princeton-nlp/QuRatedPajama-1B_tokens_for_analysis

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now discontinued, and arsenical solution in four-minim doses resumed. The subsequent progress of the case, though tedious, and so far disappointing, may be told in a few sentences. On the 1st of November, and on several occasions during the rest of that month, there occurred a renewal of the choreal state, which had not indeed absolutely disappeared, though it was often so trivial and even absent as to encourage the hope of an early recovery. Arsenic was perseveringly employed, with a carefully-regulated diet and general management, but on each occasion, of which three were noted, when an exacerbation of the choreic condition arose, a marked abatement of the muscular action resulted from the administration of small and hourly-repeated doses of tincture of hemp, relief sometimes arising so speedily as within six or eight hours. On one occasion the improvement was not decided for three or four days. In the beginning of December, rheumatic symptoms recurred with slight febrile action and articular pains and renewal of choreic agitation. At the same time, marked excitement of the heart's action was renewed, and now, for the first time, a faint soft diastolic murmur, indicative of aortic regurgitation, was with difficulty perceived. A weak solution of acetate and nitrate of potash was administered, and grain doses of opium four or five times in twenty-four hours. Pain arid fever abated, but not the spasmodic movement, and on the third day afterwards six-minim doses of tincture of hemp were given every two hours, followed by an immediate decrease of the chorea, which at once declined to its slightest degree in two or three days. The patient now presented more marked indications of returning health. The state of mental lethargy into which she had early lapsed was now passing off; her appetite was revived, and on the 20th December she was able to be out of bed and to walk with assistance. Small doses of the iodide of potassium with the infusion of quassia were given, and improvement went on uninterruptedly; she did not, however, cast off the choreic jerk and awkwardness till the second week of January 1869. She has since had a very comfortable convalescence, but the diastolic murmur noted above continues strongly developed. In the remarks I have to offer on this case, I confine myself to the points which illustrate the value and application of cannabis Indica in the treatment of choreal spasm. It is well said by Dr. Hughes, that each case of chorea, like each case of every other disease, should be separately studied; and though it may be regarded as one of a class, should still be viewed as a distinct individual of the class. In the case of my patient, the general characteristics of the attack point it out as an example of a large class of cases in which acute rheumatism constitutes the primary and originating source of chorea, while its special features simply declare the degree of chorea, with its repeated recurrences, and the unusual violence of agitation, to have been more than ordinarily severe, without any such personal or inherited constitutional peculiarity as exists in certain forms of this and of other nervous diseases. Connected with the severity of the chorea, an inquiry of some difficulty arises out of the condition of the heart, particularly its disturbed action in the early stage, and the endocarditic lesion which occurred later, and which declared its presence only with the renewed rheumatic attack in the beginning of December. At the time of her admission and subsequently, notwithstanding the extra-ordinary hurry of the heart's action, I persuaded myself that there was no organic nor inflammatory lesion, and I came to the conclusion that the severity of the choreic state had extended to the heart. The evidences of endocarditis subsequently developed cast doubt on my view of the previously choreic state of the heart; and there does not appear to be any means of solving the question beyond the opinion of those who saw the patient. It certainly seems unlikely that endocarditis capable of causing such extreme disturbance of the heart's action should have existed, unaccompanied from the outset by other indications of its presence. 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of no service in those affections of mind, sensation, or motility, which are simply functional in their character, or, at all events, have no established morbid anatomy. On the other hand, that it has afforded notable relief in cases where organic disease existed. I do not agree with this view, but it would be beside my object to discuss it here. On the supposition, however, that the view is a sound one, it suggests that, in my patient, the organic lesion had originated in the heart at an early stage of the attack, and, consequently, the beneficial effects of the cannabis were so readily exerted. On the whole, the conclusion is a fair one, that endocarditis was present earlier than appeared; though still, I cling to the view that the disturbed action was, in the first instance, functional and choreic. The practical interest of my case, however, consists in the illustration it affords of the special use and application of cannabis in the treatment of choreal spasm, and of the mode in which the remedy may be administered in many cases, if not in all. I have already remarked on the mistake, as it seems to me, of looking for general curative results in this or in any disease from the mere general application of special therapeutic observation or experience. I think the cases and cures of chorea by tincture of hemp reported, to whlch I have referred, illustrate the fallacy of such reasonings; but, on the other hand, the case of my patient suggests that there is a special, and perhaps a frequently useful, application of the drug in such circumstances. The impression which the case leaves on my mind is, that cannabis has a peculiar value and power in controlling the irregular movements of chorea, which ever and again are terribly distressing, and possibly even dangerous, to the patient; and it would be of no small moment to determine the extent and limit of its influence, and to ascertain whether or not choreic action, even in slighter cases, might not be moderated by this remedy. The result of repeated trial in my patient seems to show, on the one hand, that the violence of choreal action was speedily moderated; and the protracted duration of the case, on the other hand, makes it sufficiently evident that the virtue of the remedy did not reach farther in the direction of removal and radical cure of the disease. This points to an important question in the treatment of chorea, which has been mooted by many writers on the subject, viz., how far the chorea is to be dealt with as an independent condition, and how far its treatment and removal will be best achieved by the treatment of the diseased state out of which it has sprung? I think that systematic writers and clinical lecturers have dealt with the subject of chorea too much as an independent disease, and that the late Dr. Babington, of London, in his justly-admired paper on chorea, indicated a sound and philosophic principle, when he advised that when the disease has arisen by metastasis of rheumatism, it should be treated in the same way as pericarditis is treated. Recognising, then, the principle that our chief aim in the treatment is to combat the constitutional state, or the local disease in connexion with which the chorea has arisen, I conclude farther, from the case I have read, that an important aim must sometimes, if not at all times, be to allay the severity of the choreal state by the use of cannabis, or by other means. On this point, I cannot resist quoting from M. Trousseau his earnest utterances in the behalf of tartar emetic as a means of subduing the violence of choreal agitation: "Unfortunately,"says that learned physician, "there are cases in which the convulsive agitation is of such violence that all known means are without avail, and the physician too often sees poor young girls perish miserably, the skin rubbed and deeply ulcerated by incessant friction, that no appliance can obviate. But surely, in such circumstances, cannabis Indica is a far more appropriate remedy than tartar emetic, affording, as M. Trousseau adds, "if though only in exceptional cases, a chance of success where we appeared impotent." 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July 2, 2019\|Newsletter Feature, Science News MIRA at three years: maximizing NIGMS' research investment by Jon R. Lorsch The National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) is the home of fundamental biomedical research at the National Institutes of Health. Three years ago, we launched MIRA (short for Maximizing Investigators' Research Awards), an important experiment in how we fund research. Here I describe the rationale for that program and take a look at how it's meeting our goals. With an annual budget of more than $2.8 billion, NIGMS is always looking for ways to invest optimally in a broad and diverse research portfolio. When I first came to the NIGMS in 2013, the primary mechanism used to support investigator-initiated research was the traditional R01 grant, which funds distinct projects with specific aims. While this funding mechanism is well suited to some types of research, it does not allow scientists to easily explore new directions. Researchers who want to pursue a new idea must apply for another grant to fund it. Not only does this create inefficiencies for investigators, the project-based funding model doesn't reflect how research is actually conducted. For example, who can actually predict what experiments they will be doing next month, let alone four years from now? I felt the time had come to examine an alternative funding model to ensure we were using taxpayer dollars as efficiently as possible. After consultation with internal and external stakeholders, we set out on an experiment to transform how we support fundamental biomedical research, moving away from a mechanism that funds specific projects to one with broader reach. Through the novel MIRA program we began funding grants that supported the program of research in an investigator's lab that falls within the NIGMS mission. We hoped that this new way of funding would provide scientists with more flexibility to "follow their noses" and allow them to explore new directions as promising observations and ideas arise during the course of their studies. We also expected the program would enable NIGMS to support a larger number of talented researchers, including more early-career investigators. So far, the results are promising. There are two types of MIRAs: one for established investigators, and another for early-stage investigators (ESIs). Both programs offer five years of support; for established investigators, this is one year more than a typical R01 grant. Awards to established investigators are generally in the range of $250,000 to $400,000 direct costs per year, although some are higher. Most MIRAs for ESIs are for $250,000 direct costs per year, about $40,000 more than the typical ESI R01. Both programs offer grants that can be renewed at the end of the 5-year project period. Unlike the R01, MIRA applications do not have specific aims. Instead, applicants must describe the overall research questions they're interested in exploring and discuss their past productivity. In other words, applicants should describe why the questions they want to answer are important ones and why they are the right people to answer them. MIRA applications are evaluated based on the importance of the proposed research and the researcher's record of accomplishments relative to his or her career stage. Upon receiving a MIRA, grantees are not eligible to apply for most other types of NIGMS research grants and must dedicate at least 51% of their research effort to MIRA-funded work. Ultimately, MIRA is designed to produce a more stable, flexible, and efficient research environment because it allows scientists to focus more on productivity and innovation—to take scientific risks and to pursue important, new scientific questions that arise during the course of their research. It also aims to reduce the time scientists spend writing and reviewing grant applications, freeing up time to focus on research, training, and mentoring. The MIRA program has now been running for three full fiscal years and, overall, is meeting our intended goals. You can learn more about MIRA review and funding outcomes to date in our recent Feedback Loop blog post (https://bit.ly/2KtjCx0). We also recently outlined our plans for the next MIRA funding opportunity announcement, which will be the first one that covers renewal applications (https://bit.ly/2VxiKso). 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The Wolf That Changed America - The Photographs and Artwork of Ernest Thompson Seton Explore more from this episode More All images courtesy of Philmont Museum – Seton Memorial Library Cimarron, New Mexico A gift of Mrs. Julia M. Seton Lobo After His Capture The image is a photograph that Seton took of Lobo after his capture near the headquarters of the L Cross F Ranch which belonged to Louis Fitz-Rudolph. The photograph details the stark landscape in which the wolf met his demise, as well as the ensnared wolf cowering away from the Seton as he shot the photograph. This is the image that would remain with Seton long after the event. Publicity Shot of Ernest Thompson Seton Publicity photograph of Ernest Thompson Seton at the peak of his career taken in New York in 1906. E.T. Seton, Lecturer Publicity photo of Seton advertising his lecture series. "The Black Wolf of the Currumpaw" "The Black Wolf of the Currumpaw" oil painting (1894). One of the most detailed and captivating oil paintings produced by Seton shortly after Lobo was trapped on January 31, 1894. The detail Seton put into this painting exemplifies Seton's interest in Lobo. This image would appear on the cover of The World of Ernest Thompson Seton, edited by John G. Samson and published by Alfred A. Knopf in New York, 1976. Early Cover of Wild Animals I Have Known An early cover of Wild Animals I Have Known, in which Seton included the story of Lobo. The story marked the beginning of a new writing style for Seton, in which he began to abandon his use of applying anthropomorphic qualities to the animals of his stories. Blanca, Lobo's Mate A photograph of Blanca, Lobo's mate (1894). "Within a mile or so, we came up, and found that the little wolf in the trap was Blanca safe and sure. Lobo was with her running alongside. He would not leave her. But when he saw the men coming with guns, he knew he was powerless. He called her to follow, and led up the side of the hill to the mesa. She did follow for a time, until the horns of the big beef head caught in the rocks and held her. Then she had to turn and face us. "Just then, up came the sun, and shone full on her. I saw now what a beautiful creature she was – pure white. I used my camera, and made the lasting record given." (Trail of an Artist-Naturalist – the autobiography of Ernest Thompson Seton; pg 336, Charles Scribner's Sons, NY 1941). The two photographs of Lobo and Blanca were later used by Seton to symbolize the extermination of wolves from the southern plains. It was this event in which Seton began to realize he had killed "his kindred" in cold blood. "Lobo and Blanca" Pen and ink with tempera (1894). "Wolf Study" Pen and ink with water color (1896). "The Kill" Pen and ink (1893). The observed New Mexico wolf pack attacking a cow. Pen and ink (date unknown). The wolf paw would eventually become incorporated into Seton's signature to express his symbolic kinship to the wolf. "The Persuit (La Poursuite)" Oil (1895). In his autobiography, Seton said that he painted this large oil trying to imagine how a pack of wolves would look from the rear of a speeding Russian trapper's sleigh. The painting was begun in 1894. The scene was derived from a story he later published in Forest and Stream titled, "The Baron and the Wolves." Although the painting's meaning is ambiguous, one scholar has postulated that Seton "meant to show wicked men pursued by vengeful wolves retaliating against man's destruction of nature." Several preliminary sketches, wolf studies, and color schemes were used in preparing for this painting. After its completion in January 1895, it was submitted for hanging in the Grand Salon of Paris. The painting was rejected, perhaps because the message was not easily understood. 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With Acorda Acorda Compliance Biotie EFPIA Discolsures Message From Diversity and Policy on Access to Unapproved Medicines ARCUS® Technology AMPYRA® (dalfampridine) INBRIJA™ (levodopa inhalation powder) BTT1023 (timolumab) CVT-427 FDA Issues Complete Response Letter for PLUMIAZ™, Investigational Medicine for Epilepsy Cluster Seizures Download this Press Release (PDF 142 KB) - Acorda Therapeutics Committed to Working with FDA ARDSLEY, N.Y.--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Acorda Therapeutics, Inc. (Nasdaq:ACOR) today announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a Complete Response Letter (CRL) for the New Drug Application (NDA) for PLUMIAZTM (diazepam) Nasal Spray for the treatment of people with epilepsy who experience cluster seizures. A CRL is a communication from the FDA that informs a company that their review of the NDA is complete and the application cannot be approved in its present form. The Company is currently developing a response to address the items outlined in the letter. "There is an urgent need for new treatments for people with epilepsy who experience cluster seizures. We are committed to the development and commercialization of PLUMIAZ, a potential therapeutic option for these individuals," said Ron Cohen , M.D., Acorda's President and CEO. "We are evaluating the Complete Response Letter and expect to work closely with the FDA to address the items outlined in the letter and refile the NDA for PLUMIAZ. We expect to provide further detail as our discussions with the FDA progress." Based on the requirements for approval outlined in the letter, the Company does not expect PLUMIAZ to receive FDA approval in 2014. Of the approximately 2.8 million people in the United States with epilepsy, it is estimated that about 175,000 experience cluster seizures, also known as acute repetitive seizures or bouts of increased seizure activity. These patients may experience cluster seizures even though they generally are on stable regimens of antiepileptic medications (AEDs). Currently, many of these individuals do not find the currently available outpatient therapy acceptable and default to emergency room care or no care at all. PLUMIAZ potentially offers a more viable treatment option. PLUMIAZ has received orphan drug designation for the treatment of cluster seizures. Epilepsy is a neurological condition that produces seizures affecting a variety of mental and physical functions. Seizures are symptoms of abnormal brain activity, and occur when a brief, strong surge of electrical activity affects part or all of the brain. About Acorda Therapeutics Founded in 1995, Acorda Therapeutics is a biotechnology company focused on developing therapies that improve the lives of people with neurological disorders. Acorda markets three FDA-approved therapies including: AMPYRA® (dalfampridine) Extended Release Tablets, 10 mg, a treatment to improve walking in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS); ZANAFLEX CAPSULES® (tizanidine hydrochloride) and Zanaflex tablets, a short-acting drug for the management of spasticity; and QUTENZA® (capsaicin) 8% Patch, for the management of neuropathic pain associated with postherpetic neuralgia. AMPYRA is marketed outside the United States as FAMPYRA® (prolonged-release fampridine tablets) by Biogen Idec under a licensing agreement from Acorda. Acorda has one of the leading pipelines in the industry of novel neurological therapies. 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Medical Scheme & Health Insurance Health toolkit Business Intelligence Systems Employer Healthcare Solutions Markets Regulation and Policy Strategic Analytics The Diagnostic Mortality Audit Process (DMAP)™ Insight2018-08-31T08:37:00+00:00 All, Research Like: 0 By Dr Gareth Kantor & Dr Michele Youngleson No hospital in the world provides perfect care. We believe the best hospitals are those that strive continuously to improve and to make care safer. The management of a large client South African hospital embraced this challenge. They agreed to work with us to develop better systems for learning about, and improving, patient safety in their facility. Our initial focus was on preventable mortality using what we call a Diagnostic Mortality Audit Process (DMAP)™. The Stratification Matrix Not all deaths in hospital are unexpected. Many are the predictable outcome of serious illness and/or occur at the end of a healthy life. Using an approach first described by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement1 our first step was to identify patients who were receiving palliative care before the time of death. These deaths in hospital may suggest problems in end of life care both in the hospital and in the community, as most patients given the choice prefer to die at home surrounded by loved ones2. The second step was to identify patients admitted to the ICU. These deaths may identify opportunities to apply known and proven improvement techniques, such as for the prevention of line-related bloodstream infection or ventilator-associated pneumonia. Preventable deaths in general wards may point to other problems, with risk assessment and in the quality and reliability of ward level care1. For example, some deaths can be characterised as "failure to rescue", the situation where signs of clinical deterioration, such as changes in heart rate, blood pressure or breathing, are unrecognised, or response is delayed. In these circumstances, an Early Warning Score that activates a Rapid Response Team3 is a useful intervention, helping to trigger additional monitoring, resuscitation, transfer to ICU and definitive treatment. Mapping the patient journey After separating the last 50 cases of mortality into recipients of palliative care, and ICU or non-ICU patients the hospital team, working in small groups, visually mapped each patient journey from pre-admission through the hospital to the point of death. This exercise makes it easier to identify and piece together relevant pre-hospital factors, entry points, investigations, procedures, wards and management, and resuscitation attempts that contributed to the final outcome. At the same time, the team used our adaptation of the IHI Global Trigger Tool4 to flag specific occurrences in the patient journey that suggest risk. Triggers, such as an unplanned return to theatre, or use of the opioid reversal drug naloxone, were assessed during the team-based review of each patient's folder. We also provided a "3 x 3 model" to identify harm that has occurred by omission or by commission. This model describes 3 kinds of delays, 3 types of defects and 3 failures. For reviewing resuscitations, we asked the team to pose three questions in each case: "What went well?", "What could have gone better?", and "What will we do differently next time?" This comprehensive mortality audit approach helped the team to prioritise, through the initial stratification exercise, and to identify system factors associated with serious preventable harm in their hospital through a detailed drill-down view of each case. Action Period During the subsequent four-month Action Period the team was tasked with establishing the routine use of this model for mortality reviews to identify problems, understand the root causes of the problems and introduce changes to address the care gaps. What did they learn? The improvement team enthusiastically embraced these methods, allocating time each Friday afternoon in the subsequent four months for the group to review each case, and then to shift from retrospective audit to a closer to real-time review of cases for prompt action. Within the 4-month Action Period, as a result of these reviews and application of the audit tools, the team identified a number of issues which they began to make the focus of their quality improvement (QI) program, and which quickly generated ideas for change. 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– Better identification of at risk patients in casualty and wards – Improving heart attack diagnosis and time to definitive management in the cardiac catheterisation lab – Improving emergency skills such as intubation – Innovative suggestions for mentoring of ER physicians by specialists – Increasing the percentage of obstetrician-attended births – Improving the timing and reliability of response to critical laboratory results. The DMAP™ also revealed delays with insurance authorisation that could have harmed patients and created risk for the organisation. Expectations around the time within which a patient should be seen by the admitting surgeon or physician have been adjusted. QI requires teamwork and is about change. This particular hospital has the asset of a strong and committed management team who work well together. They are focused on the success of their facility and safety of their patients and are empowered to make change, take decisions independently and act quickly. Electronic data systems can play a vital role QI also requires data. Our client hospital has the distinct advantage of a custom electronic information system that can be programmed for functionality as needed, for example to provide a list of recent deaths, with admission dates, length of stay, triggers and diagnoses. Using this capability, they designed and introduced an innovative electronic "shift report" tool which prompts staff to identify triggers and provides the opportunity to comment, resulting in approximately 6,000 entries over the initial 6 weeks of use. The information is summarised in a table making it easy for the next shift and management to quickly identify at risk patients for attention. Anecdotally, it appears that patient satisfaction scores have improved in wards where the shift report has been readily adopted. This generalised intervention has the potential to reduce preventable harm across the hospital. A safer hospital for patients – and a healthy organisational culture for staff and patients The health services literature documents a consistent association between positive organisational cultures and clinical outcomes, including reduced mortality rates5. Elements of culture associated with success include: fostering a learning environment, offering sustained and visible senior management support to clinical teams and services, ensuring that staff across the organisation feel "psychologically safe" and able to speak up when things are felt to be going wrong. We believe that the tools for learning about safety are helping to build this kind of culture at our client hospital and that this will contribute to greater safety and better outcomes. Both patients and staff will the beneficiaries of this initiative. We look forward to seeing the results – the data – and to helping other hospitals in South Africa to try this new approach. To learn more about the Diagnostic Mortality Audit Process (DMAP)™, contact: Dr Gareth Kantor [email protected] +27-(0)761207560 1. Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Reducing Hospital Mortality Rates.; 2009. 2. Gomes B, Calanzani N, Gysels M, Hall S, Higginson IJ. Heterogeneity and changes in preferences for dying at home: a systematic review. BMC Palliat Care. 2013;12(1):7. doi:10.1186/1472-684X-12-7. 3. Winters BD, Weaver SJ, Pfoh ER, Yang T, Pham JC, Dy SM. Rapid-Response Systems as a Patient Safety Strategy. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(5_Part_2):417. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-158-5-201303051-00009. 4. Griffin F, Resar R. IHI Global Trigger Tool for Measuring Adverse Events.; 2009. 5. Mannion R, Smith J. Hospital culture and clinical performance: where next? BMJ Qual Saf. 2017;epub ahead(December):1-3. doi:10.1136/ bmjqs-2017-007668. HASA – Intl utilisation benchmarking This project was commissioned by the Hospital Association of South Africa (HASA). The aim of the project is to compare... read more The lights go out one by one Shivani Ranchod I have	0.770188	0.839516	1.875925	0.649427	[ 1.2249203349853774, 0.31545585013020055 ]	[ 1.4053546224792424, 0.27367735909150026 ]	[ 2.45418812566533, 1.2976622180901034 ]	[ 1.1176738348998, 0.1811805383287618 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 13, 29994, 26965, 29769, 310, 472, 12045, 22069, 297, 3209, 950, 1017, 322, 281, 3163, 13, 29994, 1954, 771, 1747, 5192, 5337, 24876, 19263, 322, 931, 304, 8422, 573, 10643, 297, 278, 5881, 13544, 274, 493, 1308, 4371, 9775, 13, 29994, 1954, 771, 1747, 11176, 14703, 25078, 1316, 408, 938, 431, 362, 13, 29994, 512, 13715, 1230, 10529, 363, 6042, 8253, 310, 8982, 4824, 14722, 491, 4266, 2879, 13, 29994, 512, 1037, 5832, 278, 19649, 310, 14979, 300, 2200, 713, 29899, 1131, 2760, 12060, 29879, 13, 29994, 1954, 771, 1747, 278, 28750, 322, 12536, 3097, 310, 2933, 304, 12187, 10212, 7606, 2582, 29889, 13, 1576, 360, 23827, 30536, 884, 17845, 628, 1036, 411, 1663, 18541, 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How many treatment will I need? How often do I have to come? Treatment plans are tailored to each individual patient and are entirely dependent on the measure of wellness that needs to be achieved. With reference to the pre-assessment form, Dr Dan maps out the wellness journey prior to the initial consultation. It is uncommon for treatment to be adequately delivered in less than 4 treatments. Pre-conception patients are advised to attend Zenkai twice per month follicular stimulation and ovulation points in the cycle. Initial consultation is a one hour session dedicated to discussing responses and results from the pre-assessment questionnaire. The results are derived from a comprehensive Traditional Chinese Medicine analysis, in addition to discussion of patients goals, the wellness journey plan is defined. The consult also includes application of required Traditional Chinese Medicine, kinesiology and herbal prescription. Follow on consultations are an hour in length and consist of therapies discussed under the wellness plan, these may included a combination of acupuncture, kinesiology and herbal consultation / dispensing. To assist in effectiveness patients are left to rest after acupuncture is applied. Dr Dan prides herself on adhering her appointment schedule, practicing on time, all the time, is a mark of respect for the value of her patients time. Although needles are the key instrument of acupuncture, the needles used are very different from the mostly commonly recognised hypodermic needle. Where hypodermic needles are large enough to consist of a tube for injecting / extracting fluid, acupuncture needles have a sole purpose of surface layer insertion, they have no hole and as such are intricately fine. Each needle is only used once, and is packaged in a small guide tube which acts to protect and guide the needle into place. Needles are administered by a gentle tap/flick which implants them into the surface epidermal layer of the skin. At Zenkai, Dr Dan only uses the highest quality, fine stainless steel needles, which have an optimally smooth surface to deliver minimal sensation during needling. The sensation of acupuncture can only be described as subtle – if at all. It is common for a dull numbness, tingling or tightness to be experienced which is referred to as "de qi" in Chinese. Dr Dan has mastered a very gentle needling technique, which results in a very mild de qi sensation. When the needle passes through the skin it is common for patients to no have any awareness of the needling, some may experience a slight pricking, if there is any sharpness patients are strongly encouraged to advise Dr Dan so she can adjust the technique for improved comfort. Upon removal of needles it is very rare to see bleeding as the needles are not administered to puncture veins or arteries. Do I need to disrobe clothing? Patient comfort during treatment is a priority at Zenkai. Needling is conducted on targeted areas of the body, so if disrobing is required it is often concentrated. If more extensive disrobing is required it will be done with minimal exposure and coverings applied to ensure privacy and warmth. At any point, advise Dr Dan if the level of comfort is not satisfactory. The Zenkai experience is enhanced if the patient is in comfortable clothing, as loose clothing assists in the treatments being delivered more effectively. Attend with any Western Medical finding and medications that are not already attached to the pre-assessment questionnaire. For fertility journey's attend with a diary of recent menstrual cycles. What do I need to do before my 1st consultation? The preparation required prior to initial consultation is submission of the completed pre-assessment form at least 24 hours prior to treatment. The new patient questionnaire provides background information, which ensures the consult can be an active treatment session as opposed to a briefing. How do I pay, do you accept private health insurance? What are your fees? Skype/phone consultations: fees $2-3 per min depending on what is required. Patient order form is where patients can organize herbs to be courier directly to their door within 24hr anywhere in AUS/NZ. We offer International delivery – a quote will be sent. Payment is required on the day of consultation by cash, cheque or EFTPOS. HICAPS	0.657875	-0.400718	1.102372	0.006889	[ 0.9564639509016203, 0.35928546385816085 ]	[ -0.1601024147307791, -0.641333845957766 ]	[ 1.4701266078162336, 0.7346167104547956 ]	[ 0.18638327886526757, -0.17260581815363044 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 1128, 1784, 14502, 674, 306, 817, 29973, 1128, 4049, 437, 306, 505, 304, 2041, 29973, 13, 29911, 276, 271, 358, 13900, 526, 12464, 4395, 304, 1269, 5375, 16500, 322, 526, 9186, 14278, 373, 278, 5645, 310, 1532, 2264, 393, 4225, 304, 367, 14363, 29889, 13, 3047, 3407, 304, 278, 758, 29899, 465, 404, 358, 883, 29892, 4942, 3951, 11053, 714, 278, 1532, 2264, 16342, 7536, 304, 278, 2847, 8799, 362, 29889, 13, 3112, 338, 443, 9435, 363, 14502, 304, 367, 19967, 339, 2486, 20115, 297, 3109, 1135, 29871, 29946, 7539, 1860, 29889, 13, 6572, 29899, 535, 1441, 22069, 526, 594, 11292, 304, 14333, 796, 264, 1335, 29875, 8951, 639, 4098, 900, 506, 1070, 20436, 2785, 322, 15397, 2785, 3291, 297, 278, 11412, 29889, 13, 15514, 8799, 362, 338, 263, 697, 7234, 4867, 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is available for on the day claims – the value of which depends on individuals level of cover. For insurance funds that don't participate in HICAPS a receipt will be provided to place the claim directly with the insurer. Refund estimations are not possible and will depend on each individual's type and level of cover. We encourage contact with health insurer to determine refund amounts. Do you have to go somewhere else to get my herbs/supplements? Prescribed herbs / supplements are all stocked in house. Only practitioner products are available which are of the highest quality, therapeutic strength and and have research based clinical effectiveness. What are your opening hours, location? Other hours can be made by arrangement. Our address is 48 Strathclyde Crescent, Woodend VICTORIA 3442, look out for the yellow letterbox. We are located in the beautiful village of Woodend. Tranquil countryside views from one of the architecturally designed Japanese indoor courtyards are the ultimate environment to begin your natural healing therapy. Adequate private parking is available for patients of Zenkai. Car parking are located at the end of the winding driveway, and provides convenient access to Zenkai entrance. Zenkai is an appointment only practice, appointment confirmation request is issued 48 hours prior to scheduled appointment. We understand that circumstances can be beyond control in some situations, however, Dr Dan has a waiting list of patients eager for consultations. Last minute cancellations have a negative knock on effect, resulting in loss of income and a missed opportunity for a patient awaiting appointment availability. As such Zenkai enforce a 24 hour cancellation policy, where appointments cancelled, missed or changes within the 24 hours in the lead up to a scheduled appointment will incur a cancellation penalty fee of $50. Zenkai, will make an allowance for special circumstances these include going into labour or a cancellation of embryo transfer. How soon can I get an appointment? Is there a waiting list? As a boutique solo practitioner practice we have an ongoing waiting list of approximately 2 weeks. After hours appointments are available, we are experiencing high demand for after hours appointments. The waiting list can incur an extended waiting period. For very specific schedule requirements we recommend that you keep your appointment booked well ahead to ensure the most convenient time is always achievable. We get results. Success rate is in direct proportion to commitment. This question is particularly relevant in the context of patients attending Zenkai for fertility treatment. Dr Dan commits to achieving results, delivering support, advice, encouragement and guidance along the wellness journey. However if the patient does not embrace the same level of commitment results can be impacted. Dr Dan places a focus from early on, around connection and empowering the patient through knowledge, resonating with the treatment is important and should be addressed if barriers are building. A willingness to believe, seek and be comfortable, along with proactive actions to implement prescribed lifestyle changes, plays a significant part in the success of treatment. Dr Dan has had the great the fortune of attracting patients who resonate with Zenkai treatments, resulting in over 450 births to date. We are trying to conceive? Conception and health are intricately intertwined. Undertaking lifestyle changes with a long term health plan will add to facilitating conception. I am pregnant should I continue treatment? Early pregnancy is a highly critical time in the formation and development of new life. We recommend pregnancy treatment particularly for the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. During which treatment is focused around strategies to reduce the chance of miscarriage, therapies to help alleviate of pregnancy symptoms and recommendations for herbs and nutrients that are highly beneficial during pregnancy. Research has shown Acupuncture to assist in the live birth rate of babies, particularly in women undergoing IVF. The effect of acupuncture at the time of embryo transfer is well documented, however evidence regarding the impact of acupuncture across the full scope of IVF is yet to be comprehensively investigated. At Zenkai we focus on fostering long term wellness and as such encourage patients to receive the best possible outcome though ongoing treatment during and after pregnancy. 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Are lung nodules common after Bendeka & Rituxan therapy? Medically reviewed by Carmen Fookes, BPharm. Last updated on May 14, 2020. Official Answer by Drugs.com Lung nodules are not commonly found after Bendeka and Rituxan therapy. Rarely, interstitial lung disease has been reported with rituximab treatment, and in a couple of cases people were taking bendamustine (Bendeka) as well. Lung nodules are commonly found during routine x-rays, showing up on one in every 500 x-rays. Most are benign (noncancerous). Although there have been a few case reports of interstitial lung disease (ILD) developing following Rituximab (RTX) therapy, it is considered a rare complication of rituximab therapy but one that doctors should monitor for because it may be potentially fatal. Published case reports mostly reported ILD happening in people taking Rituximab; however, at least two reported the combination of rituximab and bendamustine (Bendeka), for example: A 71-year-old man who developed ILD one month after finishing two treatment cycles of RTX and bendamustine with a 2-week interval A 63-year-old man who had weekly RTX for 4 weeks, followed by a combination of RTX and bendamustine. Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) is an umbrella term for a large group of lung diseases that cause scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs. Scarring makes it difficult to breathe and get oxygen to the bloodstream. What is a lung nodule? A lung nodule is a small round or oval solid overgrowth of tissue in the lungs that is seen on an X-ray or computed tomography (CT) scan. Nodules are common and they show up on about one in every 500 chest x-rays. There may be just one solitary nodule or there may be several. Lung nodules may be benign (noncancerous) or cancerous. Nodules are more likely to be benign if: They are small There is calcium in the nodule You are younger than 40 You do not smoke. Bendeka (bendamustine) Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. https://www.drugs.com/pro/bendeka.html#s-34090-1 Bendamustine Chemocare. http://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/drug-info/bendamustine.aspx Bendeka (bendamustine) Medical News Today. 2020 https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/bendeka; Uma Maheswari Krishnaswamy, Vinayak V. Maka, Murali Subramanian, et al. Rituximab Induced Interstitial Lung Disease in Patients with Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: A Clinical Study of Six Cases and Review of the Literature Lymphoma, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/160421 Related Medical Questions How will I feel after a Rituxan infusion? What are the new drugs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)? How long does it take for Rituxan to work? How does the drug Rituxan work? How do you prepare for a Rituxan infusion? How many biosimilars have been approved in the United States? What is the difference between Truxima and Rituxan? What is the success rate of Rituxan (rituximab) in patients with blood cancers? What causes infusion reactions to rituximab? What is the success rate of Rituxan (rituximab) in rheumatoid arthritis? What is the difference between Rituxan and Rituxan Hycela? 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Movies in Abilene: 'Alita: Battle Angel' and 'Isn't It Romantic' Nathaniel Ellsworth 'ALITA: BATTLE ANGEL' (Premiere 10, Century 12, Cinemark) An abandoned machine seeks clues to its past. Action sci-fi with Rosa Salazar and Christoph Waltz. PG-13. 122 minutes. Not reviewed. 'HAPPY DEATH DAY 2U' (Premiere 10, Century 12, Cinemark) A woman tries to break a time loop that keeps resulting in her death. Horror with Jessica Roth, Ruby Modine and Israel Broussard. PG-13. 100 minutes. Not reviewed. 'ISN'T IT ROMANTIC' (Premiere 10, Century 12, Cinemark) A woman finds herself trapped in a romance movie. Comedy with Rebel Wilson, Liam Hemsworth and Adam Devine. PG-13. 88 minutes. Not reviewed. 'AQUAMAN' (Century 12, Cinemark) The son of the queen of Atlantis and a lighthouse keeper tries to prevent a war between the undersea kingdom and the surface world. Action adventure with Jason Momoa, Amber Heard and Willem Dafoe. PG-13. 143 minutes. ★★½ 'BUMBLEBEE' (Century 12) A young woman becomes friends with a damaged alien robot in the 1980s. Action adventure with Hailee Steinfeld, Dylan O'Brien and John Cena. PG-13. 113 minutes. Not reviewed. 'COLD PURSUIT' (Premiere 10, Cinemark) A ski resort's snowplow driver goes after the drug cartel responsible for his son's death. Action with Liam Neeson and Laura Dern. R. 118 minutes. Not reviewed. 'A DOG'S WAY HOME' (Premiere 10) A lost dog travels across the country searching for its home. Family adventure with Bryce Dallas Howard. PG. 96 minutes. Not reviewed. 'GLASS' (Premiere 10, Century 12, Cinemark) A man with the power of immortality takes on a pair of budding supervillains. Sci-fi drama with Bruce Willis, Samuel L. Jackson and James McAvoy. PG-13. 129 minutes. ★★ 'GREEN BOOK' (Premiere 10) A black pianist and his white driver bond while traveling around the South. Biographical drama with Mahershala Ali and Viggo Mortensen. PG-13. 130 minutes. ★★★½ 'THE LEGO MOVIE 2: THE SECOND PART' (Premiere 10, Century 12, Cinemark) The residents of Bricksburg try to recover after the destruction of their home by Duplo invaders. Animated adventure with Chris Pratt, Elizabeth Banks and Will Arnett. PG. 106 minutes. ★★★ 'MISS BALA' (Century 12, Cinemark) A young woman becomes caught up in a life of crime at the border. Thriller with Gina Rodriguez and Ismael Cruz Cordova. PG-13. ★★ 'THE MULE' (Premiere 10) An elderly man becomes a drug courier. Drama with Clint Eastwood, Bradley Cooper and Taissa Farmiga. R. 116 minutes. Not reviewed. 'THE PRODIGY' (Century 12, Cinemark) A woman comes to believe that her son is possessed by an evil force. Horror with Taylor Schilling and Jackson Robert Scott. R. Not reviewed. 'RALPH BREAKS THE INTERNET' (Century 12) A pair of arcade game characters take a trip to the internet. Animated comedy with John C. Reilly and Sarah Silverman. PG. 112 minutes. ★★★ 'THE UPSIDE' (Premiere 10, Century 12, Cinemark) A man, paralyzed from the neck down, forms a friendship with the	-0.833702	-0.865162	-1.324811	-1.504507	[ -0.7939812473587955, -0.8734224222407236 ]	[ -0.800699789694331, -0.9296250475486306 ]	[ -1.334955966258768, -1.3146660380556938 ]	[ -1.5929539846197052, -1.4160608063785092 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 14104, 583, 297, 1976, 309, 1600, 29901, 525, 2499, 2028, 29901, 12788, 17323, 29915, 322, 525, 3624, 29876, 29915, 29873, 739, 6033, 7716, 29915, 13, 29940, 11385, 709, 11001, 2774, 2072, 13, 29915, 1964, 1806, 29909, 29901, 350, 1299, 29911, 1307, 13764, 1692, 29931, 29915, 313, 29925, 1745, 10883, 29871, 29896, 29900, 29892, 24027, 29871, 29896, 29906, 29892, 11972, 24212, 29897, 530, 23181, 4933, 1074, 2039, 1067, 1041, 304, 967, 4940, 29889, 9123, 4560, 29899, 7241, 411, 21974, 3956, 28690, 322, 28840, 399, 1997, 29920, 29889, 349, 29954, 29899, 29896, 29941, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29906, 29906, 6233, 29889, 2216, 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Ryan_Mason Characteristics that differentiate media from one another (5). Audience, Time, Display & Distribution, Distance, and Storage Synchronous Instant/live Recorded. Not live. Opposite of synchronous. Generate revenue from newer delivery systems. Cognitive effects of media Electronic media exposes us to a flood of information. Emotional effects of media Electronic media influence attitudes. Behavioral effects of media Electronic media persuade us to change our behavior or induce us to action. The number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubled approximately every 2 years. IBOC (In-band, On-channel) A system that enables broadcasters to use their existing frequencies to broadcast in digital and analog at the same time. The ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media in a variety of forms, and the understanding of the meaning of the content, the power, intent, and influence of the media. The process that a company follows to increase its audience share and revenue by increasing the number of outlets. When a company expands its business into areas that are at different points on the same production/distribution path. Scarcity Theory Congress retains the right to protect the electromagnetic spectrum on behalf of all the people. First officially licensed commercial radio station. KDKA in Pittsburgh, PA. Chain Broadcasting/Network One station sends signal to another station via telephone lines; content broadcast simultaneously. Who and why referred to TV as a "vast wasteland"? Newton Minow referring to the quality of programming in 1961. Sets of data that are so large that traditional data processing procedures are inadequate. Payola Taking something of value in exchange for on-air presentation/promotion. Arrangements used to pay for syndicated programs. Cash purchase, Straight barter agreement, Cash-plus-barter arrangement. Instrumental Selection Goal oriented and content based. Viewers watch TV with a certain type of program in mind. Ritualistic Selection More habitual in nature. Viewers watch TV for the act of watching, without regard to program content. Tentpoling A popular program is scheduled between two new or poorly rated programs. Hammocking A new or poorly rated show is scheduled between two successful shows. Leading in The idea is to grab viewers' attention with a very strong program. Leading out A poorly rated program is scheduled after a popular show. A program is slotted to go over the starting time of a show on a competing network. A network schedules a succession of similar programs over a block of time. Seamless programming One program directly follows another, without a commercial break or beginning or ending credits. Counterprogramming One type of program, such as a drama, is scheduled against another type of a program, say, a sitcom, on another network. Head-to-head programming Two popular shows of the same genre are pitted against each other. A special program is scheduled against a highly rated, regular scheduled show on another network. Scheduling a program such as a movie to air several times during the week or even during the day. Used mostly by cable networks. When a program is shown at the same time 5 days a week. Normally used for syndicated programs. Vinton Cerf "Father of the Internet" Co-designed the TCP/IP Protocol. ICANN. Bob Kahn Co-designed the TCP/IP Protocol. Paul Baran & Donald Davies Packet-switching - provided for small data packets. "Father of the World Wide Web" Created Esquire - a memory substitute, hyperlinks, and URL. Developed Mosaic - the first Web browser. Ray Tomlinson Developed email. Gary Thuerk Invented Spam. What does URL stand for? Universal Resource Locator Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) Assigns top-level domains. Domain Name System (DNS) Assigns a text-based name to a numerical IP address: Top-level: Always last name (.edu) 2nd level: Domain name (.unt) 3rd level: (meangreen) Phone calls over the internet. 