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stringlengths 4
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5
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We are naturally drawn to friends and colleagues with familiar voices, scientists have found.People prefer those who have a similar accent,intonation and tone of voice to themselves , they discovered. Previous research has focused on how masculine or feminine a voice sounds.Men with deeper voices and women with slightly higher voices were thought to sound more attractive,because they suggest a bigger or a smaller body. But the new study,published by a linguistics expert in Canada,suggests there is a more complex mechanism at play.Dr Molly Babel, from the University of British Columbia in Canada, said,"The voice is an amazingly flexible tool that we use to construct our identity.Very few things in our voices are changeless,so we felt that our preferences had to be about more than a person's shape and size.'' She recorded 30 volunteers' voices and asked each to rate the others' attractiveness on a scale of one to nine.Each participant was from western America,with similar accents.The people we assessed were all in the same dialect group,but they showed that dialect to different degrees. "We seem to like people who sound like we sound,we like people who fit within what we know,"Dr Babel said.She also found that breathy voices in women-typified by the famous American actress Marilyn Monroe-were seen as more attractive. The breathy tone,caused by younger and thinner vocal cords ,implied youthfulness and health A creaky voice,suggesting a person has a cold,is tired or smokes,was seen as unattractive.The participants preferred men who spoke with a shorter average word length and deeper voices. The linguist,whose work is published in the journal PLOS One,said,"Once you're outside of a certain range of familiarity,novel and exotic sounding voices might become more attractive.We also have to keep in mind we find some accents more preferable than others because of social fixed ideas." In terms of voice preferences,the new findings highlight _ .
|
[
"body size and shape",
"shorter word length",
"thicker vocal cords",
"the same social groups"
] | 3D
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
When we talk about instant messaging tool, which will be the first one jump into your mind? If your answer is QQ or MSN, I must say you're a bit old fashioned. Today, Wechat is becoming the most popular text and voice messaging tool all over the world. It has had 700 million registered users all over the world up to now. It has a Chinese name Weixin, it is necessary for the young people in China to have the communication tool. Actually, it is also a new product from Tencent ,so we can call it QQ's little brother. You can log in to Wechat with your Facebook account or _ with your phone number, and then add your friends' number in your contact list , by which you can chat with your family of friends in a brand new way by using your phone no matter when and where you are. It's just like using a walkie talkie (two way radio).But you don't need to worry about other things, such as basic fees. It won't cost you extra money to make conversations. You can also only need three steps to finish calling others through Wechat. It is free for ten minutes. If you want to make a phone call again, you need to pay for it through a credit card. Someone thinks the sound in the phone is not clear. There is some noise in it. It is not safe for the user. So you should pay attention to your personal information and not share it to others. Which of the following is NOT true about Wechat?
|
[
"It is a messaging tool.",
"It is used in the phone.",
"You can't do anything except making a call.",
"You need to add your friends' number in your contact list before chatting with them."
] | 2C
|
computer_security
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Which change best matches the sentence?
A part of Earth's surface moves and shakes.
|
[
"flood",
"wildfire",
"earthquake"
] | 2C
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
California sea lions are the fastest of all the sea lions, reaching speeds of up to 40 kilometers an hour when swimming. Males are much larger than females, measuring 2 to 2.5 meters and weighing 200 to 453 kilograms. Females only measure 1.5 to 2 meters and weigh 50 to 113 kilograms. They can also move fairly well while on land. California sea lions can be found living along the Pacific coast of North America. They prefer to live in waters near rocky and sandy shores. On land, they often gather in large groups as many as 1,000 of them. While at sea, they travel in much smaller groups of around 10 or more. They communicate with one another through a series of sounds. Their diet consists of a wide variety of fish and other sea animals. They are able to hold their breath for up to 10 minutes by slowing down their heart rate, allowing them to hunt for their prey for a longer period of time. They have been known to continuously hunt for up to 30 hours at a time, with their eyesight and hearing playing an important part in finding their food. Being so large, they do not have that many natural predators that they need to be on the lookout for. Eleven months after getting pregnant, the female will give birth to one baby on land. If the baby can survive long enough, they can live to be 20 to 25 years old. California sea lions are not listed as an endangered species. This is largely because of laws such as the US Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972. Hopefully such acts will continue to show results. What do we know about California sea lions?
|
[
"They weigh at least 113 kilograms.",
"They swim faster than any other sea animal.",
"Males are much larger than females.",
"They usually move very slowly after leaving the sea."
] | 2C
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Like human beings, dogs may catch cold because of cold weather, wet conditions or can also get it from other sick dogs. If a dog has a running nose and watery eyes, coughs or sneezes , then it is quite probable that the dog has caught cold. A dog's cold can get over after a few days without treatment but it totally depends upon the owner to treat it with medications or improve its immune power to get rid of the cold naturally. Following are some of the things you can do if your dog gets a cold. You can improve its immune power by giving it proper nutrient diet. Healthy food can really do wonders. Try to give it food which is either suggested by the vet or is healthy for your pet. Increase the intake of food which is rich in vitamins A, C and E. Keep your dog warm. The best place for your dog in winter is inside your house. Do not keep your dog outside when it is cold and wet. At home you can also keep the dog warm with the help of carpets. This will make him comfortable and help him to recover fast. Increase the fluid intake as it helps a lot. Water can be the best choice but you can also add broth in water which will give your dog strength. Warm water will make your dog more comfortable and will also keep the dog away from the respiratory infections . Steam treatment is considered to be effective in getting rid of cold. It makes the nasal passage wet, which helps proper breathing. Just fill your bathroom with steam and leave your dog inside the bathroom for 15 minutes. Do it nearly 2 to 3 times a day and you will see your dog recovering. These are some of the things you can do to help your dog recover from cold. However, if you are not able to find any improvement in its health, then turn to the vet for help immediately. Take your dog for regular checkups so as to avoid complications . When a dog catches cold, it is wrong to _ .
|
[
"keep it inside during cold and wet weather",
"leave it inside the bathroom full of steam",
"let it eat too much solid food",
"keep it sleeping on carpets at home"
] | 2C
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Laughter Yoga is one form of yoga. Madan Kataria, a doctor in Mumbai, India invented it. He believed that people had forgotten how to really laugh. Through his research he made an interesting discovery. The human mind does not know the difference between forced laughter and real laughter. Forced laughter can also lead to a feeling of happiness. And then Kataria had the idea for a group of people who would laugh together. He gathered a few of his friends together. They met in a public park in Mumbai. That small group grew and grew! And this is how people began to do Laughter Yoga. People doing Laughter Yoga usually meet together in a Laughter Club. Kataria's friends formed the first Laughter Club in 1995. Today, there're over 5,000 Laughter Clubs in 53 countries. But what exactly do people do in a Laughter Club? People in Laughter Yoga meetings usually do a series of exercises. The exercises include body movement, correct breathing, and of course, laughter! At the beginning of the meeting, people may have to force themselves to laugh. But by the end, everyone is usually laughing in a real way! Each meeting is a little different. But there are common exercises groups may do. Experts say that the exercises help blood move around the body faster. They also say that Laughter Yoga helps people deal with the bad things in their lives. They say that a person may go into a Laughter Club meeting feeling sad, angry, or worried. But then, people act happy. After a time, forced laughter becomes real laughter. This is one reason why people may enjoy laughter Yoga so much According to experts, _ .
|
[
"anyone can join in a Laughter Club.",
"laughter is a very good form of exercise.",
"Laughter Yoga makes blood move slowly.",
"it takes a long time for people to be free of bad feelings."
] | 1B
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Travel is exciting and summer is a busy period for holiday travel. Many people will travel great distances in airplanes, cars or other vehicles. Experts say people should know about other health problems that can strike when traveling by air. One of these is a condition called hypoxia . It results from a lack of oxygen to the brain. Experts say the body begins losing oxygen minutes after an airplane leaves the ground. The air pressure in a plane during flight is lower than at sea level. This makes it more difficult for the body to effectively use the same amount of oxygen as it would on the ground. Fewer oxygen molecules cross the tissues in the lungs and reach the bloodstream. The result is a five to twenty percent drop in the amount of oxygen in the blood. This reduces the amount of oxygen that reaches the organs of the body. One effect of this lack of oxygen to the brain is a headache. When this happens, the heart attempts to _ by beating harder and faster. This can make the traveler feel tired. These signs of hypoxia are not dangerous in a healthy person. But a drop in oxygen level can cause a health emergency in people with heart or lung problems. They might lose consciousness or even suffer a heart attack. Experts say that smoking cigarettes and drinking alcoholic liquids also reduce the body's ability to use oxygen. So they suggest that people not drink alcohol or smoke cigarettes either before or during a flight. They also say persons with heart or lung problems should seek advice from their doctors before flying. Do you think which the following title is the best title for this passage?
|
[
"Tralling",
"how to travel",
"some suggestions about on the plane while travelling",
"the causes and effects of hypoxia"
] | 3D
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
A 14-year-old British student is packing for the next day of school: textbooks, notebooks, pens, 250 grams of flour, an egg and some cooking oil. Wait, what? It's not a joke. From September, cookery will be a compulsory course for kids aged 7-14 in the UK. Primary school students will learn how to put things together and make simple, healthy food. At high school, students will then master a number of different meals. They will also learn some cooking skills including baking. Britain is sometimes known as a country with bad food and unhealthy eating habits. These new courses are part of the country's effort to bring healthy food back onto the table. "One in four British families no longer has a table that everyone can eat around. One out of every two meals we eat is eaten alone. Only four out of ten of us enjoy eating meals with our children," British writer Joanna Blythman wrote in her book Bad Food Britain: How A Nation Ruined Its Appetite in 2006. Instead, ready meals have become the first choice for many British kids, because their parents are often too busy to cook a proper meal. The Department for Education hopes that the cookery courses can introduce children to good food and reduce childhood _ . "It's important that children can develop an interest and understanding of good food," said a spokesman for the department. "We want to encourage them to develop a love of food and cooking that will stay with them as they grow up. Students under 14 in the UK _ .
|
[
"are fond of cooking",
"love to eat junk food",
"will learn how to cook at school",
"have to prepare breakfast by themselves"
] | 2C
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
What is the mass of a full box of cereal?
|
[
"470 grams",
"470 kilograms"
] | 0A
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
"Eat your breakfast. It's the most important meal of the day!" Why are parents always saying that? Well, a person is like a car. After a long night of sleeping, there is no fuel in your fuel tank . Breakfast is like the fuel. It makes you work or walk on the road. What should you eat? Any breakfast is better than no breakfast, but try not to have hamburgers or dessert all the time. They don't have the necessary nutrients . And if you have a hamburger for breakfast, you won't feel full for long. Try to eat all kinds of foods like grains, fruit, vegetables and drink some milk. Oh, try to eat more apples because an apple a day can help to keep the doctor away. This passage tells us that parents always say _
|
[
"sleeping is very important",
"breakfast is the most important meal of the day",
"getting well with our friends is very important",
"exercise can help us study better"
] | 1B
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
More and more Chinese people care for their own health. I come from England. I came to China five years ago. I began to learn cooking Chinese food from my father. When I was fifteen, I began to help my mother in the kitchen. My father is a very famous cook in Beijing. So he taught me many things about cooking. In the past three years, I never stopped learning cooking. When I saw a book called The disease eating out can be gone back again by eating (<<>> ), I began studying the book. .The writer of the book is Zhang Wuben. He said he was a famous nutritionist and well-known traditional Chinese doctor. He asked the people to eat eggplant and gram . In China, Zhang Wuben's book has been popular in the past few years. My father was invited to talk about the book in May, 2010. A large number of Chinese people believe they should eat eggplant and gram to be healthy. I have visited a lot of Chinese restaurants in Beijing and studied hundreds of restaurant menus. I talked to lots of doctors about eating and nutrition . They thought that Zhang Wuben's words _ the science. He told a lie. The fact is that it's important for us to eat a balanced diet and not just to eat eggplant and gram. What does the writer's father do?
|
[
"A doctor.",
"A waiter.",
"A nutritionist.",
"A cook."
