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A high school in Hiroshima City has been the first to do something with DNA in the world. Its students have won praise not only for doing this research but also for presenting their findings to groups of expert scientists. The school is one of the Super Science High Schools allowed by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, where students are given an opportunity to study science at an advanced level. Here, students use the same type of hitech experimental laboratories as those found at universities. In these labs, they conduct experiments and research in new fields of study not found in textbooks. As part of this science course, the students, with the help of Hiroshima University, used a machine called sequencer , and over the course of a year and a half they succeeded in decoding the DNA. They then presented their results to academic groups. Achieving a world first might sound very wonderful, but the process of decoding the DNA involved very hard work. The students were also responsible for maintaining the equipment, and they had to read difficult research papers and put in extra study beyond their regular schoolwork. "Researchers need to work hard. The work was tiring, but the students worked toward their ambitious goal of achieving a world first. They have a great sense of achievement, and the number of students who hope to become biologists has increased," said Taruma Akinori, who is in charge of the science course. In addition to the results being added to the scientific community, the students' research paper will be translated into English and made available overseas. Moreover, the students have decided to take on a new challenge in DNA decoding. The research paper will be put into English in order to _ .
|
[
"become an English textbook",
"help the students make English friends",
"make the results known by the whole world",
"challenge foreign scientists"
] | 2C
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
What is the volume of a kitchen sink?
|
[
"30 liters",
"30 milliliters"
] | 0A
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Burt used a spoon to stir soup that was cooking on his stove. Which spoon will stay the coolest while he stirs?
|
[
"an iron spoon",
"an aluminum spoon",
"a wooden spoon",
"a silver spoon"
] | 2C
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Visitors to London often eat in restaurants. The owners and workers in them are all from other countries. The visitors say in these restaurants they don't feel they are in England. Most of English people eat at home as much as they can. Sometimes they themselves will think they are in another country when they are in restaurants. When an Englishman goes out of a restaurant, he may find that he doesn't understand why everything is written in French and Italian. Most of English people think it is better to eat at home, because it is cheaper. They don't want to spend much money on food and they like cooking at home. They like fast food. But for Christmas, they will spend two or three weeks getting ready for it, because they want to have good food. When English people eat in restaurants, they sometimes think _ .
|
[
"they are in another country",
"they are in the country",
"they are themselves",
"they love their country"
] | 0A
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
In the natural world, camouflage is used by animals to
|
[
"stand out among their piers",
"avoid being a meal",
"look stylish for others",
"stay warm in the winter"
] | 1B
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
What information supports the conclusion that Jake acquired this trait?
|
[
"Jake learned to identify insects by reading many books about insects.",
"Jake likes to look at butterflies and beetles."
] | 0A
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
When it comes to social behaviour,mammals are in a league of their own.Some birds may form pairs,or even cooperate to hunt,but the complexity of their relationships can hardly compare to those within a school of dolphins,a herd of elephants or a group of humans.What makes mammalian social groups different from a flock of starlings or a shoal of fish,is that in many cases the individuals could recognize each other.Although we may think that all elephants look pretty much the same,we can easily tell individuals of our own species apart and it has become clear through studies that the same is true of other species.Dolphins have their own signature whistles that act like "names",and elephants can recognize and greet other individuals they have known but not seen for many years.This is something that only a few species of birds appear to be able to do. Mammals in complex social groups not only recognize each other as individuals,but also they remember a lot of information about that individual.Social groups often rely on this memory--such as knowing who is dominant to whom,who is related to whom,and who has done what to whom in the past.It's like remembering who you have lent money to or done a favour for,and who hasn't repaid that money or has talked about you behind your back.You have to learn who to trust,who your friends are,and who to watch out for. All this remembering goes on in a particular part of the brain called the neocortex .If you compare the size of a mammal's social group with the size of this part of the brain,you will find they are remarkably closely related.This area seems to take a long time to develop fully and animals in which it is very large take a very long time to grow up to adulthood.During this time,the youngster has to learn all the rules of social behaviour in their group and to piece together all the relationships between the group members:Knowledge that will be needed to avoid getting into trouble. The passage suggests that elephants _ .
|
[
"are cleverer than dolphins",
"can recognize other species",
"may mistake a member for another",
"have good memories"
] | 3D
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
A single prokaryotic cell can divide several times in an hour. Few eukaryotic cells can divide as quickly. Which of the following statements best explains this difference?
|
[
"Eukaryotic cells are smaller than prokaryotic cells.",
"Eukaryotic cells have less DNA than prokaryotic cells.",
"Eukaryotic cells have more cell walls than prokaryotic cells.",
"Eukaryotic cells are more structurally complex than prokaryotic cells."
] | 3D
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
According to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?
|
[
"The suitcase is pushing on Robert.",
"The suitcase is pulling on Robert."
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
An object's hardness, taste, and texture are examples of
|
[
"principles",
"stages",
"properties",
"processes"
] | 2C
|
high_school_physics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Think about the last time you felt afraid. Was it a fear of height? Did you oversleep on a weekday and fear you'd get into trouble at the office? In any case, you know what it feels like to feel fear. But one woman doesn't the woman, code-named "UM", gave her first-ever interview after years of being studied by a team of researchers. The woman is given a code name because the researchers want to protect her from anyone who would take advantage of her inability to feel afraid. UM can't tell you what fear is because she's never experienced it. "I wonder what it's like to actually be afraid of something," she said. The formal name for the disease is Urbach-Wieth disease, which is characterized by a hoarse voice,small bumps around the eyes, and calcium deposits in the brain. In the case of UM,the disease has transformed the part of her brain that controls the human response to fear. In the interview, UM talks about an event in her life where she was held at knifepoint and gunpoint, "I was walking to the store,and I saw a man on a park bench.He said. "Come here,please," so I went over to him. He grabbed me by the shirt,put a knife to my throat and told me he was going to cut me. I told him, "Go ahead and cut me," I wasn't afraid at all. And for some reason,he let me go." Doctors who have been studying UM's condition for years have been trying different things that could strike fear into her. They finally figured something out--increasing UM's carbon dioxide levels.Extra carbon dioxide concentration in the blood is known to cause fear and panic in health individuals. Increasing UM's carbon dioxide levels did manage to give her a fright. Why is the woman with Urbach-Wieth disease given a code name?
|
[
"To tell her case from other patients",
"To respect her privacy",
"To meet the researchers' demands",
"To ensure her safety"
] | 3D
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Thousands of hungry birds left the countryside of Britain in the bitter winter to find food and warmth in urban gardens. The move included species such as the redwing and the fieldfare, almost unknown outside rural areas The hard situation of farmland birds has been revealed in the latest survey of bird populations from the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds released today. The redwing has an obvious stripe over the eye and a red flash on the flanks , while the fieldfare has a grey head, a peach underbelly, and a distinctive dark band on the tail. Graham Madge, the society's spokesman, says, "For many urban birdwatchers the sight of these striking species is a real treat. Many people have never imagined there being such an amazing chance." "Frozen ground prevented them from getting food in the countryside and they have been saved from starvation in towns," he added. He says the unusual sight this year somewhat _ the frustration felt at the suffering of small garden birds such as robins and wrens. These birds are sensitive to cold and must eat almost continuously to stay alive. Data from people who took part in the society's Big Garden Birdwatch recorded sightings in 280,000 gardens during the last weekend of January, with the goldcrest down 75 percent, the longtailed tit down 27 percent, and the coal tit down 20 percent. The study highlighted the need for food to be left out for birds during winter. The redwing and the fieldfare are relatively unknown outside the eastern part of the country. The research shows, however, that they moved to the other side of the country where the climate is generally mild in winter and that many for the first time have reached Cornwall and Isles of Scilly. The number of redwing sightings was up 185 percent, those of the fieldfare 73, and of the yellowhammer 68. Another surprise garden "guest" this year was the blackcap. This robinsized, silvergrey bird was rare in Britain 50 years ago, but increasing numbers now arrive each year from Germany and Austria. What does the passage mainly talk about?
|
[
"The tough living conditions of some British birds.",
"The various species of Britain's garden birds.",
"The changes of some bird's population in Britain.",
"Unusual bird visitors in Britain's urban gardens."
] | 3D
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Born in 1983 in Arizona, US, Jessica has learned to live her life with her feet. She was born without arms, and no doctors could figure out why. There were many questions at the time about whether Jessica would be able to live a "normal" life. However, Jessica ' s father said , "I have never shed a tear about her birth condition. " With the support of her parents and family, Jessica became confident in herself as an adult and continued to explore the world with her feet. As a child, Jessica studied dance in her home town. When the first performance arrived, she asked to be put in the back row. Her dance teacher told her there was no back row. Nervously, she took the stage with the other students and performed her routine. When she finished, the applause from the audience gave her encouragement and the confidence to continue dancing for 14 years. After graduating from high school, Jessica attended the University of Arizona, where she earned a bachelor' s degree in Psychology. When talking about her major, she frequently explainsthat psychology has a great effect on her life, helping her out of a physical limitation. During college, Jessica signed up for a club of Taekwondo and learned all of the color1 belt material. The instructors created a course that would be accessible to any future armless students. Jessica became the first armless person to earn a black belt in the club. Jessica' s most famous accomplishment was learning how to fly. It took three states, four airplanes, two flight instructors and a discouraging year to find the right aircraft. She received the Cuinness World Record for being the first person permitted to fly an airplane with only her feet. Now Jessica works as a motivational lecturer. She travels the world sharing her story and encouraging people to be creative with the slogan "Think outside the shoe." From what Jessica' s father said. we know that
|
[
"he showed sympathy to her",
"he had confidence in her",
"he lost hope in her",
"he felt sorry about her"
] | 1B
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Alexandra Scott was born to Liz and Jay Scott in Manchester, Connecticut on January 18, 1996, the second of four children. Shortly before her first birthday, Alex was diagnosed with neuroblastoma, a type of childhood cancer. On her first birthday, the doctors informed Alex's parents that if she beat her cancer it was doubtful that she would ever walk again. Just two weeks later, Alex slightly moved her leg at her parents' request to kick. This was the first indication that she would turn out to be a courageous and confident child with big dreams and big accomplishments. By her second birthday, Alex was able to stand up with leg braces . She worked hard to gain strength and to learn how to walk. She appeared to be overcoming the difficul-ties, until the shocking discovery within the next year that her tumors had started growing again. In the year 2000, the day after her fourth birthday, Alex received a stem cell transplant and informed her mother, "When I get out of the hospital I want to have a lemonade stand. " She said she wanted to give the money to doctors to allow them to help other kids, like they helped me. True to her word, she held her first lemonade stand later that year with the help of her older brother and raised an amazing $ 2,000 for her hospital. People from all over the world, moved by her story, held their own lemonade stands and donated the earnings to Alex and her cause. In August of 2004, Alex passed away at the age of 8, knowing that, with the help of others, she had raised more than $ 1 million to help find a cure for the disease that took her life. Alex's family--including brothers Patrick, Eddie, and Joey--and supporters around the world are committed to continuing her inspiring cause through Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation. Which of the following can best describe Alex?
|
[
"Stubborn.",
"Determined.",
"Innocent.",
"Energetic."