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that is possible because of cloud computing and networks of data-gathering sensors, which can be placed in any 'thing'. Place shifting OTT services Streaming devices that let users remotely watch cable and satellite channels on an Internet-connected computer or mobile device. Packet-Switched Network The Internet takes bundles of data and breaks them up into small packets or chunks that travel through the network independently. The sender's computer is the origination point. Basically a powerful computer that provides continuous access to the Internet. A computer that links smaller networks and sorts each packet of data until the entire message is reassembled. Transmission Control Protocols/Internet Protocols (TCP/IP) Define how computers electronically transfer information to each other on the Internet. Cost per thousand (CPM) Generally used to sell print and broadcast media. One of the most widely used means of comparing the costs of advertising across different media. Upfront Market Networks begin selling time each spring for programs that will air during the fall season. Scatter Market Unsold time is offered to advertisers four times a year for the upcoming quarter. Opportunistic Market Advertisers buy time that comes up at the last minute. Clusters/Pods Several commercials between and within programs. Participations/Spots Commercials aired within a particular program. Companies pay to have their product used in or visible within a program scene. Spot Advertising Selling ad time within and between programs to several sponsors. Image Advertising Setting a product or brand perception in the consumer's mind with commercials that tell a story. Contextual Targeting Placing ads on topic-relevant Web sites. Behavioral Targeting The practice of monitoring and tracking online activity for the purpose of delivering ads tailored to a user's interests. Most common form of online advertising that optimizes ad targeting with paid placement on search engine results pages. National Spots Advertisers place their ads on individual stations in certain markets. Network Spots Advertisers that can afford it place their commercials on broadcast network programs to reach the largest possible audience. Local Spots Local advertisers place their ads where it will reach customers within a single market or geographic region. Represent moods. Characters that represent words. For User-Generated Content (UGC) to be considered social media, it must meet 3 primary standards. (1) UGC must be published on a publicly accessible web site, (2) UGC needs to show a certain amount of creative effort, and (3) It needs to have been created outside of professional routines and practices. Financial models for generating revenue for radio (7). The Per-Set Tax Model, The Voluntary Audience Contribution Model, The Government Subsidy or Ownership Model, The Toll Broadcasting Model, The Sponsorship Model, The Spot Advertising Model, and The Subscription Model. Components of the Broadcast Star Model Network affiliated station at the center, Syndicators, Network, Producers, Advertisers, Audience, FCC. Source of ethical guidelines some media outlets use as their guides. Ethical dilemmas media companies face. Reporting, Paying for interviews, Recreating news events, Using unnamed sources, Playing dirty tricks Steps to becoming an officially licensed broadcaster. The channel/frequency lottery, screening, auction for use of frequency. Factors considered by the FCC in determining whether or not to allow an existing licensee to keep their license. Employment practices and public file. Number of commissioners on the FCC. Maximum number of commissioners that can be affiliated with any one political party. Duopoly An ownership structure in which one licensee owns two or more stations in a local market area. Cross-Ownership An individual or company owning a newspaper and a broadcast station in the same market. Retransmission Consent Local television stations demanded the right for payment from the cable companies. Must-carry rule Local cable providers are required by the FCC to include all over-the-air television channels on the cable company's basic programming lineup. Types of Defamation (2) Libel and Slander Printed publication of offending words or images. 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Tata Steel Ltd. agreed to buy smaller peer Usha Martin Ltd. for up to Rs 4,700 crore as it looks to double its capacity by 2022. The steel arm of the salt-to-software Tata Group will acquire the 1-million-tonne-per-annum business in an all-cash deal, it informed exchanges over the weekend. introduction of sinter plant of usha martin usha mill for coal CachedUsha Martin: Reports, Company History, Directors Report . the company is planning to invest in its iron ore and coal mines, sinter plant . introduction of sinter plant of usha martin. Sinter Plants Crusher . INTRODUCTION OF SINTER PLANT OF USHA MARTIN a sinter plant and coke the technology for the blast furnace and the sinter plant is from minitec . introduction of sinter plant of usha martin - Crushing plant. Wire Rope Manufacturer Wire Rope Steel Plant in Usha Martin. With a history of more than 50 years, the company has a global base of wire . The steel plant has iron ore beneficiation facility, Sinter Plant, Coke oven and. Sinter Plant, Raw materials Handling Plant, Rolling Mills, Conarc Fce, LRF, SAFce . More than 48 years association with Durgapur Steel Plant, Usha Martin, Korus; Engineering Solutions, Sunflag Industries. . Metalist is also very well supported by highly experienced associate engineering companies and speciaists from diverse fields. INTRODUCTION OF SINTER PLANT OF USHA MARTIN. usha mill for coal CachedUsha Martin: . Chat With Sales. bm6 usha mill two roller grinding machine manufacture. Roller Grinding Mills Usha Mill - blossomdevelopersin. bm6 usha mill two roller grinding machine manufactur list of usha grinding mill supplier - YouTube May 4, . Chat With Sales. sinter plant in usha martin industries. introduction of sinter plant of usha martin of gasbased sponge iron plant of Essar Steel Ltd, the world's largest sponge Usha Martin Industries a sinter plant . Sinter Cost and Hot Metal cost control, SLag Rate reduction measures. Innovative technologies in the area of Sinter Making. Technical in-charge of Ore beneficitaion, Pellet Plant, Sinter Plant, Blast . Hallmark - Wikipedia. A hallmark is an official mark or series of marks struck on items made of metal, mostly to certify the content of noble metals—such as platinum, gold, . crushing system in sinter plant . crusher use din sinter plant The final product a sinter is a small irregular nodule of iron mixed with -crusher use din sinter plant- crushing system in sinter plant Crusher crushing in sinter plant sand washing machine. . Jan 07, 2013 · sinter plant, pellet plant, power plants, . which was formed in India in the early 1960s with the establishment of Usha Martin Industries Limited . » More detailed Sha Martin Industries Limited – Jamshedpur – Ropes,Electrical . Introduction Of Sinter Plant Of Usha Martin- ZZMINE mining machinery. usha mills crusher division LinkedIn Steel Division at Usha Martin Ltd, basic principle of stone crusher Crushers, mills, INTRODUCTION OF SINTER PLANT OF USHA MARTIN Rolling, Usha Martin plans to cut steel production cost from March, steel . Usha Martin Final - moneycontrol, Usha Martin Limited (UML) Recommendation BUY Snapshot Usha Martin Ltd is a leading producer of specialty steel and, Power Plant of 435 MW which . Detailed Resumes - Metalist. Last position held in 2011 was COO at Usha Martin Limited, one of the largest . Lead the projects of 198 Sq. Mts Sinter Plant, 300 TPD Iron Ore washing Plant. list of stone crusher plant in andhra; mining equipment santa ana davao city ; crusher run in matang pagar ; highway construction equipment ; . introduction of sinter plant of usha martin ; small scale conveyor belt ; Contact Us. 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First I'm supposed to tell you who I am, so here goes: I'm Nathan Zeldes, an Applied Physicist turned IT Engineer. I'm a Principal Engineer at Intel, and for the past 12 years I've been driving R&D in the field of Computing Productivity, that fascinating no man's land where our nice, crisp computer technology meets the unpredictable, demanding, sometimes vexing yet always precious wetware that is our user base. When I'm not working, I actually manage to program computers for fun, and I have a collection of computing history; you can have a peek at http://www.nzeldes.com . Information Overload has been my arch-enemy for more than a decade; I identified it as a problem as early as 1995, when Windows-based email first arrived in my workplace and enabled people to send messages with large attachments to large lists with the click of a button. For many years I tried to solve this issue with "First generation" solutions – those involving training, indoctrination, tips and suggestions. It worked well, as far as it can, but there's a limit to what it can achieve; so more recently I'm working on more advanced solutions, like the "No Email on Friday" pilot that has captured the public's imagination recently. More on these later. I define Information Overload, or Infomania as it is informally called at times, as the problem that today's Information Intensity – the ubiquitous, rapid flow and exchange of information, communications, and the implicit tasks they impose – puts our knowledge workers and managers in a chronic state of anxiety that is exacting a heavy toll on their productivity as employees as well as on their personal well-being. This problem is caused primarily by the combination of two distinct phenomena: one is Queued incoming message overload, and the other is Distractions/interruptions. It is a universal problem: some years ago Fast Company magazine published an article about my work and I subsequently received email from about 100 organizations on four continents, including Fortune 500 giants and tiny partnerships, universities and high schools, municipalities, churches, government offices, charities… all wanting to hear more and sharing the same woeful tale. I co-founded the Information Overload Research Group, whose blog this is, because I am really passionate about reducing the problem's impact world wide – not only because that will allow people to be more effective at work, which it certainly will, but also because it will allow them to be happier, and spend more time with their families and doing the things for which they went to work in the first place. Have you heard anything more about this, I would be interested in reading an update. Great organization and blog! …Every morning, I arrive to about 200 e-mails and get a few hundred more before I go home. Most nights, I find myself checking e-mail all the way up until midnight just to get a head start on the next morning. I'm constantly apologizing for deleting e-mail from folks who call me to see if I received their e-mail. I'm in the news business — so it's my job to process large amounts of information — but sometimes the amount feels inhuman. I'll be following along here. Keep it up! Thanks, Bill! I certainly agree that first generation solutions are needed – my view is they may not suffice alone, hence the other category, but they are by no means superseded by it. In fact our "Quiet Time" pilot team demanded we throw in some etiquette training – they perceived the need. As to Interruptions being queued messages that get our attention – I must say I doubt it; an instant message is not queued if you ignore it, it just goes away (in most clients). Ditto for a coworker that pops into your cube. By contrast a SMS message does linger until opened, which makes it both an interruption and a queued message. Hi Nathan, I am very glad that I found IORG and I am looking forward to all the posts on this blog. I have recently started realizing that IO has a serious impact on my habits and how my ability to focus on a single task has diminished during the last year. Since I noticed that I started an independent research in order to determine what my problems are, and how I can deal with them. I took a few notes and wrote a draft article where I explain my findings. 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thread, where I attempted to find out what is the cause of having so many unfinished projects, results are here: http://railean.net/index.php/2008/06/30/perfection_is_your_enemy_the_80_rule). I guess that I'll just halt everything and post a summary of my findings after submitting this comment. I am extremely glad that there are others who can confirm that IO is a new problem, so I am not alone. I would love to join the group meetings, but unfortunately I am in a remote geographical area. Would it be possible to make movie clips of the meetings and share them on the Internet? Nathan – great stuff. I couldn't make it to the conference from here in Western Australia, but we were represented there none the less. (2) Managing the activity that results after an email has actually hit your Inbox. (a) an enterprise wide-social contract as to how email should be used. This can be reflected in an Email Code of Conduct (one page, maybe 10 points) endorsed by the Board of Directors crafted after taking in the views of key stakeholders and constituencies. (d) a bit of training to give effect to the above. Not much, it isn't rocket science: 4 or 5 hours is enough. I am aware of Bill's materials. The Hamster Revolution is an excellent contribution to the armamentarium of First Generation approaches. Solving the second problem is all about cognitive remapping. Consider: it took 70 years for the telephone to become a mainstream consumer technology, 15 years for the fax and 18 months for email. The design of email technologies, which continues to this day, has encouraged a cognitive mapping of Send/Receive/File in the people who use them (i.e., all of us). This is a nonsense. Even Bill Gates is on record as saying that email has created an entire generation filing clerks! 99.99% percent of all email messages carry no value after the content has been communicated. At the point of reading an email communication it is what the reader needs to DO that becomes relevant. How is the resulting next action to be managed? What cognitive process should be followed to allow this next action to be achieved? The answer lies in the 4Ds: Ditch, Deal, Delegate, Decide. Please refer to http:look-see.orla.org to see what I mean. This is a people-focussed, not technology-focused, activity thus what is needed is a safe-fail environment for people to bring about this change (making mistakes is how we learn, so minimise the ability for people to make mistakes but make it safe for them to make those mistakes – change can be scary for many people, inhibiting the willingness to change). (a) A new software environment which drives the 4Ds. (b) Low impact, high value learning to transition to the 4Ds guided by the software. (c) Proof that real value is being created by having made this change. There are other dimensions to information overload, of course. Your work on distractions is a fine example of this (and in to which I humbly defer). But to my mind it is a constant source of amazement that the email overload issue rumbles on when there is such a simple solution to this seemingly intractable problem. Orla provides a plug in for Outlook and a total of 8 hours of training, over the course of 30 days, then the problem is solved! First off – Good Luck! I attended the IORG Research Group meeting in NY this week and would like to report that it was an information rich environment. IO is really a broad discipline to discover, discuss and develop solutions for. The discovery part is largely done, with virtually all of us feeling the pain of IO. The discussions and research continue and some solutions are beginning to emerge. The two types of IO you identify-queued messages and interruptions are a good way to classify the problem-although I believe it is difficult to keep them distinct. Perhaps interruptions are merely queued messages to which we pay attention. Therefore IO might be a process gone bad where there are too many "messages" (including but not limited to email, IM, etc.) seeking limited attention. This may be a simplistic way to look at it, but it serves two purposes. 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The Brave and the Bold is a comic book series published by DC Comics as an ongoing series from 1955 to 1983. It was followed by two mini-series in 1991 and 1999, and was revived as an ongoing title in 2007. The focus of the series has varied over time, but it most commonly features team-ups of characters from across the DC Universe. Publication history Volume 1 The first volume of the series ran for 200 issues from August/September 1955 to July 1983. Originally, The Brave and the Bold was an anthology series featuring adventure tales from past ages with characters such as the Silent Knight, the Viking Prince, the Golden Gladiator, and Robin Hood. With issue #25, the series was reinvented as a try-out title for new characters and concepts, starting with the Suicide Squad created by writer Robert Kanigher and artist Ross Andru. Gardner Fox and Joe Kubert created a new version of Hawkman in issue #34 (February–March 1961) with the character receiving his own title three years later. Editor Julius Schwartz hired Gardner Fox and artist Mike Sekowsky to create the Justice League of America. The team debuted in The Brave and the Bold #28 (February–March 1960), and after two further appearances in the title, received its own series. Issues #45 through #49 (Dec. 1962/Jan. 1963 through Aug./Sept. 1963) were devoted to "Strange Sports Stories", combining sport and science-fiction in tales such as "Challenge of the Headless Baseball Team" and "The Man Who Drove Through Time". Ten years later, in 1973, Strange Sports Stories was resurrected as a DC Comics title in its own right, but it lasted only six issues. The series was changed yet again with issue #50 as a team-up title between established characters. Starting with issue #59 The Brave and the Bold became, more specifically, a Batman team-up book with the Caped Crusader as the book's main focus. This was due to the popularity of the Batman television series. After issue #74, The Brave and the Bold was exclusively a Batman team-up title until it ended with issue #200. The teaming of Robin, Kid Flash, and Aqualad in issue #54 (June–July 1964) by writer Bob Haney and artist Bruno Premiani led to the creation of the Teen Titans. The three heroes subsequently appeared under the name "Teen Titans" in issue #60 (June–July 1965) by Haney and artist Nick Cardy and were joined by Wonder Woman's younger sister Wonder Girl in her first appearance. The Metamorpho character was created by Haney and artist Ramona Fradon in The Brave and the Bold #57 (December 1964–January 1965). The title was the first to feature Neal Adams' version of Batman, generating fan interest that led to Adams' style defining the modern Batman image to this day. In addition, Adams updated Green Arrow's visual appearance by designing a new costume for the character in issue #85 (August–September 1969). The primary artist for the second half of the run was Jim Aparo, starting with #98 (October–November 1971). Haney frequently disregarded continuity by scripting stories which contradicted DC's canon or by writing major heroes in an out-of-character fashion. Issue #100 (Feb.–March 1972) featured Batman and "4 Famous Co-Stars" (Green Lantern, Green Arrow, Black Canary, and Robin) in a story by Haney and Aparo. Issues #112 (April–May 1974) to #117 (Feb.–March 1975) of the series were in the 100 Page Super Spectacular format. 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) written by Cary Burkett and drawn by Dan Spiegle. The Tresser character was created by Burkett in 1979, and named for an actor with whom Burkett was rooming in New Hampshire. Alan Brennert wrote four issues of The Brave and the Bold featuring Batman teaming with the Creeper, Hawk and Dove, the Robin of Earth-Two, and the Catwoman. The title's final issue featured a team-up of the Batmen of Earth-One and Earth-Two and included a preview of Batman and the Outsiders, the title that replaced The Brave and the Bold on DC's schedule and became Aparo's next regular assignment. Full list of issues Volume 2 In December 1991–June 1992, The Brave and the Bold returned as a six-issue miniseries featuring Green Arrow, the Question, and the Butcher. The miniseries was written by Mike Grell and Mike Baron. Flash and Green Lantern: The Brave and the Bold A six-issue miniseries was published from October 1999–March 2000 starring the Flash and Green Lantern titled Flash and Green Lantern: The Brave and the Bold. This miniseries was written by Mark Waid and Tom Peyer with art by Barry Kitson and Tom Grindberg. A trade paperback of this mini-series was published in 2001 (). The title was used again in 2001 for The Brave and the Bold Annual #1 (1969), a one-shot special that reprinted selected Silver Age team-ups. The book was designed in the 1960s-style "80-Page Giant" format as if it were an actual annual issue of the original run of the title, which did not have an annual in 1969. Volume 3 DC resurrected the Brave and the Bold title as another ongoing series in April 2007. Deciding that it would be a random team-up series, and not a Batman team-up series, the first writer was Mark Waid, who remained on the title for its first 16 issues. The first arc, "The Lords of Luck", involved Batman in a team-up with Green Lantern Hal Jordan. The story depicted the characters joining forces with various other characters in tracking down the book of Destiny, with appearances by Supergirl, Lobo, Blue Beetle, the Legion of Super Heroes, Adam Strange, and the Challengers of the Unknown. The second arc picked up threads from the first, but mainly focused on self-contained stories. After Waid's departure, Marv Wolfman took over for a two-part storyline, involving Supergirl and Raven battling the son of Triumph, while David Hine and Doug Braithwaite did a four-issue arc on the series featuring Hal Jordan and the Phantom Stranger. Following this, Dan Jurgens wrote issue #23, featuring Booster Gold and Magog. Like Wolfman's run, this era was prominent for its team-ups between DC heroes and the characters of Milestone Media. Writer Matt Wayne and artist Howard Porter collaborated on a team-up between Static and Black Lightning, and Adam Beechen and Roger Robinson wrote another featuring Hardware and Blue Beetle. The final Milestone issue was a team-up between Xombi and the Spectre, by John Rozum and Scott Hampton. In September 2009, the title was taken over by J. Michael Straczynski and artist Jesus Saiz with issue #27, which featured a team-up between Batman and Dial H For Hero. Similar to the Milestone issues, it was intended for Straczynski's run on the series to showcase the Red Circle Comics characters licensed from Archie Comics. This idea was ultimately scrapped. Following the first issue, Straczynski wrote team-ups between: Barry Allen and Blackhawk; the Joker and the Atom; Hal Jordan and Doctor Fate; Batman and Brother Power; Aquaman and Etrigan; and Barbara Gordon, Wonder Woman, and Zatanna, which served as a companion piece to Alan Moore's Batman: The Killing Joke graphic novel. 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man and Wonder Woman. The Doomed and the Damned In October 2020, DC released an 80-Page Giant called The Doomed and the Damned. Batman: The Brave and the Bold In November 2022, it was announced that a new series entitled Batman: The Brave and the Bold would release in May 2023 as a part of the Dawn of DC relaunch, with the creative team consisting of Tom King, Mitch Gerads, Guillem March, Gabriel Hardman, Dan Mora and Rob Williams. Collected editions Batman: The Brave and the Bold—The Bronze Age Omnibus Vol. 1 collects The Brave and the Bold #74-106. 904 pages, January 2017, Vol. 2 collects The Brave and the Bold #110-156. 776 pages, September 2018, Vol. 3 collects The Brave and the Bold #157-200. 904 pages, September 2021, The Viking Prince by Joe Kubert collects The Brave and the Bold #1-5 and 7-24, 296 pages, July 2010, Showcase Presents: Justice League of America Volume 1 includes The Brave and the Bold #28–30, 544 pages, December 2005, Suicide Squad: The Silver Age collects The Brave and the Bold #25–27 and #37–39, 336 pages, July 2016, Showcase Presents: Hawkman Volume 1 includes The Brave and the Bold #34–36, #42–44, and 51, 560 pages, March 2007, Volume 2 includes The Brave and the Bold #70, 560 pages, August 2008, Showcase Presents: Green Arrow Volume 1 includes The Brave and the Bold #50, #71, #85, 528 pages, January 2006, The Brave and the Bold Team-Up Archives Volume 1 collects The Brave and the Bold #50–56, #59, 224 pages, June 2005, Showcase Presents: Aquaman Volume 2 includes The Brave and the Bold #51, 528 pages, January 2008, Volume 3 includes The Brave and the Bold #73, 448 pages, February 2009, Showcase Presents: Haunted Tank Volume 1 includes The Brave and the Bold #52, 560 pages, May 2006, Showcase Presents: The Teen Titans Volume 1 includes The Brave and the Bold #54 and #60, 528 pages, April 2006, Volume 2 includes The Brave and the Bold #83 and #94, 512 pages, October 2007, Showcase Presents: Metal Men Volume 1 includes The Brave and the Bold #55, 528 pages, September 2007, Volume 2 includes The Brave and the Bold #66, 528 pages, September 2008, Showcase Presents: Metamorpho Volume 1 collects The Brave and the Bold #57–58, #66, and #68, 560 pages, October 2005, Showcase Presents: The Brave and the Bold – The Batman Team-Ups Volume 1 collects The Brave and the Bold #59, #64, #67, #69–71, #74–87, 528 pages, January 2007, Volume 2 collects The Brave and the Bold #88–108, 528 pages, December 2007, Volume 3 collects The Brave and the Bold #109–134, 520 pages	-1.05285	0.653291	-0.962763	-0.281213	[ -0.5693544770029987, -1.5363453298761236 ]	[ 0.9183036483629989, 0.3882775882953222 ]	[ -0.8188309175930693, -1.1066942739741839 ]	[ -0.3039750167004011, -0.2584510370059756 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 1171, 322, 28004, 22712, 29889, 13, 13, 1576, 1938, 27067, 322, 278, 9865, 9571, 29871, 13, 797, 5533, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29906, 29900, 29892, 13681, 5492, 385, 29871, 29947, 29900, 29899, 5074, 4406, 424, 2000, 450, 1938, 27067, 322, 278, 9865, 9571, 29889, 13, 13, 29933, 271, 1171, 29901, 450, 5032, 345, 322, 278, 350, 1025, 29871, 13, 797, 3979, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29906, 29906, 29892, 372, 471, 9326, 393, 263, 716, 3652, 23437, 12579, 1171, 29901, 450, 5032, 345, 322, 278, 350, 1025, 723, 6507, 297, 2610, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29906, 29941, 408, 263, 760, 310, 278, 7266, 1233, 310, 13681, 10208, 3322, 29892, 411, 278, 907, 1230, 3815, 19849, 310, 4335, 4088, 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, December 2008, Black Canary Archives Volume 1 includes The Brave and the Bold #61–62, 224 pages, December 2000, Showcase Presents: The Spectre Volume 1 includes The Brave and the Bold #72, 75, 116, 180, and 199, 616 pages, April 2012, The Spectre: The Wrath of the Spectre Omnibus includes The Brave and the Bold #72, 75, 116, 180, and 199; 680 pages, September 2020, Deadman Omnibus includes The Brave and the Bold #79, 86, 104, and 133; 944 pages, December 2020, The Phantom Stranger Omnibus collects #89, 98, and 145; 1,184 pages, May 2022, Legends of the Dark Knight: Jim Aparo Volume 1 collects The Brave and the Bold #98, 100–102, and 104–122, 512 pages, April 2012, Volume 2 collects The Brave and the Bold #123-145 and 147–151, 528 pages, October 2013, Volume 3 collects The Brave and the Bold #152, 154–178, 180–182, 552 pages, September 2017, Joker: The Bronze Age Omnibus includes The Brave and the Bold #111, 118, 129-130, 141, 191; 832 pages, August 2019, Batman: The Strange Deaths of Batman includes The Brave and the Bold #115, 160 pages, January 2009, Tales of the Batman: Don Newton includes The Brave and the Bold #153, 156 and 165, 360 pages, December 2011, Tales of the Batman: Gerry Conway Volume 1 includes The Brave and the Bold #158, 161, 171–174; 464 pages, July 2017, Batman Arkham: Ra's al Ghul includes The Brave and the Bold #159, March 2019, 232 pages, Legends of the Dark Knight: José Luis García-López includes The Brave and the Bold #164 and 171, November 2021, 472 pages, Tales of the Batman: Alan Brennert includes The Brave and the Bold #178, 181–182, 197; 208 pages, July 2016, Batman: Secrets of the Batcave includes The Brave and the Bold #182, 192 pages, August 2007, Batman Arkham: The Riddler includes The Brave and the Bold #183, 296 pages, May 2015, The Greatest Batman Stories Ever Told includes The Brave and the Bold #197, 360 pages, December 1988, DC Through the 80s: The End of Eras includes The Brave and the Bold #200, 520 pages, December 2020, Showcase Presents: Batman and the Outsiders Volume 1 includes the backup story from The Brave and the Bold #200, 552 pages, September 2007, Batman and the Outsiders Volume 1 includes the backup story from The Brave and the Bold #200, 368 pages, February 2017, The Brave and the Bold Volume 1: The Lords of Luck collects The Brave and the	-1.05148	1.043648	-0.9951	0.006889	[ -1.191187121768436, -0.9117733342526889 ]	[ 1.1260165637949262, 0.9612787343144322 ]	[ -1.0306070432126557, -0.9595922945018962 ]	[ 0.09273394920816375, -0.07895648849652662 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29892, 5846, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29947, 29892, 29871, 13, 6054, 1815, 653, 28320, 16934, 29871, 29896, 7805, 450, 5032, 345, 322, 278, 350, 1025, 396, 29953, 29896, 29994, 29953, 29906, 29892, 29871, 29906, 29906, 29946, 6515, 29892, 5846, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29900, 29892, 29871, 13, 7704, 4878, 4360, 1237, 29901, 450, 27738, 276, 16934, 29871, 29896, 7805, 450, 5032, 345, 322, 278, 350, 1025, 396, 29955, 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Bold vol. 3 #1–6, 160 pages, December 2007, Volume 2: The Book of Destiny collects The Brave and the Bold vol. 3 #7–12, 160 pages, August 2008, Volume 3: Demons and Dragons collects The Brave and the Bold vol. 3 #13–16; The Brave and the Bold #181; The Flash vol. 2 #107; and Impulse #17, 168 pages, April 2009, Volume 4: Without Sin collects The Brave and the Bold vol. 3 #17–22, 144 pages, July 2009, Volume 5: Milestone collects The Brave and the Bold vol. 3 #24–26; Hardware #16; Static #12; and Xombi #6, 160 pages, February 2010, Team-Ups of the Brave and the Bold collects The Brave and the Bold vol. 3 #27–33, 176 pages, August 2011, Booster Gold: Volume 4: Day of Death includes The Brave and the Bold vol. 3 #23, 160 pages, April 2010, Awards The series won Alley Awards in 1962 for "Best Single Comic Book Cover" (#42 by Joe Kubert), in 1965 for "Best Comic Book Cover" (#61 by Murphy Anderson), and in 1968 for "Best Full-Length Story" ("Track of the Hook" in #79 by Bob Haney and Neal Adams). Issue #28 of the third series (the Flash and Blackhawk team-up) was nominated for an Eisner Award for "Best Single Issue (Or One-Shot)" in 2010. In other media The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure An episode of The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure was titled "The Brain, the Brave and the Bold", in which Aquaman battles a supervillain named the "Brain". Justice League The Brave and the Bold was used as the title for a two-part episode of the first season of Justice League. The title refers to the Flash (Wally West) and Green Lantern (John Stewart) characters in connection to the second mini-series featuring Barry Allen and Hal Jordan in the roles. Batman: The Brave and the Bold An animated series based on the Brave and the Bold concept aired from November 14, 2008, to November 18, 2011. The series features Batman teaming with various characters of the DC Universe, much like the first volume of the ongoing series. The tone of the series is markedly lighter than the previous Batman: The Animated Series and The Batman. Major characters who appeared in the series include: Heroes Adam Strange, Aquaman, the Atom, Batman, Bat-Mite, Black Canary, Black Lightning, Blue Beetle, Booster Gold, the Bronze Tiger, Captain Marvel, Deadman, Doctor Fate, Fire, Firestorm, the Flash, Green Arrow, the Green Lantern Corps, Guy Gardner, Hal Jordan, the Hawk and Dove, Hawkman, the Huntress, Jay Garrick, Jonah Hex, Kamandi, Katana, Metamorpho, OMAC, Plastic Man, the Question, Red Tornado, Vixen, Wildcat, Wonder Woman, and Superman. Villains Black Adam, Black Manta, Calendar Man, Cavalier, Clock King, Despero, the Gentleman Ghost, Gorilla Grodd, the Joker, Kanjar Ro, Kite Man, Equinox, Major Disaster, Morgaine Le Fey, the Music Meister, Ocean Master, Shrapnel, the Sportsmaster, the Terrible Trio, the Weeper, and Zebra-Man. Arrowverse The eighth episode of Arrow'''s third season is titled "The Brave and the Bold". 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For the Love of Mic Lady Esther is just the beginning of Diana Aday's vocal talents By Randi Bjornstad Radio Redux actors are known for their ability to hone many different voices and move seamlessly from one to the next — sometimes within the same scene — as the troupe performs its renditions of classic radio comedies and dramas. Diana Aday is no exception. In fact, she probably cemented her claim to that fame the very first time she appeared in a Radio Redux production. "It was back in 2011, and Radio Redux did a fundraising performance of A Christmas Carol at the Pleasant Hill Community Theater," Diana recalled. "I guess someone must have said I might be capable, because I had three parts in that show. I was Tiny Tim, his family's cat and the boy that Scrooge yells out the window to on Christmas morning when he says, 'What day is it?' " She laughs. "I think the audience really liked my cat the best." Her next role came a year later when Fred Crafts and his company did The Philadelphia Story, a Broadway show made even more famous when made into a 1940 movie starring Cary Grant, Katharine Hepburn and James Stewart. Lux Radio Theater did the show on air in 1942 and 1943. "I played Margaret Lord, the mom of the Katharine Hepburn character, Tracy Lord," Diana said. Her husband, Don Aday, also a perennial Radio Redux player, played C.K. Dexter, ex-husband of the socialite Tracy Lord. "Don had already started doing Radio Redux shows before me," Diana said. "But we often threw cast parties, so I knew most of the people who were involved." Both Adays also have appeared in productions at the Very Little Theatre through the years, where Diana recently played in Neil Simon's 45 Seconds to Broadway. Diana performs as a stiff house mother in Radio Redux's hit Stage Door. Photo by August Frank. Lady Esther debuts In Radio Redux's 2018 reprise of Arsenic and Old Lace, last performed by the troupe in 2014, Diana takes the role of Lady Esther, a part she finessed years ago. "For one production, they needed someone to do old-style commercials, so we set it up to be an audience participation kind of thing, where Lady Esther asks questions and the audience responds," Diana says. "As a character, she's a trifle full of herself. The whole thing is nonsense, but it's a kind of nonsense I think we need more of." The Lady Esther character is known for talking to women about facial creams and other products she peddles, "and she always gives them a 'word of the day,' such as p-l-e-t-h-o-r-a," Diana said, elongating the word and liberally rolling the letter "r." Other favorite words of the day might include a-r-u-g-u-l-a and r-u-t-a-b-a-g-a, which Lady Esther manages to integrate into her sales pitches. Crafts appreciates Diana's versatility. "Diana has been with us for a long time, specializing in character voices like the Good Witch in Alice in Wonderland." As for her Lady Esther character in Arsenic and Old Lace: "That brought down the house," Crafts said. Always vocal According to the baby book compiled by her mother, "I was always dramatic," Diana said. "She said I could sing before I could talk — I would sing 'di do, di do' with the notes a perfect octave apart." Diana grew up in Medford with a mother who herself was a singer as well as an accountant. Her father had multiple jobs, including medical illustration, appraising, preaching and drawing police sketches of suspects. Mother and daughter took voice lessons from the same teacher. "She was a retired singer from the Metropolitan Opera, so I called her the Met Vet," Diana quipped. "I studied opera for 10 years, and both my mother and I sang with the Medford Light Opera Company." 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" including that of Lady Esther. Before moving to Eugene in 1964, Diana sang in choirs and performed at weddings. She also worked in a state health laboratory for a couple of years, processing blood tests. "But I always loved performing, and I did it whenever I could," she recalled. Gilbert & Sullivan operettas were among her favorites, in particular the role of Yum-Yum in The Mikado, which she sang in a University of Oregon production. At 75, she's "had a lot of practice," the irrepressible Diana said. "I sang with the Eugene Concert Choir and Eugene Opera, and I was a special education instructor for 18 years. My experience acting and singing came in handy for that, because it really helped me keep the kids' attention." In fact, she and husband Don Aday met while performing with the Eugene Opera chorus. "Time after time after time, we ended up being thrown together in different scenes," Diana said. "Chorus members always have numbers, and I remember my first words to him when we got our position assignments — 'I'm 12, you must be 42.' " Much as she loves acting, Diana also would like to do more singing again. She performed a couple of times at The Jazz Station in downtown Eugene several years ago, including an appearance with well-known Eugene vocalist Siri Vik, who also trained in opera but has branched out into many other styles. "It was a good thing — it gave me a chance to move from classical to torch," Diana said. "And I do love being onstage. If you took a core sample of me, I'd be pure ham." Frankly, she admitted, "I love microphones. To me, having a microphone in front of me is just like licking ice cream." The delights of radio Diana relishes performing with Radio Redux "because the people there are really a family. "We all have the same passion for performing," she said, "and Fred Crafts is just a marvel at putting these shows together." Diana's Radio Redux poster collection. Photo by Randi Bjornstad. Being part of Radio Redux is especially enjoyable for people like her, who grew up listening to radio rather than watching television, Diana said. "I loved listening to radio shows as I was growing up — except for one," she said. "When I was little, I thought one show was called 'the red skeleton show' instead of 'The Red Skelton show,' and I would run out of the room whenever it came on." Even as a child, she never experienced stage fright, and now in her older years she never has qualms about taking on any part, especially in a radio show. "I can still be a little kid, I can be a 'valley girl,' and I can be anything else I want to be," Diana said. "I have wonderful memories of all the roles I have done — and I'm not done yet. When you're doing something you really love, it helps your whole life." Randi Bjornstad's other arts reporting can be seen at eugenescene.org BILL BARRETT VIDEOS/PIX Patrick Lucanio on Fibber McGee & Molly Video-What Patrons Like About RR Video-Radio Redux's Sound Effects Rock Video-What is Radio Redux? Video-setting up the stage Video-Our Audience Arrives Video-Fred Crafts on Hult Center Video-Audience Fills Up Fast PIX-Remembering "A Cowboy Christmas" Video--One Word Descriptions Pix-Fun Photos Audio-Fred Crafts on old time radio Patrick Lucanio - Radio Wizard About Patrick Lucanio Lucanio on Sunset Blvd. Lucanio on Christmas Radio Lucanio on Burns and Allen Lucanio on Sorry Wrong Number Lucanio on Casablanca OUR BAND Diana Aday Shirley Andress Scott Barkhurst Ben Blonigen Jane Brinkley Fred Crafts Rebecca Nachison Kim Donahey Loi Heldt Ken Hof Patrick Lucanio Achilles Massahos Oshen Parris-	0.704444	-0.042369	-0.056056	-1.237867	[ 1.1372611075294567, 0.2716262364022402 ]	[ 0.08208010089136035, -0.16681727191069054 ]	[ 0.1309913464133395, -0.2431042048308402 ]	[ -1.0180511553358178, -1.4576827306705553 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29908, 3704, 393, 310, 10040, 2661, 2276, 29889, 13, 18743, 8401, 304, 20891, 1600, 297, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29953, 29946, 29892, 360, 3857, 13625, 297, 3060, 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Get the official SA Government mobile app Google Play StoreiTunes App Store Reinstatement of FCS Units welcomed Groups working with women and children believe that the re-introduction of the Family Violence, Child Protection and Sexual Offences (FCS) Units, is the right step in the fight against crime on women and children. Despite the slight decline in crimes against women and children, government and the public still face serious challenges in being able to address the problem head-on. Lisa Vetten, Senior Researcher at the Tshwaranang Legal Advocacy Centre to end Violence against Women agrees that reinstating these units would be a positive move for victims of abuse. "Abuse of women and children, domestic violence and gender based crimes remain one of the serious issues in South Africa. It would be an excellent step to reinstate these units," she says. Vetten believes that for the units to function more efficiently, government should ensure they are well resourced. The closure of special units that focused on crimes against women and children, a decision that the new administration intends to change, had led to extensive debate among stakeholders who argued that the victims of crimes against women and children needed to be addressed by people with specialised knowledge and experience. Vetten advises that the experts who will be operating in these units must receive continuous and comprehensive training. She adds that experts must clearly comprehend the current social trends associated with the subject matter and must have a sound understanding of the nature of these crimes as well as their impact on society. Minister of Police, Nathi Mthethwa, recently acknowledged that violence against women and children had increased sharply. He said the alarming increase had hampered national initiatives to create a caring and humane society, underpinned by values of human solidarity, justice, peace and development. Crime statistics for the 2008/2009 fiscal year indicate that even though crimes against women and children have declined, sexual offences cases have increased by 10, 1 percent. Under the new Sexual Offences Act, a number of new categories of crimes are now included as sexual offences. The statistics also reveal that the total number of sexual offence cases reported nationally have increased from 63, 818 in 2007/2008 to 71, 500 in 2008/2009. Security analyst at the Institute for Security Studies, Dr Johan Burger, asserts that the reinstatement of these units was long overdue, adding that government needed to financially strengthen and capacitate them to ensure that they deliver effectively. "Although they will not precisely drop the crimes against children and women, we will however significantly see investigation processes being expedited and of course the high level of service will help in the conviction of perpetrators," he says. He recommends that the units, particularly child protection and sexual offences, be centralised to allow experts to share experiences and to enhance the informer network. "The decentralisation of these units before caused a lot of damage to their reputation which have seen the specialised experts working in an uncoordinated manner. "This needs experienced experts rather than having four experts in the police station who sometime perform policing duties. The centralisation of these units will possibly produce significant results," Burger says. Secretary General of Brothers for Life, Mandla Ndlovu, stresses that it is quite crucial for men to be part of these units, adding that it is time that men take responsibility and play a visible role in addressing the abuse of women and children. "Men must be part and parcel of these units and this will further mobilize others to actively fight the abuse of women and children in our societies," he says. Brothers for Life is a national Men's Campaign that aims to create a movement of men that will ignite and spread throughout South Africa. It draws upon the spirit of Brotherhood that exists among South African men and hopes to encourage men to positively influence each other as men, partners, parents and as leaders. In an effort to address challenges faced by women and children, government has established the Department of Women, Youth, Children and People with Disabilities. Spokesperson Sibani Mngandi is confident the department will work closely with the specialized units to ensure that cases against perpetrators are sped up and that the proper court judgments are taken. 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The journey of Pedro Manuel de Urrea in Italy and the "Peregrinacion de las tres casas sanctas" (1517-1519), by Giuseppe Seche The presence of the Peregrinación de las tres casas sanctas de Jerusalem, Roma y Santiago is registered in the collection of the noble Salvador Aymerich (1493-1563). This is a pilgrimage relationship written by Pedro Manuel de Urrea and printed in Burgos in 1523. The work describes the journey between Rome, Holy Land and Santiago de Compostela that Pedro did between 1517 and 1519. Along the way, the author described the characteristics (political, cultural, demographic, economic and religious) of the crossed countries: for this reason, the Peregrinación is an extraordinary source for the historian. This article analyses the information on the Italian part of the journey: in several cases, such as Cagliari, the Peregrinación provides valuable information and it results the first printed description of those cities and villages. Finally, the study allows to contextualize the presence of this book in the Aymerich's library and in the intellectual environment of the Sardinian Renaissance. Keywords: Pilgrimage; Description of Italy in the Renaissance; Demography; Libraries in the Renaissance. Religious control of "marriage bed": judicial proceedings in the episcopal curia of Grosseto in modern age (XVI-XVIII cent.), by Ilaria Bartolini This research deals with the marriage practices in the Ancien Regime society. In particular, it is a study of the growing religious control by the end of XVI century when Church hierarchy begin a reinforced monitoring about marriages and other private cohabitations, trying to regulate with his authority private behaviors. The case study is Grosseto's Episcopal See, a peripheral area in south Tuscany with very low population density and long traditional seasonal population / depopulation flows. Marriage practices and changing behaviors of the inhabitants are investigated in the judicial proceedings carried out in the Ecclesiastical Court of the Bishop, from the late sixteenth century to the eighteenth century. From sources come out a very interesting and complex daily reality in which we can try to analize the complex and changing relationships between rules and transgressions. Where "Rule" was the Canonical Legislation on marriage fixed in the Concilio of Trento, while "Transgression" was becoming every deviant behavior such as concubinage, clandestine marriage, bigamy, adultery, regarded as dangerous sins / "crimes" and so to be corrected by the force and authority of the Bishop's Court. Keywords: Grosseto Episcopal See; Judicial Proceedings; Marriages and Private Cohabitations. The Italian Jewish community in Tunisia, his relationship with Italy and France: a brief history, some testimonies, by Filippo Petrucci The article is an analysis of the Italian Jewish community in Tunisia in the last years of World War II and the changes that occurred within the Italian Jewish community after the war. After a brief historical background, it outlines the relationship of "Livornese" with the French and Italian authorities, and with the Tunisian coreligionist; then, briefly, it describes the evolution of the community over time and up to World War II. The article highlights the strong connection of this community with its Italian roots but also with Judaism. In the second part of the text, through unpublished testimonies collected in various archives, the article describes the migration trajectories and, more generally, the decisions taken by the Italians Jews of Tunisia after the end of the war and after the dissolution of the Italian Jewish community (decided by the French authorities). Keywords: Tunisia, Judaism, Livornesi, Testimonies, Italians Get into the factory /going to the workshop. The employment market in Florence between industry and craftsmanship (1861-1922), by Anna Pellegrino The article analyses the problem of employment in Florence during the second half of the nineteenth and the first decades of the twentieth centuries: the role of personal and family networks, formal and informal channels, the interpersonal exchanges through which workers had access to employment. Focus on Florence has the advantage of highlighting the problem of employment market in a city where two forms of work, industrial one and craftsmanship, were significantly present in a period of intense transformation. 