rasdani/cohere-wikipedia-2023-11-en · Datasets at Hugging Face

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20231101.en_13203086_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalberg-Wendelstorf	Dalberg-Wendelstorf	Dalberg-Wendelstorf is a municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
20231101.en_13203087_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20Tax%20Reform%20%28Japan%201873%29	Land Tax Reform (Japan 1873)	The Japanese Land Tax Reform of 1873, or was started by the Meiji Government in 1873, or the 6th year of the Meiji period. It was a major restructuring of the previous land taxation system, and established the right of private land ownership in Japan for the first time.
20231101.en_13203087_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20Tax%20Reform%20%28Japan%201873%29	Land Tax Reform (Japan 1873)	The land taxation system was first established during the Taika Reform in 645 along with the adoption of the Chinese judicial system known as the . The previous system was an imitation of the Tang dynasty's corvée taxation system, known as the . Taxes were paid in the form of rice and other crops under this system, and the tax rates were determined through the land survey created by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. A proportionate annual tax was assessed according to the yield of a given plot of land. The principal farmer's name was registered in the land survey, and that farmer would be held accountable for the land tax. The payment could also be held as part of the village's collective responsibility under the .
20231101.en_13203087_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20Tax%20Reform%20%28Japan%201873%29	Land Tax Reform (Japan 1873)	The Meiji Government announced the reformation of the land taxation system in 1873 as part of the Meiji . Efforts at instating the system began the following year.
20231101.en_13203087_3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20Tax%20Reform%20%28Japan%201873%29	Land Tax Reform (Japan 1873)	The government initially ordered individual farmers to measure the plots of their land themselves, calculate their taxes, and submit the results to local tax officials. However, difficulties arose with the honesty of the measuring system when the 1874 budget showed that collected taxes fell far below projected values.
20231101.en_13203087_4	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20Tax%20Reform%20%28Japan%201873%29	Land Tax Reform (Japan 1873)	The government responded by establishing a land tax reform department in 1875, and began aggressive efforts to install the system. Under the direction of the new department, each prefecture was assigned a set amount of taxes it was required to collect. The department forcefully changed land values to meet the set amount if values reported by farmers did not meet projected values. This caused widespread resentment among farmers, and several large-scale riots erupted around the country. In January 1877, the government lowered the tax rate from 3% to 2.5% in an effort to regain support for the land tax.
20231101.en_13203087_5	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20Tax%20Reform%20%28Japan%201873%29	Land Tax Reform (Japan 1873)	The department's aggressive system continued through 1878, but the strictness of rules gradually decreased as it became clear that required amounts would be met. The reforms had taken complete effect by 1880, seven years after the start of the reforms.
20231101.en_13203087_6	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20Tax%20Reform%20%28Japan%201873%29	Land Tax Reform (Japan 1873)	As mentioned earlier, taxes were paid in rice and crops until the end of the Edo period, and the cultivator was held as the taxpayer under the previous system. Taxation was also inconsistent, as values differed in certain regions of the country. The new land tax created a uniform system which taxed landowners based on the worth of their land, and were paid in cash instead of crops.
20231101.en_13203087_7	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20Tax%20Reform%20%28Japan%201873%29	Land Tax Reform (Japan 1873)	Taxes were calculated as a proportion of the cash value of the land based on harvest potential, rather than the actual crop yield.
20231101.en_13203087_8	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20Tax%20Reform%20%28Japan%201873%29	Land Tax Reform (Japan 1873)	The landowner, confirmed by the issuance of land bonds, was liable for the taxes instead of the farmer.
20231101.en_13203087_9	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20Tax%20Reform%20%28Japan%201873%29	Land Tax Reform (Japan 1873)	The government could be assured of a steady income because the tax was set at a constant rate against the value of the land, and revenue did not fluctuate with crop yields since tax income became independent of crop fluctuation. Essentially, the risks of crop fluctuation were pushed from the government to the farmer.
