statement_idx
int64 0
8.09k
| report
stringclasses 3
values | page_num
int64 18
2.84k
| sent_num
int64 0
78
| statement
stringlengths 13
4.29k
| confidence
stringclasses 4
values | score
int64 0
3
| split
stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3,900 | AR6_WGII | 471 | 2 | Ocean acidification alters larval settlement and metamorphosis of fish in laboratory studies | high | 2 | train |
3,901 | AR6_WGII | 471 | 6 | Ocean and coastal organisms will continue moving poleward under RCP8.5 (high confidence) (Section 3.4.3.1.3; Figure 3.18), and this is expected to decrease fisheries harvests in low latitudes and alter species composition and abundance in higher latitudes | high | 2 | train |
3,902 | AR6_WGII | 471 | 8 | Temperature will continue to be a major driver of fisheries changes globally, but other non-climate factors like organism physiology and ecosystem response (Section 3.3) and fishing pressure (Chapter 5), as well as other climate-induced drivers like acidification, deoxygenation and sea ice loss (Section 3.2), will play critical roles in future global and local fisheries changes | high | 2 | train |
3,903 | AR6_WGII | 471 | 9 | Warming, acidification and business-as-usual fishing policy under RCP8.5 are projected to place around 60% of global fisheries at very high risk | medium | 1 | train |
3,904 | AR6_WGII | 471 | 10 | Model intercomparison showed that ocean acidification and protection affect ecosystems more than fishing pressure, and ecological adaptation will significantly determine impacts on fishery biomass, catch and value until approximately 2050 | medium | 1 | train |
3,905 | AR6_WGII | 471 | 14 | Declining stocks of forage fish are expected to have detrimental effects on seabirds, pelagic fish and marine mammals (medium confidence) (Lindegren et al., 2018; Steiner et al., 2019), which may harm dependent human communities, including Arctic Indigenous Peoples | low | 0 | train |
3,906 | AR6_WGII | 471 | 15 | Modelled fishery futures and revenue depend on environmental scenario, fishing- fleet composition and management, and ocean acidification and temperature responses of harvested species | high | 2 | train |
3,907 | AR6_WGII | 471 | 17 | At the same time, projected hypoxic conditions of ~2 mg l–1 of oxygen will be consistently detrimental across taxonomic groups, developmental stages and climate regions | high | 2 | train |
3,908 | AR6_WGII | 472 | 3 | Because ooligan spawning relies on the timing of the spring freshet, and because the species has declined in the past 25 years due to fishing pressure and predation, the species may be at risk from combined climate-induced and non-climate drivers | medium | 1 | test |
3,909 | AR6_WGII | 472 | 14 | Decreasing the vulnerability of renewable-energy installations, particularly wind turbines, to climate risks (Table 3.26; Bindoff et al., 2019a) could include technological adaptations (Section 3.6.2.2) such as storm ‘survival mode’ settings (Penalba et al., 2018); preparation for hazards such as icing, SLR, drifting sea ice and wave activity (Neill et al., 2018; Goodale and Milman, 2019; Solaun and Cerdá, 2019); and biofouling (medium confidence) (Want and Porter, 2018; Joyce et al., 2019; Vinagre et al., 2020), which is expected to increase in response to warming and acidification | medium | 1 | train |
3,910 | AR6_WGII | 472 | 23 | Over the 21st century, ocean heat and CO 2 uptake will continue (WGI AR6 SPMB4.1, B5.1; IPCC, 2021b) and sea ice loss from warming will allow some additional CO 2 uptake (Armstrong et al., 2019), but the ocean will take up a smaller fraction of CO 2 emissions as atmospheric CO 2 concentrations rise | high | 2 | train |
3,911 | AR6_WGII | 473 | 1 | Coastal salinisation is attributed to regionally varying combinations of climate-induced drivers, like SLR and storm-related flooding by seawater, and non- climate drivers, like water withdrawal and land-use changes | very high | 3 | train |
3,912 | AR6_WGII | 473 | 5 | Salinisation will continue to endanger coastal water and soil quality in the future (high confidence) (Islam et al., 2019; Paldor and Michael, 2021), but the evidence assessed above shows that subsequent impacts to human health and agriculture will depend heavily on regional variations in environment and human behaviour | medium | 1 | train |