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Streamlining Shipping and Customer Experience Through Data and AI At VOICES 2022, president and CEO of FedEx Dataworks Sriram Krishnasamy discussed how retailers can utilise operational data to optimise customer experience and streamline processes to operate more responsibly. Sriram Krishnasamy, president and CEO of FedEx Dataworks, discusses how retailers can bring logistics in line with brand experience and operate more responsibly at BoF VOICES 2022. (The Business of Fashion) BoF Studio Shipping is a growing operational pain point for retailers, as consumer expectations for speedy, traceable — and free — deliveries pose significant challenges in terms of cost and logistics. Particularly complex is the "last mile" — the final leg of an online order's journey from the store or distribution centre to the customer's home. It may sound simple, but it actually requires meticulous inventory management to track down products and an efficient and cost-effective way to deliver them to customers, all while providing customer service that is as easy and as frictionless as possible. Founded in 2010, ShopRunner is a membership service that connects customers with retailers through the offer of free two-day shipping and returns. Retailers who are partnered with ShopRunner get access to the platform's logistics network, consumer insights and software ecosystem. Following its acquisition by Fedex in 2020, ShopRunner is now part of FedEx Dataworks, covering orders at more than 90 retailers including Neiman Marcus, Burberry and Farfetch. The deal makes possible FedEx Dataworks' long-term strategy, as it intends to utilise ShopRunner's effective feedback loops that will benefit from its own data, derived from the mobilisation of between 15 to 80 million packages per day around the world. The company will then supplement this with external weather and traffic data, applying predictive analytics to gain insight and optimise how goods progress throughout its physical network. "It's becoming increasingly difficult to separate shopping and shipping when it comes to consumers' brand experience," said Sriram Krishnasamy, president and CEO of FedEx Dataworks. "The supply chain is now a boardroom conversation — it's an incredibly important strategic differentiator." At VOICES 2022, BoF's annual event where global changemakers gather to inspire innovation and reimagine the future of the fashion industry, Krishnasamy discussed how retailers can bring logistics in line with brand experience, as well as streamline these processes to operate more responsibly. Now, BoF shares key insights from the event. Sriram Krishnasamy, president and CEO of FedEx Dataworks. (FedEx Dataworks/Burt Pittman) Managing Escalation in Consumer Expectations SK: Consumer expectation today is to receive products as quickly as they possibly can, which places a lot of strain on the supply chain in addition to increased cost for brands. Having said that, it is an opportunity to optimise the supply chain, from procurement to manufacturing to storage to distribution to the last mile. Leveraging FedEx's insights and intelligence on supply chain distribution, brands can achieve a certain speed of delivery — whether that is same-day, next day or 2 to 3 days — while learning which is their optimal distribution system. We help brands meet consumer demand at the right cost while creating visibility around the impact of the choices they make. The second aspect of it is environmental accountability. When we place an order and opt to receive it in two days, we lack clear information on carbon emissions and the impact of that order on the environment. At FedEx Dataworks, we built a sustainability insights engine that not only calculates the impact on the environment, but also indicates where brands can expose customers on their direct-to-consumer channel to the impact of their choices on speed of shipping. Today, that data is not immediate, so that is one of the capabilities we are building on the ShopRunner platform. Digitising Backend Processes SK: It is becoming increasingly difficult to separate shopping and shipping when it comes to consumers' brand experience. The supply chain is now a boardroom conversation — it's an incredibly important strategic differentiator. 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The Top 5 Daily Deal Sites on the Internet The ease and convenience of using the Internet, combined with the need for people to save money as a result of the struggling economy, have revived couponing from its significant lull (almost into extinction) during the economic boom of the '90s. Beyond coupons are Internet deals sites, where subscribers can get deals on everything from groceries to automobiles. With that said, here are the top five sites to check into for steep savings on a variety of products and services. 1. Groupon Every day, subscribers to Groupon's email service receive at least one deal on a range of products and services. This email subscription is free, and often subscribers receive more than one special deal per day. Groupon provides deals on travel arrangements, fitness products and memberships, restaurants, retail stores, and much more. Groupon is also available for smartphones at all the popular app stores. Groupon offers deals to groups (the name comes from the words "group" and "coupon") and earns its money from the advertisers, which pay Groupon to send the discounts as product promotions. 2. Living Social Living Social subscribers get as much as a 90% discount off of their offerings. These offers include location specific deals on restaurants, attractions, spas, and travel packages. Living Social is a great way to get to know your own city, especially if you're new to the area and aren't sure where the best places to eat, shop, and relax are. Like many companies in this economic climate, Living Social experienced a cash crunch that threatened its survival. But new leadership is turning the company around, and it's still offering great deals on a variety of experiences. 3. Woot Woot offers a single deal per day, but Woot Off deals can last longer. Woot has also created a few spin offs catering to particular customers, including Shirt Woot, Wine Woot, and Kids Woot, which offer a topic related deal per day to subscribers. Woot emphasizes their focus on the community of subscribers and puts forth an irreverent, modern persona that many people thoroughly enjoy. The company was recently purchased by online retail giant Amazon. 4. Gilt Gilt is an Internet deals site that specializes in luxury brands and accessories. It offers specials and deals on designer fashion items, with each daily deal offering as much as 60 percent from the suggested retail price. The company also provides steep discounts on jewelry, shoes, handbags, watches, and other luxury lifestyle items. Gilt is a great idea for those who enjoy living the high life on a tight budget. California customers in particular enjoy Gilt for its easy access to high-ticket items at affordable prices from the comfort of the home. To get the most out of Gilt, consider high-speed Internet access through a California DSL service. 5. Buy With Me Buy With Me is another crowd sourced deals site that's free to users, offering a variety of deals much like its original competitor Groupon. In fact, Buy With Me was the first Internet deals site that truly gave Groupon some competition, but there's no reason consumers can't take advantage of all the Internet deals sites available. Buy With Me merged with two other popular Internet deals sites, including Group Swoop and My Daily Thread. This gave the company more advertisers with which to work, offering their users even more in terms of variety of deals available. A Few Additional Tips on Using Daily Deals Sites When using Internet deals sites, there are a few tips to help you get the most savings out of any service: Never buy something you wouldn't consider buying without the deal. If you're buying lots of stuff just because it's cheaper, you're spending way more money in the long run. Comparison shop to see if you can beat the deal elsewhere. Sometimes you can find the same deal somewhere else without the time limitations that often come with the Internet deals sites. Always work with trusted retailers and service providers. Though most of these deals sites try to work with reputable companies and advertisers, they cannot assure your safety. The best motto is buyer beware. 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1976 / Bill Bowerman / http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008/kind#post / Montreal / Munich / Nike / Olympics / Oregon / Steve Pre Fontaine / Without Limits April 9, 2009 February 11, 2016 RajanThambehalli3 Comments Five days staying in a room not going out isn't that great for the mind, body or soul. I managed to do that. I went out to my friend's place to have lunch, we chatted for a while, and then I went to shop some groceries before heading back to The Apartment. I spent those days, watching movies, hell lot of movies, reading few things on the internet, sleeping, just about cooking to satisfy the hunger bug and few visits to the toilet. I had not touched the main door of my apartment. I managed to survive, although this routine had given birth to certain ghosts. It had because, I can safely say, I am burying them with this blog. An incident back in 2005 when I won the Sports Quiz at NLS (National Law School, India), I missed a question. I felt bad that I didn't know about it. In hindsight, there is nothing to feel bad about it, but you see, my heart was shaped that way. It feels the itch, of not knowing certain things. For a while, it itches. Then mind takes over and I don't have a clue about the itch and how old is it. In my case it was a four-year itch. Thinking about the athlete whose name I missed, has given me a chance to see the life from a different perspective and something I was looking for at the end of 5 days. It was not a panache, but did have some sort of 'Mojo' to bury the ghosts. I feel the change as I continue to write. The question I missed was about a man, who died at the age of 24. I am 24 now. He was the best athlete American distance running team had in the late 60's and 1970's. He was a distance runner who had his own ideology about running and winning. Winning is nothing when you haven't given your best. It doesn't feel the same, when you win without giving one's best. His coach tried to change his philosophy, he couldn't. He represented the University of Oregon. He shared a healthy relationship with the coach of the US running team and they both agreed to disagree. Every time, they questioned each other's fundamentals and philosophy of running and winning. But remained good friends till the end. The first sign of protest came when the athlete took on AAU (Amateur Athletics Union) and demanded athlete's right to participate when qualified. He was tipped as one of the favourites to win 5000m Olympic Gold in 1972 at Munich games, eventually losing out to Lasse Viren of Finland. He finished 4th after leading the race till the last lap. He couldn't bear the loss. He took some time out, until he was able to come to terms with reality. He distanced himself from his love, because he hated so much that, he didn't have words to say to the one he loved. Finally, he started training, refused an offer to turn professional, thereby kicking the chance to earn 200,000 dollars. He went to his coach, tried a new pair of shoes which his coach had made for him. Went for a run and agreed to be an Amateur and seek redemption at the 1976 Olympics in Montreal. He raced pretty well in the trials and he had planned to set a world record to win the 5000m in 12min 36 seconds. That was the time he had chosen, a world record back then. Those were last words he said to his friend. He dropped his friend and while on his way to his girlfriend, with whom he had just got good terms with, met with an accident while he was forseeing his race and commenting on his possible 1976 performance and how he would shatter the world record. It wasn't to be, his car was hit by another car and he was killed on May 30th 1975. I hope most of the readers are smarter than me; the athlete was Steve Pre Fontaine. 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The Forbidden Truth About Sri Lankan Girls Unveiled By A Classic Professional They masterfully combine traditional clothing with the newest style developments in a means that will captivate you and help you spot your Sri Lankan soulmate anyplace you are. Sexy Sri Lankan girls think about adultery unacceptable for a girl. Unfortunately, the boys of this country do not share this opinion. In the next part, we will dwell on this issue in more detail. Hot Sri Lankan women are simply created to protect family values and build strong relationships. More then half of the population of Srilanka has a college degree. And this is among the highest rates on this a part of the planet. Compared to other south Asian countries, Sri Lankan women have higher literacy charges, lower maternal and baby mortality rates, and a median life expectancy of sixty seven years (Canada 1990, 11; Jayawardena 1986, 109). Online relationship, quite the opposite, provides you the opportunity to talk with your potential spouse and get to know them better wherever you want and everytime you feel prefer it. In addition, sexual harassment and assault, while seldom reported to the authorities, are frequent experiences. In 1971, Ceylon skilled a Marxist revolt, which was rapidly suppressed. Women in Sri Lanka have equal entry to schooling as the men. While there's hope for a future of gender equality, ladies in Sri Lanka nonetheless lack representation in authorities and access to employment alternatives while suffering from cultural preconceptions of feminine roles. As the name Ceylon still seems in the names of a variety of organisations, the Sri Lankan government introduced in 2011 a plan to rename all these over which it has authority. Very easy mean although that they sit at residence and take directives from their guys. They get the job carried out and leave the home, date and drink and in lots of instances smoke in the event that they wish to. There isn't any limitation beneficial to their freedoms primarily because the western press describes it. Some women nonetheless experience stress and inequality issues. It touches lower wages, organized marriages, domestic violence, etc. Though he finds Kithul farming rewarding, Nishantha doesn't need his son to follow in his footsteps. "As a baby, even I was discouraged from going into the household enterprise, I was so interested in the whole process that my grandfather's helpers, feeling sorry for me, taught me the trade in secret," he says with a wry smile. "The job is very risky and dangerous," she adds, explaining that that is another excuse discouraging younger folks from going into it. With assist from the ILO, Kithul farmers received insurance policies that cover accidents and accidents. New security gear has helped ageing farmers like Nishantha to proceed to tap Kithul trees while minimizing the danger to their bodies. The provisions of the trendy felony regulation are sometimes meaningless in a social context the place traditions and ideas of shame stop recourse to authorized motion. When Sri Lankan singles want to meet guys from international countries, they go to worldwide relationship services instead. There you can meet women from every walk of life and develop a relationship that meets your goals. Sri Lanka's towns and villages in addition to its urban centers are typically active websites of commercial change. Repair, development, tailoring, printing, and different companies are at all times in demand, as is private tutoring. Tourists are additionally the major focus of a variety of commercial activity. In the precolonial interval, solely the ruling elite and religious institutions were permitted to have everlasting buildings. As a result, most of the archaeological ruins represent the heritage of elite culture, the traditional states, and the temple complexes, a lot of that are nonetheless in use at present. English was launched throughout British rule and continues to be the language of commerce and the upper levels of each public and private sector administration. Are you questioning why Sri Lankan ladies for marriage are irresistible? An Unbiased View of Sri Lanka Women Sri Lanka is a popular journey destination amongst Western vacationers, however it is principally known as a rustic with lovely beaches and fabulous nature. 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The 27 Gambits of Rock Paper Scissors The 27 Gambits of Rock Paper Scissors. Ever wanted to know who created Rock Paper Scissors. The first time Rock Paper Scissors was recognized or mentioned in anything written dates back to the Ming Dynasty in Chinese in the book written by Xie Zhaozhi. In this book, the name of the game was known to be called "Shoushiling". The Ming Dynasty was between 1368-1644. The game shoushiling a simple hand game was an important first step in the creation of Rock Paper Scissors. All throughout the history of Japanese highlights frequent references to the sansulumi-ken meaning first game wherein three players are afraid of each other. This kind of game was originated in China before it was imported to Japan and become more and more popular to huge numbers of Japanese. The earliest game of the Japanese was known to be called as the mushi-ken. In this type of game, the frog which is represented by the players thumb is outmoded by slug represented by the players little finger which is also superseded by snake represented by the player's index finger. Despite of the fact that this kind of game was only imported from the China, the version of the Japanese is considered to be different. During the 20th century, Rock Paper Scissors spread to Asian countries particularly due to the enhance contact of the Japanese to the western people. It is an English language type of game name taken from the translation of the three Japanese hands name — gestures for the scissors, paper and rock. Shape of the scissor during this game is also adopted from the style of the Japanese. Rock Paper Scissors is an immensely popular game that has been around for generations. If you would like to learn more about who created rock paper scissors, check out the history of rock paper scissors. GAMBITS The 27 Gambits of Rock Paper Scissors are everything that is RPS. A Gambit is defined as a series of three (3) successive moves made with strategic intention. Gambits became an important tool for rock, paper, and scissors competitors because it helps to cancel out the possibility of the opponent guessing right what you are going to throw. It narrows your strategy to be based on every set of three throws instead of attempting to strategize on every throw. The logic behind this is to introduce more randomness by selecting among 27 options rather than only 3. Having just 3 options to choose from creates a subconscious desire to balance the three things, and the resulting pressure needed to balance can be exploited by your opponent if they are paying careful attention. The use of Gambits in competitive RPS has been one of the most enduring and greatest breakthroughs in Rock Paper Scissors (RPS) strategy. Selecting throws in advance helps prevent unconscious patterns from forming and can sometimes reduce the subconscious signals that give away the next throw, often called "tells'. Gambits form the basis of many advanced strategies and are the focal point of beginner strategy. The Great Eight Gambits The mathematically inclined will quickly realize that there are only twenty-seven possible Gambits. All of them have been used and documented in tournament play. Each has several names from a variety of locales. There is no such thing as a "new" Gambit. In a single game of Rock Paper Scissors with 3 rounds, there are only 27 shot combinations (Gambits). These gambits may be useful in developing your game strategy. Rock Gambits Paper Gambits Scissors Gambits These are the possible gambits in Rock Paper Scissors. R stands for; Rock P stands for; Paper S stands for; Scissors What is the Strongest Object in the Game of Rock Paper Scissors? 2 min readPublished On: December 11, 2022 The game of rock paper scissors is a simple and popular game that has been played by people of all ages for generations. The Worlds Most Expensive Games of Rock Paper Scissors The Worlds Most Expensive games of Rock Paper Scissors are constantly updating. Want to know the most expensive games of rock paper Why Rock Paper Scissors is the Best Sport 4.7 min readPublished On: December 11, 2022 Rock paper sciss	-0.10482	1.109901	0.952733	-0.338118	[ -0.0752440659916959, -0.13439692358157987 ]	[ 1.6202300522364086, 0.5995717608898691 ]	[ 1.1454877565670472, 0.7599791207086383 ]	[ -0.4776164821062811, -0.1986195208361593 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 450, 29871, 29906, 29955, 402, 1117, 1169, 310, 8027, 349, 7202, 2522, 790, 943, 13, 1576, 29871, 29906, 29955, 402, 1117, 1169, 310, 8027, 349, 7202, 2522, 790, 943, 29889, 13, 29923, 369, 5131, 304, 1073, 1058, 2825, 8027, 349, 7202, 2522, 790, 943, 29889, 450, 937, 931, 8027, 349, 7202, 2522, 790, 943, 471, 14831, 470, 5276, 297, 3099, 3971, 10116, 1250, 304, 278, 341, 292, 360, 15290, 29891, 297, 10013, 297, 278, 3143, 3971, 491, 1060, 347, 796, 2350, 2112, 2918, 29889, 512, 445, 3143, 29892, 278, 1024, 310, 278, 3748, 471, 2998, 304, 367, 2000, 376, 2713, 681, 29882, 6504, 1642, 450, 341, 292, 360, 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Slumgullion Bog is one of the most wretched and foul smelling places one can ever imagine. The stink of rotting eggs burbles up out of the deepest part of the bog, casting up bubbles so thick with stink damp you can see it and even worse ... you can taste it. It is a foul and rancid taste, like eating the rotting intestines of a six day day mule. Then there is the stink of the rot, rotting trees, rotting plants, dead rotting animals, amazing that the place is knee deep in death and rot, and still has living things boiling up out of it. Slumgullion is fair teeming with goblins, it always has been and likely always will be. Seems fair enough, no one else wants that six times cursed mouldering hunk of land. The Slumgullion Goblins arent bad as most goblins go, of course they stink to higgh heaven and they eat things that would even make a possum vomit, but to each their own. Unlike the rest of the greenskins, the Slumgullioners dont have much interest in mounting raids and making off with loot. Most of the time they keep to themselves, fighting among each other over the few dry hillocks in the bog, or this piece of warren or that piece of warren. They make a small living selling things from the swamp to locals, mostly plants and herbs to the apothecary and this substance and that to the mages. Their biggest item is their Goblinsnot Shine. This liquor is made from fermented swamp rice and whatever else falls into the mash and is double distilled by the goblins. They still use swamp water, but the heat kills the creepy-crawlies in the juice so it is safe to drink even if it smells like a bottle of goblin sweat. It packs a heavy punch, burns like dragonfire, and does wonders for curing sobriety, mulish wives, general ugliness, and lack of performance ability. Funny thing, the goblins and their stink-hole fair well no matter how cold the winter is. Seems that even old Iceknuckle Istvan can't snap his frosty fingers into Slumgullion. Suppose the cold is afraid of the stink? I know its enough to keep most sane and about half of the unsane away. Still, it's enough to keep the goblins down in the bog, and sure they dont get around enough, if you know what I mean, the swamp goblins are ... dumb, even for goblins. In most other places, these flickering balls of silent fire and light are calls ghosts, will-o-the-wisps, and foxfire. Seemingly trickster spirits, these balls of light will lead travelers to safety, or deposit them in the most inhospitable places in the swamp as their mercurial mood sees fit. The most dangerous part about the goblin-fires is that on occasion, their very presence can set the bog alight with flashes of flame and sheets of short-lasting fire. Most of the time these displays are more entertaining than dangerous, but sometimes a goblin-fire will set a large hollow in the bog alight, knocking down a few trees and sending the goblins into a right conniption fit. Slumgullion Bog is a unique geological and hydrological formation. The freshwater bog happens to sit atop a slowly simmering geothermal vent that pumps both heat and sulfuric gases into the bottom of the bog. This heats the bog, and most of the plant and animal life in Slumgullion has some level of innate resistance or outright immunity to acids. The cause of the smell is twofold. Swamps produce methane gas, also known as swamp gas, in large amounts. This in conjunction with the sulfer compounds hemmoraging out of the water creates an aweful stink that few will forget. Goblin-Fire is pretty much the standard will-o-the-wisp in the local vernacular, and their pyrotechnic displays are the ephemeral creatures setting off pockets of flammable swamp gas with their luminescent bodies. 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Q: Make PC wake up using task scheduler in Win 10 from sleep In Win 10 Pro, I have used task scheduler to make my PC go to sleep (not hibernate) at night, which works fine. But I am trying to get my PC to wake itself up in the morning, but no luck here. I have enabled wake timers in the Windows Power Options, and selected "wake this computer" in task scheduler options. A: Make PC wake up using task scheduler in Win 10 from sleep I am trying to get my PC to wake itself up in the morning, but no luck here. I have enabled wake timers in the Windows Power Options, and selected "wake this computer" in task scheduler options. Two Steps Step 1 Create a batch script (example in solution part two below) that emulates keyboard key strokes. Schedule it with Windows Task Scheduler and tell it to wake up the computer to run the task at the designated time(s). (Again, example batch script at bottom to use for scheduling along with logic native to Windows that emulates keyboard strokes (SendKeys) which will wake up the sleeping monitor.) SOURCE: How to Make Your PC Wake From Sleep Automatically - Further Detail Step 2 Use the below batch script logic to natively emulate keyboard key strokes with a dynamically built and executed VBS script with batch though. This will be the batch script to execute logic-wise as an example. Example batch script sending space multiple times like pressing the spacebar (You can use any other keys you need to with SendKeys as well) @ECHO OFF SET TempVBSFile=%tmp%\~tmpSendKeysTemp.vbs :VBSDynamicBuild IF EXIST "%TempVBSFile%" DEL /F /Q "%TempVBSFile%" ECHO Set WshShell = WScript.CreateObject("WScript.Shell") >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO Wscript.Sleep 500 >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO WshShell.SendKeys " " >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO Wscript.Sleep 500 >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO WshShell.SendKeys " " >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO Wscript.Sleep 500 >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO WshShell.SendKeys " " >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO Wscript.Sleep 500 >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO WshShell.SendKeys " " >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO Wscript.Sleep 500 >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO WshShell.SendKeys " " >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO Wscript.Sleep 500 >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO WshShell.SendKeys " " >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO Wscript.Sleep 500 >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO WshShell.SendKeys " " >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO Wscript.Sleep 500 >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO WshShell.SendKeys " " >>"%TempVBSFile%" CSCRIPT //nologo "%TempVBSFile%" GOTO EOF Trouble with Computer waking up from Sleep If you've had trouble with Windows Scheduled Tasks waking up your computer when it is sleeping, then you may want to disable hibernation in case that's the cause. To do this just open Windows command prompt as administrator, type in this command POWERCFG HIBERNATE OFF, press Enter, and then restart the PC. Also see POWERCFG for more detail of this command. Test It If possible, you may want to test to confirm that this fixes the issue. Setup the job as specified below but set it to kick off in 2-5 minutes from the time you're ready to test. 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My Story of Metallica's concert in Bangalore by Ernst Kappa 10 years ago 3 comments Who would have said that I'd see Metallica, for my first and only time, in India! Metallica's concert in Bangalore, India, was one of a kind in many many ways… here I go: The days before: The Delhi concert on Friday 28th was supposed to be the band's first, in India and perhaps the most memorable day in the story of rock and roll in this country. Unfortunately for the people in Delhi, the show was canceled minutes before the supposed kick off time. The statement in Metallica's website says that the organizers and the band's management identified potential risks in the barricades and that safety of their fans was the first priority. Initially, they said the concert would be rescheduled for Saturday, but this was only to ease people a bit and avoid major chaos, which they evidently didn't as fans carried on to destroy the stage. Then other sources say that organizers were not able to secure a permit for the event for Saturday with such short notice. I'm of course against violence, but in many ways, I do understand (not justify) their anger, they've been waiting for years! The Crowd: Apart from loving someone that is long gone like the Beatles or Nirvana, I just can't imagine being a fan of a rock band and never seen them live. Metallica has been playing for over 30 years and there were people at the concert that have literally waited for them for decades. Apart of course from the rich Indians that had traveled abroad and may have seen them somewhere, but I can assure you that those are the fewest cases. According to organizers, there were over 22,000 tickets sold, but I'm sure there were there at least 30,000 people. The hours before the show: I'm just thinking in this kind of event it could be a good idea to let people know what time the show starts. How in the world it was not published on Metallica's official website? I mean, I know I'm in India and things would rarely start on time, but at least give me a slight idea! I was with two Italian friends trying to use our stupid western logic and I think we were lucky because we got on time after asking all our Indian friends who gave us all kinds of random answers (none of them accurate by the way, but I appreciate the effort). In our native countries, or cities we have lived in you, can easily estimate the time to reach a place, including walking, taxi, traffic, or any kind of public transportation means. But there we were trying to be smart asses thinking we know anything about planning on going to a show that we don't even know what time it starts, the traffic (with rain), and the distance to the venue. Hilarious! The concert: If you like music, India might not be the best place to live in. I have been here eight months now and the "best" thing happening around here before Metallica was Bryan Adams… (sigh)… and I think at some point Enrique Iglesias… (shoot me in the head). So you can imagine that the concert was full of posers (like me) going to a concert that in other circumstances would have not gone, because I'm simply not a fan of metal in general. You can tell how many curious Metallica-ignorant attendants (like me) were there simply because the few times that you could hear people singing (apart from the die-hard fans in the front who evidently knew all of them) were song parts like "… and Nothing Else Matteeeeeers…" or "Seek anddddd, seek and Destroooy…" I was a bit surprised to see the crowd very calm, not slamming, jamming, jumping, or things you normally do when you get a bit crazy at a concert (especially if you have waited for your favorite band for years). In a way, I was trying to find a logic for this and maybe they opted for behaving provided the chaos of Delhi a couple of days before. And also I think that they know very well that proper behavior can let authorities allow more concerts of this kind in the future. In this case, if my assumptions are correct, very very well done Bangalore. But wait, maybe that was because I forgot to mention a tiny tiny detail… they were not selling beer! 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Rootandblossom: 21 Months- Proud Mama! Yes, still telling his age by months though I know I'm either passed that and or fast approaching the socially acceptable stopping point- 2 years. Books, books, books, and more books! I must read to him at least 20-30 times a day and that would be low balling. I'm excited for him to get home and be welcomed by the hundreds thousand+ children books we have sitting on shelves just begging to be read! Yes, I know that's a pretty outlandish number but you have to remember I was a school teacher. From the second he wakes up in the morning he signs and says book. He absolutely adores Mo Willems books involving Elephant and Piggie (currently loving That's My Ball) and also enjoys Little Critter and Bernstein Bears. His preferred bedtime book has moved passed Hop on Pop to Brown Bear Brown Bear and he loves finding Jesus in the Adventure Store Bible. He remembers the books we read commonly and pipes up with the proceeding phrase or words when I'm reading out loud- makes my heart smile. Books are filled with letters so it only makes sense that he also enjoys the alphabet. We go though it a lot- while taking walks, playing with his alphabet puzzle, pointing out letters in books, while he is using the toilet and playing on his V-Tech alphabet "computer," there are already a few that he proudly identifies by himself by name or by sound. Never in my wildest dreams did I think this would my something he'd be doing at a year and a half, a toddler brain's ability to soak in knowledge is absolutely incredible. Walking hand and hand with his devouring of books and letters is his craving to know new words, all words. He wants to know the word for everything and when given to him he quickly files it away and pulls it out every chance he gets. Our walks consist of him pointing out every bike, moped ('pon-mo'), car, truck, van, helmet, hat, dog, bird, hawk, crow, tree, flower, stroller, baby, feet, orange item, green item, the list goes on and on! And if you don't affirm that he labeled correctly be warned that he'll keep pointing and repetitively saying the word until an affirmation is given. Though still not completely potty trained as we hoped to be by now, he has taken a bigger step towards being potty trained! The last couple of weeks have resulted in just 1-2 accidents while at home in underwear!!! We've tried taking him out and about in underwear but this seems to not be as successful. We realize that it's probably confusing to him wearing underwear part of the day and diapers the other but we have decided that until we get home and can stay put at our house for a couple days and really hone in on it we're going to continue with it this way. We do let him choose what he wants to wear outside (always picks diaper) and do ask him if he needs to go when we are out even if he is in a diaper and sometimes he tells us he does. Here's hoping we've reached the finish line within 3 months! What we are currently working on with him is obey on first command. After a lot of reading and discussing and getting to know Gabriel we decided that we do not wish to use warnings or counting with him- from my teaching experience I've seen that kids far too often abuse this knowing that they will need to eventually do the right thing, just not quite yet. Our expectation for him is to obey without the delay. Rather than the warnings we're working on Gabriel saying, "yes mommy" or "yes daddy" after being asked to do something (seen this with other friends and love it). Now it's not that he's all out defiant but sometimes when we ask him to do something he'll kind of mosey as if debating whether or not he should, when we tell him to say either "yes mommy" or "yes daddy" he follows through. Right now we're aware that by us doing that it almost acts like a warning (Gabriel thinking, "I don't have to follow along until they say...") but as his language progresses, as well as cognitive ability, we're hoping for a smoother transition to the desired result. Speaking of defiant, he just started saying the word 'no'! 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Home UNCG University Archives 2002-11-17 Fix Hodgdon [recital program] 2002-11-17 Fix Hodgdon [recital program] Grand Concerto for Bassoon and Orchestra Johann Nepomuk Hummel Allegro moderato (1778-1837) Romanza: Andantino e cantabile Rondo: Allegro Fantasia in A minor for Solo Bassoon Georg Philipp Telemann Hallucinations Alain Bernaud Sonata for bassoon and piano, Op. 71 Charles Koechlin Andante moderato; Allegretto scherzando (1867-1950) Nocturne: Presque adagio Final: Allegro In partial fulfillment of the degree requirements for the Bachelor of Music in Performance The hall is equipped with a listening assistance system. Patrons needing such assistance should contact an usher in the lobby. Bryan Fox, bassoon Brett Hodgdon, piano Recital Hall, School of Music Title 2002-11-17 Fix Hodgdon [recital program] Creator University of North Carolina at Greensboro. School of Music, Theatre and Dance Subject headings University of North Carolina at Greensboro. School of Music, Theatre and Dance Description Fall 2002 programs for recitals by students in the UNCG School of Music. Original format programs Original publisher Greensboro N.C.: The University of North Carolina at Greensboro Source collection UA9.2 School of Music Performances -- Programs and Recordings, 1917-2007 Series/grouping 1: Programs Finding aid link https://libapps.uncg.edu/archon/index.php?p=collections/controlcard&id=608 Object ID UA009.002.BD.2002FA.999 Full Text Program Grand Concerto for Bassoon and Orchestra Johann Nepomuk Hummel Allegro moderato (1778-1837) Romanza: Andantino e cantabile Rondo: Allegro Fantasia in A minor for Solo Bassoon Georg Philipp Telemann (1681-1767) Intermission Hallucinations Alain Bernaud (b. 1932) Sonata for bassoon and piano, Op. 71 Charles Koechlin Andante moderato; Allegretto scherzando (1867-1950) Nocturne: Presque adagio Final: Allegro In partial fulfillment of the degree requirements for the Bachelor of Music in Performance _____ The hall is equipped with a listening assistance system. Patrons needing such assistance should contact an usher in the lobby. Bryan Fox, bassoon Brett Hodgdon, piano Senior Recital Sunday, November 17, 2002 5:30 pm Recital Hall, School of Music Program Grand Concerto for Bassoon and Orchestra Johann Nepomuk Hummel Allegro moderato (1778-1837) Romanza: Andantino e cantabile Rondo: Allegro Fantasia in A minor for Solo Bassoon Georg Philipp Telemann (1681-1767) Intermission Hallucinations Alain Bernaud (b. 1932) Sonata for bassoon and piano, Op. 71 Charles Koechlin Andante moderato; Allegretto scherzando (1867-1950) Nocturne: Presque adagio Final: Allegro In partial fulfillment of the degree requirements for the Bachelor of Music in Performance _____ The hall is equipped with a listening assistance system. Patrons needing such assistance should contact an usher in the lobby. 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Johnson and Johnson April 2021 Update Covid / By Jeffrey Mark, M.D. I've had a lot of questions over the past 2 days about vaccine safety since the CDC and FDA allowed vaccination with the Johnson and Johnson COVID 19 vaccinations to resume after a pause from April 13th to April 23rd occurred. Let's first summarize what has occurred. On April 13, 2021, the CDC and FDA placed a pause on vaccinations using Johnson and Johnson's single-dose COVID 19 Vaccine. This was due to 6 occurrences of a rare type of blood clot occurrence called Central Venous Sinus Thrombosis (CVST). 6 women between the age of 18 and 49 where the CVST were closely examined. As of April 12th, more than 6.8 million doses of the Johnson and Johnson Vaccine were given in the U.S. This represents a risk of about 1 in 1 million to get this rare complication. Of interest, A study released April 14th, 2021 by Oxford University found the number of people who receive blood clots after getting vaccinated with a coronavirus vaccine are about the same for those who get Pfizer vaccines as they are for AstraZeneca. According to the study, 4 in 1 million people experience cerebral venous thrombosis after getting the Pfizer or Moderna vaccine, versus 5 in 1 million people for the AstraZeneca vaccine. Of course, rates of venous thrombosis is even higher in people who contract COVID -19 or influenza. So there appears to be a rare risk of blood clots with both Astra-Zeneca and Johnson and Johnson vaccines and at least 1 study suggests that Pfizer/ BioNtech and Moderna may also possibly have an increased risk. These risks all appear to be just under 5 in a million and since all vaccines by nature stimulate the immune system which increases the risks of clots just by the inflammatory response is not a surprise. The specific response to the Johnson and Johnson vaccine is that platelet numbers drop which would make you think your risk of bleeding may go up but because of antibodies to platelet factor 4 and other factors are made as a rare response blood clots actually increase. Most physicians would normally treat clots with Heparin but in this instance, it makes things worse because of the antibodies and the right treatment is to actually bind the antibodies with IVIg. As these CVST cases were rare, even much lower than using oral contraceptive pills which have an occurrence in 2.7 to 40 per 100,000 people, and the benefits of vaccination outweighed the risks the Johnson and Johnson vaccination program was resumed. Warnings to the general public and to physicians to look out for the following symptoms were made in addition to the previous warnings: Shortness of breath, • Persistent abdominal pain, • Severe or persistent headaches or blurred vision, • Easy bruising or tiny blood spots under the skin beyond the site of the injection Also, physicians were warned to evaluate anyone with clots within 2 weeks of getting a vaccination very carefully and not just give Heparin which would be contraindicated if a CVST other autoimmune type clot triggered by the vaccine could have occurred. The information that we know to date suggests that getting a blood clot from any of the available vaccines seems to be a very rare event, likely autoimmune in origin, and the risk-benefit ratio is still favoring benefit over risk. However, there are many unanswered questions, and women on birth control, especially between the ages of 18 and 49 might consider exercising extreme caution and choose the Pfizer / BioNtech and Moderna vaccines if given a choice in vaccines but this is not a CDC or FDA recommendation and in general the CDC and FDA recommend getting any vaccine that is offered especially availability has made vaccines mostly a first come first serve operation. If you would like to optimize your immune, brain, or gut health contact us at [email protected], www.allfunctionalhealth.com, or call (925) 736-9828. 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Memphis Flyer Food & Drink » Food & Wine Beer Run to Mississippi by Richard Murff On the afternoon of July 1st, I drove into a changed Mississippi under gray clouds that foretold a fine summer rain. Some 15 hours earlier, at precisely midnight, that state's House Bill 1322 went into effect, allowing for legal existence of that wonderful institution beer lovers in Tennessee have taken for granted for so long: the brewery taproom. Until that day, the nine breweries in Mississippi could only sell their product through a distributor, on tap through restaurants and bars, and in package. They weren't allowed to sell it onsite, but could offer paid brewery tours that gave away free samples. It was a measly loophole that didn't encourage visitors to hang around and hoist a few. Now all that has changed. Granted, Mississippi has not been on the cutting edge of the craft beer industry. Only Georgia — despite big, cosmopolitan Atlanta — still doesn't allow on-premise sales at breweries. Back in 2013, Mississippi became the 49th state to allow home brewing. But this is Mississippi, so, all things considered, coming in 49th out of 50 is like winning the silver. (Lucky Town Brewing in Jackson, has released a brew called Old No. 49 Farmhouse Ale to commemorate the "victory.") So it was that Mrs. M and I — under those cloudy skies and with R.E.M. on the stereo — went down to Water Valley, a little Oxford bedroom community. Along with the other eight Mississippi breweries, the Yalobusha Brewing Company was celebrating the long overdue HB1322. Located in what Water Valley calls downtown, Yalobusha has staked out a great spot in the former Hendricks Foundry building, connected to a small coffee shop by an even smaller games arcade. Flanked on either side of the building were food trucks offering tacos and a pizza stand. It's neat. Yalobusha Brewery There, over two great offerings from Yalobusha — its wonderfully named Snopes Pilsner and Blues Trail Farmhouse Ale — was as good a place as any to consider the implications of the three-year political slog it took to pass a law with a lot of economic upside and little to no downside. After all, there are a lot cheaper and quicker ways of getting into drunken foolishness than drinking craft beer at a homegrown brewery. But Mississippi was the first state to pass prohibition and the last to repeal it, so its relationship with alcohol is complicated. Which has given brewers that much more to celebrate. Theirs is a business with pretty thin margins after everyone involved has taken their bit. The general rule of thumb among the brewers with whom I spoke was that each barrel sold on premise (without a middle man) generates about $1,000 of much-needed revenue. Sell enough of those, and you start making new local hires to deal with the demand. The legal fight was largely spearheaded by Jackson attorney Matthew McLaughlin, who is also the executive director of the Mississippi Brewers Guild. McLaughlin expects the number of breweries in the state to double over the next 18 to 24 months. "It, in theory, lowers the risk of new products that they [brewers] want to introduce, because they have the opportunity to test in a taproom." Low-risk testing leads to more innovation, which leads to more products and growth which, politics aside, ought to be pretty straightforwardly a positive outcome. Breweries are embracing their new freedom in different ways. For the moment, Yalobusha is all about the beer, letting the local pizza place and food trucks handle the suds-sopping pub grub aspect. The Lazy Magnolia Brewery, in Kiln, is adding a small kitchen to its works in order to make it a destination brewpub. If you've never heard of Kiln, Mississippi, don't worry, few have. Apparently, that includes the global satellite communication system. The website offered directions and a helpful warning that if you put their address in GPS, you will get lost. Which sounds like a road trip I'm just going to have to take. 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When my kids were little, I would hear the same advice over and over "READ TO YOUR KIDS." I loved the idea of reading aloud to my kids, but it felt so overwhelming. How do you know what books to read to your kids? Where do you find good books? At what age do you read more chapter books? And, what if they just aren't interested? You see, I wasn't read to as a kid. We didn't take regular trips to the library. I remember my neighbors would come home with 100's of books each week from the library and I couldn't imagine reading through all that! It was a mystery to me. I did fall in love with books. I loved reading to myself as a child. My mom would purchase books at the local bookstore and I remember spending hours reading through them. I never read good literature. My childhood books were filled with fun and fluff. As my children grew, I wanted to read good books with them and help them discover a love for the story. So I spent a lot of time researching, asking mentors, and combing through our local library to find great books to read to our kids. I've learned you will only frustrate yourself and your family by reading books that are poorly written. Reading aloud requires good literature, no trash allowed. The best books must grab even the parents interests, because who wants to read a boring book? Not me. Below is our 10 favorite chapter books to read aloud. If you have younger children, ages 2 -4, start with the first five and work your way up. We have found that even our older children still love to read all of these books. Happy Reading! This is a chapter book of Pooh's adventures. Each chapter is a different story. We will read one chapter at a time. This version of Winnie is a family favorite and the watercolor pictures will captivate the youngest listeners. We make up songs to Pooh's little's rants and laugh at his silly thoughts. This book is a family treasure. You may remember this as a movie a few years back starring Jim Carrey. The movie didn't do the books justice! Mr. Popper's Penguins is a hilarious story of a painter who finds himself with a family of penguins. This book is engaging for all ages. It is a book no one talks about anymore but everyone should read! The truth is, I could never get myself to watch the 1980's version of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. It seems strange and awkward, but the kids and I picked up this book during dinner one night. To my surprise, we ALL loved it. Dahl's wild imagination and strange stories are some of our favorite children's literature. Be sure to add more of his books to your read aloud rotation! Mrs. Piggle Wiggle is unlike any woman you've ever met. Her house smells like cookies and her backyard is full of buried treasures. She knows EVERYTHING about children and can fix any problem that comes her way. This classic by Betty McDonald is quirky and hilarious for both kids and adults. I loved watching the movie Mary Poppins as a child! I love her wit and positive attitude. It was one of my favorite movies. My kids never got into the movie, so we picked up this classic. This magical nanny comes alive on paper and is sure to dazzle your kids no matter what age they maybe. The Penderwicks is a story of 4 sisters who spend the summer in the country. Thier kind, widowed, father, gives them plenty of freedom to roam and explore. The girls make a new friend and have plenty of adventures in this book. The characters are engaging and the story is touching. We recommend this book for older elementary and up. Over the past few years, many new versions of Alice in Wonderland have hit the movie theaters. Unfortunately, my kids found them dark and scary. They came away fearful rather than entertained. We found the book to be opposite. Don't miss out on this book! The story is quirky and the characters are SUPER strange, but Carroll pulls it all together in a magical way. My boys were in LOVE with the Cheshire Cat and we had many discussions about plot and characters. This book leaves you with so much to discuss. 