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7,400 | AR6_WGIII | 86 | 31 | Equity can be an important enabler, increasing the level of ambition for accelerated mitigation | high | 2 | train |
7,401 | AR6_WGIII | 86 | 33 | Transition pathways have distributional consequences such as large changes in employment and economic structure | high | 2 | train |
7,402 | AR6_WGIII | 89 | 1 | Differences between pathways typically represent choices that can steer the system in alternative directions through the selection of different combinations of response options | high | 2 | train |
7,403 | AR6_WGIII | 89 | 4 | The likelihood of limiting warming to 1.5°C with no or limited overshoot has dropped in AR6 WGIII compared to AR6 SR1.5 because global GHG emissions have risen since 2017, leading to higher near-term emissions (2030) and higher cumulative CO 2 emissions until the time of net zero | medium | 1 | train |
7,404 | AR6_WGIII | 89 | 7 | Pathways limiting warming to 2°C (>67%) reach 50% reductions in the 2040s and net zero CO 2 by the 2070s | medium | 1 | train |
7,405 | AR6_WGIII | 90 | 8 | Final energy demand in the absence of any new climate policies is projected to grow to around 480 to 750 EJ yr –1 in 2050 (compared to around 390 EJ yr –1 in 2015) | medium | 1 | train |
7,406 | AR6_WGIII | 90 | 9 | The highest emissions scenarios in the literature result in global warming of >5°C by 2100, based on assumptions of rapid economic growth and pervasive climate policy failures | high | 2 | train |
7,407 | AR6_WGIII | 94 | 23 | Only 30% of the pathways limiting warming to 2°C (>67%) or below reach net zero GHG emissions in the 21st century | high | 2 | train |
7,408 | AR6_WGIII | 94 | 24 | In those pathways reaching net zero GHGs, net zero GHGs is achieved around 10–20 years later than net zero CO 2 is achieved | medium | 1 | train |
7,409 | AR6_WGIII | 94 | 26 | Reaching and sustaining global net zero GHG emissions – when emissions are measured and reported in terms of GWP100 – results in a gradual decline in temperature | high | 2 | train |
7,410 | AR6_WGIII | 94 | 28 | Pathways that limit warming to 1.5°C (>50%) with no or limited overshoot entail CO 2 emissions reductions between 2019 and 2050 of around 77% (31–96%) for energy demand, around 115% (90–167%) for energy supply, and around 148% (94–387%) for AFOLU.16 In pathways that limit warming to 2°C (>67%), projected CO 2 emissions are reduced between 2019 and 2050 by around 49% for energy demand, 97% for energy supply, and 136% for AFOLU | medium | 1 | train |
7,411 | AR6_WGIII | 94 | 32 | In cost-effective mitigation pathways, the energy supply sector typically reaches net zero CO 2 before the economy as a whole, while the demand sectors reach net zero CO 2 later, if ever | high | 2 | train |
7,412 | AR6_WGIII | 97 | 2 | The use of bioenergy can lead to either increased or reduced emissions, depending on the scale of deployment, conversion technology, fuel displaced, and how, and where, the biomass is produced | high | 2 | train |
7,413 | AR6_WGIII | 97 | 4 | CDR deployment in pathways serves multiple purposes: accelerating the pace of emissions reductions, offsetting residual emissions, and creating the option for net negative CO 2 emissions in case temperature reductions need to be achieved in the long term | high | 2 | train |
7,414 | AR6_WGIII | 97 | 6 | CDR through some measures in AFOLU can be maintained for decades but not over the very long term because these sinks will ultimately saturate | high | 2 | train |
7,415 | AR6_WGIII | 97 | 18 | These estimates do not account for the economic benefits of avoided climate change impacts | medium | 1 | train |
7,416 | AR6_WGIII | 97 | 24 | This holds true even without accounting for benefits in other sustainable development dimensions or non-market damages from climate change | medium | 1 | train |
7,417 | AR6_WGIII | 97 | 28 | When aggregate economic benefits from avoided climate change impacts are accounted for, mitigation is a welfare-enhancing strategy | high | 2 | test |