] | 1B
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Some trees can survive a long time without water. Think of trees that grow in the desert. But other trees may need more moisture than they can get from rainfall or from the air . Trees and other plants can look thirsty. Leaves can become weak and hang downward. They can also turn yellow. Yellowing can be a sign of too much water. But it can also be a warning sign of too little water. With a newly planted tree, the roots have not yet spread out from the root ball. The root ball can become dry faster than the dirt around it. So put water on the area of the root ball and the surrounding soil until the roots become established. Once a tree is well established, water deeply instead of watering often. The amount of water needed depends on the tree and the soil. Clay soils hold water for longer periods while sandy soil holds less water. During the hottest season, a deep watering may satisfy a tree for anywhere from ten days to four weeks. Ted Swiecki is a plant scientist . He says people should not water established trees at the base of the trunk . This can harm the tree. Too much water in the soil at the base of a tree can lead to the growth of fungi . If the area is too wet, harmful organisms have a better chance to invade the tree and cause disease. Mr. Swiecki says this is true especially in Mediterranean and semi-dry climates. Many trees in these climates have adapted to having a dry area near their base during the hottest season. He said, "Water displaces (,)air in the soil. And roots are aerobic ; they require oxygen for the soil to function properly. So if you keep the soil completely wet and there's no air there, then the roots are starving for oxygen." As to a well-established tree, _ .
|
[
"watering deeply matters more than watering often",
"we should water them as often as possible",
"its roots have not spread out from the root ball yet",
"a deep watering satisfies it for at most ten days in cold weather"
] | 0A
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
What information supports the conclusion that Betty acquired this trait?
|
[
"Betty is most interested in plant biology.",
"Betty learned biology by doing experiments."
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
If you like texting and are trying to lose weight, a new study found that using texting to track diet and exercise habits may help you lose weight. Previous research has shown that keeping food and exercise diaries improves the likelihood of success when you are trying to lose weight. Using a computer or a pen and paper to record information, however, can be a burden and cause some people to give up. Duke University researchers said using text messages to track eating and exercise habits can save time, and increase the chances that people will stick with their weight-loss rules. The study included 26 obese women with an average age of 38. The women used daily texting as part of their weight-loss program. The text messages focused on tracking personalized goals, such as avoiding sugary drinks or walking 10,000 steps a day. Messages also provided brief feedback and tips. Every morning, the women received a text from an automated system that said, "Please text yesterday's personal information of steps you walked and how many sugary drinks you had." Based on the women's responses to the text message, the system sent another text with personalized feedback and tips. After six months, the women who used daily texting lost an average of nearly 3 pounds, while another group of women who used traditional methods to keep food and exercise diaries gained an average of 2.5 pounds, according to the study, which was published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research. "Text messaging has become popular and may be an effective method to simplify tracking of diet and exercise behavior," Dori Steinberg, who was responsible for this research, said. Steinberg said, "Text messaging offers several advantages compared to other self-monitoring methods. Unlike web-based diet and exercise diaries, data in a text message can be entered quickly on nearly all cellphone platforms so it is very convenient to receive feedback. Besides, because of the limited number of words used in text messages, it saves time." What's Dori Steinberg's attitude towards text messaging?
|
[
"Unknown.",
"Negative.",
"Positive.",
"Unconcerned."
] | 2C
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
The fossils that are found in the oldest layers of sedimentary rock were formed which types of organisms?
|
[
"only organisms that lived in the sea",
"only organisms that lived on land",
"only organisms that lived in the air",
"organisms that lived on the land, in the sea and in the air"
] | 0A
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
The ticket prices to a play are $5.00 for teachers and $3.00 for students. How much will it cost for a group of 71 students and 5 teachers to see the play?
|
[
"$228.00 ",
"$238.00 ",
"$370.00 ",
"$380.00 "
] | 1B
|
elementary_mathematics
|
mmlu
|
The technology is improving every year. We will see some very exciting home robots in the next few years. In the future the robots can do lots of things. 1. Getting things In a few years, it will be possible to tell your home robot to get a piece of bread for you. The robot will use its eyes and an arm to get the bread for you. 2. Watering plants Future robots will carry water to water plants. 3. Telling dangers A home robot will find out fire, smoke and other dangers easily. Every night the robot will make its rounds to make sure that everything is right. 4. Looking after children A robot will help us look after our children well while we are not at home. What will robots do when people are not at home?
|
[
"Robots will do housework with the children.",
"Robots will cook for the children.",
"Robots will look after the children.",
"Robots will smoke with the children."
] | 2C
|
computer_security
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Plants have family values, too; it seems, with new research suggesting they can recognize close relatives in order to work together. An ability to tell family from strangers is well known in animals, allowing them to cooperate and share resources, but plants may possess similar social skills, scientists believe. Susan Dudley and Amanda File of McMaster University in Ontario, Canada, report they have demonstrated for the first time that plants can recognize their kin. This suggests that plants, though lacking recognition and memory, are capable of complex social interactions. "Plants have this kind of hidden but complicated social life," Dudley said. The study found plants from the same species of beach-dwelling wildflower grew aggressively alongside unrelated neighbors but were less competitive when they shared soil with their families. Sea rocket, a North American species, showed stronger and healthier root growth when planted in pots with strangers than when raised with relatives from the same maternal family, the study found. This is an example of kin selection, a behavior common in animals in which closely related individuals take a group approach to succeeding in their environment, the researchers said. Kin selection also applies to competition, because if family members compete less with each other, the group will do better overall. "Everywhere you look, plants are growing right up next to other plants," Dudley said," Usually it's a case of each plant for itself. But sometimes those plants are related, and there are benefits to not wasting resources on being competitive, and there is not really a cost to not being competitive as long as your neighbor is also not being competitive." Learning and memory appear to be important for kin recognition in animals, but this isn't an option for plants, she noted. Some researchers speculate that plants communicate through their roots, identifying themselves using tiny chemical signatures specific to each plant's family. Plants' kin selection is to _ .
|
[
"grow well",
"compete with other kinds of plants",
"strengthen the relationship among siblings",
"find which one is the best"
] | 1B
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
With only a click of the mouse, rumors can be forwarded between microblogs very quickly. As an example, recently, perceptive netizens discovered that some photos displayed on microblogs depicting Beijing's June rainstorm had actually been _ . Sina.com is one of the major internet portals in China with hundreds and thousands of users, and a majority of celebrities and renowned citizens have their microblog accounts on this portal. As recently as six months ago, the website decided to establish a specialized team to verify rumors and provide accurate information for its users. Tan Chao is in charge of the team. "Before I took the job, I usually couldn't identify what information was real and what was fake. But during the rumor verification process, we discovered that a lot of information was false, including fake photos, fake news stories and rumors that had been spread through microblogs." It's not just website portals which are taking on fact-checking responsibilities, but also a number of civic-minded netizens, who recently set up a Rumor Verification Federation on Sina.com's microblog system to help netizens identify fake information online. Dianzizheng is the team leader of the federation. He says they've publicized more than 150 pieces which refute rumors, which attracted more than 10 thousand visitors within two months. "We live in an age of new media, so we can't use the old methods to verify rumors. We can't wait for the media to verify the facts with related administrative departments and then release a formal announcement. We can't allow rumors to run rampant and then deal with it, we need to fight rumors while they're spreading. I think that this is the best way to deal with rumors nowadays." Some experts say this demonstrates the advantages of the internet compared to other traditional media. The open platform allows information to be examined and clarified by netizens. But experts like Ding Wenguo, President of the Journalism and Communication College at the China University of Political Science and Law says this self-correction function of the internet is still quite limited. "It's still quite difficult to tell which information is true in such an open environment by just reading a number of different opinions on the same issue. This is something which we need to pay attention to. If society is deluged with too much false information, and it's allowed to spread in such a fast manner, then people will be suspicious of all kinds of information including important information from authorities. It also exacerbates problems relating to social communications and mutual-understanding, which in turn harms society as a whole." Experts suggest that the government should react more quickly in the internet age. Once a rumor begins to spread, administrative departments should make announcements as early as possible to dispel rumors before they lead to bad outcomes. What is the best way to prove rumors on microblogs?
|
[
"Examining and checking while they are spreading.",
"Substituting the Internet for traditionally media.",
"Shutting down the website immediately.",
"Making announcements after they are spread."
] | 0A
|
computer_security
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Each year, road accidents kill a million people and injure millions more. The economic costs are greatest for developing countries. Earlier this year, the United Nations called for a campaign to improve road safety. One way to avoid accidents is better driving. Another is better roads and bridges. Engineers in the Unites States have designed ten new concrete mixtures that they think could make bridges last longer. Professor Paul Tikalsky leads the experiments by a team at Pennsylvania State University. He says bridges made of concrete now last about twenty-five to thirty-five years. But he says the new mixtures might extend that to seventy-five or even one-hundred years. Concrete is made of stone, sand, water and cement . The materials in the cement hold the concrete together. Ancient Romans built with concrete. Yet strengthened concrete bridges did not appear until the late 1800s. People keep looking for new ways to improve concrete. Professor Tikalsky says it is one of the most complex of all chemical systems. The new mixtures designed by his team contain industrial waste products. He says these make the concrete better able to resist damage from water and salt over time. One of the products is fly ash. This is released into the air as pollution when coal is burned. Professor Tikalsky says particles of fly ash are almost exactly the same size and chemical structure as Portland cement. _ is the most costly material in concrete. So using fly ash to replace some of it would save money. The federal government is paying for part of the research. Engineers anywhere can use the technology. Professor Tikalsky says some of the ideas have already been put to use in China, the Philippines and other countries. Why did the United Nations launch the campaign?
|
[
"Because the United Nations wanted to reduce road accidents and economic costs.",
"Because two million people were killed in the accidents.",
"Because engineers wanted to design ten new concrete mixtures.",
"Because the United Nations made bridges of the new mixtures which could last for about 20 to 35years."
] | 0A
|
college_computer_science
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Are you concerned about your body image? These days, both women and men are surrounded by magazines and websites full of tips about dieting, exercise and fashion. Not to mention hairstyles! Gone are the days when all men had to think about was wearing a nice suit to be smart and handsome. Things have changed. Now, a survey by the University of the West of England(UWE) has suggested that 80% of men confess to being unhappy about their body. The biggest body issues for them were beer bellies and lack of muscles. Some think this sudden vanity is due to the pressure or influence of role models we see on TV and in magazines. People end up with a perception of what the perfect body should look like. But not everybody wants to put in the effort to have perfect pecs and dazzling white teeth like Arnold Schwarzenegger. An opportunistic entrepreneur has even invented a muscle-enhancing shirt to be worn under a man's clothes to make him look more of a hunk. But Joe Warner, the former editor of Men's Fitness magazine in the UK, thinks the padded shirt is just a gimmick. He thinks many people in the country are obese, or overweight, and should accept they need to do more exercise. Warner says: "I think it's a real shame people still want shortcuts when it doesn't take an awful lot of effort to get to the gym or go for a walk." Exercise is always a good thing. But we mustn't forget that beauty is only skin deep. Character is more important than appearance. So before I head off to the pub, it might be worth spending an hour at the gym. I'm not looking to get a six-pack , but looking healthier would certainly improve my confidence and self-esteem. What about you: how much do you worry about your physique? What does the passage mainly talk about?
|
[
"You shouldn't judge a book by its cover.",
"More and more people become obese in England.",
"Role models put great pressure on common people.",
"Men become more and more conscious of their body image."