] | 3D
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
The hand, the eyes, and the brain work together to make human beings different from other animals. No other animals have all three parts to work together. No animals can do what human beings can do. Humans can do many things and feel many things with the hand. The hand can hold onto things and make things because the thumb works with the fingers. This fifth finger is strong. Most animals don't have thumbs. The thumb can press against the other fingers. Without a thumb to press against the fingers, it is difficult to hold onto anything. The thumb and fingers can also fit the flat surface of a box and the curved surface of a pencil. We can feel that something is hot or cold, soft or hard, smooth or rough. The hand, with thumb and fingers, is one of the best tools we have. Most animals see a flat picture. Their eyes can only see how high and how wide something is. Some animals see a different picture with each eye. Some don't see in colour. Humans see one picture with both eyes working together. We can see how high and how wide something is. We can also see how far in front of or in back of something a thing is. The brain tells other parts of the body how to work. Some of the things the body does are _ ; that is, we don't have to think about them. For example, we don't have to think to make our heart beat or our stomach work. The brain tells the eyes and hands how to make useful and beautiful things. That is how human beings become tool makers and artists. That is how human can have richer and better lives than other animals. According to the passage, when you say you hold onto something, you mean _
|
[
"you have it in your hand and keep it there by putting your fingers firmly roundit",
"you have it in your arms and keep it there by putting your fingers firmly roundit",
"you feel it with your hands",
"you press the fingers of your right hand against those of your left hand"
] | 0A
|
anatomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
A person in space will find a lack of something to drink if they land on
|
[
"Mars",
"the earth",
"the moon",
"third planet"
] | 2C
|
astronomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
The moon
|
[
"has seven great lakes",
"is devoid of seas",
"is larger than the Earth",
"has a powerful magnetic field"
] | 1B
|
astronomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
The shopper lifts each bag at the same speed. Which bag is lifted with a larger force?
|
[
"a bag holding 4 pounds of food",
"a bag holding 5 pounds of food"
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
The range of all forms of radiant energy is called the
|
[
"video spectrum.",
"audio spectrum.",
"color spectrum.",
"electromagnetic spectrum."
] | 3D
|
high_school_physics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Think about the last time you felt afraid. Was it a fear of height? Did you oversleep on a weekday and fear you'd get into trouble at the office? In any case, you know what it feels like to feel fear. But one woman doesn't the woman, code-named "UM", gave her first-ever interview after years of being studied by a team of researchers. The woman is given a code name because the researchers want to protect her from anyone who would take advantage of her inability to feel afraid. UM can't tell you what fear is because she's never experienced it. "I wonder what it's like to actually be afraid of something," she said. The formal name for the disease is Urbach-Wieth disease, which is characterized by a hoarse voice,small bumps around the eyes, and calcium deposits in the brain. In the case of UM,the disease has transformed the part of her brain that controls the human response to fear. In the interview, UM talks about an event in her life where she was held at knifepoint and gunpoint, "I was walking to the store,and I saw a man on a park bench.He said. "Come here,please," so I went over to him. He grabbed me by the shirt,put a knife to my throat and told me he was going to cut me. I told him, "Go ahead and cut me," I wasn't afraid at all. And for some reason,he let me go." Doctors who have been studying UM's condition for years have been trying different things that could strike fear into her. They finally figured something out--increasing UM's carbon dioxide levels.Extra carbon dioxide concentration in the blood is known to cause fear and panic in health individuals. Increasing UM's carbon dioxide levels did manage to give her a fright. From UM's case,we can know that Urbach-Wieth disease may _ .
|
[
"stop the brain from functioning normally",
"lead to a decrease in calcium deposits",
"stop the brain from responding quickly",
"lead to an increase in carbon dioxide"
] | 0A
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
The moon looks bigger than the stars at night. But in fact, it is smaller than any of them. The moon looks big to us, because it is closer to us than any star. The moon goes around the earth. It makes one trip about four weeks. The moon is a round ball and looks beautiful. Don't you think so? Now people know quite a lot about the moon. There is no air or water on the moon so there are not any trees or animals, or people on the moon. The moon gets its light from the sun, but some places on the moon are quite dark. Then days on the moon get hotter than boiling water. The nights get colder than the North Pole on the earth. The moon makes one trip round the earth in about _ .
|
[
"a week",
"four weeks",
"a year",
"24 hours"
] | 1B
|
astronomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
QQ is one of the most popular chat tools among teenagers. We regard it as an important chat tool in our dailylife because it has some advantages. First, we can make lots of e-friends on QQ. It is easy to find the person who has the same interest as us, and we can talk with him or her happily. Second, we can also join a QQ group to find the information we need. For example, if we want to learn English well, we can choose a group with many English lovers in it. Third, we can also play games with our friends on QQ and always have fun. QQ brings us a lot of benefits , but it can also cause some problems. It's dangerous to tell strangers on QQ our real personal information like telephone number, address and ID number. If we spend too much time chatting online, it won't be good for our study and health. If we want to learn English well, we can _ .
|
[
"do shopping on QQ.",
"always chat in Chinese on QQ.",
"play games with our friends on QQ.",
"join a QQ group with many English lovers in it."
] | 3D
|
college_computer_science
|
mmlu_labeled
|
surging commodity prices could worsen poverty in many poor countries, the International Monetary Fund warned Tuesday. A new IMF study, seeing the effect of soaring oil and food costs, said many poor and developing countries would likely have to change their economic policies in response to soaring commodity prices. "Some countries are at a dangerous point," warned IMF managing director Dominique Strauss-Kahn. "If food prices rise further and oil prices stay the same, some governments will no longer be able to feed their people and at the same time keep stability in their economies," Strauss-Kahn said. The IMF chief called for a "broad cooperative approach" to help handle higher oil and food prices, and said the IMF stood ready to assist countries in need. Strauss-Kahn said the international community would also have to play a role in helping to reduce the effect of commodity price shocks which have caused protests in some countries. European truckers have blockaded major roads to protest fuel prices in recent weeks and food riots have occurred in Cameroon, Bangladesh, and Somalia among other countries in recent months. "Poor countries that are highly dependent on food imports are particularly vulnerable to rising food prices," the IMF report said. Anti-poverty campaigners are concerned that rising commodity costs could roll back advances made through anti-poverty campaigns in recent years, particularly because poorer families tend to spend much more of their household income on food. The IMF report found that poor households are most affected by food price inflation and "warned that the share of undernourished people in developing countries could rise rapidly above the current 40 percent of total population". Energy and food values are still rising and the IMF said its research suggests "the problem is worsening". The Washington-based fund said it is working closely with its member countries to help reduce inflationary pressures taking into account countries' specific needs. The report said that global food markets "need to be kept open" and that "restrictive policies", such as export taxes and bans, should be removed. What's the main idea of the passage?
|
[
"IMF takes measures to reduce the effect of commodity price shocks.",
"Surging commodity prices cause protests in some countries.",
"Rising oil and food prices may worsen poverty in developing countries.",
"Global food markets need to be kept open."
] | 2C
|
high_school_macroeconomics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
If you're still of the belief thaJ mental health conditions aren,t as serious as physical ones,a new report will open your eyes. The United States spent about $201 billion on mental illness in 2013, according to the new analysis published in the journal Health Affairs. That makes it the costliest medical condition in the country. Heart conditions were the second costliest condition, falling far behind menial disorders at $147 billion. Trauma and injury was third at $143 billion. "One key finding of this study is the degree to which spending on mental health disorders in 2013 topped those on all other medical conditions, including heart conditions, trauma, and cancer. Researcher Charles Roehrig wrote in the study's conclusion. Just a decade ago, heart conditions outweighed mentd disorders. Health care costs on heart Problems were about $105 Million in 1996, with mental disordere coming in second at $79 billion. The findings are just another example of how important it is to recognize mental illness as a widespread public health issue. Nearly one in four people will experience a mental health condition at some point in his or her life. Despite this fact, though, there's still a lack of sensitivity and understanding in society--and even the medical community--when it comes to mental disorders. Research shows discrimination involved in mental health. Negative thoughts surrounding mental illness often prevent people from seeking treatment, which can have serious consequences. Data also suggests that not paying attention to mental illness can affeci a company 's bottom line. Serious mental illnesses result in about $193 billion in lost earnings per year. Lastly, the cost of mental health issues extends beyond a dollar sign, but perhaps the shocking figure in the report will finally serve as a wakeup call for those who believe psychological conditions aren't real issues. In other words, can we please take mental illness seriously now? What is one reason why people hesitate to receive mental treatment?
|
[
"Psychological doctors charge too much.",
"They aren't aware of their mental illness.",
"They don't believe in doctors medical skills.",
"They are afraid of being looked down upon."
] | 3D
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Howling is a behavior commonly observed among a wolf nark. An animals, wolves work together to hunt and rely on howling was an important means of communication each other. There are different explants of a wolf's howl and it appears that there may be more to discover. One theory is that wolves howl to bend better together. It's almost as if howling together helps the pack stay together. Perhaps something similar to people feeling a sense of involvement with each other when singing a song together . But this theory may be wrong, explains Fred H. Harington, a professor who studies wolf behavior. Indeed, there have been tines when wolves have been seen one moment howling in a exhorts, and the next, quarreling anions each other. It appears that usually the lowest-tanking menthes of the pack may actually be "punished" for Joining in the churs at times. So is howling a way to strcagthen a social boad or just a way to reconfirm status among its members? ----Why do welves howl for sure? What is cleat, however, is that howling is often used among packmates to locate each other. Hunting grounds are distant and it happens that woloves may separate from one another at times. When this happens, howling appcars to be an ercellent means of gathering. Howling, interestingly, is a contagious behaviour. When one wolf starts to howl, very likely others will follow. This is often seen to occat in the morning, as if wolves were doing some sotr of "roll rall"where wolves all howl togeter to howl, very likely others will follow. This is often seen to occar in the morning, as if wolves were doing w some sotr of "roll call"where wolves all howl together to repotr their pteence. Reseatchers are sure that wolves often howl to _ .
|
[
"show their ranks",
"find their companion",
"report the missing ones",
"express their lonelingess"
] | 1B
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Which would likely require completing a circuit to play?
|
[
"tic tac toe",
"ping pong",
"hide and seek",
"PONG"
] | 3D
|
electrical_engineering
|
mmlu_labeled
|
the inability of a once breathing organism to function can be described as?
|
[
"a state of the union",
"a state of activity",
"a state of agility",
"a state of being dead"
] | 3D
|
anatomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
For the past many centuries, people had been enjoying the benefits of green tea for the body. Many people would prefer drinking green tea than white tea and black tea, simply because of its _ aroma not found in other types of tea. Nowadays, keeping the natural greenish color1 of tea leaves remained just like before. This is done by preparing the green tea just like the way it was prepared before--by washing the leaves right after pulling off them from the bush, then boiling them. There have been many healthful claims saying that drinking green tea-based products help a lot in improving the general health of their body. For a long time, there has been many beliefs saying that green tea can help, cure beriberi disease , treat wounds, and even prevent tiredness. Now modern technology determines that there are even added healthful benefits that include reducing the possibility of having a heart disease and helping people to lose more weight easily. Besides, studies have found out that green tea has Polyphenols , a type of flaonoid that greatly reduces the amount of time of cell maturation. The flavonoid found in green tea is called EGCg- a stronger matter than Vitamin C and E. It is believed to be 20 times stronger than these mentioned vitamins. Having two cups of green tea daily is a good routine for your body. However, most doctors would suggest drinking at least 4 cups a day is the best. You can slowly increase the amount of drinking it to allow your body to get used to it. There is nothing to lose but everything to gain in drinking green tea. It can be inferred from the passage that _ .
|
[
"drinking green tea has a history of thousands of years.",
"flavooid, a special vitamin, is made up of EGCg.",
"Vitamin C and E is 20 times stronger than EGCg.",
"drinking green tea has no bad effect but benefits."
