ambiguously declared and suspended independence during a speech in the Parliament of Catalonia, arguing his move was directed at entering talks with Spain. The Spanish government required Puigdemont to clarify whether he had declared independence or not, to which it received no clear answer. A further requirement was met with an implicit threat from the Generalitat that it would lift the suspension on the independence declaration if Spain "continued its repression", in response to the imprisonment of the leaders of pro-independence Catalan National Assembly (ANC) and Òmnium Cultural, accused of sedition by the National Court because of their involvement in the 20 September events. On 21 October, it was announced by Prime Minister Rajoy that Article 155 of the Spanish Constitution would be invoked, leading to direct rule over Catalonia by the Spanish government once approved by the Senate.
On 27 October, the Catalan parliament voted in a secret ballot to unilaterally declare independence from Spain, with some deputies boycotting a vote considered illegal for violating the decisions of the Constitutional Court of Spain, as the lawyers of the Parliament of Catalonia warned. As a result, the government of Spain invoked the Constitution to remove the regional authorities and enforce direct rule the next day, with a regional election being subsequently called for 21 December 2017 to elect a new Parliament of Catalonia. Puigdemont and part of his cabinet fled to Belgium after being ousted, as the Spanish Attorney General pressed for charges of sedition, rebellion and misuse of public funds against them.
The recent increase in support for Catalan independence has its roots in a Constitutional Court ruling in 2010, which struck down parts of the regional 2006 Statute of Autonomy that granted new powers of self-rule to the region. The ruling came after four years of deliberation concerning a constitutional appeal filed by the conservative People's Party (PP) under Mariano Rajoy—then the country's second-largest party, in opposition to the government of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero's Spanish Socialist Workers' Party—and was met with anger and street protests in Catalonia. Shortly afterward the PP took power in Spain, and after a massive independence demonstration took place in Barcelona on 11 September 2012—Catalonia's National Day—the Catalan government under Artur Mas called a snap regional election and set out to initiate Catalonia's process towards independence.
After a pro-independence coalition formed by the Junts pel Sí alliance and the Popular Unity Candidacy won a slim majority in the Parliament in the 2015 regional election, Carles Puigdemont replaced Mas as President of the Generalitat. Puigdemont promised to organise a binding independence referendum based on results from a multi-question, non-binding vote in 2014, when about 80% of those who voted were believed to have backed independence for the region, and up to 91.8% supported Catalonia becoming a state—albeit on an estimated turnout around or below 40%. The Catalan government invoked the right of people to self-determination and Catalonia's political, economical and cultural background to back up its proposal for a referendum on Catalan independence. The Government of Spain, now with Mariano Rajoy as Prime Minister, opposed such a vote, arguing that any referendum on Catalan independence would go against the country's 1978 Constitution, as it made no provision for a vote on self-determination.
On 9 June 2017, Puigdemont announced that the planned independence referendum would be held on 1 October the same year. The Catalan government criticised the attitude of the Spanish government in refusing to negotiate a referendum and accused it of behaving undemocratically.
On 6 September 2017, the ruling Junts pel Sí (JxSí) coalition and its parliamentary partner, the Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP), passed the Law on the Referendum on Self-determination of Catalonia in the Parliament of Catalonia that was to provide the legal framework for the intended independence referendum scheduled for 1 October. The way in which the law had been pushed through Parliament became an issue of controversy. Catalan opposition parties accused JxSí and CUP of fast-tracking the law through parliament, not allowing them to appeal the law before being put up to vote. Some months later the Spanish Constitutional Court endorsed the reform of the Parliament regulation that allowed passing the law. Shortly after the parliamentary vote, in which most of the opposition MPs walked out from the chamber without voting on the bill, the Catalan regional government signed the decree calling the referendum.
The People's Party-led Spanish government under Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy announced that it would appeal the bill to the Constitutional Court, which agreed to hear all four of its unconstitutionality appeals and subsequently suspended the law and the referendum until it could rule upon the matter. Despite the referendum suspension, the Catalan government announced it would proceed with the vote anyway. This prompted Attorney General José Manuel Maza to ask security forces to investigate possible preparations from the Catalan government to hold the vote, as well as announcing he would present criminal charges against members of both the regional parliament and government for voting and signing off the referendum. The national government proceeded to deploy a series of legal measures intended to nullify the referendum, while also warning local councils in Catalonia to either impede or paralyse efforts to carry out the vote. Previously, local mayors had been given 48 hours by the regional government to confirm the availability of polling stations for 1 October. On 7 September and under a similar procedure as the day previously, pro-independence lawmakers in the Parliament of Catalonia passed the legal framework that was to prevail the Spanish one should a majority vote for the 'Yes' to independence choice.
Within the next two days, nearly 74% of Catalan municipalities—comprising about 43% of the Catalan population—had agreed to provide the necessary polling stations for the referendum, whereas many of the most-populated urban areas—representing 24% of Catalan inhabitants—had voiced their opposition to the vote. The largest city and capital of Catalonia, Barcelona—accounting for about 20% of the region's population—was caught in the middle, with its local mayor, Ada Colau, refusing to make a statement whether the municipality would provide logistic support to the referendum or not while rejecting putting public servants at risk; she, however, voiced her support for the people's right to vote in a fair and legal referendum. Concurrently, President of Catalonia Carles Puigdemont, Vice-President Oriol Junqueras, the entire Catalan government as well as parliamentary officials allowing the referendum law to be put to vote in Parliament—including Parliament Speaker Carme Forcadell—faced charges of disobedience, misusing public funds and making deliberately unlawful decisions as elected officials as the High Court of Justice of Catalonia agreed to hear the criminal complaints filled by state prosecutors.
Protests in Barcelona after the arrest of fourteen Catalan government officials on 20 September.
On 8 September the Attorney General of Catalonia, José María Romero de Tejada, presented two complaints to the High Court of Justice of Catalonia (TSJC) against him Government and the Bureau of Parliament for crimes of disobedience, prevarication and misappropriation of public funds, as announced the day before the Attorney General José Manuel Maza. These complaints included the guarantee request for the members of the Government as well as a request for a notification to all mayors of Catalonia to prevent any "personal or material resource, including local" resources being provided for the celebration of referendum The court was also asked to notify the Catalan media managers of the prohibition of inserting institutional advertising or propaganda of the referendum.
These complaints were admitted by the TSJC on 14 September without accepting the request for a deposit for the members of the Government.
A decision on 13 September from Spain's public prosecutors to order a criminal probe of all local mayors who had publicly announced they would help stage the independence referendum—totalling over 700—came the day after the Constitutional Court had accepted the Spanish government's request to suspend the second of the two laws that had been approved by the secessionist majority in the Catalan parliament the previous week. The probe meant that prosecutors could choose to present criminal charges—or even arrest, if failing to answer the summons—local mayors who disobeyed the Constitutional Court's ruling. As part of a series of moves to block the Catalan referendum, prosecutors had also instructed police officials to seize ballot boxes, election flyers and other items that could be of use in the illegal vote, whereas the Constitutional Court had instructed regional government officials to show how they were preventing the vote from going ahead within a 48-hour deadline. In response, the Catalan government sent a letter to Treasury Minister Cristóbal Montoro announcing that it would stop sending weekly financial accounts to Spain's central government, a previously-established obligation that was meant to verify whether the region was using public money for the promotion of its independence drive as well as a requirement for the region's access to a funding programme to autonomous communities established in 2012. The Spanish government then proceeded to take direct control of most of Catalonia's invoice payments.
In a search on 19 September, Spanish police seized significant election material which had been in store by referendum organizers at the offices of a private delivery company in Terrassa. These included voting cards contained in envelopes with the Catalan government's logo. The next day, the Civil Guard raided Generalitat offices and arrested fourteen senior officials from the Catalan government—most notably, these included Josep Maria Jové [ca], deputy to regional Vice-President Oriol Junqueras. This came after mayors from towns supporting the referendum were questioned in court by state prosecutors. Regional premier Carles Puigdemont condemned the actions as "anti-democratic and totalitarian", accusing the Spanish government of 'de facto' imposing a state of emergency and of suspending Catalonia's autonomy after it took effective control over Catalan finances. Public protests occurred in Barcelona after news of the arrests emerged, with left-wing political party Podemos and Barcelona mayor Ada Colau joining the growing criticism of Mariano Rajoy's government crackdown on public servants, dubbing it as an "authoritarian regression". The previous day, the Congress of Deputies had voted down a motion from Ciudadanos to support the Spanish government's response to the referendum, which was rejected by 166 votes to 158. Rajoy defended his government's actions in that "What we're seeing in Catalonia is an attempt to eliminate the constitution and the autonomous statute of Catalonia... Logically, the state has to react. There is no democratic state in the world that would accept what these people are trying to do. They've been warned and they know the referendum can't take place". Rajoy also called for the Catalonia government to give up its "escalation of radicalism and disobedience", calling for them to "Go back to the law and democracy" and dubbing the referendum a "chimera", as tens of thousands gathered in the streets of Barcelona and other Catalan cities to protest police actions. The Spanish government did not rule out invoking Article 155 of the Spanish Constitution, which would allow the central government to adopt "the necessary measures to compel regional authorities to obey the law"—in practice, allowing for the autonomy's effective suspension and direct rule of the region.
On 21 September, the Catalan government acknowledged that the raid and arrests in the previous day severely hampered the referendum's logistics by preventing any alternative election data centre to be established in time for the vote to take place. Nonetheless, Catalan Vice-President Junqueras called for people to turn out and mobilise on 1 October, turning the social response into a "censure motion to Rajoy", stating that "If there is any possibility of change in Spain, democracy must triumph in Catalonia". As street protests continued throughout Catalonia, additional police reinforcements were sent by the Spanish government to block any moves to hold the referendum on 1 October. Spanish prosecutors formally accused some protesters in Barcelona of sedition, after several Civil Guard patrol cars had been vandalised on Wednesday night. By 23 September, the Spanish government announced that the Mossos d'Esquadra—the regional police force—were to be subordinated to a single command dependent of the Spanish government and that the Interior Ministry would assume co-ordination over all security forces in Catalonia. The previous day, several hundred students had announced a permanent occupation of the historic building of the University of Barcelona, protesting the state's actions.
Demonstration in Barcelona during the general strike held in Catalonia on 3 October 2017.
Despite the suspension, the Catalan referendum was held on 1 October 2017, as scheduled by the Generalitat. Over 12,000 officers from the National Police Corps and the Civil Guard were deployed throughout Catalonia in an effort to close off polling stations and seize all election material to prevent the vote from taking place. The Spanish government was forced to call off police raids after clashes with protesters resulted in two people seriously injured, one for a gum ball shot against the eye and the other one due to a heart attack. 893 civilians and 111 agents of the Nacional Police and the Civil Guard were reported to have been injured. According to some Spanish media these previously reported figures may have been exaggerated. The Guardian's columnist, Peter Preston, said the number of injured "hadn't been independently checked" while he still described the police action as "violent and frightening".
However, the Official College of Doctors of Barcelona (Col·legi de Metges de Barcelona) stated that "professionalism and independence of doctors can not be questioned because they act under a deontological code to attend and diagnose patients". The judge who is currently investigating the accusations of police violence had already identified 218 people injured on October 10th, 20 of whom were police officers.
The events of 1 October sparked a public outcry in Catalonia, with hundreds of thousands taking to the streets to protest Spanish police violence.
Demonstration in Manresa on 3 October 2017.
On 3 October 2017, as huge protest rallies and a general strike took place in Catalonia, King Felipe VI delivered an unusually strongly worded televised address in which he condemned the referendum organizers for acting "outside the law", accusing them of "unacceptable disloyalty" and of "eroding the harmony and co-existence within Catalan society itself". He also warned the referendum could put the economy of the entire north-east region of Spain at risk. Reactions to the King's speech were mixed. Party officials from the PP and Ciudadanos praised the King's "commitment to legality", whereas leaders from Unidos Podemos and Catalunya en Comú criticised it as "unworthy and irresponsible", paving the way for a harsh intervention in Catalan autonomy. PSOE's leaders expressed support for the King's words in public, but were reported to be privately dissatisfied that the King had not made any call to encourage understanding or dialogue between the Spanish and Catalan governments. On 5 October the Constitutional Court of Spain suspended a future parliamentary session (scheduled for 9 October) that was planned in order to push for a Declaration of Independence.
On 5 October, Banco Sabadell, the second-largest bank based in Catalonia, announced its decision to move its legal headquarters out of the region amid economic uncertainty over the future of Catalonia's political situation ahead of a projected unilateral declaration of independence the ensuing week, which had seen sharp falls in the group's share prices the previous day and rating agencies downgrading the region. Concurrently, CaixaBank, the biggest bank in the region and the third largest in Spain, also announced it was considering redomiciling outside Catalonia. This sparked a massive business exit in the ensuing hours, with companies such as Abertis, Gas Natural, Grifols, Fersa Energias Renovables, Agbar, Freixenet, Codorníu, Idilia Foods, San Miguel Beer and Planeta Group also announcing or considering their intention to move their HQs out of Catalonia. The Spanish government announced on Friday 6 October that it would issue a decree allowing companies based in Catalonia to move out of the region without holding a shareholders' meeting. Within two weeks, more than 1,000 business and firms would move out of Catalonia. Simultaneously, far-right groups increasingly took to the streets throughout Spain in a quest to defend Spanish unity, with some gatherings leading to violent scuffles in Barcelona and Valencia. This sparked concerns among analysts that the Catalan crisis could lead to a rise of the far-right in Spain after decades on the margins. The Mossos d'Esquadra were put under investigation for disobedience, accused of not complying with a command from the High Court of Justice of Catalonia to prevent the referendum and with their pasivity allowing polling stations to open.
In an ambiguous speech during a parliamentary session in the Parliament of Catalonia on 10 October, Puigdemont declared that "Catalonia had earned the right to be an independent state" and that he defended "the mandate of the people of Catalonia to become an independent republic". However, he immediately announced that parliament would suspend a formal declaration of independence in order to pursue dialogue with the Spanish government. Puigdemont and other pro-independence deputies then signed a symbolic declaration of independence with no legal effect. Puigdemont's move came after pressure resulting from the business exit on the previous days as well as pleas from Barcelona's mayor Ada Colau and European Council President Donald Tusk urging him to step back from declaring independence. This was met with disappointment from thousands of pro-independence supporters who had gathered nearby to watch the session on giant screens, as well as criticism from the CUP, who voiced their discontent at Puigdemont's decision not to proclaim a Catalan republic right away and did not rule out abandoning the Parliament until the signed declaration of independence was effective.
Conviction for sedition shall befall those who, without being included in the felony of rebellion, public and tumultuously rise up to prevent, by force or outside the legal channels, application of the laws, or any authority, official corporation or public officer from lawful exercise of the duties thereof or implementation of the resolutions thereof, or of administrative or judicial resolutions.
— Article 544 of the Spanish Criminal Code.
Pro-independence politicians and organizations, including Catalan President Carles Puigdemont, have referred to Cuixart and Sànchez as political prisoners. The Spanish Justice Minister Rafael Catalá argued that they were not "political prisoners" but "imprisoned politicians". An article published in El País argued that according to the criteria established by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) Sànchez and Cuixart could not be considered "political prisoners". Amnesty International issued an official statement considering the charge of sedition and the preventive imprisonment as "excessive" and called for their immediate release, but several days later made it clear that it did not consider them "political prisoners". Some Catalan media, such as La Vanguardia, reported that footage from the incident showed Cuixart and Sànchez trying to call off the protests, contradicting that part of the judicial order imprisoning them which said that they had not tried "to call off the demonstration".
On 11 October, after an extraordinary cabinet meeting intended to address the events on the previous day, Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy announced he was formally requiring the Catalan government to confirm whether it had declared independence before 16 October at 10 am, with a further 3-day deadline until 19 October to revoke all deemed illegal acts if an affirmative answer—or no answer at all—was obtained. This requirement was a formal requisite needed to trigger article 155 of the Spanish Constitution, a so-called "nuclear option" that would allow the Spanish government to suspend Catalonia's political autonomy and impose direct rule from Madrid. Pressure mounted within the pro-independence coalition as the CUP demanded an unambiguous affirmation of Catalan independence, threatening to withdraw its parliamentary support from Puigdemont's government if he rescinded his independence claim. In his formal response to Rajoy's requirement hurrying the initial five-day deadline, Puigdemont failed to clarify whether independence had been declared and instead called for negotiations over the following two months. The Spanish government replied that this was not a valid response to its requirement and doubted that Puigdemont's offer for dialogue was sincere due to his lack of "clarity". The refusal from the Catalan government to either confirm or deny independence triggered a second deadline for them to backtrack before direct rule was imposed. The Spanish government subsequently offered to abort the incoming move to suspend self-rule if the Catalan government called for a regional election, but this was ruled out by the latter.
If a self-governing community does not fulfil the obligations imposed upon it by the constitution or other laws, or acts in a way that is seriously prejudicial to the general interest of Spain, the government may take all measures necessary to compel the community to meet said obligations, or to protect the above-mentioned general interest.
— Article 155 of the Spanish Constitution of 1978.
On 19 October, Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy confirmed that the Spanish government would trigger Article 155 and move to suspend Catalonia's autonomy after a cabinet meeting scheduled for 21 October, following a letter from Puigdemont in which he said that the independence declaration remained suspended but that the Catalan parliament could choose to vote on it if Spain continued its "repression". Subsequently, Rajoy announced the Spanish government would take direct control over the Generalitat of Catalonia, proceeding to remove Puigdemont and the entire Catalan government from their offices and call a regional election within six months, pending Senate approval.
Special Senate Commission on the Invocation of Article 155 of the Spanish Constitution (presidency).
On 26 October, one day ahead of the scheduled enforcement of Article 155 by the Spanish Senate, it was announced that Puigdemont had chosen to dissolve the Parliament of Catalonia within the coming hours and call for an emergency snap election on or around 20 December in order to prevent direct rule from Madrid. This move sparked an outcry within pro-independence ranks, as they wished to hold a vote for a unilateral declaration of independence in response to the Spanish government's move to trigger Article 155. In the end Puigdemont chose not to dissolve Parliament, allegedly because of the Spanish government's refusal to call off the Article 155 procedure even though an election was called by Puigdemont. A debate over a possible declaration of independence then went ahead as planned in the Parliament of Catalonia later that day and into the next morning, simultaneous to the Spanish Senate debating the enforcement of Article 155. At the end of the debate, the Catalan parliament voted for a unilateral declaration of independence, by secret ballot, which was backed 70–10, with two MPs casting a blank ballot, with all MPs from Citizens, the Socialists' Party of Catalonia and the People's Party boycotting the vote because of its illegality for violating the decisions of the Constitutional Court of Spain, as the lawyers of the Parliament of Catalonia warned.
Subsequently, on 28 October, Mariano Rajoy dismissed the Executive Council of Catalonia, dissolved the Parliament of Catalonia and called a snap regional election for 21 December 2017, after obtaining the Senate endorsement to the invoking of Article 155, and handed coordination over Generalitat of Catalonia functions to Deputy Prime Minister Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría. On 30 October, as Spanish Attorney General José Manuel Maza called for charges of rebellion, sedition and embezzlement against Puigdemont and other Catalan leaders, it transpired that the ousted President and five of his ministers had fled to Belgium. Puigdemont, however, declared that he was not in Belgium "to seek asylum" and that he would respect the 21 December election, but also noting that he would not return home until "a fair judicial process was guaranteed" in Spain. Concurrently, lack of civil unrest and work resuming as normal throughout Catalonia showed direct rule from Madrid taking hold, with Spanish authorities reasserting administrative control over Catalan territory with little resistance. On 31 October, the independence declaration was suspended by the Constitutional Court of Spain.
Spain's National Court (Spanish: Audiencia Nacional) summoned Puigdemont and 13 other members of his dismissed government to appear on 2 November to respond to the criminal charges pressed against them. It was later ordered by the judge that eight members of the deposed Catalan government—including Puigdemont's deputy and ERC leader, Oriol Junqueras—be remanded in custody without bail after testifying for posing a flight risk, with a ninth—Santi Vila—being granted a €50,000 bail. Spanish prosecutors sought a European Arrest Warrant for Puigdemont and four other members who had remained in Belgium and refused to attend the hearing. The EAW demanding Puigdemont and his allies' arrest was officially issued to Belgium the next day, on 3 November, which Belgium said they would "study" before making any decisions. The detention of the former Generalitat members led to increased protests in Catalonia, with thousands calling for "freedom" for whom they viewed as "political prisoners". Puigdemont declared from an undisclosed location in Belgium that he regarded the detentions as "an act that breaks with the basic principles of democracy". In contrast, a separate case against other Catalan lawmakers was adjourned by the Supreme Court (Spanish: Tribunal Supremo) after all six of them, including Catalan parliament speaker Carme Forcadell, showed up to the summons. Puigdemont and the four other cabinet members turned themselves in to Belgian authorities on 5 November, awaiting a decision by the federal prosecutor on whether to hand them over to Spain or decline the warrant. They were released by the judge on the same day on conditions, such as they would not be able to leave the country without prior consent and would have to provide details to the police about their accommodation. On 5 December, six jailed members of the deposed government were freed on bail, while four others, including Oriol Junqueras, were required to remain imprisoned. The next day, Spain withdrew the EAW against Puigdemont just over a month after issuing it to Belgian authorities.
The 21 December regional election called by Rajoy resulted in pro-independence parties retaining a reduced majority with 70 seats overall, with Puigdemont's coalition, Junts per Catalunya (JxSí), performing above expectations. With 36 seats, the main anti-independence party, Citizens, emerged as the largest in the Parliament, whereas Rajoy's People's Party was severely mauled after being reduced to 4.2% of the share and 4 out of 135 seats.
Inés Arrimadas, Citizens' leader in the region, announced she would not try to form a government on her own, instead waiting and see how negotiations between pro-independence parties evolved, due to them commanding a majority against her hypothetical candidacy. As the candidate of the most-voted party within the pro-independence bloc, Puigdemont intended to be re-elected as President, but this was hampered by the fact he risked being arrested by Spanish authorities upon returning from Brussels. Further, pro-independence parties could only command 62 seats—six short of a majority—as in practice eight of their elected deputies were either in Brussels with Puigdemont or in preventive detention.
After the Catalan parliament elected Roger Torrent as new speaker, Puigdemont was proposed as candidate for re-election as President of the Generalitat. However, facing arrest on possible charges of rebellion, sedition and misuse of public funds, the Catalan parliament delayed Puigdemont's investiture after Constitutional Court ruled that he could not assume the presidency from abroad. With other pro-independence leaders assuring the pro-independence movement should outlive Puigdemont in order to end the political deadlock, the former Catalan president announced on 1 March he would step his claim aside in order to allow detained activist Jordi Sànchez, from his Junts per Catalunya alliance, to become President instead. However, as Spain's Supreme Court did not allow Sànchez to be freed from jail to attend his investiture ceremony, Sànchez ended up giving up his candidacy on 21 March in favour of former Catalan government spokesman Jordi Turull, who was also under investigation for his role in the referendum.
Turull was defeated in the first ballot of a hastily convened investiture session held on 22 March, with only his Junts per Catalunya alliance and ERC voting for him and the Popular Unity Candidacy abstaining, resulting in a 64–65 defeat. The next day and less than 24 hours before he was due to attend the second ballot, the Supreme Court announced that thirteen senior Catalan leaders—including Turull—would be charged with rebellion over their roles in the 2017 unilateral referendum and subsequent declaration of independence. Llarena sent five of them, including Turull and Carme Forcadell, previous Catalan Parliament speaker, to preventive jail; being the others already in preventive jail or exile. In anticipation of this ruling and in order to avoid appearing in court, Marta Rovira—ERC's general secretary and deputy leader to jailed Oriol Junqueras—fled the country to Switzerland in "self-exile". As a result, the Parliament speaker Roger Torrent cancelled Turull's second investiture ballot. Thousands took the streets of dozens of Catalan cities to show discomfort with the decision of the court.
The European Arrest Warrant against Puigdemont was reactivated just as he was in a visit to Finland, but he had already left the country for Belgium before Finnish authorities received it. On his way to Belgium on 25 March he was caught and detained in Germany while crossing the border from Denmark. On 4 April he was released on bail after the state court in Schleswig rejected extraditing him for rebellion, though he may still be extradited on corruption charges. Ultimately, though, Spain dropped its European arrest warrant, ending the extradition attempt. Puigdemont was once again free to travel, and chose to return to Belgium.
Many messages and operations that were seen via social networks come from Russian territory. And I use the correct expression: from Russian territory. That's not to say necessarily that we have determined that it is the Russian government. As such, we must act with extreme caution. We have to be clear on the origins. They are partly from Russian territory, partly from elsewhere, also outside the EU. We are determining this at the current time.
—Spanish Defence Minister María Dolores de Cospedal.
Russian President Vladimir Putin condemned Catalonia's independence referendum as "illegal". However, an analysis by the George Washington University School of Media and Public Affairs of over five million social media messages found that some Russian media and accounts on social networks related to Venezuela allegedly collaborated on disseminating negative propaganda against the Spanish government days before and after the referendum. Russia's RT and Sputnik would use Venezuelan social bots that would typically promote the Bolivarian government in Venezuela to criticize the Spanish government and police violence against citizens in Catalonia. Social bots, anonymous accounts and official state media accounts shared 97% of the anti-Spain messages while only 3% of the messages were shared by real social media members. Leaders of the George Washington University study displayed concern about the findings, stating that "democratic systems have the obligation to investigate these signs and implement systematic methods of monitoring and responding to alleged disruptions of foreign agents" and that it appeared the authors of the propaganda are the same as the ones who allegedly interfered in the 2016 United States presidential election and Brexit.
The Spanish Ministry of Defence and the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation later said it had confirmed that Russian actors and Venezuela had attempted to destabilize the nation and Europe by means of propaganda, though it would not confirm if the Russian government was directly involved and warned that similar misinformation actions may take place in future elections. NATO officials also made comments stating that Russia has been attempting to undermine Western governments through disinformation campaigns.
Members of Catalonia's separatist groups have denied allegations of foreign interference. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said in response: "Probably they are arranging this kind of scandalous, sensational hysteria in order to distract the attention of their electorate from their inability to resolve their problems at home." Kremlin Spokesman Dmitry Peskov said on November 15: "The Spanish authorities, NATO, and the newspapers did not bring up a single worthwhile argument to back these claims. We consider these claims to be groundless, and more likely a deliberate or inadvertent continuation of the same hysteria that is now happening in the United States and a number of other countries."
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0.999998 |
Some people become famous at young age.
Is it good thing or bad thing?
In present generations, there are many instances where younger individuals are becoming increasingly popular.
Some people think that the situation is advantageous, whereas other have a contradictory opinion. I opine with the latter group and believe it is disadvantageous owing to its drawbacks such as sacrificing precious childhood, education and getting addicted to luxurious lifestyles.
First of all, childhood is considered as a bliss in an individual life. A child that becomes famous at an early age is most likely to lose his bond and association with family and friends as public eye becomes more demanding and critical. In other words, a success child would not has an opportunity to take care of himself and to spent quality time with parents and acquaintances which indirectly effect his early age. If we take an example of a famous cricketer Sachin Tendulkar from India, he became a famous sportsperson at early twenties whereas he could not even finish his secondary education and does not have a single childhood friend.
Secondly, with accretion of money and fame at an early age people get habituated to lavish lifestyle. Therefore, the person becomes stubborn and proud, disrespecting elders and other members of society. He can stay without a person but can not live without fame, money and gadgets. This in turn means the individual became insensitive to social life by disregarding moral values. A recent research by psychiatrists mentioned that younger adult with fame, prefer to step on traditions and cultures and get swayed away by western culture particularly an addiction to alcohol and narcotics to kill loneliness.
To conclude, although becoming famous at younger age is beneficial, the adverse effects outweigh the beneficial effects. The negative effects include eliminating early ages for success and getting attached to materialistic life. This strengthen my belief towards drawbacks of becoming successful early.
Frooti, you should always remember to change the verb form after an auxiliary presentation. So when you say "a success child would not has an opportunity", "has" should be changed to the current form "have". Also, the word is "successful", not "success". Familiarize yourself with word meanings. "Success" means the accomplishment of an aim or purpose, while "successful" refers to accomplishing a desired aim or result. Or an alternative meaning for successful, in relation to the discussion provided is having achieved fame, wealth, or social status. There are several other instances of word choice problems in this essay which I will forgo pointing out at this point because I would end up revising your whole presentation. Just be more mindful of your word choice and vocabulary errors in the future. As a final note for this section, please remember that you have to use the conjunction "cannot" instead of "can not" because the latter means "able to but unable to" at the same time. It does not make sense in the sentence presentation.
With regards to your punctuation problems, kindly remember that when stating a series of related words in a sentence-like list, you have to use the Oxford comma to indicate when the end of the list has been achieved such as in your reference to; "He can stay without a person but cannot live without fame, money , and gadgets."
Your essay lacks in popular examples with whom the examiner can identify with in the discussion. Your examples are of child stars in your home country which is okay, but you could have scored better if you had used a more internationally known name among the child stars. Your discussion shows a clear understanding of the prompt although your sentence presentations need improvement. Overall, this is a good first attempt. Keep practicing and seeking guidance for your writing improvement. I am sure you will keep getting better at this.
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0.953797 |
What are my rights as a New Yorker with workers compensation?
Anybody in New York State who is injured while working is entitled by law to collect worker compensation. And that’s regardless of how the accident happen and regardless of who’s fault the accident was. There entitle to collect that from their employer. There are certain circumstances where in addition to collecting workers compensation the injured person can also start another action against another person or another entity that may have been responsible for what happen to them.
So for example, you have someone who is employed driving a car… let’s say they were working for UPS driving a UPS truck or working for some other company driving a car. Now lets say while driving that car, another car runs threw a red light and strikes them and as a result they get injured. The person driving that UPS truck will be entitled to get workers compensation from their employer regardless how the accident happen, or regardless of who fault it was. But in addition to collecting workers comp from UPS for that because the person was employed at the time of the incident. They also have a right to sue the other entity, the person driving that other car through that red light, and the owner of that vehicle for any damage that person sustain as a result of that incident.
That’s a classical example of somebody who is is employed can collect at the same time workers compensation and can also bring a lawsuit against the entity or the person the person that was responsible for what happen to them.
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0.999998 |
Uhhh...but what do the Romans do?
The answer to that question lies in the towering turrets and bustling marketplaces of Caesar III, Sierra's update of the classic city simulation Caesar II. With some interesting new gameplay features and options, Caesar III is ideal for those of you who spent hours playing SimCity and Sid Meier's Civilization when those games were first released.
The basic premise of Caesar III is simple: you start out as the lord and master of a small Roman town, and need to utilize scarce resources to grow your town into a bustling city, complete with power, health and other amenities. You also need to negotiate trade contracts with your neighbours, and begin exporting items in return for cash; you can then use this cash to import necessary items, and to pay for your military and civic infrastructure.
Naturally, you're not alone in this mammoth undertaking - there are a number of "advisors" who will hold your hand and provide you with advice on the best course of action to take in a specific set of circumstances. At the end of the day, however, the buck stops with you - and whether or not Caesar is pleased with you depends entirely on how successful your city is, how happy your citizens are, and how much you're contributing to the national coffers.
The interface should come as no surprise to those of you coming from a SimCity background - like SimCity, there are tools which allow you to demolish patches of land, lay down roads, and build various types of structures. As in SimCity, the various structures - health, fire, utilities - have a specific sphere of control, indicated by the patrol route taken by units from that structure. Additionally, Caesar III allows you to view the entire city layout and easily identify trouble spots - for example, areas where crime is rampant, or where there is a power or water problem - and then take measures to rectify the problem. Once your city is built, it becomes necessary to begin exporting goods to neighbouring regions, and also begin making an investment in your military arm.
There are two main gameplay modes - the scenario mode, in which you have a specific mission/target to accomplish, and the campaign mode, which is essentially a series of missions played out in a linear order. There are a number of different scenarios available, from building a city from scratch to taking over an ill-managed existing city and fixing its problems, and these add to the replay value of the simulation.
Graphics and sound effects are both good, and the interface is intuitive - I particularly liked the ability to zoom in on specific citizens and find out how (un)happy they are with your city and its planning. The various missions are also well-designed, and some of them are devilishly difficult to beat. If you like city simulations, you'll probably enjoy this one - just don't expect to finish it over a single weekend!
This article was first published on 11 Jan 2001.
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Does dna play a role in whether or not an individual has musical talent?
Good question - there is some evidence that it is. A study in Finland of people with musicians in the family showed that simple things, like discerning pitch differences, seemed to have some genetic basis ... but that's only a minor part! remember the old adage that it takes 10,000 hours to become an expert. What if you don't do that? No amount of musical genes will help.
Are ADD or ADHD genetic?
As a follow-up on nature vs. nurture and relating to ADD/ADHD, it's worth noting that amongst animals, humans probably have the least "hard-wired" brain. That's why childhood lasts so much longer than for other animals...there is a lot of room to mold our brains based on our environmental input. There are some genetic variants that may predispose to mental issues, but I think that surprisingly little is set in stone from the day you are born.
Can we use genetics to predict the behaviour of an individual?
Is hyperactiveness related to genetic susceptibility? Often this disease is seen among males only. Are females less susceptible to hyperactivity?
Some hyper-activity can be in part due to genetics, as there is actually a formal disease called ADHD or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. This is a disease known to be a "problem with inattentiveness, over-activity, impulsivity, or a combination" (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002518/). A lot of research has gone into the causes of this disease, and in some of the results it was found that indeed some genetics does interplay into susceptibility to ADHD (when the amount of hyper-activity is enough to impair the normal function of individuals). A particular research has found that rather than one gene, a combination of several genes interplay to increase susceptibility to ADHD. For more information about this research please visit www.medscape.com/viewarticle/546469_3. Also to answer your question about the gender differences, research has also found that males do indeed tend to display more hyperactivity than females, as "approximately 10% of all males and 4% of females have been diagnosed with ADHD" (www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?type...mp;id=13850&cn=3). And again for more information that had been provided by this research, please visit the above website for more details on the gender discrepancies for hyperactivity and the onset of ADHD.
Animal instincts are said to be imprinted in their genes. Are human instincts encoded in our genes?
We certainly have instinctual behaviours, like body language. The current belief is that much of our modern human behaviour was sculpted by evolution throughout our species' history and of course much earlier as well.