] | 3D
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Select the animal that does not have a backbone.
|
[
"redback spider",
"carp"
] | 0A
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
The Internet brings us many advantages. With the Internet, people can send and receive emails. On the Internet, people can skim over news. Using the Telnet, the user anywhere on the Internet can log into any other machine on which he has an account. It is possible to use the FTP program to copy files from one machine on the Internet to another. But the Internet also brings us troubles. Internet use seems to cause a fall in psychological health, according to research at Carnegie Mellon University. Even people who spent just a few hours a week on the Internet experienced more depression and loneliness than those who logged on less often, the twoyear study showed. And it wasn't that people who were already feeling bad spent more time on the Internet, but that using the Net actually seemed to cause the bad feelings. Researchers are puzzled over the results, which were completely opposite to what they had expected. They expected that the Net would prove socially healthier than television, since the Net allows users to choose their information and to communicate with others.The fact that Internet use reduces time used for family and friends may be the reason for the drop in health, researchers said. Faceless, bodiless"virtual" communication may be less psychologically satisfying than actual conversations, and the relationships formed through it may not be so deep. Another possibility is that exposure to the wider world through the Net makes users less satisfied with their lives. "But _ it's _ important _ to _ remember _ this _ is _ not _ about _ the _ technology; _ it's _ about _ how _ it _ is _ used,"said one of the researchers. "It really points to the need for considering social factors when you design new inventions." What may be the reasons why the Internet use causes a fall in psychological health?
|
[
"Internet use reduces time used for family and friends.",
"Virtual communication is less psychologically satisfying than actuall conversations.",
"Exposure to the wider world through the Net makes users less satisfied with their lives.",
"All the above."
] | 3D
|
computer_security
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Use the evidence in the text to select the photosynthetic organism.
|
[
"The barrel cactus is a producer in its ecosystem, so the cactus makes its own food inside its cells. The barrel cactus lives in deserts and uses energy from sunlight to make food.",
"The crown-of-thorns starfish is a consumer in its ecosystem, so it eats other organisms for food. Crown-of-thorns starfish eat coral and are known for damaging coral reefs."
] | 0A
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
A son can inherit traits
|
[
"only from his father",
"only from his mother",
"from both his father and his mother",
"from either his father or his mother, but not from both"
] | 2C
|
medical_genetics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
I went over my grandmother's house today and she didn't have time for me. You see, the lady's husband downstairs died and my Grandmother wanted to make some cookies for her. My grandmother did not analyze how the lady treated her, or if the lady needed any cookies, or even if the lady would like the cookies. She didn't think how much the lady has done for her. She simply began baking. My Grandmother turned 94 last week and this I believe is her secret to life. My grandmother is generous and hard-working in a way that is rare for our time. She lives by a simple belief: if someone needs your help, you help. Never mind all the analyzing and thinking whether the person deserves or appreciates the help. My grandmother doesn't sit around thinking about who might be making use of her: she simply does what is needed. At 94, she is busy in life. She is making a blanket for a new great grandchild, and worried that I don't have enough kitchen towels for my home. She is bringing soup to a sick neighbor, and teaching the new wife of her cousin (who is 88) how to cook Italian food. My grandmother had every right to give up, but she didn't -- and amazingly life did bring her good things, like a husband with twinkling blue eyes who was much ahead of his time and believed that men should do an equal amount of cooking and cleaning in the home, three beautiful children (my father and two aunts), 22 grandchildren, and five great grandchildren. My grandmother is not afraid to give someone she barely knows a bowl of soup. She never keeps herself out of the world. The reason why my grandmother made cookies for the lady downstairs is that _ .
|
[
"she thought the lady was too busy",
"she would make them as thanks to her",
"they had had an agreement before",
"she thought she should do something for the lady at the special time"
] | 3D
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
High can be visually represented by
|
[
"valleys",
"mountains",
"basins",
"deep sea"
] | 1B
|
high_school_statistics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
In 1987, a supernova was detected in the Large Magellanic Cloud galaxy, which is approximately 169,000 light years from Earth. Which event produces a supernova?
|
[
"the explosion of a massive star",
"the birth of a main-sequence star",
"the collapse of a medium-sized star",
"the collision of one star with another"
] | 0A
|
astronomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
After a soccer game, Brittany sat under a fan because she was hot. Under the fan, she felt cooler than before. Which explains why Brittany felt cooler under the fan?
|
[
"Air moving under the fan is cooler than air that is still.",
"The evaporation of sweat absorbs heat from the skin.",
"Water vapor from the fan condenses on the skin.",
"The fan speeds convection currents in the air."
] | 1B
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
You are probably familiar with the saying:An apple a day keeps the doctor away. A recent research carried out by the Chinese University of Hong Kong may change the saying: An apple a day may keep aging away. The research chose fruit flies , as they share many genes with humans. The fruit flies were either fed normally or had an apple extract added to their diet. It turned out that those fruit flies that were given apple extract lived about 55 days--five days longer than the flies that were normally fed. The research group also found it easier for the flies to walk,climb and move about as they aged. According to the result, the researchers believed that the antioxidants in the apple extract helped clean up dangerous chemicals that cause illnesses,as well as aging. In another study,researchers examined diets of thousands of women. They discovered that those who regularly ate apples were 20 percent less likely to suffer heart illnesses and stroke. The apples' genetic code was discovered recently. It allows scientists to develop nicer and healthier fruits. Researchers are already using the information to grow a kind of apples full of antioxidants that can keep eyes and joints healthy and protect humans against heart illnesses and cancer. Apples that kill the desire to eat could also be produced, with the first"extra-healthy''apples on supermarket shelves within just four or five years. The team that keeps studying apple DNA includes 100 scientists from five countries. Their research also suggests that around 65 million years ago, when dinosaurs began to die off the plant,which would finally become today's apple tree, experienced a great genetic change. The number of many of its genes doubled. The extra genes allowed the apple to get used to worse conditions and go through a different development from peaches,strawberries and other related fruits. What result did the researchers find out?
|
[
"Apples produce chemicals that can change human genes.",
"Apples have antioxidants that kill chemicals that cause aging.",
"Apples are rich in vitamins that are needed in humans' bodies.",
"Apples produce chemicals that make apples taste more delicious."
] | 1B
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Select the reptile.
|
[
"salmon",
"human",
"green chameleon",
"piranha"
] | 2C
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Rachel Carson, born in rural Pennsylvania in 1907, had a great impact on the environment. Carson earned a master's degree in zoology in 1932. It was as a writer and not as a research scientist, however, that she made her mark, sharing her view that human beings are just one element in a larger natural order. In the articles on natural history Carson wrote for various publications, she expressed dry facts in poetic and persuasive language. She wrote five books. Two of them, The Sea Around Us and The Edge of the Sea, have been called "biographies of the ocean." Carson also made the world aware of how scientific discoveries can harm as well as help living things. In her best-selling book Silent Spring, Carson challenged the _ use of chemical pesticides by large agricultural and government organizations. She was the first to detail how the pesticide DDT had entered the food chain and damaged populations of bald eagles, falcons, and brown pelicans by causing the shells of their eggs to become so thin that they could not withstand the weight of the parent bird. Carson died of cancer in 1964. Today, the Rachel Carson Council collects and disseminates information on pesticide-related issues. In 1970, the Rachel Carson Wildlife Refuge, a large area of salt marsh and freshwater habitat in Maine, was dedicated to her memory. Which of the following inferences is correct ?
|
[
"Carson wrote books that the average person could understand.",
"Dangerous properties of new chemical products may be immediately apparent.",
"If not for Carson, no one would have learned about the dangers of DDT.",
"In 1970, large quantities of salt and freshwater were dedicated to Carson's memory by the Rachel Carson Wildlife Refuge"
] | 0A
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Adding math talk to story time at home is a winning factor for children's math achievement, according to a new research from the University of Chicago. The study from psychologists Sian Beilock and Susan Levine shows a marked increase in math achievement among children whose families used Bedtime Math, an iPad app that delivers engaging math story problems for parents and children to solve together. Even children who used the app with their parents as little as once a week saw gains in math achievement by the end of the school year. The app's effect was especially strong for children whose parents tend to be anxious or uncomfortable with math. Previous research from this group has demonstrated the importance of adults' attitudes about math for children's math success. For example, a recent study found that math-anxious parents who help their children with math homework actually weaken their children's math achievement. The new findings demonstrate that structured, positive interactions around math at home can cut the link between parents' uneasiness about math and children's low math achievement. "Many Americans experience high levels of anxiety when they have to solve a math problem, with a majority of adults feeling at least some worries about math," said Beilock, professor in Psychology and author of Choke, a book about stress and performance. "These math-anxious parents are probably less likely to talk about math at home, which affects how competent their children are in math. Bedtime Math encourages a dialogue between parents and kids about math, and offers a way to engage in high-quality math interactions in a low-effort, high-impact way." Study participants included 587 first-grade students and their parents. Families were given an iPad installed with a version of the Bedtime Math app, with which parents and their children read stories and answer questions involving math, including topics like counting, shapes and problem-solving. A control group received a reading app that had similar stories without the math content and questions related to reading comprehension instead. Children's math achievement was assessed at the beginning and end of the school year. Parents completed a questionnaire about their nervousness with math. The more times parents and children in the math group used the app, the higher children's achievement on a math assessment at the end of the school year. Indeed, children who frequently used the math app with their parents outperformed similar students in the reading group by almost three months in math achievement at year's end. Bedtime Math is an iPad app that _ .
|
[
"requires parents and children to answer reading comprehension questions",
"assesses children's math achievement and parents' nervousness with math",
"teaches children how to count, recognize shapes and solve practical problems",
"encourages children together with their parents to solve math story problems"
] | 3D
|
college_mathematics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Which of the following pairs of ions would make the best buffer with a basic pH? Ka for HC3H2O2 = 1.75 × 10^-5. Ka for HPO42- = 4.8 × 10^-13.
|
[
"H2SO4 and H2PO4",
"HPO42- and NaH2PO4-",
"HC3H2O2 and NaC3H2O2",
"NaOH and HC2H3O2"
] | 1B
|
high_school_chemistry
|
mmlu
|
If you're a male and you're reading this, congratulations! You're a survivor. According to statistics,you're more than twice as likely to die of skin cancer than a woman,and nine times more likely to die of AIDS. Assuming you make it to the end of your natural term,about 78 years for men in Australia,you'll die on average five years before a woman. There're many reasons for this--typically,men take more risks than women and are more likely to drink and smoke but perhaps more importantly, men don't go to the doctor. "Men aren't seeing doctors as often as they should," says Dr. Gullotta."This is particularly so for the over-40s, when diseases tend to strike. According to a recent survey, 95%of women aged between 15 and early 49s see a doctor once a year, compared to 70%of men in the same age group. "A lot of men think they're unbeatable,"Gullotta says."They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and they think, Geez, if it could happen to him ..." Then there's the ostrich approach."Some men are scared of what might be there and would rather not know," says Dr. Ross Cartmill. "Most men get their cars serviced more regularly than they service their bodies," Cartmill says. He believes most diseases that commonly affect men could be addressed by preventive check-ups. "Prevention is cheaper in the long run than having to treat the diseases.Besides, the final cost is far greater,it's called premature death." Why does the author congratulate male readers at the beginning of the passage?
|
[
"They can live longer than they expected.",
"They are sure to enjoy a longer and happier life.",
"They have lived long enough to read this article.",
"They are more likely to survive serious diseases now."
] | 2C
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
How long is a soccer field?
|
[
"360 miles",
"360 inches",
"360 yards",
"360 feet"
] | 3D
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Which of these is an important safety rule to follow when using an electrical device?
|
[
"Wear an apron.",
"Keep work area dry.",
"Extinguish all flames.",
"Wear protective gloves."