] | 3D
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
In many sports, physical contact is part of the game. But when athletes hit their heads, the hit can cause concussions . Concussions have long been a concern for professional athletes, but they've become more common among young players too. Between 2001 and 2009, the number of kids under 19 visiting doctors for concussions each year increased by 62 percent. Engineers are developing new helmets , and new rules are limiting physical contact in some sports. But are these efforts enough to protect kids' brains? Concussions can happen during many types of activities. But sports like football and soccer are especially risky. When you run or jump, your body is moving at an increased speed. A sudden hit causes you to move faster in a different direction. "It's like when you're in a bus and it makes a sudden stop," says Dr. Kevin Crutchfield, an expert at a sports concussion center in Baltimore, Maryland. "You hit the inside of the bus." This hit damages the brain. It affects the way the brain functions. So some sports require athletes to wear helmets. Helmets help reduce the force of a hit. The hard outer shell spreads the force of larger area. Inside a helmet, a plastic or air-filled lining also helps soften the blow. Steve Rowson is an engineer at Virginia Tech. In his lab, he tests how helmets hold up against different types of hits. No helmet can prevent concussions completely, says Rowson. But he's found that when wearing a newer football helmet, the player's head doesn't gain speed as much after a hit. That lowers the risk of concussions. Many youth sports teams have set limits on physical contact to reduce the risk of concussions. In soccer, most concussions happen as a result of headers--shots or passes made with the head. That's why many people think kids shouldn't head the ball until high school. These efforts should help, says Crutchfield. But the best way to prevent long-term brain injuries, he says, is to stop playing immediately if you suffer concussion. "Protect yourself today so you can play again tomorrow." Dr. Crutchfield suggests that after receiving a concussion, young players should _ .
|
[
"never head the ball",
"avoid dangerous sports",
"play other kinds of sports",
"stop playing the sport for a while"
] | 3D
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
In which environment is white fur color an advantage for survival?
|
[
"desert",
"grassland",
"arctic tundra",
"temperate forest"
] | 2C
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
What is the temperature of the air on a cold, rainy day?
|
[
"41°C",
"41°F"
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
What do the energy resources uranium and coal have in common?
|
[
"They both are formed from the remains of dead organisms.",
"They both are acquired by mining the lithosphere.",
"They both release energy through combustion.",
"They both generate radioactive wastes."
] | 1B
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
Which object has the least thermal energy?
|
[
"a stick of butter at a temperature of 11°C",
"a stick of butter at a temperature of 6°C",
"a stick of butter at a temperature of 8°C"
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Earthworms live underground in the soil. As they move through the soil, they create tunnels. The tunnels help improve the soil. Plants grow better in soil that has earthworms. Which statement explains how earthworm tunnels help plants?
|
[
"Earthworm tunnels bring heat into the soil that warms plant roots.",
"Earthworm tunnels loosen the soil so plant roots can easily grow",
"Earthworm tunnels allow sunlight to reach the plant roots in the soil.",
"Earthworm tunnels create places where insects can hide and protect plant roots."
] | 1B
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
To switch or not to switch, that is the question.Google's announcement of its Nexus One smartphone happened over a week ago and I'm still receiving lots of e-mails from readers asking the same question: Should they give up their iPhone for the Nexus One? Some people with iPhones, disappointed by American Telephone&Telegraph's inadequate service and the high monthly cost, are wondering if they have really got something to replace it.Does the Nexus One offer the functions that Apple has led them to expect? I'm on the fence myself, even though I never thought I'd be interested in anything but the iPhone.From my experience using the Nexus One, and from talking to people who have made the change, it's not necessarily about the differences between the iPhone and the Nexus One.The phones are extremely similar in design and general feel.Instead, the decision can be made based on the software services you use on your desktop. My friend Chad Dickerson received a pre-launch Nexus One from Google three weeks ago.He said Google's phone feels connected to certain services on the Web in a way the iPhone doesn't."Compared to the iPhone, the Google phone feels like it's part of the Internet to me," he said."If you live in a Google world, you have that world in your pocket in a way that's cleaner and more connected than the iPhone." Personally, the phones work perfectly with their own software, but both of them don't make an effort to play well with other services. In Chad Dickerson's opinion, the Nexus One is _ the iPhone.
|
[
"better than",
"worse than",
"as good as",
"as bad as"
] | 0A
|
computer_security
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Half a year ago I came across a book called"Salt,Sugar and Fat. How the Food Giants Hooked US",but finished it only recently. I am far from being a fan of junk food,over-salty,or over-sweet stuff,and honestly this food doesn't appeal to me at all. Maybe it is related to the fact that I grew up in Russia and at that time we were not so exposed to the foreign, especially made in America foods. We knew Coca Cola,Pepsi,juice powder and Cheetos,but this stuff was not so cheap or available to buy it every day and we couldn't buy them in large quantities. We didn't know the word"fat"was not a bad thing but a normal of life for some people. We always had sweets and especially on holidays they were served as a dessert along with a cake. Russians like eating sweets when they drink tea. Even with my passion to desserts I still can'trelate myself to the people Michale Moss was writing about, those consumers who could not say"no" when it came to junk food. What I found interesting in the book was that the author didn't focus on diets, necessity to exercise,sleep well at night and all other things we all are pretty aware of. The aim was not to teach people how to live but instead,after having made a huge research,interviewed more than 100 people in the food industry,Moss reveals the ugly of the food business. It puts all the facts in front of us and offers a choice:to buy or not to buy. However,the answer was known at the very beginning. Moss mentions the well-known food like Coca,Cola,Pepsi,Nestle and some others and tells how skillfully the consumers can be cheated when it comes to choosing what to put in the food basket in the supermarket. We like this taste of a chocolate,the crispy chips,and sweet porridges because it was all put on test by groups of scientists who made experiments to reveal what kind of taste will be most appealing to us. It involves brain,of course. Apart from scientific researches, it was also due to successful marketing strategies and plans that people prefer to buy food. In this companies'money race,the most vulnerable victims are kids. They can't tell good from bad and love everything that makes them feel good. Commercial ads of fast food particularly targeted kids and played on the fact that mothers can't fully control what their children eat because they spent all day at work. Mothers themselves buy chocolates bars and com flakes for their kids,guided by a powerful brainwashing that actually,these products were not unhealthy, on the contrary, it was encouraged to give them to kids, because fat and sugar provide energy, so they are good,right? Giving a credit to some food companies, they made attempts to fight the trend, but consumers,who already worked a habit of eating too salty, too fatting and too sweet products,didn't react to the changes. So the companies returned to the old policy. Surprisingly,such behavior was strongly backed up by the govermment. I would definitely recommend reading this book not only to those who struggle in the battle with his addiction to fast food but also people living healthily. It casts light on many things,including how vulnerable we can be in front of corporations and their powerful and accurate marketing strategies. As to the book,the author might agree that _ .
|
[
"it is necessary for those who want to lose weight",
"people will give up fast food after reading it",
"it explains many things that we are not well aware of",
"it teaches people how to live a healthy life"
] | 2C
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Has anyone noticed how, with the passage of time, one's relationship with one's grown-up daughters and sons becomes changed? I've been aware of this for some time but I'm not quite sure how to deal with it. Take the kitchen sink for example. Following a family get-together at my place, I walked into the kitchen to find Kate, my daughter carefully cleaning the sink. "Don't do that; what are you doing that for?" I said, unhappy about the hidden criticism. "Mum," she said, "you really ought to put your glasses on when you clean the sink. Behind the tap here was black!" But it's not just things like kitchen sinks. Another time Kate arrived to pick me up to lunch. She looked at me and then asked, "Mum, why do you use brown eyebrow pencil when your hair is grey?" A sudden memory of her, aged 14, going to her first mixed party flooded back. She had come in to say goodbye. For a moment I thought she'd been an accident. Both eyes were black. I remember suggesting that perhaps a little less eye make-up might be more effective. Now I told her, "My hair used to be brown." "It looks absurd." "Mrs. Menzies had dark eyebrows with grey hair." "Yes, but you're not Mrs. Menzies, are you?" she said triumphantly, as if that proved her point. But a recent event made me realize that something really must be done. She had returned some for a few weeks before getting married. One evening I went out on a dinner date. By the time my companion left me at the front door, it was about 2am. As I stepped in, an angry figure in a white nightgown stopped me. "Well, what time of night is this to be coming home?" she shouted. "Where have you been? I've been worried sick!" Shades of the past come back to disturb me. But what should I do about all this? Nothing, probably. Maybe, after all, it's only a stage young people are going through. How does the mother feel after all these have happened?
|
[
"Shocked.",
"Proud.",
"Envious.",
"Confused."
] | 3D
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Early this morning, I got up to make a batch of Rice Krispie Treats for my neighbor across the hall. She barely greets me when we see each other, and her sweet little boy, who's now four, has picked up her mother's manner and will not talk to me, either. Last Monday, she had called the firefighters when a pan I'd forgotten on the stove caused my flat to fog up while I was out taking a walk. When I came home, the street in front of our apartment house was blocked by a police car, a fire truck and an ambulance! The instant I saw them, I remembered the pan! Luckily, nothing serious had happened, and all my neighbors agreed with the firefighter who said, "It could have happened to anyone." When I thanked the neighbor who had called the firefighters-let's call her Ivy-and apologized for causing the trouble, she just asked if my cats were all right.When I said they were fine, she said, "Well, that's ok then," and turned into her flat.l felt strangely safe, knowing that even though we don't get along, she'd done the right thing and didn't blame me.So, the Rice Krispie Treats. Last Christmas, my neighbor carelessly let it out that she was holding a grudge towards me because of an incident we'd had four years ago.I had particularly apologized and asked if there was anything I could do to improve our relationship. She would not accept my apology. It had taken me a lot of courage to apologize and ask that question instead of insisting that we both shared responsibility for what had happened.Her flat-out refusal to make amends really shocked and saddened me.After that, I decided I'd just leave her be-a relationship takes two to work.So, you see, I was really scared she was going to refuse my offer again, leaving me standing on her doorstep, facing the closed door and holding my plate of treats. I know some people have a hard time understanding how the possibility of rejection can make an adult so afraid, but that's just the way I felt. Then, I reminded myself of how loving and good I had felt yesterday when I'd done some random acts of kindness (thanks to helpothers.org), after telling myself: Feet the fear, and do it anyway! So I put the squares of Rice Krispie Treats on a beautiful plate, opened my apartment door-and there she was, standing in the hallway.I smiled and said, "Hi," but when she saw me, she turned on her heels and went back inside, even though she seemed to have just stepped out.I went after her, regardless, and quickly said, "I'm sorry, I've got something for you ! I just wanted to tell you how grateful I am that you were paying attention on Monday." When she heard me speaking, she turned around. As I held the plate towards her, explaining these were very sweet American treats, and that she could just try and see whether she and her family would like them, her eyebrows winged up-and she took the plate.l was so happy and excited.We then talked a bit about how she'd become aware of the smoke in my flat, and parted ways. Back in my place, I did a "happy dance", because I had dared to be kind even though I hadn't been sure at all my kindness would be welcome.I do hope that our relationship will slowly get better; I know I was and still am biased towards her at times, but even if we don't make amends, I want to be able to be kind without depending on other people's behaviors and reactions . What can we learn about the writer?
|
[
"She was a professional dancer.",
"She often had quarrels with her neighbor.",
"She had a bias against her neighbor sometimes.",
"She had an unpleasant experience at Christmas this year."