3,913 | AR6_WGII | 473 | 6 | Together, climate-induced and non-climate drivers can mobilise toxins and contaminants in ways that harm human and marine species health (very high confidence) (see Box 3.2), and climate change is altering these relationships | high | 2 | train |
3,914 | AR6_WGII | 473 | 26 | Projected increases in temperature, extreme and variable rainfall conditions, coastal flooding and SLR (Section 3.2; Cross-Chapter Box SLR in Chapter 3) strongly increase the risk of frequent and severe aquatic human pathogen outbreaks in ocean and coastal areas that will continue to harm human health and cause economic losses | high | 2 | train |
3,915 | AR6_WGII | 473 | 28 | Climate-driven changes in temperature, salinity (from ice melt and precipitation changes), deoxygenation and ocean acidification can alter dynamics of infectious diseases that target ocean and coastal species by increasing hosts’ susceptibility or pathogens’ abundance or virulence | high | 2 | train |
3,916 | AR6_WGII | 473 | 29 | Coral and urchin diseases have increased over time driven by warming-related declines in organism recovery and survival or immunity | medium | 1 | train |
3,917 | AR6_WGII | 474 | 13 | Climate change, especially episodic extreme rains and RSLR (Romero-Lankao et al., 2014), is challenging management and design of wastewater and stormwater systems | high | 2 | train |
3,918 | AR6_WGII | 474 | 14 | Without substantial adaptation that addresses projected wastewater management challenges and community needs (Section 4.2.6.1; Kirshen et al., 2018; Kirchhoff and Watson, 2019; Kool et al., 2020; Nazarnia et al., 2020; Hughes et al., 2021), coastal water quality in many areas will decrease because of more frequent or severe releases of untreated wastes (high confidence) (Flood and Cahoon, 2011; Hummel et al., 2018; Hughes et al., 2021; McKenzie et al., 2021b), and this will have harmful consequences for human and coastal ecosystem health | high | 2 | train |
3,919 | AR6_WGII | 474 | 19 | Non-climate drivers [e.g., invasive species (James et al., 2020), sediment-supply changes (Ganju, 2019; Ladd et al., 2019; Ilia, 2020), erosion and storm damage (Mehvar et al., 2019; Bacopoulos and Clark, 2021)], acting together with climate-induced drivers and associated impacts [e.g., SLR (Cross-Chapter Box SLR in Chapter 3), changes in plant biodiversity (Section 3.5.2; Lee Smee, 2019; Silliman et al., 2019; Schoutens et al., 2020), MHWs (Section 3.4.3.7) and acidification (Section 3.4.2.1)], compromise physical protection by coastal ecosystems | very high | 3 | train |
3,920 | AR6_WGII | 475 | 17 | Coastal vegetated ecosystems are vulnerable to harm from multiple climate-induced and non-climate drivers, and together these have reduced wetland area globally (high confidence) (Section 3.4.2.5) and endangered the services provided by these ecosystems | high | 2 | train |
3,921 | AR6_WGII | 475 | 19 | These changes also strongly determine the quantity and longevity of blue carbon storage | high | 2 | train |
3,922 | AR6_WGII | 475 | 20 | Specific site characteristics and ecosystem responses to climate change will determine future local blue carbon storage or loss | high | 2 | train |
3,923 | AR6_WGII | 476 | 7 | But recovery of coastal vegetated ecosystems is expected to bring back the full suite of ecosystem services they provide, not just carbon storage | medium | 1 | train |
3,924 | AR6_WGII | 476 | 8 | Successful restoration requires using appropriate plant species in suitable environmental settings (Wodehouse and Rayment, 2019; Friess et al., 2020a) with favourable geomorphology and biophysical conditions (Cameron et al., 2019; Ochoa- Gómez et al., 2019) and considering social, economic, policy and operational constraints (Section 3.6.3.2.2; Cross-Chapter Box NATURAL in Chapter 2), now and in the future | high | 2 | train |
3,925 | AR6_WGII | 478 | 8 | Sea level rise and storm-driven coastal erosion endanger coastal archaeological and heritage sites around the world | very high | 3 | train |