20231101.en_13203087_10	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20Tax%20Reform%20%28Japan%201873%29	Land Tax Reform (Japan 1873)	The land tax reform ended up increasing the burden on villages with hunter-gatherer lifestyles in uncultivated lands, and resulted in several farmer insurrections against the Meiji government, including the and the . The discontent also helped fuel the . The Meiji government lowered the tax rate to 2.5% in 1877 in fear of further revolts.
20231101.en_13203087_11	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20Tax%20Reform%20%28Japan%201873%29	Land Tax Reform (Japan 1873)	Private land ownership was recognized for the first time in Japan with the issuing of land titles. The previous practice of land ownership was the , which stated that all land was under the sole ownership of the emperor, such that individual farmers were merely borrowing the land from feudal lords, who in turn were borrowing the land from the emperor. The reform abolished this archaic system of land ownership, and began to allow landowners to use their property as a financial asset in collateral or other investment. This law was one of the first steps towards the development of capitalism in Japan, paralleling the English (and later United Kingdom) statute Quia Emptores enacted several centuries earlier.
20231101.en_13203087_12	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20Tax%20Reform%20%28Japan%201873%29	Land Tax Reform (Japan 1873)	Prior to the enactment of the land tax reform, the unilateral ban on trading and selling farmland was rescinded in 1872, and the use of real estate as collateral for agricultural loans was legalized in 1873.
20231101.en_13203087_13	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20Tax%20Reform%20%28Japan%201873%29	Land Tax Reform (Japan 1873)	The previous feudal contract system became obsolete because the landowner was the one held responsible for taxes, and gave landowners the right to participate in politics. Later when the Imperial Diet was established, many of those given the right to vote in the lower house belonged to this landowning class.
20231101.en_13203087_14	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20Tax%20Reform%20%28Japan%201873%29	Land Tax Reform (Japan 1873)	In the previous system, rice and crops collected from each fiefdom were sold and distributed by wholesale dealers via daimyō storehouses in Edo or Osaka. The reform allowed farmers to sell their crops for cash directly to local merchants, and had a large effect on Japanese commerce.
20231101.en_13203087_15	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20Tax%20Reform%20%28Japan%201873%29	Land Tax Reform (Japan 1873)	began to be recorded in a registry as a result of the land surveys implemented by the land tax reform. These land bonds created a system of verifiable land ownership, indicated the person responsible for taxes, and established buying and selling rights, allowing real estate commerce and credit to become dependent on these bonds.
20231101.en_13203087_16	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20Tax%20Reform%20%28Japan%201873%29	Land Tax Reform (Japan 1873)	The land bond registry was dissolved in 1889 after its duties were handed over to the land register department in 1884. Payment of taxes was managed solely by this new department until 1961. All addresses, zoning classifications, and acreage information were transferred to the land register department, so it can be said that current Japanese land ownership records are directly traceable to the land tax reform.
20231101.en_13203087_17	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20Tax%20Reform%20%28Japan%201873%29	Land Tax Reform (Japan 1873)	However, details in the registry were not always accurate because of the primitive surveying techniques used by farmers at the start of the reform. This was both due to time and personnel limitation, and deliberate tax evasion attempts, ( and ) resulting in inaccuracies in the modern registry. The is currently underway to create an accurate registry for all of Japan.
20231101.en_13203089_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damshagen	Damshagen	Damshagen is a municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
20231101.en_13203090_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trittico%20Lombardo	Trittico Lombardo	The "" (Italian for "Lombardy Region Triptych"), usually also called Trittico Lombardo, is a cycling competition which includes three cycling races held around the region of Lombardy on three consecutive days. These races are Tre Valli Varesine, Coppa Ugo Agostoni, and Coppa Bernocchi, the winner having the best overall results in these three races.
20231101.en_13203090_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trittico%20Lombardo	Trittico Lombardo	In 2020, as a consequence of COVID-19 pandemic, the three races were united into one to form the Gran Trittico Lombardo.