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Heritage Management at the Local Level: Heritage Communities and Role of Local Authorities Jelka Pirkovič Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia heritage management, heritage community, participation, local authority Heritage management at the local level benefits heritage properties and serves the public interest. By using comparative and interpretative analyses, we argue for the use of the "heritage community" term in current heritage management, and analyse what this expression brings for the role of local authorities. We upgrade this definition with attributes that characterize heritage communities. The paper presents the evolution of the concept of participatory heritage management in the context of the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. It tests the relevance of the participatory approach in the heritage field against the theory of social systems. Conclusions comprise principles defining the role of local authorities in facilitating direct participation of heritage communities in heritage management. Arnstein, Sherry Phillis. 1969. "Ladder of Citizen Participation". Journal of the American Planning Association 35, no. 4: 216-224. Published online in 2019, https://doi.org./10/1080/01944363.2018.1559388. Council of Europe. 1985. European Charter of Local Self-Government (ETS No. 122). https://rm.coe.int/168007a088. Council of Europe. 2005a. Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society. Faro, https://rm.coe.int/1680083746. Council of Europe. 2005b. Explanatory Report to the Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society. Strasbourg. https://rm.coe.int/16800d3814. Council of Europe. 2008. The Twelve European Principles, Strategy for Innovation and Good Governance at Local Level, adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe. Strasbourg. https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/upload/krd/vedlegg/komm/lokaldemokrati/the_strategy_for_innovation_and_good_governance.pdf . ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites). 1994. Nara Document on Authenticity, https://www.icomos.org/charters/nara-e.pdf. ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites). 2002. Ethical Commitment Statement for ICOMOS Members: Revision November 2002, Madrid, https://www.icomos.org/publications/Ethics-eng.pdf. ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites). 2005. Xi'an Declaration on the Conservation of the Settings of Heritage Structures, Sites and Areas, https://www.icomos.org/xian2005/xian-declaration.pdf. ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites). 2008a. Charter for Interpretation and Presentation of Cultural Heritage Sites, http://icip.icomos.org/downloads/ICOMOS_Interpretation_Charter_ENG_04_10_08.pdf. ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites). 2008b. Charter of Cultural Routes, https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Charters/culturalroutes_e.pdf. ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites). 2017a. Action Plan for Cultural Heritage and Localizing the Sustainable Development Goals. Istanbul. https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Secretariat/2017/ICOMOS_Action_Plan_Cult_Heritage_and_Localizing_SDGs_20170721.pdf. ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites). 2017b. 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on Heritage and Democracy, https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Charters/GA2017_Delhi-Declaration_20180117_EN.pdf. ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites). 2017c. Resolution 19GA 2017/20: "The Florence Declaration on Cultural Heritage Conservation and Sustainable Tourism for Development" and Resolution 19GA 2017/30: – Mobilizing ICOMOS and the cultural heritage community to help meet the challenge of climate change, https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/General_Assemblies/19th_Delhi_2017/19th_GA_Outcomes/GA2017_Resolutions_EN_20180206finalcirc.pdf, ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites). 2018. ADCOM Buenos Aires Declaration on Universal Declaration of Human Rights, https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Secretariat/2018/AGA_2018/AGA2018_BuenosAiresDeclaration_EN-FR-ESP_final.pdf. Logan, William S. 2007. "Closing Pandora's Box, Human Rights Conundrums in Cultural Heritage Protection". In Cultural Heritage and Human Rights. Edited by Helaine Silverman and D. Fairchild Ruggles, 33-52. New York: Springer. Poulios, Ioannis. 2014. The Past in the Present: A Living Heritage Approach – Meteora, Greece. London: Ubiquity Press, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/bak. Ripp, Matthias and Dennis Rodwell. 2015. "The Geography of Urban Heritage". The Historic Environment, Policy & Practice 6 (3): 240-276, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17567505.2015.1100362. Roberts, Nancy. 2003. Direct Citizen Participation: Building a Theory, Paper Presented to the 7th National Public Management Research Conference. Washington, DC: Georgetown University. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228870715_Direct_Citizen_Participation_Building_a_Theory. Scruton, Roger. 2014. The West and the Rest: Globalization and the Terrorist Threat. Wilmington, Delaware: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, Kindle. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation). 1994. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. https://whc.unesco.org/archive/opguide94.pdf. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation). 2003. Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Paris, https://ich.unesco.org/en/convention. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation). 2005. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. https://whc.unesco.org/archive/opguide05-en.pdf. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation). 2015. Policy for the integration of a sustainable development perspective into the process of the World Heritage Convention, adopted by the General Assembly of the States Parties to the Convention at its 20th Session. Resolution 20 GA 13. Paris, https://whc.unesco.org/en/sustainabledevelopment/. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation). 2018. Basic Texts of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Paris. https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/2003_Convention_Basic_Texts-_2018_version-EN.pdf. 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9.12.2014 \| Crowdfunding: Can it Brighten the Future for Michigan's Small Businesses and Investors? In the closing hours of 2013, Governor Snyder signed the crowdfunding law (House Bill 4996 of 2013), which became effective December 30, 2013. The new law revised the Uniform Securities Act to allow Michigan corporations and limited liability companies to sell an interest in their business enterprise to non-accredited investors without having to register the offering or the interest as a "security." This new law provides a simple, more streamlined procedure to allow Michiganders to invest in the small businesses in their community, as well as allowing entrepreneurs and small businesses to raise capital beyond the traditional methods, which can be costly and, all too often, ultimately unavailable. What is crowdfunding? Projects or ventures use crowdfunding as a means to raise capital, usually over the internet, by soliciting and raising small amounts of money from a large group of people. Rather than a bank or venture capitalist, which usually apply more leverage to control the terms. Crowdfunding, on the other hand, can allow flexibility in the terms for the enterprise, which can make all the difference to a startups and going concerns alike. Notably, it can substantively shift the preponderance of risk to the investor as the remedies available for nonperformance on the part of the company can be more limited. Accredited investors comprise about 1% of the population. According to Forbes Magazine, only 10.5% of accredited investors have made informal investments over the past three years and 95% of business plans submitted to venture capitalists are summarily rejected. With small businesses comprising more than 99% of all employer firms and 44% of the U.S. private payroll, it is essential that these companies get access to capital to sustain themselves long enough to turn a profit because the country's economic future is dependent upon the success of its small business enterprises. With access to equal opportunity, these players may experience disproportionate risk exposure, on both sides of the transaction. Arguably, the reason venture may not have funded an entrepreneur may be the exact reason why the company fail. Crowdfunding is a relatively new and exciting means for small businesses to raise capital; however, investors and small businesses need to be certain that they completely understand that there are still a myriad of federal and state requirements imposed on the raising capital through crowdfunding. The Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs (LARA) strongly advises investors, entrepreneurs, and small businesses to seek the advice of an attorney before participating in any crowdfunding activities. Your legal counsel should not only be familiar with the applicable legal issues but also aware of the relevant investment analysis relating to the investment or the fund raising process. The Katz Law firm has attorneys with experience as portfolio managers and investment advisors. If the enterprise does not meet the federal intrastate exemption requirements found in section 3(a)(11) of the Securities Act of 1933, then the offering must be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, provided it does not qualifies for another exemption. Website operators may be required to register with the SEC as a broker-dealer or a funding portal. A Corporation must not offer or sell shares in excess of the amount authorized in the articles of incorporation. We advise that investors do their own homework before investing in any small business. Crowdfunding does not miraculously make an investment less risky simply because you know the principals or they happen to be from your community. Investors should completely understand the risks being assumed; they could lose all of the funds invested because most startups fail. That's worth repeating: most startups fail. Investors should ask questions, know about the individuals involved, and verify all of the information they receive. Investors should act as any private equity firm would act in similar circumstances, which means conducting due diligence and understanding the risks, including accounting for the unknown. In short, know exactly what you are getting yourself into. 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UK Food Labeling Debate Continues In the UK, The Independent reports on the continuing controversy over food labeling protocols, with some retailers (such as Tesco) resisting a national program that uses a traffic light format that says foods with a green light are good for you and foods with a red light are bad for you. "Many big industry players, including Tesco and Morrison's, are rejecting the system," the Independent writes. "Tesco's scheme is based on how much each food contributes to calories, sugar, fat, saturated fat and salt as a percentage to an individual's GDA (Guideline Daily Allowance). The labels have colours but they do not change according to the levels of nutrients." Tesco, for example, has argued that orange juice is healthy, but is given a red light because it is high in sugar – a label that in fact can be misleading. The problem for Tesco and Morrison, though, is that polling suggests that their programs are just confusing to consumers, while the red light/green light program created by the federal Food Standards Agency (FSA) is easy to understand. And the controversy seems to be tougher on Tesco, which is suffering the slings and arrows that come with being the UK's dominant retailer, subject to criticism for its expansion plans, environmental standards and competitive strategies. The problem, of course, is that the more complicated system advanced by retailers like Tesco and Morrison (and, quite naturally, preferred by many manufacturers) is full of nuance – and nuance is a word that doesn't have a lot of fans in the world today. It's a tough one, though. Retailers that fly in the face of the national traffic light labeling program are going to have to be very persuasive that their systems are better, because the conventional wisdom is for the moment pointing the other way. Conventional wisdom often isn't very wise but is always conventional…but making the opposite argument can be like pushing boulders uphill in a rainstorm. Study: Supermarket Pharmacies Show Continued Strength The Food Marketing Institute's annual Supermarket Pharmacy Trends report suggests that while pharmacies run by supermarkets were able to maintain their financial stability last year, retailers also were able to meet regulatory challenges such as "preparing for Medicare Part D and complying with new laws restricting the sales of cold medicines containing pseudoephedrine, which can be used illegally to produce methamphetamine." "It is most impressive to see more supermarket pharmacies reaching beyond the prescription counter to help consumers improve their health and well-being," said Michael Sansolo, FMI senior vice president. "In addition, the findings from this year's report are reassuring given the amount of regulatory change in pharmacy operations over the past 12 months." Among the findings: • Median prescriptions filled per day remained unchanged from 2004, at 120. • Prescription revenues remained at 9 percent of total store sales. • The median cost of a prescription increased slightly from $53 to $55. • Only 2.3 percent of respondents thought consumers had a good understanding of the Medicare Part D program, while 97.6 percent felt consumers had a poor or fair understanding. • To help alleviate the confusion brought about by the new regulations and change in plans, 95.5 percent of supermarket pharmacies offered educational materials for their customers, although 57 percent of pharmacies believe the government should educate consumers about Medicare. • More than 73 percent of supermarket pharmacies are set up to accept e-prescriptions from physicians now — or will be by the end of 2006. • Two-thirds of all supermarket companies are using robotic prescription filling in at least one pharmacy. • Health seminars and health-focused recipes top the list of in-store services, with 54.3 percent of pharmacies offering each. • More than 52 percent give store tours, showing customers where to find healthful products. Seems to us that one of the things that supermarkets have to focus on is everything that people put in their bodies, recognizing that the traditional boundaries between food and medicine are braking down. 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people don't differentiate between traditional and non-traditional medical treatments – they just want what works. Home Depot CEO Confronts Criticism The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reports on an interview with Home Depot chairman/CEO Bob Nardelli, who came in for significant criticism when he appeared to be unresponsive and aloof during a recent annual meeting of shareholders. Excerpts: • On the disastrous annual meeting: "I take full responsibility for the meeting. I tried a different format, and it didn't work. I think the criticism of me was fair, and that's why, within seven days, I agreed to go back to the old format. What's unfortunate is when it cascaded down to my associates and to my board. It's unfortunate if it created distraction or angst for the [store] associates who are out there every day. However, it's one event over five years. I think the company's record stands on its own as far as financial performance and as far as values. We have never withdrawn from transparency." • On managing to the stock price: "Look, there's no one more sensitive to the stock price than me — there's no one more aligned financially with the stock price than me. All I can do is continue to chart a strategic direction, deliver on that direction and hope the intrinsic value, the predictability and the confidence in our projections translate into a fair market price." • On his own, often-criticized compensation package: "The board has been very appreciative of the performance of this company, and I'm very grateful for the compensation they've awarded me, commensurate with the company's performance. They evaluate me on the things I can control, such as top-line growth, which has almost doubled; earnings, which have more than doubled; and other metrics like return on invested capital. I would expect if the performance isn't there, they'll be just as responsive the other way. "Secondly, more than 80 percent of my total compensation is in equity that is still with the company. Sixty percent of that 80 percent is in options that are underwater. So no one is more aligned with the stock price than me. If the stock price doesn't go up, I don't get any of that." Give Nardelli credit for at least confronting the criticism. He can help his credibility a little bit more if he'd toss Larry Johnston off his board of directors. Federated Irritates More Marshall Fields Shoppers The Chicago Sun-Times reports that Federated Department Stores has added injury to insult in how it is treating Marshall Field's shoppers already annoyed that it is changing the name of the venerable chain to Macy's. Shoppers who hold Field's credit cards are being sent Macy's cards with a different number, but tied to the same account. However, Federated has said that any shopper who cancels the Macy's account also will be canceling the Field's account – even though it has pledged to keep taking the Field's card at Macy's stores. In addition, Federated said that its points reward program will be untied from the Field's card as of August 1, with points only accumulated for purchases made using the Macy's card. We're sure there are all sorts of good economic reasons to be making such moves, but we remain astounded as to how willing Federated seems to be to annoy longtime Field's shoppers. Considering that the whole strategy allegedly is aimed at revitalizing the chain, the net effect seems to be to disenfranchise much of the customer base. Dumb. Famima! Goes Hollywood With Sixth Store One year into its American expansion strategy, Japanese c-store operator Famima! has opened its sixth store in Southern California, this one on famed Hollywood Blvd. near Highland Avenue and the historic Egyptian Theater. "Our Hollywood store is in the heart of the historic area, near the Kodak Theater, and is a major draw for tourists as well as a busy area for commerce," said Shiro Inoue, president/CEO. "We hope our products and services will bring satisfaction to consumers. At the same time, we want to become more familiar with the Hollywood community and develop a neighborhood together." The company's previous stores were opened in West Hollywood, Westwood, Santa Monica, Pasadena and Torrance.	-0.273505	-0.574633	-0.746548	-1.062274	[ -0.09133775228243134, -0.4556714163961016 ]	[ -0.7398184179298005, -0.4094474446781574 ]	[ -0.38132934071428287, -1.1117667560249525 ]	[ -0.8385566068263688, -1.285992292965865 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 2305, 1016, 29915, 29873, 17473, 403, 1546, 13807, 322, 1661, 29899, 29576, 3245, 16083, 7539, 1860, 785, 896, 925, 864, 825, 1736, 29889, 13, 11184, 10034, 327, 14645, 29949, 1281, 8862, 29879, 15976, 293, 1608, 13, 1576, 26484, 8237, 29899, 12075, 5008, 13676, 373, 385, 15593, 411, 8778, 10034, 327, 28942, 29914, 4741, 29949, 7991, 405, 538, 5481, 29892, 1058, 2996, 297, 363, 7282, 29035, 746, 540, 7470, 304, 367, 443, 26679, 573, 322, 394, 29877, 974, 2645, 263, 7786, 17568, 11781, 310, 6232, 8948, 414, 29889, 13, 1252, 2265, 16485, 29901, 13, 30119, 1551, 278, 766, 7614, 681, 17568, 11781, 29901, 376, 29902, 2125, 2989, 23134, 363, 278, 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Additional stores are planned for downtown Los Angeles, Glendale and Long Beach, and the company expects to have more than 20 opened by the end of the year and some 250 operating by 2009. Hardly a traditional convenience store, Famima! bills itself more as a specialty food store, with an emphasis on Asian foods that appeal both to Asian and non-Asian customers. MNB Legal Briefs • The Boston Business Journal reports that Ahold-owned Stop & Shop has been hit with a personal injury lawsuit, filed by a New Hampshire couple that charges their son was poisoned last year by beef purchased at one of the retailer's stores that contained E. coli. • Bloomberg reports that a US District Court in California has ruled that Safeway must be excluded from an antitrust lawsuit filed against it, as well as Albertsons and Kroger, by the state's Attorney General Bill Lockyer. The suit charges that a mutual aid agreement developed by the three chains to share and lessen the pain during a lockout/strike more than two years ago was actually in violation of federal antitrust laws. The judge, while not ruling on the merits of the case, said that ""Safeway's liability under the currently articulated theory is not apparent" and that "the complaint does not give defendant Safeway adequate notice of its alleged role." There ought to be a law against rulings that use phrases like "currently articulated theory." • News reports out of North Carolina says that the city of Rocky Mount wants to build something it will call BBQ Park, which would recognize Bob Melton's Barbecue, the first sit-down restaurant to sell pork barbecue. However, an argument could be made that it shouldn't be so much a park as a graveyard, since these same reports note that Rocky Mount once had such barbecue restaurants as Melton's, Buck Overton's, Brown's Chicken and Barbecue House and Gardner's Barbecue Restaurant – but now, only Gardner's remains in business. • Advertising Age reports that Mars has fired Martyn Wilks, a 20-year company veteran who has served as president of the company's US snack food unit for the past 18 months. Ad Age says that the move came because of concerns that the snack food division was not hitting its numbers, and that Mars North America President Bob Gamgort is keeping everyone in the company on a short leash. • CVS Corp. reported that its June sales increased 23.1 percent to a record $4.3 billion, compared to $3.5 billion in the prior year period; the numbers included some 700 Sav-On and Osco drug stores acquired from Albertsons at the beginning of the month. Same-store sales ere up 8.4 percent. For the second quarter, total sales increased 15.8 percent to $10.6 billion, compared to $9.1 billion in the prior year period, with same-store sales up 8.8 percent. Your Views: Truth Or Dare Responding to yesterday's story about Tesco's California plans, MNB user (and MNB fave) Glen Terbeek wrote: Since Tesco has experience with prepared foods, high quality private label, consumer direct, shopper data base marketing, world class logistics systems, and various formats around the world; look for the Express stores in the U S to be the true "moment of value" stores; localized to the market it is in. Stores that combine all of the above skills for a "hard to beat" shopping experience. There is no other U S retailer with the breadth of their experience in all of these areas. For sure, they will not enter the US with a same ol', same ol' format. In addition, Tesco is not encumbered by the current US industry model, just like Wal-Mart wasn't when it started. And Tesco's global presences will help them get the manufacturers attention in the U S, even though they are just starting; an advantage that Wal-Mart didn't have. What are "moment of value" stores? Think of stores with a strong prepared foods offering, great fresh products, and a "convenient" selection of core/necessary items. Stores that create value above and beyond distribution value. 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ins, and return on space go up when the need is fulfilled immediately and easily. This offering would be embellished by a consumer direct offering of a very large assortment of core/staple items and niche items that can't economically be carried in stores. They would be preordered by shoppers for pick up at the Express stores on their next visit; as example, on their way home from work while they pick up their dinner. These items will be offered at very competitive prices, since many traditional costs have been removed. In fact, manufacturers might even put their items in the system on a contingent basis to make them immediately available to the Express shoppers, just like Amazon.com does. (What, no slotting allowances?) Think about new item introductions! Wow! This will be fun to watch! Since I live in Southern California, I can't wait. But wait a minute, wait a minute! This is unfair! The playing field is not level, again! The manufacturers are supporting an(other) alternative format! They can't do this! Don't they understand. We better work on logistics again! Here's a good idea, let's increase the slotting allowances! Let's form category teams! Let's consolidate! Let's............. Another MNB user wrote: They keep talking about the retail side of this operation, but have we heard any noise on what products they are going to sell in the them? In the UK they are very dependant on third party suppliers for fresh entrees, sandwiches, etc. Have they secured any alliances in this area in our country? If yes, with who? This was a fundamental flaw in the other British retail acquisitions on the east coast. I believe M&S, Sainsbury, etc over estimated the American supply chain in this area and later found it was not what they were accustomed to on their home turf. Will Tesco learn from their mistake? We think that Tesco learns from everything. On the subject of Wal-Mart's dedication to environmental issues, illustrated by the fact that Al Gore is bringing his message about global warming – as portrayed in the hit documentary "An Inconvenient Truth" – to a company meeting in Bentonville, Arkansas, this week. MNB user Art Turock wrote: Count on Wal-Mart's sincerity in supporting sustainability. After watching the Annual Meeting in Fayetteville a few weeks ago, the major theme conveyed to about 18,000 associates was pride in company, and plenty of examples of sustainability. I don't think you proclaim a half-baked insincere gesture in front of shareholders and analysts. I was also leading a seminar with an ice cream supplier in April. One of their Wal-Mart Account Team members related a story, where he asked a buyer to leave a styrofoam container left behind on an earlier sampling session at the front desk to pick up. The buyer refused saying, "You won't see me carrying anything made of styrofoam in this building. Come to my office and pick it up." Lee Scott sees the connection between EDLC and sustainability and its becoming part of Wal-Mart best practices. One MNB user disagreed: I'm surprised you aren't more cynical. Yes, Wal-Mart may appear to be sincere now about environmental issues because it distracts the public from the negative press they have been receiving. However, it reeks of the "Made in America" campaign, which became obsolete when the new "Slashing Prices" campaign was invented so Smiley could mask the result of moving business overseas to reduce costs. When it becomes to expensive to remain conscientious about the environment, they'll drop it and find another button to push to appease the public. MNB user Randy Aszman offered the following thought: I haven't seen "An Inconvenient Truth" either, and doubt I will, but in regards to the concerns voiced by Al Gore and others, I suggest viewing "The Real Eve", a documentary produced by the Discovery Channel. It chronicles the migration of humans from Africa that basically spread the human race to Europe, Asia, Australia, and eventually the Americas 150,000 years ago. This migration was triggered by environmental changes, namely global warming. Our planet goes through cyclical changes that occur with or without the influence of the human population. 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1. We only accept returns where goods are faulty or where they are do not conform to the order. 2. Any balance of goods comprised of an order outstanding at the final delivery date may be consigned without further reference to the buyer. Passenger train traffic - on date the package is received. A clear unconditional signature on the Carrier's sheet absolves the Carrier from any liability. Unless the Carrier's sheet is signed strictly in accordance with the actual condition of the packages on arrival, no claim for loss or damage can be entertained. It is not sufficient to sign the sheet "Unexamined" or "Unchecked". 4. We reserve the right to alter the specification of any materials as necessary. 5. (a) The ownership of and property in goods shall remain with the Company until payment in full for all the Goods has been received by the Company in accordance with the terms of the Contract or until a bona fide sale is made by the Buyer to a customer at full value. If all or any part of such payment is overdue or if the Buyer is or becomes insolvent the Company may without prejudice to any other rights it may have, recover and/or repossess the Goods or any of them whether or not they may be in the same state as they were when sold by the Company to the Buyer and for the purpose of such recovery of possession the Company or its servants or agents may enter upon any premises whereon the Goods or any part of them may be and recover or repossess such Goods and shall further be entitled to possession of any other articles of which the Goods may at such time form part and further the Company may sell or otherwise dispose of any Goods or articles recovered or repossessed and/or of which the Company is entitled to possession. Further you shall have no right to sell or to dispose of any Goods which are the Company's property whether by bona fide sale at full value of otherwise if you are insolvent. 6. (a) Settlement of invoices must be made strictly within 30 days net from date of invoice. (d) The time of payment shall be of the essence of the Contract. (e) Without prejudice to any other rights it may have, the company is entitled to charge interest at 2% above the then current base rate on overdue payments of the price of the Goods or the price of any instalments thereof. 7. We shall not be deemed to have any knowledge of any particular purpose or market for which the Goods are required unless advised when placing the order and confirmed by us in writing. 8. In the event of force majeure (which expression shall be deemed to include interalia trade dispute, war, riot, civil commotion, revolution, rebellion, storm, tempest, earthquake, frost, flood, drought, fire, explosion, breakdown, accident or other circumstances beyond the control of the Sellers) preventing delivery of the subject matter of the Contract time, then the delivery date or dates shall be extended for a reasonable time. If, however, such extension exceeds a period of six months, then either party shall have the right to cancel the undelivered portion of the Contract by notice in writing. The Sellers accept no responsibility for losses resulting directly or indirectly from force majeure. 9. Failure to pay for any goods on the due date shall give us the right to withhold further deliveries under this or any other contract which we may have with you, or at our option to cancel this or any other contract. 10. No liability is accepted for any goods which have been subjected to any further process or manufacture after they have left our hands. We shall not be bound in any way by any settlement between you and a subsequent owner of the goods, not by any survey or award as between you and a subsequent owner unless we have agreed in writing to be a party to such settlements survey or award. 11. Any dispute under or arising out of this contract shall be subject to the Common Laws of England. 12. Carriage may be charged extra for Highlands, Islands and Scotland. 13. No waiver or amendment to any of these conditions or of the terms of the order will be binding on us unless confirmed by us in writing. 14. The Seller shall not be liable for loss or damage to any of the Buyer's patterns, drawings, specifications, articles or information of any kind supplied by the Buyer to the Seller where such loss or damage is occasioned by any cause beyond the control of the Seller. 15	-0.935058	-1.563508	-1.187854	-0.187564	[ -1.070655684016545, -0.7994599490747906 ]	[ -1.7389891663006234, -1.3880259643639186 ]	[ -1.248723771395703, -1.126984202177258 ]	[ -0.3690092734067232, -0.006118120985445859 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29871, 29896, 29889, 1334, 871, 3544, 3639, 988, 22535, 526, 12570, 29891, 470, 988, 896, 526, 437, 451, 14670, 304, 278, 1797, 29889, 13, 29906, 29889, 3139, 17346, 310, 22535, 7199, 3368, 310, 385, 1797, 714, 11235, 472, 278, 2186, 28289, 2635, 1122, 367, 1136, 12961, 1728, 4340, 3407, 304, 278, 1321, 7598, 29889, 13, 7129, 15109, 7945, 12469, 448, 373, 2635, 278, 3577, 338, 4520, 29889, 13, 29909, 2821, 443, 1116, 3245, 12608, 373, 278, 1704, 4336, 29915, 29879, 9869, 4963, 1960, 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using namespace glm; using namespace std; #pragma pack(push, 1) static struct SdfVertex { SdfVertex(vec3 p) : position(p) {} vec3 position; }; #pragma pack(pop) // Buffers a single face of a voxel in the given vector static void BufferCubeFace(vec3 center, vec3 normal, float cubeWidth, vector<SdfVertex>& vertices) { // Center of voxel to center of face center += vec3(normal) * cubeWidth / 2.0f; vec3 d1 = -vec3(normal.z, normal.x, normal.y); vec3 d2 = -vec3(normal.y, normal.z, normal.x); vector<vec2> weights = { { -1, -1 }, { 1, -1 }, { 1, 1 }, { -1, 1 }, }; // Reverse winding order for negative normals if (normal.x < 0 \|\| normal.y < 0 \|\| normal.z < 0) { std::swap(d1, d2); } for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) { vec2 w = weights[i]; SdfVertex v(center + (d1 * w.x + d2 * w.y) / 2.0f * cubeWidth); vertices.push_back(v); } } // Buffers all faces of a voxel in the given vector static GLuint BufferCube(float cubeWidth, GLuint program) { vec3 center = vec3(cubeWidth, cubeWidth, cubeWidth) / 2.0f; std::vector<SdfVertex> vertices; vector<ivec3> normals = { { 1, 0, 0 }, { -1, 0, 0 }, { 0, 1, 0 }, { 0,-1, 0 }, { 0, 0, 1 }, { 0, 0,-1 }, }; for (auto& n : normals) { BufferCubeFace(center, vec3(n), cubeWidth, vertices); } GLuint vao; GLuint vbo; glGenBuffers(1, &vbo); CheckGLErrors(); glGenVertexArrays(1, &vao); CheckGLErrors(); glBindVertexArray(vao); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(SdfVertex) * vertices.size(), &vertices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); GLint vPosLoc = glGetAttribLocation(program, "vPos"); glEnableVertexAttribArray(vPosLoc); glVertexAttribPointer(vPosLoc, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(SdfVertex), (void)offsetof(SdfVertex, position)); CheckGLErrors(); return vao; } static void MakeSdfQuad(VoxelSet& model, ivec3 dimensions, vec3 spacing, GLuint& vao, GLuint& vbo, GLuint program) { size_t modelCount = dimensions.x dimensions.y * dimensions.z; CheckGLErrors(); glGenBuffers(1, &vbo); CheckGLErrors(); glGenVertexArrays(1, &vao); CheckGLErrors(); glBindVertexArray(vao); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo); array<SdfVertex, 4> vertices = { { { vec3(-1, -1, 0) }, { vec3(1, -1, 0) }, { vec3	-1.276107	-0.664836	-0.62354	0.95899	[ -0.9062946325366938, -1.6459193641960246 ]	[ -0.32125898704865374, -1.0084127051262584 ]	[ -0.09473410484586044, -1.1523466124311006 ]	[ 1.2841615320679847, 0.6338189650047636 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 773, 7397, 3144, 29885, 29936, 13, 4746, 7397, 3659, 29936, 13, 13, 29937, 28436, 4870, 29898, 5910, 29892, 29871, 29896, 29897, 13, 7959, 2281, 317, 2176, 22479, 426, 13, 12, 29903, 2176, 22479, 29898, 2003, 29941, 282, 29897, 584, 2602, 29898, 29886, 29897, 6571, 13, 13, 12, 2003, 29941, 2602, 29936, 13, 3400, 13, 29937, 28436, 4870, 29898, 7323, 29897, 13, 13, 458, 22274, 414, 263, 2323, 3700, 310, 263, 992, 29916, 295, 297, 278, 2183, 4608, 13, 7959, 1780, 16534, 29907, 4003, 23360, 29898, 2003, 29941, 4818, 29892, 9649, 29941, 4226, 29892, 5785, 28704, 6110, 29892, 4608, 29966, 29903, 2176, 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(1, 1, 0) }, { vec3(-1, 1, 0) }, } }; glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(SdfVertex) * vertices.size(), &vertices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); GLint vPosLoc = glGetAttribLocation(program, "vPos"); glEnableVertexAttribArray(vPosLoc); glVertexAttribPointer(vPosLoc, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(SdfVertex), (void)offsetof(SdfVertex, position)); CheckGLErrors(); } static uint8_t RoundByteF(float f) { return (uint8_t)round(f 255.0f); } struct Box { Box(ivec3 idx) { minPoint = vec3(idx); maxPoint = vec3(idx) + vec3(1); } vec3 minPoint; vec3 maxPoint; }; float BoxDistance2(Box a, Box b) { //vec3 d = glm::max(a.maxPoint - b.minPoint, b.maxPoint - a.minPoint); vec3 d = glm::max(a.minPoint - b.maxPoint, b.minPoint - a.maxPoint); d = max(d, vec3(0)); return dot(d, d); } static bool IsEmpty(VoxelSet& voxels, ivec3 idx, float distance) { ivec3 startIdx = idx - ivec3(ceil(distance) + 1); ivec3 endIdx = idx + ivec3(ceil(distance) + 1); Box center(idx); for (int z = startIdx.z; z <= endIdx.z; ++z) { for (int y = startIdx.y; y <= endIdx.y; ++y) { for (int x = startIdx.x; x <= endIdx.x; ++x) { ivec3 checkIdx(x, y, z); Box checkBox(checkIdx); if (BoxDistance2(center, checkBox) > distance * distance) { continue; } if (voxels.IsSolid(checkIdx)) { return false; } } } } return true; } static uint8_t FindMaxJump(VoxelSet& voxels, ivec3 idx) { uint8_t jumpSize = 0; //while (IsEmpty(voxels, idx - ivec3(jumpSize + 1), idx + ivec3(jumpSize + 1)) && jumpSize < 32) { while (IsEmpty(voxels, idx, jumpSize + 0.005f)) { jumpSize++; } return jumpSize; } static void MakeJumpTexture(VoxelSet& voxels, vector<uint8_t>& jumpTexture) { int jumpIdx = 0; int shapeSize = voxels.size.x * voxels.size.y * voxels.size.z; jumpTexture.resize(shapeSize); if (IsOptionSet("loadShape")) { ifstream fin(GetOption("loadShape").c_str()); for (int i = 0; i < shapeSize; ++i) { int val; fin >> val; jumpTexture[i] = val; } fin.close(); return; } for (int z = 0; z < voxels.size.z; ++z) { for (int y = 0; y < voxels.size.y; ++y) 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for (int x = 0; x < voxels.size.x; ++x) { ivec3 idx(x, y, z); int jumpIdx = z * voxels.size.x * voxels.size.y + y * voxels.size.x + x; if (voxels.IsSolid(idx)) { jumpTexture[jumpIdx] = 255; } else { jumpTexture[jumpIdx] = FindMaxJump(voxels, idx); } } } } if (IsOptionSet("saveShape")) { ofstream fout(GetOption("saveShape").c_str()); for (int i = 0; i < shapeSize; ++i) { if (i > 0) { fout << " "; } fout << (int)jumpTexture[i]; } fout << endl; fout.close(); } } static void VoxelsToTexture(VoxelSet & voxels, GLuint& colorTexture, GLuint& shapeTexture, GLuint& colorSampler, GLuint& shapeSampler, vector<uint8_t>& shape) { int colorsSize = voxels.size.x * voxels.size.y * voxels.size.z * 4; int shapeSize = voxels.size.x * voxels.size.y * voxels.size.z; vector<uint8_t> colors(colorsSize); for (int z = 0; z < voxels.size.z; ++z) { for (int y = 0; y < voxels.size.y; ++y) { for (int x = 0; x < voxels.size.x; ++x) { ivec3 idx(x, y, z); int shapeIdx = z * voxels.size.x * voxels.size.y + y * voxels.size.x + x; int colorIdx = shapeIdx * 3; vec4 c = voxels.At(idx); colors[colorIdx + 0] = RoundByteF(c.r); colors[colorIdx + 1] = RoundByteF(c.g); colors[colorIdx + 2] = RoundByteF(c.b); } } } // Color texture glGenTextures(1, &colorTexture); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_3D, colorTexture); glTexImage3D(GL_TEXTURE_3D, 0, GL_RGB8, voxels.size.x, voxels.size.y, voxels.size.z, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, &colors[0]); glGenSamplers(1, &colorSampler); glSamplerParameteri(colorSampler, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glSamplerParameteri(colorSampler, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glSamplerParameteri(colorSampler, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glSamplerParameteri(colorSampler, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST); glSamplerParameteri(colorSampler, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST	-1.662355	-1.160616	-1.208144	0.295641	[ -1.711663784787965, -1.6130471539000542 ]	[ -0.9618563620122056, -1.3593759070629632 ]	[ -0.9088674739942109, -1.5074203559848984 ]	[ 0.311249051741406, 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); CheckGLErrors(); // Shape texture glGenTextures(1, &shapeTexture); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_3D, shapeTexture); CheckGLErrors(); glTexImage3D(GL_TEXTURE_3D, 0, GL_R8UI, voxels.size.x, voxels.size.y, voxels.size.z, 0, GL_RED_INTEGER, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, &shape[0]); CheckGLErrors(); glGenSamplers(1, &shapeSampler); glSamplerParameteri(shapeSampler, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glSamplerParameteri(shapeSampler, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glSamplerParameteri(shapeSampler, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glSamplerParameteri(shapeSampler, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST); glSamplerParameteri(shapeSampler, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST); CheckGLErrors(); } struct VoxObjInfo { vec3 offset; GLuint colorTexture; GLuint shapeTexture; GLuint colorSampler; GLuint shapeSampler; }; PerfRecord RunSdfJumpSphereTest(VoxelSet & model, glm::ivec3 gridSize, glm::vec3 voxelSpacing) { GLuint program; GLint mvpLoc; GLint mvInvLoc; GLint mvLoc; GLint nearDistLoc; GLint nearDimLoc; GLint offsetLoc; GLuint vao; GLuint vbo; GLuint cubeVao; GLuint colorTexLoc; GLuint shapeTexLoc; vector<VoxObjInfo> voxObjs; PerfRecord record = RunPerf( [&]() { // Setup vector<uint8_t> shape; MakeJumpTexture(model, shape); program = MakeShaderProgram({ { "Shaders/sdf.vert", GL_VERTEX_SHADER }, { "Shaders/sdf_jump.frag", GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER }, }); CheckGLErrors(); mvpLoc = glGetUniformLocation(program, "mvp"); CheckGLErrors(); mvInvLoc = glGetUniformLocation(program, "mvInv"); CheckGLErrors(); mvLoc = glGetUniformLocation(program, "mv"); CheckGLErrors(); // Assign texture slots colorTexLoc = glGetUniformLocation(program, "voxelColor"); CheckGLErrors(); shapeTexLoc = glGetUniformLocation(program, "voxelShape"); CheckGLErrors(); nearDimLoc = glGetUniformLocation(program, "nearPlaneDim"); nearDistLoc = glGetUniformLocation(program, "nearPlaneDist"); offsetLoc = glGetUniformLocation(program, "offset"); CheckGLErrors(); MakeSdfQuad(model, gridSize, voxelSpacing, vao, vbo, program); cubeVao = BufferCube(32.0f * VOXEL_SIZE, program); int nextOffsetIdx = 0; int totalModels = gridSize.x * gridSize.y * gridSize.z; voxObjs.resize(totalModels); for (int	-1.421293	-0.589853	-0.887943	0.909564	[ -1.4979944178641584, -1.344590769816297 ]	[ -0.7326559036045616, -0.4470506448856615 ]	[ -0.995099668857276, -0.7807873022123052 ]	[ 0.5869943001762118, 1.232134126702927 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 416, 13, 13, 12, 5596, 29954, 1307, 24616, 29879, 890, 13, 13, 12, 458, 1383, 4085, 18459, 13, 12, 3820, 15462, 1626, 1973, 29898, 29896, 29892, 669, 12181, 21898, 416, 13, 12, 3820, 15708, 21898, 29898, 7239, 29918, 16975, 11499, 29918, 29941, 29928, 29892, 8267, 21898, 416, 13, 12, 5596, 29954, 1307, 24616, 29879, 890, 13, 13, 12, 3820, 26887, 2940, 29941, 29928, 29898, 7239, 29918, 16975, 11499, 29918, 29941, 29928, 29892, 13, 12, 12, 12, 12, 29871, 29900, 29892, 13, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12729, 29918, 29934, 29947, 3120, 29892, 13, 12, 12, 12, 12, 992, 29916, 1379, 29889, 2311, 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Straight Sets \| Introducing 'Open House': Talking About Power in Women's Tennis Straight Sets Tennis Blog of The New York Times Introducing 'Open House': Talking About Power in Women's Tennis August 25, 2010 10:58 am August 25, 2010 10:58 am Dewey Nicks for The New York Times Tenth-seeded Victoria Azarenka of Belarus. Gerald Marzorati, editor of The New York Times Magazine, enlisted his colleague Michael Kimmelman to go to Wimbledon and report on the state of professional women's tennis. Here's their recent conversation about his piece, "How Power Has Transformed Women's Tennis." Gerry Marzorati and Michael Kimmelman are covering the nooks and crannies of the Open. @gerrynyt on Twitter » Michael, The Times's chief art critic, who writes the Abroad column, kicked off this blog a few years ago by covering the United States Open with his "Art of Tennis" posts. He is returning to the Open this year, and under the banner "Open House," he and Gerry, a longtime fan, will look at the season's last major from some uncommon perspectives. Send in a comment below to talk about tennis, the magazine article and non-traditional action photographs or the accompanying videos of the players in action, or to ask fan-oriented questions about the Open. Over the next two weeks, they will seek answers for you. Gerry Marzorati: The story line for this Open — at least on the women's side — is injuries. Serena and her cut foot, Henin and her elbow; Clijsters, hip; Venus and her knee. Is the power game beating up these women to the degree that they can't compete? Michael Kimmelman: Sure seems like it. It's like the Somme out there. Maybe the power game's to blame, or just bad luck, but Sharapova also banged up her heel in the final in Cincinnati. On the other hand, Safina has finally won a couple of matches in a row, Zvonareva's getting herself back together, and Sharapova did push Clijsters at that final, so there's still some reason to hope for a great Open on the women's side. Serena's absence leaves room for more players to imagine they can win, which isn't to say anyone can replace her. G.M.: So, Caroline Wozniacki is the No. 1 seed? If you're CBS, what are you thinking about this? You've lost the best player, an American, the most compelling player in the draw. Especially after last year's meltdown, everyone was going to be focusing on her every move. She was the talk of the Open. We even had her on the cover of the magazine before she pulled out. M.K.: If you're CBS, you're thanking Wozniacki's parents that their daughter turned out to be so telegenic and appealing, but you're mostly thinking it's like the days of the N.B.A. playoffs just after Michael Jordan retired, when fans tuned out in droves. Fortunately, the men's side has always been at least as big or a bigger attraction, and the Open is shaping up really nicely on the men's side with a rejuvenated Federer, Murray on the rise, the great Nadal looking to win here finally, and a slew of challengers, including even a suddenly back-from-the-dead Marcos Baghdatis. So I suspect executives at CBS aren't planning to jump off Black Rock just yet. That said, Serena was a great story, especially after her implosion last year, when she threatened to shove a tennis ball down the throat of a line judge who called an untimely foot fault in the semifinals, and I bet she's the sorriest of all not to be able to replace that image of her with a sunnier one where she's raising the trophy. G.M.: In contrast, what's Venus like? 