3,926 | AR6_WGII | 478 | 15 | Observed disruption of ocean and coastal cultural services by climate impacts, plus increasingly severe and widespread projected climate- change impacts on ocean and coastal ecosystems, imply that the risk to cultural ecosystem services will remain constant or even increase | medium | 1 | train |
3,927 | AR6_WGII | 478 | 16 | Recent studies assert that cultural ecosystem services are at risk from climate change | high | 2 | train |
3,928 | AR6_WGII | 478 | 22 | AR5 concluded that local adaptation measures would not alone be enough to offset global effects of increased climate change on marine and coastal ecosystems, and that mitigation of emissions would also be necessary | high | 2 | train |
3,929 | AR6_WGII | 478 | 23 | SROCC assessed that ecosystem-based adaptation, including MPAs (high confidence) (Bindoff et al., 2019a) and adaptive management, are effective to reduce climate-change impacts (IPCC, 2018; IPCC, 2019b), but that existing marine governance is insufficient to provide an effective adaptation response in the marine ecosystem | high | 2 | train |
3,930 | AR6_WGII | 479 | 15 | Future social responses depend on warming levels and on the institutional, socioeconomic and cultural constructs that allow or limit livelihood changes | medium | 1 | train |
3,931 | AR6_WGII | 482 | 4 | These types of adaptations are more effective when built on trusted relationships and effective coordination among involved parties, and are inclusive of the diversity of actors in a coastal community.Box FAQ 3.4 (continued) Table 3.27 | Conclusions from previous IPCC assessments about implemented adaptation, enablers and limits, and contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) AR5 SR15 SROCC Degree of implementation (Section 3.6.3.1)‘The analysis and implementation of coastal adaptation towards climate-resilient and sustainable coasts has progressed more significantly in developed countries than in developing countries (high confidence)’ (Wong et al., 2014).‘Adaptation (to SLR) is already happening (high confidence) and will remain important over multi-centennial time scales’ (Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2018a).‘A diversity of adaptation responses to coastal impacts and risks have been implemented around the world, but mostly as a reaction to current coastal risk or experienced disasters | high | 2 | train |
3,932 | AR6_WGII | 482 | 5 | Conservation and restoration (Section 3.6.3.2)‘With continuing climate change, local adaptation measures (such as conservation) or a reduction in human activities (such as fishing) may not sufficiently offset global-scale effects on marine ecosystems (high confidence)’ (Pörtner et al., 2014).‘Existing and restored natural coastal ecosystems may be effective in reducing the adverse impacts of rising sea levels and intensifying storms by protecting coastal and deltaic regions (medium confidence)’ (Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2018a).‘Ecosystem restoration may be able to locally reduce climate risks (medium confidence) but at relatively high cost and effectiveness limited to low-emissions scenarios and to less-sensitive ecosystems | high | 2 | train |
3,933 | AR6_WGII | 482 | 6 | Enablers, barriers and limits of adaptation (Section 3.6.3.3)‘Adaptation strategies for ocean regions beyond coastal waters are generally poorly developed but will benefit from international legislation and expert networks, as well as marine spatial planning (high agreement)’ (Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2014).‘Lower rates of change [associated with a 1.5°C temperature increase] enhance the ability of natural and human systems to adapt, with substantial benefits for a wide range of terrestrial, freshwater, wetland, coastal and ocean ecosystems (including coral reefs) (high confidence)’ (Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2018a).‘There are a broad range of identified barriers and limits for adaptation to climate change in ecosystems and human systems | high | 2 | train |