] | 2C
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
What information supports the conclusion that Philip inherited this trait?
|
[
"Philip's mother cuts his hair every month.",
"Philip's parents have blond hair. They passed down this trait to Philip."
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
It's Saturday morning and Tony's sitting at the kitchen table, staring into space and playing with a piece of bread. He's not even hungry. Is he ill? No, but he does have a problem. He has nothing to do and there's just one reason: the Internet is down and Tony has nothing to do. When he woke up this morning, Tony was feeling great. He jumped out of bed full of plans for the weekend ahead. It would be a weekend like any other--a great weekend. But that was before he turned on his computer and wasn't able to go online. No Internet changed everything. Just as Tony is wondering how he can possibly have a normal weekend without the Internet, his mum walks into the kitchen. "Is everything OK?" she asks. "No, mum, everything is definitely not OK," her sad son replies. "I can't go online and I have homework to finish." His mum laughs, "The word program is still working, so what's the problem?" What's the problem? Tony can't believe his own mother isn't able to see how serious the problem really is. To start with, he still needs to do research for his homework. He knows his mum will tell him to go to the library but he hates the library. It's so dark and uncomfortable. And forget homework--what about the rest of his weekend! Every weekend, he goes online to email friends. Then he reads the news to catch up on what's happening in the world. He plays a few online games and finishes the weekend off with an online chess game with his cousin Helen. The wonderful weekend-online! Now it's Saturday morning and he's not going to have access to the Internet for two whole days. When he found he couldn't surf the Internet, Tony felt _ .
|
[
"great",
"excited",
"sad",
"relaxed"
] | 2C
|
computer_security
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Compared to the amount of hereditary information in a human body cell, how much hereditary information is contained in a human sex cell?
|
[
"one-quarter the amount",
"one-half the amount",
"the same amount",
"twice the amount"
] | 1B
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text. The reader puts questions to the text and gets answers. In the light of these he puts further questions, etc. For most of the time this "conversation" goes on below the level of consciousness. At times, however, we become aware of it. This is usually when we are running into difficulties, when mismatch is occurring between our expectations and meaning of the text. When successful matching is being experienced, our questioning of the text continues at the unconscious level. Different people converse with the text differently. Some stay very close to the words on the pages; others take off imaginatively from the words, interpreting, criticizing, analyzing and examining. The former represents a kind of comprehension which is written in the text. The latter represents higher levels of comprehension. The balance between these is important, especially for the advanced readers. There is another conversation which from our point of view is equally important, and that has nothing to do with what is read but with how it is read. We call this a "process" conversation as opposed to "content" conversation. It is concerned not with meaning but with the strategies we employ in reading. If we are advanced reader our ability to hold a content conversation with text is usually well developed but not so our ability to hold a process conversation. It is just this kind of conversation that is of importance when we are seeking to develop our reading to meet the new demands being placed upon us by studying at a higher level. At a lower level of comprehension, readers tend to _ .
|
[
"read a text slowly",
"read without thinking hard",
"interpreting a text in their own way",
"concentrate on the meaning of words only"
] | 3D
|
college_computer_science
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Plastic is everywhere because plastic is an extremely useful material. It is cheap, strong and lightweight. What's more, it can take on nearly any form or shape, from soft and stretchy to hard and glasslike. Plastic, however, is far from perfect. It may even be bad for us. Studies now suggest that poisonous chemicals can get out of some types of plastic, get into our bodies, and cause a variety of health problems, including cancer, birth defects and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Two types of chemicals in particular have raised special concern lately. They are called phthalates and Bisphenol-A , BPA for short. Not all plastic products contain them. But the ones that do are surrounded by controversy . That's because experts disagree on how dangerous these chemicals are. Plastic is a single word, but plastic isn't just one thing. What all plastics share in common are plasticizers -- special chemicals that allow the material to be changed into nearly any shape or texture. Plasticizers are added to plastic during the manufacturing process. Phthalates and BPA are two types of plasticizers that work in different ways. Phthalates add softness to things like shampoo bottles, raincoats and rubber. They are also used in perfumes and makeup. BPA, on the other hand, gives a hard, clear, almost glasslike feel to products such as infant bottles. BPA also appears in food and soda cans, DVDs and other unexpected places. How do these chemicals get into us? When plastic is heated in the microwave or dishwasher, chewed on or scratched, the chemicals can seep out of the plastic. Even though we can't see them, we eat them, drink them and breathe them in. Scientists and parents are especially worried about young children, who tend to chew on everything, including plastic. Dozens of countries, including the European Union, Japan, Canada and Mexico have already banned phthalates from products made for children younger than three. California and Washington have done the same. And a number of other states are considering similar rules. As for BPA, Canada became the first country to ban the chemical from baby bottles. A dozen states are considering it. Phthalates and BPA can get into us _ .
|
[
"through mouth or nose",
"through blood transfusion",
"by feeling plastic products",
"by heating in the microwave"
] | 0A
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Ammie was only 18 months old when she had an accident that scarred her for life. While her mother was away for a moment , the curious baby reached up to a hot kettle in the kitchen and poured boiling water all over her body. An ambulance was called and rushed the baby to nearby hospital . About 20 percent of Ammie's body had been burned and all of her burns were third degree. The doctors could tell immediately that Ammie's best chance of survival was specialized burns unit some miles away at Glasgow Royal hospital. There , using tissue taken from unburned areas of Ammie's body, surgeons performed complex skin grafts to close her wounds and control her injuries , an operation that took about six hours. Over the next 16 years, Ammie underwent 12 more operations to repair her body. When she started school at the age of 4 , other pupils made cruel comments or simply wouldn't play with her . "I was the only burned child in the street , the class and the school," she recalls, "Some children refused to become friends with me because of that." Today , age 17 , Ammie can only ever remember being a burned person with scars ; pain is a permanent part of her life, she is still awaiting two further operations. Yet she is a confident, outgoing teenager who offers inspiration and hope to other young burnt victims. Ammie's parents have been a great support to her. "They told me of people had a problem with my burns, the problem with my burns, the problem was theirs not mine," says Ammie. "They taught me to cope with other people's reactions and constantly reminded me I was valued and loved." Ammie's positive attitude to life means she is often contacted by burns charities , helping younger patients build their self-respect to live with permanent scars. Now she is a member the Scottish Burned Children's Club. "Ammie provides so much encouragement for the younger ones. She is optimistic and outgoing and a perfect role model for them , " say Donald Todd, chairman of the club. This month , Ammie will join some younger children on a summer camp. "I'll show them how to _ unkind stares from others , " she says. Ammie loves wearing fashionable sleeveless tops , and she plans to show the children at the summer camp that they can too. "I don't go to great lengths to hide my scars , " she says . "I gave up wondering how other people would react years ago." Ammie was taken to Glasgow Royal hospital because _ .
|
[
"it was the nearest hospital to her home",
"it was the only hospital curing her burns",
"surgeons there were skilled at performing skin grafts",
"it was a local hospital excellent at treating burns"
] | 3D
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
The physicians in a hospital form the center of medical staff. But they could not provide effective medical care to their patients without the help of numerous other medical employees. From the viewpoint of the patients, the nursing staff is particularly important. Nurses are usually in close contact with patients as long as they are in the hospital. A nurse does not study for as many years as a doctor. however, each must be equally dedicated. Caring for sick persons requires a great deal of patience and concern. Most nurses work long days, and they often must work at odd hours or during the night. Under the supervision of the head nurse, the nursing staff must provide nursing services on a 24-hour basis and attend to patients' needs. This responsibility continues around the clock, and so nurses must work in shifts. A shift is a period of duty, usually eight in length. The nurses on the ward rotate their shifts. Some take turns working night duty; others work odd shifts. A nurse must always be alert. She can never afford to be careless. This is true in all nursing situation, but it is especially true in the intensive care unit. Patients under intensive care are critically ill, and they must be monitored at all times. The nurses who do intensive care duty have one of the most demanding jobs in the hospital. Serving as a nurse can be a very rewarding job. But it is not an easy one. Not every person is suited to become a nurse. Only very dedicated people have chosen nursing as a profession. What kind of person is suited to become a nurse?
|
[
"A very careful person.",
"An able person.",
"A very dedicated person.",
"A specially trained person."
] | 2C
|
professional_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Can you remember the day when you spoke your first words? If you can, you are unusual. Try to think what the first months of your life were like. I'm sure you just spent most of your time eating, sleeping and crying. As you grew older, your parents spent more time playing with you and talking to you. You watched and listened. You began to know that people make some sounds to go with some things. Then you began to cry to make sounds you heard. And step by step you were able to make the right sound for one thing. On that day you came to understand the secret of the language. The secret is that a certain sound means a certain thing. Only when a group of people use the same set of sounds of things can they understand each other, so these people have a language. After you found the secret of language, you learnt words. Some of the words mean things, like books, chairs and shops. Some of the words mean _ , for example, go and swim. Soon you learnt to put words together to share your idea, like "I want to go out and play with my friends." This is language. By the way of language, people can communicate . So we say languages mean sharing. Which of the following is TRUE?
|
[
"Language is easy to learn.",
"You learn language by reading at first.",
"You couldn't learn language without parents.",
"Language means sharing."
] | 3D
|
elementary_mathematics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
In which environment is white fur color an advantage for survival?
|
[
"desert",
"grassland",
"arctic tundra",
"temperate forest"
] | 2C
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Organic foods are foods produced according to strict guidelines set forth by the government. These guidelines state that organic foods must be produced without modern man-made processes and materials, such as man-made pesticides and chemical fertilizers . For most of history, almost all foods were organic. However, during the 20th century, the principles of the Industrial Revolution were applied to agriculture. This led to the development of many man-made processes that were believed to improve farming techniques. In other words, small farms grew larger as the ideas that were used by factories and big business were put into action to grow more food. Over time, the organic movement started to get back to the old, traditional methods of farming. Those in favor of organic foods believe that man-made chemicals and pesticides used in modern farming can be harmful to your health. They also believe that organic foods are more nutritious . If you go to the store, you will notice that organic foods may be more expensive than non-organic foods. Are organic foods worth the extra cost? Some people believe they are. Despite the lack of scientific findings to support their thoughts, many people still prefer organic foods because they think they taste better, while others don't care much about that because they say they haven't found out the differences. If you wonder whether you should choose an organic food instead of a non-organic one, the best thing you can do is to try it by yourself and see which you prefer. Although organic foods were once only available in health food stores, you can find them today at most stores. According to this passage, we'd better _ .
|
[
"buy food in health food stores",
"try to eat non-organic foods",
"eat both organic and non-organic foods",
"make a choice depending on our preference"
] | 3D
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Complete the statement.