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I suspect that the problems on Scrum teams in my current organization supersede this one aspect, but wanted to focus the question more specifically to how Scrum can be done better than it is currently being done. Our project is a hub of sorts with an absurd number of external interfaces spiderwebbing into and out of our software that we are trying to deliver. We have many many many layers of abstraction from business and operations, to operation business analysts, to Product Owner, to business systems analysts that define detailed functional requirements in the form of user stories and acceptance criteria. This project has a big budget so they formed off two scrum teams but to my extremely vocal objections the decision by the scrum master was to horizontally segregate the two scrum teams such that one scrum team deliver on user stories for stakeholders while the other scrum team delivers on more technical and interface stories in a digestable form for the other scrum team. My unheeded objections were that a user story should be a full vertical slice otherwise we harm our ability to be cross functional. The argument against mine is that even the simplest most atomized slice of business value could not be delivered in a two week sprint because of the obscene amount of external dependencies any one story calls for. Instead the second team works ahead of the user story team. This is all failing miserably in practice, but despite all of this the bigger problem still is that our backlog grooming and sprint planning sessions take 8+ hours to complete. Our scrum master insists that we cannot end the meeting until enough stories are ready for the next sprint, no matter what. Most of the stories just aren't ready in terms of requirements I feel to where the user story is clear and the acceptance criteria makes sense. I am constantly trying to stifle extended deep dive technical discussions that technical folks in the room insist on talking to death about but usually I just give up after a while and let them talk through whatever anxieties they have. Originally I tried taking a hard stance in the meetings and calling the story Not Ready and moving back to Backlog, however I was being lectured from the frustrated Product Owner that we are failing to bring anything useful at all into the next sprint. Next I tried to call for a return to Sprint Zero because we just aren't ready to work on anything yet. It is clear the Scrum Team needs more guidance on requirements and high level design, and being as I am responsible for system architecture, I agree that we are moving too fast for me to give the level of design detail that the technical folks feel they need to work on a story. I try to make up for this by being completely available for questions or concerns during the sprint but it doesn't ease the anxiety that the team feels about the impending public humiliation that comes when they are in standup and have to admit that they don't know what to do and that their story is at risk yet again. My call for Sprint Zero is unheeded by the Scrum Master who insists that we are not going to meet our strict regulatory deadlines of minimum scope if we "waste time" in Sprint Zero. It is a completely immutable position that he refuses to step down from. So our Backlog grooming and Sprint planning has devolved into 8+ hr sessions where we essentially try our best to piece together requirements and design details for each story, and where discussions can go in excess of 45 minutes on each story. This whole experience has me wondering if Scrum just doesn't scale to large projects in practice. What else can I do as a technical architect to help pull the project out of this vicious death spiral it found itself in? How can I help the team get to a point where we can groom, slice and size a story in less than 10 minutes? Your scrum master isn't doing their job and this may be a discussion that you need to have with them (tactfully and in private) to see whether they're willing to change their approach. Sprint Planning sessions must be time-boxed to prevent exactly this from happening. No one should be more pedantic about time-boxing these meetings than the scrum master. The sessions are going so long because they're allowed to go that long. Time-box the session and the team will soon learn to be more productive / less detailed due to necessity. This is why time-boxing works - it makes time a non-negotiable so other things have to be negotiated (eg depth of discussion, definition of ready, general grooming process). 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We Are #Venom Create artwork inspired by Venom Creators Selected On SELECTED ARTIST ANNOUNCEMENT Venom called and you all answered! When we started this art activation, we knew that there were those out there who loved our complex and badass character as much as we do, but we never could have anticipated the number of fantastic pieces of creative that would be submitted. As the weeks went on, not only did we find ourselves with too many amazing submissions to choose from, but our very own Eddie Brock/Venom, played by Tom Hardy, fell in love with the submissions and started to promote them himself. As we came to the final days of the submission window, Tom wanted to express his love and appreciation for the fans of Venom by choosing 5 of the selected works. We look forward to announcing those to the world! As you all know, the world has enough superheroes…now it's time for some Venom! The #Venom Team One of Marvel's most enigmatic, complex and badass characters comes to the big screen, starring Academy Award® nominated actor Tom Hardy as the lethal protector Venom which releases globally October 5, 2018! To amplify the launch of the film, Columbia TriStar Marketing Group, Inc. is creating an art activation campaign leading up to this film's release, and they want to collaborate with you! Artists, designers and illustrators from around the world are invited to create one-of-a-kind static artwork for Venom inspired by the latest trailer. Venom faces off against Riot and we'd like you to summon your inner anti-hero and unleash your imagination to show us the best battle scene you can capture. Whether it's an illustration, a digital painting or an alternative poster design, the judges are looking for captivating and imaginative static artwork to help drive promotion and excitement socially across the film's marketing and digital channels. Artists are encouraged to check out the trailer and Venom's social channels. Artists may also use the approved imagery assets and motion posters (horizontal / vertical) for inspiration. Artwork will potentially be featured across the film's marketing campaign, including social accounts, print materials and merchandise. Five (5) pieces of art will be selected by Columbia TriStar Marketing Group, Inc. The Selected Artists will receive $2,000 for each piece selected. about venom We Are #Venom. October 5, 2018. One of Marvel's most enigmatic, complex and badass characters comes to the big screen, starring Academy Award® nominated actor Tom Hardy as the lethal protector Venom. Website • Facebook • Twitter • Instagram the career opportunity* Five pieces of work, as chosen by Columbia TriStar Marketing Group, Inc., will be selected. The Selected Artists will each: Potentially have their artwork featured in Venom's marketing campaign Potentially receive exposure for their work across Venom's digital and marketing channels including print materials and merchandise Receive $2,000 for each piece of artwork selected *Please note that there is no employment opportunity granted herein. creative invite guidelines NO PURCHASE NECESSARY TO ENTER OR WIN. AN INTERNET CONNECTION IS REQUIRED. This opportunity is open globally to those who are at least 18 years of age and the age of majority at the time of entry. Void where prohibited by law. Each artist may submit up to 10 submissions. No artist teams allowed. Artists should retain their original artwork files in the highest quality possible but designs must be submitted in JPEG or PNG, max. size 10MB. All submissions must be original artwork which is not inspired by or based on third party artwork (and may not contain third party materials or intellectual property and/or stock materials, and must be free-and-clear of any and all third-party rights). Please no photography or video. Artists may depict the likenesses of the characters in Venom, to the extent such depiction does not contain the likeness of the actors, and may include the Venom title treatment logo in their artwork. All rights in and to the characters and title treatment logo are reserved by Columbia TriStar Marketing Group, Inc. ("CTMG"). 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package edu.clemson.cs.rsrg.absyn.expressions.programexpr; import edu.clemson.cs.rsrg.absyn.expressions.Exp; import edu.clemson.cs.rsrg.parsing.ResolveParser; import edu.clemson.cs.rsrg.parsing.TreeBuildingListener; import edu.clemson.cs.rsrg.parsing.data.Location; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; import java.util.Map; /** * <p>Although the grammar allows user to type in programming array expressions, * in reality these are just syntactic sugar for different operation/function calls in * {@code Static_Array_Template}.</p> * * <p>When the {@link TreeBuildingListener} walks either to the exit function of * a {@link ResolveParser.ProgVarDotArrayExpContext} node or * a {@link ResolveParser.ProgVarArrayExpContext} node, we create an instance * of this class to satisfy the requirements of building something of type * {@link ProgramExp}.</p> * * <p>Before a {@link ProgramExp} is added to a statement, we check to see if * it contains any instances of this class. For all instances of this class, * we convert it to the corresponding operation/function calls.</p> * * <p>When we are done building the RESOLVE AST, there should not be any instances * of this class left.</p> * * @version 2.0 / public class ProgramVariableArrayExp extends ProgramVariableExp { // =========================================================== // Member Fields // =========================================================== /* <p>The expressions's index expression.</p> / private final ProgramExp myProgramIndexExp; /* <p>The expressions's array name expression.</p> / private final ProgramVariableExp myProgramNameExp; // =========================================================== // Constructors // =========================================================== /* * <p>This constructs a programming variable array expression.</p> * * @param l A {@link Location} representation object. * @param nameExp A {@link ProgramVariableExp} representing the expression's name expression. * @param indexExp A {@link ProgramExp} representing the expression's index expression. / public ProgramVariableArrayExp(Location l, ProgramVariableExp nameExp, ProgramExp indexExp) { super(l, null); myProgramNameExp = nameExp; myProgramIndexExp = indexExp; } // =========================================================== // Public Methods // =========================================================== /* * {@inheritDoc} / @Override public final String asString(int indentSize, int innerIndentInc) { StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(); sb.append(myProgramNameExp.asString(indentSize, innerIndentInc)); sb.append("["); sb.append(myProgramIndexExp.asString(0, innerIndentInc)); sb.append("]"); return sb.toString(); } /* * {@inheritDoc} / @Override public final boolean equals(Object o) { if (this == o) return true; if (o == null \|\| getClass() != o.getClass()) return false; if (!super.equals(o)) return false; ProgramVariableArrayExp that = (ProgramVariableArrayExp) o; if 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"Having a companion for your dog is really important," Dr. Borns-Weil says. She understands that not everyone can have or even wants the responsibility of caring for two dogs and comments that deciding to have an "only" dog is a perfectly reasonable way to go. She is glad to see anyone provide a dog a good life in which he is loved by his human family. But she points out that because dogs are innately social animals, there's no denying that they do benefit from having at least one friend of the same species in their home. After all, you can toss a ball for your dog and wrestle a squeaky toy from his mouth, but you play like a person. Imagine always having to do your favorite activities with an animal who doesn't quite get it. Another benefit of a dog having a canine housemate: less stress for the dogs about being boarded when you leave town. The pairing usually goes well. Dr. Borns-Weil's dogs over the years have certainly gotten along swimmingly — with the exception of her latest set. In the canine equivalent of speed dating, she took the dog already in her home to local shelters and brought home the shelter animal her dog seemed to like most. Still, the two got off to a rocky start that took a while to get past. "As it turns out, just like people, dogs don't always know what's good for them," she says. She had to work at their relationship in order to maintain peace. Many of the problems between two dogs in the same house, Dr. Borns-Weil says, come down to plain old sibling rivalry, just as for human children. Each wants first dibs on what matters to him — generally, the familiar stuff like toys, treats, and attention. It's our job as the ones who are supposed to facilitate good relationships in the household to see to it that each dog feels his needs are met — just not to the exclusion of the other dog's. But how? When Dr. Stephanie Borns-Weil brought home rat terrier mix Dobby (right) to live with Tibetan terrier Patches, Patches became aggressive around her valued resources (food and chews). The veterinarian's treatment consisted of having both dogs obey a command before receiving valued resources but also supporting Patches' priority access, giving her food, treats, etc., first since since she was there before Dobby. Also, she avoided trigger situations initially by feeding them in separate areas and simply not giving objects that would instigate aggression. It might seem that the easiest way to help two dogs in your home get along is to adopt both of them at the same time. That way, it stands to reason, nobody was there first, so nobody will feel he has turf to defend or turf to infiltrate. The two will perceive their claim on their home environment, and their claim on you, equally. You might also assume it's a plus if the two dogs are similar in age. An eight-year-old simply is not going to have the same interests or be in the same frame of mind as a puppy — or have the same energy level. But, counterintuitive though it may be, getting two dogs of the same age and at the same time does not decrease the risk of squabbling. On the upside, differences between two dogs in a household, no matter what their ages and no matter when they arrived, are rarely irreconcilable. That said, the adjustment can sometimes be made more difficult if a puppy is brought into a home where an older dog has already been living. The older dog might tend to be indulgent up front, but perhaps more cranky later on about the younger dog trying to vie for equal status. "When you bring a puppy into the house, the older dog is usually very tolerant of the younger dog's antics," says Dr. Borns-Weil. "You see this even in wolves, where the alpha wolf rolls around like an idiot with a puppy, even letting him bite his face, but he would never allow this with an adult wolf, and it's the same with dogs." What it means is that when a puppy reaches social maturity at the age of a year to a year and a half, real jockeying begins. That's because you now have two adult dogs who believe they have equal standing precisely because the older dog gave in to the pup in so many ways. Fortunately, the dogs almost always work it out, sometimes in ways so subtle you won't even notice the negotiating. 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might want to ease the transition by identifying a second dog who enjoys the same pastimes as the dog you already have. For instance, if your dog loves the water, maybe you'll want a pet with some Newfoundland in him, or some Portuguese water dog, both of whom are genetically encoded to enjoy a good splash-about. You'll also want their first meet-up to be on neutral territory — not at your home, which the dog already there feels is his. Initial introductions at home could bring out territoriality that can get the two off on the wrong foot. Instead, try a park, with lots of treats handed out equally to both and lots of praise for happy cavorting. Spend some time with them outside both on and off-leash to ease their sense of comfort with each other in terms of being in close proximity. When the second dog comes home, perhaps after two or three meetings away from the house, continue fussing over the two of them as they play together but — and this is a big "but" — make sure your original dog gets his food and treats first. He must remain top dog. Don't worry that it's not fair to the other. Dogs accept that hierarchy and even expect it. Mixing it up will only derail their sense of the natural order of things. You also don't want to pay an inordinate amount of attention to the new dog — at least not in the first dog's presence. Yes, of course your new pet must get some extra attention, if only to show him the ropes of the household, to show him how things go in your home. But if you coo over the new dog as if the first one isn't there, he will of course become jealous and possibly resentful. And the new dog may get the message that he is more important — which he is not. As your two dogs settle in together, you may very well see them start to "argue" over resources — a favored couch cushion or a special toy or perhaps your attention. That's okay. It's doggie nature, just as it is human nature. Everybody wants the "good" stuff. You don't have to worry that either dog is trying to assert dominance. Dominance is an outdated term when it comes to understanding canine behavior, Dr. Borns-Weil says. Neither dog is trying to lord it over the other. In fact, the doctor comments, generally speaking, dogs are not interested in fighting. Even though most have been neutered or spayed, they maintain an instinct that tells them fighting will lessen their chances of passing down offspring. It's an important point because "the concept of dominance has been misunderstood and misused to the detriment of dogs," Dr. Borns-Weil says. "It's used as a justification for very inappropriate, forceful ways of training" in the mistaken belief that a dog needs to be taken down a peg when that's not the case at all. "I don't even like to use the D word for that reason," Dr. Borns-Weil notes. Dogs make their strong preferences clear with behavioral displays that can look concerning but aren't. "They'll hold a stance or give a look or a little rumble," Dr. Borns-Weil says. It very rarely will escalate, so don't try to play power broker. Let the dogs work it out for themselves. You may not even need to step in with the occasional growling, snarling, air-snapping, or noisy scuffle that subsides on its own with no one getting hurt or frightened. In fact, your doing so can sometimes backfire if you mistakenly reprimand the dog that should have the preferred item. Consider that if you see one dog giving the other dog a piece of his mind, he may be responding to a provocation rather than starting one, and if you put him "in his place" you will have undermined his credibility in defending himself. You are, in effect, punishing him for protecting something that he has a right to protect, which will prove confusing. Likewise, you could inadvertently end up rewarding the other dog for being pushy. They'll work it out. Remember, Dr. Borns-Weil says, if one dog is staring while another eats, and the dog being stared at growls, it is appropriate in dog signaling because the dog being stared at is asserting his right to eat his own food without being made uncomfortable. 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Journal of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences ISSN:2233-8322(Print) 2508-870X(Online) 농업생명환경연구 논문투고 규정 Ethics Regulations 출판윤리 및 연구윤리 규정 편집위원회 규정 ▼Author's check list(eng) Download ▼Statement of Copyright Transfer(eng) Download Enacted 01. 01. 2017 Revised 04. 06. 2017 Chapter 1 General Rules Article 1 (Purpose) The purpose of the Guidelines is to provide the standards for writing papers for submission and to ensure that they are published under the same system in the Journal of Agriculture, Life, and Environmental Sciences. Article 2 (Content of Manuscript) ① The manuscript should be a research article, review article, technical information, or special feature related to agriculture, life, and environmental sciences, and should not be published in other academic magazines or publications. 1. Research Article: It must be original research in the field of agriculture, life, and environmental sciences, with academic values. 2. 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If the study was conducted with only a specific group of subjects (e.g., single-gender), the reason must be stated, except in cases with a clear reason (e.g., a study on prostate disease, ovarian disease, etc.). In cases where race or ethnicity have been distinguished in the study, the criteria and validity for distinguishing race or ethnicity must be described. Article 3 (Consent to Use Copyright) ① The author's checklist, research ethics pledge, and copyright transfer agreement must be submitted with the manuscript, and all rights, including copyright for the submitted paper, belong to the Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute. ② Under the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), sources must be identified and cited when writings are distributed, reproduced, or duplicated for non-profit purposes. Article 4 (Qualification for Submission) This journal publishes papers related to the field of agriculture, life, and environmental sciences. Manuscripts should be submitted only by primary authors. Chapter 2 Acceptance of Manuscript Article 5 (Submission Method) ① Manuscripts are accepted online on demand, and one copy including figures and tables must be submitted online. ② After the manuscript is accepted, the author should submit the original copy, including the figures and tables, online. The date of acceptance is the date on which the final review is completed. Article 6 (Publication Fee) The publication fee (KRW 300,000) must be paid upon confirmation of the publication of the paper. In the case of a rapid peer review process, KRW 500,000 must be paid when the publication is confirmed. The account details are as follows: Shinhan Bank, 100-032-641669, Kangwon	-0.580312	-0.813234	0.79295	0.238411	[ -0.8049386507907855, -0.35568511007919207 ]	[ -1.0907816198665052, -0.5356867596604926 ]	[ 0.5418623925255911, 1.0440381155516765 ]	[ -0.026929083131468932, 0.5037504515921194 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 8237, 310, 27051, 3631, 29892, 4634, 322, 16738, 284, 17253, 15781, 29901, 29906, 29906, 29941, 29941, 29899, 29947, 29941, 29906, 29906, 29898, 11816, 29897, 29871, 29906, 29945, 29900, 29947, 29899, 29947, 29955, 29900, 29990, 29898, 2951, 1220, 29897, 29871, 238, 137, 144, 239, 154, 136, 239, 134, 160, 31976, 240, 156, 155, 31378, 31285, 31231, 13, 238, 136, 191, 31406, 240, 139, 175, 31137, 29871, 237, 186, 159, 30852, 13, 29923, 386, 1199, 2169, 8250, 13, 239, 185, 159, 240, 143, 147, 239, 159, 167, 30826, 29871, 238, 179, 146, 29871, 31285, 31231, 239, 159, 167, 30826, 29871, 237, 186, 159, 30852, 13, 240, 145, 187, 239, 170, 148, 31724, 31198, 31953, 29871, 237, 186, 159, 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University-Industry Cooperation Foundation). The final publication of the paper is approved on the date on which the author paid the publishing fee. Chapter 3 Method of Writing the Manuscript Article 7 (Manuscript Format) ① The manuscript may be written in Korean or English using Hangul word processor (Korean) or MS Word (English). ② Provide the manuscript on A4 paper with 3-centimeter margins, single column, Batang font (Times New Roman for English), 11-point type, and 160%-line space. Insert the page numbers in the middle of the bottom of each page, starting with the first page of the manuscript. ③ The manuscript must indicate line numbers. It is recommended that the manuscript be marked with consecutive line numbering from beginning to end. Article 8 (Manuscript Cover) ① For a manuscript written in Korean, write the title, author's name, name of affiliated institute, address, and position in Korean first, and then write the same information in English below. When writing the authors' names in English, write the full name in order of the given name and family name. ② For the title of a paper written in English, write the first letter of the major words and the proper nouns in upper case, and the rest in lower case. ③ Write the running title in Korean or English, which does not exceed 10 words. ④ If the authors' affiliated institutes are different, type a superscript number without a space after the authors' names, and type the same superscript number on the left side of the authors' affiliated institutes. ⑤ Type a superscript * after the name of the corresponding author. ⑥ In the middle of the first page, write the name and e-mail address of the corresponding author. Example) Effects of Packaging Films on Fruit Quality and Storability of "Kumsil" and "Kingsberry" Strawberries during MA Storage Minwoo Baek1, Shimeles Tilahun2,3, Han-Ryul Choi1, Jung-Soo Lee4, Cheonsoon Jeong5* 1Graduate Student, Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea 2Researcher, Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea 3Assistant Professor, Department of Hoticulture and Plant Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma 378, Ethiopia 4Researcher, Postharvest Technology Division, National Institute of Horticulture Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea 5Professor, Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea *Corresponding Author: Cheonsoon Jeong (E-mail: [email protected]) Article 9 (Composition of Manuscript) ① For a manuscript written in Korean, write the paper in order of the Title, Author, Affiliation, English Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion, Summary or Conclusion, Acknowledgements, References, Tables, and Figures. The Results and Discussion may be separated if necessary. Do not use consecutive numbering for each heading, and align the headings in the center in 12-point bold font. ② For a manuscript written in English, write the paper in the order of Title, Author, Affiliation, Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion, Acknowledgements, References, Tables, and Figures. The Results and Discussion may be separated if necessary. Do not use consecutive numbering for each heading, and align the headings in the center in 12-point bold font. Article 10 (Guidelines for Writing the Manuscript) ① Abstract and Keywords 1. Make sure to write the abstract in English in concise and clear language, not exceeding 300 words. Do so in a single paragraph and do not use consecutive numbering to list the results. After the English abstract, provide up to five keywords in alphabetical order and capitalize the first letter of each keyword. Example) Keywords: Agriculture, Insecticide, Plant, Soil, Water 2. 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not cite figures, tables, or formulas mentioned in the text. 3. For abbreviations in the English Abstract, use the original term first with the abbreviation in parentheses and subsequently only the abbreviation. ② For formatting the paper, use left alignment for subheadings. If there is an order, indent two spaces to write the text in small letters. ③ Use Arabic numerals for all numerical data cited in the paper and use International Standard Units (SI Units) for all units. For % and ℃, leave no space between the number and the unit, and for all other units, write the unit with one space after the number. Write all units in lower case, except those defined in capital letters. However, use capital L for liter. Write units in the form of mg/L and g/kg and leave one space between the number and the unit. Units must be entered using keyboard letters. ④ Writing Tables, Figures, and Formulas 1. Write the title and content description of tables and figures in English and capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the title, using lower case for the rest. Do not insert the tables and figures in the manuscript text; instead, attach them in the Annex after the References. For tables, write the title at the top of the table. For figures, write the title at the bottom of the figure. 2. Compose tables using Hangul or MS Word. Cutting and pasting tables from Excel or other programs to the manuscript is prohibited. Do not use horizontal or vertical lines between numerical data when composing a table. A line may be inserted if separation is necessary between numerical data. If a table requires annotation, indicate this in the table and attach the annotation at the bottom of the table, using superscripts such as 1), 2), and 3). In the footnote, use superscripts and write an explanation, leaving no space after the superscript. 3. Provide figures in color or black and white. Use 9-point letters and numbers. 4. Do not use a period after a Table title. Use a period after a Figure's title and description. Example) Table 1. Characteristics of antibiotics used in this study Fig. 1. Scanning Electron Microphotographs (SEM) of zero valent iron (a) before and (b) after reaction with antibiotic solution. 5. When quoting tables and figures in the text, cite them as "Table 1" and "Fig. 1." 6. Do not include formulas in the line in which the sentence is written, but in a separate line using consecutive numbering such as (1) and (2) on the right. Unify units into SI units, and for units in English, use lower case except for units with conventional capitalization. Use Arabic numerals for numbers, and make sure to include 0 before the decimal point when marking decimals. For symbols, define the symbol in a sentence where it is first used, and use italics. The symbols marked in the text, formulas, figures, tables, and photos must maintain the same font. ⑤ (Formatting References) 1. When citing references in the text, indicate the author's name and year as follows. For single author: (Kim, 1999); for two authors: (Park and Lim, 2005); and for co-authors with three or more people: (Lee et al., 2008). When quoting literature at the end of a description, list the authors in parentheses in alphabetical order, and separate each reference using semicolons (;). Example) …reported on soil organic matter (Kim, 1999; Lee et al., 2008; Park and Lim, 2005). Example) Park and Lim (2005)... 2. When marking the citation of a report in parentheses in the text, use the abbreviation of the institute. Example: (US EPA, 2000) 3. The literature cited in the text must be included in the References in English and listed alphabetically without numbering. 4. If several papers by the same author are cited, arrange them in chronological order, and if they are written in the same year, add lower case letters (a, b, c, etc.) on the right side of the year. If the paper is written in Korean and has an English abstract, add "in Korean with English abstract" in parentheses to the name of the reference. 5. 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the number of authors. 1) For academic journals, provide, in order, the author's name, year, title, journal name, volume number, and page number, as follows. For the journal name, use the abbreviation widely used in academic literature. Example)Suh, J. S., Kwon, J. S., Kim, S. H. (1999) Influence of grass cover on water use and shoot growth of young 'Fuji'/M.26 apple trees at three soil water regimes in double pot lysimeters. Korean J Soil Sci Fert 32:357-364. 2) For books, provide, in order, the author's name, year, title, edition or volume number, page number, publisher, and place of publication. The author's name should be in accordance with the guidelines for published academic journals. Attach the name of the issuing country if required. However, in the case of books edited with chapters written by different authors, format as in Example 2. Example1)Barritt, B. H. (1992) Intensive orchard management: a practical guide to the planning, establishment, and management of high density apple orchards (2nd ed). p.58. Good Fruit Grower, Yakima, Japan. Example2)Keeney, D. R., Nelson, D. W. (1982) Nitrogen-inorganic forms. pp.643-698. In: Page et al. Methods of soil analysis (2nd ed). Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA. 3) For reports or dissertations, provide, in order, the author's name, year, title, research institute, and place of publication as follows. The name of the author should be in accordance with the guidelines for published academic journals. Example1)Kang, Y. K., Stutte, C. A. (1982) Effects of silicon on growth and physiological activities of rice. Research Report 24. Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea. Example2)Cho, B. O. (1999) Characterization of soil fertility and management practices of alpine soils under vegetable cultivations. Ph.D. Thesis, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea. 4) For patents, provide, in order, the author's name, year, title, and patent number as follows. Example)Roth, T. L. (1972) The manufacturing process of natural insecticide. USA Patent 3670. Chapter 4 Paper review Article 11 (Proofreading) The authors may only read the first proof, and making changes in the content during proofreading is prohibited. Change or removal of an author can only be made before confirmation of the manuscript's publication, and requires approval from the chief editor. The corresponding author should submit a document to the chief editor, stating the following: ① Reasons for change or removal of an author ② Consent from all authors to change or remove an author (signature required, including the author added or removed) Article 12 (Expert Review Process – Peer Review) ① The chief editor appoints editors by field and makes a final decision on the review. ② The editorial committee selects the reviewer and decides whether to select the paper according to the results of the review. ③ The chief editor first checks the appropriateness of the submitted paper for the academic field. If the paper is not appropriate for the academic field, it is referred to the editorial committee to determine the worthiness of review. ④ The submitted paper is reviewed by two or more reviewer before deciding on its acceptance. ⑤ In the case of a paper requiring rapid peer review process, the author(s) will be notified of the results of the first review within one week after submission. Chapter 5 Miscellaneous Article 13 (Publication) This journal is published four times a year (March 31, June 30, September 30, and December 31). A special issue may be additionally published after a meeting of the editorial committee. Article 14 (Delegation) Matters not specified in these guidelines are managed by the editorial committee. Article 15 (Compliance with Regulations on Research Ethics) A paper submitted to this	-0.607705	0.306077	1.241865	0.626015	[ -0.40225407466514995, -0.8131567033647782 ]	[ 0.8538410194358491, -0.24168792946670314 ]	[ 1.764330566760809, 0.71939926430249 ]	[ 0.7638874784174079, 0.48814222998260215 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 278, 1353, 310, 15717, 29889, 13, 29896, 29897, 1152, 21567, 21824, 1338, 29892, 3867, 29892, 297, 1797, 29892, 278, 4148, 29915, 29879, 1024, 29892, 1629, 29892, 3611, 29892, 8955, 1024, 29892, 7977, 1353, 29892, 322, 1813, 1353, 29892, 408, 4477, 29889, 1152, 278, 8955, 1024, 29892, 671, 278, 29759, 14641, 17644, 1304, 297, 21567, 12845, 29889, 13, 14023, 29897, 5091, 29882, 29892, 435, 29889, 317, 1696, 476, 12620, 29892, 435, 29889, 317, 1696, 12931, 29892, 317, 29889, 379, 29889, 313, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29929, 29897, 512, 25044, 663, 310, 17455, 4612, 373, 4094, 671, 322, 15049, 14321, 310, 4123, 525, 29943, 29884, 2397, 29915, 29914, 29924, 29889, 29906, 29953, 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Belated summer challenge: tell wood from sound For chatting and discussions. Belated summer challenge: tell wood from sound#38278 By djembefeeling - Thu Sep 21, 2017 1:45 pm - Thu Sep 21, 2017 1:45 pm #38278 this is to challenge batadunbata and everyone else who wants to participate in telling the different types of wood of djembes by the sound. I am very sceptical, but at least as curious about this. So I did record all my djembes in my studio and present those recordings to you. To get the most comparable results, I tried to play more or less the same patterns in all of the 10 tracks. Can you tell wood from sound? Have fun: Dj.1.mp3 (1.12 MiB) Downloaded 98 times Last edited by djembefeeling on Mon Oct 30, 2017 9:06 pm, edited 2 times in total. Re: Belated summer challenge: tell wood from sound#38279 Three more: Again three more: And the last one: Dj.10.mp3 By Dugafola - Thu Sep 21, 2017 2:45 pm you got a lot of jembes man! should i shave my moustache? Dugafola Location: Santa Cruz CA, USA I need to, I teach. But you`ve got a moustache and I don`t Which one do you like best? i've been listening to all of them on repeat. i think i can have fun on any of them really. i'll let you know. maybe you can give us a list of what woods are included and then it would make it a little bit easier... No intention to make it easy. You know, bata has to proove his claims By the kid - Thu Sep 21, 2017 9:03 pm Getting 50% right would be an achievement. But would that be a high enough percentage to declare one able to differentiate between woods accurately. Are we expecting 100% here. Impossible i reckon. Into The art of djembe I didn't really clear that up in my mind. I guess 50% would be awesome. Just give it a shot if if you want. I think I couldn't tell. It would be all guesswork. I don't really believe anyone could tell. But then, who knows. There is this blind guy who can mountain bike just relying on clicking with his tongue and listening to echoes. I couldn't believe that either... By the kid - Thu Sep 21, 2017 10:01 pm - Thu Sep 21, 2017 10:01 pm #38288 I seen a guy on telly years ago who could tell the temperature of water by dipping in his nose. But mountain biking relying on clicks and echoes sounds a bit dangerous. It sounds like the start of a good joke though. By the kid - Thu Oct 12, 2017 5:46 pm - Thu Oct 12, 2017 5:46 pm #38346 I think you should make this challenge a bit more realistic. Get 3 or 4 djembes, each a different wood and say which wood it is so someone can try link the sound with the wood. Having 10 unknowns is a bit ott. I'm not 100 percent about the recording setup either and wonder about the clarity of the sounds. Sounds bit muffled to which can be due to a few factors. But I haven't got a chance to hear it properly through decent speakers. By djembefeeling - Thu Oct 12, 2017 7:12 pm the kid wrote: I think you should make this challenge a bit more realistic. But that is realistic. Batadounbata, showing up from nowhere on the forum in the summer and as quickly disapearing again, said he has learned about the sound quality of woods listening to the youtube videos of wula drum presentations. I was sceptical and wanted proof. 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Portrait of a Lady on Fire Melissa Anderson Bisous in Brittany: Céline Sciamma's new film tracks an eighteenth-century love story. Noémie Merlant as Marianne and Adèle Haenel as Héloïse in Portrait of a Lady on Fire. Image courtesy Neon. Portrait of a Lady on Fire, written and directed by Céline Sciamma, now playing in New York and Los Angeles through December 12, 2019 Sapphically swoony but occasionally didactic, Céline Sciamma's Portrait of a Lady on Fire weighs down its love story with Linda Nochlin–esque digressions. Although set in 1770, this same-sex romance is deeply informed by the art-herstorical spirit of the 1970s, earnestly recalling Nochlin's famous query: Why have there been no great women artists? If the film lurches at times with schematic dudgeon—devolving into a checklist of coolly outraged points to be made—it also gloriously blooms as a tale of lesbian ardor. Sciamma's movie, her fourth as writer-director and the winner of the best screenplay award at the Cannes Film Festival in May, opens with Marianne (Noémie Merlant) stiffly posing in a robe battante for her life-drawing students. "Take time to look at me," she instructs her dewy distaff charges (and, by extension, the film's spectators). One of her pupils has upset teacher by bringing out from storage a painting—the title of which Sciamma's film shares—that Marianne created years ago. The canvas prompts a flashback of Marianne, laden with art supplies, in a small vessel keeling in choppy waters as it makes its way to the coast of Brittany. She has been dispatched to a seaside chateau to fulfill an assignment: painting the wedding portrait of Héloïse (Adèle Haenel), betrothed to a Milanese suitor. Adèle Haenel as Héloïse in Portrait of a Lady on Fire. © Lilies Films. Marianne must complete this commission surreptitiously, for Héloïse "refuses this marriage," as the reluctant bride's mother (Valeria Golino)—a countess whose own likeness was painted by Marianne's father—explains. A previous attempt at a portrait (by a male painter) had to be abandoned owing to Héloïse's refusal to cooperate; a shot of that unfinished picture yields the none-too-subtle sight of a headless woman. But now the comtesse has devised a ruse: Marianne will pretend to be Héloïse's companion, joining her on her daily littoral strolls and memorizing every aspect of her visage, to be re-created without her knowledge. Sciamma wisely prolongs our first glimpse of the face of Héloïse/Haenel, who enters the film about twenty minutes in. She's initially seen from the back, stridently walking, then breaking into a sprint, halting perilously close to a cliff's edge. When she finally turns around to address Marianne, the moment thrills as a true star entrance, with Haenel's enormous, piercing emerald eyes seemingly filling half the screen. Adèle Haenel as Héloïse and Noémie Merlant as Marianne in Portrait of a Lady on Fire. Image courtesy Neon. Marianne may be tasked with scrutinizing Héloïse, but the unhappy aristocrat is just as ravenous for biographical information about her consort. In the best of these episodes, we witness the sheer delight that each woman experiences after being introduced to something novel by the other, as when Marianne plays a snippet of Vivaldi on the harpsichord for Héloïse, a former convent resident who has known only sacred music. In the worst, the interactions have the leaden quality of a Socratic dialogue. "Being free is being alone?" Héloïse asks rhetorically—and insipidly. 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Mar 14, 2012 . Giant Citi credit card billboard. Yes it's a simple creative, but the message is also delivered clearly and the large scale ads are certainly . www.bpsoutdoor.com. P.O. Box 47 Tifton, GA 31793. 229-382-6061 Fax: 229- 382-6060. We Accept: Visa & MasterCard. Billboard Rental Credit Card Agreement . May 4, 2010 . Scotia Momentum Credit Card Billboard: What did you get? . ScotiaGold Passport Visa card: 3D Globe TV Spotby TheCunningview221 views . BILLBOARD.BIZ will charge your credit/debit card at the quarterly subscription price of $12 for the first quarter and then $39 each quarter thereafter, without . Billboard Design for Oz Winery · Billboard Design for OZ Museum · Billboard Design for 8% CD Promotion · Billboard Design for OZ Museum. "We are very . Feb 11, 2011 . The massive, multi-angle, multi-panel billboard shows how easy it is to . Square offers an easy to use, free credit card reader that plugs into a . Mar 1, 2011 . Information for Small Businesses Like Me on Credit Card Merchant Accounts, Third Party Processors, Shopping Cart Software, PCI et al . Please use this form to securely update your credit card information for your monthly Family Challenge and/or Billboard donation. By submitting the following . Aug 2, 2010 . The billboards they are developing rely on the RFID chips that are increasingly being built into credit cards and cell phones as a means of . Feb 14, 2011 . This startup had the idea to develop a free credit card. . supporter to install a huge multi-panel billboard in New York's Times Square showing . We do offer some assembly services if you would like your billboard fully or . If you have any questions regarding PayPal or the use of credit cards on our site . From time to time, it may be necessary for Billboard to take credit card information from you, including without limitation card number, card issuer, verification . Billboard Latin Music Awards live stream presents Watch Billboard Latin Music . McAfee Secure sites help keep you safe from identity theft, credit card fraud, . Dec 20, 1999 . If you want to give just a one time gift, then a check instead of a credit card is fine. Billboard Project. Name: Address: Phone: Email: Credit card . and two credit card slots. 5.5� x 3.25�, elastic strap closing. PLYWOODPEOPLE. COM. This plywood good is made with reclaimed & recycled billboard materials . If you are not comfortable using a credit card online, call or fax Customer Service (see below), or mail your check, along with your item numbers(s) to: Billboard . BILLBOARD.BIZ will notify you via email approximately one week before your credit card is charged confirming your service and rate. You may cancel at any . The cost of the report is $550 and we require payment in advance by credit card or check. If you would like us to estimate a fair lease rate for the billboard on . Feb 13, 2012 . He initially placed the billboard idea on his website in April, 2011, and says he's been . Mortgage; Home Equity; Auto; CDs; Credit Cards . If you wish to purchase this billboard with your credit card or your verified paypal account, please use the form & button below. This button will take you to a . Use this application for new billboard proposals meeting the requirements of Everett Municipal . refundable and payable by check, credit card or cash upon . If you want to erect a new billboard in the city limits, you must follow the . fee for an off-site advertising sign is $500, which must be paid by credit card. You will . All credit card payments must be authorized before the electronic billboard application is processed. The credit card information is sent to VitalChek operations. May 13, 2003 . A flat flexible and imperfor	-1.843153	-1.796289	-2.019741	-1.902517	[ -1.7774082053799054, -1.9088970465637864 ]	[ -1.82493933820349, -1.767639223601579 ]	[ -2.100900755924817, -1.9385813303002242 ]	[ -2.1080252977337763, -1.6970087953498205 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 1085, 29871, 29896, 29946, 29892, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29906, 869, 4406, 424, 315, 4812, 16200, 5881, 11118, 3377, 29889, 3869, 372, 29915, 29879, 263, 2560, 907, 1230, 29892, 541, 278, 2643, 338, 884, 20115, 9436, 322, 278, 2919, 6287, 594, 29879, 526, 8959, 869, 13, 1636, 29889, 29890, 567, 449, 17433, 29889, 510, 29889, 349, 29889, 29949, 29889, 11773, 29871, 29946, 29955, 323, 361, 880, 29892, 402, 29909, 29871, 29941, 29896, 29955, 29929, 29941, 29889, 29871, 29906, 29906, 29929, 29899, 29941, 29947, 29906, 29899, 29953, 29900, 29953, 29896, 383, 1165, 29901, 29871, 29906, 29906, 29929, 29899, 29871, 29941, 29947, 29906, 29899, 29953, 29900, 29953, 29900, 29889, 1334, 29848, 29901, 5741, 29874, 669, 9082, 13200, 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AxCrypt for Windows 10 March 6, 2021 Editor Firewalls and Security 0 AxCrypt for Windows 10 PC/laptop – Free download AxCrypt latest official version for Windows Vista / Windows 7 / Windows 8 / Windows 10. Now, this app is available for Windows PC users. AxCrypt is one of the most popular Firewalls and Security apps worldwide! The leading open source file encryption software for Windows AxCrypt Latest Version Overview AxCrypt Technical Details Download AxCrypt for Windows 10 (64/32-bit) PC/laptop AxCrypt Setup Installer What is New in the AxCrypt Latest Version? How to download and install AxCrypt for Windows 10 PC/laptop Top Features of AxCrypt for Windows PC How to uninstall AxCrypt in Windows PC? Steps to uninstall AxCrypt in Windows 10 / Windows 8 / Windows 7 / Windows Vista Steps to uninstall AxCrypt in Windows XP Steps to uninstall AxCrypt in Windows 95, 98, Me, NT, 2000 Best AxCrypt Alternative Apps for Windows AxCrypt FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) AxCrypt is one of the most popular Firewalls and Security alongside Windscribe, VIPRE Identity, and Kaspersky. This app has its advantages compared to other Firewalls and Security applications. AxCrypt is lightweight and easy to use, simple for beginners and powerful for professionals. AxCrypt application is free to download and offers easy-to-install, easy-to-use, secure, and reliable Firewalls and Security applications. AxCrypt is a very fast, small, compact and innovative Trial Firewalls and Security for Windows PC. It is designed to be uncomplicated for beginners and powerful for professionals. This app has unique and interesting features, unlike some other Firewalls and Security apps. AxCrypt works with most Windows Operating System, including Windows Vista / Windows 7 / Windows 8 / Windows 10. Although there are many popular Firewalls and Security software, most people download and install the Trial version. However, don't forget to update the programs periodically. You can get AxCrypt free and download its latest version for Windows Vista / Windows 7 / Windows 8 / Windows 10 PC from below. It's better to know the app's technical details and to have a knowledge background about the app. Therefore, you can find out if AxCrypt will work on your Windows device or not. App Name: AxCrypt Developer: AxCrypt Team Version: AxCrypt 2.1.1585 Updated: May, 24th 2019 Category Firewalls and Security (Windows Vista / Windows 7 / Windows 8 / Windows 10) Download AxCrypt (latest version) free for Windows 10 (64-bit and 32-bit) PC/laptop/tablet. Safe Download and Install from the official link! AxCrypt 64-bit and 32-bit download features: AxCrypt direct, free and safe download Download AxCrypt for your PC or laptop Download & install the latest offline installer version of AxCrypt for Windows PC / laptop. It works with both 32-bit & 64-bit versions of Windows Vista / Windows 7 / Windows 8 / Windows 10. ✔ Tested and is 100% Safe to download and install on your Windows Vista / Windows 7 / Windows 8 / Windows 10 device (PC/laptop/tablet). Now let's just move to the next section to share the steps you have to follow to download AxCrypt for Windows PC. So here we go: Download the AxCrypt installer file from the link above. Double-click on the downloaded AxCrypt installer file. So those are all the processes that you have to follow to download AxCrypt for Windows PC. Then let's go on to the next section where we will discuss AxCrypt itself. So you can understand the application and its features. So here we go: AxCrypt is a Firewalls and Security application like NordPass, 1Password, and Keyfinder from AxCrypt Team. It has a simple and basic user interface, and most importantly, it is free to download. 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<?php namespace Modules\Informer\Handler { use Frames, Modules\Install, Utils\Validate, Utils\View, DB, Language, Template; class Information extends Frames\Admin\Area\Panel { protected $_title = 'TITLE_SYSTEM_INFORMATION'; /** * Set common entries / private function setCommonEntries(Template\Block $contents) { # Set server entries $contents->os_version = (php_uname('s') . ', ' . php_uname('v')); $contents->php_version = phpversion(); $contents->mysql_version = DB::getVersion(); # Set system entries $contents->system_version = CADMIUM_VERSION; $contents->debug_mode_class = (DEBUG_MODE ? 'red' : 'grey'); $contents->debug_mode_value = Language::get('INFORMATION_VALUE_DEBUG_MODE_' . (DEBUG_MODE ? 'ON' : 'OFF')); # Set third-party entries $contents->jquery_version = JQUERY_VERSION; $contents->semantic_ui_version = SEMANTIC_UI_VERSION; $contents->ckeditor_version = CKEDITOR_VERSION; $contents->ace_version = ACE_VERSION; } /* * Set PHP entries / private function setPhpEntries(Template\Block $contents) { $status_value = function (string $value) { return (Validate::boolean($value) ? 