3,934 | AR6_WGII | 482 | 7 | Limitations include [...] availability of technology, knowledge and financial support, and existing governance structures | medium | 1 | train |
3,935 | AR6_WGII | 482 | 8 | Existing ocean-governance structures are already facing multi-dimensional, scale-related challenges because of climate change [...] | high | 2 | train |
3,936 | AR6_WGII | 485 | 27 | NbS that contribute to climate adaptation, also known as ecosystem-based adaptations (EBA), are cross-cutting actions that harness ecosystem functions to restore, protect and sustainably manage marine ecosystems facing climate-change impacts, while also benefiting social systems and human security (Abelson et al., 2015; Barkdull and Harris, 2019) and supporting biodiversity | high | 2 | train |
3,937 | AR6_WGII | 485 | 28 | NbS are expected to contribute to global adaptation and mitigation goals | high | 2 | train |
3,938 | AR6_WGII | 486 | 1 | Marine NbS are cost-effective, can generate social, economic and cultural co-benefits, and can contribute to the conservation of biodiversity in the near- to mid- term | high | 2 | train |
3,939 | AR6_WGII | 486 | 3 | The feasibility and effectiveness of these adaptations are assessed in Figure 3.24.3.6.3.1 Degree of Implementation and Evidence of Effectiveness Across Sectors 3.6.3.1.1 Coastal community development and settlement Coastal adaptation often addresses the risk of flooding and erosion from SLR, changes in storm activity and degradation of coastal ecosystems and their services | high | 2 | train |
3,940 | AR6_WGII | 487 | 2 | Hard-engineered structures like seawalls are generally more costly than nature-based adaptations | high | 2 | train |
3,941 | AR6_WGII | 487 | 6 | Field and modelling studies confirm that wetland restoration and preservation are key actions to restore coastal protection and reduce community vulnerability to flooding | very high | 3 | train |
3,942 | AR6_WGII | 487 | 7 | Restoring coral reefs, oyster reefs and mangroves (Section 3.6.2.1) and protecting macrophyte meadows dissipates wave energy (Section 3.4.2.1; Yates et al., 2017; Beck et al., 2018; Wiberg et al., 2019; Menéndez et al., 2020), accretes sediment and elevate shorelines, which reduces exposure to waves and storm surges, and offsets erosional losses | medium | 1 | test |
3,943 | AR6_WGII | 487 | 8 | However, irreversible regime shifts in ocean ecosystems due to SLR and extreme events, such as MHWs, can limit or compromise restoration in the long term | high | 2 | train |
3,944 | AR6_WGII | 487 | 10 | Therefore, restoration and conservation are more successful when non-climate drivers are also minimised | high | 2 | train |
3,945 | AR6_WGII | 487 | 16 | Managed realignment is the best option to reduce risks from SLR | high | 2 | train |
3,946 | AR6_WGII | 487 | 17 | Implementation of protective measures varies among nations and lack of financial resources limits the options available | very high | 3 | train |
3,947 | AR6_WGII | 487 | 23 | Improving capacity to predict anomalous conditions in coastal and marine ecosystems (Jacox et al., 2019; Holbrook et al., 2020; Jacox et al., 2020), storm-driven flooding in reef-lined coasts (Scott et al., 2020; Winter et al., 2020) and fisheries stocks (Payne et al., 2017; Tommasi et al., 2017; Muhling et al., 2018) can improve forecasts of coastal and marine resources; these can enhance sustainability of wild-capture fisheries under climate change | high | 2 | train |
3,948 | AR6_WGII | 488 | 4 | Current impacts of sea level rise The rate of global mean SLR was 1.35 mm yr–1 (0.78–1.92 mm yr–1, very likely range) during 1901–1990, faster than during any century in at least 3000 years | high | 2 | train |
3,949 | AR6_WGII | 488 | 5 | Global mean SLR has accelerated to 3.25 mm yr–1 (2.88–3.61 mm yr–1, very likely range) during 1993–2018 | high | 2 | train |
3,950 | AR6_WGII | 488 | 7 | The largest observed changes in coastal ecosystems are being caused by the concurrence of human activities, waves, current-induced sediment transport and extreme storm events | medium | 1 | test |