7,418 | AR6_WGIII | 98 | 1 | Delayed global cooperation increases policy costs across regions, especially in those that are relatively carbon intensive at present | high | 2 | train |
7,419 | AR6_WGIII | 98 | 2 | Pathways with uniform carbon values show higher mitigation costs in more carbon-intensive regions, in fossil fuel-exporting regions, and in poorer regions | high | 2 | train |
7,420 | AR6_WGIII | 98 | 7 | Mitigation at the speed and scale required to limit warming to 2°C (>67%) or below implies deep economic and structural changes, thereby raising multiple types of distributional concerns across regions, income classes, and sectors | high | 2 | train |
7,421 | AR6_WGIII | 99 | 12 | Furthermore, avoided impacts for poorer households and poorer countries represent a smaller share in aggregate quantifications expressed in GDP terms or monetary terms, compared to their influence on well-being and welfare | high | 2 | train |
7,422 | AR6_WGIII | 100 | 1 | However, emerging evidence suggests that, even without accounting for co-benefits of mitigation on other sustainable development dimensions, the global benefits of pathways limiting warming to 2°C (>67%) outweigh global mitigation costs over the 21st century | medium | 1 | train |
7,423 | AR6_WGIII | 101 | 3 | TS.5.1 Energy A broad-based approach to deploying energy-sector mitigation options can reduce emissions over the next ten years and set the stage for still deeper reductions beyond 2030 | high | 2 | train |
7,424 | AR6_WGIII | 101 | 8 | In scenarios limiting warming to 1.5°C with no or limited overshoot (likely below 2°C), net electricity sector CO 2 emissions reach zero globally between 2045 and 2055 (2050 and 2080) | high | 2 | train |
7,425 | AR6_WGIII | 101 | 10 | This includes reduced fossil fuel consumption, increased production from low- and zero-carbon energy sources, and increased use of electricity and alternative energy carriers | high | 2 | train |
7,426 | AR6_WGIII | 102 | 24 | The impacts, however, are uncertain, particularly at the regional scale | high | 2 | train |
7,427 | AR6_WGIII | 104 | 9 | Multiple energy supply options are available to reduce emissions over the next decade | high | 2 | train |
7,428 | AR6_WGIII | 104 | 14 | It will not be possible to widely deploy all of these and other options without efforts to address the geophysical, environmental-ecological, economic, technological, socio-cultural, and institutional factors that can facilitate or hinder their implementation | high | 2 | train |
7,429 | AR6_WGIII | 104 | 17 | Energy systems can be integrated across district, regional, national, and international scales | high | 2 | train |
7,430 | AR6_WGIII | 106 | 3 | Energy-sector mitigation and efforts to achieve SDGs generally support one another, though there are important region- specific exceptions | high | 2 | train |
7,431 | AR6_WGIII | 106 | 7 | Advances in low-carbon energy resources and carriers such as next-generation biofuels, hydrogen produced from electrolysis, synthetic fuels, and carbon-neutral ammonia would substantially improve the economics of net zero energy systems | medium | 1 | train |
7,432 | AR6_WGIII | 106 | 10 | For most regions, per-capita urban emissions are lower than per-capita national emissions (excluding aviation, shipping and biogenic sources) | very high | 3 | test |
7,433 | AR6_WGIII | 106 | 15 | However, urbanisation can result in increased global GHG emissions through emissions outside the city’s boundaries | very high | 3 | train |
7,434 | AR6_WGIII | 106 | 19 | In 2015, urban emissions were estimated to be 25GtCO 2-eq (about 62% of the global share) and in 2020 were 29 GtCO 2-eq (67–72% of the global share).21 Around 100 of the highest-emitting urban areas account for approximately 18% of the global carbon footprint | high | 2 | train |
7,435 | AR6_WGIII | 106 | 22 | For 2000 to 2015, the urban emissions share increased from 28% to 38% in Africa, from 46% to 54% in Asia and Pacific, from 62% to 72% in Developed Countries, from 57% to 62% in Eastern Europe and West Central Asia, from 55% to 66% in Latin America and Caribbean, and from 68% to 69% in the Middle East | high | 2 | train |