'On' : 'Off'); }; # Set errors entries $contents->display_errors_class = (ini_get('display_errors') ? 'orange' : 'green'); $contents->display_errors_value = $status_value(ini_get('display_errors')); $contents->display_startup_errors_class = (ini_get('display_startup_errors') ? 'orange' : 'green'); $contents->display_startup_errors_value = $status_value(ini_get('display_startup_errors')); # Set file uploads entries $contents->file_uploads_class = (ini_get('file_uploads') ? 'green' : 'red'); $contents->file_uploads_value = $status_value(ini_get('file_uploads')); $contents->upload_max_filesize = ini_get('upload_max_filesize'); $contents->post_max_size = ini_get('post_max_size'); } /* * Set diagnostics entries */ private function setDiagnosticsEntries(Template\Block $contents) { $extension_value = function (bool $value) { return Language::get('INFORMATION_VALUE_EXTENSION_' . (!$value ? 'NOT_' : '') . 'LOADED' ); }; $dir_value = function (bool $value) { return Language::get('INFORMATION_VALUE_DIR_' . (!$value ? 'NOT_' : '') . 'WRITABLE' ); }; # Get loops $extensions = $contents->getLoop('extensions'); $dirs = $contents->getLoop('dirs'); # Set extensions foreach (Install::getExtensions() as $name => $status) { $name = Language::get('INFORMATION_ROW_EXTENSION_' . strtoupper($name)); $class = ($status ? 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Grant Worthy, left, Russ Wells, center, and William Fricke were named to the boys All-Metro Conference Team after the tournament championship. -- Courtesy of Isle of Wight Academy Published 7:01 am Tuesday, March 3, 2020 By James J. Lidington ISLE OF WIGHT ACADEMY Five Isle of Wight Academy winter athletes were named to the Metro Athletic Conference All-Metro Conference Team by conference coaches. Teammates Lily Jones and Lily Williams were named to the girls all-conference squad following the girls championship last Saturday at Atlantic Shores. Seniors William Fricke and Grant Worthy were named to the all-conference team, as was junior Russ Wells, following the boys' tournament at Shores. • Williams, Jones and the Lady Chargers ended their season in the tournament semifinal round, losing to StoneBridge 39-32 on Feb. 21. The Lady Cavaliers advanced to Saturday's tournament final, where they were eliminated by Atlantic Shores. The No. 3-seeded Lady Chargers defeated No. 6 Denbigh Baptist Christian 48-29 on Thursday, Feb. 20. IWA finished its season with a 10-10 record, including a 7-3 mark in the conference. • IWA's boys team closed out its season with a heartbreaking 75-73 overtime loss to Portsmouth Christian Friday on the Patriots' home floor. Zyon Moore's 3-pointer with :10 left in overtime helped push the Patriots past the Chargers 75-73 in a Metro Athletic Conference Tournament semifinal at PCS. They were Moore's only points of the contest. Portsmouth's Tim Montgomery, later named the conference MVP, also made a key foul shot with 2.6 seconds left to put his team up for good. An IWA shot went awry at the buzzer. With 20 seconds remaining in OT, IWA senior Grant Worthy propelled his team into the lead, 73-71, with a three-pointer of his own. PCS was leading 68-66 when Wells dunked over several defenders and was fouled on the play. The foul shot put IWA ahead 69-68 with 1:07 to play. A subsequent PCS turnover with 50 seconds to play have IWA the ball. Fricke made one of two foul shots with :45.3 to play to put IWA ahead by 2, 70-68, setting the stage for a Montgomery 3 with 32.1 seconds left. IWA's Russ Wells led all scorers with 29 points. PCS was paced by Noah Fesl and Montgomery, who each had 18. • IWA moved into the semifinal round with a win over Broadwater, 49-41, on Feb. 20. Worthy led his team in scoring with 14 points. Broadwater's Willie Holden led all scorers with 17 points for the Vikings. The Chargers tied Broadwater, 9-9, in the first quarter, but powered past their opponents with a 14-0 run spanning into the second quarter, capped by a Worthy 3-pointer that made it 23-9. IWA would need every point, leading by as many as 17 points, 45-28, following another Worthy trey. But the Vikings stubbornly kept the Isle of Wight lead under 10 points from that juncture. • Wells finished in the lead in team scoring average with 14.8 points per contest. 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# AURELIAN AND THE THIRD CENTURY # AURELIAN AND THE THIRD CENTURY ## Alaric Watson London and New York First published 1999 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 © 1999 Alaric Watson The right of Alaric Watson to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. _British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data_ A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library _Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data_ Watson, Alaric Aurelian and the third century/Alaric Watson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Aurelian, Emperor of Rome, ca. 215–275. 2. Rome—History—Aurelian, 270–275. 3. Emperors—Rome—Biography. I. Title. DG308.W37 1999 937'.07'092–dc21 [B] 98–23382 CIP ISBN 0-203-16780-5 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-26282-4 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-07248-4 (Print Edition) TO MY FATHER # ILLUSTRATIONS ## Plates _Plate 1_ Panorama of Palmyra _Source:_ Richard Stoneman _Plate 2_ Coinage of Aurelian's reign _Source:_ courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum _Plate 3_ Coinage of Aurelian's reign _Source:_ courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum _Plate 4_ Aurelian's wall _Source:_ Richard Stoneman ## Maps _Map 1_ The Roman empire in Aurelian's day _Map 2_ Northern Italy and the upper Danube _Map 3_ The Roman east in Aurelian's time _Map 4_ Rome in the time of Aurelian # PREFACE For too long the mid-third century has suffered from academic neglect. Though perhaps somewhat understandable, in view of the nature of the sources, this neglect is regrettable because of the importance of this period to our understanding of the history of the Roman empire as a whole. Recently, however, new information and new research has made possible a better informed and more balanced appraisal of this period and its overall importance in the development of Roman and indeed European history. Few individuals more clearly epitomize this age or have a more justifiable claim to have influenced its course than Aurelian. But this book is not, and is not intended to be, a biography of Aurelian in the conventional sense of the term. Such an undertaking would be impossible. The evidence we possess does not permit us to draw a portrait of Aurelian the man, to investigate his personal life, or to get inside his thoughts. The literary sources present us with very little reliable information regarding Aurelian as an individual, and what is said about his character is somewhat suspect. We are told he was married, but all we know about his consort, Ulpia Severina, including even her name, is gleaned from the coins and inscriptions. Nevertheless, a portrait of Aurelian'	0.790733	-0.079076	0.385884	0.187684	[ 0.2579294821122526, 1.323536965873288 ]	[ -0.8615811614588613, 0.7034282186058327 ]	[ -0.04908176638894359, 0.8208489053178607 ]	[ 0.04851065464786471, 0.3268572733509233 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 259, 13, 29937, 319, 11499, 5265, 2190, 5300, 6093, 3446, 8193, 29928, 315, 3919, 4574, 29979, 13, 13, 29937, 319, 11499, 5265, 2190, 5300, 6093, 3446, 8193, 29928, 315, 3919, 4574, 29979, 13, 13, 2277, 838, 279, 293, 28284, 13, 13, 26682, 265, 322, 1570, 3088, 13, 6730, 6369, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29929, 259, 13, 1609, 20829, 5485, 259, 13, 29896, 29896, 1570, 383, 19036, 23841, 29892, 4517, 17522, 29946, 29925, 29871, 29946, 17896, 13, 13, 4013, 12203, 6369, 297, 278, 12537, 669, 5845, 321, 29899, 12284, 29892, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29941, 29889, 13, 13, 8942, 499, 1662, 5794, 6369, 297, 278, 8278, 322, 7400, 259, 13, 1609, 20829, 5485, 259, 13, 29906, 29929, 3122, 29871, 29941, 29945, 386, 7103, 29892, 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s age, and the central role that he himself played in it, is not only possible, and indeed desirable, but long overdue. At the beginning of the twentieth century two substantial studies of Aurelian appeared, one in German (Groag 1903) and the other in French (Homo 1904). Since that time an ever-growing number of articles and monographs have appeared, each treating one or another aspect of his reign or of the period in general. No satisfactory full-length treatment of Aurelian has yet attempted to collate the information from these disparate secondary sources into an assessment of Aurelian's reign and its place in the history of the period. It is the fresh synthesis of this scholarship, together with a critical re-examination of the literary sources, which justifies the new appraisal of Aurelian's reign offered in the following chapters. In this way, it is hoped that we may arrive at a better understanding of this fascinating and crucially important period in Roman history. To achieve this aim, I shall first consider the Roman world in the mid-third century in order to understand the context—political, military, economic, social and cultural—in which Aurelian operated. I shall then map out the sequence of events of Aurelian's reign so as to demonstrate the enormity of his military achievements. In the final part of the book I shall assess Aurelian's policies and his achievements beyond the field of battle. While I accept responsibility for what follows, I am extremely grateful to all those who have helped me to realize this project or who have given me advice along the way. In particular, I wish to thank Averil Cameron for all the encouragement and input she has given me over the years, Richard Stoneman for his advice and his patience, and Roger Bland, Cathy King and Stephane Estiot for their assistance and for making available to me numismatic information and material. Finally, I would also like to thank my parents for their invaluable help and my wife for her patient encouragement. _Alaric Watson_ # ABBREVIATIONS [Abbreviations not listed here are those of _Année Philologiques_ ] _Maraveille_ The catalogue of coins in Estiot 1983 _Normanby_ The catalogue of coins from the Normanby hoard in Bland and Burnett 1988 _RGDS_ Shapur's inscription known as _RES GESTAE DIVI SAPORIS,_ as edited by A.Maricq, 1958 'Res Gestae Divi Saporis', _Syria_ 35:295–360 _RIC_ Unless otherwise specified this refers to the coin catalogue for Aurelian in Webb 1927 Rohde The catalogue of coins in Rohde 1881 _Sirmium_ The catalogue of coins in Kellner 1978 # DATES 211 \| Death of Septimius Severus Murder of Geta Caracalla sole emperor ---\|--- 214/15 \| Birth of Aurelian 216–17 \| Caracalla's campaigns in Armenia and Mesopotamia 223 \| Revolt of Ardashir in southern Iran 226 \| Ardashir overthrows the Parthian Arsacid dynasty 235 \| Murder of Alexander Elevation of Maximinus Approximate date of Aurelian's enlistment 238 \| Revolts against Maximinus, resulting in Gordian III as sole ruler Sassanian Persians attack Roman east 241 \| Death of Ardashir Shapur I King of Persia 243–4 \| Gordian's eastern campaign defeated by Shapur 248 \| Philip celebrates the millennium of Rome 249–50 \| Invasions of Goths Decius proclaimed emperor 251 \| Defeat and death of Decius at Abrittus 252–3 \| Shapur's second great invasion Sack of Antioch 253 \| Valerian and Gallienus become co-emperors	0.833193	1.695436	0.936248	1.351797	[ 2.0467255923846337, -0.3803392678011698 ]	[ 1.2119667356977928, 2.1789061696050407 ]	[ 1.8454902795731054, 0.027005464372584484 ]	[ 1.4610547103091809, 1.2425396077759385 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29879, 5046, 29892, 322, 278, 6555, 6297, 393, 540, 3654, 5318, 297, 372, 29892, 338, 451, 871, 1950, 29892, 322, 6200, 553, 27797, 29892, 541, 1472, 975, 29123, 29889, 2180, 278, 6763, 310, 278, 3252, 7268, 621, 6462, 1023, 23228, 11898, 310, 319, 545, 492, 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Goths invade the Balkans 260 \| Shapur's third invasion Defeat and capture of Valerian Revolt of Macrianus and Quietus Revolts in the Balkans Franks invade Gaul Alamanni and Juthungi invade Italy Revolt of Postumus on the Rhine 261 \| Defeat of the Macriani in the Balkans Odenathus seizes power in the east 262–7 \| Persian campaigns of Odenathus (now King of Kings) Gothic invasions of Asia Minor Postumus' campaigns on the Rhine 267–8 \| Gothic sea-borne invasion of the Aegean (sack of Athens) Odenathus murdered Zenobia assumes control in Syria 268 \| Revolt of Aureolus Murder of Gallienus Elevation of Claudius II 269 \| Alamanni (and Juthungi?) defeated at Lake Garda Gothic invasion of the Balkans 270 \| Death of Claudius (July) Reign of Quintillus ( _c._ early September–late October) Elevation of Aurelian at Sirmium ( _c._ late September) Palmyrene invasion of Arabia and Egypt 271 \| Aurelian's first consulship Vandals invade Pannonia Juthungi invade Italy Revolt of Septiminus and Domitianus Riots at Rome Tetricus acclaimed emperor (in Aquitaine?) Counter-offensive against the Goths Withdrawal from Dacia 272 \| Recapture of Egypt First Palmyrene campaign Capture of Zenobia Campaign against the Carpi 273 \| Revolts in Palmyra and Egypt, both suppressed 274 \| Aurelian's second consulship Major reform of the coinage Campaign against Tetricus Reintegration of the west Triumph at Rome Dedication of the temple of Sol 275 \| Aurelian's third consulship Campaigns in Raetia and the Balkans Murder at Caenophrurium ( _c._ early October) Tacitus made emperor at Rome ( _c._ late November) 276 \| Goths invade Asia Minor defeated by Tacitus, who is murdered Reign of Florian (June–July) Elevation of Probus _Map 1_ The Roman empire in Aurelian's day _Map 2_ Northern Italy and the upper Danube _Map 3_ The Roman east in Aurelian's time _Map 4_ Rome in the time of Aurelian # 1 INTRODUCTION: The third-century 'crisis' Lucius Domitius Aurelianus was born on 9 September in the year 214 or 215. He was a career soldier of humble Balkan origins. He came from a peasant family in the region just south of the Danube, possibly in the vicinity of Serdica, modern Sofia, or somewhat further to the north-west in modern Serbia. Of his background and early life very little can be said with any degree of confidence. His native region was an especially rich source of recruitment, and like a good many of his compatriots Aurelian joined the army. As was customary, he probably did so at about the age of 20, that is around the year 235—the year Severus Alexander, the last of the Severan dynasty, was assassinated. Nothing is known of his career before he emerged from the shadows onto the centre stage of history during the sinister events of the summer of 268. By that time he was already in his early fifties and a senior officer in the central imperial field army. His promotion to that rank clearly indicates that he must have impressed those who commanded him. As with so many emperors in this period he was both elevated to	-0.159822	2.114444	0.1386	1.044835	[ -0.7583696862048277, 0.438726638740089 ]	[ 2.608657029119373, 1.6202300522364086 ]	[ -0.2950971458512177, 0.5722972848302024 ]	[ 0.9719970998776386, 1.1176738348998 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 259, 13, 29954, 720, 29879, 297, 1564, 311, 278, 350, 2235, 550, 259, 13, 29906, 29953, 29900, 891, 1383, 481, 332, 29915, 29879, 4654, 28425, 259, 13, 3206, 29872, 271, 322, 10446, 310, 2630, 261, 713, 259, 13, 1123, 1555, 29873, 310, 4326, 6392, 375, 322, 751, 2035, 375, 259, 13, 1123, 1555, 1372, 297, 278, 350, 2235, 550, 259, 13, 7675, 2039, 297, 1564, 311, 10415, 352, 259, 13, 2499, 314, 9889, 322, 435, 2806, 686, 29875, 297, 1564, 311, 12730, 259, 13, 1123, 1555, 29873, 310, 4918, 398, 375, 373, 278, 7861, 457, 259, 13, 29906, 29953, 29896, 891, 897, 1725, 271, 310, 278, 4326, 374, 3270, 297, 278, 350, 2235, 550, 259, 13, 29949, 1145, 493, 375, 409, 7093, 3081, 297, 278, 9755, 259, 13, 29906, 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the purple and then later assassinated by the army. He reigned for just five years, from 270 to 275, but what he accomplished in these few years is quite out of proportion with the brevity of his reign. Among his most important and lasting accomplishments were the reunification of an empire in the process of disintegrating into three distinct and mutually hostile dominions, the construction of defensive walls around the city of Rome against the ever-increasing barbarian menace and the first concerted efforts to halt and put into reverse the disastrous policy of monetary debasement that threatened to undermine the empire's economy. Outwardly at least, the Severan age into which Aurelian was born was a time of great prosperity during which the empire reached its greatest geographical extent. The empire of Diocletian and Constantine that followed the troubles of the mid-third century appears very alien to the empire of Aurelian's childhood. The apparent contrast is partly the product of periodization, an inescapable part of the historian's technique to simplify and make sense of the world he or she studies, but one that can easily lead astray. The mid-third century has been compared to a dark tunnel separating the comparatively well-illuminated worlds of the Severan age at one end and the age of Diocletian and Constantine at the other. The lack of reliable information on the period has had two important effects. On the one hand it has, at least until recently, discouraged serious study. In this way the period has effectively been skipped over, thereby foreshortening the tunnel and throwing the periods at either end into even starker contrast. On the other hand, the portrayal of the third century as a Roman Dark Age has inevitably encouraged the attribution of observable changes in the empire to this period about which in fact very little is known. Both of these effects have tended to heighten the sense of catastrophe and to obscure continuity, allowing gradual developments and long-term trends to become easily overlooked. The phenomenon of the 'tunnel' has thus helped to foster the characterization of the age in which Aurelian lived as one in which the Roman world was plunged into a crisis which precipitated the collapse of the classical world and out of which emerged the very different world of late antiquity. The label 'crisis' is, however, rather misleading. In trying to make sense of this pivotal period of Roman history it is vital to retain a sense of proportion. In the first place, it is difficult to defend the application of the term 'crisis' to a period of half a century or more. Second, the term is usually applied genetically, and somewhat indiscriminately, to a number of different developments in the military, political, social and economic spheres, the timings of which do not precisely coincide. A more discriminating approach is called for; one in which the interrelation of the different elements is mapped out and set within the context of the underlying developments in the empire. ## POLITICAL INSTABILITY ### The Augustan legacy The most striking aspect of the so-called crisis was the political instability of the period. What Rostovtzeff labelled the 'Military Anarchy' traditionally began with the murder of Severus Alexander and lasted exactly fifty years, until the murder of Carinus in 285 left Diocletian in control of the empire. During this half-century, in excess of sixty individuals laid claim to the imperial purple, and all but one or two of these claims were terminated by the sword. Almost invariably, these individuals were put up by the army, or rather by one of the several imperial armies stationed in different parts of the empire, often in opposition to the candidature of another elsewhere. While the rapid turnover of emperors is an indisputable fact, its causes and its significance are more open to debate. In order to approach this problem properly, it is necessary to understand the extent to which political instability was an inherent part of the anomalous system that Augustus bequeathed to the empire. Due to the Roman aristocratic distaste for monarchy, the position of emperor was never properly institutionalized and the extraordinary power exercised by Augustus continued to remain highly personal and cloaked in deliberate ambiguity. There was, accordingly, no recognized constitutional mode of succession. 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ultimate successor of the first. For all the emphasis which Augustus placed on his role as _princeps_ ('first citizen') and _Augustus_ (something more than human, if somewhat short of divine), the symbolic representation of his authority never lost touch with its essentially military origins. Augustus understood, and fully exploited, the ideological nexus linking political authority to the divine sanction implicit in military victory that has come to be known as the 'theology of victory'. The subsequent invocation of the Augustan paradigm constantly reinforced the fact that Imperator Caesar Augustus had acquired his personal ascendancy through military victories in a succession of civil wars and had consolidated it by means of an impressive programme of foreign conquests. Already by the reign of Tiberius, the military salutation _imperator,_ by which the armies of Rome traditionally greeted their victorious generals, had become an imperial monopoly and each new emperor dated the official inauguration of his reign _(dies imperii)_ from the moment he was acclaimed _imperator_ by the troops, rather than from when the senate ratified his powers. To live up to the paradigm, emperors constantly represented themselves as victorious, valuing impressive-sounding victories over long-term strategic planning. More crucially, the Augustan legacy perpetuated the violence and civil war with which the empire had begun. For an emperor to die peacefully in his bed was always the exception rather than the rule, even in the first century. The civil war fought out between multiple contenders in 68–9 dramatically exposed the inherent political insecurity, simultaneously revealing what Tacitus termed a secret of imperial power, namely that emperors could be created elsewhere than in Rome. In this respect, it is the second century rather than the third which must be regarded as anomalous. This anomaly owes a great deal to the comparative quiescence of Rome's neighbours and the ease with which the empire continued to dominate them. This could not last. Already by the reign of Marcus Aurelius (161–80) a dramatic and irreversible shift was under way in the relationship between the Roman empire and its neighbours. It soon became apparent that the empire was no longer the predator but the prey. For most of the first two centuries of the empire it was exceptional for the emperor to assume personal control of the conduct of campaigns. As the external pressures on the frontiers grew and the barbarian incursions became more frequent, more penetrating and more devastating, emperors were increasingly expected not only to provide victories but to preside over them in person on the battlefield. Even before the end of the second century, the avowedly unmartial Marcus was obliged to spend nearly half his reign campaigning on the Danubian front in two arduous and costly wars (in 166–72 and 177–80). The military credentials and leadership qualities of the emperor thus became more critical and the relationship he maintained with the armies, on both a personal and a symbolic level, assumed an even greater significance. From this time, under the growing external military pressures, the soldiers openly took it upon themselves to determine who was capable of assuming this responsibility. In this new military ethos, the inexorable logic of the Augustan legacy ensured an ever greater propensity to civil war. The underlying political instability resurfaced when Marcus' son and successor, Commodus, was assassinated on New Year's Eve, 192. Within a few months his immediate successor, Pertinax, was himself murdered. The praetorian guard, conscious that they could exact a higher price for their loyalty, effectively auctioned the position of emperor. The legions on the frontiers rejected the eventual winner of this shameless bidding, but without agreement as to his replacement. The Roman armies in Britain, on the Danube and in the east each chose to elevate its own general as emperor. These events ominously demonstrated the escalating price the troops could demand for their loyalty and the growing factionalism and rivalry between the regional imperial armies. The ensuing power struggle was played out over a period of four years. The overall winner was Septimius Severus (193–211), the candidate of the Danubian army. The supremacy of the Danubian army was portentous, in view of the decisive role played by	2.024811	1.573674	0.957806	1.924099	[ 2.3316180816163756, 1.7180034894249312 ]	[ 1.4698172514063923, 1.6775301668383196 ]	[ 1.0237481873486023, 0.8918636540286202 ]	[ 2.1374109800549306, 1.7107862560614577 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 8494, 6490, 29433, 310, 278, 937, 29889, 1152, 599, 278, 19310, 275, 607, 3111, 375, 7180, 373, 670, 6297, 408, 903, 558, 1239, 567, 29918, 6702, 4102, 14497, 264, 1495, 322, 903, 26197, 375, 29918, 313, 14481, 901, 1135, 5199, 29892, 565, 10579, 3273, 310, 25616, 511, 278, 5829, 293, 8954, 310, 670, 14329, 2360, 5714, 6023, 411, 967, 13674, 9121, 1677, 1144, 29889, 3111, 375, 11098, 29892, 322, 8072, 16035, 1573, 29892, 278, 1957, 5996, 452, 29916, 375, 25236, 8604, 14329, 304, 278, 25616, 9753, 428, 12235, 297, 9121, 15354, 393, 756, 2041, 304, 367, 2998, 408, 278, 525, 1552, 3002, 310, 15354, 4286, 13, 13, 1576, 15352, 2437, 10610, 310, 278, 3111, 273, 26811, 335, 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the troops and commanders from this region in the century that followed. On his deathbed, Septimius allegedly admonished his sons to 'Stand by each other, enrich the soldiers and scorn the rest.' Whether or not he ever uttered these words, they reflect an ugly truth that both he and his son and successor, Caracalla, understood. ### The 'infernal cycle' In this new military environment, the emperor's presence was required wherever the military situation demanded, whether his enemies were internal or external. But he could not be everywhere at once. The sheer size of the empire, and the increasing disruption caused by the deteriorating military and political conditions, limited military communications and hampered the movement of troops and matériel. As the military pressures intensified, the 'tyranny of distance' increased the autonomy of the generals stationed on the frontiers. Wherever the emperor did not personally assume the role of general there was always a chance that the general on the spot, if successful in repelling the invaders, might be encouraged by his troops to assume the role of emperor. The usurper would then march his army against his rival, leaving an inadequate garrison behind to guard the frontier. The barbarians would then take advantage of this weakness. If the local commander managed to defeat them, he often found himself acclaimed emperor in his turn. Thus there arose an 'infernal cycle' of civil wars and foreign invasions. In this context, it is both meaningless and misleading to attempt to divide those who claimed imperial power in the third century into 'legitimate emperors' and mere 'usurpers' based solely upon the historical accident of whether the claimant ever received the recognition of the senate at Rome. The assumptions underlying such a distinction are anachronistic and misguided. The senate's recognition never was more than one element in the complex process of imperial legitimation. From the late second century its significance diminished appreciably. By the third century, the empire had simply become too unmanageable for a single person to be able to rule by himself for any length of time. The dilemma of the necessity for imperial omnipresence resulted in an extension of the well-established idea of shared rule. The elevation of sons to be co-emperors (either merely as Caesars or often as full Augusti) became the norm. Although an important rationale of this co-rulership was to designate the line of succession, it also allowed the imperial college to be in more than one place at once. A number of vain attempts were made to search for a more systematic solution: notably the three-generation arrangement under Valerian in the middle of the century and the Tetrarchic system at its close. The problem remained unresolved in the fourth century and ultimately led to the permanent division of the empire that followed Theodosius. ## MILITARY DEVELOPMENTS Beginning around the time of Aurelian's birth, a marked shift in the relationship between the Roman empire and its neighbours irrevocably altered both the strategic balance of the empire and the context of imperial power. By mid-century, a number of archaeological clues bear witness to this rising tide of violence and prove it was no longer just the frontier provinces that felt its force: towns and cities shrank within hastily constructed circuit walls; coin hoards were buried but never recovered by their owners. Crucially for the empire, this intensification of the external pressures took place simultaneously on several fronts. ### Developments beyond the Euphrates The most important change took place in the east where, ironically, Rome's military successes were part of the problem. The expansionist wars of Septimius and Caracalla succeeded in humbling Rome's old arch-adversary, the Parthian empire, and in greatly extending Roman provincial rule in the region. But Septimius' annexation of Osrhoene and northern Mesopotamia overextended Roman lines of defence and communication, thereby stretching the military resources and logistical capacity of the empire. Moreover, it upset the regional balance of power, creating unsustainable strategic tensions between the Roman empire and its eastern neighbours which soon proved disastrous for Rome. The most immediate consequence of these campaigns was the crippling of the Parthian regime, fatally weakening the control which the Parthian rulers exercised over their regional viceroys. One such, Ardashir, the satrap of	1.496116	1.810037	1.226647	1.632745	[ 1.7727905065848815, 1.2194416332693823 ]	[ 1.5557674233092587, 2.0643059404012187 ]	[ 1.2469373975824178, 1.2063575411762697 ]	[ 1.5755150021123077, 1.6899752939154347 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 278, 13230, 322, 1899, 414, 515, 445, 5120, 297, 278, 6462, 393, 5643, 29889, 1551, 670, 4892, 2580, 29892, 28742, 326, 2482, 16831, 23244, 594, 3712, 3276, 670, 18025, 304, 525, 11042, 491, 1269, 916, 29892, 427, 4018, 278, 13936, 322, 885, 1398, 278, 1791, 6169, 26460, 470, 451, 540, 3926, 14401, 287, 1438, 3838, 29892, 896, 9432, 385, 22769, 8760, 393, 1716, 540, 322, 670, 1487, 322, 29433, 29892, 1704, 562, 9864, 29892, 11098, 29889, 13, 13, 2277, 29937, 450, 525, 262, 571, 20809, 11412, 29915, 13, 13, 797, 445, 716, 9121, 5177, 29892, 278, 953, 13651, 29915, 29879, 10122, 471, 3734, 29693, 278, 9121, 6434, 24432, 29892, 3692, 670, 22595, 892, 7463, 470, 7029, 29889, 1205, 540, 1033, 451, 367, 16978, 472, 2748, 29889, 450, 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29892, 9950, 635, 8062, 8333, 278, 2761, 607, 278, 1459, 386, 713, 364, 352, 414, 11382, 3368, 975, 1009, 14014, 9467, 1489, 952, 29889, 3118, 1316, 29892, 826, 14592, 381, 29892, 278, 3290, 2390, 310 ]	1,330,869	5,120	Book	-1	-1
Persis (Fars), took advantage of this central weakness to strengthen his own power base in southern Iran. Within a decade of Caracalla's campaign, Ardashir had completely overthrown the old Parthian regime, replacing it with his own Sassanid dynasty and thereby founding a new Persian empire. The appearance of this new and formidable force in the east soon placed an intolerable strain on the military resources of the Roman empire. Since the beginning of the Christian era, Rome had found the Parthian empire an easily containable neighbour and a relatively soft target for sporadic bouts of Roman military aggression. Though not necessarily more bellicose, the Persians were certainly more implacable, better organized and more inclined to take proactive measures to ensure their security and their interests. The defence of the eastern provinces of the empire became a costly exercise for Rome, altering the strategic balance of the empire and draining resources desperately needed elsewhere. Rome's military failures in the east fuelled the empire's internal political insecurity. The civil wars of 238 provided the opportunity for a spate of foreign raids, including a Persian invasion. The large-scale but ineffectual counter-offensive launched by Gordian III met with disaster at the hands of Ardashir's son and successor, Shapur I. In 244, Gordian was murdered and succeeded by his praetorian prefect, Philip. Usurpations and civil wars likewise followed in the wake of Shapur's great invasions of Roman territory in 252–3 and 260. Indeed it is no mere coincidence that the most testing years for the Roman empire in the third century, both in terms of external threat and internal political instability, were almost exactly coextensive with the reign of Shapur I (241–72). ### The Danubian frontier and the Gothic menace Rome would undoubtedly have been better placed to deal with these troubles on the eastern frontier had they not coincided with an appreciable intensification of the external pressures along the length of the European frontier from the Black Sea to the Channel. The rich pickings of the Roman provincial farmlands and ill-defended towns of the frontier regions always presented attractive targets for opportunistic raids. The sporadic incursions of the second century gave way, during Aurelian's lifetime, to relentless pressure of a wholly different order, often exerted on several fronts at once. The most important factors behind this shift were the large-scale migrations of peoples from northern and eastern Europe and the greater cooperation, and in some instances even confederation, of peoples living beyond the frontier. Starting at about the turn of the third century, a number of large populations of mostly Germanic peoples who had been migrating steadily south and west came up against and ultimately pressed on into the Roman empire. This massive and eventually irresistible _Völkerwanderung_ placed an intolerable pressure on those peoples already living along the empire's northern border. The precise details of the reasons for the migrations, the routes they followed and the identity of the migrants are still not perfectly understood. But their impact on the Roman empire arguably provides the most fundamental distinguishing feature of the history of the later Roman empire. By far the most significant of the new arrivals on the scene were the Goths. This large confederation of east German peoples arrived in the southern Ukraine no later than 230. During the next decade, a large section of them moved down the Black Sea coast and occupied much of the territory north of the lower Danube. This migration displaced the previous inhabitants of the area and in about 240 brought the Goths themselves into direct conflict with Rome. After another decade of intermittent raids, the Goths and their allies launched a full-scale invasion of the Balkan provinces, which resulted in the virtual annihilation of an entire Roman army together with the emperor commanding it. This signalled the beginning of a struggle that was to last for slightly over two decades and was only brought to a close by Aurelian himself. Meanwhile, the East Goths and their allies, who occupied the Crimea, took to the sea and inflicted devastating raids on the unprotected coastline of the Aegean and the Black Sea. Squeezed between the advancing Goths and the Roman province of Dacia	1.657738	2.279181	1.079545	1.799233	[ 1.6851312791289608, 1.6303442619690105 ]	[ 2.107281026352652, 2.451081713964118 ]	[ 0.9121535822316944, 1.2469373975824178 ]	[ 1.8772739532296423, 1.7211917371344692 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 9034, 275, 313, 29943, 1503, 511, 3614, 10631, 310, 445, 6555, 8062, 2264, 304, 9324, 264, 670, 1914, 3081, 2967, 297, 14841, 14883, 29889, 23732, 263, 316, 6332, 310, 1704, 562, 9864, 29915, 29879, 11531, 29892, 826, 14592, 381, 750, 6446, 975, 386, 4708, 278, 2030, 1459, 386, 713, 22384, 29892, 15270, 372, 411, 670, 1914, 317, 465, 273, 333, 22337, 29891, 322, 27999, 1476, 292, 263, 716, 9034, 713, 3710, 533, 29889, 13, 13, 1576, 10097, 310, 445, 716, 322, 883, 333, 519, 4889, 297, 278, 9755, 4720, 7180, 385, 938, 324, 261, 519, 5312, 262, 373, 278, 9121, 7788, 310, 278, 5917, 3710, 533, 29889, 4001, 278, 6763, 310, 278, 6111, 3152, 29892, 9184, 750, 1476, 278, 1459, 386, 713, 3710, 533, 385, 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were the Carpi, a free Dacian people who began to cause serious trouble around the time of Aurelian's birth. Philip defeated them in 247, but was unable to restore the Dacian _limes_ completely, and this continued to weaken until Aurelian's reign. Further west, the arrival of the Vandals around the turn of the third century increased the pressure on the middle Danube. Throughout the third century, the Vandals themselves and their neighbours, the Sarmatian Iazyges and, still further west, the Suebian Quadi and Marcomanni, repeatedly broke through the Danube frontier. By 260 at the latest, a configuration of Suebian peoples calling themselves Juthungi began to make a devastating impact on the region. ### The Rhine frontier and the west The Rhine frontier suffered in much the same way. Although pressure on the upper Rhine began to mount early in the century, the full impact of the external pressures was generally felt rather later on the Rhine frontier than along the Danube. Nevertheless, when the intensification came, from the mid-250s, it was very marked. Britain, in contrast, appears to have escaped lightly at this time, remaining relatively prosperous and untroubled until roughly the time of Aurelian's death. Partially under the impact of pressure from the interior, many of the hitherto independent tribes who had long been living along the Roman border came together to form much larger confederations. Though remaining politically loose, these new confederations proved militarily highly effective and their presence on the Rhine frontier played a key role in the military history of Aurelian's day. The Alamanni, a new and formidable confederation of tribes living in what is now north-western Bavaria, first appears in 213, when the emperor Caracalla fought against them on the upper Rhine. The situation deteriorated dramatically in the mid-250s, by the end of which decade the Alamanni were posing a real threat to Italy itself. To the north, at a rather later date, a number of tribes along the lower Rhine formed themselves into another new and equally destructive confederation: the Franks. The date of the earliest secure attestation of the Frankish confederation remains somewhat controversial, though it seems likely that it was already in existence by the late 250s. ### The Roman military response Thus from the Arabian Desert to the North Sea the Roman empire faced an intensification of military hostility which gathered momentum in the 230s and reached its peak during the 250s and 260s. The empire's military resources were barely adequate to defend so vast a stretch of territory against such onslaught. The Roman military machine was designed primarily for delivering powerful offensive strikes at specific fixed targets. Even in the third century large-scale offensives remained the favoured military option wherever possible. But inevitably the empire's response to the mounting pressures became increasingly reactive and defensive, and containment was often the best that could be hoped for. The Roman military machine was forced to adapt to these new conditions. It did so by a series of _ad hoc_ pragmatic responses to individual problems, which succeeded in averting catastrophe in the third century. But such responses should not be mistaken for a premeditated and consciously implemented programme of reform. The Roman empire never developed the kind of sophisticated strategic forward planning common to most modern states. It is very doubtful if it ever possessed what has been termed a 'Grand Strategy' as such. One area in which the empire responded to the changing situation was the gradual reform of the army itself. A significant aspect of this was the professionalization of the army command. The virtual monopoly which the social élite traditionally exercised over the command structure of the imperial army gave way during the course of Aurelian's military career to a corps of professional soldiers. Aurelian was himself one of this new breed of professionals, and by the time he reached the top ranks in the 260s the divorce between senatorial careers and the army command structure was effectively complete. Aurelius Victor alleges that this situation resulted from a formal imperial decree issued by the emperor Gallienus. For Victor, this was the disgraceful act of a disgraceful emperor. In recent years, more dispassionate research has promoted	1.156437	1.921056	1.038966	1.596326	[ 1.0002935646295807, 1.3125795624412981 ]	[ 2.451081713964118, 1.3910295938287647 ]	[ 0.8107039412163236, 1.267227325785492 ]	[ 1.6067314453313424, 1.5859204831853193 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 892, 278, 1704, 1631, 29892, 263, 3889, 7266, 28445, 2305, 1058, 4689, 304, 4556, 10676, 7458, 2820, 278, 931, 310, 319, 545, 492, 273, 29915, 29879, 12060, 29889, 14920, 16235, 963, 297, 29871, 29906, 29946, 29955, 29892, 541, 471, 9368, 304, 17749, 278, 7266, 28445, 903, 29880, 1355, 29918, 6446, 29892, 322, 445, 7572, 304, 8062, 264, 2745, 319, 545, 492, 273, 29915, 29879, 20913, 29889, 8725, 5833, 29892, 278, 18517, 310, 278, 478, 392, 1338, 2820, 278, 2507, 310, 278, 4654, 6462, 11664, 278, 12959, 373, 278, 7256, 3951, 4003, 29889, 17044, 449, 278, 4654, 6462, 29892, 278, 478, 392, 1338, 6053, 322, 1009, 22092, 2470, 29892, 278, 317, 2817, 271, 713, 306, 24683, 2710, 322, 29892, 1603, 4340, 5833, 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a more charitable view of Gallienus' reign. No other evidence attests the so-called 'edict of Gallienus', and it is preferable to regard the change as the culmination of a gradual trend rather than as the act of one individual. Another important aspect was the reduction in the size of the basic tactical unit. Detachments, or _vexillationes,_ drawn from legionary and especially auxiliary units, had been used for some time. In the military context of the third century, which required rapid reinforcements of military units on the frontiers, these detachments, as opposed to whole legions, became the standard troop formation. Two other fundamental military developments took place during Aurelian's military career, both of which were natural responses to the new warfare of rapid forced marches fought on multiple fronts. One was a steadily increasing reliance upon the use of cavalry. This development was actively fostered by Aurelian, who apparently excelled as a cavalry commander before he became emperor. The growing importance of the cavalry within the Roman army structure is reflected in the number of cavalry commanders, including Aurelian himself, who used this position as a platform from which to launch their bids for imperial power. The second development grew out of the first. In the 250s and 260s, the emperor Gallienus created a mobile central strategic reserve, with a heavy concentration of cavalry, comprising units drawn from a number of legionary bases together with new units formed by Gallienus, notably the Dalmatian cavalry. This strategic reserve, which he originally based at Milan and which prefigured developments in the next century, was a decisive element in the empire's ability to survive the onslaught of repeated barbarian incursions. ## THE MOUNTING COSTS OF WAR AND THE DETERIORATING ECONOMY In a number of ways the costs of war escalated during the third century. Military expenditure far outweighed any other aspect of the Roman economy. The situation changed dramatically during Aurelian's lifetime. One very important factor was the shift in the nature and location of warfare. Whereas warfare had previously been conducted on or beyond the margins of the Roman world, in the third century the theatre of war shifted to being largely within the empire. The battlegrounds and the devastation left behind in the wake of passing armies, both enemy and Roman alike, were now situated in the empire's farmlands and provincial towns. Until the end of the second century, the costs of Rome's military offensives had substantially been met by the booty they returned. Now the booty captured by the Roman armies had only just been plundered from Roman provincials. The rising tide of civil war only made matters worse, since Roman armies were plundering Roman towns and settlements directly. Later in the century, brigandage and piracy, relatively contained for almost three centuries, were once again in the ascendant. These conditions seriously affected trade and other commercial activities. Farming also suffered: farmsteads and crops were destroyed; livestock and stores carried off, if not by enemy marauders or local brigands, then by the Roman armies themselves. In many areas farmland, especially of the more marginal kind, was abandoned altogether. The situation was further aggravated by the continual recruitment of men from the land to replace those slaughtered in battle. Thus, the almost constant succession of bloody campaigns sapped the resources of the empire, both economic and human. The effects of the rising tide of civil wars were doubly deleterious: while frontier defences were depleted to furnish the rival armies, the dead and wounded on both sides helped to drain the empire's manpower, already depleted by a succession of plagues which swept across the empire from the late second century onwards. The rapid deployment warfare of the mid-third century also led to rising logistical costs. While the long, forced marches and problems of maintaining supplies inevitably created a logistical nightmare, the necessity of campaigning on several fronts at once contributed significantly to the empire's military expenditure. The cost of feeding and equipping the armies was further exacerbated by the increasing size of the armed forces and the rise in the price of transport costs. The Roman empire excelled all other pre-modern states in cop	1.537206	2.393782	1.525924	1.762814	[ 1.57555724480906, 1.4988554207851295 ]	[ 2.3508065134107734, 2.43675668531364 ]	[ 1.8049104231669573, 1.2469373975824178 ]	[ 1.7628136614265153, 1.7628136614265153 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 263, 901, 1373, 8270, 1776, 310, 5208, 492, 264, 375, 29915, 20913, 29889, 1939, 916, 10757, 1098, 9197, 278, 577, 29899, 13998, 525, 287, 919, 310, 5208, 492, 264, 375, 742, 322, 372, 338, 5821, 519, 304, 4880, 278, 1735, 408, 278, 13949, 1195, 362, 310, 263, 4656, 950, 534, 355, 3265, 1135, 408, 278, 1044, 310, 697, 5375, 29889, 13, 13, 2744, 1228, 4100, 9565, 471, 278, 20376, 297, 278, 2159, 310, 278, 6996, 28476, 936, 5190, 29889, 5953, 496, 1860, 29892, 470, 903, 13809, 453, 362, 267, 29892, 29918, 12061, 515, 2814, 291, 653, 322, 7148, 29587, 653, 10340, 29892, 750, 1063, 1304, 363, 777, 931, 29889, 512, 278, 9121, 3030, 310, 278, 4654, 6462, 29892, 607, 3734, 10952, 15561, 1454, 29883, 4110, 310, 9121, 10340, 373, 278, 4565, 4285, 29892, 1438, 1439, 496, 1860, 29892, 408, 15869, 304, 3353, 2814, 1080, 29892, 3897, 278, 3918, 3147, 459, 12409, 29889, 13, 13, 13985, 916, 15281, 9121, 2693, 1860, 3614, 2058, 2645, 319, 545, 492, 273, 29915, 29879, 9121, 6413, 29892, 1716, 310, 607, 892, 5613, 20890, 304, 278, 716, 1370, 24658, 310, 10952, 11826, 8575, 267, 20722, 373, 2999, 4565, 29879, 29889, 3118, 471, 263, 28325, 2354, 10231, 12536, 749, 2501, 278, 671, 310, 16873, 719, 29889, 910, 5849, 471, 1044, 3598, 9926, 14561, 491, 319, 545, 492, 273, 29892, 1058, 13229, 10616, 839, 408, 263, 16873, 719, 22079, 1434, 540, 3897, 953, 13651, 29889, 450, 15678, 13500, 310, 278, 16873, 719, 2629, 278, 5917, 9987, 3829, 338, 25312, 297, 278, 1353, 310, 16873, 719, 1899, 414, 29892, 3704, 319, 545, 492, 273, 3654, 29892, 1058, 1304, 445, 2602, 408, 263, 7481, 515, 607, 304, 6826, 1009, 289, 4841, 363, 26990, 3081, 29889, 450, 1473, 5849, 13631, 714, 310, 278, 937, 29889, 512, 278, 29871, 29906, 29945, 29900, 29879, 322, 29871, 29906, 29953, 29900, 29879, 29892, 278, 953, 13651, 5208, 492, 264, 375, 2825, 263, 10426, 6555, 16650, 293, 23986, 29892, 411, 263, 9416, 26702, 310, 16873, 719, 29892, 7199, 5921, 10340, 12061, 515, 263, 1353, 310, 2814, 291, 653, 22561, 4208, 411, 716, 10340, 8429, 491, 5208, 492, 264, 375, 29892, 451, 2197, 278, 9400, 2922, 713, 16873, 719, 29889, 910, 16650, 293, 23986, 29892, 607, 540, 10437, 2729, 472, 20308, 322, 607, 758, 1003, 2955, 2693, 1860, 297, 278, 2446, 6462, 29892, 471, 263, 22442, 573, 1543, 297, 278, 3710, 533, 29915, 29879, 11509, 304, 10503, 573, 278, 373, 29879, 433, 688, 400, 310, 10324, 2594, 1646, 713, 5528, 1295, 1080, 29889, 13, 13, 2277, 6093, 16999, 10356, 4214, 315, 3718, 29903, 8079, 399, 1718, 5300, 6093, 360, 2544, 1001, 29902, 1955, 1299, 4214, 382, 6007, 6488, 29979, 13, 13, 797, 263, 1353, 310, 5837, 278, 21544, 310, 1370, 831, 1052, 630, 2645, 278, 4654, 6462, 29889, 20080, 1518, 355, 17252, 2215, 714, 705, 25398, 738, 916, 9565, 310, 278, 5917, 26504, 29889, 450, 6434, 3939, 8541, 19574, 2645, 319, 545, 492, 273, 29915, 29879, 25423, 29889, 3118, 1407, 4100, 7329, 471, 278, 9500, 297, 278, 5469, 322, 4423, 310, 1370, 24658, 29889, 6804, 294, 1370, 24658, 750, 9251, 1063, 18043, 373, 470, 8724, 278, 15276, 1144, 310, 278, 5917, 3186, 29892, 297, 278, 4654, 6462, 278, 24520, 310, 1370, 9500, 287, 304, 1641, 18425, 2629, 278, 3710, 533, 29889, 450, 10555, 2057, 29879, 322, 278, 2906, 579, 362, 2175, 5742, 297, 278, 281, 1296, 310, 6819, 5075, 583, 29892, 1716, 11103, 322, 5917, 394, 9345, 29892, 892, 1286, 24046, 297, 278, 3710, 533, 29915, 29879, 2215, 828, 4167, 322, 25750, 20248, 29889, 28609, 278, 1095, 310, 278, 1473, 6462, 29892, 278, 21544, 310, 9184, 29915, 29879, 9121, 1283, 575, 3145, 750, 23228, 368, 1063, 1539, 491, 278, 6579, 29891, 896, 4133, 29889, 2567, 278, 6579, 29891, 15468, 491, 278, 5917, 5075, 583, 750, 871, 925, 1063, 715, 5062, 287, 515, 5917, 1326, 2173, 1338, 29889, 450, 20493, 260, 680, 310, 7631, 1370, 871, 1754, 13750, 15029, 29892, 1951, 5917, 5075, 583, 892, 715, 870, 3241, 5917, 20248, 322, 16493, 29879, 4153, 29889, 12699, 297, 278, 6462, 29892, 16724, 392, 482, 322, 2930, 10068, 29892, 13774, 11122, 363, 4359, 2211, 21726, 29892, 892, 2748, 1449, 297, 278, 12066, 5818, 29889, 13, 13, 1349, 968, 5855, 25798, 15201, 11302, 322, 916, 12128, 14188, 29889, 23354, 292, 884, 17654, 29901, 17888, 303, 1479, 29879, 322, 8182, 567, 892, 14416, 29936, 7294, 342, 1698, 322, 14422, 8988, 1283, 29892, 565, 451, 491, 11103, 1766, 15052, 414, 470, 1887, 16724, 4167, 29892, 769, 491, 278, 5917, 5075, 583, 6053, 29889, 512, 1784, 10161, 2215, 828, 392, 29892, 7148, 310, 278, 901, 15276, 979, 2924, 29892, 471, 23181, 19148, 29889, 450, 6434, 471, 4340, 946, 3874, 29894, 630, 491, 278, 2145, 950, 1162, 9216, 358, 310, 1757, 515, 278, 2982, 304, 5191, 1906, 8370, 6129, 25396, 297, 10555, 29889, 6549, 29892, 278, 4359, 4868, 25997, 310, 6668, 1486, 11531, 29879, 872, 2986, 278, 7788, 310, 278, 3710, 533, 29892, 1716, 17407, 322, 5199, 29889, 450, 9545, 310, 278, 20493, 260, 680, 310, 7631, 29129, 892, 27455, 368, 316, 280, 357, 2738, 29901, 1550, 4565, 631, 822, 2063, 892, 316, 552, 9446, 304, 15252, 728, 278, 17055, 5075, 583, 29892, 278, 7123, 322, 19747, 373, 1716, 11192, 9213, 304, 270, 6038, 278, 3710, 533, 29915, 29879, 767, 13519, 29892, 2307, 316, 552, 9446, 491, 263, 25997, 310, 715, 21628, 607, 7901, 415, 4822, 278, 3710, 533, 515, 278, 5683, 1473, 6462, 373, 2935, 29889, 13, 13, 1576, 10952, 18209, 1370, 24658, 310, 278, 7145, 29899, 22585, 6462, 884, 5331, 304, 20493, 1480, 391, 936, 21544, 29889, 5806, 278, 1472, 29892, 11826, 8575, 267, 322, 4828, 310, 7344, 292, 28075, 297, 5750, 277, 2197, 2825, 263, 1480, 391, 936, 4646, 29885, 598, 29892, 278, 24316, 310, 11531, 292, 373, 3196, 4565, 29879, 472, 2748, 26869, 16951, 304, 278, 3710, 533, 29915, 29879, 9121, 1518, 355, 17252, 29889, 450, 3438, 310, 8343, 292, 322, 1592, 17347, 278, 5075, 583, 471, 4340, 429, 562, 23936, 630, 491, 278, 10231, 2159, 310, 278, 23926, 8249, 322, 278, 14451, 297, 278, 8666, 310, 8608, 21544, 29889, 450, 5917, 3710, 533, 10616, 839, 599, 916, 758, 29899, 1545, 824, 5922, 297, 5614 ]	1,330,869	8,192	Book	-1	-1