3,951 | AR6_WGII | 488 | 10 | Projected risks to coastal communities, infrastructure and ecosystems Risks from SLR are very likely to increase by one order of magnitude well before 2100 without adaptation and mitigation action as agreed by parties to the Paris Agreement | very high | 3 | train |
3,952 | AR6_WGII | 488 | 11 | Global mean SLR is likely to continue accelerating under SSP1-2.6 and more strongly forced scenarios (Figure BoxSLR1; WGI AR6 Chapter 9; Oppenheimer et al., 2019; Fox-Kemper et al., 2021), increasing the risk of chronic coastal flooding at high tide, serious flooding during extreme events such as swells, storms and hurricanes, and erosion, and coastal ecosystem losses across many low-lying and erodible coasts | very high | 3 | train |
3,953 | AR6_WGII | 488 | 18 | Coastal ecosystems can migrate landward or grow vertically in response to SLR, but their resilience and capacity to keep up with SLR will be compromised by ocean warming and other drivers, depending on regions and species, for example, above 1.5°C for coral reefs | high | 2 | train |
3,954 | AR6_WGII | 488 | 19 | Sediments and space for landward retreat are crucial for mangroves, salt marshes and beach ecosystems | high | 2 | train |
3,955 | AR6_WGII | 489 | 1 | This is a reason for concern given that rapid SLR after the last glacial–interglacial transition caused a drowning of coral reefs (high confidence) (Camoin and Webster, 2015; Sanborn et al., 2017; Webster et al., 2018), extensive loss of coastal land and islands, habitats and associated biodiversity (high confidence) (AR6 WGI Chapter 9; Fruergaard et al., 2015; Fernández-Palacios et al., 2016; Hamilton et al., 2019; Helfensdorfer et al., 2019; Kane and Fletcher, 2020; Fox-Kemper et al., 2021), and triggered Neolithic migrations in Europe and Australia | medium | 1 | train |
3,956 | AR6_WGII | 489 | 3 | Even if climate warming is stabilised at 2°C to 2.5°C GWL, coastlines will continue to reshape over millennia, affecting at least 25 megacities and drowning low-lying areas where 0.6–1.3 billion people lived in 2010 | medium | 1 | train |
3,957 | AR6_WGII | 489 | 4 | Solutions, opportunities and limits to adaptation The ability to adapt to current coastal impacts, to cope with future coastal risks and to prevent further acceleration of SLR beyond 2050 depends on immediate mitigation and adaptation actions | very high | 3 | train |
3,958 | AR6_WGII | 489 | 9 | Risks can be anticipated, planned and decided upon, and adaptation interventions can be implemented over the coming decades considering their often long lead- and lifetimes, irrespective of the large uncertainty about SLR beyond 2050 | high | 2 | train |
3,959 | AR6_WGII | 489 | 10 | Adaptation capacity and governance to manage risks from projected SLR typically require decades to implement and institutionalise | high | 2 | train |
3,960 | AR6_WGII | 489 | 12 | Sea level rise is likely to compound social conflict in some settings | high | 2 | train |
3,961 | AR6_WGII | 489 | 15 | Only avoidance and relocation can remove coastal risks for the coming decades, while other measures only delay impacts for a time, have increasing residual risk or perpetuate risk and create ongoing legacy effects and virtually certain property and ecosystem losses | high | 2 | train |
3,962 | AR6_WGII | 489 | 18 | Effective responses to rising sea level involve locally applicable combinations of decision analysis, land-use planning, public participation and conflict resolution approaches; together these can anticipate change and help to chart adaptation pathways, over time addressing the governance challenges due to rising sea level | high | 2 | train |
3,963 | AR6_WGII | 489 | 19 | Ecosystem-based adaptation can reduce impacts on human settlements and bring substantial co-benefits, such as ecosystem services restoration and carbon storage, but they require space for sediment and ecosystems and have site-specific physical limits, at least above 1.5°C GWL | high | 2 | train |
3,964 | AR6_WGII | 491 | 7 | Transboundary agreements on shifting fisheries will reduce the risk of overharvesting | medium | 1 | train |