20231101.en_13203092_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorf%20Mecklenburg	Dorf Mecklenburg	Dorf Mecklenburg is a municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is located 6 km south of Wismar. It is home to the castle "Mikilenburg" (Old German: "big castle"), that gave its name to the whole region known as Mecklenburg.
20231101.en_13203092_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorf%20Mecklenburg	Dorf Mecklenburg	The village of Dorf Mecklenburg lies between the Hanseatic city of Wismar and Lake Schwerin, one of Germany's largest lakes. The North Sea-Baltic Sea watershed is only about ten kilometres away from the Baltic Sea (Wismar Bay) in the slightly hilly area. To the west, the Wallensteingraben, which connects Lake Schwerin to the Baltic Sea as the only outflow, runs past the village and was built between 1577 and 1582 under Duke Ulrich.
20231101.en_13203092_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorf%20Mecklenburg	Dorf Mecklenburg	Dorf Mecklenburg, only 6 km away from Wismar, is very well connected to national transport networks. The A 20 Baltic motorway (Lübeck - Stettin) and the northern section of the A 14 (Wismar - Schwerin) pass in the immediate vicinity. The village can be reached from Schwerin and Wismar via the B 106. The local railway station is on the Ludwigslust–Wismar railway line.
20231101.en_13203096_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A4gelow	Gägelow	The coat of arms of Gägelow were designed by Michael Zapfe of Wismar and approved by the Ministry of the Interior on the 4th of November, 1996.
20231101.en_13203097_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasin	Glasin	Glasin is a municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany.
20231101.en_13203097_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasin	Glasin	It is located in an end moraine area, which extends from Kühlungsborn to the area of the upper Warnow river. The "Fuchsberg" is the highest point of this municipality, with a total height of 341.2 feet (104m) above sea level. In the south, the municipality of Glasin borders on Lake Gross Tessin. Glasin is approx. 14 miles (22 km) east of the Hanseatic League City Wismar and 29 miles (46 km) southwest of the Hanseatic League City Rostock.
20231101.en_13203097_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasin	Glasin	The kindergarten "Gaensebluemchen", a restaurant (which is available for private parties only) and a voluntary fire department are located in Glasin.
20231101.en_13203097_3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasin	Glasin	Beside agricultural businesses you'll find some very small trade businesses, like a wheelwright's workshop, a corn workshop and a gas station. In Perniek, a part of this municipality, is an open cast mining of gravel/sand granulate.
20231101.en_13203097_4	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasin	Glasin	Glasin is accessible by car from the Bundesautobahn 20 (Lübeck–Greifswald) exit 11 Neukloster/Glasin.
20231101.en_13203097_5	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasin	Glasin	The nearest railroad station is Steinhausen-Neuburg in Neuburg, served by local trains between Rostock and Wismar. The nearest airport is Rostock Laage Airport (31 miles/50 km).
20231101.en_13203101_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkhorst	Kalkhorst	Kalkhorst is a municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
20231101.en_13203101_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkhorst	Kalkhorst	It is close to the cities of Lübeck, Wismar and Schwerin and is part of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region.
20231101.en_13203113_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinoclosterium	Spinoclosterium	Spinoclosterium is a genus of green algae, specifically of the Closteriaceae. It is rare, but widely distributed in freshwater regions throughout the world.
20231101.en_13203113_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinoclosterium	Spinoclosterium	Spinoclosterium consists of solitary cells. Cells are relatively large, flattened, and are crescent-shaped in outline. The midregion is somewhat widened. The apices are broadly rounded to subcapitate, and are furnished with a stout, straight spine. Cells consist of two symmetrical halves, called semicells. Each semicell contains a single, axial chloroplast containing several pyrenoids scattered throughout. Each cell apex contains a vacuole.
20231101.en_13203113_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinoclosterium	Spinoclosterium	With its crescent-shaped cells, Spinoclosterium is similar to its sister genus Closterium, but is easily distinguished by the tips of the cells bearing a spine.