Rubidium chloride is ().
|
[
"an elementary substance",
"a compound"
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
My 13-year-old daughter Lisa remembers birthdays, makes people cards when they are sick, and sends encouraging notes written in colored pens in her neat, artistic hand. One day I got a call from her principal, "I called to tell you that in 20 years of teaching I have seen nothing like what Lisa did today", he said I held my breath again as I thought, my Lisa? My sweet daughter? She must be the wrong kid. What could she have done? My silence made him go on. "I've never seen a student do anything so nice for anyone who needed it more." "What did she do?" I asked. He explained to me about the cupcakes . When Lisa came home from school that afternoon, I told her the principal from her school had phoned me. "Yeah", she answered, "I got called out of math class to go to his office. Everyone thought I was in trouble, but he just wanted to know what was going on at lunch." Lisa and Ashley had sat with Jordan, a boy who is in special classes. They talked about birthdays, and Lisa asked Jordan when his birthday was. He told her it was coming up but that he lives in a group home and they don't celebrate birthdays there. "I remembered his birthday was today, so I made the cupcakes yesterday," Lisa explained. "Ashley bought a two-liter bottle of soda and some birthday cups, plates, and napkins left over from her little brother's party, and we got some other kids together at lunch today to sing 'Happy Birthday' to Jordan." "The principal wanted to know why they were having a birthday party for Jordan at school. When they told him, he just shook his head, took off his glasses, and rubbed his eyes," Lisa told me. "Finally, he said he was going to tell my parents that I wasn't in trouble, he was proud of what I did, and I could go back to math class." How different my daughter was from me. Better, in fact! I wouldn't have ever known how to help out disadvantaged kids like that. But my wise daughter knew how-- all it took was cupcakes and adventurous , independent , kind spirit. How did Lisa and Ashley celebrate Jordan's birthday?
|
[
"They bought him a beautiful birthday cake.",
"They brought him food and drinks from home.",
"They invited Jordan's parents to the birthday lunch.",
"They had the principal sing \"Happy Birthday\" to Jordan."
] | 1B
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Which of these animals is most likely to be found living and feeding on the forest floors of Virginia?
|
[
"Bat",
"Trout",
"Deer mouse",
"Golden eagle"
] | 2C
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
How long is a tennis court?
|
[
"75 yards",
"75 feet",
"75 inches",
"75 miles"
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
If you were on the street in Mexico today you might think you were in an operating room, surrounded by doctors. You could see many concerned people with masks trying their best to stop the swine flu . And the masks aren't only being used in Mexico. A friend of mine traveling from New York City to Florida was given a mask and a pair of gloves just after he reached the airport. And another friend went to get a haircut only to be faced with a hairdresser wearing a mask! But do the masks really work? Is covering your nose and mouth the key to stopping the swine flu? To find out the truth, ABC's reporter Sharyn Alfonsi talked with germ expert Dr. Elaine Larsen. It turns out that when you sneeze the air coming out of your mouth at a speed of one hundred miles per hour carries germs which can travel anywhere around you and make people around you infected . However, whether you become infected actually depends on the weather. As Sharyn reported, when you sneeze, the germs leave your body in small drops of water coming out of your mouth. If the weather is wet, the wet air will make the small drops bigger and heavier and they drop down towards our feet. If this happens, we won't become infected. But if the air is dry, those small drops can float higher up, making it possible for them to touch someone else's nose, mouth or their mask. Larsen says the masks can stop the germs well but after a few hours, they start to get wet, holding a lot of germs they come across and causing you to breathe them in. The masks do work, but the key to stopping the germs is changing your masks often. If you keep wearing a mask for a long time, _ .
|
[
"the mask will be old and worn out",
"you'll love the feeling of wearing it",
"germs will be kept away from you",
"it will be easy for you to be infected"
] | 3D
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Whenever we turn on the TV or radio, read the newspapers, surf the Internet, we'll be surrounded by the word "diet" everywhere. We have so easily been attracted by the promise of diet products that we have stopped thinking about what diet products are doing to us. We are paying for products that harm us psychologically and physically. It's obvious that diet products weaken us psychologically. They allow us to jump over the thinking stage that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight, but in controlling the consumption of fat. All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word "diet" in food labels. What's more, diet products have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink, we are telling ourselves that we don't have to work to get results.Diet products make people believe that gain comes without pain, and that life can be without resistance and struggle. As a matter of fact, the danger that diet products bring not only lies in the psychological effects they have on us, but also in the physical harm they cause. Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calorie. oaly because the diet industry has created chemicals to produce these wonder products, And they can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are stopping our bodies having basic nutrients. Diet products may not be nutritional, and the chemicals that go into diet products are potentially dangerous. Losing weight lies in the power of minds, not in the power of chemicals. Think twice before buying diet products. Once we realize this, we will be much better able to resist diet products, 3rd therefore, prevent the psychological and physical harm that comes from using them. Diet products indirectly harm people physically because such products
|
[
"are over-consumed",
"are short of basic nutrients",
"lack chemicals",
"provide too much energy"
] | 1B
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
There is a huge demand for shark fins in Asian countries. As a result, many sharks are caught and killed. In Palau, where more than half of tourists are drawn by diving excursions, each reef shark brings in about $179,000 in tourism revenue annually, or about $1.9 million during its lifetime. Due to overexploitation and lack of proper management, many shark species are under considerable risk of unrecoverable decline with some species having declined to near extinction in recent years. According to reports, sharks are being killed at an alarming rate of up to 273 million worldwide per year. Some experts predict that if the killing continues at the current rate many shark species will be lost forever. It can be very dangerous. Sharks are very important and they should be protected. In a study of the east coast of the United States, 11 species of sharks were eliminated from their range. Of the 14 species of ocean life that those sharks used to eat, the populations of 12 exploded and caused great damage to the ecosystem. For example, the cownose ray population was no longer kept under control by sharks and so grew out of control. As a result, the rays destroyed the population of bay scallops , their favorite food. The scallop fishery, which had been in good condition for over 100 years, was wiped out. Also, the removal of the scallops most likely had an effect on water quality as they were no longer there to perform their function of cleaning the water. Sharks play a vital role in the oceans in a way that the average fish does not. Most sharks serve as top predators at the pinnacle of the marine food pyramid, and so play a critical role in ocean ecosystems. Directly or indirectly they regulate the natural balance of these ecosystems. Sharks tend to eat very efficiently, going after the old, sick, or slower fish in a population, keeping that population healthy. Sharks help keep many populations of ocean life to the right size so that those prey species don't cause harm to the ecosystem by becoming too populated. The ocean ecosystem is made up of very complex food webs. For the most part, sharks are at the top of these webs and are considered by scientists to be"keystone"species, meaning that removing them may cause the whole structure to fall apart, including key fisheries such as tuna and other important fish species that maintain the health of coral reefs. Therefore, we should protect sharks because doing so is to protect the whole ecosystem. What's the main reason for killing sharks in Asia?
|
[
"Shark fins are in great need.",
"People kill them out of fear.",
"Sharks often attack swimmers.",
"Sharks break the balance of the sea."
] | 0A
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
A person eats some berries in them while camping in one location. In another location, miles away, they defecate outdoors. A result of this is
|
[
"seeds dying",
"berry pips relocating",
"crows hoarding",
"people coughing"
] | 1B
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
You might not know it, but there is something wonderful at your fingertips. You can make people happier, healthier and more hard-working just by touching their arms or holding their hands. Doctors say that body contact is a kind of medicine that can work wonders. When people are touched, the quantity of hemoglobin -a type of matter that produces the red color in blood increases greatly. This results in more oxygen reaching every part of the body and the whole body benefits. In experiments, bottle-fed baby monkeys were separated from their mothers for the first ten days of life. They became sad and negative. Studies showed the monkeys were more probable to become ill than other babies that were allowed to stay with their mothers. Human babies react in much the same way. Some years ago, a scientist noticed that some well-fed babies in a clean nursery became weak. Yet babies in another nursery were growing healthily, even though they ate less well and were not kept as clean. The reason, he concluded, was that they often had touches from nurses. Experiments show that most people like being touched. And nearly all doctors believe touch helps to reduce patients' fear of treatment. Of course there is time when a touch is not welcome. But even if we don't like being touched, a smile can make us feel better. Smiling increases blood flow and starts the production of "happy brain" chemicals. So let's have a big smile and don't forget to keep in touch. The best title for the passage might be _ .
|
[
"Why People Touch",
"Smile and Touch",
"Wonders of Touch",
"Touch or Not"
] | 2C
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Almost everyone suffers from a headache occasionally. But some people suffer from repeated, frequent headaches. What is headache? What causes it? What can be done about a headache? What research is being done on headaches? The dictionary defines headache simply as "a pain in the head." What most people mean by headache is a pain which lasts several minutes or hours. It covers the whole head, or one side of it, or perhaps the front or the back of the head. To add to the confusion about a definition, some people call tight feeling in the head a headache. A headache is important because it can be the first warning of a serious condition which probably could be controlled if discovered early. If a person removes the warning, day after day, with a pain-killer, he may pass the point of easy control. The professional name for covering up a symptom is "masking" (,). A headache specialist once said, "Masking symptoms is not the best way of treatment." He compared taking a pain-killer for a headache before a cause is known with taking iron pills for anemia while bleeding continues undiscovered. He added, "Sometimes it is wiser to stand still than to advance in darkness. A headache is important also because it interferes needlessly with normal, happy living. The employee with a headache does less work. In a flash of temper he may upset his fellow workers or customers, causing a direct of indirect loss to his organization. The mother with a headache suffers and disturbs the family. She upsets her husband and children. What's the main idea of the passage?
|
[
"Specialists know what a headache is.",
"What's a headache and its effect.",
"Everyone suffers from a headache occasionally.",
"A headache can warn you of something serious."
] | 1B
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Make new friends, but keep the old. One is silver, and the other gold. This song expresses a nice rule: increasing friends. Sometimes things actually work out that way. I've met adults who've said, "We've been friends since kindergarten!" A friend who has known you forever is a treasure. But friendships don't always last -- especially for children. When I was growing up, my family moved about every three years. The advantage of this was that I got to see different parts of the world, and it made my family very close. I also learned to be pretty good at making new friends, and, to keep in touch with old friends, I became a great letter writer. But I always admired those kids who stayed in one place and kept their friends for a long time. I didn't learn that children's friendships can disappear even when no one moves until I was much older, with children of my own. Sometimes friendships end in quarrels and hurt feelings. But perhaps the most painful end to a friendship is the one-sided rejection -- one friend turns away, or chooses someone else as a close friend, and the other child is left feeling sad and wondering why this thing happened. The end of a friendship is often sad, but it's not necessarily a bad thing. Often the end of one friendship makes more room for other friendships to grow. What is the most painful end to a friendship?
|
[
"Friends quarrel with each other.",
"Friends each have grown up.",
"Friends stand apart.",
"One friend ends friendship himself."
] | 3D
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Have you ever wondered why birds sing? Maybe you thought that they were just happy. After all, you probably sing or whistle when you are happy. Some scientists believe that birds do sing some of the time just because they are happy. However, they sing most of the time for a very different reason. Their singing is actually a warning to other birds to stay out of their territory. Do you know what a 'territory' is? A territory is an area that an animal, usually the male, claims as its own. Only he and his family are welcome there. No other families of the same species are welcome. Your yard and house are your territory where only your family and friends are welcome. If a stranger enter your territory and threaten you, you may shout. Probably this is enough to frighten him away. If so, you have actually scared the stranger away without having to fight him. A bird does the same thing. But he expects an outsider almost any time, especially at nesting season. So he is screaming all the time, whether he can see an outsider or not. This screaming is what we call a bird's song, and it is usually enough to keep an outsider away. Birds sing loudest in the spring when they are trying to attract a mate and warn others not to enter the territory of theirs. You can see that birds have a language of their own. Most of it has something to do with attracting mates and setting up territories. What is a bird's 'territory'?
|
[
"A place where families of other species are not accepted.",
"A place where a bird may shout at the top of its voice.",
"An area for which birds fight against each other.",
"An area which a bird considers to be its own."