7,436 | AR6_WGIII | 108 | 4 | Under a scenario with aggressive but not immediate urban mitigation policies to limit global warming to 2°C (>67%) (low emissions, SSP1-2.6), urban emissions could reach 17 GtCO 2-eq in 2050.23 (Figure TS.13) {8.3.4} Urban land areas could triple between 2015 and 2050, with significant implications for future carbon lock-in | medium | 1 | train |
7,437 | AR6_WGIII | 109 | 11 | Three broad mitigation strategies have been found to be effective in reducing emissions when implemented concurrently: (i) reducing or changing urban energy and material use towards more sustainable production and consumption across all sectors, including through compact and efficient urban forms and supporting infrastructure; (ii) electrification and switching to low-carbon energy sources; and (iii) enhancing carbon uptake and storage in the urban environment | high | 2 | train |
7,438 | AR6_WGIII | 109 | 24 | New and emerging cities will have significant infrastructure development needs to achieve high quality of life, which can be met through energy-efficient infrastructures and services, and people-centred urban design | high | 2 | train |
7,439 | AR6_WGIII | 110 | 11 | Transport-related emissions in developing regions of the world have increased more rapidly than in Europe or North America, a trend that is expected to continue in coming decades | high | 2 | train |
7,440 | AR6_WGIII | 110 | 32 | These same technologies and expanded use of available electric rail systems can support rail decarbonisation | medium | 1 | train |
7,441 | AR6_WGIII | 111 | 3 | Increased capacity for low-carbon hydrogen production would also be essential for hydrogen-based fuels to serve as an emissions reduction strategy | high | 2 | train |
7,442 | AR6_WGIII | 111 | 5 | Increased efficiency has been insufficient to limit the emissions from shipping and aviation, and natural gas-based fuels are expected to be inadequate to meet stringent decarbonisation goals for these segments | high | 2 | train |
7,443 | AR6_WGIII | 111 | 7 | Advanced biofuels could provide low-carbon jet fuel | medium | 1 | test |
7,444 | AR6_WGIII | 111 | 8 | The production of synthetic fuels using low-carbon hydrogen with CO2 captured through DACCS/BECCS could provide jet and marine fuels but these options still require demonstration at scale | low | 0 | test |
7,445 | AR6_WGIII | 111 | 9 | Ammonia produced with low-carbon hydrogen could also serve as a marine fuel | medium | 1 | train |
7,446 | AR6_WGIII | 111 | 12 | The scenarios literature projects continued growth in demand for freight and passenger services, particularly in developing countries in Africa and Asia | high | 2 | train |
7,447 | AR6_WGIII | 111 | 15 | While many global scenarios place greater reliance on emissions reduction in sectors other than transport, a quarter of the 1.5°C scenarios describe transport-related CO 2 emissions reductions in excess of 68% (relative to modelled 2020 levels) | medium | 1 | train |
7,448 | AR6_WGIII | 111 | 33 | Given the high degree of potential recyclability of lithium-ion batteries, a nearly closed-loop system in the future could mitigate concerns about critical mineral issues | medium | 1 | train |
7,449 | AR6_WGIII | 112 | 1 | Of this, 57% (6.8 GtCO 2-eq) were indirect emissions from off-site generation of electricity and heat, 24% (2.9 GtCO 2-eq) were direct emissions produced on-site and 18% (2.2 GtCO 2-eq) were embodied emissions from the production of cement and steel used in buildings | high | 2 | train |
7,450 | AR6_WGIII | 113 | 1 | Sufficiency measures tackle the causes of GHG emissions by limiting the demand for energy and materials over the lifecycle of buildings and appliances | high | 2 | train |