20231101.en_13203113_3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinoclosterium	Spinoclosterium	Spinoclosterium is able to reproduce asexually and sexually. It is unusual for its mode of asexual cell division, which involves a pale pink granular mucilage. The cell secretes this mucilage in a ring around its midregion, then completes mitosis and divides into two daughter cells. Like other desmids, the two daughter cells are asymmetrical at this stage, with one adult semicell and one newly formed semicell. However, the mucilage holds the two cells roughly in place until cells are fully developed in size. This means that unlike other desmids that finish cell division with daughter cells aligned head-to-head, the daughter cells of Spinoclosterium are aligned side-to-side.
20231101.en_13203113_4	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinoclosterium	Spinoclosterium	Sexual reproduction is anisogamous, with male and female gametes. Cells reproduce sexually by conjugating. The female cell lies next to the male cell and the two form a tube between them. The protoplast of the male cell shrinks inside and moves through the tube into the female cell, forming a zygote. The zygote matures into a full zygospore after a few days; the zygospore is irregularly ellipsoid in shape.
20231101.en_13203113_5	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinoclosterium	Spinoclosterium	When the zygospore germinates, it releases its contents and meiosis occurs, of which two of the four meiotic producte survive and the other two are aborted. The post-meiotic cells (called two gones) form an additional cell wall, and finally the each gone divides into two asymmetrical juvenile cells, releasing the cells by gelatinization of the double cell wall.
20231101.en_13203120_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bona%20Venture	The Bona Venture	The Bona Venture is the student newspaper of St. Bonaventure University. The Bona Venture serves St. Bonaventure University and the city of Olean. It is free, and published weekly during the St. Bonaventure University academic year.
20231101.en_13203120_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bona%20Venture	The Bona Venture	The paper has been printed continually since 1926. It had always been a weekly newspaper with the exception of a brief semi-weekly experiment in the early 1980s, and due to budget cuts in 2014.
20231101.en_13203120_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bona%20Venture	The Bona Venture	Referred to in and around the campus as "The BV," the paper is published Fridays throughout the school year. There are 26 issues a year, a preview on the men's and women's basketball teams and a senior supplement at the end of the year.
20231101.en_13203120_3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bona%20Venture	The Bona Venture	All editors, writers and staff members of The Bona Venture are undergraduates who volunteer their time and skills.
20231101.en_13203120_4	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bona%20Venture	The Bona Venture	In 2006, ''The Bona Venture" launched its online edition. Subscribers can create an account and have updates e-mailed to them for free. Beginning in Fall 2007, the Web site will have exclusive online articles.
20231101.en_13203120_5	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bona%20Venture	The Bona Venture	Many of The Bona Venture's editors and writers have gone on to excel in their field. Lee Coppola, the dean of St. Bonaventure's Jandoli School of Journalism and Mass Communication, and John Hanchette, a Pulitzer Prize winner and an associate professor at St. Bonaventure, each served as editor-in-chief. in 1964.
20231101.en_13203125_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein%20Trebbow	Klein Trebbow	Klein Trebbow is a municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
20231101.en_13203127_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneese	Kneese	Kneese is a municipality in the south west of the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in the Federal State of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The municipality is governed by the government office Gadebusch in the city Gadebusch.
20231101.en_13203127_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneese	Kneese	The municipality Kneese is located close to the border of the Federal State of Schleswig-Holstein in the hilly regions between Gadebusch and the lake Schaalsee. The border line passes the Bernstorfer pond and the Niendorfer pond. Both ponds are part of the lake Schaalsees. The region around Kneese is part of the biosphere reserve Schaalsee which is certified by the UNESCO. In the south the municipality is bordered to the district Ludwigslust.
20231101.en_13203128_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6chelstorf	Köchelstorf	Köchelstorf is a village and a former municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Since 1 July 2011, it is part of the municipality Wedendorfersee.
20231101.en_13203132_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krusenhagen	Krusenhagen	Krusenhagen is a municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
20231101.en_13203133_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockwisch	Lockwisch	Lockwisch is a village and a former municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Since January 2019, it is part of the municipality Schönberg.