ing with the demands of logistics, but the constant rapid response needed to answer one emergency after another the length and breadth of the empire placed the expenditure on a wholly new footing. Another highly significant factor in the increasing military expenditure was the rise in army pay. Both Septimius and Caracalla substantially increased the basic army pay _(stipendium)_. Even more crucial than the rise in basic pay, however, was the increase in the supplementary cash bonuses _(donativa)_ distributed to the troops on occasions such as accessions, victories and anniversaries. There were also indirect consequences of the escalating military and political difficulties of the times. In addition to the military donatives, emperors were obliged to distribute largesse to the urban populace on appropriate occasions. There were also Juvenal's 'bread and circuses': the food dole and the extravagant public shows and spectacles the emperors laid on in Rome and elsewhere in the empire. In these years of economic and political uncertainties, emperors could ill afford to cut back on such public relations exercises. The measures by which the imperial government sought to finance its wars and recoup its costs were never popular and seldom economically sound in the longer term. The economic difficulties were aggravated by a lack of planning in the economy and the inefficient system of tax collection. The imperial government never systematically anticipated its economic needs. Inevitably, therefore, it employed short-term solutions. The burden of taxation fell unevenly. By exploiting legal exemptions and using bribes, many of the wealthiest individuals in the empire managed to evade the worst rigours of taxation, a disproportionate burden of which consequently fell on those who could less well afford it. Under the municipal system, responsibility for taxation rested on the curial class, membership of which became steadily more onerous as the system of tax collection became less efficient and ever more open to abuse. The combination of an ailing tax system and rising military costs obliged the government increasingly to resort to other means to finance their expenditures. One such means was confiscation. The numerous civil wars gave ample opportunity for the proscription of the wealthy, whether or not the victim was truly guilty of supporting the losing side. Another was requisitioning. Both the imperial armies and the imperial retinue were supplied and billeted with little or no compensation. At the same time, the needs of the armies were met through a system of taxation in kind. Abuses of the system were many and caused much resentment. The increasing reliance upon taxation in kind must also be understood in relation to the decline in the value of the currency. In an inflationary economic climate, the government could more efficiently secure its needs, above all feeding and equipping the armies, by securing the goods in the form of direct taxation rather than by buying them. The inflation was itself the direct result of another imperial measure designed to stretch the resources of the government: the irregular but persistent debasement of the currency. This policy had a profound impact upon the economy of the empire. Sporadic debasement was nothing new, but from about the time of Aurelian's birth it became more or less systematic. This rapid debasement had catastrophic consequences for the imperial government, the most serious of which was a crisis of confidence in the currency itself. This in turn accelerated the rate of inflation which eventually, in the late third and early fourth century, spiralled out of control. Since few sections of the Roman economy were fully monetized, the impact of this inflation may not have been too severe in the market-place. Its main victim was unquestionably the government itself. The effect of the continual debasement and inflation upon the structure of taxation and the administrative costs of the empire, including pay for the army and government officials, was considerable. Faced with relentless military pressures and inadequate manpower resources to meet them, successive emperors resorted to an expedient which drained the financial resources of the empire still further. During the third century, and still more thereafter, Rome tried to buy peace from its neighbours or buy their protection against more distant enemies. These subsidies, sometimes exacted over a number of years effectively as a form of Danegeld, represented the reversal of the policy of extortion by tribute which Rome had exercised over its neighbours during its ascendancy. The overall impact of this deteriorating	1.244096	1.684693	0.856356	1.518285	[ 1.2577925452813477, 1.2303990367013724 ]	[ 1.7205052527897529, 1.6488801095373642 ]	[ 0.6585294796932675, 1.0541830796532135 ]	[ 1.4402437481631578, 1.5963259642583307 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 292, 411, 278, 1261, 4167, 310, 1480, 6765, 29892, 541, 278, 4868, 10952, 2933, 4312, 304, 1234, 697, 11176, 14703, 1156, 1790, 278, 3309, 322, 18423, 386, 310, 278, 3710, 533, 7180, 278, 1518, 355, 17252, 373, 263, 377, 18368, 716, 3661, 292, 29889, 7280, 10712, 7282, 7329, 297, 278, 10231, 9121, 1518, 355, 17252, 471, 278, 14451, 297, 9987, 5146, 29889, 9134, 28742, 326, 2482, 322, 1704, 562, 9864, 23228, 368, 11664, 278, 6996, 9987, 5146, 903, 29898, 303, 666, 355, 1974, 29897, 5396, 7753, 901, 7618, 1455, 1135, 278, 14451, 297, 6996, 5146, 29892, 3138, 29892, 471, 278, 7910, 297, 278, 1462, 944, 653, 274, 1161, 10814, 6394, 903, 29898, 9176, 8657, 20344, 13235, 304, 278, 13230, 373, 26108, 1316, 408, 2130, 1080, 29892, 6879, 3842, 322, 6957, 874, 4314, 29889, 13, 13, 8439, 892, 884, 26377, 27721, 310, 278, 831, 1052, 1218, 9121, 322, 8604, 23553, 310, 278, 3064, 29889, 512, 6124, 304, 278, 9121, 1016, 5056, 29892, 953, 546, 943, 892, 24474, 304, 1320, 2666, 5573, 5340, 304, 278, 17164, 14938, 815, 373, 8210, 26108, 29889, 1670, 892, 884, 5342, 854, 284, 29915, 29879, 525, 29890, 949, 322, 3449, 6394, 2396, 278, 9687, 437, 280, 322, 278, 4805, 29894, 351, 424, 970, 3697, 322, 6683, 23435, 278, 953, 546, 943, 12341, 373, 297, 9184, 322, 17551, 297, 278, 3710, 533, 29889, 512, 1438, 2440, 310, 17407, 322, 8604, 443, 6327, 2365, 583, 29892, 953, 546, 943, 1033, 4486, 21750, 304, 5700, 1250, 373, 1316, 970, 5302, 24472, 3476, 267, 29889, 13, 13, 1576, 15366, 491, 607, 278, 26990, 5874, 18365, 304, 1436, 749, 967, 29129, 322, 1162, 1132, 967, 21544, 892, 2360, 5972, 322, 269, 2495, 290, 7766, 1711, 6047, 297, 278, 5520, 1840, 29889, 450, 17407, 23553, 892, 946, 3874, 29894, 630, 491, 263, 10225, 310, 18987, 297, 278, 26504, 322, 278, 297, 8462, 1788, 310, 8818, 4333, 29889, 450, 26990, 5874, 2360, 1788, 19574, 23483, 630, 967, 17407, 4225, 29889, 306, 484, 29894, 277, 2197, 29892, 5480, 29892, 372, 15723, 3273, 29899, 8489, 6851, 29889, 450, 6866, 1145, 310, 8818, 362, 8379, 1597, 854, 368, 29889, 2648, 16035, 11407, 11706, 11875, 1980, 322, 773, 289, 1091, 267, 29892, 1784, 310, 278, 17173, 12239, 15724, 297, 278, 3710, 533, 8745, 304, 321, 1564, 311, 278, 17322, 12912, 2470, 310, 8818, 362, 29892, 263, 766, 771, 637, 291, 403, 6866, 1145, 310, 607, 14161, 2705, 8379, 373, 1906, 1058, 1033, 3109, 1532, 21750, 372, 29889, 7634, 278, 11677, 1788, 29892, 23134, 363, 8818, 362, 1791, 287, 373, 278, 3151, 616, 770, 29892, 28512, 310, 607, 3897, 28325, 2354, 901, 373, 261, 681, 408, 278, 1788, 310, 8818, 4333, 3897, 3109, 8543, 322, 3926, 901, 1722, 304, 633, 1509, 29889, 13, 13, 1576, 10296, 310, 385, 263, 6504, 8818, 1788, 322, 20493, 9121, 21544, 24474, 278, 5874, 10231, 368, 304, 25362, 304, 916, 2794, 304, 1436, 749, 1009, 1518, 355, 277, 1973, 29889, 3118, 1316, 2794, 471, 1970, 275, 9252, 29889, 450, 12727, 7631, 29129, 4846, 626, 552, 15130, 363, 278, 10791, 3395, 310, 278, 17173, 29891, 29892, 3692, 470, 451, 278, 28985, 471, 19781, 27719, 310, 20382, 278, 19035, 2625, 29889, 7280, 471, 5054, 275, 654, 292, 29889, 9134, 278, 26990, 5075, 583, 322, 278, 26990, 3240, 14150, 892, 19056, 322, 289, 7324, 287, 411, 2217, 470, 694, 22874, 362, 29889, 2180, 278, 1021, 931, 29892, 278, 4225, 310, 278, 5075, 583, 892, 1539, 1549, 263, 1788, 310, 8818, 362, 297, 2924, 29889, 1976, 6394, 310, 278, 1788, 892, 1784, 322, 8581, 1568, 620, 296, 358, 29889, 450, 10231, 12536, 749, 2501, 8818, 362, 297, 2924, 1818, 884, 367, 11098, 297, 8220, 304, 278, 4845, 457, 297, 278, 995, 310, 278, 27550, 29889, 512, 385, 4414, 362, 653, 17407, 23622, 29892, 278, 5874, 1033, 901, 29497, 11592, 967, 4225, 29892, 2038, 599, 8343, 292, 322, 1592, 17347, 278, 5075, 583, 29892, 491, 409, 2764, 292, 278, 22535, 297, 278, 883, 310, 1513, 8818, 362, 3265, 1135, 491, 1321, 5414, 963, 29889, 13, 13, 1576, 4414, 362, 471, 3528, 278, 1513, 1121, 310, 1790, 26990, 5645, 8688, 304, 16116, 278, 7788, 310, 278, 5874, 29901, 278, 27931, 541, 28152, 2553, 294, 882, 310, 278, 27550, 29889, 910, 8898, 750, 263, 2600, 618, 10879, 2501, 278, 26504, 310, 278, 3710, 533, 29889, 1706, 272, 26538, 2553, 294, 882, 471, 3078, 716, 29892, 541, 515, 1048, 278, 931, 310, 319, 545, 492, 273, 29915, 29879, 12060, 372, 3897, 901, 470, 3109, 1788, 2454, 29889, 910, 10952, 2553, 294, 882, 750, 6635, 579, 19783, 293, 27721, 363, 278, 26990, 5874, 29892, 278, 1556, 10676, 310, 607, 471, 263, 24161, 310, 16420, 297, 278, 27550, 3528, 29889, 910, 297, 2507, 15592, 630, 278, 6554, 310, 4414, 362, 607, 10201, 29892, 297, 278, 5683, 4654, 322, 4688, 11582, 6462, 29892, 6337, 4212, 714, 310, 2761, 29889, 4001, 2846, 13926, 310, 278, 5917, 26504, 892, 8072, 1601, 300, 1891, 29892, 278, 10879, 310, 445, 4414, 362, 1122, 451, 505, 1063, 2086, 22261, 297, 278, 9999, 29899, 6689, 29889, 8011, 1667, 28985, 471, 443, 12470, 2197, 278, 5874, 3528, 29889, 450, 2779, 310, 278, 2145, 950, 2553, 294, 882, 322, 4414, 362, 2501, 278, 3829, 310, 8818, 362, 322, 278, 19185, 21544, 310, 278, 3710, 533, 29892, 3704, 5146, 363, 278, 9987, 322, 5874, 24921, 29892, 471, 15620, 29889, 13, 13, 29943, 562, 287, 411, 1104, 296, 2222, 9121, 3965, 1973, 322, 297, 1943, 339, 403, 767, 13519, 7788, 304, 5870, 963, 29892, 2551, 573, 953, 546, 943, 620, 18054, 304, 385, 15310, 993, 607, 7482, 1312, 278, 18161, 7788, 310, 278, 3710, 533, 1603, 4340, 29889, 7133, 278, 4654, 6462, 29892, 322, 1603, 901, 727, 7045, 29892, 9184, 1898, 304, 15649, 10776, 515, 967, 22092, 2470, 470, 15649, 1009, 13047, 2750, 901, 21188, 22595, 29889, 4525, 11684, 333, 583, 29892, 6041, 2684, 287, 975, 263, 1353, 310, 2440, 17583, 408, 263, 883, 310, 3951, 387, 2495, 29892, 9875, 278, 18764, 284, 310, 278, 8898, 310, 1294, 441, 291, 491, 260, 2666, 607, 9184, 750, 11382, 3368, 975, 967, 22092, 2470, 2645, 967, 12066, 355, 6906, 29889, 13, 13, 1576, 12463, 10879, 310, 445, 270, 1308, 1611, 1218 ]	1,330,869	9,216	Book	-1	-1
economic situation was cumulative. To contemporaries, the worst effects were felt towards the end of the century and into the next. In other words, the greatest misery coincided with the most determined efforts to put matters to rights, that is, roughly the period from Aurelian to Constantine inclusive. It is only with the benefit of hindsight that we can perceive the severity of the situation throughout the third century. ## SOCIO-POLITICAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS ### The shifting sense of Romanity From the late second century onwards the centre of power in the empire became increasingly itinerant, following the emperor as he spent ever more time in the frontier regions. 'Rome', as the conceptual capital of the empire, became divorced from the physical city on the seven hills; in Herodian's phrase, Rome was wherever the emperor happened to be. With the emperor's presence demanded in the Balkans and the east, the strategic centre of the empire shifted gradually eastwards. His presence on campaign often necessitated the elevation of his provincial headquarters into _de facto_ regional 'capitals': power bases in the frontier zones, often associated with regional branches of the imperial mint. This process culminated towards the end of the century in the establishment of a set of regional capitals under the Tetrarchy and ultimately in the foundation of Constantinople as a 'New Rome' on the Bosphorus. The growing strategic and political significance of such new regional 'capitals' provided provincial strongholds from which rival emperors could more easily launch their bids for imperial power. Moreover, the augmentation of regional power bases at the expense of the centre allowed individuals to maintain political power on a particular frontier without controlling the rest of the empire. This political decentralization had a profound impact on the stability and even the integrity of the empire. The decline of Rome as an administrative capital was both a symptom and an important cause of the decline of the senate that convened there. Although individual senators continued to be powerful within the entourage of the emperor wherever he might be, access to the emperor became increasingly restricted. The administrative and advisory roles of the senate could not easily continue when decisions of state were made at huge distances from the senate house. As an inevitable consequence of the emperor's protracted absences from the metropolis, the senate ceased to function as a central organ of government. At the same time, over the course of the second and third centuries opportunities for personal advancement through alternative channels in the imperial administration increasingly opened up for men of equestrian status. By reason of their virtual exclusion from military power, senators were soon effectively precluded from the pinnacle of political power. Aurelian was still a young child when the first non-senatorial emperor seized the purple. But throughout his military career imperial power lay almost exclusively in the hands of a succession of military commanders, very few of whom had any prior connection with the senate. Most, like Aurelian himself, were of humble provincial origin. For such men, faced with the dire political and military conditions of the mid-third century, the obsolescent senatorial ideals must have seemed an expendable luxury. The decline of the senate reflects more fundamental changes taking place in the social framework of the empire at this time. The term 'Roman' was itself undergoing something of a metamorphosis, as the Roman empire ceased to be merely an empire ruled from Rome and developed towards a world community with which the provincial population could readily identify. Through the emergence of this 'new Romanity' the Roman empire was able to remain a meaningful political concept in both the east and the west well into the Middle Ages. One of the most crucial factors in this shifting perspective was the spread of Roman citizenship. Compared with most city-states in the ancient world, or indeed in almost any period, Rome was remarkably generous in allowing the rights of citizenship to the peoples she conquered. This process began with the incorporation of the Italian peoples under the republic and continued under the empire with the inclusion of large numbers of provincials from both west and east. In 213, only a year or so before Aurelian was born, the emperor Caracalla took this process to its logical conclusion by extending citizenship to all the free inhabitants of the empire. Literary sources hostile to Caracalla attribute to him the covert design of increasing the empire's tax base. Whether or	1.73444	1.280011	1.307807	1.492271	[ 1.6303442619690105, 1.838534927176822 ]	[ 1.2048042213725538, 1.3552170222025703 ]	[ 1.2976622180901034, 1.3179521462931776 ]	[ 1.4402437481631578, 1.5442985588932732 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 17407, 6434, 471, 13299, 28524, 29889, 1763, 12010, 4314, 29892, 278, 17322, 9545, 892, 7091, 7113, 278, 1095, 310, 278, 6462, 322, 964, 278, 2446, 29889, 512, 916, 3838, 29892, 278, 14176, 3984, 708, 22819, 2618, 411, 278, 1556, 10087, 14231, 304, 1925, 13750, 304, 10462, 29892, 393, 338, 29892, 20928, 278, 3785, 515, 319, 545, 492, 273, 304, 5798, 20578, 20978, 573, 29889, 739, 338, 871, 411, 278, 14169, 310, 298, 12772, 523, 393, 591, 508, 17189, 573, 278, 2775, 537, 310, 278, 6434, 10106, 278, 4654, 6462, 29889, 13, 13, 2277, 7791, 29907, 5971, 29899, 29925, 5607, 1806, 2965, 1964, 5300, 315, 8647, 4574, 1964, 5012, 12064, 3927, 13427, 3919, 29903, 13, 13, 2277, 29937, 450, 528, 24377, 4060, 310, 5917, 537, 13, 13, 4591, 278, 5683, 1473, 6462, 373, 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not Caracalla had any such ulterior motive, the _constitutio Antoniniana,_ as the decree is known, must be seen as the natural culmination of a long process. The ethnic make-up of the senate underwent a parallel transformation. By the end of the first century the senate began to admit the provincial élite of the western provinces. During the second century, and even more so in the third, the senate gradually incorporated increasing proportions of the provincial élites of North Africa and especially the Greek-speaking east. This realignment of the senate is significant because it reflected a much deeper realignment in the empire as a whole. Not only strategically, but also economically and culturally, the centre of gravity of the empire was decisively shifting eastwards. ### Cultural and religious developments The mid-third century is often portrayed as an artistic Dark Age, heralding the death of classical culture. This is much too simplistic. Largely due to the changes in the economic climate discussed above, the era of extravagant municipal building programmes that characterized the Severan age did indeed grind to a halt and monumental architecture is therefore very much less abundant than in the preceding period. Conversely, some other arts were at their peak in this period: the mosaics of the mid-to-late third century are especially fine and the art of coin design and die-cutting reached unsurpassed heights in the 260s. Rhetoric and philosophy also flourished. One of the greatest cultural achievements of the third century was the emergence of Neoplatonism, a religious philosophy expounded by the Greek philosopher Plotinus in Rome in the mid-third century. Championed by his pupil, Porphyry, and counting the fourth-century emperor Julian among its followers, Neoplatonism came to exert a profound influence on the subsequent development of pagan thought in the fourth century. Religion in the Roman world embraced a wide variety of beliefs and cultic practices and had a number of social, political and cultural dimensions. The cult of Dea Roma, the personified city of Rome, and the often associated imperial cult, the worship of Roman emperors both living and dead, originated in the Greek-speaking east. By the third century both had spread across the Roman world and acquired great social and political significance. The priests of the imperial cult enjoyed considerable prestige within their local communities. Both these cults acted as cohesive forces providing a concrete focus for the loyalty of the disparate communities of the empire towards Rome and the emperor. The worship of local deities persisted and even spread alongside and often partially assimilated to the Roman pantheon. By Aurelian's time, a number of eastern religions had acquired considerable followings throughout the empire, including in Rome itself. Among these were the Egyptian cults of Isis and Serapis, the Anatolian cult of Cybele and Mithraism, a cult of Indo-Persian origin. This last was particularly widespread and appealed to a wide cross-section of society, not least the army rank and file. Mithras had strong solar affiliations and was sometimes referred to as Sol Invictus, the Unconquered Sun. This name was also associated with a variety of other solar and quasi-solar cults popular in the east and the Balkans. One such came to be especially revered by Aurelian himself. There was nothing mutually exclusive about any of these religions. They all coexisted within a polytheistic religious framework. A small number of religions in the empire, however, were exclusively monotheistic. Of these, Judaism was the oldest and most respectable. Where it was suspected of involvement with militant Zionism, the Roman authorities were ruthless, but otherwise the practice of Judaism was largely tolerated. Christianity was a different matter. For Christians, their religious beliefs were incompatible with any other religious activities, including, for example, those of the imperial cult. Due to the integration of religious beliefs and practices within the socio-political fabric of daily life in the empire, this had an impact far beyond what in today's terms might be seen as the religious sphere _per se_. For many pagans in the third century, Christianity posed a threat to the social, political and religious order of their world, wholly out of proportion to the numbers involved. From the pagan perspective, the comparative newness of Christianity, its strong emphasis on pros	1.898801	1.942543	1.657808	1.689975	[ 2.222044047296475, 1.57555724480906 ]	[ 2.1502561123040853, 1.7348302814402305 ]	[ 1.9469399205884763, 1.368676966800863 ]	[ 1.7524081803535039, 1.6275424074773654 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 451, 1704, 562, 9864, 750, 738, 1316, 9238, 8733, 3184, 573, 29892, 278, 903, 3075, 12937, 601, 5774, 262, 3857, 29892, 29918, 408, 278, 1602, 929, 338, 2998, 29892, 1818, 367, 3595, 408, 278, 5613, 13949, 1195, 362, 310, 263, 1472, 1889, 29889, 13, 13, 1576, 11314, 7823, 1207, 29899, 786, 310, 278, 6940, 403, 1090, 29893, 296, 263, 8943, 13852, 29889, 2648, 278, 1095, 310, 278, 937, 6462, 278, 6940, 403, 4689, 304, 20000, 278, 25750, 7877, 568, 310, 278, 15782, 28058, 29889, 7133, 278, 1473, 6462, 29892, 322, 1584, 901, 577, 297, 278, 4654, 29892, 278, 6940, 403, 22020, 11039, 630, 10231, 12098, 1080, 310, 278, 25750, 7877, 3246, 310, 4644, 10557, 322, 7148, 278, 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elytism and its astonishing success, its exclusiveness and its secrecy all engendered suspicion. To the Roman authorities, the refusal to participate in religious expressions of loyalty to the emperor was a matter of grave concern. The growing troubles that confronted the Roman world in the mid-third century heightened this sense of insecurity. Serious confrontation between the state and its Christian subjects became almost inevitable. The official persecutions in the middle of the third century, and again at the turn of the fourth, were marked by an appalling degree of violence. The emperor Decius was a deeply religious man who attributed the decline in Roman fortunes to the lack of proper religious observance towards the state gods. In 249 Decius instigated a call to all the citizens of the empire to offer prayers and sacrifices to the gods on his behalf. Those who refused suffered persecution. There was nothing in the original order aimed specifically against Christianity, but in the event the vast majority of those who fell victim to this persecution were Christians, whose stubborn resistance did not endear them to Decius and those who shared his view of the world. A few years after Decius' death, the emperor Valerian instigated a fresh call to sacrifice. This time the edict was directly targeted at the Christians. A new and more brutal wave of persecution followed. But such coercion signally failed to achieve its aim and Valerian's son and successor, Gallienus, put an immediate stop to the persecution. The same futility awaited the great persecution at the turn of the next century. The scale of the martyrdoms and of the heroism they entailed earned the faith a new respect and even added to its appeal. Ironically, in the long term, the persecutions may thus have contributed to the spectacular success and ultimate triumph of Christianity. A number of the more successful religions of eastern origin, including Mithraism and most especially Christianity, involved initiation ceremonies and held out the hope of individual salvation through some form of rebirth. How far and in what way the success of such religions can be linked to the more turbulent conditions of the times is a matter open to debate. Clearly, however, too simplistic a correlation must be avoided, especially where it is linked—either explicitly or by implication—to a characterization of traditional paganism as spiritually bankrupt and in the throws of irresistible decline. ## THE 'THIRD-CENTURY CRISIS' AND THE RHETORIC OF DECLINE The Roman world in the third century was one in which old certainties were beginning to give way under the impact of new and unpredictable forces. It was above all a world dominated by military events and therefore, to a large extent, by the armies. The emperors, created by the armies, were almost exclusively men of humble origin promoted on merit rather than social standing. In this climate, the senatorial élite lost its pride of place. It no longer retained access to political power, still less controlled it. The destiny of the empire had passed into the hands of the great soldiers of the period, men like Aurelian himself. By the fourth century, when the literary tradition upon which our knowledge of this period is founded was taking shape, the political, social and economic developments of the previous century were perceived in terms of a drastic and lamentable decline. The authors and the intended readership of these works belonged to the educated middle and upper classes, who identified with, if they did not actually belong to, the senatorial élite. For such writers, steeped in the traditions of Sallust and Tacitus, it was natural to attribute the ills of their own century to the erosion of senatorial power and dignity at the hands of a succession of uncaring and uncouth 'soldier emperors'. According to this highly conservative perspective, the third century was represented as a disastrous slide into arbitrary despotism. Such notions formed part of a wider rhetoric of decline which was soon adapted by both pagan and Christian apologists to suit the requirements of their opposing polemics. Until comparatively recently, scholars concerned with this period have broadly speaking shared the outlook of these authors so that the underlying rhetoric was seldom questioned. This factor, combined with the foreshortening effect of the 'tunnel' mentioned earlier, allowed the political, social, economic and cultural developments of the	1.991939	1.104529	1.297662	1.689975	[ 1.980981171792693, 2.002895978656673 ]	[ 1.3910295938287647, 0.8180284478096547 ]	[ 1.267227325785492, 1.3280971103947146 ]	[ 1.6171369264043538, 1.7628136614265153 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 873, 29873, 1608, 322, 967, 24293, 14424, 2551, 29892, 967, 13489, 20193, 322, 967, 22183, 1270, 599, 3033, 1581, 287, 8872, 15353, 29889, 1763, 278, 5917, 21142, 29892, 278, 2143, 375, 284, 304, 5221, 403, 297, 12962, 12241, 310, 28108, 1017, 304, 278, 953, 13651, 471, 263, 4383, 310, 15258, 5932, 29889, 450, 15678, 18835, 393, 21751, 287, 278, 5917, 3186, 297, 278, 7145, 29899, 22585, 6462, 3171, 6419, 445, 4060, 310, 297, 8926, 29889, 1816, 2738, 21751, 362, 1546, 278, 2106, 322, 967, 6111, 17800, 3897, 4359, 297, 5750, 8270, 29889, 13, 13, 1576, 6221, 639, 3471, 17925, 297, 278, 7256, 310, 278, 4654, 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mid-third century to acquire the sweeping label 'crisis'. In the traditional view, the apparent stability of the second century was swept away along with the urbane government of the early empire. Out of the ruins arose the harsh world of late antiquity with its despotic government. Although this view has recently been called into question and the wholly misleading terminology of 'Principate' and 'Dominate' has now dropped out of vogue, these sentiments still largely colour the characterization of the 'early empire' and late empire' and of the 'crisis' which marks the caesura between the two. Increasing awareness of the rhetoric overlaying the fragmented and tendentious literary accounts, coupled with a more systematic use of other sources, has encouraged a fresh approach. It is now apparent that the complex socio-political shifts of the period, including the waning political significance of the senate, can only properly be understood by taking a longer-term view. The mounting external pressures and the destabilizing effect this had upon the political system served not to produce but to accelerate such underlying developments. The conventional thesis of a catastrophic 'third-century crisis' should be laid to rest. At the same time, it is vital not to minimize the gravity of the military and political situation. In the 250s and 260s barbarian invasions began to penetrate alarmingly deep into the empire's Mediterranean heartland, so that for the first time since Hannibal the city of Rome itself became vulnerable. The seemingly relentless Germanic menace along the entire length of the European frontier and the rise of first Persia and then Palmyra in the east led to a cycle of devastating military defeats, foreign invasions and internecine civil wars. By the time Aurelian seized power in 270 the cumulative effect of this rapidly deteriorating situation had precipitated a profound, if short-lived, political fragmentation of the empire which seriously threatened its long-term integrity. In this more restricted sense it remains meaningful to talk of a crisis. But the history of the third century is not the story of the collapse of an empire. Rather, it is a testament to the remarkable ability of the Roman empire to adapt and transform itself. This remains true even though ultimately, two centuries after Aurelian's death, the successive waves of barbarian incursions and the concomitant internal power struggles did prove fatal to the western part of the Roman empire. That they did not do so in the third century was in good measure due to Aurelian himself. # Part I: 'RESTORER OF THE WORLD' # 2 A DIVIDED EMPIRE ## THE THREAT OF DISINTEGRATION In 248, amid tremendous pomp and ceremony involving several days of magnificent and gory spectacles, the emperor Philip celebrated the millennium of the foundation of Rome. The celebrations were designed as a demonstration of Roman self-confidence, but the euphoric sense of optimism was short-lived. During the two decades that followed, under the impact of unprecedented external pressure exacerbated by numerous civil wars, the empire very nearly disintegrated. After a decade in which the defensive capacity of the empire was stretched almost to breaking-point, the events of the disastrous year 260 proved too much. The Roman empire effectively split into three. The emperor recognized at Rome, preoccupied with the defence of Italy and the Balkans and beset by numerous challenges to his authority from within, was incapable of giving the Euphrates and Rhine frontiers his personal attention. The defence and effective government of the east devolved upon the ruler of Palmyra, a semi-autonomous city in the Syrian Desert. At the same time, the defence and government of the western provinces was assumed by a local commander on the Rhine. This tripartite political division of the empire was still in effect when Aurelian became emperor a decade later. Its forceful suppression and the reassertion of the political integrity of the empire were to occupy most of his regrettably short reign and must be reckoned Aurelian's greatest acheivement. 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of the empire as a whole. Throughout the period of partition, the notion of the empire as an entity never lost its hold. Alongside the centrifugal forces outlined in the previous chapter there were countervailing forces which enabled the Roman empire to pull back from the brink of irretrievable fragmentation. ### The impact of the Gothic menace Even as Philip was celebrating his millennial festival at Rome, storm clouds were gathering over the Balkans. His departure for Rome, following the reasonably successful Danubian campaign of 247, left the region open to renewed Gothic raids. Early in 249, in response to the situation, the army of the Danube elevated their general Pacatianus to the purple. Philip apparently lost his nerve: rather than deal with the rebellion himself, he sent the well-respected general Decius to suppress the usurper. As Decius approached, the revolt collapsed and Pacatianus was lynched. Both armies immediately proclaimed Decius, himself a native of that region, as their new emperor. Reinforcing his own army with forces withdrawn from the Danube, Decius returned to Italy and eliminated Philip in a decisive battle near Verona. While the armies of Rome were thus occupied in mutual destruction elsewhere, the Goths seized their opportunity. They crossed the Danube in force, plundering Moesia and Thrace and even attacking large cities like Philippopolis. At the same time, the Carpi raided Dacia with more or less complete impunity. Usurpations occurred at Rome and on the Danube, though both came to nothing. Decius returned to the Balkans, but after some initial success suffered a serious defeat at Beroea late in 250. In the spring of 251, while attempting to intercept the booty-laden invaders on their return journey, Decius and a considerable portion of his army were cut to pieces by the Goths at Abrittus. It was a staggering blow to Roman military prestige, and a terrible loss of manpower which the Roman empire could ill afford. The remnant Danubian army chose one of Decius' generals, Trebonianus Gallus, to succeed him. Powerless to intervene, Gallus allowed the Goths to return home with their ill-gotten gains. The elder of Decius' two sons, whom Decius had raised to rule as Augustus with him, had shared his father's fate. The younger, Hostillianus, who had remained at Rome with the junior rank of Caesar, still survived. Gallus immediately reached a compromise with him, whereby Gallus, his own son and Hostillianus formed a new imperial triumvirate. Hostillianus soon disappeared, murdered or perhaps succumbing to the plague. The military pressures in the region continued unabated. The Carpi raided across the Danube while the Borani and Goths raided the rich and vulnerable provinces of Asia Minor. In the spring of the following year, 253, a still more serious invading party of Goths and their allies crossed over the lower Danube. This was intercepted by the governor of Moesia, Aemilianus, who was instantly proclaimed emperor by his troops according to the familiar pattern. Gallus, learning of Aemilianus' revolt and of his march westward, sent word to his general, Valerian, then in Raetia, to muster a large army and join him in Italy to crush the pretender. Before Valerian could even cross the Alps, Aemilianus confronted and soundly defeated Gallus in northern Italy. On hearing the news of the death of Gallus, Valerian's troops proclaimed him emperor in his own right. In the face of Valerian's advance, Aemilianus was assassinated by his own men. By early September 253 Valerian was left the dominant military commander and undisputed master of the empire. The price was high. The situation in the Balkans remained critical. The virtual annihilation of a Roman army at Abrittus and the subsequent withdrawal of troops from the region by Aemilianus had left the Danube frontier desperately under-defended. When the Goths reached Thessalonica a ripple of terror spread throughout the Greek peninsula. On the upper Rhine, Valerian's withdrawal of substantial forces gave the Alamanni the chance to renew their attack. Meanwhile, in the east	1.329016	1.810037	0.521572	1.523488	[ 1.3564091761692583, 1.301622159009308 ]	[ 1.5700924519597366, 2.049980911750741 ]	[ 0.6686744437948046, 0.3744704848502294 ]	[ 1.4610547103091809, 1.5859204831853193 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 310, 278, 3710, 533, 408, 263, 3353, 29889, 17044, 449, 278, 3785, 310, 8877, 29892, 278, 17837, 310, 278, 3710, 533, 408, 385, 7855, 2360, 5714, 967, 4808, 29889, 838, 549, 2975, 278, 1644, 9710, 688, 284, 8249, 714, 21354, 297, 278, 3517, 16385, 727, 892, 6795, 29894, 737, 292, 8249, 607, 9615, 278, 5917, 3710, 533, 304, 8206, 1250, 515, 278, 1506, 682, 310, 19950, 509, 10384, 519, 9376, 362, 29889, 13, 13, 2277, 29937, 450, 10879, 310, 278, 22883, 293, 1757, 815, 13, 13, 29923, 854, 408, 14920, 471, 10894, 1218, 670, 3533, 2108, 616, 16005, 472, 9184, 29892, 14280, 27091, 892, 11705, 292, 975, 278, 350, 2235, 550, 29889, 3600, 25619, 363, 9184, 29892, 1494, 278, 2769, 2197, 9150, 3951, 431, 713, 11531, 310, 29871, 29906, 29946, 29955, 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, the Persians had overrun most of Syria and a usurper had been acclaimed in Emesa. The defence of the Danubian frontier was Valerian's first priority. His policy in the region included a scheme to fortify many of the major cities and strategic points, though the scheme was only partially implemented. Valerian's attention was urgently needed in the east. His son and co-emperor Gallienus spent some time campaigning in the Balkans in the mid-250s, but his presence was also required on the Rhine. Gothic raids persisted on both sides of the Danube. In addition, the East Goths and Borani took to the sea. They plundered the northern coastal cities of Asia Minor from Trapezus to Nicea and on one occasion penetrated deep into Cappadocia. The Gothic menace thus forms a backdrop against which the events in the east and the west must be viewed. ## THE EAST: ROME, PERSIA AND THE RISE OF PALMYRA ### The oasis and the eastern frontier The eastern frontier of the Roman empire had no fortified line representing a clearly defined military or economic frontier, as did Hadrian's Wall in northern Britain. Instead, the Syrian Desert acted as a natural frontier which served to channel both commercial and military activity along certain recognized and predictable routes. One of the most important nodes on the caravan routes across the desert connecting Mesopotamia with the Mediterranean was the city of Palmyra. According to Jewish and Arab traditions, 'The City of Palms', or Tadmor to give it its Semitic name, was founded by Solomon (II Chronicles 8.4). The oasis in which it lay was poised, like the keystone of an arch, on the southernmost route across the desert that still had access to water. The growth of Palmyra's economic power in the first two-and-a-half centuries of our era was based not, like most other cities of the ancient world, on agriculture, but on commerce. The spice routes from the Gulf and the Silk Road coming overland from China via central Asia had for centuries passed directly through Palmyra. From here they went either north-west via Antioch to Asia Minor or south-west via Damascus to Tyre and Egypt. Palmyrene merchants did very well out of this trade, but it was above all in providing protection to the caravans as they crossed the dangerous desert trade routes that the city earned its fabulous wealth. With this wealth the aristocracy of Palmyra adorned their city, the tangible evidence of which can still be glimpsed in the impressive ruins set against the backdrop of the unrelenting desert beyond. The most striking of these is the magnificent temple of Bel, which together with its surrounding colonnade were on a scale, in both size and workmanship, to rival the greatest temples of the ancient world. As a trading post poised between two great civilizations, Palmyra was naturally influenced by many different cultures and was home to many different peoples, who brought with them their own customs and their own religions. In certain ways, such as dress, both civilian and military, Palmyra looked more to Ctesiphon than to Rome. Its native culture was Semitic and the predominant language was a form of Aramaic. In contrast to the usual pattern in the Roman east, the Palmyrene vernacular was extensively used alongside Greek on civic inscriptions. Hadrian granted Palmyra the status of a free city as part of his rearrangement of the eastern frontier. It remained administratively semi-autonomous, even after Septimius incorporated the oasis within the Roman provincial structure, and around the time of Aurelian's birth was granted the status of _colonia_. This all reflects the exceptional status Palmyra retained long after its incorporation within the Roman empire. The strategic importance of the oasis had long been appreciated by Rome. From the mid-second century, Palmyrene auxiliaries, notably archers, formed an integral part of the Roman defences of the eastern frontier region. In the third century the Palmyrene heavy cavalry was employed in the service of Rome as a useful counterpoint to the Persian cavalry, on which it was modelled. The marks left by Palmyrene units can still be seen up and down the eastern frontier and even further afield. During the first half of the third century, as the	1.718003	2.393782	0.866501	1.341392	[ 1.3673665796012484, 2.068640399248614 ]	[ 2.221881255556474, 2.56568194316794 ]	[ 0.8309938694193978, 0.9020086181301573 ]	[ 1.409027304944123, 1.2737560509949732 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29892, 278, 9034, 5834, 750, 975, 3389, 1556, 310, 8713, 2849, 322, 263, 502, 332, 546, 750, 1063, 1035, 13190, 297, 2812, 8625, 29889, 13, 13, 1576, 28399, 310, 278, 3951, 431, 713, 4565, 631, 471, 2630, 261, 713, 29915, 29879, 937, 20136, 29889, 3600, 8898, 297, 278, 5120, 5134, 263, 11380, 304, 5162, 1598, 1784, 310, 278, 4655, 14368, 322, 16650, 293, 3291, 29892, 2466, 278, 11380, 471, 871, 22039, 8762, 29889, 2630, 261, 713, 29915, 29879, 8570, 471, 5065, 29887, 2705, 4312, 297, 278, 9755, 29889, 3600, 1487, 322, 1302, 29899, 331, 13651, 5208, 492, 264, 375, 10398, 777, 931, 11531, 292, 297, 278, 350, 2235, 550, 297, 278, 7145, 29899, 29906, 29945, 29900, 29879, 29892, 541, 670, 10122, 471, 884, 3734, 373, 278, 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263, 3889, 4272, 408, 760, 310, 670, 337, 2749, 574, 882, 310, 278, 18632, 4565, 631, 29889, 739, 9488, 6343, 6703, 12647, 29899, 1300, 4917, 681, 29892, 1584, 1156, 28742, 326, 2482, 11039, 630, 278, 288, 25101, 2629, 278, 5917, 25750, 3829, 29892, 322, 2820, 278, 931, 310, 319, 545, 492, 273, 29915, 29879, 12060, 471, 16896, 278, 4660, 310, 903, 1054, 6405, 5396, 910, 599, 9432, 29879, 278, 3682, 284, 4660, 3793, 1357, 336, 26060, 1472, 1156, 967, 11039, 362, 2629, 278, 5917, 3710, 533, 29889, 13, 13, 1576, 16650, 293, 13500, 310, 278, 288, 25101, 750, 1472, 1063, 7556, 491, 9184, 29889, 3645, 278, 7145, 29899, 7496, 6462, 29892, 3793, 1357, 28593, 29587, 4314, 29892, 451, 2197, 3190, 414, 29892, 8429, 385, 10160, 760, 310, 278, 5917, 822, 2063, 310, 278, 18632, 4565, 631, 5120, 29889, 512, 278, 4654, 6462, 278, 3793, 1357, 28593, 9416, 16873, 719, 471, 15723, 297, 278, 2669, 310, 9184, 408, 263, 5407, 6795, 3149, 304, 278, 9034, 713, 16873, 719, 29892, 373, 607, 372, 471, 1904, 839, 29889, 450, 17997, 2175, 491, 3793, 1357, 28593, 10340, 508, 1603, 367, 3595, 701, 322, 1623, 278, 18632, 4565, 631, 322, 1584, 4340, 2511, 969, 29889, 7133, 278, 937, 4203, 310, 278, 4654, 6462, 29892, 408, 278 ]	1,330,869	15,360	Book	-1	-1