] | 1B
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
JIUQUAN, China--China's Shenzhou-9 spacecraft blasted off at 6:37 pm Saturday, from a remote desert in western China, sending a crew of three, including the country's first female astronaut, into space. The successful launch, powered by a Long March 2F rocket, was shown live on state television Saturday from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in the Gobi Desert in western China. The Chinese astronauts will complete the country's first manned space docking mission , an important step in Beijing's ambitious plan to build a permanent space station by 2020. Possible future missions could include sending a man to the moon. The crew is expected to spend more than 10 days in space and dock with the Tiangong-1 space lab module, which China launched in September 2011. Two of them will live and work inside the module to test its life-support systems, while the third will remain in the capsule to deal with any unexpected emergencies. China first launched a man into space in 2003, followed by a two-man mission in 2005 and a three-man trip in 2008 that featured the country's first spacewalk. In November 2011, the unmanned Shenzhou-8 successfully docked twice with Tiangong-1 by remote control. The manned docking would be considered a milestone for China's space program. China is hoping to join the United States and Russia as the only countries to send independently maintained space stations into orbit . It is already one of just three nations to have launched manned spacecraft on their own. The program is a source of enormous national pride for China, reflecting its rapid economic and technological progress and ambition to rank among the world's leading nations. What's the main idea of the passage?
|
[
"China sent its first woman into outer space.",
"Shenzhou-9 sent three astronauts, including a female, into space.",
"China's advanced space technology amazed the world.",
"Three Chinese astronauts began their space voyage."
] | 1B
|
astronomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Select the living thing.
|
[
"crayon",
"swing set",
"butterfly",
"rain"
] | 2C
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
According to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?
|
[
"The door is pulling on Abigail's hand.",
"The door is pushing on Abigail's hand."
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Using only these supplies, which question can Sidney investigate with an experiment?
|
[
"Which type of sunflower grows more leaves?",
"Do sunflowers grow bigger in sunny planter boxes or in shady planter boxes?",
"Do sunflowers grow taller if they are planted in planter boxes or in pots?"
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Which would smell more?
|
[
"toothpaste",
"metal car bumper"
] | 0A
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Miss Green is very fat. She weighs 100 kg and she is getting heavier and heavier every day. So one day she goes to see the doctor. The doctor says,"You need a diet, Miss Green, and I have a good one here." He gives her a small book and says, "Read this carefully and eat the things on Page 11 every day. Then come back and see me in two weeks' time." Miss Green comes back again two weeks later. She isn't thinner. She is fatter instead. The doctor is surprised and says, "Are you eating the things on Page 11 of the small book?" "Yes, doctor." she answers. The next day the doctor visits Miss Green during her dinner. She is surprised to see the doctor. "Miss Green," he says, "why are you eating potatoes and bread? They aren't on your diet." "But, doctor," Miss Green answers, "I ate my diet at lunchtime. This is my dinner." Two weeks later Miss Green becomes _ .
|
[
"thinner than before",
"fatter than before",
"younger than before",
"the same as before"
] | 1B
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
One billion teenagers and young adults around the world are in the face of losing their hearing by listening to loud music. This is according to the World Health Organization. Few things can make people happy and full of energy like good music. Many people believe louder is better if you are listening to rock and roll. But if you really listen to the music loudly, even really good music, it can hurt your hearing badly. If a person takes a subway to go from one place to the other for half an hour in the morning and a half an hour in the evening, and every day has to _ on his audio device because there is so much of noise of the train and everything around, and is listening to for one hour every day, his hearing is going to be hurt seriously in a few years, in a couple of years time, for sure. There can be many kinds of unsafe levels of sound. It depends on how loud the sound is and how long you listen to it. Unsafe can mean noise levels of 85 decibels for eight hours a day or 100 decibels for just 15 minutes. There are simple ways to protect people from unsafe sound levels. Young people who wear earplugs during concerts can enjoy music at 90 decibels as much as they can at 110 decibels. But earplugs may not look very cool. The fact that earplugs may look un-cool may be true today, but if there is nothing wrong with your hearing in the future may be true and wearing earplugs may actually be cool. Another common suggestion is to turn down the volume on your personal audio devices. The World Health Organization also advises young people to limit their use of such devices to less than one hour a day. Besides, the World Health Organization reminds people to use technology, such as smart audio devices keep listening levels safe. What music can make people happy and full of energy?
|
[
"Sad music.",
"Bad music",
"Soft music",
"Good music."
] | 3D
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Danny was just tired about the way things were going. His mum came to school and talked on and on about Rick Jackson. It seemed that she would never stop talking. "Somebody's got to stop that boy!" she was shouting. "Rick's troubling everybody in the neighborhood. And he loves to pick on little boys like Danny." Mrs. Green, Danny's teacher, was concerned a lot. "I didn't know that Danny was being picked on," she said. "He's never said anything about this to me!" Mrs. Green looked at Danny. "How long had this been going on?" she asked. Danny could only shake his head and look at the floor. He knew if he said a word about this, he would have trouble at school. Danny hadn't said anything about the problem because he wanted to do things with the boys in the neighborhood. After all, most of them were nice to him. He hated to leave the _ just because of Rick. Maybe the time had come to find new friends. He felt it hard to make up his mind. Danny now _ .
|
[
"was tired of the school and his friends",
"had no friends at all",
"was not sure what he would do with the problem",
"made some new friends in the neighborhood"
] | 2C
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
If you walk around any large city, you'll find a coffee shop on every corner. Many shops offer comfortable sofas, large screen televisions and sometimes even live music. More and more teenagers are hanging out there. My pre-teen has already done so after school once a month, but she always orders fruit juice. I think she would drink coffee sooner or later, so I started doing some research online. I found that coffee in moderation could be safe, but one thing that was constant online was the chance of becoming addicted to coffee. Coffee is one step up from soda but still not as dangerous as energy drinks or alcohol. Still, any addiction is hard to break, so I needed to come up with a plan that would protect my child. Coffee shops offer a safe place for teenagers to hang out. As like anything else you let your children do, you need to set limits. Drinking coffee while socializing once or twice a week won't cause a severe caffeine addiction. However, you should avoid allowing a cup of coffee every morning and ensure they get adequate sleep each night, which will make them less likely to feel the need to drink coffee. As parents, we have responsibility to set a good example. If you're addicted to caffeine, it's time to start monitoring your intake. If you drink much water and keep healthier drink options in your fridge and at your dinner table, your teenager will follow you. I drink much water and so do both my children. _ As a mother, I'm ready to allow my child to try coffee and we'll talk about it and discuss the pros and cons of consuming this. I feel open communication is vital in helping them make good decisions. Although the decision to drink coffee doesn't pose the same dangers as underage drinking, it still deserves a thoughtful conversation. Which of the following statements agrees with the author's opinion according to the passage?
|
[
"Teenagers should be stopped from entering coffee shops.",
"Coffee shops should not offer many options to teenagers.",
"Teenagers' activities in coffee shops should be limited strictly.",
"Parents should not force their children to stop drinking coffee."
] | 3D
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
My interest in Chinese food started years a90, when l was a young reporter for the Washington Post. Our office wasn't far from Chinatown, where I found some very good Chinese restaurants. The first time I ever ate Chinese food I loved it. I noticed the fresh taste of the meat and vegetables. When I learned more about the food, I began to understand why it has this special feature. Many years ago, China had an energy crisis because it lost much of its wood due to over population and poor management of its forests. This loss was very bad for the country, of course, but it turned out to be very good for the food. Wood became very expensive and hard to get,so the Chinese had to either find a substitute for their valuable wood,or learn how to use it better. There weren't any substitutes so people found ways to economize. In order to economize in cookin9, they had to use very little wood. So they started cutting their meat and vegetables into small pieces before they put them in the hot oil.That way,the food cooked faster and they saved their fuel. The food prepared in this way kept its fresh flavorand it's this flavor that attracts people from other countries to the art of Chinese cooking. It can be inferred from the text that before the energy crisis Chinese food _ .
|
[
"was cooked in rather large pieces",
"was cooked in water but not oil",
"didn't taste good",
"didn't look fresh"
] | 3D
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
What are the products in the chemical reaction below? NaOH + HCl -> NaCl + H_{2}O
|
[
"sodium hydroxide and hydrogen chloride",
"sodium chloride and water",
"sodium, chlorine, hydrogen, and oxygen",
"sodium, chlorine, and water"
] | 1B
|
college_chemistry
|
mmlu_labeled
|
which of these eventually form crude oil after millions of years in the earth?
|
[
"a plastic set of cups",
"a family of dogs",
"a twelve pack of beer cans",
"a set of silverware"
] | 1B
|
college_chemistry
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Today we find that school students hardly spend much time on sports. Is it because they aren't interested in sports? No, they often say they have other important things to do. What are these important things? Tests! They have to spend much time on all kinds of tests at school. So many of them almost become bookworms . Books stop them from going out for sports. Because of the _ from their parents and teachers, the students have to work harder and spend most of their time on books. As for the students, they want to get good results in order to improve their studies. So it is necessary for them to give all of their free time to their studies and stop their school sports. In fact, education can't go without body exercise, because a quick mind hardly goes along with a weak body. If you don't have a strong body, you can never get anything or any great success in your life. In the writer's opinion, students should _ .
|
[
"work all day and night",
"not have sports",
"have sports after studying",
"spend all their free time studying"
] | 2C
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
These days,more and more young people wish to be more beautiful,So they turn to plastic surgery for help.They spend thousands of yuan on these painful surgeries to fix their nose,to change their eyelids or to take off weight from their stomachs. In fact,most people are not pleased with the way they look.Even the most beautiful actresses often wish they could change something about their looks.Should we live our whole lives believing we are ugly? Why can't we raise our head high and believe that we are as beautiful as others? A smile is beautiful on any face,whether fat,oily or hairy.And a kind heart is much more beautiful than a pretty look. So,let's feel grateful that we all have beautiful and healthy bodies that do not need surgeries! Today,I call on you to make an easy change:hold your head high! smile and be kind to others.If you do these,you will be full of confidence ,beauty, and warmth everywhere you go. How can we feel great about ourselves according to the writer?
|
[
"Hold your head up.",
"Smile.",
"Be kind.",
"A, B and C"
] | 3D
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
I live in the land of Disney, Hollywood. You may think people in such an attractive and exciting, fun-filled place are happier than others. If so, you have some mistaken ideas about the nature of happiness. Many intelligent people still consider happiness equal to fun. The truth is that fun and happiness have little or nothing in common. Fun is what we experience during an act. Happiness is what we experience after an act. It is a deeper, more lasting emotion. Going to an amusement park or ball game, watching a movie or television, are fun activities that help us relax, temporarily forget our problems and maybe even laugh. But they do not bring happiness, because their positive effects end when the fun ends. I have often thought that if Hollywood stars have a role to play, it is to teach us that happiness has nothing to do with fun. These rich, beautiful people have constant access to glamorous parties, fancy cars, expensive homes, everything that brings "happiness". But in memoir after memoir, famous people expose the unhappiness hidden beneath all their fun -- depression, alcoholism, drug addiction, broken marriages, troubled children and extreme loneliness. Ask an unmarried man why he refuses to get married even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying. If he's honest, he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment. For commitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure and excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features. Similarly, couples that choose not to have children are deciding in favor of painless fun over painful happiness. They can dine out whenever they want and sleep as late as they want. Couples with babies are lucky to get a whole night's sleep or a three-day vacation. I don't know any parent who would choose the word fun to describe raising children. The way people stick to the belief that a fun-filled, pain-free life equals happiness actually reduces their chances of ever achieving real happiness. If fun and pleasure are equal to happiness, then pain must be equal to unhappiness. As a result, they fear the pain unavoidably brought by such things as marriage, raising children, professional achievement, religious commitment and self-improvement. But, in fact, the opposite is true. More times than not, things that lead to happiness involve some pain. The very efforts are the source of true happiness. Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations we can ever come to. If one understands the nature of happiness, he will _ .