20231101.en_13203134_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbberstorf	Lübberstorf	Lübberstorf is a municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
20231101.en_13203134_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbberstorf	Lübberstorf	It is close to the cities of Lübeck, Wismar and Schwerin and is part of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region.
20231101.en_13203137_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbstorf	Lübstorf	It is close to the cities of Schwerin, Wismar, Lübeck and Rostock and is part of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region.
20231101.en_13203137_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbstorf	Lübstorf	Situated on the western shore of Lake Schwerin (Außensee), the municipality is only about 10 km from the city centre of Schwerin. The lake reaches its largest width of 5000 m at Lübstorf, the islands of Horst and Rethberg belong to the municipality. The terminal moraine, which extends along the western shore of Lake Schwerin, is bordered to the west by the Aubach valley. The municipality has a share in the Trebbow-Rugensee nature reserve.
20231101.en_13203137_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbstorf	Lübstorf	Lübstorf offers infrastructure for the municipality and the surrounding area in the form of a school, day nursery, pharmacy, medical practice and hotel as well as various shopping facilities. In 1994 a specialist clinic for psychosomatic illnesses and addictions was established in Lübstorf.
20231101.en_13203137_3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbstorf	Lübstorf	The municipality is located on the B 106 from Schwerin to Wismar and has a railway station on the Ludwigslust-Wismar railway line. The junctions to the motorways A 20 and A 14 are 16 and 11 kilometres away respectively.
20231101.en_13203138_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCdersdorf	Lüdersdorf	Lüdersdorf is a municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
20231101.en_13203138_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCdersdorf	Lüdersdorf	It is close to the cities of Lübeck, Wismar and Schwerin and is part of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region.
20231101.en_13203139_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallentin	Mallentin	Mallentin is a village and a former municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Since 25 May 2014, it is part of the municipality Stepenitztal.
20231101.en_13203140_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menzendorf	Menzendorf	Menzendorf is a municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
20231101.en_13203141_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Orengo	José Orengo	José Orengo (born April 26, 1976) is an Argentine former rugby union footballer and current coach. He has played club rugby in Argentina and France, as well as represented Argentina national rugby union team in 37 occasions. He is the current coach of Argentina A team.
20231101.en_13203141_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Orengo	José Orengo	Having attended the Goethe Schule (German School) for elementary education, Orengo then transferred to the Politechnical High School, graduating 1993. At that time, he was already playing rugby at Club Atlético del Rosario (Plaza) alongside his brothers. He set off studying Engineering but was swiftly drafted to the Pumitas. From there he moved on to play for Los Pumas. His debut game as a Puma was against Uruguay on September 18, 1996. He played in the 1999 and 2003 Rugby World Cup, his last appearance for Argentina was Against Wales in 2004.
20231101.en_13203141_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Orengo	José Orengo	Orengo played club rugby for Grenoble and Perpignan in France. Eventually, he returned to Rosario where he established himself as an Engineer working at the Dolphines Guaraní towers project (two 45 storey buildings in construction as of September 2007) among others. He is married and a father. Currently he takes part in the coaching of junior Argentina squads. He has featured in several TV shows broadcast for cable TV in Rosario, where he was asked to analyze the Pumas phenomenon. He remains in the shortlist to be appointed to a Pumas coaching position some time in the future.
20231101.en_13203142_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metelsdorf	Metelsdorf	Metelsdorf is a municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
20231101.en_13203146_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BChlen%20Eichsen	Mühlen Eichsen	Mühlen Eichsen is a municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
20231101.en_13203147_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesow	Nesow	Nesow is a village and a former municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Since 25 May 2014, it is part of the town Rehna.