Do our genes influence whom we vote for or whether we vote? What is this idea of genopolitics?
I believe I recently saw some headline suggesting that there was a study that showed some relation between genetic profile and voting behavior. But, more broadly speaking, it is extremely difficult to demonstrate that genetic make-up will explain or even determine behavior. Actions such as voting are affected by a lot of other social determinants,like levels of education for example. So, I would think of genopolitics as a way of trying to attract attention to politics by giving it a scientific spin.
Do you think it's possible for procrastination to be linked to genes?
Behavioural genetics is complicated, but I am sure there are genotypes linked to procrastination. In fact, I think 23andme is probably trying to determine this right now! well perhaps not right now, since the FDA has given them a cease and desist ruling so that they stop offering genetic testing.
Is criminal behaviour encoded in some people's DNA? Does a gene exist that leads to excessive violence, perhaps known as the "killer" gene?
There is some evidence that some people might be more prone to violence, or at least, if you survey populations of people who have committed aggressive acts, there are some gene combinations that they share more than others. But the most important thing is this ... Even if you had such genes that is definitely NOT a guarantee that you will act that way. In fact there's probably stronger evidence that your environment - especially when you are young - is a stronger predictor.
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How to read Java System Properties? In the following example we show how to read single System property, list all, and use default when property is not defined.
Properties getProperties() Loads all system properties.
String getProperty(String key) Returns value of specified system property or null.
String getProperty(String key, String def) Returns value of specified system property or default value when not found.
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In today's fast-paced world, many people are seeking a way to just get away from it all and relax. Meditation, which is essentially a method to obtain a level of deep thought and relaxation, is one way to find inner peace and tranquility. Many people think of monks or other spiritual types sitting in crossed-leg position and reaching states of bliss when they think of mediation, but there are many ways to meditate. While there are many ways to reach a meditative state, there really are no right or wrong ways to meditate (this would defeat the purpose). Practice and find ways that feel right for you.
Meditation is associated with many religions; however one does not need to be associated with any particular religion in order to meditate. You might want to investigate different methods, however, to find a form of meditation that feels most comfortable for you. One common method includes repeating a sound or word, called a mantra. Other forms of meditation involve focusing on a visual image, such as the flame of a candle or a symbol. Other meditative techniques involve breathing and physical movements, such as yoga or other breathing practices.
No matter what the method, the tools used in meditation are there to help users reach a state of mental relaxation. Many mediation techniques help you clear your mind of the constant thoughts that normally run through the mind daily. In reducing or eliminating these thoughts, you can reach a state of deep thought that is associated with meditation.
There are two primary approaches to meditation. They are Concentrative Meditation and Mindfulness Meditation. In concentrative meditation, one focuses on their breath, an object, or a sound (mantra). In mindfulness meditation, one sits quietly and "observes" everything in their environment, including thoughts, sounds, smells, and more. In this form of meditation, one practices not reacting to the environment (both internal and external), which can lead to a greater ability to act in a non-reactive way in daily life. Both of these forms of meditation are useful, and one is no better than the other is. Personal preference may determine which method you choose, and you can always use both.
Meditation can be quite physical, such as with some types of yoga, or seemingly passive, such as in mindfulness types of meditation. In addition to the types of meditation, there are different stages as well. Generally speaking, in early stages of meditation, the practitioner is more aware of the practice. He or she may have difficulty concentrating on breath or not reacting to thought. With practice, this moves into a stage where one is much less aware. This is followed by a stage of bliss, which is followed by very deep sense of self, followed by an ability to reach a stage of deep stillness.
There are many resources available on meditation. Those new to the practice may choose to take part in a class or find a guide when beginning. Others may prefer to read up on the various options and practice on their own. Visit your local library for books and resources or visit a yoga or spiritual center. Meditation can be an enjoyable experience and provide balance to an otherwise hectic and overwhelming life most lead today.
Be Still In The Silence!
In between my coaching and speaking schedule, I carve out some time for a few of my “Unleashing Your Inner BadAss” sessions each month. If you would like a complimentary session (Value = $350), simply Click Here Pick a date and time the works best for your schedule and get some one-on-one time with me.
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Dayna Curry, left, and Heather Mercer were reported to be in good condition in Pakistan on Wednesday.
(CNN) -- President Bush said eight Western aid workers were rescued Wednesday more than three months after being detained by the Taliban.
The aid workers -- four Germans, two Americans and two Australians -- were flown from Afghanistan to Pakistan by U.S. Special Operation helicopters, the Pentagon said Wednesday. All were reported to be in good condition.
The Taliban had detained the aid workers, trying them on charges of attempting to convert Muslims to Christianity.
Bush said Special Forces troops freed the workers with coordination from elements on the ground.
"I'm thankful they're safe, and I'm pleased with our military for conducting this operation," Bush said from his ranch in Crawford, Texas.
But White House officials stressed the war against terrorism could last for years despite the rapid gains recently by anti-Taliban forces in Afghanistan.
White House Press Secretary Ari Fleischer said the Bush administration does not know when the al Qaeda network will be broken up and its members brought to justice.
"The president still believes patience is required," Fleischer said. "Just because Kabul has fallen is no guarantee that al Qaeda will be captured shortly. This may still last years until we find the people responsible for the attacks on the country."
Fighting has been reported Wednesday in and around the southern Afghanistan city of Kandahar, but it isn't clear yet who controls key positions in the Taliban stronghold.
U.S. Navy Adm. John Stufflebeem said Wednesday that several Pashtun tribes have engaged in battles with Taliban forces around Kandahar but said the Pentagon does not know what has been accomplished.
Taliban officials said they still control Kandahar and their support appeared to be strong. Al Jazeera broadcast videophone pictures of black-turbaned Taliban supporters in the streets of Kandahar, vowing to fight to keep the city from falling. Kandahar's mayor told Al Jazeera that the Taliban troops are deployed around the city and in the surrounding mountains.
The Pashtun tribes fighting in southern Afghanistan do not appear to be connected with Northern Alliance troops that have taken control of the northern part of the country, including Kabul.
Northern Alliance troops continued to make gains Wednesday, and Stufflebeem said they were on the outskirts of Jalalabad. Other U.S. officials said anti-Taliban forces are largely in control of Jalalabad.
Do you think the U.S. is now closer to getting Osama bin Laden?
James Dobbins, the U.S. envoy to the Afghan opposition, arrived Wednesday in Pakistan for urgent talks with Pakistani leaders and various Afghan factions about building a broad-based government for Afghanistan, the U.S. State Department said. Dobbins arrived in Islamabad following talks with exiled Afghan King Mohammad Zahir Shah in Rome, Italy, and with Turkish officials in Ankara.
Taliban sources told CNN that if their forces were driven out of Kandahar they would retreat into the mountains and fight a guerrilla action.
Afghanistan's exiled king issued a statement from Rome urging Afghans to "safeguard life, property and also to be vigilant in preventing foreign designs from inflicting more harm on our people."
The State Department said Wednesday it has no firm information about the eight Western aid workers being held by the Taliban. "We have heard reports that they may have been freed by the Taliban and are on the way to Pakistan," said State Department spokesman Richard Boucher. "We certainly hope that is true." Tuesday, the father of one of the workers said he was told the Taliban took them to Kandahar when the Taliban abandoned Kabul.
The Pentagon said Wednesday that U.S. warplanes are continuing to bomb caves and tunnels where Taliban and al Queda leaders and soldiers might be seeking refuge, as they retreat from Afghanistan's major northern cities. U.S. planes also dropped some 35,000 food packets to civilians on the ground.
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In recent years the international community has shown increasing nervous about poverty in the growing world. In the Friendly Summit in Copenhagen, the problem was placed near the top of the agenda and recently the Millennium Summit place a concentrate on to halve poverty by the year 2015. As the US, including UNCTAD, acquired for quite some time drawn the interest of the international community to the necessity to dwelling address the plight of the poorest and minimal developed countries.
While macroeconomic balance and structural reforms continue to be considered to hold the key to sustained and rapid growth, additionally it is known that stabilization and structural adjustment guidelines may exert a short-term adverse impact on the poor. Thus, it is advocated that such regulations should be associated with protection nets and targeted spending programmes to mitigate their possible adverse effects for poverty.
Why almost all fifty three African countries are believed as poor?
Africa is the world's poorest inhabited continent. Though elements of the continent have made significant gains during the last few years, of the 175 countries evaluated in the United Countries' Individuals Development Statement 2003, 25 African countries ranked lowest between the nations of the world. That is partly because of its turbulent history.
The geo-historical situations of African people should be reviewed while addressing poverty. Same like inhabitants in others continents, the African people were or more to today are typically reliant on agriculture, therefore these were needed to are in the parts where they were located near by the river in Nile Valley, in the coasts of North and West Africa, across the Niger, in the eastern highlands and in South Africa. They were surviving in traditional rustic lifestyle and may manage their requirement by hunting and farming in the renewable areas during the history, but gradually due to exotic environment situation and temperature in their living environment, lowering this particular recourses, increasing the number of folks in living areas and reduction of their agricultural resources, because of weather fluctuations within the recent ages, the problem of African people started out.
The effects of environment change are likely to be considerable in exotic regions. Expanding countries are usually considered more susceptible to the effects of weather change than more developed countries, generally attributed to a low capacity to modify in the developing world. With the developing countries, many in Africa have emerged being the most vulnerable to climate variability and change. High levels of vulnerability and low adaptive capacity in the growing world have been associated with factors like a high reliance on natural resources, limited capability to adapt fiscally and institutionally, low per capita GDP and high poverty, and a lack of safeness nets. The challenges for development are significant, not least because the influences are complex and highly uncertain.
Fighting for food and water made them active with themselves in order that they neglected to talk to people who were living in other areas of the world. They didn't learn how to sail and could not travel overseas and for that reason they could not prepare their requirement by trading with other countries and therefore, these were isolated from all of those other world in the recent hundreds of years.
Such isolation as well as the ignorance and illiteracy of African people, their fast growing inhabitants, their sectarian conflicts from one part and appearance of non African adventurers to the rich continent and starting the slavery were all enforced to the people who weren't deserved and cause them to a new age of poverty. Africa is still grappling to undo a legacy dominated by trade with the past colonial rulers. For instance, Senegal's biggest trading partner is France, while Gambia trades extensively with the uk. Although Senegal surrounds Gambia, trade between the two friends and neighbors is minimal. Worse enough the continent's railways and roads often lead to jacks rather than hyperlink countries across regions. Much dependency on help and reluctant of solving problems doesn't help Africa to emerge out from being considered as poor continent.
More than two-thirds of countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are currently experiencing a debilitating vitality crisis. The crisis is the result of many factors: strong financial growth, which has in turn led to the rapid increase in electricity utilization and urbanization; and poor planning boosting era and distribution capacity and preserving infrastructure. The real human and economic outcomes are significant. There is an urgent need to address the issues plaguing the power sector, but a large gap exists between infrastructure needs and the availability of resources. An estimated USD 40. 8 billion each year in investments are needed for Africa's electric power sector, but ODA and funding from the public sector aren't sufficient to meet this need. Subsequently, the private sector will need to play a significant role in closing the demand-resources gap by providing funds and knowledge.
The need for at least a simple degree of infrastructure in Africa is quite critical in all sectors and due to its lacking in %75 of African personal area, millions of lives are threatened every day for lack of clean drinking water or safe sanitation. Lately the continent's development objectives are badly affected by poor infrastructure. There is very little investment created by producing countries in improving the infrastructure conditions in Africa and even the majority of this small quantity of investment (roughly two-thirds) have been focused in the telecommunications sector without any relativity with other major industries i. e. health care and education. Due to personal experience of my father in Nigeria among the richest African country, majority of individuals even in some big places like Slot Harcourt in river point out which is recognized as one of the richest oil creation centers in Delta Niger, suffer from lack of usage of basic infrastructures like electricity, hygienic fresh normal water & piping network, sanitary and drainage systems, ideal domestic transportation and well created roads & railway at their home.
Although the management issue is considered as one of the major problems on the globe but its horrible condition in many African says made their political situation quite instable. A lot of the African governors are active with the own business and hand in hand of foreigners are draining the general public resources out and only their overseas lovers. Most African leaders are dictating those guidelines which can be just match with their own private rather than the public interests. The consequence of such kind of leadership leads the African visitors to sectarian issues and creates Political instability for the united states. Generally the African market leaders try to run the country by copying the present day western status systems at domestic level and neglect the traditions and culture of their own people. With such negligence, the political atmosphere generally in most African claims is not sufficiently for safe investment and its level has been limited to the industries for cleansing out their resources and only western countries.
As due to political authority of the existing governors, the economical condition of African people has truly gone under dominant of approved economical regulations of traditional western companies which play a substantial role in the deprivation of African populations of the essential key services in development.
Some of politics economists are in this belief that the international investors are not in charge of improvement of the living expectations of folks in the parts where they make income. Although this idea is commented by many others but even if there was no argue in this belief, nobody may disagree with the role of African politics leaders in arranging the result of their authority and management on economic conditions in Africa which has obviously possessed serious affections in provision of essential services such as health, education and infrastructure and there is absolutely no hesitation that in absence of these important services, the fruitful potentiality of individuals in their own societies will be lowered and they proceed through deprivation and poverty increasingly more.
Poverty can have a devastating result, such as lack of food, improper health care; homelessness and lack of jobs all play a role in the consequences of poverty. A noted number of individuals die everyday in Africa scheduled to extreme poverty. 14% of children in Sub Saharan African countries by themselves are estimated to be underweight, out of 28% of children who are underweight in every poorer countries of the world. And it'll increase because of low improvement in the development and miss the Millennium Development Goals goal of halving the percentage of underweight children. Food and water is in low supply because of nonexistent infrastructure. As a result, poverty effects may easily cause inability to build up, afford modern tools, provides basic services and access, mistrust of government authorities- resulting in revolutions which will paralyze the governmental system and more rivalry over few resources.
In 2008 around 1. 4 million people died from AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa and 1. 9 million people became infected with HIV.
Due to insufficient standard degrees of educations in little academic training, lack of medical centers and facilities in training of medical professionals, few volume of hospitals, insufficient drugs and medical equipment, insufficient a suitable nursing care and many other interrelated medical issues, result to a bad health in African countries. Even though some activities have been done by International Health Company under U. N. supervision nevertheless they can temporarily figure out the health problems of about %25 of Africans who are moving into urban areas and the major staying people of the continent who are moving into rural areas and villages are almost deprived out of this small medical services provided by international world.
To sort out the African's health insurance and medical care, the three concept health system inputs should be really noted and provided by the global world. Training of human resources as the medical and non-clinical personnel who are in charge of delivering health services, is recognized as one these three which requires a comprehensive development and establishment of universites and colleges, forwarding the determined skillful & informed missions as well as the mandatory equipment and tools. The budget elements of physical capital are considered as the 3rd dependent direct concept in improvement of health care in Africa.
In the absence of massively expanded reduction, treatment and good care work, it is expected that the Assists loss of life toll in sub-Saharan Africa will continue steadily to rise. This implies the impact of the Helps epidemic on these societies will be thought most strongly in the course of the next a decade and beyond. Its social and economic outcomes are already generally believed, not only in the health sector but also in education, industry, agriculture, carry, recruiting and the overall economy in general. The Assists epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa threatens to devastate whole communities, rolling again decades of development progress.
is necessary whatsoever levels, from the global to the local, but it is also necessary to identify those degrees of governance necessitating special attention, which may vary from country to country: it isn't always the situation that governance at the national level is the central problem so far as poverty alleviation is concerned.
There are problems in Africa for several years even after many countries in the continent experienced transitions from colonialism to independence, is not a deniable reality. In terms of political instability in Africa, additionally it is undeniable that the continent has had some difficult occasions over the last fifty years roughly. But what's still unexplained in the countless analyses that contain been taking a look at events in Africa is the fact that in almost all the cases of politics instability in Africa, it is apparent that the major problem is leadership. In this particular framework, Africa has seen its flexibility heroes turn into dictators, while plunder of natural resources, politics of exclusion and deprivation to tilt the balance of power is constantly on the dominate the public sphere. Moreover, these problems have been described and fought gallantly by common Africans who've over time, portrayed their discontent with regimes enforced upon them, through the complicity of the international community.
It's strongly presumed that almost all of the major problems in Africa are rooted in corruption of the leaders and governors who've sat on the throne of dictatorship and oppress their people and make them more unpleasant. It's quite apparent they never let the people have a satisfactory standard of cultural protection under the law for election of their nominated individuals as their leaders. Although it's a long way and bumpy highway to accomplish their goal for making a democratic world but they have no chance and must go self-explanatory. They need to pay its worthwhile and pave the road toward democracy peacefully. In an actual democratic system, all decision of the governors will be inspected, debated, revised and eventually approved by the people's staff. The nationwide recourses and investments will be were able to be put in for provision of essential and ordinary need of folks like health care, training and infrastructural welfare.
If you go through the regulating systems in African countries, you will see an apparent frame of democratic system however in most cases, you should come to learn that majority of the folks have no chance to vote for the main element policies in general management of their country. The corrupted high officers have a direct control on all centers of political and economical power rather than let them to be supervised by the people's real representatives. They have got even enough affect in selection of the parliament participants. We should never forget the significant role of traditional western companies and shareholders in mastery of such dictators who have been elected and reinforced by them in a so called democratic way.
How African countries can build solutions to solve those problems?
The deepest task for countries in the poorest parts of the entire world, especially Africa, is governance. The African continent has been ravaged both by civil war and turmoil and by rapacious market leaders who have plundered the natural riches of their nations. Corrupt rulers and their fragile regimes have arguably been the single most important drag on African development.
Making money and profitable business is the major task of international traders and companies. It's quite understandable they are not in charge of social welfare and improvements in the variety country but we ought to remember that in most cases, many of them and even their investment policies are controlled and reinforced by european countries in European countries and America. Democratization of African countries isn't only beneficial for the people but and yes it may secure the investment and business of overseas companies and even increase their income. On this view, I believe the american countries and the U. S. A can play a significant role in pay out of democracy in this wealthy continent through European Union and United Land organization.
As long as the African governors are just sticking with power and do not value their national hobbies, this is the international responsibility to warn them in politics congregations because of their misbehaviors and isolate their administrations through brilliant sanctions from one side and nearly protect people by promotion of the life specifications through dictating guidelines to their citizen companies and shareholders for win-win business and only African people as well as themselves.
Will Money Solve Africa's problems?
Some of the economical experts are in believe that investment in Africa may promote the amount of knowledge and create success and stability and will improve functions of the visitors to integrate their continent into global sites of trade. In this manner the presence of three failures of corruption and misuse of power by African government authorities, the exploiting regulations of extractive market sectors and the waste products of resources by an ineffective help system will be likely impossible. A number of the proponents of the belief are saying that the main element solution in Africa's development problems is to aid the African local entrepreneurs by invested capitals. As an challenger of above ideas it's considered long as the continuous violent conflicts, bad governance, extreme external interference, and lack of an independent policy, money cannot sort out the Africa's development problems. The problem in Africa has not been ever insufficient money because this continent is quite rich and full of resources with fertile earth for agricultural productions and probably has the key elements for progress and since initial steps; investment may help the procedure of cost-effective improvement.
Hunger is a horrible phenomenon which is recognized as a critical issue in Africa. Among five continents, Africa is the only one which cannot to feed itself. Due to the fast growing of people, the shortages in agricultural productions is leading the continent to new potential issues and the calmness situation in many African nations is delicate. Around 300 million people won't have enough to eat today. Despite an incredible number of hectares of unused cultivated land, more than $19 billion is spent in Africa for buying food every year. Donation or import of agricultural products is similar to a sedative for the illness and for genuine treatment of hunger and poverty; African countries should target their attempts on investment plans in agricultural sectors and training programs for better drinking water management, new techniques of cultivation, irrigation and harvesting. Furthermore of these issues and also to rapidly increase efficiency, the fertilizers as well as sufficient suited machinery and equipment for conservation of agricultural products should be provided for the African farmers.
United Areas has given Mexican goods duty-free usage of its markets, has made huge ventures in the Mexican market, and has extended to absorb millions of Mexican laborers. During the 1994-95 peso turmoil, the U. S. Treasury even underwrote Mexico's financial steadiness. Outside economic help does not get much better. But since 1992, Mexico's market has grown at an total annual average rate of hardly more than one percent per capita. This amount is far less than the rates of the Asian expansion superstars. It is also a small percentage of Mexico's own progress of 3. 6 percent per season in both decades that preceded its 1982 credit debt crisis. Access to external marketplaces and resources is not able to replace Mexico's inside problems. A well known exception to the limits of outdoor assistance is European Union regular membership. By offering its poorer eastern and southern neighborhood friends not just aid exchanges and market access but the possibility of joining the union, the EU has stimulated profound insurance policy and institutional changes and impressive development in about 20 countries. However the exception shows the rule: the EU is not only an economic layout; it is also a political system where member states copy extensive legal power to the central expert. In return, the guts shoulders significant duties for the monetary well-being of every member.
Unfortunately, accession to the EU or to another major electric power is not an option for the majority of the poorest elements of the world-and increasing the financial resources and trading opportunities for the poorest countries is not really a sufficient replacement.
Although there is a good way towards a sustainable development in Africa but within the frame of the African Union, the New Relationship for Africa's Development (NEPAD) and international organizations, the EU members have tried to equip the African state governments with political and economic roadmaps and offer them with a perspective for better future.
Regardless of existing different historical attitudes, civilizations, religions, and traditions as well as different geographical and cost-effective conditions with various politics regimes in Africa, there are some African countries who are experiencing suffered periods of tranquility, security, economical and political stableness and democratic methods of peaceful life but at the same time many of African people suffer from long-term issues in their lands. Among the major assignments of europe in assistance of African people is to aid them in human being development and financial growth programs. A highly unequal circulation of income has an excessive impact on poverty levels on the list of people and such programs will be very helpful in democratization of Africa. To reduce the rate of poverty, Job creation and social development as major problems shall be considered as other solutions which should be included in the EU technique for encouraging of Africa. To achieve these and due to close relation of job to education and training, focusing on eradication of illiteracy is quite important especially for women and ethnic minorities. Improving the health care and cleanliness conditions in African says, specifically controlling and treatment of the HIV/Supports as an extremely serious pandemic disease inside the whole Africa will be considered as another helping program which should be contained in the Western european Union's strategy in Africa.
Climate change is something may badly have an impact on the life span situation of African people and boost the level poverty included in this. If the air temperature is going up, it influences more to the weather in Africa because the continent is environmentally very diverse. The shortages in drinking water resources, increasing desertification, flooding and drought are all the common results of local climate change and consequently of them, the meals security and health of all human beings on earth and specifically in Africa will be worsen. The procedure of Increasing the desert lands in almost fifty percent of the Africa specially in areas being proudly located along desert margins and insufficient compensation of normal water resources because of little raining land below the world average will be the two intimidating factors of the humans' lives and scheduled to these concerns, many issues can be possibly created. About 17% of the world's forests are situated in Africa, and deforestation and because of shortages in earning and food resources, these are changing to dessert by the indegent people. Therefore climate change version program is another immediate necessity for Africa's development and should be mentioned and attended well by europe.
European Union help Africa through protecting against or settling on going issues towards tranquility and security goals to establish necessary construction for development bottom on their collaboration. Sustainable development in Africa requires a safe and sound environment. Calmness is therefore an essential way of progress. The Collaboration is a better key aspect than without for Africa's future outside and inside its borders. Democracy and the value for human protection under the law are shared principles between Europe and Africa. They are also critical issues to the development of any society. Using the Joint Africa-EU Strategy both sides have focused on conduct a detailed dialogue on human being privileges and democratic governance, to market these beliefs on a worldwide level and strengthen their co-operation in this field. Out of this dialogue and assistance comes understanding, co-operation, and programs that bond leaders, civil contemporary society, and people in the pursuit of governance and human being rights. EU in addition has improved trade and deeper regional integration as essential contributions to development, economic growth and career, and eventually the eradication of poverty in Africa. As it believed that EU has undergone an effective procedure for integration, it can promote its encounters with Africa in a good beliefs. European union conditionality for donations and economic reforms to Africa should not disregard the poverty alleviation programs and really should focus on supporting the poor in Africa by getting the great things about the globalization through the countrywide level economic reforms. At domestic level, Africa/European union should have stronger basic safety nets in macroeconomic management that could benefit the indegent people and even more investment in proper medical care, education, technology, basic infrastructure and many other things.
For the answers to overcome or even to reduce extreme poverty in Africa, the main element details are good regulations and proper management of resources. Policies that are just favor first the indegent to achieve success and eradicate the extreme poverty and hunger. Furthermore, making resources to stream more to the prosperous people rather than to the poor cannot eradicate poverty and craving for food. It is best for them as long as they are permitted to share from the economical benefits associated with their nationwide income. In order to help the indegent from poverty and being hungry, these widen inequality and corruption in Africa must be eliminated, otherwise they wealthy will survive while the poorer people will perish. Truly, Africa has something to eradicate poverty but with its mismanagement, poor domestic policies and corruption lead to negative results on poverty. Africa countries should take up other effective methods to bring an end to problem as other nations do, such as to fortify the collective consciousness of these nations. The governments are the mirror of the nations. The grade of government and its leaders is simply a representation of the collective awareness of all people. If the collective awareness is against problem, it'll lead to its lowering. If the folks of any country wish to be secured from corruption in government, then they create a built-in collective awareness. Positivist and tranquility should be so strong and dense in national consciousness that negative affects cannot penetrate it. In this manner the market leaders that arise from such a culture will be unlikely to enjoy corruption.
Protection from unseen negative influences is important. Every innovator, no subject how honorable and well intention they may be, is at the mercy of influences from the surroundings, extending to the whole universe. Therefore, even if an individual enters politics office with the reputation and an unstained character, later on she or he may commence to act inappropriately credited to these unseen affects. In terms of corruption in Africa, actions should be put in spot to ensure that people that are free from corruption are not inspired by environmental factors to be corrupt. Usage of effective legislative measures, development and request of effective laws against corruption is a way of reducing it period, provided that they are put on all regardless of hierarchy. Growing skills for infrastructure is a means of encouraging monetary development and lowering poverty. There's a need to build up skills for infrastructure. For instance, taking South Africa as a country that had suffered significantly decrease in assets in human resources due to migration of its people during apartheid time, it now must invest in skills for infrastructure. Its intend to line FIFA World Glass this year this year 2010 and erect a Rapid Rail Link has now obliged South Africa to develop skills for infrastructure.
In more proper approaches, economic progress is wonderful for poverty decrease in Africa when it's distributed fairly to reach the poorer. Another important aspect is the fact that Africa should steer clear of the dependency on aid syndrome, thinking favorably to be caring for the fitness of the poor people so that they can be fit and well to donate to development. Africa also needs to think about the promotion of serenity and reconciliation among themselves because warfare itself is another damaging factor to the development. At global level policies, Africa should take up MDGs policies which can be attracted from the activities towards its relevant problems. Such as Eradication of extreme poverty and being hungry, Achieving universal main education, Promote gender equality and empowered women, Reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, Battle HIV/Products, malaria and other diseases, Ensure environmental sustainability, and lastly to develop a worldwide collaboration for development Some of these things can be achieve by lowering the proportion of the folks living on significantly less than a dollar per a day, reaching full and reproductive occupation and decent be employed by all including women and teenagers, and also to reduce also by half the percentage of individuals who suffer from hunger. Structural Adjustment Programs are also designed to improve a country's international investment climate by eliminating trade and investment rules, to boost foreign exchange cash flow by promoting export, and reduce federal deficits through slices in spending. Although SAPs are different somewhat from country to country, still it typically covered on some part of economy. SAPs guidelines are argue to be necessary on bringing expanding countries from turmoil to economic recovery and growth. Economic growth motivated by economic areas foreign investments is seen as the main element to development in Africa and a great many other poorer countries. These agencies claim that the ensuing national wealth will eventually trickle down or disperse throughout the current economic climate and eventually to the indegent. The achievement of social wellbeing is no integral element of SAPs but a hoped for result of making use of free market ideas for the economy. Even though SAPs are viewed officially as hopeless for producing countries future development, because SAPs enforced harsh economic steps that could deepen poverty, undermine food security and home reliance and business lead to sustainable resources exploitation. Still such procedures can be take up and integrated with extra health care to gain rather than nothing.
Western rich countries must arrange for the following method in three brief, intermediate and long-term stages but prior to any global united action, they should convince themselves (individuals and governments in private and general population sectors) that further negligence of Africa may ultimately endanger the whole lives through all the planet. We have to understand as the rich american countries continue their individual selfishness concerning the global insurance policies such as environment change, economy problems, energy utilization, etc, nothing at all will happened to the African people.
Within a shape of resolution, It should be approved by the security council that all UN members excluding the African poor countries must mandatory follow the regular monthly helps program of-course based on the richness of the countries (same like the income tax for individuals) to be collected and forwarded for the African poor countries under direct guidance of the UN and security council without prejudice and regardless of any national, interpersonal, cultural and religious discrimination.
To solve the critical problems like infrastructural affairs, health care issues and such these requirements, in addition of money, the effective experts, equipments and materials should be forwarded to the poor areas of Africa by the international institutes of-course under supervision and management of the UN in a marginal time table.
Democratization and training programs in interpersonal, political, ethnical, educational, professional and agricultural affairs in just a long term timetable may considerably decrease the poverty of the folks in Africa and ensure the global security in the 21st century.
The international community must ask itself what really matters for development, so that good motives can be translated into real benefits for the poorest countries. To a sizable extent, sustainable progress is in the hands of the poor countries themselves. Internalizing this the truth is very important to the growing world-and also for the rich one, not least because doing this would check the perennial temptation to assure results that can't be delivered.
That said, this must be clear: developed countries shouldn't abandon the indegent to their plight. If, however, abundant countries truly aim to help producing countries achieve sustained growth, they must think creatively about the development agenda. If help is increased and supplied more effectively and operate inequities are addressed, then your two traditional pillars of development will yield rewards.
But these rewards shouldn't be overestimated. Indeed, other courses of action-such as supplying poor countries more control over financial policy, financing new development-friendly technology, and checking labor markets-could have significantly more significant benefits.
Shah, Anup, Poverty All over the world, Available from http://www. globalissues. org/article/4/poverty-around-the worldInequality within wealthiest and poorest countries.
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It's a great honor for me to be here this evening for the inauguration of the Photographic Exhibition: Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.
On July the 13th, 2001, the International Olympic Committee made a historical decision: Beijing was selected the Host City for the Olympic Games 2008. Exactly 10 p.m. Beijing time that day, hundreds of millions Chinese people were waiting anxiously in front of their TV sets. When Mr. Samaranch, the then President of the International Olympic Committee announced the voting result, immediately the whole Chinese nation was in a wild and jubilant celebration. Hundreds of thousands people were marching and dancing on streets, hundreds of millions people were drinking and singing at parties, and numerous people were clapping and jumping in tears for joy at their homes. This was an exciting moment of one fifth human beings and the history of Olympics will never forget there was such a night.
In 2001, the recommendation of the IOC Evaluation Commission for selecting Beijing was that: "a Beijing Games would leave a unique legacy to China and to sports. The Commission is confident that Beijing could organize an excellent Games". Six years have passed and the world has witnessed a biggest Olympic campaign taking place in China and now Beijing is ready. The same Mr. Samaranch recently made a statement: "I am sure that the Olympic Games in Beijing will be the best in Olympic history".
Why Beijing Olympic Games is so important to China? The Modern Olympic Movement began at the end of the 19th century, at that time China was under the rule of the Qing Dynasty. When the Government of Qing Dynasty received the invitation for the First Olympic Games 1896, the government officials did not understand at all what it was and just put it aside. China had not been represented in Olympic Games until 1932 when only one Chinese athlete participated in Los Angeles Games. At that time China was a weak nation. Economically and socially it was backward. Militarily it was defeated by foreign powers once and again and was forced to make territorial concessions. Especially what made the Chinese feel sad was that at that time China was called "the sick man in East Asia". That was a national humiliation. The Chinese people have struggled for a hundred years and finally China has proved to the world that he is not a "sick man" ever again. The Beijing Olympic Games will be a ceremony to declare that China is a healthy man, a civilized man and also a strong man in the world.
Until now Olympic Games were held only in two Asian cities, Tokyo and Seoul. For Asian countries to host an Olympic Games has a very special meaning. During and after the Tokyo Games 1964, the world saw a new Tokyo and the Japanese economic miracle was following. And the Seoul Games 1988 predicted a new economic power was emerging. Today in many countries, especially everywhere in China and India I think, you can easily find products made in Korea. The forthcoming Beijing Games, although it comes a little bit too late, has the same significance.
Beijing Olympic Games does not belong only to China, it also belongs to Asia and to the world. We never forget it was India who led the newly independent Asian countries for an Asian sports movement. The first Asian Games was held in New Delhi and New Delhi is one of the only two cities which hosted Asian Games more than once. Just as China is rising, India is rising too. I strongly believe that India, a great civilization and growing economic power, deserves to host an Olympic Games and that day will come sooner rather than later. When that day comes more than one billion Chinese people will cheer for you.
This Photographic Exhibition is our first efforts to promote understanding and communication between the Chinese and Indians. We have just come to Kolkata starting the process of the establishment of a consulate general of China here. When the Chinese President Mr. Hu Jingtao visited India last year, the leaders of the two countries decided that China will have a new consulate general in Kolkata and India will have a one in Guangzhou, a big city in South China. This development itself shows important progress in China-India relations.
We have been here only for three months now but already strongly felt that there is a dynamic impulsion for economic development in West Bengal. The keyword is Industrialization and it enjoys wide consensus. We will do our best to open the consulate office as early as possible and put all our efforts to promote relations in various fields between China and our consular districts, which are West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.
Geographically, this part of India is not far away from China. The China Eastern Airlines has just started a direct flight between Kolkata and Kunming, a big city in Southwest China. It takes only two hours and twenty minutes to get there, and from Kunming you can fly to any city in China very easily. Economically and culturally, we will help making this part of India and China even closer, through promoting trade and investment, cooperation and collaboration in various fields, and tourist development and people-to-people exchanges. This is our purpose. This is our target. I promise we will do a good job.
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0.939599 |
How do I open the context menu from a Mac keyboard?
When I make a spelling error in a document, Lion gives me the option to correct the error by right-clicking (or ctrl-clicking, two-finger tapping, etc) on the misspelled word and bringing up the context menu.