] | 3D
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Have you ever trained your brain ? Now there are some new suggestions, such as eating dark chocolate and having cold meat for breakfast. You should also avoid watching soap operas, spending time with people who complain or follow fat-free diets, according to a new book on getting "brain-fit". Many of the suggestions in Teach Yourself Training Your Brain are surprising. The book says to read out loud while holding a baby. Writers Terry Horne and Simon Wootton say their advice is from the latest research by experts around the world. "For years we have thought our brain capability is decided by our genes . But it's now clear that it depends on our lifestyle. What we eat and drink, how we learn at school and what type of feelings we have are all important," said Horne. The book talks about the most up-to-date thinking in science about how diet, the environment, stress and other sides of modern life affect our brain capacity. It also offers advice and exercises. _ Horne believes that people need to make changes to their lifestyles to increase their brain capacity Happiness, confidence and an optimistic nature help the brain, he added. "So mix with people who make you laugh, or share the same interests as you. And avoid people who complain," said Horne. "People who are negative will make you sad, which means you won't achieve things." What's the book Teach Yourself Training Your Brain mainly about?
|
[
"How people's brain capability works",
"Exercises to improve brain capability",
"Some scientific and healthy diets",
"How to improve people's brain capability"
] | 3D
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Cats like climbing trees and there are logical reasons behind this behavior. Interestingly, due to some of their physical features, cats will meet trouble getting down from the trees after climbing up, which may seem unusual. There are several reasons why cats climb trees, mostly to do with defensive purposes. Cats, as predators , like to understand their environment well. As they are small animals, their scope of vision is considerably smaller. Cats often climb trees to get a better view of their surroundings to help them see any potential dangers. While cats are predators, they are also easy to get attacked from larger animals, such as dogs or even other cats. A tree often provides a safe hiding place. In the wild, cars climb up trees to give them a resting or napping place that is out of predators' range. It also helps disguise their presence. Some cats may climb trees for fun, on occasion, or possibly to work on improving their climbing abilities. Small cats frequently test out their claw skills by trying to climb up anything and everything, from bookcases to trees to a person's leg. Climbing practice is good for cats; it can improve their strength and flexibility and teach them an important defensive skill. If a cat has gotten up a tree and cannot get down, the owner may wonder why its remarkable climbing abilities only work in one direction. A cat's claws curve inward, allowing it to grip onto surfaces while going up head first. Unfortunately, this useful climbing curve does nothing to help the animal get back down again. Eventually, most trapped cats will either jump out of the tree or realize that they can get down by going tail first. Either way, a cat up a tree is usually nothing to worry about; they are intelligent animals and will figure out how to get down sooner or later. What should you do when you see a cat trapped in a tree?
|
[
"Just let it alone.",
"Lead it down patiently.",
"Teach it the right way to get down.",
"Watch it closely until it comes down."
] | 0A
|
anatomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
FIVE Americans _ the three Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine last week. It was the first American sweep of the Nobel science prizes since 1983. It's rare for Americans not to receive any of the science prizes, especially in recent years. In 2004, seven Americans were among the 10 laureates for the science prizes. Last year, the figure was five out of 10. The huge sums of money invested in scientific research is one factor that has helped many Americans to win awards. Another reason is the vast number of researchers working in the US. American universities also often have a more "creative university environment"where people can focus on research for a long period without any pressure, said Anders Liljas, member of the Nobel Committee. New hope for AIDS patients? AMERICAN scientists Craig Mello (top) of the University of Massachusetts Medical School and Andrew Fire (above) of Stanford University School of Medicine won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine last Monday. Their discovery is a process that researchers hope to use to silence disease-causing genes . It offers new ways for disease treatment. Scientists now hope to develop a new technique that could be used to treat diseases, such as cancers, AIDS and Parkinson's disease. Like father, like son? AS the son of a Nobel Prize winning professor, Roger D. Kornberg (left) had a lot to live up to. But, nearly half a century after his father, won his award, Kornberg, 59, a Stanford University professor, won his own last Wednesday: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry. His research into how cells read their genes is very important. It could help lead to the development of new drugs to fight cancer , heart disease and other illnesses, experts said. First light of the universe TWO Americans won the Nobel Prize in Physics last Tuesday for measuring the oldest light in the heavens. It is considered as "one of the greatest discoveries of the century". It convinced scientists that the Big Bang theory of the universe's origin is correct. George F. Smoot (top), 61, of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, and John C. Mather (above), 60, of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Centre, will share the US$1.4 million prize for their work. Beginning in 1989, they measured weak light that originated as early as 380,000 years after the Big Bang. The passage is probably taken from _ .
|
[
"a science report",
"a news report",
"a history lecture",
"an advertisement"
] | 1B
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
An example of how sunlight is a source of light from the sun is
|
[
"weather being variable",
"raising temps",
"windmills producing energy",
"frogs croaking"
] | 1B
|
high_school_physics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Drink drivers could be prohibited from driving under the influence if new technology from Nissan is introduced. The Japanese car maker has developed a new odor detection system designed to prevent drivers from operating a car if they are over the legal limit. The system works by using a series of sensors to detect the level of alcohol the driver has consumed. A high-sensitivity alcohol odor sensor is built into the gear stick , which is able to detect the presence of the driver's palm as he or she attempts to start driving. If the alcohol level detected is above a pre-determined limit, the system automatically locks the transmission , immobilizing the car. A voice alert is also issued via the car navigation system telling the driver that he or she is over the limit. Extra sensors are also placed in the driver and passenger seats and a warning is issued if these sensors detect the presence of alcohol in the air inside the vehicle cabin. While still in the developmental stage the concept of drink driving detectors being built into cars has generally been welcomed by many drivers. Nissan said the technology is part of a project aimed at halving the number of fatalities and serious injuries in Nissan cars by 2015 compared to 2005 levels. What's the main idea of the passage?
|
[
"Nissan will release drink-proof cars.",
"Traffic accidents will be decreased.",
"A project halving the number of accidents.",
"A new odor detection system."
] | 0A
|
computer_security
|
mmlu_labeled
|
While Jennifer was at home taking an online exam for her business law class, a monitor a few hundred miles away was watching her every move. Using a web camera equipped in Jennifer's Los Angeles apartment, the monitor in Phoenix tracked how frequently her eyes moved from the computer screen and listened for the secret sounds of a possible helper in the room. Her Internet access was locked - remotely - to prevent Internet searches , and her typing style was analyzed to make sure she was who she said she was: Did she enter her student number at the same speed as she had in the past? Or was she slowing down? In the battle against cheating, this is the _ and a key to encourage honesty in the booming field of online education. The technology gives trust to the entire system, to the institution and to online education in general. Only with solid measures against cheating, experts say, can Internet universities show that their exams and diplomas are valid - that students haven't just searched the Internet to get the right answers. Although online classes have existed for more than a decade, the concern over cheating has become sharper in the last year with the growth of "open online courses." Private colleges, public universities and corporations are jumping into the online education field, spending millions of dollars to attract potential students, while also taking steps to help guarantee honesty at a distance. Aside from the web cameras, a number of other high-tech methods are becoming increasingly popular. Among them are programs that check students' identities using personal information, such as the telephone number they once used. Other programs can produce unique exam by drawing on a large list of questions and can recognize possible cheaters by analyzing whether difficult test question are answered at the same speed as easy ones. As in many university classes, term papers are scanned against some large Internet data banks for cheating. For Internet universities, exams and diplomas will be valid if _ .
|
[
"they can attract potential students",
"they can defeat academic cheating",
"they offer students online help",
"they offer many online courses"
] | 1B
|
computer_security
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Susan, the US My best friend is Fanny. She is clever and interesting. We always look after each other. The first week we met, I got sick and she looked after me every day. Betty, England My best friend's Ana. She is honest and serious. We were born in the same city in England. Then I moved to America with my family. I thought I would never see Ana again. When I went to college in New York,, Ana and I shared the same room! Ken, Japan I love to spend time with Daisuke because he is funny and smart. We enjoy talking about the funny things we did when we were children , and tell the same stupid jokes over and over again. Lily , Australia Linda is very confident girl and she is really kind. Some people may wonder why Linda and I are best friends because we are totally different, but I think this is why we are such good friends. Who is Susan's best friend?
|
[
"Ana",
"Fanny",
"Linda",
"Daisuke"
] | 1B
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Jerry Green went to spend a year at the South Pole Station as the only doctor in 1998 when she 47. While working at the station that March. she discovered that there was a hard lump in her stomach. She knew it was cancer, but she wasn't able to go to a doctor for help. She couldn't leave the station for the next seven until the snow thawed. Dr. Green didn't wait for the death. But decided to fight against the cancer. She tried to about the lump to a hospital in the United States. The doctors said it was cancer. Without the proper wouldn't live for long. Soon a USA airplane came to provide her with some help. She started her own treatments after getting instructions from American doctors. She finally spent the long winter there before she returned home that October .Since then, she had become a incubus in support of cancer charities. She also wrote a best-selling book called Ice Bound. Sadly, Dr. Green's cancer finally returned. She died on June 23.2009. When did she start her own treatments?
|
[
"After searching the Internet.",
"After getting instructions from A merit an doctors.",
"After hearing from her paw law",
"After becoming a member in support of cancer charities."
] | 1B
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Do you love holidays but hate the increase weight that follows? You are not alone. Holidays are happy days with pleasure and delicious foods . Many people , however , are worried about the weight that comes along with the delicious foods . With proper planning , though , it is possible to control your weight . The idea is to enjoy the holidays but not to eat too much . You don't have to turn away from the foods that you enjoy . The following suggestions may be of some help to you . Do not miss meals . Before you leave home for a feast ,have a small , low-fat snack . This may help to keep you from getting too excited before delicious foods . Begin with clear soup and fruit or vegetables . A large glass of water before you eat may help you feel full . Use a small plate ; a large plate will encourage you to have more than enough . Better not have high-fat foods . Dishes that look oily or creamy have much fat in them . Choose lean meat . Fill your plate with salad and green vegetables. If you have a sweet tooth , try mints and fruits .They don't have fat content as cream and chocolate. Don't let exercise take a break during the holidays. A 20-minute walk after a meal can help burn off excess calories . In order to really enjoy your holidays without putting on weight , you'd better _ .
|
[
"drink much water and have vegetables only",
"not eat much food in high-fat",
"not accept invitations to feasts",
"turn away from delicious foods"
] | 1B
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Twenty years ago, Oliver's back injury ruined her childhood dream of becoming a ballet dancer. But the injury led her to t'ai chi when Oliver saw a poster for a t'ai chi class and decided to try the mysterious Chinese sport."I was active and could not bear resting in bed and I thought I had to find some way to recover,"she recalls. She was struck by the beautiful movements and the"nice, patient instructor--Nelson", who later became her husband. The couple opened a t'ai chi school in the UK. But they soon found themselves in a bottleneck. So the couple decided to move to China. They taught English in universities and learned t'ai chi under various masters. After years of practice, Oliver found her occasional backaches had disappeared. But three years after moving to China to pursue their dream, Nelson died, bringing her much pain. She thought of quitting, but considering the career in which her husband took pride, she stuck to it. She says her t'ai chi"family"-- the masters and students -- also provided great support, including her then tutor Dong Bing. She speaks of their first meeting:"I had been told that his skill was of a very high level and for some reason I had a mental image of a powerful, big man. But my fellow pointed to a small, thin old gentleman, sitting on the ground. Then a sudden feeling of pleasure hit me. Of course this was exactly the kind of person who would be a t'ai chi master -- the last person you could imagine. His idea is that one should not pursue wealth and fame but should endeavor to be happy and share one's knowledge and wisdom with others." Following the master, Oliver now learns to live a simple life -- one perhaps more traditional than many Chinese. She does t'ai chi in the morning , makes kung fu tea for guests and draws ink-wash bamboo paintings. She spends her time outside t'ai chi attending cultural exchange events. What's Oliver's attitude towards Dong Bing?
|
[
"Appreciative.",
"Doubtful.",
"Supportive.",
"Satisfied."