7,451 | AR6_WGIII | 113 | 6 | Density, compacity, bioclimatic design to optimise the use of nature-based solutions, multi-functionality of space through shared space and to allow for adjusting the size of buildings to the evolving needs of households, circular use of materials and repurposing unused existing buildings to avoid using virgin materials, optimisation of the use of buildings through lifestyle changes, use of the thermal mass of buildings to reduce thermal needs, and moving from ownership to usership of appliances, are among the sufficiency interventions implemented in leading municipalities | high | 2 | train |
7,452 | AR6_WGIII | 113 | 7 | At a global level, up to 17% of the mitigation potential in the buildings sector could be captured by 2050 through sufficiency interventions | medium | 1 | train |
7,453 | AR6_WGIII | 113 | 9 | The construction of high-performance buildings is expected to become a business-as- usual technology by 2050 with costs below USD20 tCO 2–1 in developed countries and below USD100 tCO 2–1 in developing countries | medium | 1 | train |
7,454 | AR6_WGIII | 113 | 11 | However, for the whole building stock they tend to be in cost intervals of USD–200 tCO 2–1 and >USD200 tCO 2–1 | medium | 1 | train |
7,455 | AR6_WGIII | 113 | 12 | Literature emphasises the critical role of the 2020–2030 decade in accelerating the learning of know-how and skills to reduce the costs and remove feasibility constraints for achieving high-efficiency buildings at scale and set the sector on the pathway to realise its full potential | high | 2 | train |
7,456 | AR6_WGIII | 113 | 15 | The complementarity and interdependency of measures leads to cost reductions, while optimising the mitigation potential achieved and avoiding the lock-in-effect | medium | 1 | train |
7,457 | AR6_WGIII | 115 | 1 | The lack of institutional capacity, especially in developing countries, and appropriate governance structures slow down the decarbonisation of the global building stock | medium | 1 | train |
7,458 | AR6_WGIII | 115 | 6 | However, this is not enough by far to close the investment gap | high | 2 | train |
7,459 | AR6_WGIII | 115 | 8 | Building energy codes represent the main regulatory instrument to reduce emissions from both new and existing buildings | high | 2 | train |
7,460 | AR6_WGIII | 115 | 10 | Building energy codes have proven to be effective if compulsory and combined with other regulatory instruments such as minimum energy performance standard for appliances and equipment, if the performance level is set at the level of the best available technologies in the market | high | 2 | test |
7,461 | AR6_WGIII | 115 | 11 | Market-based instruments such as carbon taxes with recycling of the revenues and personal or building carbon allowances could also contribute to fostering the decarbonisation of the building sector | medium | 1 | train |
7,462 | AR6_WGIII | 115 | 13 | Expected heatwaves will inevitably increase cooling needs to limit the health impacts of climate change | medium | 1 | train |
7,463 | AR6_WGIII | 116 | 2 | Mitigation actions in the building sector bring health gains through improved indoor air quality and thermal comfort, and have positive significant macro- and micro-economic effects, such as increased productivity of labour, job creation, reduced poverty, especially energy poverty, and improved energy security | high | 2 | train |
7,464 | AR6_WGIII | 116 | 7 | The Paris Agreement, the SDGs and the COVID-19 pandemic provide a new context for the evolution of industry and mitigation of industry greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions | high | 2 | train |
7,465 | AR6_WGIII | 118 | 12 | Producer, user, and regulator education, as well as innovation and commercialisation policy are needed | medium | 1 | train |
7,466 | AR6_WGIII | 118 | 25 | Pulp mills have access to biomass residues and by-products and in paper mills the use of process heat at low to medium temperatures allows for electrification | high | 2 | train |