|
[
"try to be a responsible person",
"enjoy life by spending all his wealth",
"stop seeking fun from daily life",
"keep himself with his family"
] | 0A
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Toucans' beaks are for show but also can be used for
|
[
"toasting",
"coloring",
"dancing",
"skinning fruits"
] | 3D
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Back in the 1860s, a British scientist named Henry Walter Bates noticed something interesting in the animal world: a kind of butterfly, Common Mormon, can change the pattern on its wings so that it looks like another butterfly species, the Common Rose, which is poisonous for birds to eat. Bates argued that animals develop this ability to protect themselves from being eaten. This theory had been widely accepted by scientists. But one question remains: how do these animals manage to do that? After more than 150 years, scientists are finally able to answer that question--it is all down to a gene called "doublesex", according to a study published on March 6 in the journalNature. In fact, scientists have long known that genes are responsible for this useful ability. But until the new study, scientists hadn't been able to find out which genes in particular were responsible. Scientists at the University of Chicago compared the genetic structures of the Common Mormons that changed their wing patterns with those of ones that did not. And all the results pointed to a single gene, "doublesex". This was much to the scientists' surprise. They used to expect that something as complex as this would be controlled by many different genes. For example, one gene would control the color of the upper part of the wing, one would do so for the lower part. However, the "doublesex" gene doesn't quite do everything by itself. Instead, it acts like a switch--it "tells" other genes to change the wing patterns. Isn't that clever? Scientists believe that this special ability of the "doublesex" gene on Common Mormon was developed throughout the long history of evolution. "The harmless species gains an advantage by resembling something predators avoid," Sean Carroll, a scientist toldNature. "it was obvious evidence for natural selection. " What is the best title of this passage?
|
[
"How Common Mormons stay safe",
"How butterflies changed wings' pattern",
"What American scientists discovered",
"What genetic structures of butterflies have"
] | 0A
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
What is the mass of an elephant?
|
[
"6,165 kilograms",
"6,165 grams"
] | 0A
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Some scientists say that animals in the ocean are increasingly threatened by noise pollution caused by human beings. The noise that affects sea animals comes from a number of human activities. Such noises are added to natural sounds. These sounds include the breaking of ice fields, underwater earthquakes, and sounds made by animals themselves. Decibels measured in water are different from those measured on land. A noise of one hundred and twenty decibels on land caused pain to human ears. In water, a decibel level of one hundred and ninety-five would have the same effect. Some scientists have planned to set a noise limit of one hundred and twenty decibels in oceans. They have found that noises at that level can frighten and confuse whales. A team of American and Canadian scientists discovered that loud noises can seriously hurt some animals. The research team found that powerful underwater explosions were causing whales in the area to lose their hearing. This seriously affected the whales' ability to exchange information and find their way. Some of the whales even died. The explosions had caused their ears to bleed and become infected. Many researchers whose work depends on ocean sounds disagree to a limit of one hundred and twenty decibels. They say such a limit would mean an end to important industrial and scientific research. Scientists do not know how much and what kinds of noises are harmful to ocean animals. However, many scientists suspect that noise is a greater danger than they believed. They want to stop noises from harming creatures in the ocean. According to the passage, what will scientists most probably do in the future?
|
[
"They will try their best to make no noise.",
"They will work hard to cut down natural noises.",
"They will study the effect of different noises.",
"They will protect animals from harmful noises."
] | 3D
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
The Internet has changed our habits, including our habit of sending greeting cards. There are many e-card websites that make it easy to find the right greeting cards. They have greatly changed the way we send greetings to each other. Our lives have become so busy that we have limited personal time. These e-card websites have allowed everyone to easily share their feelings with each other. They include plenty of greeting cards that can be used immediately. The users can choose any card they like, from festival greetings to birthday wishes. In fact, e-cards are perfect for any event. That's why more and more people like to send e-cards. If the users are interested in making their own greeting cards on the Internet, they can create a card within only a few minutes. They allow you to send your greetings on a special date. So you can plan for the occasion when you want to send the card. For example, you can send your e-card on a certain day and then visit the person with some flowers the next day. This will surely create a good impression on the persons you love and give them a great surprise. We have never forgotten the importance of saying sorry to our beloved ones. But sometimes we fail to do so, because we are not brave enough to face those we hurt. Some e-cards allow us to express our feelings in a more thoughtful way. Although some people still would rather buy traditional cards in the shops for the persons they love, especially when they want the cards to last a long time, more and more people are choosing to send greetings on the Internet. More and more people like sending _ to each other.
|
[
"traditional cards",
"e-cards",
"flowers",
"computers"
] | 1B
|
computer_security
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Lakes, ponds, and beaches mean summer fun and cool relaxation from hot weather. But water also can be dangerous for kids if you don't take great care. Nearly 1,000 kids die each year by drowning. Here are some tips to keep your kids safe in the water: At the Lake or Pond *Don't let little kids swim alone without adult supervision-- lakes or ponds may be shallow near the bank and are suddenly deep sharply further out from shore. *Ponds and lakes may hide jagged rocks, broken glass, or rubbish. *Make sure kids wear foot protection; even in the water, they should wear socks or water shoes. *Watch out for weeds and grass in the water that could trap a leg or arm. *Most boating accidents, particularly among teenagers, are related to alcohol . Be sure teens know about the dangers of alcohol, on and off the water. At the Beach *Teach kids to always swim when and where a lifeguard is on duty. Unlike the calm waters of a swimming pool, the beach has special dangers like currents and tides . Check with the lifeguard when you arrive to find out about the water conditions. *Tell kids never to stand with their back to the water because a sudden wave can easily knock a child over. *Teach kids that if they're caught in a dangerous wave, they should swim parallel to the shore or should tread water and call for a lifeguard's help. Whether at the lake or at the beach, teach your child to get out of the water during bad weather, especially lightning. Which is the right behavior when swimming at the beach?
|
[
"Go off the water without a lifeguard on duty",
"Go on swimming in a heavy rain",
"Go off the water before checking the water conditions",
"Call for help if caught in a dangerous wave"
] | 3D
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Selective breeding has resulted in plants that are resistant to pests and produce a higher yield of fruits and vegetables. Which of these is the most likely disadvantage that can result from this process?
|
[
"decreased genetic diversity",
"habitat destruction",
"overpopulation",
"increased erosion"
] | 0A
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Most penguins died after a huge iceberg grounded near their habitat in Antarctica,forcing them to make a long way to find food, scientists say in a newly published study. The B09B iceberg, measuring about 100 square kilometers, grounded in Commonwealth Bay in East Antarctica in December 2010, the researchers from Australia and New Zealand wrote in the "Antarctic Science" journal. The Adelie penguin population at the bay's Cape Denison was measured to be about 160,000 in February 2011 but by December 2013 it had decreased to about 10,000, they said. The iceberg's grounding meant the penguins had to walk more than 60 kilometers to find food, preventing their breeding attempts, said the researchers from the University of New South Wales' ( UNSW) Climate Change Research Centre and New Zealand's West Penguin Trust. "The Cape Denison population could disappear completely within 20 years unless B09B relocates or the fast ice within the bay breaks out,"they wrote in the research published in. Fast ice is sea ice which forms and stays along the coast. During their survey in December 2013 , the researchers said "hundreds of abandoned eggs were noted, and the freeze-dried dead bodies of previous season's little penguins lay everywhere on the ground." "It's strangely silent,"UNSW's Chris Turney , who led the 2013 exploration , told the"Sydney Morning Herald Friday"."The ones that we saw at Cape Denison were terribly low-spirited , almost unaware of your existence . The ones that are surviving are clearly struggling. They can hardly survive themselves , let alone give birth to the next generation. We saw lots of dead birds on the ground." In contrast, penguins living on the eastern edge of the bay just 8 kilometers from the fast ice edge were full of _ , the scientists said. The researchers said the study had important influence on the wider East Antarctic if the current situation of increasing sea ice continued. Sea ice around Antarctica is increasing, in contrast to the Arctic where global warming is causing ice to melt and icebergs to decrease. Scientists believe the growth in Antarctic sea ice is likely to be driven by changes in wind and local conditions before long. What's the main idea of the passage ?
|
[
"Global warming caused penguins' death.",
"Iceberg harmed penguins' life.",
"Penguins need more habitats.",
"Antarctic extreme weather caused penguins' death."
] | 1B
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
A common characteristic of all living things is that they
|
[
"breathe air.",
"walk upright.",
"are made of cells.",
"use sunlight for growth."
] | 2C
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Computer games are more and more popular with teenagers. Games are fun. After hours of homework it's great to relax by playing a game. But do games ever do kidsany harm? And are there any ways parents can help kids stay away from bad games? US researches are trying to find answers to these questions. One problem found that parents are not taking enough notice of their kids'games -playinghabits. Many games sells output controls on the games to help parents make sure that children don't play things unsuitable for them, said David Walsh, president of the national Institute on media and the Family. Parents need to watch the games kids are playing and how much time they are spending playing them. The study found that playing games too long can affect kids' health as well as their schoolwork. Almost half of all " heavy games" are six to 17 years old. These kids are more likely to have weight and eyesight problems than other kids. Playing too many games also affects(v)how children do in school. Kids can ask their parents to set a time limit for playing games and remind them when the time is up. Don't forget to tell your parents about it. Nearly 50% of all "heavy games " are _ .
|
[
"seven to 17 years old",
"six to 17 years old",
"17 years old",
"six years old"
] | 1B
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Fiona Famous was a very popular girl at school. She was clever and fun, and got on well with everyone. It was no accident that Fiona was so popular. From an early age she had tried hard to be kind and friendly to everyone. She invited the whole class to her birthday party, and from time to time she would give presents to everybody. She was such a busy girl, with so many friends. However, she felt very lucky, no other girl had so many friends at school and in the neighborhood. But everything changed on National Friendship Day. On that day, at school, everyone was having a great time, drawing, painting, giving gifts. They had to make three presents to give to their three best friends. However, when all the presents had been made and shared out among classmates, Fiona was the only one who had not received a present! She felt terrible, and spent hours crying. How could it be possible? So much she had done to make so many friends, and in the end no one saw her as their best friend? Everyone came and tried to comfort her for a while. But each one only stayed for a short time before leaving. When she got home that night and asked her mother where she could find true friends. "Fiona, my dear," answered her mother, "you cannot buy friends with a smile or a few good words. If you really want true friends, you will have to give them real time and affection . For a true friend you must always be there for them, in good times and bad". "But I want to be everybody's friend! I need to share my time among everyone!" Fiona argued. "My dear, you're a lovely girl," said her mother, "but you can't be a close friend to everybody. There just isn't enough time for everyone, so it's only possible to have a few true friends. The others won't be close friends". Hearing this, Fiona decided to change her ways so that she could finally have some true friends. That night, in bed, she thought about what she could do to get them. _ Her mother was always ready to help her. She could stand all of Fiona's dislikes and problems. She always encouraged her. She loved her a great deal... That was what makes friends! And Fiona smiled happily, realizing that she already had the best friend anyone could ever want. Fiona was a very popular girl because she _ .
|
[
"gave her best friends presents",
"often made presents for her friends",
"was kind and friendly to everyone",
"invited some of her class to her birthday party"
] | 2C
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
What information supports the conclusion that Lisa acquired this trait?
|
[
"Lisa's scar was caused by an accident. She cut her arm when she fell off her bicycle.",
"Lisa's sister has a bruise from falling on her elbow.",
"Lisa's scar is on her right elbow. Her father also has a scar on his right elbow."