How can I open this menu from the keyboard? And is it possible to access the Context Menu from a Mac keyboard?
Whenever I see this question in the Internet or I ask it to someone .. people always misunderstand. Maybe because they are not Windows users, or they are Windows users who don't use the keyboard short-cuts.
I always have the same question but I didn't find the answer yet.
When this Menu key is pressed, OS will assume that you right-clicked the highlighted/active element > then it will show you the context menu even if the mouse pointer is not pointing to the highlighted element.
So this feature seems to be missing in Mac OS. And whatever suggested solutions, even Enable Mouse Key it always require you to point/move your mouse pointer to element first, which is meaningless. If I need to use the keyboard short-cut to open the context menu on the highlighted item, why do I need again to move the mouse pointer to it also <== excuse me .. this is not a short-cut!!
The context menu can primarily be opened by a right mouse click only. But in the Universal Acces settings in the System Preferences we can control mouse keys by using the keyboard number pad. When activated, a right mouse click then can be achieved by Ctrl+5 on a keyboard with a numpad or Fn+Ctrl+i on a laptop. This will allow you to 'right-click' your word.
then with down-arrow and left/right-arrows you can choose the correct word.
If you have "correct spelling automatically" checked and it doesn't seem to be working, it might be because you're trying it in an unsupported application. E.g., I can use the feature in TextEdit and Pages but not, e.g., FireFox or SublimeText 2 (two of my most used apps).
Tho I've spent way too much time looking, I haven't found any way of getting the suggested spellings from the context menu with the keys alone. The best option I've found so far is to use my thumb on the track pad to position the mouse and then hold ctl and tap (again with the thumb). It takes a bit longer because of the need for positioning, but at least I can keep my fingers on the home row.
I find it awkward to reach the ctl button, so I've used KeyRemap4MacBook (which is generally awesome and free) to customize the layout to make caps lock be ctl. KeyRemap will also let you assign ctl + click to button combinations, so you don't have to tap/click.
You can use Better Touch tool to set up any tap/swipe/click/key combination to the right click.
A 'context click' can be mapped to a key/key-combo using all native Mac OS X features (thanks to its NeXT/OPENSTEP heritage). However, the solution is pretty technical "under the cover" stuff, and it may take some trial-and-error to get it to work.
Read about Key Bindings here, and follow (some) of the instructions to create your own ~/Library/KeyBindings/DefaultKeyBinding.dict file.
Now I should be able to hit either Ctrl-F13 or Ctrl-; to get the context menu.
NOTE: You will have to quit & relaunch an Application to have it pick-up changes. (Worked for TextEdit in 10.10) Otherwise, log-out & log-back in.
I use Alfred with RightClick workflow.
I mapped Option+CMD+Enter to trigger a right click in the frontmost application.
RightClick used to work only in Finder but it was improved to work in most applications.
To me it seems that most windows on mac F-keys can be called this way.
To bring up the spell check use cmd + :.
Cmd-shift-: Opens "Spelling & Grammar" on Chrome for me with El Capitan. It's a clunky bodge but I can now spell check.
For Word 365 on Mojave, 'Shift'+'F10' does the trick. If you have a Touch-bar on your MBP, you would need to press the 'fn' key to bring up the function keys.
Here is my solution on Github. This is a little AppleScript that I wrote making a control-click that you can assign to key of your choice using a shortcut utility app of your choice.
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0.999998 |
On top of the robot, there’s a core module with a custom circuit board, a high-voltage power source, a battery, a miniature air compressor, a butane fuel cell, six solenoid valves, an oxygen cartridge and pressure regulator, and ducts to move the gas and stuff around as necessary. To jump, the robot first aims itself by selectively inflating one or more of its pneumatic legs to point its body in the direction that it wants to do. Then, it fills its body with a mixture of oxygen and butane and ignites itself, which rapidly expands the flexible bottom of the robot to launch it into the air. The robot can jump more than 20 times in a row, reaching 0.75 meters in height (six times its own height) and 0.15 meres laterally.
How the jumping robot works: (A) To jump, the robot inflates part of its legs to tilt the body in the intended jump direction. A spark initiates the combustion process inside the robot, and the bottom of its body rapidly balloons out, pushing against the ground and propelling the robot into the air. (B) The ignition sequence consists of fuel delivery, mixing, and sparking. Butane and oxygen are alternately delivered to the combustion chamber. After a short delay to allow the gases to mix, they’re ignited, resulting in combustion. Leg inflation occurs concurrently with fuel delivery, and leg deflation begins shortly after landing. (C) A CAD model of the robot shows the main explosive actuator surrounded by three pneumatic legs. A rigid core module that contains power and control components sits atop the main body, protected by a plastic shield.
What makes the robot so capable and resilient is the multimaterial 3D printing process used to create it. Different parts of the robot grade over three orders of magnitude from stiff like plastic to squishy like rubber, through the use of nine different layers of 3D printed materials. For the main hemispherical chamber in the body of the robot (the bit that pops), for example, the top is stiffer to allow the core module to attach and to help transfer the energy of the explosion to the bottom of the hemisphere, which is the bit that expands downward to launch the robot. Going too rigid would cause the robot to smash into tiny bits on impact, and too squishy would reduce the efficiency of the jumps.
It’s certainly possible to achieve a similar effect if you print out rigid and flexible parts separately and then combined them together somehow, but this causes problems in two ways. First, it’s annoying to have to do it, because it adds steps (and cost) to your fabrication process. And second, everywhere you attach something to something else, you’ve introduced a weakness into your robot through a joint or seam.
The fabrication of soft robots using multimaterial 3D printing has numerous advantages over traditional molding techniques. This strategy promotes high-throughput prototyping by enabling rapid design iteration with no additional cost for increased morphological complexity. By allowing designers greater freedom, 3D printing also facilitates the implementation of good robotic design principles, such as modularity and the separation of power and control actuators. Beyond soft robotics specifically, the ability to print a single structure composed of multiple materials enables investigation into mechanically complex designs, without the drawbacks of complicated assembly or inconsistent manufacturing repeatability.
“A 3D-Printed, Functionally Graded Soft Robot Powered by Combustion,” by Nicholas W. Bartlett, Michael T. Tolley, Johannes T. B. Overvelde, James C. Weaver, Bobak Mosadegh, Katia Bertoldi, George M. Whitesides, and Robert J. Wood, from Harvard University and UCSD, will be published in tomorrow’s issue of the journal Science.
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0.993111 |
Brains are optimized for processing ethologically relevant sensory signals. However, few studies have characterized the neural coding mechanisms that underlie the transformation from natural sensory information to behavior. Here, we focus on acoustic communication in Drosophila melanogaster and use computational modeling to link natural courtship song, neuronal codes, and female behavioral responses to song. We show that melanogaster females are sensitive to long timescale song structure (on the order of tens of seconds). From intracellular recordings, we generate models that recapitulate neural responses to acoustic stimuli. We link these neural codes with female behavior by generating model neural responses to natural courtship song. Using a simple decoder, we predict female behavioral responses to the same song stimuli with high accuracy. Our modeling approach reveals how long timescale song features are represented by the Drosophila brain and how neural representations can be decoded to generate behavioral selectivity for acoustic communication signals.
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0.999929 |
Why should most people be thinking about you? They are far more concerned with what you are thinking about them to spend time thinking about you!
Right now, take a moment to ponder the question: "How would I feel and what would I do differently if I never thought about what people think of me?"
* I discovered that I felt anxious whenever I worried about what someone thought of me, which made it impossible to be myself. As soon as I was concerned about their judgment or approval, I tried to become what I thought they wanted me to be to gain their approval. This made me so tense that even if I got their approval, I still felt bad.
* I discovered that I was drawn to being with judgmental people - people who were very much like my parents - and I was addicted to trying to get these judgmental people to approve of me. I saw that this was a dead end - that I had no control over getting judgmental and rejecting people to be loving and kind, and I stopped being drawn to these people.
* I discovered that even if I got their approval, it was always short-lived and I had to keep looking good and performing right to get it again. This was an exhausting way to live.
* I discovered that no matter how hard I worked on doing things right and being perfect and never making a mistake or failing, some people liked me and some didn't. I learned that if I was just myself and gave up being right and perfect, some people liked me and some didn't. I finally saw that trying so hard to get love or approval was a complete waste of my time and energy!
* I discovered that I was confusing love and approval. I learned that love is that which is unconditional and that people either gave it freely or they didn't and it was not something I could earn or control. I might be able to control getting some approval, but not love.
* I learned that, while approval felt good for the moment, it never fully filled me with love for myself, or confidence in myself.
* I discovered that when I gave myself the approval, love and attention that I was trying so hard to get from others, life became much easier and more fun!
By really paying attention to my feelings and actions, I was able to completely give up even thinking about what others thought of me. I discovered the truth of what Terry Cole Whitaker said in the title of her book, "What Others Think Of Me Is None Of My Business."
It is such a freedom to never think about what others think of me! I am free to speak my truth, to say yes or no according to what is in my highest good, to love with my whole heart and soul, to freely offer my gifts and talents, to trust my own feelings and higher guidance rather than buy into others' beliefs and opinions, to not be controlled by fear of making a mistake or fear of others' judgment, to laugh as loud as long as I want as I want, and to cry when I am hurting or moved.
Every life is a circle. You and I and everyone that is born into this world is a circle. Our circle belongs to us and no one else. Those who are allowed in are usually able to see a deeper and intimate side of us. We are the only ones who can give permission as to what or who comes into our circles. This is very important. Who we date, marry, what kinds of friends we have, whatever the situation, we allow or invite people into our circles.
Sure, I love it when someone hears me and sees me and understands me - but now it's the icing on the cake, not the cake itself. Now I can listen to others from my heart and truly see and understand them because I don't need anything from them.
There’s nothing that says we have to settle for our looks and accept our bodies just because we’re aging. In fact, there’s a whole new you that can be uncovered with just a few simple changes to your makeup and wardrobe.
Margaret Paul, Ph.D. is a best-selling author of 8 books, relationship expert, and co-creator of the powerful Inner Bonding® process - featured on Oprah. Discover real love and intimacy! Click here for a FREE CD/DVD relationship offer: http://innerbonding.com/relationshipmicro/relationship-micro-1/ and visit our website at http://www.innerbonding.com for more articles and help. Phone Sessions Available.
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(CNN) — Mauritius is a model of true democracy for every African country.
It's also one of Africa's great destinations, located in the middle of the turquoise Indian Ocean, inhabited by a multi-racial, peaceful people, covered in great golf courses, offering myriad water sports, mountain trekking, hunting, birdwatching, luxurious resorts, an old colonial capital, great food, three- and four-star hotels, one of the world's best botanical gardens, good nightlife, beautiful beach bars, UNESCO World Heritage Sites, one of the oldest horseracing tracks in the world, great sightseeing ... but we'll get to that in a little while.
First, I want to argue on behalf of the title of this article; that this tropical island 2,000 miles off the southeast coast of Africa does indeed provide a template for a model African travel destination.
This can be your home, too, if only for a week or two.
When your island is surrounded by perfect white sand beaches, themselves surrounded by the stunning blue Indian Ocean, and the center of the island contains mountains and breathtaking scenery, plus almost year-round sunshine, it's difficult to be miserable.
I lived in Mauritius for more than three and a half years until June 2010, enjoying its scenery and also witnessing its democratic impetus firsthand.
Since gaining independence in 1968 there's never been a coup, or military or populist uprising of any kind on this small Indian Ocean island (just more than 2,000 square kilometres in size).
Between them they speak English (the country's official language), French, Mauritian Creole, Hindi, Tamil, Marathi, Bhojpuri and Hakka.
Participants refresh themselves with the local ice cold Phoenix beer, the occasional Green Island rum and Coke and barbecue, freshly caught seafood like snapper, dorado, prawns, octopus and lobster.
Yet any holiday on Mauritius needn't be a laze on the sand.
For sightseers there are two UNESCO World Heritage Sites (Aapravasi Ghat and Le Morne Cultural Landscape), the colonial capital of Port Louis, one of the oldest horseracing tracks in the world at Champs de Mars, one of the world's best botanical gardens at Pamplemousses, the Blue Penny Museum (home to one of the world's rarest stamps), the Black River Gorges National Park and the Casela Wildlife Park, where you can walk with lion cubs.
To get to any of these, or just to get around Mauritius, you can use taxis (find a good one on your first day and stick with him), hire a car or use one of the many tour companies in Mauritius like White Sands Tours (www.whitesandstours.com) or Mauritours (www.mauritours.net).
The colonial splendor of Le Château de Bel Ombre -- the best restaurant in Mauritius.
The cuisine of Mauritius is a blend of Creole, Chinese, European and Indian. It's common for a combination of cuisines to form part of the same meal.
Strong ties with the French (who ruled the island from 1710-1810) has meant that even today French dishes such as bouillon, tuna salad, daube and coq au vin are popular, while Indian workers who migrated to Mauritius brought their cuisine with them, making curries, chutney, rougaille (tomato paste that's popular especially when served with fish) and pickles popular especially when given a unique Mauritian flavor.
The arrival of Chinese migrants at the end of the 19th century led to rice becoming part of the staple diet of the island and noodles, both steamed and fried, became common.
Le Château de Bel Ombre: Located in the south of the island this lovingly restored 19th-century colonial mansion is the best restaurant on Mauritius.
In an elegant setting, à la carte fusion food is served, while on Saturday, Mauritian night, there's the chance to try authentic island dishes.
Domaine Anna: One of my favorites when I lived close by in Flic en Flac, this spectacular Chinese restaurant is set in the midst of sugar cane fields.
At night guests are greeted with lit torches along the driveway and eat in individual gazebos set on manmade lakes within tropical gardens in this palatial restaurant.
All the vegetables are grown locally and there's live music and dancing at weekends.
Domaine Anna Restaurant, Médine, Flic en Flac, West Coast; +230 453 9650.
Choose your activity and get trailing.
Golf: There are seven great golf courses on the island, the best being Golf du Chateau and the Four Seasons Golf Club at Anahita, plus several nine-hole courses.
Best expert charters on the island are run by JP Henry Charters Ltd (www.blackriver-mauritius.com).
And there's the magnificent shopping mall at Caudan Waterfront (www.caudan.com) in Port Louis.
Constance Le Prince Maurice -- one of many five-star offerings on Mauritius.
Mauritius is filled with luxurious five-star hotels and resorts, plus plenty of budget options. For a list of accommodation on Mauritius visit www.mauritius.net. Meanwhile here are a few of my favorites.
Lakaz Chamarel: Mauritius has numerous small boutique hotels well off the beaten track and, for my money, this is the best.
It's located high in the Chamarel hills in the south of the island and has 20 luxurious guest rooms and a superb restaurant.
With rates starting at around MUR4,700 (US$160) a night it's not cheap by island standards, but its tropical surroundings are worth it.
Shangri-La's Le Touessrok Resort & Spa: This great place is on the island's east coast, with luxurious rooms all enjoying Indian Ocean views, a great golf course on its own island, regular shows at night and a wonderful selection of restaurants, including the Republik Beach Bar & Grill.
Villa Paul Et Virginie Hotel: Located in Flic en Flac on the west coast, the Villa Paul et Virginie is a beautiful hotel for those on a tight budget.
Just two minutes walk from the beach and serving excellent food, this 12-room hotel has an outside bar covered with a huge honeysuckle plant that provides welcome shade from the noonday sun.
Giant water lilies that will float your boat.
Day one: You can get over the long flight by relaxing on the beach, snorkeling in the beautiful Indian Ocean and chilling out with a few local beers and fresh-caught seafood.
Good to know: Mauritius has some of the best spas in the world at all the major resort hotels.
Day two: Sightseeing in the south. Start with the UNESCO World Heritage Site at the magnificent Le Morne mountain then head up into the Chamarel hills for lunch at one of the roadside Creole restaurants.
After lunch take in the Black River Gorges National Park before watching the sun slowly set at Le Chamarel Restaurant, which has incredible views across the south of the island, Le Morne and the Indian Ocean beyond.
Day three: Time for some sport or, for sun worshippers, some lazing on the beach or by a pool. Otherwise play golf, go deep sea fishing, mountain trekking, mountain biking or maybe take a cruise around the island.
The golf clubs will have great restaurants for lunch and the other activities will provide packed lunches.
Day four: If this is the first Saturday of your trip, Saturday is Port Louis day. You could spend the morning touring the old colonial center of town before grabbing lunch at Champ de Mars, the oldest horseracing track in the southern hemisphere.
In the evening, the huge Caudan Waterfront shopping center (home to the Blue Penny Museum) offers a chance to pick up souvenirs, enjoy street entertainers and find a good restaurant for dinner.
Day five: Sightseeing in the north. Visit Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Botanical Gardens at Pamplemousses, one of the best botanical gardens in the world. Spend a long morning here then take a late lunch in ritzy Grand Baie, Mauritius' main tourist spot.
After lunch explore the wild north including Grand Gaube, where the British first landed on Mauritius, before returning to Grand Baie for dinner and to enjoy the nightlife.
Day six: Shopping day. Souvenirs. The Central Plateau area around Phoenix and Curepipe is great for this with several large malls, arts and crafts markets, and the Mauritian Glass Gallery where, in addition to picking up all manner of souvenirs made entirely of glass, you can watch the glass blowers at work and tour the Glass Museum. Have lunch in one of the malls and find a really romantic restaurant for dinner on the way back to your hotel.
Day seven: It's your last day in paradise. Go to the Casela Wildlife Park (www.caselayemen.mu) and walk with lion cubs if you've got time.
Tony Smart is a lifelong golf fanatic and journalist who's been lucky enough to play golf all over the world. He has written for a wide variety of magazines including Golf Digest Ireland, Golf World, Golf Monthly, Golf International, The Robb Report, Asian Golf Monthly, Golf Vacations and The Peak.
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What are some heart healthy tips for seniors? As we become older it is much more important to care for your heart. Your body starts to slow down so it becomes more of a challenge to fight off certain things that may happen to you over the years. The heart is one thing that starts to become less workable and has to do a harder job to pump blood through the body. Not to mention the blood vessels will lose the ability to stretch, which in turn can lead to fatty deposits. There are so many ways that you can take better care of your heart and show it the love it has shown your since birth.
Smoking is a major factor in this. If you smoke you should stop as soon as you can it si a very bad and can cause cardiovascular disease amongst other things like cancer and such. If you can not quit on your own you may want to try going to a doctor and see if they can suggest something for you, or you can try one of the smoking aides that have available.
Exercise - You should be doing this on a regular basis anyway, but if you plan to carry out a healthy heart for quite some time then get off that hind end and put on a pair of running shoes and take a nice long jog. If you can not jog then take a refreshing walk.
Eating a good diet- I know healthy eating sounds like I am asking you to turn into a rabbit. That is not the case at all though, but cutting out a good deal of your fat and carbohydrate and sugar intake will help you keep a fit and healthy body.
If you have been prescribed medications, your best bet is to continue to take them as ordered by the doctor, if not them something bad could very well happen to you.
If you sit at home all of the time you may want to go and try to find a hobby that keeps you busy for a few hours at a time. Sitting around is not a good way to keep your heart going strong, it is just asking it to fail.
Keep away from alcohol and other drugs, this will not do good for your heart, not one small bit. Anything like that will be sure to put a strain on the heart and the results will not be good!
If need be take some vitamins, but ask a doctor what ones you should take first.
Go to the doctor for regular check-ups. Keep it consistent that you visit to see if there is anything new that was not there before.
Watch the sodium intake. Try not to get salty snacks and foods high in salt. If there is something you want and you know it does have salt in it then try and find it in low sodium.
Fiber in your diet will help you a great deal as well. This will help prevent inflammation of the arteries. Fruit, vegetables, whole grain and nuts have fiber in them.
And there you go, those are some tips to keep a happy and healthy heart going for a long time. These are not very hard things to keep tabs on at all, especially if you are determined to stay physically fit and strong for years to come. Don't you want to be a great, great grandparent some day and teach these things to the kids as well. You can be the best positive influence on them.
Share a link to a page on Heart Healthy Tips For Seniors and we will consider it for placement on this page.
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World map indicating the categories of Human Development Index by country (based on 2015 and 2016 data, published on 21 March 2017).
World map indicating the Human Development Index (based on 2015 and 2016 data, published on 21 March 2017).
This is a list of all countries by Human Development Index as included in a United Nations Development Programme's Human Development Report (released on 2 November 2011, put together based on estimates for 2011. It covers 185 member states of the United Nations (out of 193), along with Hong Kong (of the People's Republic of China), and the Palestinian territories; 8 UN member states are not included because there is not enough data. The average HDI of regions of the World and groups of countries are also included for comparison.
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education and standards of living for countries worldwide. It is a standard way of measuring well-being, especially child welfare. It is used to distinguish whether the country is a developed, a developing or an under-developed country, and also to measure the effect of economic policies on quality of life. The index was developed in 1990 by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Indian economist Amartya Sen.
Countries fall into four wide human development categories, each of which has 47 countries: Very High Human Development, High Human Development, Medium Human Development and Low Human Development (46 countries in this category).
From 2007 to 2010, the first two categories was referred to as developed countries, and the last two are all grouped in developing countries. The original "high human development" category has been split into two as above in the report for 2007.
Some older groupings (high/medium/low income countries) that have been removed were based on the gross domestic product (GDP) in purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita, and have been replaced by another index based on the gross national income (GNI) in purchasing power parity per capita.
The country with the largest decrease in HDI since 1998 is Zimbabwe, falling from 0.514 in 1998 to 0.140 in 2010. The country with the largest decrease since 2009 is Cape Verde, which decreased by 0.170.
Over half of the world's population live in countries with "medium human development" (51%), while less than a fifth (18%) of the world's population are in countries that are in the "low human development" category. Countries with "high" to "very high" human development account for less than a third of the world's total population (30%).
↑ The UN does not calculate the HDI of Macau. The government of Macau calculates its own HDI.
↑ The UN does not recognize the Republic of China (Taiwan) as a sovereign state. The HDI report does not include Taiwan as part of the People's Republic of China when calculating China's figures (see). Taiwan's government calculated its HDI to be 0.885, based on 2010 new methodology of UNDP.
↑ "History of the Human Development Report". United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 26 March 2009.
↑ "The Human Development concept". UNDP. 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 "Human Development Index and its components" (PDF). 联合国开发计划署. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
↑ "2011 Human Development Report". United Nations Development Programme. p. 151. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
↑ "The 2013 Human Development Report – "The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World"". HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. pp. 144–147. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
↑ "Human Development Report 2014 – "Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience"". HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
↑ "About Kosovo". UNDP. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
↑ "DSEC - 統計資料". www.dsec.gov.mo.
↑ "- Human Development Reports" (PDF). hdr.undp.org.
↑ "2017中華民國人類發展指數(HDI)" (Excel) (in Chinese). Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
↑ Fuentes-Ramírez, Ricardo R. (2017). "Human Development Index Trends and Inequality in Puerto Rico 2010-2015" (PDF). Ceteris Paribus: Journal of Socio-Economic Research 7. https://ceterisparibusuprm.org/volumen-actual/human-development-index-trends-and-inequality-in-puerto-rico-2010-2015-by-ricardo-r-fuentes-ramirez/. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
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1. Create a new multi-class Java program which implements a vending machine simulator whichcontains the following functionality:A) At program startup, the vending machine is loaded with a variety of products in a variety ofpackaging for example soda/tonic/Coke in bottles, peanuts in bags, juice in cartons, etc. Alsoincluded is the cost of each item. The program should be designed to easily load a different setof products easily (for example, from a file).Also at program startup, money should be loaded into the vending machine. Money shouldconsist of different monetary objects for the specified currency for example $1 bills, $5 bills,quarters, dimes, etc. Your program should be designed to use different national currencieseasily (for example the Euro). Money should be maintained as paper bills and coins, not justamounts.B) A menu of commands must be provided. At a minimum the menu should consists of thefollowing commands:1. Display the list of commands2. Display the vending machine inventory. For each item, this command should result indisplaying a description and current quantity.3. Display the money currently held in the vending machine.4. Purchase an item. The result of this selection should be the following actions:1. Prompt the user to indicate what item to purchase2. Prompt the user to specify what monetary items are being used for payment (the actualitems for example quarters, dimes, etc.), not a money amount3. If the user specified enough money to purchase the selected item, the item is purchased(deducted from inventory), supplied money is added to the vending machine, and anychange is returned in the form of monetary items (quarters, dimes, etc.).4. If the user did not specify enough money for the selected item, the transaction is abortedwith the supplied money not added to the machine (not accepted) and the product notpurchased (i.e. the state of the vending machine is unchanged).5. Exit ? exits the program displaying a departing message.
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I’ve heard that some homes are liberalizing resident’s diets. Can you explain this?
Research suggests that a liberalized diet can enhance the quality of life and nutritional status of older adults in long-term care facilities. Thus, it is often beneficial to minimize restrictions, consistent with a resident’s condition, prognosis and choices before using supplementation. It may also be helpful to provide the residents their food preferences, before using supplementation. This pertains to newly developed meal plans as well as to the review of existing diets. Dietary restrictions, therapeutic (e.g., low fat or sodium restricted) diets, and mechanically altered diets may help in select situations. At other times, they may impair adequate nutrition and lead to further decline in nutritional status, especially in already undernourished or at-risk individuals. When a resident is not eating well or is losing weight, the interdisciplinary team may temporarily abate dietary restrictions and liberalize the diet to improve the resident’s food intake to try to stabilize their weight. Sometimes, a resident or resident’s representative decides to decline medically relevant dietary restrictions. In such circumstances, the resident, facility and practitioner collaborate to identify pertinent alternatives.
care facilities may be enhanced by a liberalized diet.” The paper further states that nutrition in long-term care settings must meet two goals: maintenance of health through medical care and maintenance of quality of life. The ADA has gone beyond just looking at quality of care to consider quality of life as well: “To meet the needs of every resident, dietetic professionals must consider each person holistically, including personal goals, overall prognoses, benefits and risks of treatment, and perhaps most important, quality of life” (2002).
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The symptoms associated with ASD appear early in a child's development and this is why it is considered to be a ‘developmental disorder'. The term ‘spectrum' is used because it describes the wide variety and differing levels of severity of symptoms found in children with ASD. For example, two children could be diagnosed with ASD, yet one may have an intellectual disability, no spoken language and be considered low functioning; whereas the other may have average or even above average intelligence, appear to have normal speech and be considered high functioning.
Some experts think that Asperger's syndrome is a high-functioning form of autism. Others believe there is no difference because these disorders share the same characteristics and similar difficulties. What is important is that the general approach to treatment for both these disorders is the same, with specific treatment being tailored to the needs of the individual.
Recent research suggests that on average, one in 160 children will be diagnosed with ASD, with boys outnumbering girls four to one. Approximately 75 per cent of children with a diagnosis of ASD are of low intelligence, while around 10 per cent may demonstrate high intelligence in specific areas such as mathematics or computer studies. A very small number have a remarkable ability in a specific area, for example musical skills or memory.
This Tip Sheet provides information for families and carers about ASD and tips for managing the difficulties individuals with ASD often experience.
What difficulties do individuals with ASD experience?
Children and adults with ASD have difficulties that are usually grouped into three areas.
Communication skills vary depending on the intellectual and social development of the individual child or adult. Some people with ASD have little, if any, speech and others appear to have normal speech. However, those that do have speech often find it difficult to communicate effectively.
For example, a person with ASD may say odd and inappropriate things, repeat verbal statements made by another person (called ‘echolalia'), talk about one specific topic for long periods of time with no awareness that others have lost interest, or say things that are not relevant to the current conversation. The unusual communication style of those with ASD can sometimes lead to children and adults with ASD being the victims of bullying.
In addition, those with ASD may find it difficult to keep eye contact with others and understand non-verbal communication such as facial expressions and hand gestures including pointing. They often do not respond when others are talking to them and in some instances may not react to their own name.
Children and adults with ASD often have difficulty following social rules, which may make them appear unfriendly. For example, they tend to avoid looking at the person talking and do not appear to be listening. When interacting with others, those with ASD may not follow common social behaviours. For example, they may touch and even lick others, or make blunt and impolite comments.
Children with ASD rarely play games or engage in imaginative play (e.g., playing make believe). Instead, they may use toys and other objects in unusual ways (e.g., lining up objects, spinning and flicking objects). They can become obsessed with an item such as a piece of string or a pencil and carry it around constantly, and may collect objects (e.g., stones, sticks, batteries). Both children and adults with ASD may also be more sensitive to touch and the taste or texture of some foods. Examples of this include rejecting a family member trying to give them a cuddle or insisting that all labels are cut off their clothes because the touch of them on their skin is unbearable. Some people with ASD may also act as if they are insensitive to pain or changes in temperature so they may put their hand directly into a flame. They also dislike change and being in new situations. They may also show odd behaviour such as acting as if other people don't exist, or doing things that cause them injury. Examples include repetitive hand-flapping, spinning, rocking, walking on their toes and biting themselves. Behavioural problems including temper tantrums and aggression are also common.
The severity of difficulties in these three areas varies across individuals. For example, a high functioning person with ASD may have milder difficulties such as a fixation with certain topics of conversation and difficulty understanding facial expressions or gestures. In comparison, a low functioning person may have no verbal language, engage in self-injuring behaviour such as repeatedly banging his or her head against the wall, and need constant support in everyday activities such as dressing and preparing a meal.
People with ASD are also more likely to develop mental health problems. Both children and adults with ASD often experience stress and anxiety caused by their difficulty in dealing with change and unpredictable situations. They are also at risk of developing depression, especially in late adolescence and early adulthood. Because people with ASD often have difficulty understanding and communicating their own feelings (including anxiety or distress), these problems might not be picked up.
Children and adults with ASD may also experience sleep problems. Children in particular may have difficulty going to sleep, continue to be active through the night, wake frequently and sleep much less than expected for their age.
There is no clear explanation about what causes ASD. However, family studies have shown that genes play a role. For example, if one identical twin has autism then the other has around a 75 per cent chance of also having autism. In non-identical twins, there is a five to eight per cent chance that both twins will have autism. ASD also tends to occur more often than expected among people with certain medical conditions. Researchers are investigating the link between children whose mothers had problems during pregnancy or delivery, as well as the contribution of viral infections, dietary imbalances, and exposure to environmental chemicals.
What signs might suggest someone has an ASD?
Typically, ASD is identified before a child starts school and many children are now diagnosed from a very young age. Usually parents, a health professional or a childcare worker will have noticed something unusual in the child's development. Examples include failure to respond with appropriate social behaviours such as smiles or other facial expressions, poor language development, and a lack of other forms of communication such as pointing and waving. Some children are not diagnosed until they are at school, with concern often raised by teachers. Less commonly, a diagnosis may occur in late adolescence or adulthood. Those diagnosed at an older age are generally higher functioning and have less severe symptoms. However, they still experience social, communication and behaviour difficulties.
Because many of the behaviours associated with ASD are also present in other disorders, a medical assessment is important so that other possible causes of these difficulties (such as a hearing problem) can be ruled out. A diagnosis of ASD in children generally occurs after a thorough assessment by a team of health professionals. An assessment team is usually made up of a psychologist, a speech pathologist, and a paediatrician or child psychiatrist, and can provide information needed to make decisions about approaches to treatment. A diagnosis in adults can be made by either a psychologist or psychiatrist experienced with ASD.
The information that health professionals will need in order to make a diagnosis and to plan treatment will come from a range of sources. This will include from relevant medical tests such as hearing and eye tests, interviews with parents and other caregivers to gain information about development and significant life events, and assessment of intellectual ability, communication and motor skills. Assessment of communication will include looking at how language is developing as well as how the person uses language to communicate. Assessment of motor skills will include looking at both fine motor skills such as holding a pencil and picking up small objects as well as at gross motor skills such as jumping and running. In assessment of children in particular, observations of behaviour in a range of settings such as at home and school typically occur.
With appropriate treatment it is possible for people with ASD to become active members of the community. However, some will require high levels of support and lifelong care and supervision. Research shows that children with ASD can greatly improve when treatment is provided early on in the disorder. With early intervention all children will improve and up to one third make very good progress.
Because ASD is a lifelong disorder, individuals with ASD may need further treatment and assistance as they face new challenges during adulthood. Adults with ASD who are low functioning need constant care. They generally live at home with their parents or in residential facilities where their needs can be met. Adults with high functioning ASD often lead relatively normal lives including working to support themselves and living on their own. The ability of an adult with ASD to manage a job, home duties, and finances is determined by the severity of their symptoms, their level of education and training. An understanding of the difficulties these adults experience by those around them can make a big difference to their ability to cope in different situations.
No single treatment program has been found to be successful in treating all individuals with ASD. Health professionals plan treatment to match the person's particular needs, their strengths and difficulties. In treating ASD in children it is important to begin the treatment early on in the disorder, plan a treatment program to meet the child's needs, treat both behaviour and communication problems, and involve parents and other primary caregivers. Early intervention focuses on teaching social skills, developing motor and communication skills, reducing problem behaviours (e.g., emotional outbursts, head-banging, interrupting) and promoting positive behaviours (e.g., turn-taking in social situations).
Medication is sometimes used to improve attention span or reduce unwanted behaviours, such as hand-flapping. However it is important to explore other ways of reducing these behaviours because some medications have harmful side effects, especially if taken over a long period of time. Psychological treatment, including behavioural interventions has been shown to improve the functioning of people with ASD. Mineral and vitamin supplements and special diets might also be used but there is no scientific evidence to support their effectiveness in treating ASD.
When seeking treatment it is important to consider treatments that have scientific evidence supporting them. There is a long list of possible treatments for ASD, some of which have no evidence to show that they work. Effective treatment programs for ASD should include psychological treatment to address difficulties in behaviour and attention and promote the development of language and communication and social skills.
If you feel that you, or someone you know, would benefit from professional assistance to address problems associated with ASD, you can contact a clinical psychologist. A clinical psychologist trained in developmental psychology and assessment has expert knowledge in the assessment and treatment of ASD. They can also help individuals manage other problems that may be associated with a diagnosis of ASD such as anxiety, depression, behaviour problems, relationships and workplace issues.
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st.woodstock 好準時！ 交貨迅速！ 值得推薦嘅好賣家！ Thank you!
a_dude Item delivered as described and Punctual! Also seller is very friendly.
@one.human is on Carousell - Follow to stay updated!
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0.999778 |
I'm playing Defiance, a massively multiplayer online third-person shooter by Trion Worlds.