] | 0A
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Which energy conversion happens when a person shivers and the energy is transferred to make the muscles and joints move?
|
[
"kinetic energy to potential energy",
"heat energy to kinetic energy",
"potential energy to chemical energy",
"chemical energy to mechanical energy"
] | 3D
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
As more people have moved to the beach, the sea turtle population has decreased. Which is most likely the cause of this decrease?
|
[
"tropical storms",
"increase in predators",
"habitat loss",
"warmer temperatures"
] | 2C
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
China news, Beijing, Feb. 9 - Housing price in China has always aroused heated discussions among property developers and ordinary Chinese. To many property developers and local government officials, housing price in China is still low compared with many developed countries. However, the average housing price in the United States is only 8,000 yuan per square meter, while in China, it is even higher than in the United States. This shows that there are some bubbles in Chinese real estate market, the International Finance News reported. Although the average price of residential houses in the United States, after converted to Renminbi, is about 8,000 yuan per square meter, the houses in US are not sold in terms of building area, as most Chinese property developers do when they sell their houses. If US property developers sell their houses according to the building area, then the housing price will be even lower than 8,000 yuan per square meter. In most big Chinese cities, such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen, houses are sold at a price even higher than those in the US. The high housing sales price in large cities in China proves that Chinese real estate market does have some bubbles. Moreover, Chinese houses can not be compared with houses in US in terms of building quality, environment and supporting facilities. Furthermore, it should be noted that American people's average income is several dozen times higher than that of Chinese people. How can the Chinese afford to buy a house which is even more expensive than that sold in US? At the beginning of 2007, Chinese government issued a set of policies that aimed to benefit the public. Now in order to reduce the high housing prices, the government can regulate the real estate market by raising tax on property industry and controlling the release of loans and lands to property developers. At the same time, the government should allow people to build more houses through various fund-raising channels, such as funds collected from buyers or raised by working units. By applying these multiple means, it is expected that the high housing prices can be lowered. What is the average housing price per square meter in China?
|
[
"8000 yuan",
"10000 yuan",
"7000 yuan",
"It's not mentioned here"
] | 3D
|
high_school_macroeconomics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
The structures found in a living cell can be compared to the parts of a factory that produces cars. Which part of the factory is most similar to the nucleus of a living cell?
|
[
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D"
] | 2C
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
Which upgrade to a school will most likely reduce the school's consumption of nonrenewable resources?
|
[
"solar-collection panels",
"high-speed computers",
"wireless Internet connections",
"biodegradable carpeting"
] | 0A
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
Your immune system would be less effective if you didn't get enough of this
|
[
"fake vitamin C",
"green gummy bears",
"unconscious time",
"computer time"
] | 2C
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
What do these two changes have in common?
silver jewelry tarnishing
baking cookies
|
[
"Both are only physical changes.",
"Both are caused by heating.",
"Both are chemical changes.",
"Both are caused by cooling."
] | 2C
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
A good deal of fascinating research has been done about the reading patterns of young people,and it is surprising to discover at what an early age children start expressing preferences for particular kind of books. A recent report,which examined in detail the reading habits of primary-school children.showed that even seven-year-old boys and girls have clear views about what they want to read. Girls,in general,read more,and far more girls than boys preferred reading stories. Boys were showing a taste for the more instant appeal of picture stories,or else books about their hobbies. These tastes continue unchanged until the children are teenagers. Apparently girls read more in general,but more fiction in particular .You could say that there are more opportunities for girls to read fiction:magazines encourage the fiction habit in girls in their early teens,and by their late teens they have probably moved on to the adult women's magazines.Teenage boys tend to buy magazines about their hobbies:motorcycles,heavy transport and to on. Adult reading tastes are also the subject of research.Again the number of women who read for pleasure is considerably higher than the number of men. It seems that the majority of women still want love stories.There has also been some analysis of what men actually read Apparently only 38 percent of men read anything,but 50 percent of what they read is fiction in the form of action-packed stories of space or gunmen If we have a close look at the reading habits of boys and girls we'll find that _
|
[
"girls are more interested in fiction than boys",
"girls are more interested in action-packed stories than boys",
"boys read much more than girls",
"boys have no interest in fiction"
] | 0A
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
The human skin plays an important role in a variety of organ systems. Which organ system is least likely to have a direct interaction with the skin?
|
[
"digestive",
"excretory",
"immune",
"nervous"
] | 0A
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
Should e-cigarettes (electronic cigarettes) be a new choice for the smokers trying to get rid of the habit? Reactions from Americans are mixed. More than half of the people questioned in a survey think e-cigarettes should be controlled by the US Food and Drug Administration, but 47 percent believe the e-cigarettes should be available to the smokers who want to quit. "In the hunt for a safter cigarette, e-cigarettes are becoming a popular choice among those either trying to quit."or looking to replace standard tobacco smoke with an alternative that manufacturers claim to be safer, "Zogby International, which conducted the survey, said in a statement. About half of the 4,611 adults who took part in the survey had heard about e-cigarettes, which are battery-powered, or rechargeable cigarettes that vaporize a liquid nicotine solution. They do not produce smoke but a water vapor without smell. Sold mostly on the Internet, e-cigarettes were first made in China. Last year the World Health Organization (WHO) warned against using e-cigarettes, saying there was no evidence to prove they were safe or helped smokers break the habit. The WHO said people who smoke e-cigarettes breathe in a fine fog of nicotine into the lungs. Nearly a third of people questioned in the survey think that e-cigarettes should be allowed in places where smoking is forbidden, because they don't produce smoke, but 46 percent disagree. Men who were aware of the availability of e-cigarettes were more likely than woman to say they should be a choice available to smokers who want to quit. Young people, aged 18-29, and singles were the groups most open to trying e-cigarettes. Smoking is the single largest cause of preventable death worldwide, according to the WHO. According to Zogby International, e-cigarettes _ .
|
[
"are much safer than common cigarettes",
"are popular among people who want to quit smoking",
"will take the place of traditional cigarettes",
"are produced in a safer way by manufacturers"
] | 1B
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
In cities with rent control, the city government sets the maximum rent that a landlord can charge for an apartment. Supporters of rent control argue that it protects people who are living in apartment. Their rent cannot increase; therefore, they are not in danger of losing their homes. However, the critics say that after a long time, rent control may have negative effects. Landlords know that they cannot increase their profits. Therefore, they invest in other businesses where they can increase their profits. They do not invest in new buildings which would also be rent-controlled. As a result, new apartments are not built. Many people who need apartments cannot find any. According to the critics, the end result of rent control is a shortage of apartments in the city. Some experts argue that the minimum wage law can cause problems in the same way. The federal government sets the minimum that an employer must pay workers. The minimum helps people who generally look for unskilled, low-paying jobs. However, if the minimum is high, employers may hire fewer workers. They will replace workers with machinery. Therefore, other things being equal, the number of workers that employers want decreases. Thus, critics hold the opinion that an increase in the minimum wage may cause unemployment. Some poor people may find themselves without jobs instead of with jobs at the minimum wage. Supporters of the minimum wage say that it helps people keep their dignity. Because of the law, workers cannot sell their services for less than the minimum. Furthermore, employers cannot force workers to accept jobs at unfair wages. Economic theory predicts the results of economic decision, such as decisions about farm production, rent control, and the minimum wage. The predictions may be corrected only if "other things are equal". Economists do not agree on some of the predictions. They also do not agree on the value of different decisions. Some economists support a particular decision while others criticize it. Economists do agree, however, that there are no simple answers to economic questions. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
|
[
"The results of economic decisions cannot always be predicted.",
"Minimum wage cannot always protect employees.",
"Economic theory can help predict the results of economic decision if other factors are not changing.",
"Economists usually have the same prediction about an economic decision."
] | 3D
|
high_school_microeconomics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
How long does it take to bake lasagna in the oven?
|
[
"37 hours",
"37 minutes"
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
What gives off light?
|
[
"scorching logs",
"dirt",
"water",
"fire drills"
] | 0A
|
high_school_physics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Eye color is a physical trait. Which statement best explains why a child has a specific eye color?
|
[
"Eye color is a learned trait.",
"Eye color is an inherited trait.",
"Eye color is a trait that changes over time.",
"Eye color is a trait that happens by chance."
] | 1B
|
medical_genetics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
In the summer, the Arctic fox's fur is dark gray or brown. In the winter, its fur is white. The changes in color enable the fox to
|
[
"stay dry in the winter.",
"hunt for food at all times.",
"stay warm in the summer.",
"blend in with its surroundings."
] | 3D
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Another thing an astronaut has to learn about is eating in space.Food is weightless, just as men are. Food for space has to be packed in special ways.Some of it goes into tubes that a man can squeeze into his mouth.Bite-sized cookies are packed in plastic. There is a good reason for covering each bite.The plastic keeps pieces of food from traveling in the spaceship.On the earth very small pieces of food would simply fall to the floor.But gravity doesn't pull them to the floor when they are out of the plastic in a spaceship.They move here and there and can get into a man's eyes or into the spaceship's instruments. If any of the instruments is blocked, the astronauts may have trouble getting safely home. As astronauts travel on longer space trips, they must take time to sleep. An astronaut can fit himself to his seat with a kind of seat belt. Or, if he wants to, he can sleep in a sleeping bag which is fixed in place under his seat.But be careful he must put his hands under the belt when he goes to sleep.This is because he is really afraid that he might touch one of controls that isn't supposed to be touched until later. Why does an astronaut put his hand under his belt when he sleeps? _
|
[
"Because he thinks it is comfortable to sleep in that way in space.",
"Because he doesn't want to touch any controls when he sleeps.",
"Because the instruments of the spaceship are easily broken.",
"Because he is afraid that the seat will move."
] | 1B
|
astronomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Programs may already be installed on the computers at your school or university. If not, you can consider looking at catalogues to see what is available on CD-ROM. Some people question whether computers can really help you to read, any better than picking up a book. There is some justification for this, but listen to the arguments from people who believe that computers have something to offer. The first argument relates to motivation. Anything that makes you spend more time reading will be helpful, so if you are someone who likes to turn on your computer as soon as you walk into your room, then you could find yourself motivated to spend more time on your foreign-language reading if it appears on your screen. There is more to computers than motivation, though. You need to make use of all the technical possibilities, because good programs allow things to happen which are not possible with a book. This leads on to the idea of autonomy in language learning. We have already seen many times in this book that you, the language learner, will make a far bigger difference to your ultimate success than your teacher will. With a computer, you can decide how many repetitions to have and how to respond to the commands. In some programs you also shape the direction of the story you are reading by the selections you make. In other words, you don't have to move along at the pace of the rest of the class, which you may find too slow or too fast. The flip side of learner autonomy is learner misuse of programs. Some programs allow short-cuts which give you a sense of having finished, but without actually having done much learning. _ At the end of a session using well-designed materials, you should learn more than some new vocabulary and sentence patterns; you should also learn more about the reading process. As with all aspects of your language learning, you can finish your session with a critical eye to what you have learned from the program. This will include thinking about whether to repeat it or move on to another level. What would be the best title for the text?
|
[
"Computer prefix = st1 /Reading",
"Computer-AssistedReading",
"Computer Can Read",
"Students And Computer"
] | 1B
|
college_computer_science
|
mmlu_labeled
|
What do predators live near in the same environment?
|
[
"Their future Prey",
"Their water source",
"Their offspring",
"Their dens"
] | 0A
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Michael has a pencil case made of pine wood. The surface of the pencil case scratches and dents easily. He wants to make a new pencil case that will not scratch or dent easily. Which of the following should Michael do to make a new pencil case that will not scratch or dent easily?