20231101.en_13203154_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish%20Premiership%20%28rugby%20union%29	Scottish Premiership (rugby union)	The Scottish Premiership (referred to as the Tennents Premiership for sponsorship reasons) is the highest level of amateur league competition for Scottish rugby union clubs. First held in 1973, it is the top division of the Scottish League Championship. The most recent (2023) champions are Hawick who are also the most successful club who have won the competition thirteen times.
20231101.en_13203154_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish%20Premiership%20%28rugby%20union%29	Scottish Premiership (rugby union)	Ten clubs contest the league, with the bottom club relegated to the Scottish National League Division One and second-bottom club involved in a play-off.
20231101.en_13203154_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish%20Premiership%20%28rugby%20union%29	Scottish Premiership (rugby union)	The top level of club rugby in Scotland are the two professional teams – Glasgow Warriors and Edinburgh Rugby – that play in the United Rugby Championship. They assign their players to the clubs below in a Pro-Draft; so that they can still play when not used by the professional sides. From season 2019–20 a semi-professional championship in Scotland, known as the Super 6, was introduced – its teams no longer taken part in the Premiership competition. The Super 6 format is intended to bridge the gap between the amateur grade and the professional United Rugby Championship teams.
20231101.en_13203154_3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish%20Premiership%20%28rugby%20union%29	Scottish Premiership (rugby union)	Up to season 1972–73, Scotland's rugby union clubs participated in what was known as the Scottish Unofficial Championship. It provided very unbalanced competition: some clubs played more fixtures than others and some fixture lists provided stiffer opposition than others. The resulting league table at the end of each season gave a very unbalanced and difficult-to-comprehend set of results.
20231101.en_13203154_4	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish%20Premiership%20%28rugby%20union%29	Scottish Premiership (rugby union)	Starting in season 1973–74, the Scottish Rugby Union organised the full member clubs into six leagues. This suited some of the 'open' clubs but many of the older former pupils clubs found it difficult to compete successfully and were forced into going 'open' themselves to try to recruit some of the better players. Those that didn't declined. Open clubs kept their old FP or Academical name, and still played on grounds owned by the schools. In the first 14 seasons of league rugby the Division I championship was won by Hawick on ten occasions.
20231101.en_13203154_5	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish%20Premiership%20%28rugby%20union%29	Scottish Premiership (rugby union)	One consequence was soon apparent: fewer players were selected from English clubs to represent Scotland. For the first time since before the First World War, the domestic game was producing an adequate number of players of genuine international class. Though the SRU's administrators were often seen as backward looking, Scotland had a national league before England, Wales or Ireland.
20231101.en_13203154_6	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish%20Premiership%20%28rugby%20union%29	Scottish Premiership (rugby union)	Heriot's FP became the first city club to win the championship, they had already attracted "outsiders"; their leading try-scorer was Bill Gammell, a Fettesian already capped for the Scotland national rugby union team while playing for Edinburgh Wanderers. League rugby drew the crowds, and the 20 years that followed its introduction were the best in the history of Scottish club rugby. In that period the title of champions rarely went out of the Borders: with Hawick, Gala and Melrose enjoying long periods of ascendancy. Recently, however, the Borders domination has faded and Glasgow Hawks won the title three times in successive years between 2003 and 2004 and 2005–06.
20231101.en_13203154_7	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish%20Premiership%20%28rugby%20union%29	Scottish Premiership (rugby union)	Since the advent of the leagues, the Scottish Rugby Union and its member clubs have re-organised the competition several times, usually to change the number of teams.
20231101.en_13203154_8	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish%20Premiership%20%28rugby%20union%29	Scottish Premiership (rugby union)	Each of the 10 clubs play each other at home and away between August and January, resulting in 18 games played by each club. Four points are awarded for a win, two for a draw and zero for a loss. Bonus points are also on offer in each game – one for scoring four or more tries and the other for the losing club finishing within seven points of the winning club.
20231101.en_13203154_9	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish%20Premiership%20%28rugby%20union%29	Scottish Premiership (rugby union)	From season 2014–15 an end of season play-off was introduced for the top four clubs in the table. These clubs take part in a knock-out competition, with first playing third and second playing fourth in a semi-final match at the home venue of the highest finishing clubs. The winners then face each other in the final to determine the Premiership champion.