The game takes place in San Francisco after an alien invasion, and ties in with the Syfy television series of the same name. There is a story-driven campaign with main missions, but you can also earn items and experience by completing side missions, challenges, and dynamic missions (like raiding fallen spacecrafts or rescuing allies under Mutant attack). Most missions take place in the main game world, so you can unknowingly assist allies by dispatching nearby enemy units. Defiance also features cooperative missions and competitive multiplayer (team deathmatch or a capture-the-flag mode) in instanced, isolated locations that are easy to jump in to once a server is filled (you can complete missions or explore while you wait). Like most MMO games, Defiance features decent character customization with several classes that determine your initial weapon loadout, and you get better with weapons you use over time. The interface is minimal, driven by hotkeys for items, a quick menu for matchmaking, a map with clear waypoints (as long as they aren’t clustered) and fast travel, and a circular menu designed for a gamepad. Controls are very typical for a shooter without cover (WASD to move, with separate buttons to aim, sprint, jump, crouch, and dive roll). Your loadout includes primary and secondary weapons, a grenade, a shield, and a vehicle that can spawn anywhere when needed. Weapons run the gamut from rocket launchers to machine guns to sniper rifles to shotguns, and you can break down unneeded items into resources or sell them to a vendor. New items can be looted from missions or purchased using real-world money. Your character is also given an ability (increased movement speed, cloaking, decoys, or more damage) and perks to enhance your characteristics. The combat is fast paced, and the AI enemies magically spawn and are very dumb, never putting up a challenge unless they severely outnumber you or have vastly superior weapons. You can self-revive (or have a nearby teammate do it), so death is rarely an issue. There isn’t much in Defiance that hasn’t been done before in countless other MMO games as the game lacks a truly unique standout feature, resulting in a solid but forgettable experience overall.
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0.998425 |
Sustain state-identified healthy waters and watersheds, recognized for their high quality and/or high ecological value.
Many small, healthy watersheds in the Chesapeake Bay region are at risk of degradation as demand for local lands and resources increases. Promoting the long-term conservation and protection of healthy watersheds through stakeholder engagement, collaboration and education is critical to maintaining the health of the larger ecosystem.
Promoting the long-term conservation of healthy watersheds is critical to the health of the Chesapeake Bay. Healthy watersheds store carbon, provide wildlife with clean water and habitat, and are more resilient to the effects of invasive species and climate change. Healthy watersheds also generate ecosystem services and social and economic benefits that are difficult to replicate when restoring impaired watersheds. Thus, the maintenance of healthy watersheds is important for the ecosystems and communities that rely on them.
Outcome: One-hundred percent of state-identified currently healthy waters and watersheds remain healthy.
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0.997641 |
I've given up trying to figure out rules for what figures you can trust in dreams. The only rule is, there are none. You have to judge case by case. Besides, people change.
RELATED TOPICS: religion - belonging and community - fanaticism - individualism - dreamwork - urges and hunches - dream-guides and animas - friends - mentors - truth and lies - privacy and secrets - pessimism and negativity - fear - See also the full INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
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0.994722 |
What is a safety test?
A safety test is a procedure conducted by an Indiana licensed mechanic and witnessed by an Indiana Qualified Elevator Inspector. During this test, they will go over all of a particular lift device's components and safety items to ensure they are in proper working order.
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0.988397 |
Louis Pasteur was born on December 27, 1822, in Dole in the Jura region of France, into the family of a poor tanner.
Louis grew up in the town of Arbois. He gained degrees in Letters and in Mathematical Sciences before entering the École Normale Supérieure, an elite college. After serving briefly as professor of physics at Dijon Lycée in 1848, he became professor of chemistry at the University of Strasbourg, where he met and courted Marie Laurent, daughter of the university's rector, in 1849. They were married on May 29, 1849, and together had five children, only two of whom survived to adulthood, two died of typhoid and one of a brain tumor. These personal tragedies inspired Pasteur to try to find cures for diseases such as typhoid.
Louis Pasteur was born in 1822 in Dole, France. His discovery that most infectious diseases are caused by germs, also known as the "germ theory of disease," is one of the most important in medical history. His work became the foundation for the science of microbiology, and a cornerstone of modern medicine.
As Pasteur was growing up, his teachers thought that Louis was not fit for advanced studies, and felt he should carry on the work of his father as a tanner of leather. However, one teacher realized that Pasteur was bright and found he was slow, yet methodical and persistent.
Eventually Pasteur was schooled in Paris by some of the best teachers. He soon became a professor at different schools and took on various projects. Throughout his life, one major discovery led to the next discovery in a natural progression of research.
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0.999622 |
Can I take a tax deduction for my foster child?
Yes, if you and the child meet IRS requirements for doing so. Requirements include: the child must have a social security number and must have lived with you for more than half the year. If some other adult (i.e. the child’s bio parent) claims the child on his tax return, your income must be higher than the parent’s income in order to claim the child on your return.
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0.78131 |
Charles Francis Digby "Charlie" Moule CBE FBA (/ˈmoʊl/; 1908–2007), known professionally as C. F. D. Moule, was an English Anglican priest and theologian. He was a leading scholar of the New Testament and was Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity at the University of Cambridge for 25 years, from 1951 to 1976.
Moule was born on 3 December 1908 in Hangzhou, China, near Shanghai, where his father, H. W. Moule, and mother were missionaries. He was their third son. His family were Anglican clerics from Dorset. His paternal grandfather George Evans Moule was bishop of mid-China, and his great-uncle, Handley Moule, was the first Principal at Ridley Hall and later Bishop of Durham. His family returned to England after the First World War.
He was educated at Weymouth College in Dorset, and won a scholarship to read classics at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, graduating with first-class honours in both parts and winning the Jeremie Septuagint prize, the Evans prize, and the Crosse scholarship. He studied theology at Ridley Hall, and was ordained as a deacon in 1933 and as a priest in 1934.
He served as curate at St Mark's Church, Cambridge, from 1933 to 1934, during which time he was also a tutor at Ridley Hall in Cambridge. He moved to Rugby in 1934, became curate of St Andrew's Church, Rugby, before moving back to Cambridge in 1936 to become curate at Great St Mary's, Cambridge, the University Church of the University of Cambridge, where he remained until 1940. He was also Vice-Principal of Ridley Hall from 1936 to 1944.
He became a Fellow at Clare College, Cambridge, in 1944, serving as Dean from 1944 to 1951. He remained a Fellow at Clare until his death, and was secretary of the Clare Association for many years. He was also a Faculty Assistant Lecturer in divinity at Cambridge University from 1944 to 1947, and a University Lecturer from 1947 to 1951, when he was appointed Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity, succeeding F. S. Marsh. Founded as a readership by Lady Margaret Beaufort in 1502, it is the oldest chair in the University of Cambridge, and is traditionally held by a New Testament scholar. He was also a non-residentiary Canon Theologian at Leicester Cathedral from 1955 to 1976, and became a Fellow of the British Academy in 1966. He was a President of the Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas in 1967, and became an honorary Fellow at Emmanuel in 1972. He delivered the Ethel M. Wood lecture in 1964, on "Man and Nature in the New Testament".
He produced two main written works: The Birth of the New Testament, first published in 1962, which explores the context in which the New Testament was written, and The Origin of Christology, published in 1977, which proposed that the church's understanding of Jesus had not evolved but rather developed and matured over the centuries. He also contributed to the translations of the Apocrypha and New Testament in the New English Bible, although he preferred the Revised Version. His other published works include An Idiom Book of New Testament Greek (1953, 2nd ed. 1959), The Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon (1957), The Phenomenon of the New Testament (1967), The Holy Spirit (1978), and Essays in New Testament Interpretation (1982) and Forgiveness and Reconciliation, and other New Testament Themes (1998).
He influenced many students who now hold chairs of divinity – including his successor as Lady Margaret's Professor, Graham Stanton – or who rose high within the Anglican hierarchy, including future Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams (Moule officiated at his wedding) and Archbishop of York John Sentamu. A humble, prayerful man, of slim build and small stature, he held a profound faith. A friend, Joachim Jeremias, said, "In him could be seen no trace of original sin." Like his great-uncle, he became known affectionately as "Holy Mouley".
He was a leading advocate for the Ridley Hall in the early 1970s, when it was threatened with closure. He retired in 1976 and lived at Ridley Hall until 1980, acting as New Testament tutor. He moved to Pevensey in Sussex in 1981, close to his friend, Bishop Stanley Betts. He continued to preach into his 90s.
He became an honorary Doctorate of Divinity at St Andrew's University in 1958, and won the British Academy's Burkitt Medal for Biblical Studies in 1970. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1985 for his services to New Testament studies and became an honorary Doctor of Divinity at Cambridge in 1988, in celebration of his 80th birthday.
He moved to a nursing home in Dorset in 2003, to be near his family. He died on 30 September 2007 in Leigh, Dorset, aged 98. He never married.
^ "The Reverend Professor CFD Moule". The Telegraph. London. 2 October 2007. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
^ a b Morgan, Robert (24 October 2007). "The Rev CFD Moule". London. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
^ "The Rev Professor C. F. D. Moule". The Times. London. 5 October 2007. Archived from the original on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
^ "The Rev Professor C. F. D. Moule". The Independent. London. 2 October 2007. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
Moule, C. F. D. (1964). Man and Nature in the New Testament: Some Reflections on Biblical Ecology (PDF). London: Athlone Press. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
Moule, C. F. D. (2010). Morgan, Robert; Moule, Patrick (eds.). Christ Alive and at Large: Unpublished Writings of C. F. D. Moule. Norwich, England: Canterbury Press. ISBN 978-1-84825-018-5.
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0.920167 |
My system is locking up!
Finding the cause of a lock up can be difficult and frustrating. Try to determine if it is caused by a software problem, a hardware problem, or something external to your machine. If possible, make just one change at a time until you discover the cause.
Application specific -- Is the machine only locking up under one application?
Viruses, worms, and spyware: Is the computer fully disinfected?
Latest drivers for video and IDE devices: You can get these from the Windows Update site. Note: Do not update the nVidia video driver! Reinstall from your original driver disk instead.
Look for temporary files and delete them. Do NOT do this while applications are running. You will generally find them in C:\Windows\temp and C:\temp. Empty the Recycle Bin while you're at it! Run Scandisk and Defrag. Possibly file allocation problems or fragmented files are breaking your system.
Advanced CMOS settings: make sure CMOS timing values are set to "default". Improper settings can cause havoc. Note: Do not change CMOS settings if you don't know what you're doing!
Upgrade the BIOS revision to a newer one. Please read all the steps before doing this procedure. Note: The time to read the manual is before you flash the BIOS!
Check all the jumper settings on the mainboard if you've been playing around in there. Pay special attention to jumper settings for the CPU, bus settings, voltages, and L2 cache settings.
L2 cache may be bad. Disable the cache by removing it if possible and changing the jumper settings -- or, as a minimum, disable the cache in the BIOS settings.
New or incompatible devices such as video cards, SCSI cards, etc. could be conflicting. Remove all devices except the bare minimum, then add them back in one at a time.
Cooling fans: Some systems have as many as eight fans! Pay particular attention to the CPU fan and the fan(s) inside the power supply. They should be running quietly and swiftly. If anything feels burning hot, shut the system down until you can replace the failed fan! Note: The video board may have a small fan on board. If this fails, video may stop updating, causing a general lockup.
Power supply: A failing power supply can bring the system to its knees.
Core memory modules: timing may be off. Slow down memory timing in CMOS.
Poor or fluctuating power from the AC outlet. You may need an Uninterruptible Power Supply that can smooth and filter line current changes. See Surges, Spikes, and Noise on the old Landmark Web site.
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0.997432 |
A new approach for mental health?
Do you know a communication champion?
Good communication skills are an important part of learning and everyday life, and have a big impact upon children and young people’s life chances. But for one million children, who have communication needs, skills many of us take for granted, like sharing stories, asking a question, offering help to others and making friends, are challenging.
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0.981402 |
Title:How can we develop deep mind of robots?
My research motivation has been to investigate how cognitive agents can acquire structural representation via iterative interaction with the world, exercising agency and learning from resultant perceptual experience. Over the past 20 years, my group has tackled on this problem by investigating the idea of predictive coding applied to development of cognitive constructs of robots. Under the principle of predictive coding, dense interaction take place between the top-down intention proactively acting on the outer world and the resultant bottom-up perceptual reality accompanied with the prediction error. Our finding has been that compositionality or systematicity enabling some conceptualization can emerge via such iterative interaction as the result of downward causation in terms of constraints such as multiple spatio-temporal scale property applied to the neural network modeling and the way of tutoring the robots applied to the behavioral interaction level. The talk will highlight our recent results on interactive and integrative learning among multimodality of perceptual channels including pixel level dynamic vision, proprioception and linguistic inputs using a humanoid robot platform Finally, I will point to one aim of future research, how the deep mind of a robot may arise through long-term tutoring.
Slide <PDF> # please check the file list at the bottom of this page.
Scaling up the ability of robots to interact with uncontrolled environments in sophisticated ways requires incremental learning capabilities that allow the robot to exploit already-learned concepts to facilitate future learning. I present two examples of such systems from my lab. Both systems involve playing behavior of the robot in order to gather relevant experience in an exploratory fashion.
In the first system, the robot first learns simple sensorimotor action-effect predictions (poking individual objects), which are then used as building blocks in a harder action-effect prediction task (placing one object on top of another). The end result is a robot that learns to stack building blocks much like a human infant does.
The second system is also motivated by infant development. Here, the central idea is that infants (and even adults) turn hard (or unfamiliar) sensorimotor tasks into familiar tasks by applying specific preparatory actions. Our robot discovers the utility of various actions in diverse contexts, and learns complex manipulation skills by appropriately chaining preparatory actions. Learned skills are in turn added to the repertoire of potential preparatory actions for future tasks. We illustrate this on the task of picking up a book from a table and placing it upright on a shelf.
How do children learn language? Could we use robots to model children language acquisition? This question is linked to a more general issue: how does the brain associate sequences of symbols to internal symbolic or sub-symbolic representations? I will present a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), namely an Echo State Network (ESN) or Reservoir, that performs sentence comprehension and can be used for Human-Robot Interaction. The RNN is trained to map sentence structures to meanings (i.e. predicates). This model has interesting capabilities, for instance it can learn to "understand" French and English at the same time. Moreover, it is flexible and can be trained on different kinds of output predicate representations.
The objective of this model is double: to improve HRI and provide neural models of language acquisition. From the HRI point of view, this model enables one (1) to gain adaptability because the system is trained on corpus examples (no need to predefine a parser for each language), (2) to be able to process natural language sentences instead of stereotypical sentences (i.e. "put cup left"), and (3) to be able to generalize to unknown sentence structures (not in the training data set). From the computational neuroscience and developmental robotics point of view, the aim of this architecture is to model and test hypotheses about child learning processes of language acquisition (Tomasello 2003).
Deep learning has recently been successfully applied not only to conventional pattern recognition tasks such as image classification or speech recognition but also to complex sensorimotor learning tasks such as object grasping or manipulation for robots. This talk investigates the potential of deep learning methodologies towards robotics research by introducing our recent studies regarding multimodal integration learning of robot behaviors. Specifically, this talk presents how our approach enables a robot to model correspondences between synchronous temporal inputs from different modalities and to utilize the acquired integrated representation for adaptively switching behaviors by retrieving motor commands relevant to perceived environmental changes.
Word discovery from speech signals is a crucial task for a human infant to learn a language. Differently from conventional approach towards automatic speech recognition, infants cannot use labeled data, i.e., transcribed text. They have to discover words from speech signals and learn meanings of the words in an unsupervised manner. We have been developing machine learning methods that enable a robot to learn words automatically. In this talk, I am introducing an unsupervised machine learning methods. The method is called nonparametric Bayesian double articulation analyzer (NPB-DAA) for learning phonemes and words directly from speech signals using hierarchical Dirichlet process hidden language model (HDP-HLM). The method is based on Bayesian nonparametrics. I am also introducing our research field called symbol emergence in robotics.
To build conversational robots, roboticists are required to have deep knowledge of both robotics and spoken dialogue systems. In this talk, challenges towards spoken dialogues with robots are summarized, and some recent advances using cloud robotics platforms are explained.
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0.992145 |
accents. Use the shades of yellow as the main tone.
burgundy and brown colors, burgundy and orange colors, burgundy and red colors, burgundy and yellow colors, orange and brown colors, orange and burgundy colors, orange and red colors, orange and yellow colors, red and brown colors, red and burgundy colors, red and orange color, red and yellow colors, yellow and beige colors, yellow and maroon colors, yellow and orange colors, yellow and red colors.
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0.997643 |
Write a Review on this Wet Fun Flavors 4-in-1 Lubricant - Seductive Strawberry product and share your experience or opinion with other customers.
Welcome to VitaSprings Online Store - Source of Your Healthy Life. We carry huge selections of vitamins and supplements, and other different health and beauty products, over 400 brands and 30,000 items now, with new products added frequently. Buy Wet Fun Flavors 4-in-1 Lubricant - Seductive Strawberry from WET International at VitaSprings, and we guarantee you a safe, secure online shopping experience! We value your business greatly and do our best to honor any requests you might have. Our customer service hot line is here waiting for you: 1-626-579-2668.
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0.999994 |
What are the best times to travel during your year when applying to med school?
On the one hand, your first responsibility is to your applications, so you don't want to be out of the country and miss an important secondary application or interview. On the other hand, this is your last year to do some serious travel, and plane tickets to another continent aren't exactly cheap.
So what are some guidelines for how to travel to another country during your application year?
1. Don't leave the country until you're finished with the bulk of your secondary applications. For students on the earlybird schedule (apply in June, submit secondaries in July), that means you should not plan to leave the country until at least August.
2. Don't leave the country for more than two months. Interviews are typically given on a rolling basis, and you are usually offered several spots over a 2-3 month period for picking an interview. The earlier you interview the better, but a difference of a month or two will not significantly hurt your chances. As a result, if you get that important interview invite while you are traveling, you know your return date and can schedule the interview when you get back.
3. Make sure you have good internet access at least once per week. It's important to respond promptly to requests from medical schools, and having a strong internet connection allows you to log in to whatever ancient online portal the medical school uses and submit whatever documents they need. Any developed country will have solid internet access, and for the developing world, major cities should have plenty of internet-enabled hostels and cafes.
4. Take your laptop with you if possible. When responding to requests from med schools, it's good to have your entire document library at your fingertips without having to access your online Dropbox account. And of course, typing on an English keyboard is easier to make sure you don't make any needless mistakes in your communications. Need a cheap travel computer? Invest in a Chromebook for $200 so that you don't have to worry about somebody taking your computer while traveling.
5. Have someone you trust state-side ready to do your gopher work. Maybe that transcript never gets there. Maybe a med school sends you something by mail (yes, some med schools still use the US Postal Service to deliver certain items of information to applicants). As a result, it's important to have someone you trust checking your mail and on call in case you need their help to get something back to a med school while you're abroad.
6. Do bring a notebook. Travel can be a great source of additional stories to tell during your interview and in your update letters to med school, so be sure to keep a log of the interesting things you're getting to see and do.
What are the best times to travel during your application year?
Keep in mind that many med schools start class as early as June, so don't plan to use that last summer to travel, as you may already have to start school!
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0.999999 |
A study published by the Journal of Cognitive Intelligence proves that dolphins that are provided adequate training from birth are as adept at identifying patterns as humans did and are able to solve problems faster than humans and that when faced with complex decision-making in unknown environments they followed the same processes as humans did.
The sentence has verb tense error use of "human did." is incorrect. Since did needs to refer to a verb in the sentence make the comparison logical. It cannot refer to the present tense verb "are".
A. as adept at identifying patterns as humans did and are able to solve problems faster than humans and that when faced with complex decision-making in unknown environments they followed the same processes as humans did - incorrect for the reason stated above.
B. as adept at identifying patterns than humans and are able to solve problems faster than humans and that when faced with complex decision-making in unknown environments they followed the same processes as humans do - use of incorrect comparison marker "as ....than". Than should have use of comparative word.
C. more adept at identifying patterns than humans are, are able to solve problems faster than humans, and when faced with complex decision-making in unknown environments they followed the same processes as humans do - 1) Meaning error 2) Also the three phrases are not parallel.
E. adept at identifying patterns as humans and are able to solve problems faster than humans and that when faced with complex decision-making in unknown environments they follow the same processes as humans - For comparison "as" should be followed by a clause.
I can understand that C only has meaning error if you compare it with D. Am i missing anything?
Got the issues.. C has the issue with parallelism.
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0.999239 |
Have a read, it may be gruesome, it may be sickening, it will be sad, but sorry it's a problem and we have to shout it out.
Here, suicide is crazy, please, just think of the rest of your life, think of everyone, don't flood your mind with the pain, but see what would happen if you end it.
I came across this on the internet, it needs more attention than it is getting now.
Person 1: What happens when you kill yourself? Because I'm ready to go.
Person 2: You wanna know what happens once you kill yourself?
Your mother comes home from work and finds her baby dead and she screams and runs over to you and tries to get you to wake up but you won't and she keeps screaming and shaking you and her tears are dripping onto your face and your dad hears all the screaming and runs into the room and he can't even speak because the child that he loved and the child that he watched grow up is gone forever and finally your little sister runs into the room to see what all the fuss is about and she sees you dead.
The person she looked up to and loved.
The person she bragged about to her friends, the person she wanted to be just like when she grew up, the person that made her feel safe. But she's never really going to grow up and smile and laugh and love because she'll always be consumed with this feeling of missing you. And now there's something missing from your family and they can barely look at each other anymore because everything reminds them of you but you're gone and hurts more than anything and you think that your mom never cared because she was always busy and yelling at you to finish your homework and clean your room and forgot to say I love you sometimes but really, she loved you more than anything and she doesn't leave the house anymore, she can't even get out of bed and she's getting thinner and thinner because it's too hard to eat.
Your father quit his job and he doesn't sleep anymore, every time he closes his eyes he sees his baby dead, and the image never goes away no matter how much alcohol he drinks.
And at school your best friend sees that your seat is empty and she gets this sick feeling in her stomach and that's when she hears the announcement.
And suddenly she's screaming and crying in the middle of class and no one even bothers comforting because they're all busy sitting there staring at your empty seat with tears dripping down their cheeks and all she wants is for you to hug her and tell her it's gonna be okay like you always did, but this time, you're not there to do it, everything is dark now that you're gone and her grades are slipping, she barely goes to school anymore and she ended up in hospital after taking too many pills because she wanted to see you again, the girls who used to make fun of the way you dressed feel their throats get tight, they don't talk to each other anymore, they don't talk to anyone, they're all in therapy trying so hard not to blame themselves but nothing works and your teacher who always gave you a hard time stares blankly at the wall, she quits her job a few days later and then your boyfriend hears the news and he can't breathe, he still calls you a lot just to hear your voice and he talks to you on facebook but you never message him back, he can't fall in love again because every girl he meets reminds him of you, he's never going to get over you, he loved you and he cries himself to sleep every night, hating himself and slicing his skin because he couldn't save you and he's never going to hold you in his arms or hear you laugh again.
Now everyone who knew you, whether they were a big part of your life or someone you passed in the hallway a few times a week, they carry this aching feeling around inside them because you're gone and they miss you and they don't know why you left but it must've been their fault and they should've stopped you and they should've told you they loved you more and that feeling is never going to go away.
..but you killed everyone else around you too.
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0.999797 |
At last! The voice of civility in describing the ongoing drama that is our intrepid Costa Mesa City Council ("City Life: A mallet won't work on city budget now!" Sept. 13).
Steve Smith's column reminds us that real people with real lives are at stake in this debate and that little can actually be accomplished without each side cutting the other some slack. The employees need to remember that budget adjustments appear to be necessary. The council members must learn that city services are the reason we pay our taxes.
We citizens value both our tax money and those who work to ensure our enviable quality of life. Lose the partisan dogma, folks, file away the anti-tax pledges, set aside your dreams of higher public office, face the arithmetic and please try to treat one another with some true consideration as you negotiate compromises (yes, that word is compromise, and it isn't a cuss word) to solve these very real issues.
But also remember that you don't have to reach budget balance immediately. It can perhaps more reasonably be accomplished over a few years without swinging that hammer Mr. Smith described so wildly.
It's really wonderful that now they want to relocate the Police Department to West Newport so that when they release the drunks (after drying out) and the homeless so they can wander around here in West Newport.
Give us a break. City Hall has already been moved from West Newport; give us something that will do good for our neighborhood. With all the layoffs and outsourcing, who is going to be in the $150 million white elephant being built by Fashion Island? We sure needed this!!
Re.: "Additions part of center's revival" (Sept. 14): I wish the best of luck to the new owners of Triangle Square, but I take issue with one paragraph in your article: "City officials blame much of the center's failings on previous ownership. Triangle Square cost $72 million and required eminent domain to build..." should read, "City officials blame much of the centers failings on previous city officials. Triangle Square would never have been built without some major arm twisting by the city fathers at the time."
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0.952438 |
Nintendo's second handheld game console, the Game Boy combined features from both the NES and the Game & Watch. The console features a dot-matrix screen, five control buttons, a 2 voice speaker, and, like its rivals, uses cartridges as physical media. At launch, it was sold either as a standalone unit, or bundled with the one of several games, including Super Mario Land and Tetris. Several accessories were also developed for the Game Boy, including a carrying pouch and the Game Boy Printer.
Despite being technically inferior to its competitors (notably Sega's Game Gear, Atari's Lynx, and NEC's TurboExpress), the Game Boy received praise for its battery life and durability, and quickly outsold the competition, selling one million units in the United States within a few weeks. Together with its successor, the Game Boy Color, the handheld has sold an estimated 118 million units worldwide. It is one of the most recognizable devices from the 1980s, becoming a cultural icon in the years following its release. Several redesigns were released during the console's lifetime, including the Game Boy Pocket (1996) and the Game Boy Light (Japan only). Production of the Game Boy continued into the early 2000s, until it was discontinued following the release of its successor, the Game Boy Advance, in 2001.
The original internal codename for the Game Boy was "Dot Matrix Game", and these initials came to be featured on the final product's model number, "DMG-01". The internal reception of the device was initially very poor; the DMG even earned from Nintendo employees the derogatory nickname "DameGame", dame being the Japanese for "hopeless" or "lame" in that context.
The standard gray cartridge for the original Game Boy games, although other colors and shapes exist.
The Game Boy has four operation buttons labeled "A", "B", "SELECT", and "START", as well as a directional pad. There is a volume control dial on the right side of the device and a similar dial on the left side to adjust the contrast. At the top of the Game Boy, a sliding on-off switch and the slot for the Game Boy cartridges are located. The on-off switch includes a physical lockout to prevent users from either inserting or removing a cartridge while the unit is switched on. Nintendo recommends users leave a cartridge in the slot to prevent dust and dirt from entering the system.
On March 20, 1995, Nintendo released several Game Boy models with colored cases, advertising them in the "Play It Loud!" campaign, known in Japan as Game Boy Bros.[b] Specifications for this unit remain exactly the same as the original Game Boy, including the monochromatic screen. This new line of colored Game Boys would set a precedent for later Nintendo handhelds; every one of them since has been available in more than one color. Play It Loud! units were manufactured in red, green, black, yellow, white, blue, and clear (transparent) or sometimes called X-Ray in the UK. Most common are the yellow, red, clear and black, Green is fairly scarce but blue and white are the rarest. Blue was a Europe and Japan only release, White was a Japanese majority release with UK Toys R Us stores also getting it as an exclusive edition to them. The white remains the rarest of all the Play it Loud colors. A rare, limited edition Manchester United Game Boy is red, with the logos of the team emblazoned on it. It was released simultaneously with the Play it Loud! handhelds in the United Kingdom. The Play It Loud's screens also have a darker border than the normal Game Boy.
^ "Happy 20th b-day, Game Boy: here are 6 reasons why you're #1". Ars Technica. September 7, 2015.
^ a b Umezu; Sugino. "Nintendo 3DS (Volume 3 – Nintendo 3DS Hardware Concept)". Iwata Asks (Interview: Transcript). Interviewed by Satoru Iwata. Nintendo. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
^ "Satoru Okada talks Game & Watch, Game Boy and Nintendo DS development". Issue 163. Retro Gamer Magazine. 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
^ "AtariAge - Lynx History". AtariAge. Retrieved November 22, 2016. Eventually the Lynx was squeezed out of the picture and the handheld market was dominated by the Nintendo GameBoy with the Sega Game Gear a distant second.
^ Stuart, Keith. "Nintendo Game Boy – 25 facts for its 25th anniversary". The Guardian. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
^ Audureau, William (2015-03-18). "NX, Ultra 64, Revolution… Petite histoire de Nintendo à travers ses noms de code". Le Monde.fr (in French). ISSN 1950-6244. Retrieved 2016-06-19.
^ a b "Yakuman for Game Boy (1989) - MobyGames". Retrieved December 30, 2016.
^ Masuyama, Meguro (2002). "Pokémon as Japanese Culture?". In Lucien King. Game On. New York, NY: Universe Publishing. p. 39. ISBN 0-7893-0778-2. Pokémon allowed more than metaphorical communication; it made use of a system that created actual communication — a network game.
^ GameBoy Development Wiki (November 12, 2009). "Gameboy Bootstrap ROM". Retrieved October 24, 2010.
^ a b c Amos, Evan (1989). "GameBoy : User Manual, Page 12". Nintendo of America. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
^ Fruttenboel Gameboy Section (August 22, 2009). "GameBoy : Using the GameBoy skeleton for serious business (Interrupt Descriptions)". Retrieved March 25, 2010.
^ "Technical data". Nintendo of Europe GmbH. Retrieved 2018-02-04.
^ "Color it loud with hot new Game Boys; Game Boy reflects players own style with five exciting new colors". Retrieved November 3, 2009.
^ Maher, Jimmy (2016-12-22). "A Time of Endings, Part 2: Epyx". The Digital Antiquarian.
^ Fahs, Travis. "IGN Presents the History of Game Boy". IGN. IGN Entertainment, Inc. p. 2. Retrieved October 2, 2013.
^ "Makers Of Games Focus On Girls". The Gainesville Sun. Jan 15, 1995. p. 15. Retrieved March 18, 2012.
^ "''Ball, Game Boy, Big Wheel enter toy hall of fame'', retrieved 5 Nov 2009". Rbj.net. Retrieved August 3, 2010.
^ Reilly, Jim. "GDC: TurboGrafx 16, Game Gear Hit 3DS". IGN/com. Retrieved July 18, 2011.
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0.975712 |
Think carefully about the noun in the title. That noun—be it coordinator, director, manager, specialist—pretty much tells it all. You’ll be surprised how much this single decision forces you to look around at your current roster. Don’t make this position a director just because you feel obligated to give someone a glamorous title. A director implies managing people and budgets, but more importantly setting the agenda. At some schools, you may want someone who is well versed with a plethora of academic technologies, but their role is simply that of a glorified help desk professional specializing in user support and instructional design.
Another big decision is: who will be managing them? If the same school wanted to hire an academic technology professional, the right hire would very likely be a different candidate depending on whether that person were going to be managed by the Head versus the CTO versus the Dean of Faculty. In other words, make your organizational staffing decisions first.
A third decision is: will this position be classified as faculty, staff, or administration? Once again, this decision has the potential for significant impact on the right hire, and this classification decision should be based on the business need, not a candidate’s preference. It’s tempting to place an academic technology professional within the faculty to let them build trust among teachers, but perhaps your school needs a strong technology supervisor who understands the reality of budget limitations. Conversely, it’s tempting to classify the academic technology professional as staff to ensure summer work without designing a unique contract, but perhaps your school needs someone to affect change from within the faculty, not as an outsider. In that case, developing a one-off contract will be a worthwhile investment.
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0.982877 |
Our three and a half year old daughter was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in April 2003. Recently, our six year old son was displaying some initial symptoms, including wetting the bed twice and stomach aches after eating, so I did some random blood glucose checks. He has been 200 mg/dl [11.1 mmol.L] during the two hour post meal time, 145 mg/dl [8.1 mmol/L] and 168 mg/dl [9.3 mmol/L] during the middle of the night, although "normal" by morning.
To determine what was going on, we had autoantibody testing done on both of our sons. Our symptomatic son's results were: IAA 0.001; GAA 0.017; ICA512 0.001. Our other son's results were IAA0.001; GAA 0.023; ICA512 0.007. Our nurse explained that our symptomatic son's GAA was "normal, " but should have been negative and that it could be a red flag that he is headed down the path to type 1 diabetes. Could you assess these numbers and explain what they mean? Can you give me a percentage chance for developing diabetes? Can you determine that from the test results we have provided? Why is my other son's positive GAA not considered a "red flag?" What are these particular autoantibodies and do they all have to be positive to develop diabetes?
I don't understand any of these antibody results. You should ask these questions directly to your diabetes team since they will know where the antibodies are run and how to interpret them, what risks can be assigned, etc. In terms of the child who has intermittent hyperglycemia, unfortunately this is some risk for future development of diabetes and it depends how often and how high are the blood glucose readings. It is especially important to monitor him during episodes of any illness and with growth spurts, as well as with unusual symptoms so that he does not get dehydrated or severely ill.
It would be even more helpful to me to interpret the antibody results if you gave the units of measurement and the name of the laboratory which ran them. Based on the numbers, I suspect these were an "index value". In the reference laboratory with which I am familiar, the "normal index range" for GAD65 is 0-0.085; for IAA it's 0-0.01; and for ICA512 it is 0-0.017. Without access to this information, I'd suspect that these antibody levels are not too exciting.
In general terms, a first degree relative (sibling, parent, child) of someone with type 1 diabetes has about a 5 percent chance of developing type one diabetes also. That means 1 out of 20 first degree relatives. So, if your child who has type 1 diabetes would need about 16 more first degree relatives to find the "right one." Of course, those are odds and do not reflect specifically on any individual's likelihood of developing type 1 diabetes. If that first degree relative has positive antibodies, the risk increases 10 fold to about 50 percent. No better than flipping a coin, you say? Yes, but still a 10 fold increase. Would you go to Las Vegas knowing that you will likely win/lose 10 times more often?
They do NOT ALL have to be positive to develop diabetes. In fact, NONE of them may be positive in type 1 diabetes (this has been called type 1b diabetes; see a previous Ask the Diabetes Team question), but at least one antibody is commonly present during classic type 1a diabetes.