3,965 | AR6_WGII | 491 | 10 | Despite the potential for adaptive management to achieve sustainable fisheries, outcomes will very likely be inequitable (Gaines et al., 2018; Lam et al., 2020), with lower- income countries suffering the greater biomass and economic losses, increasing inequalities, especially under higher-emission scenarios | high | 2 | train |
3,966 | AR6_WGII | 491 | 13 | Engineered solutions, such as seawalls and revetments, have traditionally been used to address coastal erosion (Section 3.6.3.1.1), but soft infrastructure approaches, including beach nourishment, submerged breakwaters and groins, and NbS (Section 3.6.2.1), are becoming more common, partly due to demand from the tourism industry | medium | 1 | train |
3,967 | AR6_WGII | 492 | 7 | Increased Arctic traffic due to ice loss can benefit trade, transportation and tourism (medium confidence), but will also affect Arctic marine ecosystems and livelihoods | high | 2 | train |
3,968 | AR6_WGII | 492 | 18 | Forecasts facilitate preventive public health measures (World Health Organisation and United Nations Children’s Fund, 2017), or seafood harvest guidance (Maguire et al., 2016; Leadbetter et al., 2018; Anderson et al., 2019; Bolin et al., 2021), reducing risks of disease outbreaks, waste and contaminated seafood entering the market | medium | 1 | train |
3,969 | AR6_WGII | 494 | 1 | Current MPAs offer conservation benefits such as increases in biomass and diversity of habitats, populations and communities | high | 2 | train |
3,970 | AR6_WGII | 494 | 2 | But current MPAs do not provide resilience against observed warming and heatwaves in tropical-to-temperate ecosystems | medium | 1 | train |
3,971 | AR6_WGII | 494 | 4 | Current placement and extent of MPAs will not provide substantial protections against projected climate change past 2050 | high | 2 | train |
3,972 | AR6_WGII | 494 | 18 | In summary, MPAs and other marine spatial-planning tools have great potential to address climate-change mitigation and adaptation in ocean and coastal ecosystems, if they are designed and implemented in a coordinated way that takes into account ecosystem vulnerability and responses to projected climate conditions, considers existing and future ecosystem uses and non-climate drivers, and supports effective governance | high | 2 | train |
3,973 | AR6_WGII | 495 | 16 | Employing the natural adaptive capacity of species or individuals in active restoration for corals and kelps with current technology involves fewer risks than assisted evolution or long- distance relocation | high | 2 | train |
3,974 | AR6_WGII | 495 | 19 | Models show that a combination of available management approaches (restoration, reducing non-climate drivers) and speculative interventions (e.g., enhanced corals, reef shading) can contribute to sustaining some coral reefs beyond 1.5°C of global warming with declining effectiveness beyond 2°C of global warming | medium | 1 | train |
3,975 | AR6_WGII | 498 | 1 | The icons at the bottom show the Sustainable Development Goals to which NbS in the ocean possibly contribute.Box FAQ 3.5 (continued) Adaptations implemented at the local level that consider IKLK systems are beneficial | high | 2 | train |
3,976 | AR6_WGII | 499 | 1 | Recent evidence suggests that policies supporting local institutions can improve adaptation outcomes | medium | 1 | test |
3,977 | AR6_WGII | 499 | 9 | Economic and financing barriers to marine adaptation are often higher in low- to middle- income countries, where resources influence governance and constrain options for implementation and maintenance | high | 2 | train |
3,978 | AR6_WGII | 499 | 10 | Current financial flows are insufficient to meet the costs of coastal and marine impacts of climate change (very high confidence) and ocean- focused finance is unevenly distributed, with higher flows within, and to, developed countries | very high | 3 | train |
3,979 | AR6_WGII | 499 | 22 | Maladaptation (WGII Chapter 16; Magnan et al., 2016) is a common risk of current project-based funding due to the pressure to produce concrete results | medium | 1 | train |