20231101.en_13203154_10	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish%20Premiership%20%28rugby%20union%29	Scottish Premiership (rugby union)	The 10th-placed club is relegated to Scottish National League Division One and replaced by the winners of National League Division One. The 9th-placed club takes part in a play-off match at a neutral venue with the 2nd-placed club in National League Division One. Although the Super 6 established in 2019 is above the Premiership in the national hierarchy and its clubs were selected directly from the existing members, as of 2021 its format was a 'closed shop' with no movement of teams between the Super 6 and the Premiership.
20231101.en_13203158_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metylovice	Metylovice	Metylovice (, in 1939–1945 Quittendorf) is a municipality and village in Frýdek-Místek District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,800 inhabitants.
20231101.en_13203158_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metylovice	Metylovice	Metylovice is located about south of Frýdek-Místek and south of Ostrava. It lies in the Moravian-Silesian Foothills. The highest point is the Ondřejník mountain at above sea level. The Olešná Stream flows through the municipality.
20231101.en_13203158_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metylovice	Metylovice	The first written mention of Metylovice is in a deed of Bishop Dětřich from 1299. From the second half of the 17th century, tanning developed in the village, thanks to which the originally agricultural village began to prosper and grow. Brick houses began to replace the original wooden ones and the education and cultural life of the inhabitants increased.
20231101.en_13203158_3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metylovice	Metylovice	The most important monument is the Church of All Saints. It was built in Gothic style in 1577 on the site of an older wooden church, and later baroque modified.
20231101.en_13203159_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staurodesmus	Staurodesmus	The genus Staurodesmus was first circumscribed by the desmidiologist Einar Teiling. The defining characteristic of the genus is the single, unbranched spines at each angle of the semicell. Cell walls also lack protuberances or other ornamentations, which separate the genus from the similar Xanthidium.
20231101.en_13203159_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staurodesmus	Staurodesmus	The genus includes species formerly placed in Arthrodesmus and Staurastrum, the difference in the two genera being the number of planes of symmetry: Arthrodesmus was biradiate (having two planes of symmetry), while Staurastrum included species with three or more planes of symmetry. However, over the years desmidiologists found many specimens with one biradiate semicell and another tri- or quadriradiate semicell. As these cells could not soundly be placed into one genus, Teiling erected Staurodesmus; the name was made to be a portmanteau of Arthrodesmus and Staurastrum. Although Staurastrum is still used as a genus, Arthrodesmus is a later homonym (thus invalid) and is no longer used.
20231101.en_13203159_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staurodesmus	Staurodesmus	Staurodesmus consists of solitary cells that are divided into two symmetrical halves, called semicells. Semicells are diverse in shape, but are unified by having a single, unbranched spine at the angles of the semicells. The cell wall is smooth and lacks ornamentations other than pores or fine granules. Each semicell contains a single chloroplast.
20231101.en_13203159_3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staurodesmus	Staurodesmus	Species of Staurodesmus are distinguished from each other by the shape of the cells, and the size and orientation of the spines.
20231101.en_13203170_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Someone%20Else%27s%20Boy	Someone Else's Boy	"Someone Else's Boy" is a song written by Hal Gordon and Athena Hosey. It was recorded by Connie Francis on January 31, 1961, in New York.