As for screening your other children, the diagnosis of diabetes is determined by GLUCOSE measurements (by venipuncture), not A1c values or the presence of pancreatic antibodies. The risk of diabetes can be suspected based on antibody levels, but we have no preventative. You may have just caused your anxiety level to go up by doing these tests. You may have caused insurability to go down (or insurance premiums to go up).
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0.999118 |
Carol Creighton Burnett is an American actress, comedian, singer, and writer. She is best known for her long-running TV variety show, The Carol Burnett Show, for CBS. She has achieved success on stage, television, and film in varying genres including dramatic and comedy roles. After a difficult childhood in San Antonio with alcoholic parents, Burnett discovered acting and comedy in college. She performed in nightclubs in New York City and had a breakout success on Broadway in 1959 in Once Upon a Mattress, receiving a Tony Award nomination. She soon made her television debut, regularly appearing on The Garry Moore Show for the next three years, and winning her first Emmy Award in 1962. Burnett moved to Los Angeles and began an 11-year run on The Carol Burnett Show which was aired on CBS television from 1967 to 1978. With roots in vaudeville, The Carol Burnett Show was a variety show that combined comedy sketches, song and dance. The comedy sketches included film parodies and character pieces. Burnett created many memorable characters during the show's television run, and both she and the show won numerous Emmy and Golden Globe Awards. During and after her variety show, Burnett appeared in many television and film projects. Her film roles include Pete 'n' Tillie, The Four Seasons, Annie, Noises Off, and Horton Hears a Who!. On television, she has appeared in other sketch shows; in dramatic roles in 6 Rms Riv Vu and Friendly Fire; in various well-regarded guest roles, such as in Mad About You, for which she won an Emmy Award; and in specials with Julie Andrews, Dolly Parton, Beverly Sills, and others. She was also back on Broadway in 1995 in Moon Over Buffalo, for which she was nominated for a Tony Award.
Check all the awards nominated and won by Carol Burnett.
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Special The Carol Burnett Show \"Show Stoppers\"
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0.983238 |
There is an association between nausea and a lack of appetite. Nausea can often lead to a lack of appetite, and a person may feel nauseated if they have not eaten enough. These two symptoms can relate to a range of conditions. Although some of these conditions require medical attention, it is possible to treat many causes at home.
Nausea is a feeling in the mouth, back of the throat, and stomach that many people refer to as feeling sick. Nausea can sometimes lead to vomiting. Other common symptoms that can accompany nausea are dizziness, difficulty swallowing, excessive saliva production, and clammy skin.
Loss of appetite means not feeling hungry, eating much less than usual, or not eating at all. A person may have no interest in food or not want to eat. Although it is often a short-term problem, prolonged appetite loss can result in weight loss, tiredness, and dehydration.
A person may experience nausea or a loss of appetite because of a medical condition or the treatment they are receiving for it. Symptoms can also be food-related and occur because of food poisoning or an allergy. In some cases, loss of appetite and nausea can result from intensive exercise or have a psychological cause, such as stress.
Nausea and loss of appetite are common symptoms of food poisoning.
Bacteria and viruses can contaminate food and cause food poisoning. Common symptoms include nausea and loss of appetite as well as stomach cramps, fever, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Unless food poisoning is severe, it is usually advisable to treat the condition at home because it can be contagious.
Replacing lost fluids is essential, and a person should drink plenty of water and use oral rehydration solutions if vomiting and diarrhea are severe. Resting and gradually reintroducing plain foods, such as rice or toast, can aid recovery.
Oral rehydration solutions are available to purchase online.
An allergic reaction to a particular food can cause nausea, which often precedes stomach cramps or vomiting. Other common symptoms include watery eyes, sneezing, itchy skin, hives, and swelling, which happen shortly after eating the food.
If a person suspects that they have a food allergy, an immunologist can offer testing and advice. It is important to avoid foods that can cause an allergy and take care when buying food or eating out. A person may need a prescription for an epinephrine auto-injector, such as an EpiPen, if the allergy is serious.
Some medications can have side effects that cause a loss of appetite or nausea. These include the following.
Taking medication with a snack can help prevent nausea. Alternatively, taking it before bed can allow a person to sleep through the side effects. Lying flat can make a person more likely to feel nauseated, so using an extra pillow to elevate the body may be beneficial.
If nausea or loss of appetite due to medication is affecting a person’s daily life or well-being, a doctor may be able to amend the dosage or prescribe an alternative treatment.
Both nausea and loss of appetite have a link with psychological issues, such as stress and anxiety. A person who is very stressed or anxious may lose their appetite.
Nausea is a recognized symptom of anxiety disorders. Other physical symptoms can include shaking, sweating, rapid heartbeat, and difficulty breathing.
Treatment options for anxiety include therapy and medication. Support is available from advocacy organizations, such as the Anxiety and Depression Association of America. They offer information and advice and also provide links to peer support groups.
Some people may experience nausea or loss of appetite after exercising. These symptoms are most common in endurance athletes, such as marathon runners.
There are many possible reasons why exercise could lead to nausea. Strenuous exercise can take blood away from the stomach to other parts of the body, which can make a person feel nauseated. Drinking too much or too little water can also cause a person to experience nausea.
People can often avoid feeling sick or vomiting by waiting 1 to 2 hours after eating before exercising. Other ways to reduce the likelihood of nausea include avoiding a sudden finish to an exercise session, warming up and down, and not overexerting the body.
A person may notice a loss of appetite during or after exercise, but this should return after completing the exercise session and resting.
Pregnant women may find that drinking fluids throughout the day helps reduce nausea.
Nausea and appetite changes are common symptoms of pregnancy. Nausea and vomiting usually start within the first 9 weeks of pregnancy and go away after the first 14 weeks.
For some women, nausea and vomiting can be more severe and may last for the whole pregnancy. A woman may wish to seek medical advice and treatment if this is the case.
Appetite loss and eating less can lead to weight loss, which can affect the health of the woman and the fetus. If nausea and appetite loss have this effect, medical advice can be helpful. A doctor may be able to prescribe medication to reduce nausea.
Nausea and vomiting are recognized side effects of anesthesia, and they can affect some people after an operation. The type of surgery can affect the likelihood of these symptoms occurring.
If a person has a risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting, doctors may give them medication before, during, or after surgery.
Loss of appetite may occur as a person recovers from surgery. In addition to staying hydrated, eating little and often is key to recovery and can help a person feel well after the procedure.
Nausea can affect people who have cancer, with possible causes including bowel obstruction and infection.
Some cancer treatments can also make a person feel sick. For example, chemotherapy is a particularly common cause of nausea. Doctors will often prescribe medication to help lessen this side effect.
Some people who have cancer may have a loss of appetite. Common causes are a change in a person’s sense of smell or taste, feeling full, and the side effects of treatment.
A cancer team can provide advice if a person has little or no appetite. They may recommend eating little and often, opting for foods that are high in calories, or cutting food into smaller pieces so that it is easier to swallow. Proper nutrition is an integral part of treatment, and a person will usually receive support to help them eat well.
Loss of appetite and nausea can be damaging to health in the long term. If a person experiences these symptoms for an extended period, they may wish to seek medical advice.
If nausea leads to vomiting, it can cause dehydration. Loss of appetite may mean that someone is not taking in enough fluids through food sources, and this can also lead to dehydration.
Staying hydrated is important for the body to function. If a person is feeling nauseated, they may prefer to take small sips of water regularly throughout the day.
Not eating enough can lead to weight loss, which can be damaging to health. Without sufficient nutrients, the body may not be able to work properly.
Feeling nauseated can interrupt daily life. It may make it more difficult for a person to concentrate at work or school. Nausea can also cause stress, worry, and other physical symptoms, such as stomach pain.
Drinking ginger tea can help settle the stomach.
Drinking ginger tea or ginger ale containing root ginger can help settle the stomach.
Mint tea, sweets, or chewing gum may help with nausea.
Drinking small sips of fluids can help with symptoms of nausea, such as excess saliva.
Eating plain foods may prevent feelings of nausea.
Small, regular meals and snacks are easier for a person to eat if they have appetite loss.
Lying down in a dark, cool room can reduce the severity of nausea.
If symptoms persist for more than 1 to 2 days with no clear cause, a person may wish to seek medical advice to avoid damaging their health.
People who have food poisoning should seek medical advice if they have blood in their stool, a fever, or signs of dehydration. It is also important for people who suspect that they have a food allergy to seek medical advice.
If a person experiences ongoing symptoms, they may wish to take medication to restore their appetite. Doctors are most likely to prescribe this medication if a person’s loss of appetite is due to them taking a different medicine for a separate condition.
Most people only experience nausea and loss of appetite for a short period. If these symptoms persist, they can be distressing and may pose a risk to health.
Keeping a record of symptoms and when they happen may help a doctor make a diagnosis. Doing this can also help a person spot potential triggers of nausea or appetite loss, such as exercise, meal times, or particular foods.
Making some simple lifestyle changes may help people prevent loss of appetite and nausea.
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The lining of the stomach wall (gastric mucosa) is protected by a layer of mucus that effectively forms a protective barrier against stomach acid and other harmful substances. If this protective lining is weakened, the inflammatory response may lead to the gastric mucosa becoming inflamed (reddening, swelling, damage to surface lining), with the inflammation capable of spreading to deeper layers of the stomach wall. When only the surface of the stomach lining is inflamed, this is referred to as gastritis. When deeper layers of the stomach wall are affected, this is referred to as an ulcer.
Potential causes can be divided into three different categories: The majority of cases develop as a result of chemical damage (alcohol, nicotine, medications etc.). However, an inflammatory response may also be triggered by bacteria (here: Helicobacter pylori). Last but not least, gastritis and gastric ulcers can also develop as a result of autoimmune disorders that involve the formation of antibodies against components of the gastric mucosa. All of these can be enhanced by lifestyle factors such as stress, lack of exercise and an unbalanced diet.
Although it is difficult to make precise statements on this issue, it is certainly correct to say that this is one of the most common disorders/group of symptoms seen in gastroenterology practice, and that the majority of chronic cases of gastritis occur as a result of bacterial infections, while cases of autoimmune gastritis are rather more rare. Helicobacter pylori infections affect approximately 50% of the general population over the age of 50, while gastric ulcers affect 50 in every 100,000 people living in industrialized countries.
Gastroscopy can be used to visualize the lining of the stomach and to evaluate whether there is any damage present. Tissue sample analysis can usually provide concrete information on the nature of the damage that has already occurred as well as helping to identify underlying causal factors. Conventional x-ray imaging of the abdominal area using contrast agents no longer plays a significant role in diagnosis Additional information can however be obtained via ultrasound, CT or MRI scans. The presence of Helicobacter pylori can also be confirmed using stool or breath testing. While there are also blood tests available that can detect H. pylori antibodies, these tend to be far less informative.
Medication to reduce the amount of acid produced by the stomach is the first line of treatment, as this allows the gastric mucosa to heal naturally. This type of medication includes proton pump inhibitors (PPI) such as Omeprazole and Pantoprazole, but also includes H2-receptor antagonists such as Ranitidine. Additional measures include the avoidance of triggers such as certain types of pain medication, as well as diet modifications. In order to ensure long-term recovery, it may also be necessary to reduce the exposure to, and adverse impact of, certain stressful situations. The advent of PPIs has meant that physicians rarely ever have to resort to surgery. In patients who test positive for Helicobacter pylori infection, eradication therapy is the treatment of choice. In the majority of cases, this involves a combination of antibiotics and PPIs, to be taken for a duration of one week. A follow-up examination is then performed after a certain period of time in order to confirm that the infection has been successfully eradicated.
Most patients with gastritis do not require follow-up treatment. Patients with gastric ulcers, on the other hand, will require a follow-up examination after 4 to 6 weeks. This will ensure that the ulcer has healed completely and allow the physician to exclude the presence of cancer. Patients with chronic changes, and in particular those seen in patients with autoimmune gastritis, should attend regular follow-up examinations, which will have to include an endoscopic examination and tissue biopsy. The success of eradication therapy should be confirmed with breath tests, stool tests and, where appropriate, a gastroscopy examination.
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The Arab conquerors brought Islam to Egypt. The country became part of the vast Islamic realm known as the caliphate. The conquerors established their military and administrative headquarters, which they named Al Fustat, in what had been a Roman fortress called Babylon. Al Fustat was situated on the east bank of the Nile south of the delta. Most Egyptians did not at first feel the effects of Arab rule. The predominantly rural population continued to farm the land, practicing Coptic Christianity and speaking the Coptic version of the ancient Egyptian language.
Over the course of many centuries, the majority of the Egyptians gradually embraced Islam and adopted the Arabic language. These changes were due in part to the immigration of some Arab tribes and intermarriage between Egyptians and Arabs. Some Egyptians converted to Islam out of genuine religious conviction, but others did so to secure political or social advancement.
The first great dynasty of caliphs (leaders of the Islamic realm), the Umayyads, ruled Egypt as a province between 661 and 750. They were based in Damascus (in present-day Syria). Their successors, the Abbasids, ruled from their new capital, Baghdad (in present-day Iraq). The Abbasids controlled Egypt from 750 to 868. They imposed heavy taxes on non-Muslims, causing peasant uprisings. The unity of the Islamic world began to erode in the mid-9th century, and Egypt fell under a succession of autonomous foreign dynasties. Two of these dynasties, the Tulunids (868-905) and the Ikhshidids (934-969), improved agricultural techniques, curbed taxes, and reformed governmental administration.
The next rulers, the Fatimids (969-1171), had established an independent rival caliphate in North Africa in the early 10th century. The Fatimid rulers, originally from Tunisia, claimed the caliphate for themselves on the basis of descent from Fatima, daughter of the prophet Muhammad, the founder of Islam. Their branch of the faith, was a minority sect in opposition to the Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad, who were majority Sunni Muslims.
Despite the dispute over the caliphate, the first century of Fatimid rule over Egypt was marked by religious toleration, economic prosperity, and relative political freedom. It was probably during Fatimid rule that the majority of the Egyptians became Muslims, although they embraced Sunni rather than Shia Islam. The Fatimids extended Al Fustat northward, creating a major commercial and political metropolis that they renamed al-Qahira, or Cairo. Untroubled by foreign invaders or conquerors, Cairo soon surpassed other Islamic cities such as Baghdad and Damascus in wealth and population.
During the First Crusade (1096-1099), a military campaign by Western European Christians to recapture Jerusalem from the Muslims, Egypt faced a possible invasion. Although the Crusaders captured Jerusalem from a small Fatimid garrison in 1099, they did not invade Egypt. The Fatimids formed diplomatic and commercial ties with the newly established Crusader state known as the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, with other Crusader states along the Mediterranean coast of the Middle East, and with the various kingdoms and principalities of Christian Europe. Fatimid power declined in the 12th century, and in 1171 Kurdish military adventurer Saladin overthrew the dynasty.
Saladin restored the official status of Sunni Islam and the formal authority of the Abbasid caliphate in Egypt. Soon afterward, he united Egypt with Syria. In 1187 he led the Islamic reconquest of Jerusalem. Saladin’s descendants, the Ayyubids, ruled Egypt, as well as parts of Syria and Yemen, until 1250. Ayyubid relations with the Crusader states varied; some rulers encouraged European Christians to settle in Palestine and even leased Jerusalem to the Crusaders for a short time. However, Egypt’s Nile Delta suffered Crusader attacks from 1218 to 1221 and from 1249 to 1250. The latter invasion, during the Third Crusade, led to the overthrow of the Ayyubid dynasty by the Mamluks (also spelled Mamelukes), who regarded the Ayyubid rulers as weak and corrupt. The Mamluks were slaves from Central Asia and Caucasia whom the Ayyubids used as soldiers.
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1740 Guarneri del Gesu, the "ex. David-Heifetz."
Jascha Heifetz (February 2, 1901 – December 10, 1987) was a violinist, often proclaimed as the greatest of all time and the most famous of the 20th century.
Heifetz was born as a Jew in Vilna in Lithuania. There is controversy over his birth year, which is sometimes put a year or two earlier (1899 or 1900). His father was the concertmaster of the Vilna Symphony Orchestra and Jascha began playing the instrument at three years old. He was a child prodigy, making his public debut at just seven years of age in Kovno (now Kaunas, Lithuania) playing the Violin Concerto by Mendelssohn. In 1910 he entered the St Petersburg conservatory to study under Leopold Auer. He played in Germany and Scandinavia at the age of twelve, meeting Fritz Kreisler for the first time in a Berlin house (this is when Kreisler, after accompanying the 12-year-old Heifetz in a performance of the Mendelssohn Concerto, said, "Now we can all break our fiddles across our knees."). Heifetz visited much of Europe while still in his teens.
His American debut came on October 27, 1917 when he played at Carnegie Hall. He stayed in the country and became an American citizen in 1925, making many public appearances and recordings. His first commercial recordings were made on November 7, 1917 and throughout his life he made recordings for RCA Victor. He had an immaculate technique and rapid finger vibrato. From time to time, his near-perfect technique and conservative stage demeanor caused some critics to accuse him of being overly mechanical, even cold. Even so, most critics agree he infused his playing with feeling and reverence for the composer's wishes.
Heifetz often enjoyed playing chamber music. His success in this field was somewhat limited, as his artistic personality tended to overwhelm his colleagues. Some notable collaborations include his 1940 recordings of trios by Beethoven, Schubert, and Brahms with cellist Emmanuel Feuermann and pianist Arthur Rubinstein as well as a later collaboration with Rubinstein and cellist Gregor Piatigorsky, with whom he recorded trios by Ravel, Tchaikovsky, and Mendelssohn.
Heifetz commissioned a number of pieces, perhaps most notably the Violin Concerto by William Walton. He also arranged a number of pieces, such as Hora Staccato by Grigoras Dinicu, a Romanian gypsy whom Heifetz is rumored to have called the greatest violinist he had ever heard. He also wrote a hit song, "When you make love to me, don't make believe", under the alias Jim Hoyl.
On his fourth tour to Israel in 1953, Heifetz included in his recitals the Violin Sonata by Richard Strauss. Strauss was considered a Nazi composer and his works were unofficially banned in Israel along with those of Richard Wagner. Despite the fact that the Holocaust had occurred less than 10 years earlier and a last-minute plea from the Israeli Minister of Education, the defiant Heifetz argued that "The music is above these factors ... I will not change my program. I have the right to decide on my repertoire." Throughout his tour the performance of the Strauss sonata was followed by dead silence and no applause.
Heifetz was attacked after his recital in Jerusalem outside his hotel by a man who struck blows to his right arm with an iron bar. As the attacker started to flee, Heifetz alerted his companions, who were armed, "Shoot that man, he tried to kill me." The assailant escaped and was never found.
The incident made headlines in the press and Heifetz defiantly announced that he would not stop playing the Strauss. More threats continued to come, however, and he omitted the Strauss from his next recital without explanation. His last concert was cancelled after his right arm began to hurt. He left Israel and did not return until 1970.
He owned both a Stradivarius and the 1740 "ex David" Guarneri del Ges�, the latter of which he preferred and kept until his death. The Guarneri is now in the San Francisco Legion of Honor museum, in accordance with Heifetz's will. His will dictates that the violin may be taken out and played "on special occasions", by deserving players.
In later years, he taught at the University of Southern California with his friend Gregor Piatigorsky. He died at the Cedar-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, of heart failure.
This page was last modified 09:40, 20 Jun 2005.
This page has been accessed 3516 times.
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Owning a franchise can be a great way to break into the world of entrepreneurship. However, franchising isn’t for everyone. It’s best to review the possible pros and cons of franchising before making any commitments.
Mentorship — Most franchisors offer some managerial coaching to new franchisees.
Trusted brand and/or product or service — Many franchises offer a brand and/or product or service that is typically recognized by your target market.
Time-tested operating system — With the purchase of a franchise comes an operating system that ideally has been tried and proved through the years.
Group purchasing power — Most franchisors have contracts with suppliers, providing the cost benefits of buying in bulk.
Advertising and marketing — After paying a small percentage of gross profits to the franchisor, franchisees can usually take advantage of professionally created campaigns launched by the franchisor.
Financial help — Some franchisors will provide assistance to new franchisees in securing financing.
Fees — In addition to the upfront franchise fee, there may be ongoing royalties and, as mentioned above, advertising fees, which are typically required even if you don’t like or want to utilize the campaigns.
Control — You will generally have to abide by the many restrictions set by the franchisor. These can affect operations, types of goods sold, vender relationships, marketing strategies, geographic location, and even website content/presence, among other key management decisions.
Renewal policies — Franchises are generally governed under a contract with an end date, and franchisors may choose not to renew at the time of expiration or may decide to raise fees or impose new restrictions upon renewal.
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Let’s start with a simple definition of antimatter. Antimatter is the mirror image of matter. For example, if we consider an electron matter, the positron is antimatter. The positron has the same mass and structure as an electron, but the opposite charge. The electron has a negative charge, and the positron has a positive charge.
In 2010 – 2013, scientists using the Large Hadron Collider have shown glimpses of evidence that suggest antimatter decays faster than matter, but the numbers are relatively small and do not fully explain why we have a Universe of matter and radiation. In addition, there is not full agreement in the scientific community regarding the different rates of decay of matter versus antimatter.
Several theories float within the scientific community to resolve the missing antimatter issue. The currently favored theories (baryogenesis theories) employ sub-disciplines of physics and statistics to describe possible mechanisms. The baryogenesis theories start out with the same premise, namely the early universe had both baryons (an elementary particle made up of three quarks) and antibaryons (the mirror image of the baryons). At this point, the universe underwent baryogenesis. Baryogenesis is a generic term for theoretical physical processes that produce an asymmetry (inequality) between matter and antimatter. The asymmetry, per the baryogenesis theories, resulted in significant amounts of residual matter, as opposed to antimatter. The major differences between the various baryogenesis theories are in the details of the interactions between elementary particles. Baryogenesis essentially boils down to the creation of more matter than antimatter. In other words, it requires the physical laws of the universe to become asymmetrical. We need to understand what this means.
The symmetry of physical laws is widely accepted by the scientific community. What does “symmetry” mean in this context?
First, it means that the physical laws do not change with time. If a physical law is valid today, it continues to be valid tomorrow, and any time in the future. This is a way of saying that a time translation of a physical law will not affect its validity.
Second, it means that the physical laws do not change with distance. If the physical law is valid on one side of the room, it is valid on the other side of the room. Therefore, any space translation of a physical law will not affect its validity.
Lastly, it means that the physical laws do not change with rotation. For example, the gravitational attraction between two masses does not change when the masses rotate in space, as long as the distance between them remains fixed. Therefore, any rotational translation of a physical law will not affect its validity.
This is what we mean by the symmetry of physical laws.
Next, we will address the asymmetry of physical laws. In this context, “asymmetry” means that the symmetry of physical laws no longer applies. For example, a law of physics may be valid in a specific location, but not in another, when both locations are equivalent. Is this possible? Maybe. There has been experimental evidence that the asymmetry is possible (a violation of the fundamental symmetry of physical laws). For example, radioactive decay and high-energy particle accelerators have provided evidence that asymmetry is possible. However, the evidence is far from conclusive. Most importantly, it does not fully explain the magnitude of the resulting matter of the universe.
This casts serious doubt on the baryogenesis theories. In addition, the baryogenesis theories appear biased by our knowledge of the outcome. By making certain (questionable) assumptions, and using various scientific disciplines, they result in the answer we already know to be true. The universe consists of matter, not antimatter. Therefore, baryogenesis theories may not be an objective explanation.
Obviously, the absence of antimatter is a profound mystery of science. Future work at the Large Hadron Collider may help us resolve this mystery. Based on their current findings, we are close, but do not have the total answer yet. If there are any breakthroughs, I will post them.
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A) In 1891, a YMCA administrator and teacher from Canada invented a new in Springfield, Massachusetts. A particularly cold winter meant that Dr. James Naismith's students couldn't exercise outdoors, and he needed to find a way that would both entertain them and make sure they exerted themselves sufficiently. He nailed a peach basket up at one end of the gymnasium and began to develop the rules of what is now one of the most popular sports in the world: basketball.
B) As YMCAs and colleges began to adopt the game at the turn of the 20th century, basketball underwent a number of rapid changes. Five-person teams became the norm around 1898. Metal hoops replaced peach baskets in 1906. Though it was short lived, the first basketball league was formed in 1898. Under the direction of President Roosevelt, in the 1930s college sports were reorganized to allow for oversight of matches and the standardization of rules, largely to prevent injury to players. This organization became the National Collegiate Athletic Association, or NCCA. The first professional league, later to become the National Basketball Association, or NBA, was put together in 1948.
C) The game as we know it is still standardized very carefully. In the NBA and the NCAA, games are played for four quarters of 12 minutes each under the supervision of a professional referee. A regulation court is 94 feet by 50 feet, though international basketball leagues sometimes use a somewhat smaller court. It has been suggested that because the athleticism of professional players has increased so much since 1891 the sport might be best served by increasing court size, though this change seems unlikely given the enormous amount of money that would be required to modify courts.
D) Though it was devised in North America-and though the most important and most lucrative league in the world is the NBA-basketball is also played all over the globe, with slightly modified rules overseen by an organization founded in France in the 1920s and called the Federation Internationale de Basketball Amateur, or FIBA. The Olympics admitted basketball as a medal sport in 1936. Since that time the United States has won 14 of its 17 gold medal matches, having been disqualified by losses to Argentina and the Soviet Union (the latter twice, including in a hotly contested, now-notorious match at the Munich games in 1972).
E) Outside of the professional and Collegiate leagues, moreover, there seems to be no end to the introduction of new varieties of basketball from every corner of the world: water basketball, wheelchair basketball, even a trampoline variant called slamball now exist and are played regularly. One might even say that Dr. James Naismith's legacy of creative, passionate attachment to sport is reflected in each one. And the basketball is significant for another reason: women have playing almost since its inception: the first game of women's basketball was played in 1891, the same year the sport was invented.
Questions 1-5 : Identifying information: The paragraphs above are labeled A-E. For the next five questions, choose the one paragraph that best satisfies the question.
1. In which paragraph do we learn about varieties of basketball?
2. Which paragraph provides specific information about court size and game length?
3. In which paragraph does the article include information about international basketball?
4. Which paragraph introduces women�s basketball to the reader?
5. Which paragraph provides the most specific information about basketball between 1891 and 1946?
Questions 6-10: Multiple choice. Select the letter of the response that best answers the question.
6. What purpose does the first paragraph describing the invention of basketball serve?
A) It introduces the topic of basketball.
B) It provides historical background.
C) It tells a story to catch the reader's interest.
7. Why were the rules of college sports subjected to the new NCAA, according to the article?
B) so that athletes could be paid to play basketball.
C) because too much cheating was taking place.
8. How large is a regulation basketball court?
A) 94 by 50 feet in FIBA games.
B) 10 by 12 feet in the NBA.
C) 94 by 50 feet in the NBA and in NCAA games.
D) 100 yards in all international basketball leagues.
9. In what way does the author of the article see basketball now as reflecting its inventor's spirit?
A) Basketball is now hugely lucrative.
B) Many new, creative varieties of basketball exist.
C) Americans are still very successful at basketball.
D) Dr. Naismith envisioned basketball as an international sport.
10. Of the basketball teams that disqualified the United States in the Olympics, which was the most famous?
Five headings are provided below. Choose which heading fits with the paragraph (A-E) listed in the question.
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It was de first generaw ewection to incwude on a singwe day aww ewigibwe voters of de United Kingdom, awdough de vote count was dewayed untiw 28 December so dat de bawwots cast by sowdiers serving overseas couwd be incwuded in de tawwies.
It resuwted in a wandswide victory for de coawition government of David Lwoyd George, who had repwaced H. H. Asqwif as Prime Minister in December 1916. They were bof Liberaws and continued to battwe for controw of de party, which was fast wosing popuwar support and never regained power.
It was de first generaw ewection to be hewd after enactment of de Representation of de Peopwe Act 1918. It was dus de first ewection in which women over de age of 30, and aww men over de age of 21, couwd vote. Previouswy, aww women and many poor men had been excwuded from voting. Women showed enormous patriotism, and generawwy supported de coawition candidates.
The ewection was awso noted for de dramatic resuwt in Irewand, which showed cwear disapprovaw of government powicy. The Irish Parwiamentary Party were awmost compwetewy wiped out by de Irish repubwican party Sinn Féin, who vowed in deir manifesto to estabwish an independent Irish Repubwic. They refused to take deir seats in Westminster, instead forming a breakaway government and decwaring Irish independence. The Irish War of Independence began soon after de ewection, uh-hah-hah-hah.
Lwoyd George's coawition government was supported by de majority of de Liberaws and Bonar Law's Conservatives. However, de ewection saw a spwit in de Liberaw Party between dose who were awigned wif Lwoyd George and de government and dose who were awigned wif Asqwif, de party's officiaw weader.
On 14 November it was announced dat Parwiament, which had been sitting since 1910 and had been extended by emergency wartime action, wouwd dissowve on 25 November, wif ewections on 14 December.
Fowwowing confidentiaw negotiations over de summer of 1918, it was agreed dat certain candidates were to be offered de support of de Prime Minister and de weader of de Conservative Party at de next generaw ewection, uh-hah-hah-hah. To dese candidates a wetter, known as de Coawition Coupon, was sent, indicating de government's endorsement of deir candidacy. 159 Liberaw, 364 Conservative, 20 Nationaw Democratic and Labour, and 2 Coawition Labour candidates received de coupon, uh-hah-hah-hah. For dis reason de ewection is often cawwed de Coupon Ewection.
80 Conservative candidates stood widout a coupon, uh-hah-hah-hah. Of dese, 35 candidates were Irish Unionists. Of de oder non-couponed Conservative candidates, onwy 23 stood against a Coawition candidate; de remaining 22 candidates stood in areas where dere were no coupons, or refused de offer of a coupon, uh-hah-hah-hah.
The Labour Party, wed by Wiwwiam Adamson, fought de ewection independentwy, as did dose Liberaws who did not receive a coupon, uh-hah-hah-hah.
The ewection was not chiefwy fought over what peace to make wif Germany, awdough dose issues pwayed a rowe. More important was de voters' evawuation of Lwoyd George in terms of what he had accompwished so far and what he promised for de future. His supporters emphasised dat he had won de Great War. Against his strong record in sociaw wegiswation, he cawwed for making "a country fit for heroes to wive in".
This ewection was known as a khaki ewection, due to de immediate postwar setting and de rowe of de demobiwised sowdiers.
The coawition won de ewection easiwy, wif de Conservatives de big winners. They were de wargest party in de governing majority. Lwoyd George remained Prime Minister, despite de Conservatives outnumbering his pro-coawition Liberaws. The Conservatives wewcomed his weadership on foreign powicy as de Paris Peace tawks began a few weeks after de ewection, uh-hah-hah-hah.
An additionaw 47 Conservatives, 23 of whom were Irish Unionists, won widout de coupon but did not act as a separate bwock or oppose de government except on de issue of Irish independence.
Whiwe most of de pro-coawition Liberaws were re-ewected, Asqwif's faction was reduced to just 36 seats and wost aww deir weaders from parwiament; Asqwif himsewf wost his own seat. Nine of dese MPs subseqwentwy joined de Coawition Liberaw group. The remainder became bitter enemies of Lwoyd George.
The Labour Party greatwy increased its vote share and surpassed de totaw votes of eider Liberaw party. Labour became de Officiaw Opposition for de first time, but dey wacked an officiaw weader and so de Leader of de Opposition for de next fourteen monds was de stand-in Liberaw weader Donawd Macwean (Asqwif, having wost his seat at dis ewection, was not returned untiw a by-ewection in February 1920). Labour couwd onwy swightwy increase deir number of seats, however, from 42 to 57 and some of deir earwier weaders incwuding Ramsay MacDonawd and Ardur Henderson wost deir seats. Labour won de most seats in Wawes (which had previouswy been dominated by de Liberaws) for de first time, a feat it has continued to de present day.
The Conservative MPs incwuded record numbers of corporate directors, bankers and businessmen, whiwe Labour MPs were mostwy from de working cwass. Bonar Law himsewf symbowised de change in de type of a Conservative MP as Bonar Law was a Presbyterian Canadian-born Scottish businessman who became in de words of his biographer, Robert Bwake, de weader of "de Party of Owd Engwand, de Party of de Angwican Church and de country sqwire, de party of broad acres and hereditary titwes". Bonar Law's ascent as weader of de Conservatives marked a shift in Conservative weaders from de aristocrats who generawwy wed de party in de 19f century to a more middwe cwass weadership who usuawwy wed de party in de 20f century. Many young veterans reacted against de harsh tone of de campaign and became disiwwusioned wif powitics.
Constance Markievicz was de first woman ewected to de House of Commons, but as an Irish nationawist she did not take her seat at Westminster.
In Irewand, de Irish Parwiamentary Party, which favoured Home Ruwe widin de United Kingdom, wost awmost aww deir seats, most of which were won by Sinn Féin under Éamon de Vawera, which cawwed for independence. The executions of many of de weaders of de Easter uprising of 1916, de force-feeding of dose imprisoned in connection wif de uprising who had gone on a hunger strike in 1917, and de Conscription Crisis of 1918 aww served to awienate Irish Cadowic opinion from de United Kingdom. The Sinn Féin candidates had promised on de campaign traiw to win an Irish repubwic "by any means necessary", which was a code-word for viowence, dough it is not entirewy cwear if aww Irish voters understood what de phrase meant. The 73 Sinn Féin ewected members decwined to take deir seats in de British House of Commons, sitting instead in de Irish revowutionary assembwy, de Dáiw Éireann. On 17 May 1918 awmost de entire weadership of Sinn Féin, incwuding de Vawera and Ardur Griffif, had been arrested. In totaw 47 of de Sinn Féin MPs were ewected from jaiw. The Dáiw first convened on 21 January 1919, which marks de beginning of de Irish War of Independence.
In de six Uwster counties dat became Nordern Irewand, Unionists consowidated deir position by winning 23 out of de 30 seats. Cardinaw Logue brokered a pact in eight seats (one, East Donegaw, not in de six counties), after nominations cwosed, where Cadowic voters were instructed to vote for one particuwar nationawist party. Spwit evenwy, de Irish Parwiamentary Party won dree of dose seats and Sinn Féin dree. (The pact faiwed in East Down). Joe Devwin, memorabwy, awso won Bewfast (Fawws) for de Irish Parwiamentary Party in a straight fight wif Éamon de Vawera of Sinn Féin, uh-hah-hah-hah.