|
[
"make the pencil case a different size",
"use a different material to make the pencil case",
"make the pencil case from another piece of pine wood",
"use a thicker piece of pine wood to make the pencil case"
] | 1B
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
Almost a decade after the hit Finding Nemo made clownfish seem totally warm and lovable, environmentalists are now looking for a real-life sequel: Saving Nemo. In the United States, a request has been made to extend the protections of the Endangered Species Act to marine species including the clownfish. But before you start shedding tears for Nemo and his buddies, keep in mind that this request is not based on any evidence of a decline in the clownfish population. Instead, what has sparked concern is the worsening health of coral reefs, which more than one million aquatic species including the clownfish depend on to thrive, even survive. In ways it makes more sense to move to protect a species when its habitat declines rather than its actual population. The most important mission of the Endangered Species Act is the protection of species' habitats; without their habitats, there's almost no hope of saving endangered animals, except perhaps in a zoo. Earlier this year, alarming news came about the world's largest coral reef system, Australia's Great Barrier Reef (GBR,). A study has shown the Reef is in sharp decline, with half of its coral cover gone in the past 27 years. Katharina Fabricius, an Australian coral reef ecologist co-authoring the study, has been diving and working on the GBR since 1988--and has watched the decline. "There are still a lot of fish ... but not the same color1 and diversity as in the past," she said. The study team used information from more than 2,000 surveys to determine the rate of decline between 1985 and 2012. That overall 50-percent decline, they estimate, is a yearly loss of about 3.4 percent of the Reef. If the trend continued, the coral cover could halve again by 2022. Several main factors are responsible for the decline, the study found. Intense tropical cyclones , believed to be fueled by global warming, have caused massive damage to reefs in the central and southern parts of the Reef. Meanwhile, population explosions of the coral-consuming crown-of-thorns starfish have affected coral populations along the length of the Reef. Two severe coral bleaching events, caused by ocean warming, have also had major damaging impacts in northern and central parts of the GBR. According to the article, all of the following factors contribute to the decline of Great Barrier Reef's coral cover except _ .
|
[
"the growing popularity of scuba diving around the Reef",
"stronger tropical cyclones fueled by global warming",
"the rapidly growing population of type of coral-eating starfish",
"coral bleaching caused by rising temperature of the ocean water"
] | 0A
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
The other day, I noticed a message on a friend's page. It made me very sad. She says she is the one who reaches out to people, but rarely do they reach out to her. So, after communicating with her for a while, I began to challenge my friends. "Contact someone right now. Send messages or call someone who you haven't spoken to for a while, or who you only talk to when they message or call you. Let someone who may feel alone in the world right this moment know that they are not alone. That is my challenge to you. Please do it , and let me know once you have. Either by calling me back, or by sending me a message. Be the change that you want to see in the world. " The response was great. 28people liked my post, another 10 posted that they did, and I got about a dozen messages telling me that they did. And there was one very special message: "I just want you to know what has happened. That day, I sent a message to a friend who I hadn't heard from for a while. She and I talked for a whole day back and forth on messages and then on the phone. She said she was so incredibly sad. Nobody has spoken with her in two weeks. By the tone of her voice, and by the conversations we were having, I think she was about to take her own life . After our conversation, she has agreed to talk to someone. Your message of kindness has saved her. I can't wait to tell you how thankful I am for people like you in the world, who care when nobody else will. I am proud to call myself your friend. Thank you! " I didn't quite know what to say after reading the message. I was wondering how best to use it for greater good. I decided that sharing what we have done is the most powerful way. I know that I am a cheerleader when it comes to making the world a better place with kindness, because if I help someone, it makes me feel better. I do it because I need to feel better. What made the author unhappy?
|
[
"She can't reach out to anyone.",
"No one responds to her friend.",
"None of her friends contacts her.",
"She has no time to visit her friends."
] | 1B
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Grasshoppers are having to change their song -- one of the iconic sounds of summer -- to make themselves heard above the noise of road traffic, ecologists have discovered. The study, published in the British Ecological Society's journal Functional Ecology, is the first to show that human-made noise affects natural insect populations. Animals use sound to communicate for many reasons, including marking out territory, warning of predators and finding mates, and although previous research shows birds, whales and even frogs change their calls in noisy environments, the impact of human-made noise on insects has been neglected until now. Ulrike Lampe and colleagues from the University of Bielefeld in Germany caught 188 male bow-winged grasshoppers, half from quiet locations and half from beside busy roads. The grasshoppers use their song to attract mates. The team then studied the differences in the two groups' songs in the laboratory. To encourage them to sing they exposed the males to a female grasshopper, and then recorded their courtship songs. Analysis of almost 1,000 recordings revealed grasshoppers living beside noisy roads produced different songs to those living in quieter locations. According to Lampe: "Bow-winged grasshoppers produce songs that include low and high frequency components. We found that grasshoppers from noisy habitats increase the volume of the lower-frequency part of their song, which makes sense since road noise can mask signals in this part of the frequency spectrum ." The team's findings are important because traffic noise could be upsetting the grasshopper's mating system . "Increased noise levels could affect grasshopper courtship in several ways. It could prevent females from hearing male courtship songs properly, prevent females from recognizing males of their own species, or _ females' ability to estimate how attractive a male is from his song," Lampe explains. Having discovered that human-made noise affects insect communication, the researchers now want to learn more about how the mechanism works, and whether the grasshoppers adapt to noise during their development as larvae , or whether males from noisy habitats produce different songs due to genetic differences. The bow-winged grasshopper is a common species in Central Europe. Adults occur mainly between July and September, preferring dry grasslands. Around 1.5 cm long, they vary in colour from green and browns to red and purple. The male's song consists of 2 second-long phrases that increase in amplitude towards the end. The beginning of a phrase is characterized by slower ticking sounds that increase in speed and amplitude, leading to a buzzing sound towards the end of the phrase. A courtship song usually includes 2 phrases. The author wrote the article to _ .
|
[
"introduce how grasshoppers make noises to attract mates.",
"raise the awareness of protecting bow-winged grasshoppers.",
"inform us of a recent discovery of ecological research.",
"warn us that human-made noise has changed ecological system."
] | 2C
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
How long is a long-distance running race?
|
[
"6 feet",
"6 inches",
"6 miles"
] | 2C
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
A shrew requires this for survival.
|
[
"radiation",
"air",
"silicone",
"clothes"
] | 1B
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Kasey Kaczmarek: When I read "Would my dad love me?" by Martha, I related to how Martha felt about her father. I always wondered if my dad cared about me, or if he even loved me. All the kids would be with their dads and they would ask me where my dad was, and I would tell them that he was out of town. For all you kids who have a dad, tell him how much you love him because there are plenty of kids who would love to have a dad. Armen Abidian: This article describes everything about me and my life. When I was about 3 years old, my mother and father had a big argument and got divorced. Now I'm 13 years old and I haven't seen my father for 10 years. Just like Martha, I don't know what he looks like now, whether or not he's got married to a different woman, or if he has another child. Emma Ramirez: When Martha talked about how "most girls have dads who take them to their practices, buy them things and play with them", I thought I was one of those girls. I never stopped to think about how there are girls who have always dreamed of having those things but don't have a father. After reading what Martha wrote, I told myself I would always appreciate the days I spend with my dad because I am very lucky to have a dad who does so much for me. Stephanie Felix: This article reminded me of how much I missed my dad when I was younger. I really relate to this article because I used to always wonder about my dad, but not any more. Life without my father has made me more independent and responsible. By reading this article I remember all of this and I was able to understand what the writer was talking about. What does Kasey Kaczmarek suggest kids do?
|
[
"Not ask other kids where their dads are",
"Be kind to those kids who don't have a dad",
"Tell their fathers how much they love them",
"Spend as much time with their fathers as possible"
] | 2C
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
two women have a baby, it is unlikely to be
|
[
"their biological child",
"a human",
"formula fed",
"an adopted child"
] | 0A
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Do you go to the movies during the holidays? What do you eat there? Popcorn ? Yes, of course! More and more Chinese youth now like to eat popcorn when they watch movies at the theater. However, it may be the Americans who love popcorn the most. Americans do fun things with their popcorn. They like to put butter on their popcorn. But that's not all; they also like other kinds of things like chocolate, and even cheese! Americans like to eat popcorn as a snack . These days, there are a lot of "low -fat" kinds of popcorn in US shops to keep people healthy. Americans started eating popcorn in movie theaters in the 1930s. Before this, they couldn't because movies were silent and popcorn made too much noise. When movies got noisier, people could eat noisier food. Next time you eat popcorn, why not try to eat it American style. Young people like to eat _ at the cinema.
|
[
"popcorn",
"chocolate",
"sweets",
"cheese"
] | 0A
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
A fish lives in
|
[
"dihydrogen monoxide",
"carbon monoxide",
"dihydrotestosterone",
"iron sulfate"
] | 0A
|
high_school_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
How long is a basketball court?
|
[
"26 centimeters",
"26 meters",
"26 kilometers",
"26 millimeters"
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Using only these supplies, which question can Janet investigate with an experiment?
|
[
"When placed in the sun, will eight ounces of water in a glass jar or eight ounces of water in a plastic cup get warmer?",
"When placed in the sun, will eight ounces of water in a closed jar or eight ounces of water in an open jar get warmer?",
"Will eight ounces of carbonated water or eight ounces of tap water get warmer when placed in a jar in the sun?"
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Can trees talk? Yes, but not in words. Scientists have reasons to believe that trees do communicate with each other. Not long ago, researchers learned some surprising things. First a willow tree attacked in the woods by caterpillars changed the chemistry of its leaves and made them taste so terrible that they got tired of the leaves and stopped eating them. Then even more astonishing, the tree sent out a special smell---a signal causing its neighbors to change the chemistry of their own leaves and make them less tasty. Communication, of course, doesn't need to be in words. We can talk to each other by smiling, raising our shoulders and moving our hands. We know that birds and animals use a whole vocabulary of songs, sounds, and movements. Bees dance their signals, flying in certain patterns that tell other bees where to find nectar for honey. So why shouldn't trees have ways of sending messages? According to the passage, the willow tree was able to communicate with other trees by _ .
|
[
"waving its branches",
"giving off a special smell",
"dropping its leaves",
"changing the colour of its trunk"
] | 1B
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
At what level of organization does damage compromise the function of the whole system?
|
[
"a cell",
"an organ",
"a tissue",
"an organelle"
] | 1B
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
The Fifth China International Fair for Investment and Trade is expected to expand the country's economic relations with the international community when it opens on September 9. The four-day fair will be held in the Economic Zone of Xiamen, a coastal city in East China's prefix = st1 /Fujianprovince. Compared with the previous four fairs held annually since 1997, this year's fair will provide more detailed information and better services for the participants, according to Xi Jinping, governor of the Fujian province and director of the organizing committee of the fair. A series of high-level forums will be held on international investment and China's entry into the World Trade Organization. Since 1997,Xiamenhas successfully hosted four sessions of the China International Fair for Investment and Trade, drawing global attention.Xiamenwill redouble its efforts to offer better services for all its guests and friends attending the fair, according to ZhuYayan, the mayor. Altogether 9,141 overseas-funded projects have been negotiated at the past four fairs, with a combined overseas investment of US $ 48.3 billion. Altogether 1,838 projects using foreign investment were negotiated with a total overseas investment of US $ 9,47 billion. The 1,261 contracts signed at the fourth fair registered a combined pledged overseas investment of US $ 5 billion. The total export and import volume reached US $ 786 million. What is the average of the overseas investment on one project in the past four fairs?
|
[
"0.00380 billion.",
"0.00529 billion.",
"0.00513 billion.",
"0.00397 billion."
] | 1B
|
econometrics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
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