] | 0A
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Select the one true statement.
|
[
"The cell membrane of an animal cell contains the master plan for cell activities and cell development.",
"The cytoplasm of a plant cell is inside the cell membrane.",
"Animal cells can have lysosomes but do not have vacuoles."
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Braking and Stopping Two important factors that influence the distance you take to stop a car are how quickly you react to danger and the speed at which you are traveling. The average reaction time (from the time driver sees danger to when he/she applies the brakes) is two seconds. Reaction time is affected by the driver's levels of tiredness, alcohol and concentration . Braking distance ( the distance travelled after the driver has applied the brakes) depends on factors such as your speed, type of brakes, type pressure and tread , vehicle weight, wind speed, slope of the road, surface smoothness and the driver's braking technique. Remember: As your speed doubles, your total stopping distance more than doubles. At 60km/hr a vehicle will travel 34 meters while the driver is reacting to the danger, and another 21 meters before the car comes to a stop. Total stopping distance is 55 meters. Total stopping distances shown in the graph are for vehicles with good brakes, on a dry smooth level road surface, and fitted with good tyres with the correct depth of tread. If I am driving at 70 km/hr, the distance I travel after I apply the brakes is about _ .
|
[
"39m",
"28m",
"70m",
"67m"
] | 1B
|
high_school_mathematics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
The human body gets the energy it needs for growth and repair directly from
|
[
"soil",
"food",
"sunlight",
"water"
] | 1B
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Men weigh up potential partners almost instantaneously based on their appearance because their "ancient" genetic preference for attractive mates leads them to, experts claim. According to research, a woman with an attractive face is taken by men to be fertile and able to continue the family line, appealing to the man's survival instinct. In contrast women take longer to decide their feelings for a man because they need to weigh up whether he will be a committed partner who will provide for them well - part of their survival programming. They tested men and women's preference towards looks by conducting a series of tests on 20 women and 20 men, making them perform tasks while recording their brain activity. While the subjects were doing the task they were shown a series of photographs of faces of the opposite sex, ranging from attractive to ugly. Men were easily distracted when they saw a pretty face but women stuck to the task. Prof van Vugt said: "Men definitely have the most wandering eye but it is because they have evolved to pay attention to cues of fertility and one of those cues is facial beauty - it's not that men are shallow." But we found they do make snap judgments about women, much earlier than was previously thought. They make that decision on whether a woman would be a good mating partner in milliseconds. This is something very ancient and a way of helping men find the best mate to produce children. Women were not distracted by attractive male faces because women need more proof of whether a man is a good mate. "Women make that decision on behaviour, whether a man is trustworthy and committed. They make their decision much later than men." The main idea of the passage is_.
|
[
"that men love beauty because of gene",
"helping men find the best mate to produce children",
"testing men and women's preference towards looks",
"that mem were easily distracted when they saw a pretty face"
] | 0A
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
When Siva Kalyan was born, his backbone was deformed resulting in a lifelong difficulty in walking. But that hasn't stopped the nine-year-old from becoming a prodigy . Until he was three-and-a-half years old, Siva could not even crawl. Wanting the best treatment for their son, Siva's parents moved with him from India to Australia and later to the USA. In the USA, his parents enrolled him in the second grade based on his age. But his teachers soon realized they had a genius. Siva was then tested for the eighth grade, but it was soon found out that he was actually qualified for college courses. As one advanced course was not enough, the brilliant boy is now taking two courses from Stanford University. Due to the treatment he received, Siva's physical condition has improved as well. But none of _ "just happened". It was his parents' understanding and correct guidance, and the loving care of his grandparents that contributed to the growth of the genius. Siva's highly educated and hardworking family has brought him up on the basis of certain principles. The family believes that once a strong foundation is built for the child in English and mathematics, the child is equipped to master any other subject, law, history, or engineering. It is equally important to recognize the strengths of a child rather than forcing the child to do things that he may not want to do. Siva's parents helped. Siva focus his energies on his strength, which is mathematics. At the same time they took care to see that he had friends to play with and enjoyed a few recreational activities. The only activity that's restricted for Siva is viewing television. Siva watches TV only for 30 minutes a day and video games are a bonus for special occasions. Thanks to his mother who is a singer, Siva has also learned music and even won the first and second prize at two competitions. In sports, he likes to swim. He began to learn swimming to strengthen his muscles, and by the age of eight he was able to swim a kilometer in both the backstroke and the freestyle. Why did Siva's parents move to the USA?
|
[
"They wanted to give their son the best education.",
"They wanted their son to receive the best treatment.",
"They weren't used to life in India or Australia.",
"They wanted their son to go to Stanford University."
] | 1B
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Growing your own fruit and vegetables is one of the best things in the world. It is very good for your health and also brings happiness to you. To be a successful fruit-and-vegetable grower, check out these tips: *A family affair Get all family members to take part in growing. Children will learn where food comes from, and they may like to have their own little field. *Size doesn't matter You can work in any place you like, not just in a common vegetable garden. Grow fruit and vegetables in a window box, or use your flowerbed to grow vegetables and beautiful flowers together. *The natural way If you want to grow foods organically, you can't use sprays that would harm children, pets and wildlife. You should work with nature rather than against it. Growing your own food doesn't take up too much time and costs little. A few seeds and some basic tools will be OK. Second-hand tools can often be both cheap and good to use. We can learn from the passage that _ .
|
[
"second-hand tools can't be used to grow food",
"small fields are better for growing flowers",
"it's very tiring to grow your own food",
"growing their own food helps children learn about plants"
] | 3D
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
With the cost of college rising in the U.S., some students are washing their hands of the American education system, grabbing their passports, and seeking cheaper degrees abroad. The number of students doing so has increased 2 percent annually in recent years, according to the Department of Education. In 2009, Jessica Fuller, then 25, was employed at a small private university in Philadelphia as a clerk in an office. Bored with her job and becoming increasingly interested in healthcare industry, Fuller knew she would need a master's degree in public health for her dream career. At first, Fuller wanted a school in New York and Pennsylvania, but with many programs costing over $30,000 per year for tuition alone, she decided on an option she could better afford ---- the Netherlands. A similar degree in health economics cost less than $ 17,000 for a one-year program. To finance her education at Erasmus University in Rotterdam, Fuller took out a $30,000 bank loan through her mother's credit, which covered tuition and fees, as well as air travel and living expenses for her year abroad. The cost may be lower, but is the quality of education overseas just as good as an American university? Jessica Fuller says in her case, yes: she found a consulting job with Marsh Inc. as an International Knowledge Manager shortly after she graduated from Erasmus University, and says that the university ---and its location---- were definitely a factor. "Many Erasmus professors were world famous experts in their fields," says Fuller. "Considering the variety of the students, the class discussions were very robust. Having an "international" advantage made a huge difference." Jessica was able to go to Erasmus University by _ .
|
[
"using her own credit card",
"having a part-time job",
"getting a scholarship from the university",
"obtaining a loan from a bank"
] | 3D
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
If a cow eats only plants, it will avoid eating
|
[
"hay",
"roots",
"thistles",
"venison"
] | 3D
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
The US recession has opened up the biggest gap between male and female unemployment rates since records began in 1948, as men bear the blow of the economy's decline. Men have lost almost 80% of the 5.1 million jobs since the recession started, pushing the male unemployment rate to 8.8%. The female jobless rate has hit 7%. This is a dramatic change of the trend over the past few years, where the rates of male and female unemployment barely differed, at about 5%. It also means that women could soon overtake men as the majority of the prefix = st1 /USlabour force. Men have been badly hurt because they dominate those industries that have been affected: 9 in every 10 construction workers are male, as are 7 in every 10 manufacturing workers. These two sectors alone have lost almost 2.5 million jobs. Women, in contrast, tend to hold more stable jobs and make up 75% of the most unaffected sectors of all: education and healthcare. "It protects them a little bit and softens the blow," said Francine Blau, a labour market economist at CornellUniversity. "I think we are going to see this pattern until the recovery." The widening gap between male and female joblessness means many US families are totally reliant on the income the woman brings in. Since women earn on average 20% less than men, that is putting extra stress on many households. Who would suffer most in the USrecession?
|
[
"Hospital staff.",
"Assistant professors.",
"Building workers.",
"Taxi drivers."
] | 2C
|
high_school_macroeconomics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
You're lost in the world of dreams and sleep. You roll over, smiling as you come across a swimming pool filled with chocolate. And then, your wonderful dream becomes a nightmare when someone is screaming, "Get up!" It's just what every teenager goes through each morning! Now, there seems to be one school that finally understands that requiring teens to show up at 9 am is not just cruel but also harmful to both the kids and the school. The Monkseaton High School in North Tyneside, Britain, recently decided to experiment to see if there is any difference in student behavior if they just pushed back the start of their day by one hour, from 9 am to 10 am. And the results are surprising. Since carrying out the later start, Monkseaton has seen a 28% drop in truancy, even hardly any lateness, and best of all, higher test scores. One of the reasons is that the teenagers are much happier to have the extra hour of sleep, but there is also a scientific reason behind why they need the extra sleep. The school's decision to push back the time was based on the research done by Oxford Professor Russell Foster, who pointed out that teenagers and adults have different sleep cycles, explaining why teenagers go to bed late and wake up late. While adults are wide awake and ready at 8 am, teenagers are not fully awake until 10 am, sometimes even noon. Teachers may argue that their students perform better in the morning, but in fact, it is because they are in the zone while their students are still sleepy, making the students easier to control. Memory tests prove that the more difficult classes should be in the afternoon when teenagers are most wide awake. The Monkseaton school officials are encouraged by the results and plan on voting to make it a permanent change. What's the best title of this passage?
|
[
"Get up early, teenagers!",
"Finally, a school understands teenagers.",
"Why do teenagers stay up late?",
"Difference between teens and adults."
] | 1B
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
When I was young, I thought that boys and grown men shouldn't cry. The tears were signs of being weak. A man isn't supposed to be like that. This was even strengthened in my young mind with the popular song, Boys Don't Cry, in the early 1980s. But just last June, I discovered that courage wasn't all about trying to keep all the pain inside. Courage wasn't all about trying to hide the tears. It was the opposite -- the tears reinforced the heart's courage. And I saw this in my father. My 18-year-old sister eloped and with it, I saw how vulnerable my father's heart was. We were used to seeing him as a strong figure and an iron-willed father. For three days after my sister eloped, he wouldn't talk. He would just sit quietly outside our house in the dark. On the fourth night, I sat beside him and asked him to tell me what he felt about everything. It has been years since I have laid my hand on my father's shoulder as we have drifted farther while I am growing up. That night, I sensed my father trying to control his pain and I wanted him to be able to let it out. We all cried over what had happened except him. The simple touch and my words "Dad, it's not your fault" broke my father's dam. In the darkness, he began to cry. I felt his shoulders shaking as he whispered, "Where did I go wrong? All I ever wanted was for my children to grow up right. Why couldn't your sister wait? How can she go away with such a boy?" I understood then why he preferred to be in the dark. By being there, he hoped to spare his family's feelings. His tears, though we didn't see them before that night, were there all the same. I saw his courage that night when my father cried with my hand on his shoulder, and understood his pain. What would be the best title for the passage?
|
[
"The day father cried.",
"My great father.",
"Never lose heart.",
"Boys don't cry."