Constance Markievicz became de first woman ewected to Parwiament. She was a Sinn Féin member ewected for Dubwin St Patrick's, and wike de oder Sinn Féin MPs, did not take her seat.
Resuwts in Irewand. The Sinn Féin MPs did not take deir seats in de House of Commons, and instead formed de Dáiw Éireann (Engwish: Assembwy of Irewand).
Aww comparisons are wif de December 1910 ewection, uh-hah-hah-hah.
In some cases de change is due to de MP defecting to de gaining party. Such circumstances are marked wif a *.
In oder circumstances de change is due to de seat having been won by de gaining party in a by-ewection in de intervening years, and den retained in 1918. Such circumstances are marked wif a †.
^ The Sinn Féin MPs did not take deir seats in de House of Commons, and instead formed de Dáiw Éireann.
^ The Conservative totaw incwudes 47 Conservative candidates ewected widout de Coawition Coupon, of whom 23 were Irish Unionists.
^ Aww parties shown, uh-hah-hah-hah.
^ J. M. McEwen, "The coupon ewection of 1918 and Unionist Members of Parwiament." Journaw of Modern History 34.3 (1962): 294-306.
^ Stuart R. Baww, "Asqwif's Decwine and de Generaw Ewection of 1918." Scottish Historicaw Review 61.171 (1982): 44-61.
^ Barry McGiww, "Lwoyd George's Timing of de 1918 Ewection, uh-hah-hah-hah." Journaw of British Studies 14.1 (1974): 109-124.
^ Pauw Adewman, The decwine of de Liberaw Party 1910-1931 (2014).
^ Mary Hiwson, "Women voters and de rhetoric of patriotism in de British generaw ewection of 1918" Women's History Review 10.2 (2001): 325-347.
^ Mowat 1955, p. 3.
^ Trevor Wiwson, "The Coupon and de British Generaw Ewection of 1918." Journaw of Modern History 36.1 (1964): 28-42.
^ McEwen 1962, p. 295.
^ Taywor 1976, pp. 127–128.
^ Inbaw Rose, Conservatism and foreign powicy during de Lwoyd George coawition 1918-1922 (2014).
^ Edward David, "The Liberaw Party Divided 1916–1918." Historicaw Journaw 13.3 (1970): 509-532.
^ Chris Wrigwey, Lwoyd George and de chawwenge of Labour: The post-war coawition, 1918-1922 (Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990).
^ Bwake, Robert The Unknown Prime Minister: The Life and Times of Andrew Bonar Law, 1858-1923, London: Faber and Faber, 2011 p.86.
^ Mowat 1955, p. 9.
^ Cottreww, Peter The Angwo-Irish War: The Troubwes of 1913–1922, London: Osprey, 2006 page 39.
^ Cottreww, Peter The Angwo-Irish War: The Troubwes of 1913–1922, London: Osprey, 2006 page 29.
Adewman, Pauw. The decwine of de Liberaw Party 1910-1931 (2014).
Hiwson, Mary. "Women voters and de rhetoric of patriotism in de British generaw ewection of 1918" Women's History Review 10.2 (2001): 325-347.
McGiww, Barry. "Lwoyd George's Timing of de 1918 Ewection, uh-hah-hah-hah." Journaw of British Studies 14.1 (1974): 109-124.
Wikimedia Commons has media rewated to 1918 UK Generaw Ewection.
This page was wast edited on 21 Apriw 2019, at 10:17 (UTC).
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I would give my house. I have given my heart.
Neither giving nor forgiving will sate the beast of war.
to become their aunts and uncles? No.
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Contrarian Statistic: Credit Card Delinquencies Drop to 8-Year Low!?
As a contrarian investor I always find these kinds of figures interesting because people often do the opposite of what they should be doing (as is often the case when they make stock decisions). Common sense would dictate to many people that when the economy gets rough outstanding consumer credit would increase, as would delinquency rates, and when the economy is doing well people would use their additional wealth to pay off debt.
In reality, however, historical data shows the opposite, as this story does. When times are tough and they have less money consumers choose to repay debt faster. Conversely, they pile up debt when times are good even though that is when they actually have the money to pay cash! Very odd, but not at odds with other data that has shown that consumers and investors often do the opposite of what might be considered obvious to many (such as buying more stock after a price decline and selling shares into a significant rally).
Next Next post: BP, Goldman Sachs, Google, and FinReg… What a Day!
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"You Won't Forget About Me"
"I Can't Sleep at Night"
Club Disco is the fifth and most recent studio album by Australian singer Dannii Minogue. It was released by All Around the World as digitally on 5 November 2007 worldwide. It was also re-released in Australia on 27 May 2008 physically with the new single, 'Touch Me Like That', and a bonus disc of club remixes. The album is heavily inspired by 1980s disco. Six singles were released from the album, "You Won't Forget About Me", "Perfection", "So Under Pressure", "I Can't Sleep at Night", "He's the Greatest Dancer" and "Touch Me Like That" five of which, reached number one on the UK Dance Chart.
After the success of her previous album Neon Nights, Minogue was asked by All Around the World Records, a major dance label, if she would write the lyrics to a popular dance instrumental track called "Flower Power", which was a huge hit in clubs in Ibiza. Minogue agreed and wrote the lyrics to the song that would soon become "You Won't Forget About Me". About writing lyrics for the song Minogue said: "I'd heard it without vocals and I thought, 'Fantastic'. I had already written loads of vocals for myself and knew I had something that would be perfect for it."
By 2005 sessions were well underway with Minogue writing and recording material with longtime collaborators Thriller Jill, J.C.A, who wrote her, "biggest hit", "I Begin To Wonder", Roger Sanchez on the track and "Do You Believe Me Now". Sessions with The Location, Rob Davis, Jewels & Stone, and The Fourty4s also took place. The album took on the working title of Heavy Disco during this time after the line in the J.C.A.-produced "Feel Like I Do". In early 2005, The Location produced, 'Love Fight' was considered for single release, before 'I Can't Sleep At Night' was decided upon. The song received a video and remix treatment before being delayed in favour of a new collaboration with the Soul Seekerz on their instrumental track, 'Turn Me Upside Down'. As a result, "Perfection" was released in October 2005 as the album's second single becoming a major dance hit and reaching number one on the UK Dance Charts.
During this time, All Around The World decided to release a hits compilation to support the upcoming album and her success on the dance music scene. In 2006, Minogue continued writing and recording material with British dance group LMC. During one of their sessions, they penned "So Under Pressure", which was inspired by the cancer diagnoses of her sister Kylie Minogue as well as that of an unnamed friend. Minogue has described the recording of "So Under Pressure" as a "real achievement" as she was "brave enough to put all [her feelings] into words". This song was used to launch the compilation, The Hits & Beyond which included fifteen previously released singles as well as some of the new material as a taster. One of these 'beyond' tracks was 'I Can't Sleep At Night' which was finally released to digital retail outlets as the fourth single in January 2007.
At this time Minogue also recorded a cover of He's The Greatest Dancer as the charity single for that year's Children In Need, it was dropped when Minogue pulled out of Strictly Come Dancing to work on rival TV show The X Factor. The single was replaced in favour of a cover of “Downtown” former Spice Girl Emma Bunton had performed. In December 2006, the track was released to dance clubs in the United Kingdom. It was physically released in Australia by Central Station Records on April 14, 2007 with the UK only receiving a digital release. It was ultimately featured on the album along with another cover track, Xanadu, which was initially recorded for a Departure Lounge compilation series.
The album, now titled 'Club Disco' a reference to Minogue's hypocorism, "Disco", finally saw a release on 5 November 2007. It was initially only released to online music stores. In an interview Minogue stated the decision to release the album digitally saying, "I'm always on the internet buying music so I always want to make it something good". The following month a new single, 'Touch Me Me Like That', a collaboration with Jason Nevins was also released. In 2008, Central Station, Minogue's Australian label, re-released the album physically featuring 'Touch Me Like That', along with a bonus disc of club remixes.
"Do You Believe Me Now?" is not included on the Australian edition and "Touch Me Like That" is included instead as the opening track with the rest of the songs following.
All bonus footage appears on the 7digital bundle version of Club Disco.
^ Nathan Smith. "Dannii Minogue - Club Disco - Digital Download Album" Archived 23 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Dannii.aatwc.com (Official Online Forum). 9 October 2007. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
^ Lucas, John. "The Hits & Beyond Review". Allmusic. Retrieved 17 April 2008.
^ "Listing". Danniimusic.com. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
^ "Official Dance Albums Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company.
^ "Official Album Downloads Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
"I Don't Wanna Take This Pain"
"Who Do You Love Now?"
"Put the Needle on It"
This page was last edited on 9 April 2019, at 02:47 (UTC).
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When we get angry, the heart rate, arterial tension and testosterone production increases, cortisol (the stress hormone) decreases, and the left hemisphere of the brain becomes more stimulated. This is indicated by a new investigation lead by scientists from the University of Valencia (UV) that analyses the changes in the brain's cardiovascular, hormonal and asymmetric activation response when we get angry.
"Inducing emotions generates profound changes in the autonomous nervous system, which controls the cardiovascular response, and also in the endocrine system. In addition, changes in cerebral activity also occur, especially in the frontal and temporal lobes", Neus Herrero, main author of the study and researcher at UV, explains to SINC.
The researchers induced anger in 30 men using the version that has been adapted to Spanish of the procedure "Anger Induction" (AI), consisting of 50 phrases in first person that reflect daily situations that provoke anger. Before and immediately after the inducement of anger they measured the heart rate and arterial tension, the levels of testosterone and cortisol, and the asymmetric activation of the brain (using the dichotic listening technique), the general state of mind and the subjective experience of the anger emotion.
The results, published in the journal Hormones and Behavior, reveal that anger provokes profound changes in the state of mind of the subjects ("they felt angered and had a more negative state of mind") and in different psychobiological parameters. There is an increase in heart rate, arterial tension and testosterone, but the cortisol level decreases.
Nonetheless, "by focusing on the asymmetric brain activity of the frontal lobe that occurs when we experience emotions, there are two models that contradict the case of anger", the researcher highlights.
However, not all emotions behave in accordance with this connection. "The case of anger is unique because it is experienced as negative but, often, it evokes a motivation of closeness", the expert explains.
"When experiencing anger, we have observed in our study an increase in right ear advantage, that indicates a greater activation of the left hemisphere, which supports the model of motivational direction", Herrero points out. In other words, when we get angry, our asymmetric cerebral response is measured by the motivation of closeness to the stimulus that causes us to be angry and not so much by the fact we consider this stimulus as negative: "Normally when we get angry we show a natural tendency to get closer to what made us angry to try to eliminate it", he concludes.
George, Robert. "What Happens When We Get Angry?." Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Intl., 2 Jun. 2010. Web.
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Add a green salad and crusty bread to this simple rustic dish for a satisfying supper. Simmer the beans on the stovetop if they're still not tender after cooking under pressure for 12 minutes.
To prepare pesto, combine first 8 ingredients in a food processor; process until smooth.
To prepare beans, sort and wash the beans. Combine beans and 4 cups water in a 6-quart pressure cooker. Close lid securely; bring to high pressure over high heat. Adjust heat to medium or level needed to maintain high pressure, and cook 3 minutes. Remove from heat; place cooker under cold running water. Remove lid; drain beans.
Combine beans, 6 cups water, onion, sage, 1 tablespoon olive oil, and 2 garlic cloves in cooker. Close lid securely; bring to high pressure over high heat. Adjust heat to medium or level needed to maintain high pressure; cook 12 minutes. Remove from heat; place cooker under cold running water. Remove lid; let bean mixture stand for 10 minutes. Drain bean mixture in a colander over a bowl, reserving 1 cup liquid. Return bean mixture and reserved 1 cup liquid to cooker. Add 1 teaspoon salt, 1/4 teaspoon black pepper, bell peppers, and vinegar. Stir well to combine. Top bean mixture with pesto.
i loved this dish. it was flavorful and i had everything on hand...i didn't make the pesto, i used a jar i had in the pantry. i roasted the garlic, onion, and red pepper under the broiler until charred. i think this gave the dish an extra level of depth, along with the balsamic. i will definitely make this again. p.s. i don't have a pressure cooker so i just cooked it as i normally would cook beans.
I am always looking for recipes to use my pressure cooker. It is such a time saver on a busy weeknight. This recipe was da bomb! Even my 15 year old was complimentary! I didn't make the pesto. I actually picked this because I had part of a jar of pesto that I needed to use up. Fantastic! I will definitely make this again.
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Set up savings and checking accounts at a bank for your money for safekeeping and to access services such as writing checks or using the Automated Teller Machine (ATM). Consult the representatives at the bank regarding the services, fees, interest rates, terms, and limitations of the different kinds of accounts, so you can choose the one that best suits your needs. Some banks are much better on their fee rates - so it is good to check more than one.
and where it goes. Keep a record of every deposit and withdrawal of money from your account. The bank should send you a monthly statement for your account. You should check the activities recorded in the statement against your personal records, and report any discrepancies.
A term which means writing a check for more money than is in your checking account. This may be a criminal offense, and is usually punished by at least a monetary fine. So this is not the thing you want to do. That is why tracking of how much you are depositing and spending is so very important!
The ATM allows you to make banking transactions without going to the bank by using a card with a personal password. There may be a charge for this service - so check with your bank regarding this. Some banks only charge if you use an ATM at a different brand bank ATM. But again, ask your bank about this.
This card issued by your bank allows you to make cashless payments from your bank account. There are often a charge for transactions if you pick "debit". Most bank debit cards are able to pick "credit" at the store check out, and then you avoid these fees. It is still debited directly from your bank account and doesn't really act as "credit".
Visa, MasterCard, Discover, and American Express are widely accepted credit cards. These credit cards are used for convenience to make purchases without paying cash. You are billed for the total amount charged to the credit card(s) each month. You should pay off the entire balance by the due date every month to avoid paying the high interest charge, and avoid significant credit card debt. It is a very bad idea to partially pay your bill. Interest charges add up and can "snowball" on you. It is an easy trap that many people fall into. Businesses that take credit cards usually have posted what they take. If you have a question - just ask the store clerk.
U.S. coins consist of the penny (1 cent), nickel (5 cents), dime (10 cents), and quarter (25 cents). The most usual U.S. dollar bills that you will use come in the following denominations: $1, $5, $10, $20, $50 and $100.
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Why should someone even get a pet? Isn’t that too much trouble? To answer these questions, getting an animal companion actually offers more benefits despite the small troubles that accompanies it. These are the reasons as to why you should get a pet and make it a new family member in your home.
It is without a doubt that pets provide entertainment. Perhaps, they even provide a type of entertainment that surpasses movies, TV shows, video games, or other hobbies since having a pet involves another living being. Dogs, cats, rabbits may be popular since they are cute and cuddly but other types of exotic pets such as snakes have been proven to provide amusement for other owners with unique tastes. Whatever animal you decided to become a pet, each animal has its own behavior and unique way in making you feel happy.
This phrase may have been said a thousand times but this can never be stressed enough. The digital age has brought about information overload that keeps our attention preoccupied which makes the world more stressful recently. Though there are various ways on how to handle stress, owning a pet happens to be one of them. Pets are like non-verbal best friends who are always ready to lend an ear and do so without judgment. There won’t be time worrying about something that you do not have control of because you are pretty much preoccupied with playing or taking care of your pet. With your animal companion, you will definitely feel more relaxed and are able to let some steam out.
It’s not always that your friends will be readily available for you whenever you need someone to talk your problems to or simply just to hang out with. Your friends may have something more important to do or is just plain unavailable at the moment. However, the same cannot be said about your furry friend. There are countless of stories about people recovering from anxiety or illness just because they decided to have a pet.
Research suggest that being with a pet can have various health benefits like better heart health, boost one’s immune system, enhance mental health, and ease physical pain.
Pets teaches you to be responsible since they require you to take care of them. This is true especially for kids because it teaches them how to tend to the needs of another living creature. By having the task of giving it food, bath, playtime, and attending to its medical needs with regular check ups to the veterinary clinic, pets are perfect opportunities to teach both kids and adults a sense of responsibility. All of these also makes the person become more compassionate to others and this applies not only to animals but to fellow humans as well. The pet depends on you for their survival and happiness and you respond to their needs as an act of kindness. By being able to tend the needs of another creature, you will be able to look past beyond your own needs. Being more compassionate will certainly improve your relationships with other people which this leads to less stressful situations as well as a brighter life overall.
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Located in central Italy along the Tyrrhenian coast, Tuscany is home to some of the world's most notable wine regions. Chianti, Brunello di Montalcino and Vino Nobile di Montepulciano are primarily made with Sangiovese grape whereas the Vernaccia grape is the basis of the white Vernaccia di San Gimignano. Tuscany has thirty-three Denominazioni di origine controllata (DOC) and nine Denominazioni di Origine Controllata e Garantita (DOCG). In the 1970s a new class of wines known in the trade as "Super Tuscans" emerged. These wines were made outside DOC/DOCG regulations but were considered of high quality. In the reformation of the Italian classification system many of the original Super Tuscans now qualify as DOC or DOCG wines, but some producers still prefer the declassified rankings or to use the Indicazione Geografica Tipica (IGT) classification of Toscana. Tuscany has five sub-categories of IGT wines today.
The history of viticulture in Tuscany dates back to its settlements by the Etruscans in the 8th century BC. Amphora remnants originating in the region show that Tuscan wine was exported to southern Italy and Gaul.
By the 3rd century BC, there were literary references by Greek writers about the quality of Tuscan wine.
Sangiovese (from latin "sanguis Jovis" i.e. "the blood of Jupiter") is a thin-skinned, finicky grape that tends to linger longer on the vine, taking its sweet time to ripen and mature. While Sangiovese plantings run from Emilia-Romagna down to the back of the proverbial boot in Puglia, it is Central Italy, specifically the warm Mediterranean region of Tuscany, that remains the agricultural heartbeat of the Sangiovese grape.
At least fourteen Sangiovese clones exist, all of them wth fruity flavors and a little spiciness, and ready to take on oaky flavors when aged in barrels.
Sangiovese Grape Characteristics : High Acidity, High Tannin, Medium-bodied, Medium Levels of Alcohol (typically 13-14% abv).
What makes Tuscany so special for wines?
The short answer is: weather, soil and a long history of winemaking. Because of its position in the Italian peninsula, Tuscany enjoys a warm mediterranean climate. The terrain is quite hilly, progressing from the sea inward to the Apennine Mountains. The hills serve as a tempering affect on the summertime heat with many vineyards planted on the higher elevations of the hillsides. The grapevines perform better when it can receive more direct sunlight, which is a benefit of the many hillside vineyards in Tuscany. The higher elevations also increase the diurnal temperature variation, helping the grapes maintain their balance of sugars and acidity as well as their aromatic qualities.
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China and the United States have taken different paths to arrive at their respective stage of technological development. The United States obtained leadership in technological innovation through its competitive bid to remain technologically superior to the Soviet Union during the Cold War. China developed late, taking a leapfrog approach to play catch-up to the West. This is now changing as Cold War priorities end and globalization provides incentives for off shoring of U.S. technology companies to China. The shift to rely more on Commercial-off-the-Shelf (COTS) for military technology means keeping the United States a leader in innovative, civilian technologies is a security issue complicating this economic interdependence. Since technological interdependence with China is a given, how can the United States compete with China economically, politically, and militarily in East Asia? Export controls, that kept technology out of the hands of the Soviet Union during the Cold War, do not work in a global political economy where commercial competitiveness is so vital and technology rapidly innovates and has global availability. A new comprehensive approach is needed to solve the inadequate dual-use technology export control structure. This new approach is required to meet current and future U.S. security and economic demands. The United States should use Strategic Technological Collaborative Leadership (STCL) to lead the region in finding new technological solutions for the region's environmental and energy demands. STCL would then lend itself to a Collaborative-Engagement policy that would have political, security, economic, and social benefits for the United States and the entire East Asian region. The collaborative structure set up in the United States to support this policy will also provide a comprehensive means to ensure an efficient and effective technology control process. This process would ensure critical dual-use technology innovations stay within the United States and thus preserve the U.S. innovative technology base while minimally affecting commercial trade with China. These policy attributes will be especially important as nanotechnology, which is inherently interdisciplinary and collaborative, brings innovations with the promise of further enhancing this collaborative effort in a positive direction. There is an opportunity to find the maximum utility for this new technology through collaborative-engagement. If this opportunity is not taken, China and the United States, and the world for that matter, could enter a very dangerous period of an arms race based on this potentially deadly new technology.
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You may have heard the term employment agency before, but do you really know what it is? The basic definition is an organization helping employees connect with employers offering positions suitable to their qualifications. However there is much more to know and learn than that. The following tips will offer you guidance into what an employment agency is, the associated benefits of working with one, and how to be successful.
Employment agencies help companies find temporary help and help job seekers find temporary work. Some will place full time, permanent employers as recruiters to help organizations find good employees, while others only fill temporary assignments. Job seekers don’t usually pay a fee and will get paid a fair wage for the work they do. The employment agency is paid by the companies who are looking for workers. For example, if they need a receptionist that usually pays $15 an hour, they might pay $20 or more an hour to the agency, and the agency pays the job seeker $15 an hour while the remaining money is their fee.
When you first apply for an agency, they will contact you for a time and day to meet with them. This will be similar to a job interview, where they find out what you’re looking for in a job, your qualifications and experience, look over your resume and have you fill out an application. You may also be asked to take tests such as for typing or certain computer applications. They will then contact you when they find an assignment that fits your qualifications.
Different employment agencies will offer different types of jobs. Some are industry-specific such as filling jobs for accounting, clerical work, manual labor, or healthcare jobs. Others are more general and are willing to recruit for nearly any type of job available. If you’re trying to decide on a temp agency, look for one offering the types of assignments you’re looking for. You may have to research and call around before making the right choice.
If you want to be successful with an employment agency, communication is key. You should be open and honest with the recruiter, letting them know if you like the assignment they sent you on, and if they are asking anything more of you than what the original assignment asked for. This is for several reasons; one, you might be applicable to a higher pay if the job position has changed. They also need to be sure you’re being safe and not breaking the employment agency’s rules such as driving a company vehicle when this is not allowed. Lastly, use common sense when working for the company on assignment. Arrive on time, don’t call in sick often, and do the job you’re asked to do.
If you’re currently looking for a job but aren’t able to find one on your own, working with an employment agency is a great option. Aside from getting fast work, there are many benefits to working with employment agencies. You will find that you get a regular, steady paycheck, a choice of working opportunities, the benefit of working for a variety of companies, and of course getting good work experience to put on your resume.
Many times looking for a job can be very tedious, especially with minimal experience and lack of choices in your area. By working with an employment agency, you will be able to get quick work. You can often get to work and start earning a paycheck faster by choosing to work with an employment agency. Yes most of your work is temporary, but once an assignment ends, you will have new opportunities possibly by the next business day.
While most employment agencies are going to send you on temporary jobs that can be as little as a day or two, many of them offer long-term employment. Not only can you work assignments that last weeks or even months, but many employers like the job you do and will go on to hire you as a permanent, full time employee. The better you do, such as showing up on time, working hard, and following the company rules, the more chance there is of you being hired by the employer.
One of the biggest benefits to working with an employment agency is the work experience. Recent college graduates may have a new degree, but without experience it can be very difficult to find a job. Employment agencies usually place for entry level positions, meaning you get industry experience in your chosen profession which looks great on a resume and can help you further your career at a later date.
Another benefit of working with an employment agency is that you find out more about what you do or don’t want to do for a living. Getting hired permanently by a company you have never worked for is a risky decision. But with an employment agency, you can let your recruiter know I you don’t like the company or the type of position, and they will simply give you another assignment. You can actually pick and choose what size or type of company to work for, the type of job, the salary, location, and other specifics you’re looking for. You may also find that the job you thought you enjoyed, you don’t like as much as others.
There are many different types of employment agencies, many more than you might imagine. Temp agencies, which is what most people think of when thinking of employment agencies, is only the tip of the iceberg. There are many different agencies out there that work with potential employees and employers looking for new recruits. The following will show you the different types of employment agencies that work closely with people looking for work and companies who need temporary or full-time employees.
The first type of employment agency is a traditional one in which may or may not charge a fee to get work. You will work closely with a recruiter who helps you find the kind of job you want. Most of them don’t charge a fee to the job seeker because they get fees paid by the employers looking for workers, but some pay charge a fee if they hire for certain specialties.
As opposed to a traditional or temp agency who gets paid each week after the employee puts in their hours, a contingency employment agency only gets paid when their candidate is hired full time by the employer. This type of employment agency joins employees and employers together, but for permanent work status not temporary assignments. These are often industry-specific jobs where the employer wants a permanent, full time employee but doesn’t want to put in the time to recruit them.
A more uncommon type of employment agency is one that is mostly communicating with the employers. Some employers hire a high number of employee son a regular basis, and want to hire a search firm to handle their hiring process. The agency will locate possible job candidates, do the interviewing and recruiting, and often make the final decision as to who will be hired by the company. Employer search firms may travel around the country looking for probably candidates.
The most common type of employment agency is called a temporary agency, or temp agency. This type of employment agency usually fills temporary jobs with applicants they have with their agency. Most jobs are temporary, such as companies who have a secretary on maternity leave or an accountant who became ill or injured and is out for a short period of time. When you work for a temp agency, you don’t pay any fees but are sent on different assignments. They can range from a 1-day assignment to several weeks or months. Some short-term assignments can turn into full time, permanent work which is quite common. Many employers simply want to hire temporary employees first before deciding whether or not to hire them full time.
If you’re currently looking for a job, whether because you want a career change or finished college, you may find it is more difficult than you originally thought. However by choosing to work with an employment recruiter for a staffing agency, you can get a job quicker and easier. Employment recruiter are responsible for being the middle man between employer and employee. They will help you find a job that you’re qualified for, and help employers find temporary employees.
What is an Employment Recruiter?
An employment recruiter works for a staffing agency, also called a temporary agency or employment agency. They are the middle man between companies looking for short or long-term employees and people looking for a job. As a prospective employee, you will actually work for the employment agency, and the recruiter is the person you communicate with, tell what kind of job you want and who you form a close professional relationship with.
How do Employment Recruiters Find Work?
Most employment recruiters work for employment agencies that are well established in their area, so companies and employers come to them. They will be contacted with information such as the type of company, type of work to be done, how many employees they need, and how long the assignment will be for along with other details like the dress and pay scale. The recruiter will then contact employees (you) who they feel are qualified for the temporary position.
To work with an employment recruiter, you may be contacted by the recruiter if they find your resume online, but many times you contact them first. You will meet with them in their office, in something similar to a job interview, let them know what kind of work you’re looking for, give them your resume and other work experience, and work together to find you the type of job you’re looking for. You should always be honest about what type of job you want, who you’re willing to work for, and certain industries that are appealing to you.
To be successful in finding a job, always remain professional and open with your employment recruiter. If you don’t feel like an assignment is the right fit, let them know to pass you by and wait for a different position. It looks better when you don’t take an assignment at all rather than taking on an assignment and leaving it before the assignment is over. If you feel uncomfortable with a certain job you were sent on, you will let your recruiter know and they will something else that suits you better.
Staffing agencies provide you with a wide variety of benefits including getting quick work after graduating from college, having a steady paycheck, and having something to put on your resume. When you first leave college it can be difficult getting a job, but by working with a staffing agency, you get the opportunity to get some work experience. Most staffing agencies find entry level positions by companies willing to give a shot to people who don’t have much experience. If you’re looking to get work experience, finding a temporary or short-term job with a staffing agency is a great option.
The first step to getting work experience with staffing agencies is to meet with the recruiter. This will be similar to a job interview but with some minor changes. However when you meet the recruiter for the first time, you should dress and act as if this is a job interview. They aren’t going to place you with any of their trusted employers if you don’t look and dress presentable. Be prepared for your appointment, arrive on time, have all the necessary documents, and dress like you would for any other job interview. Be courteous and answer the interview questions honestly.
The next step after the initial interview with the recruiter is filling out an application, handing over your resume and taking various tests. Staffing agencies will test you depending on what type of job you’re applying for, such as a phone test for customer service jobs, or various clerical tests like typing, Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, filing and general office work testing. Before you arrive at the staffing agency, be sure you have proper documentation such as an updated resume printed out (even if you already sent them one), your social security card, driver’s license and anything else they asked for. You should also have a list of your business references for the application.
Since you’re hoping to get more experience by working for the staffing agency, you should be a little pickier about the type of work assignments you choose. The recruiter will ask what kind of job you’re looking for, and you should be honest and straightforward. If your desired career is working in advertising, let them know you prefer a job assignment in this field, even if you start out as a receptionist or lower level employee. You will still be gaining appropriate work experience but also something amazing to put on your resume as someone wanting to get into that particular field. When arriving on assignment, be sure to be on time, not miss any work, and follow all of the employer’s rules.
Choosing to do temporary work, such as for temp agencies, can be very beneficial to you. You may not be able to find a job right away but need a steady income, which temp agencies can provide you. You also get the option of turning away work and working for different companies until you find the right fit. The following tips will help guide you through the process of working for a temp agency and how to make the best of this choice of employment.
Not all temp agencies are created equal and it’s important to choose one that is not only right for you but has a good reputation. Do a little research beforehand to find one in your area that has a high success rate and good ratings from current or previous employees. This agency is the organization helping you find a job and they should offer fair wages and helpful recruiters. If you meet with an agency that you don’t like, move on and find another one but don’t register with too many at one time.
You should always be prepared for your appointment with the temp agency’s recruiter. Make sure you have the address and know how to get there, understand the parking arrangements, and bring documentation that they asked for. This may include a job application already filled out, your resume printed out, driver’s license or other identification, social security card, and other paperwork. Leave earlier than you need to and arrive about 10-15 minutes early to fill out any paperwork before your interview.
When looking for work with a temp agency, it can be tempting to go for any job they offer you. But it is important to find a good balance. You want to be flexible but you should also be honest with them about what you do or don’t want to do. However having too many specifications will make it hard to find the right job. If you prefer to work within 10 miles but are flexible to driving up to 30 miles to work, let them know that.
Communicating with your temp agency recruiter is essential, every step of the way. From the first time you meet and you’re discussing possible opportunities to working for a company and letting the agency know how it’s going. Check in with them even with a long-term assignment, letting them know if you do or don’t like how it’s going. If your assignment is going to be longer or shorter than anticipated, let your recruiter know as soon as possible.
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Recently, there has been an immense breakthrough in every sphere of the personality psychology. While a number of existing problems have been developed in the new dimensions, some innovative issues have been introduced, including the admonishing behaviour and the neurological constituent of the personality studies (Trull & Widiger, 2013). Mullins-Sweatt et al. (2012) acknowledge that a personality comprises a set of traits and characteristics, which differentiate people from each other. The ever-changing world causes the alternations in personalities; therefore, the personality theories have to develop constantly, as well (Trull, 2012). In fact, the current years have witnessed a departure from purely medical practices to creating the holistic study grounded mainly on the medical and therapeutic practices (Corr, DeYoung, & McNaughton, 2013). The above-mentioned path was followed by numerous early theorists, including Freud, Adler, Jung, Klein, Horney, Fromm, Sullivan, Erikson, Kelly, and Rogers (Kadler, Zimmermann, & McAdams, 2014). Nevertheless, today, the personality theories are being formulated on the basis of empirical research, and the facts prove that the tendency will last (VanLarge, 2013). According to Montag, Reuter, Jurkiewicz, Markett, and Panksepp (2013), the recently developed theories are less covering, less theoretical, and less philosophic than those that originated from the data provided by the early theorists. Another tendency of the personality theories development is the additional dependency on the team efforts instead of relying on the work of a single person (Kadler et al., 2014). In the future, the personality theories will develop in at least seven directions as the evolvement of neuroscience, genetics, biology, sociology, and other sciences appears to have more and more impact on the personality psychology.
The study of cognitive causes and their connection wih other facets of psychological operations are the first future direction of the personality theories. With the exclusion of Kelly and Bandura, the personality theorists have almost completely ignored the role of cognitive operations in the human functioning cognition (Omi, 2012). For example, Freud observed human nature initially in the light of early childhood experiences and practices together with insentient stimulation (Omi, 2012; Kadler et al., 2014). On the other hand, Skinner considers personality to be a notion, which merely incorporates the connection between apparent and evident conduct and exogenous consolidation eventualities (Deiner, 2012). Therefore, the personality theories are going to evolve in the sphere of cognitive causes and their connections.
The study of particularly creative, skilled, and extravagant individuals is the second dimension for the future development of the personality theories. For all applicative objectives, the functional study of personality had its origins in Freud’s discomposure concerning the reasons and therapy of the pathological conduct (Deiner, 2012). Therefore, the history of personology inquisition reflects a focus on the behavioural elements revealed most vividly in the psychotherapeutic settings (VanLarge, 2013). Even currently, the study of personality is closely associated with the analysis of psychologically disturbed individuals. As the times are changing, the focuses and concerns of personologists are also altering. Over the recent years, the idea that personology should not be entirely concerned with the pathological and defensive mechanisms of human behaviour has become popular (Kadler et al., 2014). Therefore, the future of personality theories lays in the study and research of creative and talented individuals.
The third possible future dimension of personality theories is the study of the physiological and neurological issues and foundations of personality. Most probably, the current scientific era will be considered the age of biology annd breakthrough in the behavioural genetics, biochemistry, psychopharmacology, and neurophysiology. These sciences have caused crucial alterations in the ideas, theories, and methods, which generally determine the psychological studies (Corr et al., 2013; Bleidorn, Kandler, & Caspi, 2014). With the exception of Freud and Murray, the personologists have almost completely rejected the need to research the neurophysiologic and biochemical elements of the human personality. In fact, the development of neuroscience and cognitive science threatens to divide psychology into several disciplines. A similar trend appears in regards to the studies focused on biological apparatus of individual discrepancies and cognitive apparatus of singularity, which threaten the existence of the personality theories (Kennis, Rademaker, & Geuze, 2013). According to Ormel et al. (2013), there is a groundless trend. On the one hand, the biologically-focused theorists dismiss any cognitive approaches (concentration on epiphenomena); on the other hand, the cognitive theorists usually reject any progress in biological foundations as inappropriate for cognition of an individual. According to Lunmann, Orth, Specht, Kandler, and Lucas (2014), there is an insufficient number of researchers emphasizing the negative influence of cognitive exegesis on the person’s physiological condition (Trull & Widiger, 2013). The last several years have witnessed a rising interest in the personality studies. The personality studies consider various issues ranging from the genes to life span, from individual to species, and from normal to the pathological behaviour (Bleidorn et al., 2014). Therefore, the researchers and theorists from all branches of psychology are studying the principal issues of personality. Evolutionary, biotic, societal, developmental, cognitive, and clinical approaches have designed unique approaches to the personality psychology (Ormel et al., 2013; Trull & Widiger, 2013). The future dimensions of the personality theories will attempt to cover and develop a lot of these issues.