20231101.en_13203170_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Someone%20Else%27s%20Boy	Someone Else's Boy	The song was the flipside of Francis' hit single "Breakin' in a Brand New Broken Heart", which peaked at number seven on the U.S. pop chart. "Someone Else's Boy" was Francis' first collaboration with songwriter, arranger and band leader Cliff Parman (who wrote - among others - Nat King Cole's "Pretend"). The international success of "Someone Else's Boy" prompted Francis to work with Parman on several singles and three albums throughout 1961. Although "Someone Else's Boy" was overlooked in the U.S. and didn't chart, it became one of Francis' greatest international successes. It is the only song in her repertoire she recorded in eight languages:
20231101.en_13203170_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Someone%20Else%27s%20Boy	Someone Else's Boy	At least five of these versions hit number one in their respective countries. In West Germany, it became her best selling German-language recording to this date. The Dutch version, however, remained unreleased until 1988
20231101.en_13203184_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Catholic%20Diocese%20of%20Inongo	Roman Catholic Diocese of Inongo	The Roman Catholic Diocese of Inongo () is a diocese located in the city of Inongo in the Ecclesiastical province of Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
20231101.en_13203184_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Catholic%20Diocese%20of%20Inongo	Roman Catholic Diocese of Inongo	29 June 1953: Established as Apostolic Vicariate of Inongo from the Apostolic Vicariate of Léopoldville
20231101.en_13203197_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triploceras	Triploceras	Triploceras exists as solitary cells, which are elongated and constricted at the middle (the constriction called an isthmus); the two halves are called semicells. At tip of either semicell, the cell is tipped with spiny lobes, similar to the polar lobes found in Micrasterias. Along the margins of the semicells are many whorls of processes that may be tipped with spines or teeth. Cells have one chloroplast filling the cell.
20231101.en_13203197_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triploceras	Triploceras	Triploceras is easily recognizable due to its elongated shape and polar lobes. The similar genus Triplastrum also has polar spines, but lacks protuberances along the sides of the cell.
20231101.en_13203197_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triploceras	Triploceras	Phylogenetically, Triploceras is currently known to be embedded within the genus Micrasterias. Despite the similar rod-like shape, it is not closely related to other rod-shaped genera such as Pleurotaenium or Triplastrum.
20231101.en_13203197_3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triploceras	Triploceras	Two species, Triploceras gracile and T. verticillatum are widely distributed throughout the world. Another species, T. splendens is rare and restricted to Southeast Asia and northern Australia.
20231101.en_13203212_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthidium	Xanthidium	Xanthidium exists as symmetrical single cells. Cells are deeply constricted, forming two halves called semicells; they are rectangular, rounded, or polygonal in front view, flattened. The angles are usually drawn out into spines, which are typically paired and sometimes branched. Semicells often have a protuberance or additional spine in the center of the semicell. Cells have two or many axile chloroplasts which fill the cell. A notable exception is the species Xanthidium tumidum, formerly placed in the genus Staurastrum as Staurastrum tumidum. Morphologically it is triangular in cross section (unlike other species, which are flattened in cross section). Its placement in this genus is due to molecular data.
20231101.en_13203212_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthidium	Xanthidium	Species identification of Xanthidium depends on the shape of the cell, cell wall ornamentation, and location and number of the spines. However, some species such as Xanthidium antilopaeum are notoriously polymorphic.
20231101.en_13203232_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Newell%20%28politician%29	Robert Newell (politician)	Robert "Doc" Newell (March 30, 1807 – November 24, 1869) was an American politician and fur trapper in the Oregon Country. He was a frontier doctor in what would become the U.S. state of Oregon. A native of Ohio, he served in the Provisional Government of Oregon and later was a member of the Oregon State Legislature. The Newell House Museum, his reconstructed former home on the French Prairie in Champoeg, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
20231101.en_13203232_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Newell%20%28politician%29	Robert Newell (politician)	Newell was born on March 30, 1807, in Zanesville, Ohio. In 1829, Newell joined William Sublette and his group on a party to trap beaver. Others in the group included Joseph L. Meek and Jedediah Smith. He trapped fur in the region west of the Rockies in the 1830s, and married Kitty, a Nez Perce woman in 1833. During his time as a mountain man, he became so skilled at basic surgery and healing, despite not having professional medical training, that he earned the nickname "Doctor" or "Doc" Newell that stayed with him the rest of his life.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalberg-Wendelstorf

Dalberg-Wendelstorf

Dalberg-Wendelstorf is a municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

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