7,467 | AR6_WGIII | 119 | 18 | In the energy sector, CO 2 emissions from biomass combustion for energy are recorded as an information item that is not included in the sectoral total emissions for the that sector.At the same time the capacity of the land to support these functions may be threatened by climate change | high | 2 | train |
7,468 | AR6_WGIII | 119 | 20 | At the same time managed and natural terrestrial ecosystems were a carbon sink, absorbing around one third of anthropogenic CO 2 emissions | medium | 1 | train |
7,469 | AR6_WGIII | 119 | 24 | If the responses of all managed and natural land to both anthropogenic environmental change and natural climate variability, estimated to be a gross sink of –12.5 ± 3.2 GtCO 2 yr –1 for the period 2010–2019, are added to land-use emissions, then land overall constituted a net sink of –6.6 ± 5.2 GtCO 2 yr –1 in terms of CO 2 emissions | medium | 1 | train |
7,470 | AR6_WGIII | 119 | 26 | The rate of deforestation, which accounts for 45% of total AFOLU emissions, has generally declined, while global tree cover and global forest-growing stock levels are likely increasing | medium | 1 | train |
7,471 | AR6_WGIII | 119 | 30 | Similarly, AFOLU N 2O emissions are increasing, dominated by agriculture, notably from manure application, nitrogen deposition, and nitrogen fertiliser use | high | 2 | train |
7,472 | AR6_WGIII | 121 | 3 | Climate change itself could reduce the mitigation potential from the AFOLU sector, although an increase in the capacity of natural sinks could occur despite changes in climate | medium | 1 | train |
7,473 | AR6_WGIII | 121 | 4 | The continued loss of biodiversity makes ecosystems less resilient to climate change extremes and this may further jeopardise the achievement of the AFOLU mitigation potentials indicated in this chapter | high | 2 | train |
7,474 | AR6_WGIII | 121 | 7 | While not as closely connected to the AFOLU sector as bioenergy, other renewable energy options can influence AFOLU activities in both synergistic and detrimental ways | high | 2 | train |
7,475 | AR6_WGIII | 121 | 10 | Deployment can be partly decoupled from additional land use, for example, use of organic waste and residues and integration of solar PV into buildings and other infrastructure | high | 2 | train |
7,476 | AR6_WGIII | 121 | 11 | Wind and solar power can coexist with agriculture in beneficial ways | medium | 1 | train |
7,477 | AR6_WGIII | 121 | 21 | The agriculture and forestry sectors can devise management approaches that enable biomass production and use for energy in conjunction with the production of food and timber, thereby reducing the conversion pressure on natural ecosystems | medium | 1 | train |
7,478 | AR6_WGIII | 121 | 23 | Integrated responses that contribute to mitigation, adaptation, and other land challenges will have greater likelihood of being successful | high | 2 | train |
7,479 | AR6_WGIII | 121 | 31 | This is well short of the more than USD400 billion yr –1 that is estimated to be necessary to deliver the up to 30% of global mitigation effort envisaged in deep mitigation scenarios | medium | 1 | train |
7,480 | AR6_WGIII | 126 | 1 | Some also include direct air CO 2 capture and storage (DACCS) | high | 2 | train |
7,481 | AR6_WGIII | 129 | 5 | Rapid and deep changes in demand make it easier for every sector to reduce GHG emissions in the near and mid-term | high | 2 | train |
7,482 | AR6_WGIII | 133 | 14 | Behavioural nudges promote easy behaviour change, for example, ‘Improve’ actions such as making investments in energy efficiency, but fail to motivate harder lifestyle changes | high | 2 | train |
7,483 | AR6_WGIII | 137 | 3 | TS.6.1 Policy and Institutions Long-term deep emission reductions, including the reduction of emissions to net zero, is best achieved through institutions and governance that nurture new mitigation policies, while at the same time reconsidering existing policies that support the continued emission of GHGs | high | 2 | train |
7,484 | AR6_WGIII | 137 | 21 | The awareness of co-benefits for the public increases support of climate policies | high | 2 | train |