] | 0A
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
If a snake bites you, take a photo with your mobile phone! It save your life. This is the surprising advice of a British cook. One day Henry Jackson was working in a restaurant kitchen. He picked up a dish from a table, and suddenly a snake appeared and bit him on the hand. A few days earlier, the snake came to the restaurant from Asia in a box of bananas. It climbed out of the box and hid under the dish. " I tried to pick it up and it bit me. I threw it away, but it landed in the fridge. So I closed the door." Jackson said. Anyway, Jackson was cool and he took a photo of the snake with his mobile phone. Soon his hand began to ache and he went to hospital. Then his chest began to hurt. Doctors couldn't say what was wrong because they didn't know what kind of snake it was. Then Jackson remembered his mobile phone photo. The doctors sent it to London Zoo. When they knew the kind of snake, they could give Jackson the right medicine, and he left hospital the next day. " So my advice is this: If a snake bits you, pick up your phone. Take its photo first and then call the hospital. Show the photo to the doctors," suggests Mr. Jackson. " Oh, and if the snake doesn't smile for its photo, don't worry!" The doctors gave Mr. Jackson the right medicine when _ .
|
[
"London Zoo told them what kind of snake it was",
"Mr. Jackson sent the photo to the hospital",
"he left hospital the next day",
"the snake bit him"
] | 0A
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
A wasp uses poison in a stinger to
|
[
"produce eggs.",
"defend itself.",
"build a nest.",
"attract a mate."
] | 1B
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
So you think you know your dog. But how well does your dog know you? She probably recognizes you when she sees you. But can a dog tell by simply looking at you whether you have a happy or an angry expression on your face? Researchers in Austria have taught pet dogs to know the difference. Dogs are very mindful of sound. When dog owners shout or speak in a strong, unkind voice, dogs often act ashamed and quietly move away from the area. Recently, researchers found that dogs can look at our faces, and tell the difference between a smile and a frown . The animals were able to recognize a look of praise from one of blame. Researchers at the University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna performed a series of experiments. They taught dogs to recognize facial expressions. They showed the dogs two pictures of either the upper or lower half of a person's face. On one picture, the person looked happy. The other appeared angry. The dogs were then shown images of the eyes or mouths of people they had never seen before. They were also shown the left half of the faces used in training. Corsin Muller led the study. "We were really speaking, do they realize that smiling eyes have the same meaning as a smiling mouth, or angry eyes have the same meaning as an angry mouth? And it turned out that they really did perform very well in these research experiments." Once the dogs learned to recognize which image was happy or angry, they could easily find the same expressions in pictures of any face. Corsin Muller says future studies will try to show whether dogs can learn the meaning of facial expressions--for example, whether a frown shows that someone is angry. In the experiments, researchers found the dogs were slower to link a reward, or prize, with recognition of the angry face. This suggested that dogs had an idea people with angry faces were best avoided. A dog is able to recognize one's _ .
|
[
"praise",
"blame",
"anger",
"all of the above"
] | 3D
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
If you are sitting, please stand up. Move your legs. Touch your toes if you can. Do anything but sit. New research shows that if you cut down on the time you spend sitting, you might live longer. Sitting less than three hours a day might extend your life by two years. Cutting television time to less than two hours a day can add one point four years to life. The human body is designed to move. The fact is just the opposite. Modern lifestyles and office jobs rarely give us the chance to move around. We sit while we're eating; we sit in the car; we sit while we are watching TV. And most of us sit for many hours at work. Sitting is something we do all the time. On average, Americans sit for four and a half to five hours a day. But that does not make sitting good for us. Though you may exercise often, that does not mean you can sit for the rest of your waking hours. We can't throw away physical activity. _ is extremely important. Even if you exercise for 30 minutes a day, what goes on in the other 23 and a half hours a day is also very important. Changes are coming to some offices, especially in the design of desks. A "standing desk" lets people stand while they work. Another new design is called the "treadmill desk". It is an exercise machine that lets you walk slowly in one place. Even some U.S. schools begin to experiment with desks that are part bicycle to keep children moving. Many companies may not buy a standing desk for everybody. However, they may get five standing desks or a treadmill desk for their employees and put them in a certain place where people can go for an hour a day to answer their emails or talk on the phone. Experts suggest some other activities: take a walk at lunchtime; walk to the offices and talk directly instead of emailing colleagues. All these activities may help you live longer. What can we learn about sitting?
|
[
"Sitting is the best position for the body.",
"People usually have to sit for a long time nowadays.",
"The more people sit, the better they will be.",
"Americans sit longer every day than people in other countries."
] | 1B
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Do you want to know how and why a fall leaf changes color? We first have to understand what leaves are and what they do. Leaves are the world's food factories. Plants take water from the ground through their roots and take CO2from the air. Plants use sunlight to turn water and CO2into glucose , a kind of sugar. Plants use it as food for energy and growing. A chemical called _ in the leaves gives plants their green colour. As summer ends and autumn comes, the days get shorter and shorter, and trees "know" to begin getting ready for winter. During winter, there is not enough sunlight or water. Trees rest during this time and live on the food they store during the summer. They begin to shut down their food-making factories. As the green chlorophyll disappears from the leaves, we begin to see yellow and orange leaves. The bright reds and purples we see in leaves are made mostly in autumn. In some trees, like maples , sunlight and the cool nights of autumn turn the glucose in the leaves into a red colour. And we can enjoy the beautiful red leaves during autumn. This passage tells us _ .
|
[
"the plants can grow well only with the sunlight",
"there are all kinds of plants on the earth",
"maple leaves change the color as other trees",
"not all the colors of the leaves are from chlorophyll"
] | 3D
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Select the one animal that has all of the crustacean traits listed above.
|
[
"Rock lobsters can live more than 600 feet underwater! They have an exoskeleton and two pairs of antennae.",
"Trichina worms have soft, thin bodies. They have a cylindrical shape and do not have limbs. Trichina worms are not made up of segments. They can infect and feed off of humans, pigs, and other mammals."
] | 0A
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Which object has more thermal energy?
|
[
"a 300-gram rock at a temperature of 120°F",
"a 300-gram rock at a temperature of 175°F"
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
In a room at Texas Children Cancer Center in Houston, eight-year-old Simran Jatar lay in bed with a drip above her to fight her bone cancer. Over her bald head, she wore a pink hat that matched her clothes. But the third grader's cheery dressing didn't mask her pain and weary eyes. Then a visitor showed up. "Do you want to write a song?" asked Anita Kruse, 49, rolling a cart equipped with an electronic keyboard, a microphone and speakers. Simran stared. "Have you ever written a poem?" Anita Kruse continued. "Well, yes," Simran said. Within minutes, Simran was reading her poem into the microphone. "Some bird soaring through the sky," she said softly. "Imagination in its head..." Anita Kruse added piano music, a few warbling (, ) birds, and finally the girl's voice. Thirty minutes later, she presented Simran with a CD of her first recorded song. That was the beginning of Anita Kruse's project, Purple Songs Can Fly, one that has helped more than 125 young patients write and record songs. As a composer and pianist who had performed at the hospital, Kruse said that the idea of how she could help "came in one flash". The effect on the kids has been great. One teenage girl, curling in pain in her wheelchair, stood unaided to dance to a hip-hop song she had written. A 12-year-old boy with Hodgkin's disease who rarely spoke surprised his doctors with a song he calledI Can Make It. "My time with the kids is heartbreaking because of the severity of their illnesses," says Anita Kruse. "But they also make you happy, when the children are smiling, excited to share their CD with their families." Simran is now an active sixth grader and cancer-free. From time to time, she and her mother listen to her song,Always Remembering, and they always remember the "really sweet and nice and loving" lady who gave them a shining moment in the dark hour. What does the case of a 12-year-old boy suggest?
|
[
"Most children are naturally fond of music.",
"He was brave enough to put up performance.",
"The project has positive effect on young patients.",
"Singing is the best way to treat some illnesses."
] | 2C
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Five years ago, my mother gave birth to a brother for me when I was 8. I have learned a lot from getting along with him. After he was born, I almost became a babysitter. I had to _ him after school. I would make faces and sing to him when he was crying. Sometimes I even carried him everywhere in our yard to refresh him while my parents were busy. What I liked to do best was to feed him when looking after him. How cute he was as he tasted his favorite food!My parents often praised me happily. As an elder brother, you've made contributions to looking after your younger brother. " I have got happiness from sharing. When I was young, I was the only child in my family. I could get what I wanted from my parents and get my parents' whole love. I was a" Little Emperor". But now, as long as I get something good, I will share it with him. I remembered the year when he was three, he was fond of Rubik cubes I bought one for him with my lucky money as a birthday present. When he got the toy, he was so happy that he laughed, hugged me and said, " Brother, I love you ! " Thanks for spending these years together with my family. It has taught me what responsibility means, what unselfishness means and what friendship means. Not only should I look after myself, but also I should pay attention to my family and my friends. If you have a brother or a sister in your family, you might learn to be _ from the passage.
|
[
"responsible",
"selfish",
"lonely",
"puzzled"
] | 0A
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Select the animal.
|
[
"Loons walk, fly, and swim.",
"Basil has green leaves.",
"Maple trees have star-shaped leaves.",
"Mango trees have many leaves."