3,980 | AR6_WGII | 499 | 23 | Maladaptation can be avoided through a focus on building adaptive capacity, community-based management, drivers of vulnerability and site-specific measures | low | 0 | train |
3,981 | AR6_WGII | 499 | 24 | More research is needed to identify ways that governance and financing agreements can help overcome financial barriers and sociocultural constraints to avoid maladaptation in coastal ecosystems | high | 2 | train |
3,982 | AR6_WGII | 500 | 3 | Communities and governments at all levels increasingly use decision- making frameworks (e.g., structured decision making) or decision- analysis tools to evaluate trade-offs between different responses, rather than applying generic best practices to different physical, technical or cultural contexts | high | 2 | train |
3,983 | AR6_WGII | 500 | 7 | Focusing on user engagement, relationship building and the decision-making context ensures that climate services are useful to, and used by, different stakeholders | high | 2 | train |
3,984 | AR6_WGII | 500 | 21 | Responding to climate-change impacts requires transformative governance | high | 2 | train |
3,985 | AR6_WGII | 501 | 3 | Socio-institutional marine adaptations (Section 3.6.2.2) that support current livelihoods and help develop alternatives can contribute to attainment of social SDGs by enhancing social equity and supporting societal transformation | medium | 1 | train |
3,986 | AR6_WGII | 501 | 5 | Marine adaptation also shows promise for helping support achievement of economic SDGs | medium | 1 | train |
3,987 | AR6_WGII | 501 | 12 | Developing marine adaptation pathways that offer multiple benefits requires transformational adaptation | high | 2 | train |
3,988 | AR6_WGII | 501 | 14 | Presently implemented adaptation activity, at the aggregate level, adversely affects multiple gender targets under SDG5 | high | 2 | train |
3,989 | AR6_WGII | 566 | 3 | Not surprisingly, a large share of adaptation interventions (~60%) are forged in response to water-related hazards | high | 2 | train |
3,990 | AR6_WGII | 566 | 6 | Approximately 163 million people live in unfamiliarly dry areas now | medium | 1 | train |
3,991 | AR6_WGII | 566 | 8 | Substantially more people (~709 million) live in regions where annual maximum one-day precipitation has increased than regions where it has decreased (~86 million) | medium | 1 | train |
3,992 | AR6_WGII | 566 | 9 | At the same time, more people (~700 million) are also experiencing longer dry spells than shorter dry spells since the 1950s | medium | 1 | train |
3,993 | AR6_WGII | 566 | 12 | At the same time, groundwater in aquifers across the tropics has experienced enhanced episodic recharge from intense precipitation and flooding events | medium | 1 | train |
3,994 | AR6_WGII | 566 | 15 | For a given evidence and agreement statement, different confidence levels can be assigned, but increasing levels of evidence and degrees of agreement are correlated with increasing confidence.Extreme weather events causing highly impactful floods and droughts have become more likely and (or) more severe due to anthropogenic climate change | high | 2 | train |
3,995 | AR6_WGII | 566 | 23 | A significant share of those impacts are negative and felt disproportionately by already vulnerable communities | high | 2 | train |
3,996 | AR6_WGII | 566 | 28 | In addition, precipitation and extreme weather events are linked to increased incidence and outbreaks of water-related diseases | high | 2 | train |
3,997 | AR6_WGII | 567 | 2 | Between 3 and 4 billion people are projected to be exposed to physical water scarcity at 2°C and 4°C global warming levels (GWL), respectively | low | 0 | train |
3,998 | AR6_WGII | 567 | 6 | Modified streamflow is also projected to affect inflows to urban storage reservoirs and increase the vulnerability of urban water services to hydro-meteorological extremes, particularly in less developed countries | high | 2 | train |
3,999 | AR6_WGII | 567 | 10 | With RCP6.0 and SSP2, the global population exposed to extreme-to-exceptional total water storage drought is projected to increase from 3% to 8% over the 21st century | medium | 1 | train |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.