7,485 | AR6_WGIII | 137 | 27 | They are able to experiment with climate solutions and can forge partnerships with the private sector and internationally to leverage enhanced climate action | high | 2 | train |
7,486 | AR6_WGIII | 139 | 17 | Subsidy removal may have adverse distributional impacts especially on the most economically vulnerable groups which, in some cases can be mitigated by measures such as redistributing revenue saved, all of which depend on national circumstances (high confidence); fossil fuel subsidy removal is projected by various studies (using alternative methodologies) to reduce global CO 2 emissions by 1–4%, and GHG emissions by up to 10% by 2030, varying across regions | medium | 1 | train |
7,487 | AR6_WGIII | 139 | 28 | There is no consistent evidence of significant emissions leakage or competitiveness effects between countries, including for emissions- intensive trade-exposed industries covered by emission-trading systems | medium | 1 | train |
7,488 | AR6_WGIII | 143 | 2 | AFOLU {Chapter 7}Regulation of land-use rights and practices have led to falling aggregate AFOLU-sector emissions.Regulation of land-use rights and practices, payments for ecosystem service, and offsets, have led to decreasing rates of deforestation | medium | 1 | train |
7,489 | AR6_WGIII | 144 | 3 | Other international agreements and institutions have led to avoided CO 2 emissions from land-use practices, as well as avoided emissions of some non-CO 2 greenhouse gases | medium | 1 | train |
7,490 | AR6_WGIII | 144 | 5 | Both new and pre-existing forms of cooperation are vital for achieving climate mitigation goals in the context of sustainable development | high | 2 | train |
7,491 | AR6_WGIII | 144 | 6 | While previous IPCC assessments have noted important synergies between the outcomes of climate mitigation and achieving sustainable development objectives, there now appear to be synergies between the two processes themselves | medium | 1 | train |
7,492 | AR6_WGIII | 144 | 9 | International cooperation helps countries achieve long-term mitigation targets when it supports development and diffusion of low-carbon technologies, often at the level of individual sectors, which can simultaneously lead to significant benefits in the areas of sustainable development and equity | medium | 1 | train |
7,493 | AR6_WGIII | 144 | 20 | The extent to which countries increase the ambition of their NDCs and ensure they are effectively implemented will depend in part on the successful implementation of the support mechanisms in the Paris Agreement, and in turn will determine whether the goals of the Paris Agreement are met | high | 2 | train |
7,494 | AR6_WGIII | 144 | 24 | Transnational partnerships and alliances involving non-state and sub-national actors are also playing a growing role in stimulating low-carbon technology diffusion and emissions reductions | medium | 1 | train |
7,495 | AR6_WGIII | 145 | 1 | Moreover, there are cases where international cooperation may be hindering mitigation efforts, namely evidence that trade and investment agreements, as well as agreements within the energy sector, impede national mitigation efforts | medium | 1 | train |
7,496 | AR6_WGIII | 145 | 22 | Complementarity in policies helps in the design of an optimal demand-side policy mix | medium | 1 | test |
7,497 | AR6_WGIII | 145 | 25 | Fundamental inequities in access to finance as well as finance terms and conditions, and countries’ exposure to physical impacts of climate change overall, result in a worsening outlook for a global Just Transition | high | 2 | train |
7,498 | AR6_WGIII | 145 | 31 | Other major challenges for commercial climate finance include: the mismatch between capital and investment needs, home bias31 considerations, differences in risk perceptions for regions, as well as limited institutional capacity to ensure safeguards are effective | high | 2 | train |
7,499 | AR6_WGIII | 145 | 33 | This increased awareness can support climate policy development and implementation | high | 2 | train |
Subsets and Splits