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This is a predictive maintenance model that predicts the machine break down based on sensor data.
A major problem faced in manufacturing or mining industries is significant costs which are associated with the down time of the machinery. So most of these businesses are interested in predicting the problems, which are responsible for down time. Predictive maintenance problem can be vary in different ways like failure prediction, failure detection and predicting the remaining life time of a machine. This model mainly focuses on when in-service machine will likely to fail, so that future maintenance can be planned accordingly. Not only the former one, but this model can also predict when the machine will be likely to fail. The business problem in our example is to predict possibility of a machine to fail within a window period. This model is a classification approach in predictive maintenance problem. **Input data:** The input data uses NASA dataset and you can download it from here. The dataset contains more than 160,000 observations and 26 columns in the training set and more than 106,000 observations in test set. Noise in the distribution of data may accounts in reducing the goodness of model, so we need to take care of it. Rolling mean and rolling sd comes to recue to deal with this problem. **Advantages of using this model** Reduces equipment costs, labour costs and down times due to machine failure. It increases the safety, revenue and efficiency of employee time. **Output:** There are two labels in this classification problem, one is label1 that predicts if the machine will break down within 10 cycles or not. Another output in this model is label2 which has been break down into 3 categories, 1. Machine that may breaks within 15 cycles, 2. Machine that may breaks in between 15 and 30 cycles, 3. Machine that will not break down.
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Produce a ‘thinking object’ as a playful tool in response to findings from the Creative Data designed Hi-VIS workshop at the Environment and Sustainability Institute at the University of Exeter’s Penryn Campus, in Cornwall, UK. In the bespoke workshop, designed and delivered by me and Lucy Hubble-Rose in October 2015, risk decision-makers mined their experience to find new opportunities and ways of working in relation to their personal and professional understandings of risk and vulnerability.
With the MAGIC Pathfinder we wanted to visualise and make tangible an under-discussed topic in organisations, which is that of 2nd order risks in emergency decision-making – that is to say, the inter-personal dimensions of risk scenarios, which often go unexamined in relation to the 1st order risk, which is the serious incident such as coastal flooding, an oil spill, or a public transport incident. Each hexagon of the pathfinder is dedicated to one aspect of 2nd order risks and the puzzle is designed to prompt discussion and reflection around the challenges people are facing in these areas.
This thinking object – The MAGIC Pathfinder – is designed to promote reflection and encourage professional development. It can be used individually or in a group. The design of the puzzle enables exploration of specific challenges, while also assisting the evaluation of risk decision-making practices as a whole. Playing with a physical 3D object like this can help you process thoughts in new ways and spark fresh ideas.
The puzzle is made from oak, using digital manufacturing technologies such as a CNC Router, which cut out the hexagons and made the notches in the side of them, and laser etching, which burns the lines and text into the surfaces.
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Match the pairs in the following questions by writing the corresponding letters only.
what is interpretation in this question?
Buddy system - The buddy memory allocation technique is a memory allocation algorithm that divides memory into partitions to try to satisfy a memory request as suitably as possible. This system makes use of splitting memory into halves to try to give a best fit.
@Gate Keeda and @Arjun Suresh : How pointer type is garbage collection.
In object-oriented languages with garbage collection, dangling references are prevented by only destroying objects that are unreachable, meaning they do not have any incoming pointers; this is ensured either by tracing or reference counting.
When we do not have any pointer, we can just clear activation record and no need of any garbage collection. But pointers means there should be dynamic memory management. In languages like C this is the job of programmer and he must call free(). Languages like Java, C++ does this automatically using garbage collection. (Java does not have explicit pointers).
Sir, java do this garbage collection bt implicit pointers then?
How virtual memory and segmentation are related? Both are different memory allocation techniques.
@Arjun sir.How can we relate pointer to garbage collection. If we have pointers like in C,but we dont have garbage collection.
In java we have garbage collection but not pointers.
So.what does this match specify?
Choose the correct alternatives (more than one can be correct) and write the corresponding letters only: Indicate all the false statements from the statements given below: The amount of virtual memory available is limited by the availability of the ... thrashing for some type of programs. The best fit techniques for memory allocation ensures that memory will never be fragmented.
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A dog collar can be described as a small piece of material that is specially designed to be put around the neck of a dog. A collar may be used for some reasons including identification, control, training and medical purposes.
Choosing the best small dog collar for dogs can be a challenging task because of the multiple options available in the market.
However, the key is to take your time and understand some of the types of products on offer and how they are likely to impact on your pet or whatever you wish to achieve.
What are some types of collars in existence?
There are quite some dog collars on the market today with each model designed to offer a solution to certain needs. Here are some of the key types you should be aware of.
These are collars that are designed for everyday use. They are made of leather or nylon material. There are a few of these products that may be designed using different materials including -polyester, hemp metal and oilcloth.
Some manufacturers decorate these collars using unique materials. Here are some examples of basic collars.
Break-away collars - these are designed to keep the dog from moving around the compound or any other area. However, when too much force is applied due to pulling the dog can break free from the leash. These collars are designed to keep the dog from unnecessary movement while at the same time ensuring that the pet does not get strangled when too much pressure is applied.
Safety stretch collars - these are designed with elastic panel within the sturdy nylon collar. The elastic part of the collars makes it easy for the pet to escape from strangulation that may be caused by branches, fences, gates and other dogs.
The difference with break-away collars is that once the collars are clipped to a leash the dog cannot break free.
Buckle collars - some people refer to these products as flat collars. They are designed with a buckle that mimics that of a human belt. They often feature loops to which leashes can be attached. The collars may also have information for identification.
These are collars that are designed with a special purpose in mind. The collars may be used to help in treatment, visibility or tracking of the pet. Here are a few examples of these products.
Stud collars - these are collars that are designed with sharp points around the surface. Spikes or any other material on the collars are hand-set and riveted for heightened security. The sharp surfaces ensure that the pet does not get harmed by other dogs trying to bite the neck.
Reflective and lighted collars - these are collars that are designed with visibility in mind. The reflective collar features a shiny tape that can be seen in the dark. Lighted collars incorporate the use of diodes that emit light making it possible for owners or motorists to spot the dogs in dark situations.
Flotation collar - it can sometimes be referred to as a buoyancy aid. It is designed to help in keeping the dog's head above water during treatment therapy in cases where dogs are hurt. It may be made of an inherently buoyant material or one that can be inflated with air.
These are collars that are manufactured to help in promoting the health of the dog. They are available in some designs, colours and unique features.
Flea collars - these are products that have been soaked with chemical substances that are aimed at repelling fleas or any other parasites that may take advantage of the dog. In most cases, these collars are used in addition to the basic collars.
Elizabethan collars - these take the shape of a truncated cone. They are put on the dog to prevent it from scratching fresh wounds or chewing away on stitches that have been used to close up a wound.
These collars are used for dog training only. Immediately after the training session, they are removed from the dog's neck to prevent injury or straining of the pet.
Flat collars - these can make for a good training product because they are easy to put on the dog or release in case of too much pressure.
Martingale collars - they are mostly used for dog breeds with heads that are smaller than the neck. They are designed to prevent the dog's head from slipping off the leash during training.
Head halters - these types of collars take the design of a horse halter. They are fastened around the back of the neck and run over the top of the pet's muzzle.
Depending on the type of collar you pick you may end up having to deal with people that hold different views. Those in support of collars such as head halters claim that they give the owner sufficient control over the dog.
They also hold the view that collars that occupy too much space on the dog's head and neck may cause injuries during training or cases of heightened pressure.
Dog shock collars also raise a lot of debate as some people believe they are cruel to the dog while others hold to the view that they are the right product for fast training of canines.
These products fall into the basic collar category. They are custom designed to feature the name of your dog, your telephone number and can be found in a variety of colours including pink, yellow, red, brown, green and blue.
Two layers of nylon webbing ensure that the products remain in good condition over a long period.
Extra dense embroidery is done to guarantee that the collar will keep the writings and patterns in good condition regardless of how long the collar has been in use.
Available in four different sizes these collars are ideal for just about any size of a dog. It is worth pointing out that you can adjust the size of the collar to fit perfectly on the neck of your small dog.
These collars are available at a rate of $11.99 making them the ideal choice for just about anyone regardless of financial status.
*At the time of publishing, the price was $11.99.
With three training mode options allowing you to switch from beep to vibration and shock, you have the freedom to pick how you want to train your dog. The collar is ideal for controlling how much your dog barks without inflicting any harm.
Smart - intelligent chip is included to go off when the dog's throat vibrates instead of when a sound is made. This ensures that the device mounted on the collar does not react to false alarms or barks made by other dogs.
Features a built-in USB rechargeable battery that can be fully recharged in less than an hour. The battery powers this collar for over 15 days.
Designed with a nylon belt and carefully mounted receiver the collar is both durable and waterproof making it ideal for all kinds of weather.
If you are the kind of person that loves to take your dog on walks through the park or neighbourhood, this might be the right pick for your small pet.
The collar is designed in such a way that it discourages your pet from pulling, jumping and barking while on walks.
Adjustable nylon straps make it possible for you to handle easily and control the dog without causing discomfort or injury when the pet tries to pull away.
The product is available in three colours including black, coyote brown and ranger green. This is a product that is ideal for people that want a basic collar for their pets.
The collar is made of a thick nylon strap for heightened durability regardless of the frequency of use. Cushion padded surfaces ensure your dog enjoys utmost comfort.
Heavy-duty metal D ring and metal buckle ensure that your dog cannot break free. These features also make it possible for you to attach a leash.
If you are the kind of person that wishes to put style into your dog collar, you might want to go for any of the products in this collection. You can get regular, martingale, personalized collars and seatbelts for dogs here.
The collar features floral patterns that are imprinted making it quite beautiful to look at.
The product is made of a high-density polyester material which ensures durability while at the same time guaranteeing a soft feel for the pet.
Buckles are designed using Eco-friendly plastic to keep the environment safe.
The products listed are quite impressive in their own rights. However, Go Go Cute Puppy - Personalized Dog Collars take the prize because of their all-round beneficial impact. They are not only affordable meaning anyone can get them but also offer maximum comfort to the pet.
They allow the owner to personalize the writings to ensure the pet can quickly be identified and returned to the the owner in case it strays from home.
This collar hardly raises any controversies because it is designed to enable the owner to get full control of the dog without any unnatural additions such as shocks and vibrations.
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X owned a bakery in Alba, Piedmont, an area known for the production of hazelnuts, and initially sold a batch of 300 kilograms of Pasta Gianduja in 1946. This was originally a solid block, but X started to sell a “smoother” version in 1951 as Supercrema. How do we know this product today?
I need the product and not X. If you know X, you know the product.
X = Pietro Ferrero and the product is Nutella.
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0.99994 |
Dame Judi Dench on Bond at 50 Jump to media player Dame Judi Dench, who is set to return in her seventh 007 film as Bond's boss M in Skyfall, says Bond's is a "national hero".
'Bond love scenes were awful' Jump to media player Former Bond girl Gemma Arterton has described her experience filming a love scene with Daniel Craig for 2008's Quantum of Solace.
Adele's Bond song leaks online Jump to media player The official Skyfall track is leaked on the internet a day after Adele confirmed she had recorded the song.
The longest serving actor to play the role of James Bond, Sir Roger Moore, has praised his predecessor Sir Sean Connery as "the best Bond".
Sir Roger spent 13 years playing 007. He has also written a book about his time on the series.
He spoke to BBC Breakfast's Susanna Reid about the producers' doubts over casting him as Bond.
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Due to its strategic position between the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, Malaysia (then Malaya) has long been the meeting place for traders and travelers from West and East. Malaya, somewhat romantically referred to as the meeting point between the East and the West, lies between the Straits of Malacca and South China Sea. Traders from the West have no other choice but to travel along the narrow straits to avoid the torrential monsoons in Indian Ocean. Another reason is the natural richness of South East Asia, supplying everything from the tin required for the industrial revolution in Britain to spices desperately needed to preserve meat during the winter months. Hence its history is one of continual interaction with foreign powers and influences.
Even in pre-historical times, its warm tropical climate and abundant natural blessings made it a congenial destination for immigrants as early as 10000 years ago when the ancestors of the indigenous peoples of Malaysia (the Orang Asli), settled here. Most historians agree that this group of people is probably the pioneers of migrants from China and Tibet who moved here in search of a better place to live. During the 1000 B.C., new groups of migrants who spoke a language related to Malay came to Malaysia. The ancestors of these people had traveled by sea from south China to Taiwan, and later from Taiwan to Borneo and the Philippines. These people became the ancestors of the Malays. The newcomers settled mainly in the coastal areas of the peninsula.
Later, Cambodian-based Funan Empire, the powerful Srivijaya government of Sumatra and subsequently the Majapahit empires fought for this fertile land.
Around the first century, strong trading links were established with China and India, and these had a major impact on the culture, language and social customs of the country. Evidence of Hindu influences over a short period in the history of Malaysia can today be found in the temple sites of the Bujang Valley and Merbok Estuary in Kedah in the north west of Peninsular Malaysia, near the Thai border.
Later on, around the 1400s that a Javanese prince known as Parameswara settled down in Malacca and established the historical city as a major trading port. This era later became known as the Golden Age of Malacca. During the middle and late 1400s, Malacca gained control over much of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and the key shipping route through the Strait of Malacca. Chinese traders arrive in droves and Islamic traders from the Middle East ventured here for the spices. By this time Malacca had grown to become one of the most powerful and wealthiest kingdoms in the region, and ripe for the picking. This thriving city soon captured the attention of the Portuguese, which were among the first European explorers. Consequently, Portuguese troops under the command of Alfonso de Albuquerque colonized Malacca in 1511 and the Dutch in 1641. Thus began a colonial legacy that was to last well into the 20th century. Till today, there is a Portuguese Village in Malacca and many "Eurasians" in Malaysia have emerged from mixed marriages between the locals and the Portuguese. As for the Dutch, the numerous Dutch-styled buildings and a windmill in the heart of Malacca remains a testimony of the Dutch rule in Malacca.
The British came much later. Only in the mid 18th century, they became active in the area, partly in search of trade, but also to check French power in the Indian Ocean. Despite trade ties, however, the British were rather reluctant to colonize Malaya, having their hands tied with numerous problems which cropped up after they colonized India.
It was not until 1786, when the sultan of Kedah, seek the British's help to protect against the invading Siamese soldiers that the British East India Company leased Penang. In 1819 Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles of the British East India Company founded Singapore, and in 1824 Britain acquired Malacca from the Dutch. Singapore, Penang, and Malacca (collectively known as the Straits Settlements) were then British-run. Till this point, the British government has not officially stepped in.
From about 1850, tin-mining activity greatly expanded in the Malay Peninsula, and this caused Malay rulers and the immigrant Chinese they employed became involved in territorial disputes. Fearful that these might disrupt trade, and due to a change in the government policy in England, the British gradually took control of the peninsular states, working indirectly through the Malay rulers.
Trying to maintain peace and taking advantage of dynastic quarrels, they persuaded the Malay rulers to accept British "Residents" as advisors. Before World War II, the native states under the British influenced were classified as federated or non-federated. The main difference between the two groups was that British control was somewhat looser in the non-federated states. The federated states were Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, and Pahang. The non-federated states were Johor and the four northern states, which were acquired by the British from Siam in 1909. At the top of the British system of rule was a high commissioner, who was also governor of the Straits Settlements.
During the British rule, a well-ordered system of administration from United Kingdom was introduced. Under this scheme, Malaya flourished. The citizens begin to enjoy proper education at English-medium schools, initially run by mission workers. Proper roads and railway tracks were built by the British so that natural products such as tin, rubber and palm oil can be transported with ease.
Although there were confrontation against the British by Malay rulers who are losing their control over tax issues and dissatisfaction over certain British rulers who impose laws without taking into account the local cultures, such confrontations were not well organized. The British also practiced a divide and rule policy - Chinese immigrants were largely confined to tin mines and the cities, the Indians in rubber estates and the Malays at their local villages. Because of this, the British never really lost control over any of the Malaya states.
Then came the World War II, and Japanese troops invaded Malaya. After looking up to the British as their "protectors", the locals (Malays, Chinese, and Indians) realized the British were powerless against the patriotic Japanese soldiers. Patriotism sentiment swelled after the war. English-educated Malaysians, the relatively more affluent "middle and upper class" citizens got together and started discussing about independence for Malaya. Accustomed to the British ways, since most of them were educated in the United Kingdom, this new breed of freedom-seekers realized the best method was a proper discussion with the colonial rulers. On the 31 of August 1957, independence was proclaimed for the Federation of Malaysia. Its citizens are particularly proud of the fact that independence was gained without any bloodshed, unlike pro-independence insurgences in other British colonies: India and Burma. This smooth transition of power ensured that the young country had the opportunity to grow in a peaceful environment.
As a Malaysian who have lived through the British days, saw my country achieve independence and eventually progressing to the major industrial hub of Asia it is today, I am actually quite pleased at how things turned out in the end. The introduction of English as a main language by the British is perhaps what helped Malaysia grow at a faster rate compared to other countries in the region. Most citizens (especially those educated in the colonial era) speak impeccable English, and this helped raise education standards in the country. Because of this, Malaysians are also more likely to complete their tertiary educations in western countries, compared to students in Thailand and Indonesia, for instance.
The British Parliamentary system, adopted by Malaysia since independence, has also ensured a relatively stable political system in the country. Modern Malaysia is a multi-cultural and multi-racial society of approximately 22 million people where ethnic Malays, Chinese and Indians live together in relative harmony. While Islam is the official religion of Malaysia, freedom of worship is guaranteed and widely practiced. Ethnic Malays are, for the most part, Muslim; Chinese mainly Buddhist or Christian; and Indians follow Hinduism as their main religion. The national language is Bahasa Malaysia (similar to Indonesian); however, as a result of the British colonial period, English is widely spoken and is a compulsory subject in schools. Other main languages found in Malaysia include various Chinese dialects (Cantonese, Hokkien, or Hakka), and Tamil or Hindi amongst the Indian population.
South Korea: What should Soccer Spouses Do?
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0.925779 |
Hercules. In originating the design for the infant version of Hercules used in the film, animator Randy Haycock drew inspiration by videotaping a friend's six-month-old and by renting movies with babies in them, while the curly hairstyle for baby Hercules was derived from the appearance of Haycock's infant daughter.
Hercules is the Latin form of Greek Herakles, meaning ‘glory of Hera’ (the queen of the gods). It was the name of a demigod in classical mythology, who was the son of Zeus, king of the gods, by a human woman. His outstanding quality was his superhuman strength.
What does Hercules Mean? Hercules Name Gender : boy names. hercules name Origin : The origin of the name Hercules is Latin baby names.
Hercules – Ancient History Encyclopedia – The pan-Hellenic mythological hero Hercules (or Herakles) was famed for his great strength and endurance and celebrated as an extraordinary mortal who, through success in seemingly impossible labours, won his immortal place amongst the Olympian gods.
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0.999294 |
can I I give my cat revolution today after having flea treatment (ultra guard) 3 weeks ago?
I recommend that you call and talk to your local veterinarian about this. The best answer will depend on your cat’s overall health as well as the environment that he is exposed to. Your vet knows your pet so they will be able to give you the best advice on this.
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0.999999 |
(Integer, modify) Mechanism specific status code.
Output GSS-API mechanism OID of mechanism associated with given sasl_mech_name.
`GSS_S_BAD_MECH`: There is no GSS-API mechanism known as sasl_mech_name.
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0.999989 |
WBA write up on WiFi integration.
3. Report Title: Unlicensed Integration with 5G Networks Issue Date: October 2018 Version: 1.0 Wireless Broadband Alliance Confidential & Proprietary Copyright © 2018 Wireless Broadband Alliance UNDERTAKINGS AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY This Document and all the information contained in this Document is provided on an ‘as is’ basis without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for particular purpose, or non-infringement. In addition, the WBA (and all other organisations who may have contributed to this document) makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the information. The information may contain technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. All liabilities of the WBA (and all other organisations who may have contributed to this document) howsoever arising for any such inaccuracies, errors, incompleteness, suitability, merchantability, fitness and non-infringement are expressly excluded to the fullest extent permitted by law. None of the contributors make any representation or offer to license any of their intellectual property rights to the other, or to any third party. Nothing in this information or communication shall be relied on by any recipient. The WBA also disclaims any responsibility for identifying the existence of or for evaluating the applicability of any claimed copyrights, patents, patent applications, or other intellectual property rights, and will take no position on the validity or scope of any such rights. The WBA takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any intellectual property or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any effort to identify any such rights. Neither the WBA nor any of the other organisations who may have contributed to this document will be liable for loss or damage arising out of or in connection with the use of this information. This is a comprehensive limitation of liability that applies to all damages of any kind, including (without limitation) compensatory, direct, indirect or consequential damages, loss of data, income or profit, loss of or damage to property and claims of third-parties.
7. Report Title: Unlicensed Integration with 5G Networks Issue Date: October 2018 Version: 1.0 1 Wireless Broadband Alliance Confidential & Proprietary Copyright © 2018 Wireless Broadband Alliance Executive Summary The integration of un-licensed Wi-Fi networks with licensed cellular networks has been a topic that has been repeatedly discussed over the past 15 years or more. There has been an evolution in requirements over this extended period, moving from “switched-mode” or handover use cases where only a single access is used at any time, towards a “split-mode” use case where a device may have simultaneous access to multiple accesses over prolonged periods of time. This paper provides an analysis of the varied approaches for integrating cellular and Wi-Fi networks, ranging from solutions where Wi-Fi is integrated into the cellular access-stratum, those that integrate Wi-Fi into the cellular non-access stratum core network, to those that integrate Wi-Fi above-the-core network using IETF defined multi-path protocols. The paper provides detailed descriptions of the latest capabilities specified in 3GPP Release 15 and currently being studied as part of 3GPP Release 16 for integrating Wi-Fi into the 5G Core Network. The paper provides details of alternative multi-path protocol approaches which have been used to provide improved experiences when devices are simultaneously connected to cellular and Wi-Fi networks. The findings of the working group conclude that the most likely techniques to be adopted are where Wi-Fi is either integrated into 5G using core-centric techniques, or integrated using multi-path above-the-core techniques. Moreover, the widescale deployment of multipath based solutions has led to the inclusion of such approaches into the 3GPP defined Release 16 5GCN centric integration. In contrast to the broad alignment across the industry to focus on Wi-Fi as a peer the cellular access-network, with dual mode multi-path solutions from a user plane perspective, there is less alignment on the critical aspect of control plane and policy. The paper calls out the critical path management functionality as an area that can benefit from the use of a policy framework to facilitate efforts to deliver enhanced experiences over multi-path solutions. Such a framework needs to examine algorithms for policy combining that can support the broad range of use cases covered in this paper. Finally, the paper provides a set of recommendations about areas of study which the WBA and other stakeholders can use to address some of the issues raised in this paper and a call to action for the industry to address these issues.
8. Report Title: Unlicensed Integration with 5G Networks Issue Date: October 2018 Version: 1.0 2 Wireless Broadband Alliance Confidential & Proprietary Copyright © 2018 Wireless Broadband Alliance 1 Introduction The integration of un-licensed Wi-Fi networks with licensed cellular networks has been a topic that has been repeatedly discussed over the past 15 years or more. With recent reports characterizing smartphone use highlighting that over 70% of mobile data traffic is sent over Wi-Fi networks there continues to be an opportunity to improve user experiences by better being able to integrate these disparate networks. However, there has been an evolution in requirements over this extended period, moving from “switched-mode” handover use cases, where only a single access is used at any time, towards “split-mode” use cases, where a device may have simultaneous access to multiple accesses over prolonged periods of time and may be able to benefit from splitting connectivity over multiple simultaneous accesses, including being able to enhance performance by combining the connections available over these multiple access networks. This has prompted WBA to define the different categories of integration in its early analysis of Wi-Fi and 5G , introducing three broad approaches of how to integrate Wi-Fi and 5G networks introduced: • Access Centric Integration: these approaches were first introduced in Release 13 for LTE based access, with LTE WLAN Aggregation (LWA) for integrating trusted Wi-Fi with LTE and LWIP for integrating untrusted Wi-Fi. These approaches are described in greater detail in . • Core-Centric Integration: these approaches were initially standardised in Release 8 for the integration of un-trusted Wi-Fi via an ePDG and in Release 11 for integrating trusted Wi-Fi into LTE’s Evolved Packet Core, as described in . • Above-the-Core integration: using techniques such as Multi-Path TCP and Multi- Path Quick UDP Internet Connection (QUIC). More recently these new protocols have been proposed to enable integration between Wi-Fi and cellular networks. Note, that these three alternative integration approaches can all be used support split-mode operation, with switched-mode being supported by access-centric and core-centric solutions. Note, as described above, these definitions are well adapted to address earlier Wi-Fi integration approaches based on LTE. Moving forward, section 2 describes how the specification of 5G defines the use of the Non-3GPP Interworking Function to enable a Wi-Fi based non-3GPP access networks to present the same interfaces as exposed by the 5G New Radio (NR) Access Network. As integration is achieved via a common 5GCN, we still look to characterize this Release 15 solution as “core-centric integration”.
11. Report Title: Unlicensed Integration with 5G Networks Issue Date: October 2018 Version: 1.0 5 Wireless Broadband Alliance Confidential & Proprietary Copyright © 2018 Wireless Broadband Alliance supporting traffic splitting, steering and switching between Wi-Fi and cellular networks being specified as part of 3GPP Release 16. Note that the GSMA is promoting NSA Option 4 and NSA Option 7 as preferred 4G – to – 5G migration options. Their rationale is that without a 5G Core, the deployment of 5G NR will not provide compellingly different service, over 4G. If the GSMA preferred approach bears out, the non-3GPP – access to 5GC modes will be likely provide the foundation for unlicensed interoperability scenarios. 1.3 Above-the-Core Integration In contrast to looking to solve mobility with single-path like switched/handover capabilities, above-the-core solutions recognize the increasing trend by which mobile devices have plurality of wireless interfaces simultaneously active. Instead of defining solutions that necessitate these interfaces all present a common IP address to the upper layers, multi-path approaches enable each individual interface to be independently addressable. This independent addressing then facilitates deployment scenarios where different entities can be responsible for managing the access networks associated with the different interfaces, and hence why the term “above-the-core” has been adopted by WBA to describe such approaches. Being able to leverage independent access and connectivity networks may enable above- the-core solutions to deliver an interesting set of capabilities, including: 1. When the different access networks exhibit different delay characteristics between the device and the remote host, above-the-core solutions can selectively decide to use only the lower latency path to deliver improved user interaction 2. When the different access networks are deployed in different environments, e.g., one deployed indoors and another deployed outdoors, the above-the-core solutions can use the multi-path capability to handle the transition between the access network coverage areas. 3. When the different access networks have different probability of coverage capabilities, e.g., providing reliable wide area coverage versus un-reliable local area coverage, the above-the-core solutions can use the multi-path capability to opportunistically leverage the local area coverage whilst having an “anchor path” over the wide area network 4. When different access networks are deployed by different organizations, e.g., one deployed by a carrier Wi-Fi provider and another by a Cellular Service Provider, the above-the-core solutions can provide the ability to aggregate the connections with different IP points of attachment. Note: recently, solutions based on multi-path protocols have been proposed to enable the steering, switching and selection of alternative paths within 3GPP’s Release 16 core-centric architecture, see sub-section 2.2.2 and 3GPP TR 29.793 for more details.
12. Report Title: Unlicensed Integration with 5G Networks Issue Date: October 2018 Version: 1.0 6 Wireless Broadband Alliance Confidential & Proprietary Copyright © 2018 Wireless Broadband Alliance 2 5GC Wi-Fi Integration 2.1 R15 N3IWF 2.1.1 5GC Intro 3GPP Release 15 architecture supports access to the 5G system using both 5G NR as well as via non-3GPP access networks. In release 15, only untrusted non-3GPP access is supported. It is expected that Release 16 will provide both trusted/managed non-3GPP access (covered in the next section), as well as fixed wireline/wireless access (out of scope of this whitepaper). The 5G Core Network (5GCN) architecture defines the clear separation of the control plane and user plane functions. In the 5GCN, one or more User Plane Function (UPF) instances can be used to anchor a single PDU session under the control of the Session Management Function (SMF). Besides the SMF and UPF, an important function is played the Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) which replaces the MME. A Non-3GPP Inter-Working Function (N3IWF) has been defined as part of the untrusted non- 3GPP access, as illustrated in Figure 2-1. Importantly, the 5GCN has been defined to be access agnostic. Both 5G NR and non-3GPP access are interfaced to the 5G Core using the same user plane (N3) and control plane interfaces (N2), with the N3IWF terminating N2 and N3 interfaces when using non-3GPP access.
19. Report Title: Unlicensed Integration with 5G Networks Issue Date: October 2018 Version: 1.0 13 Wireless Broadband Alliance Confidential & Proprietary Copyright © 2018 Wireless Broadband Alliance to combine the independent connections over 3GPP and non-3GPP access networks using an above-the-core solution, as described in section 3. Note, whereas Figure 2-1 shows a single AMF supporting 3GPP and non-3GPP access. the selection by the UE of a N3IWF corresponding to an independent PLMN will result two separate AMFs and SMFs being deployed. Such a scenario is illustrated in Figure 2-5 below. Figure 2-5: Roaming architecture for 5G Core Network with non-3GPP access – N3IWF in the different PLMN from the 3GPP access 2.1.6 PDU Sessions over non-3GPP Access networks The user plane protocol stack for a PDU session over an untrusted non-3GPP access network is illustrated in Figure 2-6. The header of the GRE packet is used to carry the QoS information, including the QFI associated with a particular PDU and in the down-link an optional indication as to whether the UE should use reflective QoS over the non-3GPP access network.
20. Report Title: Unlicensed Integration with 5G Networks Issue Date: October 2018 Version: 1.0 14 Wireless Broadband Alliance Confidential & Proprietary Copyright © 2018 Wireless Broadband Alliance Figure 2-6: User Plane Protocol Stack for a PDU Session The QFI is carried in an encapsulation header on N3 i.e. without any changes to the e2e packet header. QFI shall be used for all PDU Session Types. In the down-link direction, the N3IWF maps PDUs from QoS Flows to access-specific resources associated with the IPSec child SA, based on the QFI and the associated 5G QoS profile. In the up-link, the N3IWF transmits the PDUs over N3 tunnels towards the UPF. When tunnelling up-link packets from the N3IWF to the UPF, the N3IWF includes the QFI value in the encapsulated packet towards the UPF. Figure 2-7: Mapping between QFI Profile(s) and IPSec Child SAs 2.1.7 Common Security Anchor/Authentication Framework/Keying Hierarchy Previous generations of WLAN integration into 3GPP systems have largely been stand-alone from a security perspective. Independent keying hierarchies were used for 3GPP access and WLAN access, with the WLAN access hierarchy being based on an EAP generated Master Session Key.
22. Report Title: Unlicensed Integration with 5G Networks Issue Date: October 2018 Version: 1.0 16 Wireless Broadband Alliance Confidential & Proprietary Copyright © 2018 Wireless Broadband Alliance need to deploy two separate authentication infrastructure-sets, one for 3GPP, and another for non-3GPP access. As illustrated in Figure 2-2, significantly 5G has moved to embrace the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) that has been widely used for supporting flexible Wi-Fi authentication. 2.2.1 Primary Authentication In their description of the 5G security framework, 3GPP describe primary authentication as: mutual (network and device) authentication, similar to 4G, but with some differences and additions. 3GPP specify a 5G primary authentication mechanism with in-built home control, allowing the home operator to know whether the device is authenticated in a given network and to take final call on authentication. In 5G Release 15 there are two mandatory authentication options: 5G Authentication and Key Agreement (5G-AKA) and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)-AKA', i.e. EAP-AKA'. Optionally, other EAP based authentication mechanisms are also allowed in 5G – albeit for specific cases such as private networks. The importance of EAP-AKA’ is that it permits the signalling of the access network name within the EAP dialogue, corresponding to an Access Network Prefix, e.g., “WLAN”, and optional strings (none defined for WLAN). The AAA infrastructure (at and behind the AUSF) can populate this information and the UE is then responsible for checking the non-3GPP network name (i.e., access technology) corresponds to that which is currently being used. This enables service-providers to bring a level of control on which type of non-3GPP networks (e.g. Wi-Fi, or HRPD) will interwork with 5G through the N3IWF. The 3GPP 5G specifications describe a set of “primary authentication and key agreement” procedures to enable mutual authentication between the UE and the network and provide keying material that can be used between the UE and the serving network in subsequent security procedures. The keying material generated by the primary authentication and key agreement procedure results in an anchor key called the KSEAF provided by the AUSF of the home network to the SEAF of the serving network, as illustrated in Figure 2-8. Keys for more than one security context can be derived from the KSEAF without the need of a new authentication run. A concrete example of this, mentioned in the 3GPP TS 33.501 specification , is that an authentication run over a 3GPP access network can also provide keys to establish security between the UE and a N3IWF used in untrusted non-3GPP access. The anchor key KSEAF is derived from an intermediate key called the KAUSF. The KAUSF may be securely stored in the AUSF based on the home operator's policy on using such key.
27. Report Title: Unlicensed Integration with 5G Networks Issue Date: October 2018 Version: 1.0 21 Wireless Broadband Alliance Confidential & Proprietary Copyright © 2018 Wireless Broadband Alliance MA-PDU session is established. The establishment of the MA-PDU session is done using the Separate Establishment procedure detailed in TR 23.793 clause 6.2.3.1. Figure 2-11: Combining 3GPP and non-=3GPP Access into a Multi-Access PDU The establishment of the MA-PDU session may be done by the network if the terminal device signals the support of MA-PDU. This indication is signalled by the UE setting the MA-PDU capability indication in a NAS message request for a single access PDU session. This indication may be used by the network to establish a multi-access PDU session instead of the requested single access PDU session. 2.3.2.1 ATSSS Architecture Description The architecture definition for ATSSS has not been finalized at the time of this writing this paper. A possible architecture is shown in the Figure 2-12 below detailing the interactions between AT3SF's of UE, UPF, SMF and PCF. 5GS can implement ATSSS for MA PDU session according to PCF policy, user preference settings and link performance of 3GPP & non-3GPP access networks as shown in Figure 2-12.