] | 0A
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Over time, the custom of kissing developed as a way for adults to express their love and affection for one another. The roots of this form of affection can be traced back to primitive times, when mothers fondled their children, much as mothers do today. Much later, in the sixth century, society apparently accepted the custom of kissing between adults as an expression of their affection. Not surprisingly, France first accepted kissing in courtship . There, figure dancing was popular, and each dance was sealed with a kiss. The custom of kissing swept from France through Europe to Russia, where Russian nobility loved to imitate the French. Eventually, the kiss was incorporated into marriage ceremonies, and today lip locks couples into sweet matrimony. The custom of kissing today, as well as in ancient times, serves to pay _ to another. Early Romans kissed each other on the mouth or on the eyes to greet one another in a manner they thought to be dignified. One Roman emperor even ranked a person's importance by the body part he was allowed to kiss. He allowed important nobles to kiss his lips, less important ones to kiss his hands, and the least important ones to kiss his feet. In Russia, the highest sign of recognition from the Crown meant a kiss from the Tsar himself. Today, natives of many African tribes pay homage to their Chief by kissing the ground over which he has walked. It can be learned from the passage that _ .
|
[
"kissing is a widely accepted way to show love and affection",
"kissing used to be a proper way to show love on the wedding ceremony",
"kissing is a widely accepted way of greeting in the world",
"kissing from the Tsar is only sign of being accepted from the Crown"
] | 0A
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
How long is a hammer?
|
[
"19 meters",
"19 centimeters",
"19 kilometers",
"19 millimeters"
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
A board game is a game played on a pre-marked surface or "board" according to a set of rules. Board games have been played in most cultures and societies throughout history. Do you think of yourself as a bit of an expert at board games like chess or Go? Maybe you're not quite as good as you think. New research from the University of Manchester and Oxford suggests complex games like these are impossible to learn fully. They may even be too complex for the human mind to understand. Researchers studied two-player games, to try and understand the strategies which people use to make decisions during the game. Some games with two players are simple, with only a small number of possible moves. Players can quickly work out the best strategy but that means the game soon becomes boring. It gets more interesting when there are many possible moves. That's why people are so fascinated by complex board games like chess or Go, or some card games. But what the researchers found was that with difficult games, players find it hard to work out the best strategy and their actions become less reasonable. This research is part of the field called game theory: the study of human strategic decision-making. Much thinking on how people play complex games is based on something called "the balance point", which is when players have a perfect knowledge of what they are going to do and of what their rivals are going to do. When you add more than two players then of course the game becomes even harder to understand. Trading on the stock market is an example of a complex multi-player game. It can be inferred in the passage that _ .
|
[
"the simpler the board game is, the better it is",
"people dislike board games for the complex moves",
"players are easy to lose patience when in difficult games",
"it's possible for people to understand complex games thoroughly"
] | 2C
|
college_computer_science
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Hawaii is an important trading center and about six million tourists visit there every year. With all that traffic in and out, exotic species have plenty of opportunities to reach the islands. According to biologists, exotic species are the number one threat to the state' s economy, environment, and way of life. The question in Hawaii is, can the invaders be stopped? Quarantines are one way to do this. Quarantine is the process of isolating animals or products. In Hawaii, pet dogs and cats coming into the state remain in a special holding facility for four months to make sure they don' t have rabies( ) Many agricultural products are also quarantined to see if they are carrying insect pests or plant diseases. Inspection is a second way to stop biological invaders. At airports, borders, and shipping ports, inspectors examine passengers and their baggage to see if they are carrying exotic species. The inspectors also destroy fruits, vegetables, or other goods that might be carrying harmful pests or diseases. Specially trained dogs also smell goods in the ship for exotic species. What if an exotic species slips by inspectors? Then efforts are made to control the invader. In Hawaii,government agencies control invaders by setting livetraps around wildlife shelters and other places. At Haleakala National Park employees have built miles of fences to keep out exotic pigs and goats. For years these animals ate and walked over native rain forest plants, hut the fences have helped reverse( )this damage. Now native plants grow in places that were bare rock only a short time ago. In some cases biological control helps to solve the exotic species problems. It is the science of controlling one invader with another. In the early 1900s, several exotic predators were imported to Hawaii to eat a harmful exotic pest called the sugarcane leafhopper. The insect was destroying 70,000 tons of sugar a year ,but the predators brought it under control. The efforts of these scientists and other people are vitally important. In Hawaii alone,10,000 different species of native plants and animals still need to be protected. Many of these are found nowhere else on earth. By stopping the spread of the biological invaders, we not only protect ourselves, but we also protect the many other native species that make our planet such a special place to live. This passage is mainly about _ .
|
[
"the methods for preventing exotic species",
"the effects of exotic invasion on Hawaii",
"the problems faced by the Hawaiian economy",
"the role of biologists in controlling native species"
] | 0A
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Not long ago, people could only buy organic food in small shops. Today it is common in most major supermarkets. The reason for the increase is that more and more people are demanding food grown without chemicals. Since the 1990s, organic farm production has gone up 20 percent every year. This pattern is expected to continue around the globe. Australia leads the world in land used for organic agriculture. It has four times as much land devoted to organic farming as all of Asia. However, most of the land is not very fertile, and it only produces a modest amount of food. Argentina is a distant second, followed by Brazil, the United States and China. In Africa, only a very small amount of land is registered for organic farming. That does not mean Africa relies on chemicals. In fact, many farmers do not use chemicals because they cannot afford them. Yet there are no programs for these farmers to prove they do not use chemicals. Without these programs their food can never be approved organic. India has had the most dramatic recent increase in organic farming. Like many other countries, India sees continual growth in organic food sales around the world. This, of course, leads to growth in profits. Sales of organic food were more than doubled from 2000 to 2005. Like India, many countries are trying to increase commercial organic farming to get a share of the sales. This has led to criticism. Some people believe that organic farming should not just be about making money. They think the goal is to help the environment. Others say organic farming will not continue if it is not profitable. They say that people should be able to make money while providing food that is healthy to mankind. What is the passage mainly about?
|
[
"Organic food has become much more common.",
"People do not want to eat food with chemicals in it.",
"Farming organically is growing around the world.",
"Countries all want to make money by farming organically."
] | 2C
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Which statement describes the bowl's motion?
|
[
"The bowl is accelerating.",
"The bowl has a constant velocity."
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Many people enjoy an adventure story. Others like mysteries that lead the reader to an exciting discovery. The story of the young British naturalist Charles Darwin combines both of these. That is why the author and illustrator Rosalyn Schanzer chose to write the children's book "What Darwin Saw". The book was published just in time for the 200th anniversary of Charles Darwin's birth on February 12, 1809. Rosalyn Schanzer carefully gathered Darwin's thoughts and observations from his diaries, letters and books. Many of the words in the book are Darwin's own. She also traveled to the Galapagos Islands and South America. She researched some of the places Darwin had visited on his trip on the ship, the Beagle in the 1830s. She took thousands of pictures, which helped her create the book's beautiful and color1ful drawings. These pictures show young readers what led Darwin to form his great discovery: the evolution of species through natural selection. "What Darwin Saw" tells of the adventures of a young man who traveled around the world as a scientist. The voyage of the Beagle took Charles Darwin to South America, where he rode horses with cowboys and met Native Americans in Argentina. He reported the eruption of the Osorno Volcano and experienced an earthquake in Chile. Darwin's observations showed him that environments can change very quickly and a great deal over time. Rosalyn Schanzer brings to life the clues that suggested to Darwin that living things evolve, or change, over time. She illustrates the unusual tortoises, birds and lizards that Darwin studied in the Galapagos Islands. She shows how Darwin came to understand that these island animals had differences, developed over time, that helped them survive. And she explains the theory of evolution through natural selection in a way that both children and adults will enjoy. What Darwin Saw mainly focuses on _ .
|
[
"how Darwin made his voyage to South America",
"what led Darwin to form the theory of evolution",
"when Darwin left home and began his expedition",
"where Darwin explored the living things in nature"
] | 1B
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Although they are an inexpensive supplier of vitamins,minerals,and high--quality protein,eggs also contain a high level of blood cholesterol ,one of the major causes of heart disease.One egg yolk,in fact,contains a little more than two--thirds of the suggested daily cholesterol limit. This knowledge has caused egg sales to drop in recent years,which in turn has brought about the development of several alternatives to eating regular eggs.One alternative is to eat substitute eggs. These egg substitutes are not real eggs, but they look somewhat like eggs when they are cooked.They have the advantage of having lower cholesterol rates,and they can be scrambled or used in baking.One disadvantage, however,is that they are not good for frying,poaching,or boiling.A second alternative to regular eggs is a new type of eggs,sometimes called"designer''eggs.These eggs are produced by hens that are fed low-fat diets consisting of ingredients such as canola oil,flax,and rice bran.In spite of their diets,however,these hens produce eggs that contain the same amount of cholesterol as regular eggs.Yet,producers of these eggs claim that eating their eggs will not raise the blood cholesterol in humans. Egg producers claim that their product has been described unfairly.They use scientific studies to back up their claim.And in tact studies on the relationship between eggs and human cholesterol levels have brought mixed results.It may be that it is not the type of egg that is the main determinant of cholesterol but the person who is eating the eggs.Some people may be more sensitive to cholesterol from food than other people.In fact,there is evidence that certain dietary fats stimulate the body's production of blood cholesterol.Consequently,while it still makes sense to limit one's intake of eggs,even designer eggs,it seems that doing this without regulating dietary fat will probably not help reduce the blood cholesterol level. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
|
[
"It has been proved that some dietary fats stimulate the body's production of blood cholesterol.",
"Some people are insensitive to cholesterol from food.",
"It is the type of egg that determines the level of cholesterol in one's body.",
"Controlling one's intake of eggs and dietary fat is likely to reduce blood cholesterol."
] | 2C
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Complete the sentence.
In this chemical reaction, carbon monoxide is a ().
|
[
"product",
"reactant"
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
What do these two changes have in common?
a piece of apple turning brown
compost rotting
|
[
"Both are chemical changes.",
"Both are caused by cooling.",
"Both are caused by heating.",
"Both are only physical changes."
] | 0A
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
In choosing a friend,one should be very careful.A good friend can help you study.You can have fun together and make each other happy.Sometimes you will meet fair weather friends.They will be with you as long as you have money or luck,but when you are down,they will run away.How do I know when I have found a good friend?I look for certain qualities of character,especially understanding,honesty and reliability . Above all,I look for understanding in a friend.A good friend tries to understand how another person is feeling.He is not quick to judge.Instead,he tries to learn from others.He puts himself in the other person's place,and he tries to think of ways to be helpful.He is also a good listener. At the same time,however,a good friend is honest.He does not look for faults in others.He notices their good points.In short,a friend will try to understand me and accept me. Another quality of a friend is reliability.I can always depend on a good friend.If he tells me he will meet me somewhere at a certain time,I can be sure that he will be there.If I need a favor,he will do his best to help me.If I am in trouble,he will not run away from me. There is a fourth quality that makes a friend special.A special friend is someone with whom we can have fun.We should enjoy our lives,and we would enjoy our friendship.That is why I especially like friends who are fun to be with.A good friend likes the same things I like.We share experience and learn from each other.A good friend has a good sense of humor ,too.He likes to laugh with me.That is how we share in the joy of being friends.And I know that he is looking for the same quality in me. When I meet someone who is reliable,honest,and understanding,I know I've found a friend! This passage mainly discusses _ .
|
[
"the qualities of a friend",
"where to choose friends",
"how to get along with friends",
"the importance of having a friend"
] | 0A
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Plant cloning has been an agricultural technique used by farmers and gardeners for centuries. Grafting is a common form of plant cloning. Many plants in nature actually clone themselves and reproduce asexually. Cloned plants are much more predictable than normal plants, so their yield is more reliable. Cloned plants also reproduce faster, limiting the amount of time between planting and harvesting. It is also often cheaper to produce seeds through cloning than through traditional methods. Plants can essentially be optimized so that farmers or individual growers always have the best seeds available. With more yield at a faster rate, farms can produce more food for more people while decreasing overall costs. Cloning can be used to wipe out diseases that previously killed off entire fields of crops. This would make plants immune to the kinds of diseases that farmers and gardeners around the world fear each year. Crop failures due to disease and virus could become a thing of the past. Also, plants that are near extinction can be brought back to life through cloning. Through cloning scientists can develop "super" fruits and vegetables of superior nutritional quality. This could make for a healthier population overall. This is already being done through selective pollination , and genetic cloning could take it to the next level. By plant cloning we have a population of identical plants and all these plants equally suffer from the same diseases, but in nature the weak would die and the strong would survive. While there are some dangers to consider with plant cloning, there are plenty of benefits that could prove vital to the propagation of the human species. What can we infer from the text?
|
[
"The fruits produced by cloned plants taste much better.",
"There are more cloned plants than normal plants.",
"Plant cloning can disturb the laws of nature.",
"People should avoid eating cloned fruits."
] | 2C
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
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