28. Report Title: Unlicensed Integration with 5G Networks Issue Date: October 2018 Version: 1.0 22 Wireless Broadband Alliance Confidential & Proprietary Copyright © 2018 Wireless Broadband Alliance Figure 2-12: Interaction between AT3SF's of UE, SMF, PCF & UPF During the establishment of a MA-PDU session, the PCF may create PCC rules for the MA- PDU session. These rules specify how specific service data flows (SDFs) should be routed across the 3GPP and WLAN accesses. The SMF maps the PCC rules into (a) ATSSS rules which are sent to UE via the AMF, and (b) Packet Detection Rules which are sent to UPF. The ATSSS rules are used by the UE for up-link traffic steering and the Packet Detection Rules are used by the UPF for down-link traffic steering. The ATSSS rules are sent to UE with a NAS message when the MA-PDU session is created or when they are updated by SMF/PCF. Similarly, the Packet Detection Rules are sent to UPF when the MA-PDU session is created or when they are updated by SMF/PCF. Measurements can be done via the user plane between the UE and the UPF implementing the AT3SF and can be also made available to SMF if needed. At the time of this writing, Round Trip Time (RTT) evaluation has been identified as a metric to be used for ATSSS rules implementing “Smallest Delay”.
31. Report Title: Unlicensed Integration with 5G Networks Issue Date: October 2018 Version: 1.0 25 Wireless Broadband Alliance Confidential & Proprietary Copyright © 2018 Wireless Broadband Alliance device establishing a first sub-flow over the cellular network and then subsequently adding a second sub-flow over the Wi-Fi network. The MP-TCP stack in the client device is responsible for combining these two sub-flows and providing a single socket link to the application. Note: The MP-TCP protocol does not place restrictions on the ordering of sub-flow establishment, although particular device implementations may integrate concepts of “anchor sub-flows” that are preferentially transported over wide-area radio systems. Figure 3-1: MP-TCP Sub-Flow establishment 3.1.2 Converters/Proxies There are significant barriers to MP-TCP adoption. Most significantly, almost all servers on the Internet are traditional TCP servers and experience shows that it could take many years to migrate these to integrate MP-TCP capabilities. As a consequence, the use of converters and/or proxies has been defined in order to support MP-TCP sessions between an MP-TCP enabled host and a conventional TCP server.
33. Report Title: Unlicensed Integration with 5G Networks Issue Date: October 2018 Version: 1.0 27 Wireless Broadband Alliance Confidential & Proprietary Copyright © 2018 Wireless Broadband Alliance solutions. In the illustrated example, the destination server does not signal that it is MP- Capable, whereas MP-TCP can be used between the device and the converter. Figure 3-3: TCP Converter based MP-TCP Proxy 3.2 Multi-Access Management Service (MAMS) Multi Access Management Services(MAMS) framework enables a flexible and dynamic selection of access and core network paths between a multi connectivity capable device and the network, as well as the kind of user plane treatment (e.g. switching or aggregation), based on application needs, device, network capabilities and network conditions. The MAMS framework is illustrated in Figure 3-4. The framework enables negotiation and configuration of the user plane protocols (and network proxies) based on needs of deployment (e.g. IPsec where network level security is needed), application needs (e.g. packet/flow switching or aggregation using protocols like MPTCP), network conditions (e.g., Switching or Aggregation modes based on differential link delay), transport type, etc. and including client/network capabilities.
34. Report Title: Unlicensed Integration with 5G Networks Issue Date: October 2018 Version: 1.0 28 Wireless Broadband Alliance Confidential & Proprietary Copyright © 2018 Wireless Broadband Alliance Figure 3-4: MAMS Functional Architecture The MAMS control plane consists of the Network Connection Manager (NCM) and the Client Connection Manager (CCM). Network Multi Access Data Proxy (N-MADP) and Client Multi Access Data Proxy (C-MADP) are the user plane functional elements. NCM and CCM exchange the MAMS control plane messages, and configure the user plane protocols and traffic distribution at C-MADP and N-MADP. The functional elements can be flexibly located as long as they have user plane connectivity with the device, either in the RAN/RAN-Edge or Core depending on the deployment needs. Due to a clear separation between the control and user plane, MAMS control plane can co- exist with and complement any of the existing IETF protocols like MPTCP, GRE, MP-QUIC or new ones. NCM and N-MADP can either be collocated or hosted on separate network elements.
36. Report Title: Unlicensed Integration with 5G Networks Issue Date: October 2018 Version: 1.0 30 Wireless Broadband Alliance Confidential & Proprietary Copyright © 2018 Wireless Broadband Alliance • Multi-Access (MX) Convergence Sublayer: this layer performs multi-access specific tasks, e.g., access (path) selection, multi-link (path) aggregation, splitting/reordering, lossless switching, fragmentation, concatenation, keep-alive, and probing etc. • Multi-Access (MX) Adaptation Sublayer: this layer performs functions to handle tunnelling, network layer security, and NAT (network address translation). Figure 3-6: MAMS User Plane Protocol Layering An N-MADP/C-MADP pair instance is defined by the combination of Convergence an Adaptation layer protocols and parameters configured based on NCM-CCM control plane exchange. There can be multiple N-MADP/C-MADP pair instances configured using the MAMS control plane procedures depending on the types of applications and traffic needs. There are two types of connections defined in the MAMS user-plane: • Anchor Connection: refers to the e2e network path between the client and the Application Server. This corresponds to an instance of convergence layer at N-MADP/C- MADP. • Delivery Connection: refers to the network path between the client and the MAMS network data proxy for delivering data traffic. This corresponds to an instance of convergence layer at N-MADP/C-MADP. Multiple delivery connections can be configured to distribute user traffic, which are combined and managed at the convergence layer.
38. Report Title: Unlicensed Integration with 5G Networks Issue Date: October 2018 Version: 1.0 32 Wireless Broadband Alliance Confidential & Proprietary Copyright © 2018 Wireless Broadband Alliance 3.3 MP-QUIC 3.3.1 Introduction to QUIC Quick UDP Internet Connection (QUIC) is a multiplexed and secure transport protocol that runs on top of UDP that combines functions of HTTP/2, TLS, and TCP . QUIC is targeted at reducing the latency of client-server communication, providing an alternative to conventional layered HTTP/TLS/TCP protocol stack used by the web. One of the rationales for the development of QUIC has been the constraints experienced by TCP that is implemented in operating system kernels, and middlebox firmware, making significant changes to TCP (e.g., Multi-Path capability) very challenging to deploy . Being based on UDP, QUIC doesn’t suffer from such limitations and hence is able to incorporate new features without having to upgrade legacy systems. Figure 3-9 : Comparing QUIC with Conventional HPPT/TLS/TCP QUIC has been championed by Google and, even though IETF QUIC is not yet fully standardized, it has been widely deployed. Analysis in November 2017 indicated that QUIC comprised 20% of all mobile traffic and one anecdotal report from Vodafone put the figure at between 40-50% . One of the key motivations for defining QUIC is to improve the responsiveness of the web, minimizing the number of round-trip times required to establish a secured connection, as illustrated in Figure 3-10.
39. Report Title: Unlicensed Integration with 5G Networks Issue Date: October 2018 Version: 1.0 33 Wireless Broadband Alliance Confidential & Proprietary Copyright © 2018 Wireless Broadband Alliance Figure 3-10: Comparing Round Trip Times for TLS and QUIC Resume Another key benefit of QUIC is that it does not use the conventional 5-tuple as an implicit connection identifier, instead defining the exchange of explicit connection IDs. This decoupling of connections from 5-tuples allows QUIC endpoints to migrate connections between different IP addresses and network paths. A QUIC enabled device supporting both Wi-Fi and cellular is able to migrate the QUIC connection between the cellular data network and the Wi-Fi network, e.g., if the user moves into range of the Wi-Fi network. Figure 3-11 illustrates this operation. The client first establishes a QUIC connection over a cellular network. Then, perhaps in response to becoming aware of the availability of a Wi-Fi connection, the client starts probing the new path by sending a PATH_CHALLENGE messages to the server over the Wi-Fi connection. The reception of the PATH_RESPONSE from the server over the Wi-Fi connection confirms that the path can be used, allowing the client to trigger the connection migration procedure. This is initiated by the client sending a packet other than a PATH_CHALLENGE/RESPONSE message to the server over the new path. When the client receives a packet over the Wi-Fi network containing a packet other than a PATH_CHALLENGE/RESPONSE, this confirms that the server has migrated the connection from the cellular to the Wi-Fi network.
41. Report Title: Unlicensed Integration with 5G Networks Issue Date: October 2018 Version: 1.0 35 Wireless Broadband Alliance Confidential & Proprietary Copyright © 2018 Wireless Broadband Alliance can be used to detect broken paths and thus speed up the handover process associated with mobility events as the client moves in and out of coverage of individual wireless networks. Figure 3-12:MPQUIC Path Management 4 Control plane aspects of integrated Wi-Fi and cellular solutions A key characteristic of all multi-path solutions is the policy functionality related to path management, e.g., PC-AT3SF in the case of 3GPP Release 16, Path Manager functionality for MP-TCP and MP-QUIC, or Network Connection Manager (NCM) in the case of MAMS. This path management functionality controls the utilization of the different paths. The logic embedded in the path manager needs to accommodate a wide range of multi-path use cases. The remainder of this section examines aspects of path management.
42. Report Title: Unlicensed Integration with 5G Networks Issue Date: October 2018 Version: 1.0 36 Wireless Broadband Alliance Confidential & Proprietary Copyright © 2018 Wireless Broadband Alliance 4.1 Policy definition As described in there is a wide variety of scenarios that can be conceived related to multi-path policy definition, e.g., • Prefer sub-flow sent using interface A over interface B if interface C is down • Application ABC can only be sent using sub-flows over interface B • Always initiate connections using sub-flows over interface C and then establish additional sub-flows over interface A if the socket lifetime exceeds a specific threshold. More generically, we introduce the concept of a Policy Outcome. This represents the desired outcome of the policy. There are a wide range of desirable policy outcomes, some of which have been described in the 3GPP Study on ATSSS : • Performance based: a policy may focus on improving the user’s perception of performance which may be because of lower RTT and improved interactivity, or due to improved peak throughput. • Load based: a policy may focus on balancing the load between different access networks. The policy may be a simple load balancing or more elaborate load-based decisions which look to steer traffic to the least loaded access. • Financial cost based: a “top up” policy may be used to steer traffic to the least cost access, either optimizing the retail cost to the user, or a wholesale cost to the service provider. • Improved resilience: a “hot standby” policy may be focused on enhancing the coverage proposition to the user, which may include enhanced resilience or being able to support service continuity as the user moves in and out of Wi-Fi coverage. The path manager is responsible for realizing how a particular policy outcome should be handled. In particular, a policy may be defined to apply homogenously across the device for all applications or services. Alternatively, a policy may be defined in a heterogeneous fashion, where the integration policy deals with only specific applications and/or services. Note, because the path manager deals with policies associated with sub-flows over different interfaces, there is overlap with earlier concepts used in 3GPP’s Inter System Routing Policy (ISRP), described in . In the ANDSF scenario, the ISRP rule is used to detect, control, and route traffic over 2 concurrent connections. The UE uses ISRP rules to select the most preferable access network which should be used to route IP traffic that matches specific criteria such as traffic for a specific APN, or all traffic for a specific IP flow ,or all traffic for a specific application. ISRP rules identify a prioritised list of access networks based on the selected criteria.
44. Report Title: Unlicensed Integration with 5G Networks Issue Date: October 2018 Version: 1.0 38 Wireless Broadband Alliance Confidential & Proprietary Copyright © 2018 Wireless Broadband Alliance longevity of particular flows, then this would seem to re-enforce the involvement of the application in path section policies. 4.4 Instrumentation used for control/policy The optimum operation of the path management functionality requires instrumentation to be available to assist in policy implementation. Policy outcomes that relate to performance require those associated metrics to be exposed to the path manager functionality. Some solutions inherently expose key functionality. For example, sub-section 3.3.2 describes how QUIC keeps RTT and loss statistics for each individual path, ensuring the path manager has an accurate estimate of such to use in implementing path selection policies. Policy outcomes that relate to load require those associated metrics to be exposed. In particular, for Wi-Fi systems, the WLAN channel utilization (BSS load) is signaled to Wi-Fi devices, enabling them to use such information in their decisions. Moreover, as part of its ATSSS study, 3GPP is considering being able to signal measurement information, including the Wi-Fi load information, to the enhanced core network. In contrast to Wi-Fi systems, cellular systems do not typically signal their load to attached devices, instead relying on network control to implement load balancing. Policy outcomes that relate to financial cost require those associated metrics to be exposed. From a Wi-Fi perspective, a device can use ANQP to query a HS2.0 network’s “Access Network Type”. This may enable the HS2.0 WLAN network to signal to the device whether it is a “Free Public Network” or a “Chargeable Public Network”. The device can then use this information when implementing policies associated with financial metrics. In contrast, from a cellular perspective, “advice of charge” has largely focused on support for circuit and IMS- based voice calls and so a cellular client has little or no information related to financial costs associated with connections that use a cellular path. 4.5 Combinational issues with coexistence of alternative multi-path solutions One of the key challenges with the multi-path approaches described in previous sections of this report is the number of alternative approaches available for combing Wi-Fi-based and cellular-based access networks, with the definition of access-centric, core-centric and above- the-core centric solutions. In particular, this may result in coexistence issues as multiple alternative approaches are deployed in parallel. Whereas there are established core-centric solutions deployed today, e.g., for supporting Wi- Fi calling, and section 5 describes the deployment of above-the-core solutions by a number of service providers, the GSM Suppliers Association (GSA) only lists a single deployment of access-centric solutions, available using a single handset .
45. Report Title: Unlicensed Integration with 5G Networks Issue Date: October 2018 Version: 1.0 39 Wireless Broadband Alliance Confidential & Proprietary Copyright © 2018 Wireless Broadband Alliance Moreover, the GSA has identified no additional announcements of trials of LWA over the last 12 months. Hence this section focuses on the possible interactions between core-centric and above-the-core solutions, both of which treat the Wi-Fi access network as a peer of the 3GPP defined cellular network. 4.5.1 Interactions between core-based and above-the-core-based solutions Section 2 has introduced the 5G core-centric solutions being define by 3GPP as part of Release 15 and 16. This section has highlighted that the 3GPP architecture enables the UE to select an N3IWF independently of the network it is using for 3GPP access. Importantly, this delivers the independent IP addressing on the WLAN and 3GPP interfaces that can then be subsequently used by above-the-core solutions. However, if the UE instead always selects an N3IWF corresponding to its 3GPP access network, then the UE will be supported by a common 5G core network which may be configured to only present a common IP address over both WLAN and 3GPP interfaces, thus precluding operation of above-the-core multi-path based capabilities in such a Release 15 configuration. 4.5.2 Policy Interactions The previous section has highlighted the breadth of elements that can be involved in path management decisions, ranging from application logic which may take into account flow longevity in making decisions, through to platform policies that may be configured by users to preferentially use particular access networks, to core network policies that may be configured by operators to balance load amongst a range of different networks, to a proxy/converter policy that may define policies based on round-trip times and packet loss ratios. This environment highlights the need for a mechanism to combine disparate policies. Figure 4-1: Range of Policy Enforcement Options An example of defining an approach to policy combining is eXtensible Access Control Markup Language (XACL) . XACML is an OASIS standard that describes both a policy language and an access control decision request/response language (both written in XML). Although focused on access based policy, a framework has been defined to enable different policies to be combined, even supporting scenarios where some policies contradict each other. In this approach, the policy-combining algorithm defines a procedure for arriving at an access decision given the individual results of evaluation of a set of policies.
46. Report Title: Unlicensed Integration with 5G Networks Issue Date: October 2018 Version: 1.0 40 Wireless Broadband Alliance Confidential & Proprietary Copyright © 2018 Wireless Broadband Alliance 5 Deployment of Above the Core Solutions Whereas there have been a number of deployments of core-centric solutions, including widescale adoption of conventional LTE based ePDG based Wi-Fi calling, this section describes the deployments and trials of various above-the-core solutions. 5.1 MP-TCP 5.1.1 Siri As described in , Apple’s Siri digital voice assistant has been using MP-TCP since iOS 7 (September 2013). The primary use case for MP-TCP with Siri is to address the common experience of users engaging with Siri as they are leaving a building, e.g., to ask for travel directions. Hence, it is common for there to be connectivity events during a Siri “transaction”. Because Siri streams the user’s audio to the server, a change in networks would typically mean that a new TCP connection would need to be established and the voice resent to the server. Using MP-TCP, the Siri connection can be seamlessly moved from the indoor Wi-Fi to the outdoor cellular network avoiding any need to resend the audio to the server. This has resulted in a 5-fold decrease in Siri failures because of network connectivity failures. Since iOS9, Apple has enhanced the MP-TCP capabilities to additionally address the “time to first word” metric. This is the time it takes from a user saying a word to when the device displays the word on the device’s screen. From iOS9, the Siri application monitors the round- trip delay experienced on Wi-Fi and when this rises above a threshold, the Siri application will automatically start to use the LTE/cellular connection. This has resulted in a 20% reduction in the time to first word metric, at the 95th percentile, and 30% faster at the 99th percentile . 5.1.2 iOS11 iOS11 introduced support for multi-path TCP for application developers, enabling applications on iPhones and iPads to establish multiple sub-flows to a destination host over cellular data and Wi-Fi connections . This capability leverages the URLSession class which is used to support interactions with URLs and communications with servers using standard Internet protocols. The URLSessionConfiguration object controls the behaviour of the session, for example, setting cookie policies, HTTP proxy settings and whether to allow connections on a cellular network. In iOS11, the URLSessionConfiguration object was enhanced to enable configuration of multi- path TCP. The integrated MP TCP path capability can be used to schedule traffic across Wi-Fi and cellular interfaces.
48. Report Title: Unlicensed Integration with 5G Networks Issue Date: October 2018 Version: 1.0 42 Wireless Broadband Alliance Confidential & Proprietary Copyright © 2018 Wireless Broadband Alliance The client includes functionality to first recover the address of the Multi-net Aggregation Policy Engine (MA-PE). This delivers the IP address of the Multi-net Aggregation Gateway (MA-GW) to the client. This gateway includes SOCKSv5 and MP-TCP capability. The SOCKS client on the end user device intercepts any TCP connection attempts and triggers the creation of a TCP connection to the SOCKS server/Multi-net Aggregation Gateway. The SOCKS server checks that the subscriber is authorized to use the service and then creates a conventional TCP connection towards the remote server the client is wanting to communicate with. The end user device will signal that it is MP CAPABLE when establishing the TCP connection to the SOCKs server. This allows the client to send an MP-JOIN over the alternative network to enable the Multi-net Aggregation Network to aggregate the flows over both access network. The SOCKS server relays all data sent over the multipath TCP connections over the conventional TCP connection to the remote server. With the GiGA LTE implementation, the initial TCP connection to the SOCKs server is always sent over LTE and the MP-JOIN is sent over the Wi-Fi Network. Figure 5-2: GiGA LTE Protocol Functionalities The MA-UE includes the MP-TCP implementation in the Linux kernel and a SOCKS proxy client in user space, as illustrated in Figure 5-2. An additional user interface is defined to enable subscribers to activate and deactivate the service. The Multi-Net Aggregation gateway includes the protocol relay between MP-TCP and TCP, Multi-Path aggregation capability based on MP-TCP, a path monitoring capability that can detect network events, e.g., when a previously available Wi-Fi connection is no longer available, and a packet scheduler that can scheduler down-link packets according to policy and the instrumentation provided by the path monitoring functionality.
49. Report Title: Unlicensed Integration with 5G Networks Issue Date: October 2018 Version: 1.0 43 Wireless Broadband Alliance Confidential & Proprietary Copyright © 2018 Wireless Broadband Alliance Following the initial launch of its GiGA-LTE service, in 2016, KT upgraded the service to support 802.11ac wave 2. Branded as “GIGA Wi-Fi 2.0”, this service is claimed to be able to deliver peak speeds of 1.73 Gbps, . 5.1.3.2 SKT and LG U+ After the launch of its GiGA-LTE service, both KT’s national competitors, SK Telecom and LG U+, introduced MP-TCP proxy-based LTE-Wi-Fi aggregation services . SK Telecom has branded their service “band LTE Wi-Fi” and LG U+ has branded theirs “Giga Multi-Path”. 5.1.3.3 Other Netvision, a company that supplies MP-TCP proxy- based LTE/Wi-Fi Data Traffic aggregation solutions for mobile networks, has announced that its technology has been trialled by AIS in Thailand, Vodafone and Turkcell in Turkey and RJIL in India . 5.1.4 MP-TCP Hackathon At the recent IETF 101, the results from the MP-TCP Hackathon which took place in February 2018 have been discussed . The focus of the three-day MP-TCP hackathon was to leverage the native support for MP-TCP in iOS11, to modify applications so as to enable support for MP-TCP, as well as setting up corresponding server capability necessary to demonstrate the end-to-end MP-TCP support. The developers selected a few iOS applications and modified those to enable them to leverage MP-TCP, including a web browser, an internet radio streaming application, and network measuring tools. When looking at the browser application, unfortunately analysis indicated that it used the WebKit library for its main browser feature, and this library had not been enhanced for multi- path support . Because iOS 11’s MP-TCP is based on URLSessionConfigruration, the only services in the browser that were suitable for MP-TCP were the search suggestion service and the icon service associated with a particular web search. The radio application did make native use of the URLSessionConfiguration capability and so could be modified for MP-TCP support . As the original streaming service broke on a change of network interface, the addition on MP-TCP added the necessary handover capability to be able to continue the radio session as the user moved between networks. One of the key takeaways from the Hackathon was the number of parties involved in delivering different applications. In particular, the application developer, who may be motivated to add MP-TCP to their application, is often different and distinct from the organization responsible for delivering the back-end server functionality. Moreover, the browser example showed at least 3 different back end server systems involved in delivering an application, the search service, the search suggestion service and the icon service, all being delivered by different organizations.
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0.999975 |
VA is old news. With how stretched thin the admins already are, do you really think they would spend their time going back and deleting old threads that are getting zero attention? They removed the post today because it was still garnering thousands of views and could turn into an active witch hunt. We should be glad the admins believe handling ongoing issues is more important than digging through old posts to ensure they never contradict themselves and appear inconsistent.
You make no sense here; the issue with doxxgate was not going back and wiping old threads, the issue was that a link to off site was allowed to accrue thousands of upvotes in October 2012, so why would things be any different with regards to the current post?
I took that to mean "why is Chen's piece on VA allowed to stay linked to this day", not "why was Chen's piece on VA allowed to stay linked at the time that incident took place?"
The answer though is fairly simple: a change in management style. Organizations are allowed to change their rules, motivations, and goals to adapt to new growth. The admins have had ever-tightening rules on PI thanks to events like the Boston bomber, VA, and the countless times a witch hunt was directed at someone. This is what organizations do - adapt to changing circumstances.
I'm well aware. You said: >Why would Chen's hit piece on VA be allowed to stay linked I took that to mean "why is Chen's piece on VA allowed to stay linked to this day", not "why was Chen's piece on VA allowed to stay linked at the time that incident took place?" The answer though is fairly simple: a change in management style. Organizations are allowed to change their rules, motivations, and goals to adapt to new growth. The admins have had ever-tightening rules on PI thanks to events like the Boston bomber, VA, and the countless times a witch hunt was directed at someone. This is what organizations do - adapt to changing circumstances.
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0.997811 |
The coiner of the phrase Web 2.0. Web 2.0 is essentially World Wide Web websites that emphasize user-generated content, usability, and the ability for the website to work well with other products, systems, and devices for end users.
Web 1, 2, and 3 ?
Web 1.0 refers to the first stage in the World Wide Web, which was entirely made up of web pages connected by hyperlinks. There is only limited interaction between sites and web users.
Web 2.0 has been the term used to describe the social web, where social networking sites hold a prominent place in users’ online activities.
Web 3.0 as connective intelligence; connecting data, concepts, applications and ultimately people.
The main differences between these are the tasks that can be committed.
Nomadicity is the tendency of a person, or group of people, to move with relative frequency. Leonard Kleinrock and others have written of the need to support today’s increasingly mobile workers with nomadic computing, the use of portable computing devices and, ideally, constant access to the Internet and data on other computers.
Mash-ups are often defined by the type of content that they aggregate. A content mash-up, for example, brings together various types of content for presentation through an interface. For example, Housingmaps.com is a mashup that applies real estate information, such as apartments for rent or homes for sale, from Craigslist to Google Maps.
Wiki, is a World Wide Web site that can be modified or contributed to by users. A common example of this is known as Wikipedia.
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0.999999 |
I am writing a book, and need some help answering this question: How would the economy of a futuristic global utopia work? If you are educated in economics i would appreciate a detailed answer!
When I think about the concept of "economic utopia", I can't help but be reminded of early socialism, and the anti-capitalist sentiment that arose from the hardships of the 19th century.
In many of these utopian societies, the concept of money was abolished completely. Instead, individuals produced and traded supplies - with everyone devoted to working diligently for the common good.
If this is the kind of society you're interested in creating in your book, I'd recommend reading a little bit about a man called Charles Fourier.
He was a French philosopher who believed the key to social success was common "concern and cooperation" amongst mankind.
Fourier inspired several communes where people attempted to live together and build a utopia - the most notable example being the settlement of Utopia in Ohio, USA.
In this type of utopian society, market economies as we know them would cease to exist. People would take on work creating goods and farming the land, and would then share what they produced - supplying the community as a whole.
Thus, rather than having to go to work to earn money to buy food and supplies, people were able to simply trade what they grew/created/built - in return for a fair share of the supplies that they needed to enjoy a comfortable lifestyle.
The concept of early socialist utopias was effectively trampled upon and dismissed by Marxists and other socialists, as they were considered unsustainable and fanciful.
In fact, even the town of Utopia in Ohio effectively failed - and was forced to adopt more conventional economic activity to survive.
In the context of your book, the biggest challenge to your fictional economy will be to create a model that satisfies all the needs of a utopian society (as bullet-pointed above), but within a feasible economic construct.
Where the Fourier-inspired communes failed was that, despite their best efforts, they were still not completely self-sufficient. Especially not to the point where people could enjoy their jobs and lives in a carefree manner as implied by a utopia.
One way of satisfying the economic needs of your utopia could be technology.
There are several novels and Hollywood films that base perfect societies in a time where advances in technology mean that mankind can live a life of luxury.
Robots could work the fields and perform other vital, but menial tasks - whilst humans go about enjoying their lives.
The economic implications of this would be that resources would be very cheap (assuming robots cost less to produce and run than how much it would cost to employ human beings to perform the same jobs).
In addition, the money saved by using robots to grow crops, build transport vehicles (whatever they may look like) and other such tasks, means there would be money available to subsidise the cost of jobs that humans will still need to perform.
Will humans still need to work in the future though?
As the author of this story, that's really up to you!
A) There will probably be jobs in the future that we can't even imagine (or that you'll need to conjure up). For example, do you think that someone writing a book in the 1930s would have been able to write the character of an app developer or a desktop publisher?
B) Jobs are important, not only as a means of making money to sustain oneself - but to give people a purpose, a sense of community, ambition and hope.
If you are committed to making your utopia as real as possible, I think it's worth having your characters enjoy some sort of job - if only for the psychological benefits that employment can offer members of your society!
A Utopian society would be devoid of an economy , so to speak. Every one and everything would be equal. There would be no individuality. There would be no personal opinions. Money would not exist in a way we know now. There would still be a hierarchy to run everything. Unfortunately that in itself would breed greed. It is human nature.
I agree Bruce - it is human nature to be greedy, that's why I think communism will never work. But perhaps if we were able to "alter" human nature through conditioning or something... Maybe we'd have less of the free-will, but would that be worth it if it meant living a problem free life?
I'm not convinced a "problem free life" would build that level of character in people, Kass. Some of the most giving people I know have traveled a path none of us would choose for ourselves if we were given a choice while alternatively those people I know with a sense of entitlement seemingly have had everything given to them their whole lives.
I think that a Utopian society would be evolved beyond economy. I think that things like money and financial growth will cease to exist and will be replaced by the increasing of knowledge, discovery and self-worth.
I don't think Utopia and Economy can exist together. As long as there is money, there will be the endless pursuit of power and wealth and, thus, there will be those who are rich and those who are poor. When such a divide exists, there can be no utopian society.
So, in my opinion, if you want to write about a future utopia, there really should be no economy.
In a utopia, there may not be finances. People would work at various jobs, being paid similar salaries in return for housing, utilities, clothing, and food.
Excess products from farms, manufacturing plants and the like would be traded with other communties or countries.
A utopia can only exist if all are treated equally—something that can never happen without a total meltdown of Wall Street, Nasdaq, and such.
Outlaw paper money, making it useless, and we would see the beginnings of a global utopia.
Man is a complex animal and unfortunately, there will always be greed and want. There will always be a ruling class. It would be wonderful if everyone would be equal and everyone worked for a common goal but you would still need some type of leadership body to make sure everything is "running correctly". There would need to be rules. Some one would need to make sure these rules were adhered to so as to not upset the "balance". I don;t believe that Humans, as we know ourselves now, are capable of that. It would amount to totally giving up individuality.
I've always valued individuality and somewhat fear how easily some others are willing to give it up for some benefits I don't particularly find to be beneficial to myself.
I see this happening right here in the U.S. right now. People are becoming more apathetic towards everything and just "going along with the program". Less thinkers and doers. More "follow the pack" mentality. I think because of more "entitlement" programs from the Government, people are less likely to work to contribute or try to gain any ground.
It would never work as there's no such thing as a utopian society as long as you have right-wing and left-wing politics with diametrically opposing views on finance, industry and commerce.
If you will going to compare our world to a THING what would it be and why? I really need answer now! PLEASE HELP ME!
I need help. How do you answer a question someone asked?
3 What are the benefits of gold investment and ownership? I need to know this for a University paper I am working on. The more benefits the better really, any help is appreciated.
Explain The Planning Under Mixed Economy?
Explain The Circular Flow Of NI In The Three Sector Economy?
How Money Is Important For Socialistic Economy?
How Do Trees Make Oxygen Need Detailed Diagrams With Answer?
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0.999754 |
You’re on your way to New York City. You have your list ready of must-sees while in town; these usually entail seeing Times Square, the Empire State Building, Central Park, and so on. But if you’re really in New York City to experience American culture, what should you check out then? Here are five recommendations of things that celebrate American culture.
You can’t really experience American culture without knowing its history. Meaning, you need to visit the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island, accessible via Statue Cruises. (And yes, many locals have been there, at least once, most probably on school trips.) Both are important landmarks for the city, and while you might know the history and story behind the two, seeing them both in real life and experiencing them is something quite extraordinary.
The Apollo Theater in Harlem, on the upper end of New York City, has landmark status. The theater has been around since 1914 and has since been added to the National Register of Historic Places. The theater has a long line of history behind it, and the theater was the starting place for several great singers such as Billie Holiday, Aretha Franklin, Stevie Wonder (at 11 years old!), and numerous others. Apollo Theater is also known for its Amateur Night, a regular favorite. The show is live, the contestants real, and the winner will be judged by the audience, meaning you.
If you want to go out and experience the American culture, a great way to do this is to go to one of New York City’s oldest bars, like McSorley's Old Ale House, Fraunces Tavern, or The Stonewall Inn (a groundbreaking venue for the cause of gay rights). I’m sure the bartenders will be willing to tell you a story or two about their patrons and the city.
The two man-made waterfalls by the 9/11 Memorial & Museum, also known as the Memorial pool panels, are located in the Financial District on the grounds where the original Twin Towers stood. These were built to honor and remember those who lost their lives on that tragic day in 2001, a day the whole world remembers. Visit the waterfalls and pay your respect while in New York City.
About the author: Nina is the Engagement and Corporate Communications Analyst for RentHop, a national apartment rental site based in New York City. She moved overseas from Norway three years ago and has since been living and working as an expat in New York, enjoying everything the city has to offer.
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0.994184 |
How to help an old person cross the road without taking any risk? The first solution is to suggest crossing over crosswalks. But these are sometimes poorly lit and this does not prevent sometimes that cars do not stop. The solution found in the Netherlands is simple: just make the crosswalks bright! Two advantages: these crosswalks are visible to pedestrians, and motorists also see them.
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0.951964 |
Joe Feat. G-Unit - Ghostface Killah - Usher Feat. Lil' Jon And Ludacris music video Ride Wit U - Cherchez La Ghost - Yeah!
Usher Raymond IV (born October 14, 1978) is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and actor. He rose to fame in the late 1990s with the release of his second album My Way, which spawned his first U.S. Billboard Hot 100 number-one hit, "Nice & Slow". The album has been certified 6-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). His follow-up album, 8701, produced the Billboard Hot 100 number one hits "U Remind Me" and "U Got It Bad".
Usher's 2004 album, Confessions, established him as one of the best-selling musical artist of the 2000s decade. It sold over 20 million copies worldwide, bolstered by its four consecutive Billboard Hot 100 number one hits - "Yeah!", "Burn", "Confessions Part II", and "My Boo" - and has been certified diamond by the RIAA. A follow-up EP, Versus, was released in July 2010 and produced the successful track "DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love". His seventh studio album, Looking 4 Myself (2012), contained a more dance-pop sound and experienced lower first week sales compared to his previous efforts.
The RIAA ranks Usher as one of the best-selling artists in American music history, having sold over 23 million copies in the United States alone. At the end of 2009, Usher was named the number one Hot 100 artist of the 2000s decade. with his 2004 album Confessions being ranked as the top solo album of the 2000s decade. Billboard also placed Usher at number six on their list of Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years.
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0.999655 |
The device detects nuisance dog barking by internal microphone. The emits ultrasonic sound. The ultrasonic sound can be heard by dogs but is silent to humans. The ultrasonic sound is unpleasant to the dogs. The dogs should stop barking.
The device 3 levels of ultrasonic intensity, which has different effective range. The device 3 levels of ultrasonic intensity, which has different effective range.
Level1: Up to 15 feet.
Level2: Up to 30 feet.
Level3: Up to 50 feet.
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