caravan trade routes came more under threat from the Bedouin tribes of the desert and as the rise of Persia threatened Roman hegemony in the area, Rome looked increasingly to Palmyra for help. Palmyra had grown rich and powerful through the exploitation of the trade routes that ran across the desert. Maintaining full control over the desert traffic remained the city's paramount interest. The resurgence of the military power of Ctesiphon was thus viewed with some concern: Persian domination of eastern Syria and absolute control of these trade routes was an alarming prospect. In the long-running struggle between the two superpowers, therefore, Palmyra tended to side with Rome. ### Shapur and the end of Valerian After the failure of Gordian's Persian campaigns, Philip was obliged to sue for peace on terms very unfavourable to Rome. On the great rock monument at Naqsh-i-Rustam, Shapur represented his defeat of Gordian and humiliation of Philip as unmitigated triumphs. For his part, it is doubtful Philip saw himself as doing more than buying a breathing-space. Within two years he broke his word, refused any further tribute to Shapur and returned to the offensive. Once again, the Roman expedition was ineffective, since trouble on the Danube demanded the emperor's attention. During his absences, Philip left the east under the overall control of his brother Priscus, who now, in addition to being praetorian prefect, was given the grand title _rector orientis,_ 'ruler of the east'. The administration of Priscus was deeply unpopular and helped to foment unrest in the region, which in 248–9 broke out into open revolt. Shapur was justly angered and distrustful after Philip's breach of promise. He took advantage of Rome's preoccupation with the Goths to intervene in Armenia in 251. The following year, Shapur un-leashed the most devastating invasion the Roman orient had suffered since the last century of the republic. He utterly routed the Roman army of the Euphrates and captured or neutralized all the garrisons in northern Mesopotamia. The region was at his mercy. Striking deep into Syria, he sacked and plundered many wealthy cities in his path, including the great city of Antioch on the Orontes. Renewing the offensive in 253, his progress was only halted by the hereditary priest-lord of Emesa, Uranius Antoninus. Uranius rallied the region's forces in the wake of this invasion and organized a spirited defence of the area. As a result, he was himself acclaimed emperor. His usurpation must be understood as a response to the military crisis of the moment and not seen as part of an assertion of Syrian autonomy. By 254, when Valerian finally arrived in the east, the crisis had somewhat subsided. Uranius Antoninus had apparently been eliminated and Shapur had partially withdrawn. However, the situation in the east remained unsettled. Over the next five years Valerian conducted intermittent campaigns against the Persians. He succeeded in regaining the important northern stronghold of Nisibis, which had long been, and long continued to be, a vital strategic point of contention between the two empires. But his responsibilities elsewhere prevented him from remaining permanently on the eastern frontier. Shapur was able to exploit his absences, for example capturing the valuable fortified outpost of Dura Europus on the Euphrates in 256 or 257. Thus, the advantage swung back and forth between the two sides. In 259, a serious Gothic invasion of Anatolia forced Valerian once more to abandon his efforts on the eastern frontier and march northwest to deal with the new threat. While in Asia Minor his army suffered severely from one of the periodic outbreaks of plague, which hampered his efforts to expel the Goths. Again taking advantage of Valerian's absence, Shapur chose this moment to launch his third major offensive against Rome. He struck up through Mesopotamia, retaking Nisibis. Valerian returned to the area as speedily as he could, massing his forces at Edessa for a final reckoning with his enemy. On a late summer's day in 2	1.339973	2.021331	0.311064	1.461055	[ 1.4878980173531393, 1.192048124689407 ]	[ 2.1359310836536074, 1.9067306252459635 ]	[ 0.4454852335609889, 0.17664368487025636 ]	[ 1.5547040399662846, 1.367405380652077 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 1559, 29080, 11302, 12049, 2996, 901, 1090, 28469, 515, 278, 14195, 283, 262, 29201, 310, 278, 18197, 322, 408, 278, 14451, 310, 9034, 423, 29513, 5917, 298, 387, 331, 2592, 297, 278, 4038, 29892, 9184, 5148, 10231, 368, 304, 3793, 1357, 336, 363, 1371, 29889, 13, 13, 18210, 1357, 336, 750, 21633, 8261, 322, 13988, 1549, 278, 16035, 7018, 310, 278, 11302, 12049, 393, 6350, 4822, 278, 18197, 29889, 341, 2365, 17225, 2989, 2761, 975, 278, 18197, 12469, 9488, 278, 4272, 29915, 29879, 1828, 792, 4066, 29889, 450, 620, 2007, 663, 310, 278, 9121, 3081, 310, 315, 2167, 29875, 17607, 471, 4550, 24774, 411, 777, 5932, 29901, 9034, 713, 2432, 3381, 310, 18632, 8713, 2849, 322, 8380, 2761, 310, 1438, 11302, 12049, 471, 385, 21200, 292, 27289, 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60 he marched out of Edessa towards Carrhae. At a spot not far from where Crassus had suffered his catastrophic defeat a little over three centuries earlier, Valerian offered battle. The outcome was as disastrous for Valerian as it had been for Crassus. The Roman army was shattered. Worse still, Valerian himself was captured alive, an ignominy that had never previously befallen a Roman emperor. To reinforce the insult, Shapur is said to have used the captive emperor as a human mounting block and finally, when Valerian died in miserable servitude, he was flayed and his skin, dyed crimson, was hung in the temple at Ctesiphon. For the second time in under a decade a Roman emperor and his entire army had been eradicated by a foreign enemy. The defeat of Decius at Abrittus had been ruinous enough, but this time the consequences were far worse. In the short term, Shapur was able to unleash terrible destruction upon the region virtually unopposed. He overran Syria and then marched north into Cilicia and Cappadocia, apparently dividing his forces for a two-pronged attack. The trail of devastation might have been worse, but for the efforts of two of Valerian's generals who rallied the remaining Roman forces in the area and harassed the marauding Persian armies. Fulvius Macrianus led the forces stationed in Commagene in a kind of guerrilla action against the Persian army in eastern Cilicia, while Ballista (also known as Callistus) harassed the enemy column ravaging western Cilicia. In one such encounter Ballista even managed to capture Shapur's treasure chest and harem. Shapur decided to leave Cilicia and return eastward. Before he reached the Euphrates, however, he found his way barred by yet a third and altogether more formidable adversary: Odenathus of Palmyra. ### Odenathus 'Ruler of Tadmor' The career of this illustrious individual is somewhat controversial, but the position of prominence he enjoyed in the region requires some attention. Odenathus belonged to one of the leading families of Palmyra which had been granted full Roman citizenship by Septimius Severus at the turn of the century. There is, however, no reason to suppose that he was born into an ancestral ruling dynasty. His extraordinary position within the community, and later in the entire region, was of his own making. Towards the middle of the third century, several inscriptions refer to one Septimius Odenathus son of Hairan son of Vaballathus son of Nesor as the 'Ruler of Tadmor (Palmyra)'. It has recently been shown that this individual is none other than _the_ Odenathus and not, as was previously thought, his father or grandfather. His title Ruler of Palmyra probably dates from around the 240s and indicates the personal ascendancy he had attained over his local community by that time. The same inscriptions also refer to him as a member of the Roman senate. This was an honour granted to him by a Roman emperor, most probably by Philip in recognition of his active involvement as commander of Palmyrene forces in the service of Rome during the Persian wars of the 240s. These two quite separate honours reflect his outstanding success as a military commander. His position of power is an indication of his personal role in bringing about the hegemony which Palmyra began to exert at this time over the Arab tribes of the desert marches of eastern Syria. His preeminence at Palmyra is further demonstrated by an inscription dated to October 251 that acknowledges his son, Septimius Hairan, as his co-ruler with exactly the same honours. By the time Shapur launched his second great invasion of the Roman east in 252–3, Odenathus was thus already a powerful figure in the region. What part he played in these events is not certain, though the suggestion that he followed up the successes of Uranius Antoninus in chasing the Persians from Syria cannot be sustained. It is alleged that Odenathus at some point tried to come to an arrangement with Shapur, who rejected his overture, contemptuously throwing his gifts into the Euphrates. 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this alleged episode is not certain, but it fits in well with the events surrounding the Persian assault on Dura Europus in the mid-250s. Whether it should be taken to represent treachery towards Rome, or merely as an example of the Roman practice of buying off the enemy, is debatable. In any case, by the year 257/8 at the latest, Odenathus had apparently merited honorary consular trappings _(ornamenta consularia)_ from Valerian for his sterling efforts in the service of Rome. This may well be connected to his response to Shapur's sack of Dura. By making himself the indispensable ally of Rome while steadfastly championing Palmyrene interests in the region, Odenathus thus skilfully exploited the situation in the east to his own personal advantage. In a bilingual inscription dated April 258, Odenathus is accorded the Aramaic title _mr_ (in Greek, δεσπóτηζ); the title, equivalent to the modern Arabic 'emir', was exclusively reserved for ruling princes. Whether or not his ambitions at this time reached beyond eastern Syria, events were soon to grant him the opportunity of fashioning for himself a position of immense power. His moment came in the aftermath of Shapur's great invasion of 260. With Valerian in Persian hands and the Roman army of the east in disarray, Odenathus realized the potential threat to Palmyrene interests presented by Shapur's overwhelming victory. The Persian forces were tired from their long campaign and from the harassment they had received in Cilicia at the hands of the Roman forces under Macrianus and Ballista. Odenathus' own army, consisting of Palmyrene auxiliaries reinforced by Roman soldiers, rallied from the frontier after the battle of Edessa, was comparatively fresh. Seizing his opportunity, he attacked Shapur's army as it marched back towards the Euphrates and drove it out of Roman territory. As the news of Valerian's defeat and capture spread across the Roman world, a wave of spontaneous insurrections swept through the empire. Gallienus found himself in an extremely precarious position. The numerous revolts, combined with the ignominy of his father's fate, very nearly toppled him. Although he managed to hold on to power for a further eight years, he was never able to reassert his authority over the whole empire. The first of these revolts took place in the east, where Valerian's capture had created a power vacuum. The heroic efforts of Macrianus earned him the respect of the troops, who promptly proclaimed his two sons, Macrianus and Quietus, as joint emperors. The eastern provinces and Egypt accepted this choice immediately. In the spring of 261, the elder Macrianus determined to press his sons' claim over the whole empire. His decision to march west may partly have been prompted by the desire of those European troops that Valerian had brought east with him to return home. Leaving Quietus behind with Ballista as his praetorian prefect, Macrianus set out for the west accompanied by his elder son. Gallienus dispatched his best generals, Aureolus and Domitianus, to meet the threat. The armies met in the Balkans and the result was a resounding victory for the forces loyal to Gallienus. It is not clear whether Macrianus and Ballista came to an understanding with Odenathus before Macrianus set out for the west, or whether they simply calculated that he was of no consequence to their designs. Either way, when the news of the defeat in the Balkans reached the east it soon became clear that the Macrianic cause had made a grave miscalculation in underestimating Odenathus. At this critical moment, the Palmyrene prince came out decisively in favour of Gallienus. Once Macrianus and his main force had been destroyed in Illyricum, Odenathus rightly sensed the advantages in championing a distant and somewhat weakened Gallienus rather than in throwing in his lot with a local contender who lacked the forces to defend his dwindling cause. Descending swiftly on Emesa, where Quietus had retreated for safety, Odenathus defeated Ballista and laid siege to the city. The Emesenes went over to Odenathus, murdered Qu	1.493377	1.978356	0.5165	1.554704	[ 1.6084294551050302, 1.3783239830332386 ]	[ 2.3078314274593406, 1.6488801095373642 ]	[ 0.5367899104748226, 0.4962100540686743 ]	[ 1.700380774988446, 1.409027304944123 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 445, 16831, 287, 12720, 338, 451, 3058, 29892, 541, 372, 23994, 297, 1532, 411, 278, 4959, 18830, 278, 9034, 713, 29159, 373, 360, 2002, 6032, 375, 297, 278, 7145, 29899, 29906, 29945, 29900, 29879, 29889, 26460, 372, 881, 367, 4586, 304, 2755, 2578, 496, 708, 7113, 9184, 29892, 470, 13586, 408, 385, 1342, 310, 278, 5917, 6944, 310, 1321, 5414, 1283, 278, 11103, 29892, 338, 2553, 17219, 29889, 512, 738, 1206, 29892, 491, 278, 1629, 29871, 29906, 29945, 29955, 29914, 29947, 472, 278, 9281, 29892, 438, 1145, 493, 375, 750, 13229, 2778, 1573, 10657, 653, 1136, 1070, 1020, 27775, 903, 29898, 1398, 1166, 29874, 1136, 1070, 423, 20344, 515, 2630, 261, 713, 363, 670, 16864, 1847, 14231, 297, 278, 2669, 310, 9184, 29889, 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ietus and threw his body over the walls. Thus the Macrianic revolt came to an end and the east, in name at least, returned its allegiance to Gallienus. It is clear, however, that the real power in the region remained with Odenathus. With the elimination of Quietus, Odenathus adroitly placed Gallienus in his debt while ensuring that his own army of Palmyrene and Roman units was the only sizeable force in the region. Gallienus had no realistic option but to acknowledge his debt of gratitude to Odenathus and ratify the Palmyrene prince's position of power. He did so by creating him vice-regent of the east, with the title _corrector totius orientis,_ much as Philip had with Priscus. Odenathus thus held supreme command of all the armed forces in the east and full authority over the provincial governors of the entire region from Asia Minor round to Egypt. As a result of this command Odenathus assumed the Roman military title _dux_. Under Gallienus' nominal authority, but in practice acting as a virtually autonomous ruler, Odenathus conducted the defence of the eastern provinces with vigour for a number of years. In 262 he managed to wrest northern Mesopotamia from Persian control, recapturing the vital stronghold of Nisibis, and launched a counter-invasion into the Persian empire. Upon his return, Odenathus assumed the title King of Kings, a title normally reserved for the monarchs of Persia (or Parthia). In a grand ceremony on the banks of the Orontes, not far from Antioch, he conferred this same title on his son Septimius Herodianus. A few years later, in 266 or 267, he returned to the offensive and met with still greater success. This time he even reached the capital, Ctesiphon, though he was unable to take it. As a result of these victories, Odenathus was acclaimed _imperator_ by his troops. This technically exceeded his mandate since the emperor Gallienus, not his general, had the right to this salutation. Inasmuch as Gallienus permitted this infringement of his imperial authority, the incident clearly illustrates the emperor's impotence with regard to affairs in the east. It also explains the erroneous assertion in the _Historia Augusta_ that Odenathus was made Gallienus' co-emperor. The acclamation demonstrates more eloquently than anything else the anomaly of Odenathus' position at this time: something between powerful subject, independent vassal king and rival emperor. In practice, however, he appears to have been shrewd enough not to flaunt the title, the significance of which remained entirely local until after his death. The policy Odenathus pursued was governed by his political acumen. His decision to support Gallienus, both against the Persians and against the usurper Quietus, was based on shrewd calculation regarding his own and Palmyra's best interests. By the year 267 he had reached a position of unprecedented power in the Roman east. ## THE WEST: GALLIENUS AND THE REVOLT OF POSTUMUS ### The western provinces under Valerian and Gallienus In the joint reign of Valerian and Gallienus the situation on the Rhine frontier rapidly deteriorated. Taking advantage of the weakness caused by Valerian's march on Italy, the Alamanni breached the transrhenane defences and devastated much of the _agri decumates,_ the area between the upper Rhine and the upper Danube roughly corresponding to modern Baden-Würtemberg. Gallienus was able to contain this invasion, but his energies were then diverted to the Danube frontier. While campaigning there in the mid-250s, Gallienus raised his elder son, Valerian II, to the junior imperial rank of Caesar. But the situation on the lower and middle Rhine soon demanded Gallienus' personal attention. Leaving his son Valerian behind as a figure-head to represent the imperial house on the Danube front, Gallienus himself marched to the Rhine where a formidable barbarian army was plundering deep into northern Gaul. 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7, he set about restoring the integrity of the Rhine frontier with great vigour. He set up his regional headquarters at Trier, giving himself easy access to a wide arc of the frontier. Using Cologne as a forward strategic base, he gained a number of significant victories and restored the defences on both banks of the river. The experiment of co-rulership across three generations of the same family was short-lived: the young Valerian met an untimely end in 258. Undaunted, Gallienus decided to repeat it by elevating his younger son, Saloninus, to be Caesar in his brother's stead. Saloninus remained with his father on the Rhine, while the Danubian frontier, though still prey to constant barbarian raids, now lacked an imperial presence. Matters came to a head when news arrived of Shapur's great invasion of the east. An army commander called Ingenuus took advantage of the preoccupation of the two senior emperors to seize power for himself on the Danube. Gallienus responded with characteristic energy. By forced marches he managed to fall upon and destroy Ingenuus before the latter had fully established his position. Before Gallienus had had time to repair the disruption caused by the rebellion of Ingenuus, the news of the disaster which had overtaken his father Valerian in the east swept through the empire. At this point, probably in response to the news, the Alamanni finally overran the whole of the _agri decumates,_ the border of which had long formed a fortified communications corridor between the Rhine and Danube frontiers. The Juthungi, apparently with the Alamanni, then crossed the Danube in strength. As Gallienus hurried westward to meet their advance, they pressed on down into northern Italy as far as Ravenna. Rome itself was thrown into panic. Gallienus managed to defeat the invaders at Milan, but could not annihilate them. The Juthungi re-crossed the Alps, taking with them booty and captives from Italy. Meanwhile, on the middle Danube the disgruntled legions once again rose in revolt, choosing the general, Regalian, as their new emperor. Another usurper arose in Macedonia, and in the east the Macriani launched their bid for the empire. In Gaul, meanwhile, the Franks renewed their devastating raids with fresh vigour. The effects of these incursions were felt alarmingly deep. One roving army even crossed the Pyrenees into Spain, where they sacked the major coastal city of Tarraco (Tarragona) and reached as far as Gibraltar. But the most bitter news for Gallienus came from the Rhine frontier itself, where another revolt was to lead to a more personal tragedy. ### The revolt of Postumus In leaving the Rhine frontier precipitously, Gallienus had taken a calculated risk. Aware that the region was still vulnerable, he once again left behind him a young son to represent the ruling dynasty. Being no more than a boy, Saloninus was entrusted to the care of the administrator, Silvanus. The military defence of the Rhine frontier Gallienus left in the capable hands of his general, M.Cassianus Latinius Postumus. Postumus was a tough soldier of humble origin, probably from the region of the lower Rhine. He was a shrewd opportunist, whose sense of expediency always ruled his ambition. In the strained atmosphere following the news of Valerian's capture, which reached Gaul in the autumn of 260, he was challenged by Silvanus, on behalf of Saloninus, to hand over some booty recaptured from a Frankish raiding party. Astutely gauging the mood of his soldiers, Postumus insisted on distributing the booty among his victorious troops, a distribution in which he himself was not disinterested. When Silvanus persisted, the troops mutinied and proclaimed Postumus emperor. Silvanus and Saloninus tried to rally support from the troops stationed at Cologne. Saloninus, no doubt at Silvanus' suggestion, proclaimed himself full Augustus and issued coins advertising the fact. 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. As Postumus invested Cologne, the main regional mint at Trier began to coin in his name. Gallienus was in no position to intervene in Gaul. He was engaged in a desperate struggle for his own survival, trying to cope simultaneously with the Germanic invasion of Italy and the numerous other usurpers, from the Balkans to Syria. After a siege of several weeks the beleaguered townsfolk and garrison of Cologne turned against Saloninus and took matters into their own hands. Murdering the hapless youth and his guardian, they threw their remains over the ramparts and opened the gates to Postumus. With his power base in Germania Inferior and Belgica thus secure, Postumus was now in a strong position. The three northern provinces of Gaul, the two Germanics, together with the provinces of Britain and Spain, all went over to Postumus, as for a time did Raetia. In part this reflects the perceived weakness of Gallienus' position; it also reflects the real importance of the Rhine army as the defence mechanism for the entire region. The Frankish menace, the catalyst for Postumus' rebellion, did not subside. In the circumstances, Postumus decided to await the outcome of the impending civil wars which still loomed over Gallienus. The following year, 261, Gallienus regained control of the Balkans. Regalian was killed, perhaps in defending Panonnia against the Sarmatians, so too was Valens in Macedonia. Gallienus' generals, Aureolus and Domitianus, defeated Macrianus and, not long after, Odenathus eradicated Quietus in Syria. Only Postumus now remained. The seizure of the _agri decumates_ by the Alamanni effectively insulated Postumus' power base from attack by the legionary forces on the Danube. Though eager to avenge his son, Gallienus needed to consolidate his hold on the central part of the empire before risking an adventure in Gaul. It is related that, under these circumstances, he challenged Postumus to single combat, which the latter declined. Thus, an uneasy stalemate arose, each ruler having enough to contend with from barbarian pressure beyond their borders to wait for the other to make the first move. In the mid-260s Gallienus finally judged the time was right. Taking the central reserve under the command of his brilliant but capricious cavalry commander Aureolus, Gallienus crossed the Alps and marched deep into Gaul. Here he won a substantial victory, but was unable to press home his advantage due to the deliberate hesitation of Aureolus. Though this insubordination smacked of treachery, Gallienus decided to err on the side of leniency; a decision that would later prove fatal. Gallienus renewed the offensive, but was seriously wounded during a siege and forced to withdraw. The entire campaign was then aborted and the military stand-off between the two rivals was resumed as before. Although neither ever formally recognized the other, nor did they make any further effort to remove each other. ### The position of Postumus Postumus thus continued to rule and be recognized as the only rightful emperor throughout the western provinces from the Scottish Borders to the Straits of Gibraltar. His elevation to the purple must be understood in the context of the sudden intensification of barbarian pressure on the Rhine frontier in the late 250s. The military situation required an emperor on the spot. When Gallienus was no longer able to fill this role, his deputy was elevated in his place. In this, as in most other most respects, the revolt of Postumus followed the usual pattern of provincial usurpations in the mid-third century. The most important distinction was that Postumus continued to exercise his imperial power for a considerable number of years without ever receiving, or apparently ever actively seeking, the recognition of the senate at Rome. This matter requires closer scrutiny. From the very outset, as was customary for usurpers at that time, Postumus immediately assumed the full titulature, regalia and prerogatives appropriate to a Roman emperor. These included issuing coins in his own name and designating the consuls. 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ation. He also apparently assumed the suffect consulship directly upon his seizure of power, for his ordinary consulship the following January is recorded as his second. Meanwhile in the east the brothers Macrianus and Quietus laid claim to exactly the same prerogatives, and for them also 261 was the year of their second consulship. Since Gallienus himself assumed the consulship in Rome this same year, in order to reassert his own authority in the wake of his father's capture, there were in fact three rival sets of consuls in January 261. Which you accepted as the official consuls of the year depended on which part of the empire you were in, and, thus, which of the three rival imperial authorities you accepted. The volatile circumstances that swept Postumus to power never fully abated. Unlike Macrianus, Postumus did not have a brother or son to guard his power base against further insurrections in the rear. This certainly diminished the attraction of marching on Rome. Fully occupied with the defence of the Rhine, Postumus discovered that he could manage without the incremental legitimation of senatorial recognition. His tenure of power underlines how little that formal recognition mattered in the face of the harsh realities of the mid-third century. These events revealed another secret of imperial power as momentous as the Tacitean original of 68–9: an imperial contender could seize power and successfully maintain it without ever attaining the recognition of Rome and its senate at all. For the provincials and the soldiers such niceties were insignificant compared to the effective control of the barbarian menace. His success in defending the western provinces against further barbarian incursions, which he was at great pains to stress on his coinage, earned him considerable popularity among the civilian inhabitants of the region. His ability to give his undivided attention to this task must therefore be understood as the _raison d'être_ of his prolonged tenure of power. His apparent willingness to accept the restriction of exercising his authority exclusively within the western provinces must be seen as a triumph of pragmatism over ambition and not as an attempt to set up a rival and totally separate empire in the west. ## THE EMPIRE IN 267 Gallienus was a remarkable man. Anyone in that perilous period who could survive the ignominious capture of his father and the widespread unrest that inevitably followed deserves our respect. His talents have traditionally been rather overshadowed by the calamities that befell him and even more by the hostile press he received in the literary sources. It is true that he passed over the senate, especially in promoting men to the highest military offices, an offence for which the largely pro-senatorial sources could not forgive him. But in choosing instead to promote men of singular ability who had risen through the ranks, he proved he had an eye for spotting military talent not unlike that of Napoleon. Unlike Napoleon, however, his impetuosity did not inspire those around him with confidence in his leadership and, above all, he lacked the charisma to bind such men to him with undying loyalty. By the year 267 there were signs that Rome's fortunes might be about to pick up. The Danube frontier was comparatively quiet. The Persians were cowed by the spectacular military achievements of Odenathus, albeit only nominally under Gallienus' auspices. Gallienus himself even found time to be initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries. His coins proclaimed that everywhere peace was restored. It was, however, more a pious hope than a reflection of reality. The true state of affairs was altogether more sinister. In the next few years the Roman empire came close to disintegration. The wealthy east was under the increasingly hostile sway of Palmyra, the western provinces still recognized Postumus, and even after his death the bulk of this region refused allegiance to the emperor recognized at Rome. Meanwhile, the central portion of the empire was under the constant threat of Germanic invasions. Against this backdrop a deadly series of coups and attempted coups was played out, from which finally there emerged one sole victor whose ruthless courage enabled him to reunite the empire and pull it back from the brink of destruction. This man was Aurelian. # 3 AURELIAN ASCENDANT In the late summer of 267 news reached Galli	1.575557	1.73483	0.706718	1.450649	[ 1.1591759143934368, 1.9919385752246832 ]	[ 1.6488801095373642, 1.8207804533430971 ]	[ 0.48099260791636866, 0.9324435104347686 ]	[ 1.6379478885503769, 1.2633505699219616 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 362, 29889, 940, 884, 13229, 12023, 278, 480, 7161, 1136, 352, 3527, 4153, 2501, 670, 409, 466, 545, 310, 3081, 29892, 363, 670, 15311, 1136, 352, 3527, 278, 1494, 5490, 338, 10478, 408, 670, 1473, 29889, 25065, 297, 278, 9755, 278, 21383, 4326, 6392, 375, 322, 751, 2035, 375, 12341, 5995, 304, 3721, 278, 1021, 544, 261, 468, 5056, 29892, 322, 363, 963, 884, 29871, 29906, 29953, 29896, 471, 278, 1629, 310, 1009, 1473, 1136, 352, 3527, 29889, 4001, 5208, 492, 264, 375, 3654, 12023, 278, 1136, 352, 3527, 297, 9184, 445, 1021, 1629, 29892, 297, 1797, 304, 337, 9294, 670, 1914, 14329, 297, 278, 281, 1296, 310, 670, 4783, 29915, 29879, 10446, 29892, 727, 892, 297, 2114, 2211, 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enus in Italy of a massive Gothic invasion of the Balkans and Asia Minor. Leaving Aureolus in Milan to guard Italy against possible attack from either Postumus or the Alamanni, Gallienus set out with his mobile strike force to meet this new challenge. Aurelian, by this time in his early fifties, was almost certainly among the senior officers accompanying Gallienus on that march. For Gallienus, this campaign was to mark the beginning of the end. For Aurelian, it was the end of the beginning. ## THE ROAD TO THE PURPLE ### The Gothic wars renewed For two decades after the battle of Abrittus, in which the Goths destroyed the emperor Decius and his army in 251, the Gothic menace had a profoundly destabilizing influence upon the internal politics of the Roman empire. After the invasion of 253, the Goths and their allies concentrated their attacks upon Asia Minor. Several separate raids, some of appalling destructiveness, ravaged the cities of Asia Minor during the fifteen-year reign of Gallienus. Both the coastal cities and those deep in the interior suffered. Among many other casualties, the great temple of Artemis at Ephesus was burned to the ground. Then in 267, the Heruli launched a sea-borne invasion which sailed down the western shore of the Black Sea attacking coastal settlements. Although one raiding party was apparently defeated, another succeeded in taking Byzantium. An abortive attack on the Bithynian coast resulted in a naval encounter in which the invaders suffered considerable losses. It may have been this setback which deflected the course of their attack westward through the Dardanelles. On reaching the Aegean, the German fleet headed out across the open sea making for the rich and poorly defended spoils of the Greek mainland. On the way, they sacked the islands of Lemnos and Skyros, making landfall in Attica, where they sacked Athens. There is a story that they were persuaded by one of their number to spare the great library, on the grounds that the Greeks were inclined to scholarship more than to warfare, thus it was wiser to leave them their books to study. The Heruli then passed down through the Isthmus, with contemptuous disregard for the fortifications which had been started more than a decade earlier but left incomplete. Corinth, Sparta and Argos were all pillaged. Returning up through the Isthmus their advance was checked by an Athenian militia organized by the historian Dexippus, a fragment of whose account of these events survives. The invaders then turned up through Boeotia. Here, for the first time, they finally encountered a sizeable Roman army. It was commanded by Marcianus, one of Gallienus' top generals who was probably governor of Lower or Upper Moesia. The forces at his disposal were inadequate to stop the marauders completely, but he succeeded during the winter months in driving them northwards through Epirus and Macedonia towards Gallienus, who was advancing from northern Italy to meet them. Finally, in the spring of 268, in the valley of the Nessos (or Nestus) on the border between Macedonia and Thrace, Gallienus defeated them. Though the outcome of the battle was by no means conclusive, the emperor came to an arrangement with the Heruli whereby he offered them safe conduct out of the empire and granted _ornamenta consularia_ to the Herulian chief, Naulobatus. At this point, news reached Gallienus that his gifted but wayward general Aureolus had revolted in northern Italy. Gallienus immediately perceived the gravity of the situation: if he lost control of northern Italy his position was hopeless. Leaving Marcianus in charge of the Danube frontier, he gathered together as large a force as he prudently could and set out for Italy to deal with the new threat. Once again Aurelian accompanied the emperor. ### The end of Gallienus Instead of having himself proclaimed emperor, Aureolus immediately threw in his lot with Postumus, issuing coins from the mint at Milan in the name of the western emperor. This may have been the result of negotiations entered into between the two generals during the abortive campaign a few years earlier, which would explain Aureolus' apparent tre	1.211224	1.921056	0.384615	1.388216	[ 1.186569422973412, 1.2358777384173674 ]	[ 2.0356558831002634, 1.8064554246926194 ]	[ 0.455630197662526, 0.3136007002410069 ]	[ 1.4194327860171347, 1.3569998995790655 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 264, 375, 297, 12730, 310, 263, 20364, 22883, 293, 28425, 310, 278, 350, 2235, 550, 322, 14325, 21987, 29889, 951, 5555, 319, 545, 324, 375, 297, 20308, 304, 8372, 12730, 2750, 1950, 5337, 515, 2845, 4918, 398, 375, 470, 278, 838, 314, 9889, 29892, 5208, 492, 264, 375, 731, 714, 411, 670, 10426, 21283, 4889, 304, 5870, 445, 716, 18766, 29889, 319, 545, 492, 273, 29892, 491, 445, 931, 297, 670, 4688, 285, 2027, 583, 29892, 471, 4359, 8959, 4249, 278, 16336, 13049, 10259, 1384, 292, 5208, 492, 264, 375, 373, 393, 8575, 29889, 1152, 5208, 492, 264, 375, 29892, 445, 11531, 471, 304, 2791, 278, 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achery at that earlier date. More likely it represents the unilateral action of Aureolus, hoping to elicit the support of the Rhine legions in his struggle against Gallienus. In any event he mis-calculated: Postumus refused to become embroiled in Aureolus' risky venture. Gallienus reached northern Italy with his army by early summer and immediately engaged Aureolus' forces at a place subsequently named Pons Aureolus (Pontirolo). The rebel forces were defeated and Aureolus fell back into Milan. A lengthy siege ensued, which was to outlast Gallienus himself. Among the senior officers whom Gallienus had brought with him from the Balkan war, there were present in the loyalist army encamped around Milan that summer several Illyrian generals who owed their promotion to Gallienus and his father. Besides Aurelian, these included Aurelius Heraclianus, the praetorian prefect, and M.Aurelius Claudius, an exact contemporary of Aurelian whom Gallienus elevated to the supreme command of the cavalry in place of Aureolus. This Illyrian cabal had become increasingly dissatisfied with Gallienus. As the siege of Milan dragged on, the three senior officers conspired to remove him. They already knew they could count on the support of Marcianus. Others of a similar background and opinion, such as Cecropius, the commander of the Dalmatian horse, were brought in on the plot. Early in September the trap was laid. One night, apparently while Gallienus was eating a late supper, Cecropius brought him word that Aureolus was preparing to make a sortie from Milan. Gallienus, not suspecting a lie nor waiting for his usual armed bodyguard, rushed off in his eagerness to stop his enemy. He was set upon and killed. The conspirators then hastily organized the elevation of Claudius. Some credit Heraclianus with the ruse, one version says it was Aurelian: there can be little doubt that all three were in on it together. Much later, after Constantine had claimed Claudius as an ancestor, versions were put about which attempted to exonerate Claudius, either by professing his ignorance of the plot, by making out he was absent at the time, or even by suggesting that the dying emperor bestowed the purple on Claudius to mark him out as his successor. Gallienus' fate was shared by his brother Licinius Valerianus, the consul of 265. Some say he was with Gallienus at Milan, others that he was at Rome, where the senate's hatred of Gallienus also resulted in the murder of several of those closely associated with his regime. Among the victims were his widow, Salonina, and their last and only surviving son, Marinianus, who, though still a young boy, was in fact consul in that year. The coup was a success, its way smoothed by a large accession donative. ### The new emperor's right-hand man Claudius immediately sought to stamp his authority on the situation. He not only curbed the excessive expressions of hatred that the senate was heaping upon the memory of Gallienus, but actually forced the senate to deify Gallienus. He also took steps to distance himself from the treachery which had brought him to the purple. For those directly implicated in the plot there were mixed fortunes. Of Cecropius, the actual assassin, no more is heard, but he was certainly relieved of his post and, if he did not commit suicide, was very probably executed: rulers are not generally well-disposed toward regicides, even, or perhaps especially, when they benefit directly from their actions. Heraclianus, too, disappears from view: he is said to have killed himself, perhaps fearing the same imperial vengeance as had befallen his agent, Cecropius. Claudius' close confederate Aurelian, on the other hand, fared very well: he was immediately assigned Cecropius' old command over the Dalmatian horse, and in due course was promoted to the position of overall commander of the cavalry, vacated by Claudius himself. 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may simply be that Claudius knew he could trust Aurelian. In either case, it suggests that Claudius had need of Aurelian, whose popular standing with the army helped to smooth the transition of power. There still remained the problem of Aureolus, immured inside Milan. It is possible that the beleaguered general, on coming to the realization that aid from Postumus would not be forthcoming, declared himself emperor in his own right. On hearing of the death of Gallienus, he decided to come to terms with the new emperor. If he hoped to gain by the removal of Gallienus, he was mistaken. According to one version, Claudius immediately had him put to death; according to another, his own troops dispatched him. There is a suggestion that Aurelian himself was implicated in the murder of Aureolus, but it is likely to be a later invention which, wishing to absolve Claudius of any possible blame, sought to pin the deed on another: and who better than his severe right-hand man, 'Hand-on-Sword'. The removal of the powerful and potentially dangerous Aureolus must have come as a relief to Claudius, who went to Rome to settle with the senate and enter into the consulship for the new year. But the relief was short-lived. The preoccupation of substantial numbers of Roman forces in the power struggles around Milan presented an opportunity for the barbarian tribes beyond the Danube to plunder Roman territory with relative impunity. It was an opportunity which the Alamanni were not slow to exploit. Together with their neighbours the Juthungi, they broke across the Danube, passed down through the Alps and began to pillage northern Italy. Claudius marched north to meet them. At Lake Garda, early in 269, he decisively defeated the enemy. The victory, in which Aurelian certainly played a part, earned the emperor the title Germanicus Maximus. Meanwhile, knowing the Roman defences in the Balkans were severely weakened by the events of the previous year, the Heruli decided to break their truce with Rome and repeat their venture. They had no difficulty in persuading both the East and West Goths to join the invasion, along with the Gepidae and the Peucini, a southern neighbour of the West Goths. Our sources speak of 320,000 men and 2,000 ships. Such figures are doubtless exaggerated, but the invasion represented an enemy force the likes of which were not seen again on Roman soil until the catastrophic Gothic invasion which destroyed the emperor Valens and his army at Hadrianople in 378. Having assembled their armada at the mouth of the Dniester, the Goths and their allies ravaged the Black Sea coast of Moesia and Thrace, attacking Tomi and striking inland as far as Marcianopolis. From there they sailed to the Bosphorus and, after being hit by a storm, they made unsuccessful attempts to sack Byzantium and Cyzicus on the way through the Sea of Marmara. Once through the Dardanelles, they sailed along the northern coast of the Aegean towards Chalcidice. They attacked Cassandrea and then laid siege to Thessalonica. News of this Gothic invasion must have reached Claudius in northern Italy not long after the battle of Lake Garda, but his hands were still full dealing with the defeated enemy. He therefore dispatched his most trusted general, Aurelian, to proceed directly to the Balkans. Aurelian departed immediately at the head of a sizeable force, which included the Dalmatian cavalry. Claudius had another reason to delay his departure from Italy. On the Rhine, one of Postumus' generals, Ulpius Laelianus, had risen in revolt and the situation looked dire for Postumus. The centre of the revolt was at Mainz, but the coinage issued in Laelian's name was the work of the branch mint which Postumus had only lately set up in Cologne. Furthermore, certain of these coins suggest the support of at least part of the legion XXX Ulpia, the main base of which was at Xanten. The implication is that disaffection towards Postumus was alarmingly widespread among the troops stationed along the middle Rhine. In rejecting Aureolus' overture the previous summer, Postumus may have suspected that some such trouble was near; on the other hand	1.178351	1.999843	0.344036	1.419433	[ 1.3454517727372683, 1.0112509680615707 ]	[ 1.9783557684983522, 2.0213308544497854 ]	[ 0.40997785920560914, 0.27809332588562713 ]	[ 1.4194327860171347, 1.4194327860171347 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 1122, 3763, 367, 393, 25886, 2482, 6363, 540, 1033, 9311, 319, 545, 492, 273, 29889, 512, 2845, 1206, 29892, 372, 14661, 393, 25886, 2482, 750, 817, 310, 319, 545, 492, 273, 29892, 5069, 5972, 13407, 411, 278, 9987, 9213, 304, 10597, 278, 9558, 310, 3081, 29889, 13, 13, 8439, 1603, 9488, 278, 1108, 310, 319, 545, 324, 375, 29892, 5198, 2955, 2768, 20308, 29889, 739, 338, 1950, 393, 278, 367, 280, 351, 2853, 287, 2498, 29892, 373, 6421, 304, 278, 1855, 2133, 393, 16226, 515, 4918, 398, 375, 723, 451, 367, 11483, 11506, 29892, 8052, 3654, 953, 13651, 297, 670, 1914, 1492, 29889, 1551, 22514, 310, 278, 4892, 310, 5208, 492, 264, 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, his failure to seize the opportunity offered by the revolt at Milan may itself have contributed to the disaffection among his troops. Postumus advanced on Laelian, forcing him to fall back on Mainz. After a gruelling siege, Postumus' troops finally forced an entry into the city. Laelian was killed and the revolt effectively terminated, but when Postumus prevented his impatient and embittered troops from pillaging Mainz, they turned on their leader and killed him. Whether Claudius was tempted to intervene in the western provinces at this critical juncture is not certain. Faced with the choice between tackling Postumus or the barbarians, Claudius is said to have stated that war against a pretender was his own concern, whereas war against the barbarians was the state's, and that concerns of state must take precedence. This sententious rhetoric is almost certainly apocryphal, but the story suggests that Claudius did at least consider intervention in Gaul at this time. In the end, the situation in the Balkans was too serious for him not to go there in person. Leaving his younger brother Quintillus in command of the forces in Italy, Claudius set out for the Balkans with the main force of the central strategic reserve to join up with Aurelian and Marcianus. The recovery of the western provinces would have to wait. When the Goths learned of the approaching imperial army they abandoned their siege of Thessalonica and turned inward, laying waste north-eastern Macedonia as they went. Here, Aurelian caught up with them and, using the Dalmatian cavalry to great effect, succeeded in killing up to three thousand of them in a succession of skirmishes. By employing the cavalry continually to harass their flanks he managed to drive the enemy northward into Upper Moesia where Claudius had drawn up the main Roman force. The battle was both bloody and indecisive, though it did halt the northward advance of the enemy. The Roman losses were sufficiently heavy to preclude chancing another pitched battle. Instead, Claudius managed to ambush the enemy. He succeeded in killing a large number, but the majority of the Goths escaped and remained under arms. The tactic succeeded in crippling their offensive capacity, but the invaders still represented a force to be reckoned with. The Gothic army began a slow and painful retreat south the way it had come. During the rest of the summer and into the autumn the invaders were once again harassed by Aurelian's Dalmatian cavalry. By this time running desperately short of provisions, the Goths and their animals began to suffer terribly from hunger. Perceiving their weakened state, Aurelian attacked them with the full force of his cavalry, killing many and driving the remainder westward into Thrace. In the mountains of the Great Balkan Range, at that time known as Haemus, the Goths found themselves trapped and surrounded. As winter set in, cold and disease added to the death toll caused by starvation. The harsh conditions were not easy for the surrounding Roman army either. Among certain units, discipline began to break down. The Romans may have written off the Goths too soon, for their fighting spirit was far from broken. Seizing the moment, they made a valiant effort to break out of their camp. Claudius apparently misjudged the situation. Ignoring advice, perhaps from Aurelian, he held back his cavalry and sent in his infantry alone. The Goths fought fiercely, inflicting serious damage on the Roman army, and a catastrophe was only averted by the timely intervention of Aurelian's corps of Dalmatian horse. The intervention was too late, however, to prevent the enemy from effecting their break-out. Throughout the spring the remaining Goths continued their roving march through Thrace, still shadowed closely by the Roman army. Short of supplies and weakened by hunger, many Goths fell victim to a devastating plague which swept through the Balkans during the spring and summer of 270. The pestilence spread to the Roman army too. Even the emperor became unwell and returned to his regional headquarters at Sirmium, leaving Aurelian in full command of clearing Thrace and Lower Moesia of the last of the marauding Goths. Aurelian succeeded in splintering them into smaller bands which were more easily dealt with. 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ague were gradually rounded up, together with whatever animals and booty remained with them. Some of the captives were recruited into the frontier units of the Roman army, others were settled as peasant farmers in the frontier regions, to be called upon as militia if the need should arise. These mopping-up operations dragged on well into the summer. Meanwhile, Claudius himself accepted the title of Gothicus Maximus and celebrated his achievements on his coinage. The senate honoured him with a golden shield, like that which had been set up for Augustus. He did not have long to savour his success: he died that August at Sirmium, succumbing to the plague that had already sapped so much of Rome's military strength. Among the encomiastic accounts of the reign of Claudius there is a story which at first sight seems to contradict the well-attested version of the emperor's death given above. It is said that while the senate was debating how to combat the Gothic incursion, the Sibylline Books were consulted and found to demand the self-sacrifice of the leading senator to guarantee victory. Several members offered their lives, including Pomponius Bassus, at that time the senior consular, but Claudius declared that the oracular decree could mean none but the emperor himself. Having pledged his life to the state, he left for the wars and died heroically in fulfilment of his vow. It could be inferred that he died in battle, or as a direct result of wounds received in battle, but this is not stated directly. It is likely that this version of events is merely a highly rhetorical gloss inserted into the account of Claudius' deeds in order to represent his death, as a result of plague contracted while on campaign, as an heroic self-sacrifice. At the time of Claudius' death the Gothic wars remained unfinished business. In spite of Aurelian's tireless efforts, marauding bands of Goths still posed a menace to Thrace. One such was apparently strong enough to attempt an assault on the city of Nicopolis. At the same time, sea-borne raids continued throughout that summer. Though the forces involved were insufficient to pose much threat to the cities, the surrounding countryside suffered greatly. Anchialus on the Black Sea was attacked, as were many coastal areas and islands around the Aegean. Crete and Rhodes suffered particularly badly. The coast of Pamphylia was raided, though cities like Side managed to resist the assault. Even Cyprus may have been attacked. The impact of these raids was somewhat mitigated by the fact that the raiders were severely weakened by the effects of the plague. ### The struggle for power When the news of his brother's death reached Quintillus in Italy, the troops that were with him immediately proclaimed him emperor. The senate at Rome must have been fully aware that the most powerful individual in the empire, and the one to whom the Balkan army would be most likely to turn as Claudius' natural successor, was unquestionably Aurelian. A significant lobby within the senate evidently found this prospect alarming as Aurelian had already earned a reputation as a strong-willed individual of stern temperament. More to the point, Quintillus' troops, though numerically and qualitatively inferior to those under Aurelian's command in Thrace, were much closer. Therefore, on receiving the news that Claudius was dead and his ineffectual younger brother elevated in his place, the senate did not hesitate to endorse Quintillus. It was probably at this time that the senate voted to place Claudius among the gods and erect a golden statue of him in the precinct of the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitol. Otherwise, the reign of Quintillus has left very little trace. It lasted barely two months before it was overtaken by events in the Balkans. When the news of Claudius' death reached Aurelian in Thrace, where he was still occupied with the Goths, he knew what the army would expect of him. The outstanding part he had played in the Gothic wars, not least his quick and decisive action at Haemus, had already earned him the greatest respect among his fellow officers and the rank and file. Those officers who had supported Claudius over Gallienus now looked to Claudius' second in command as his natural successor. The precise timing of events is not certain. 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determined to act before or after news of Quintillus' coup in Italy reached the Balkans. Either way, they orchestrated the Danubian army to elevate Aurelian to the purple. Zonaras tells us that Claudius, on his deathbed, designated Aurelian as his successor and that the elevation of Aurelian was simultaneous with that of Quintillus. These assertions are best attributed to subsequent Aurelianic propaganda calculated to marginalize the reign of Quintillus. The date of Aurelian's elevation is uncertain, but it must have fallen roughly in the second half of September. He was just 56. When he heard of Aurelian's proclamation, Quintillus mustered his forces at Aquileia, a few kilometres north-west of the Gulf of Triest. As he prepared to meet his rival's advance there must have been many, including in all likelihood Quintillus himself, who doubted his ability to withstand Aurelian's challenge. Of the two rival emperors, Aurelian's military reputation and the strength of his support among the soldiers gave him a distinct advantage. Furthermore, he had at his command the formidable and battle-hardened army which Claudius had assembled to fight the Goths in the Balkans. Against this, Quintillus' only advantage, the relatively insignificant incremental legitimation provided by the senate's recognition of his claim, was no compensation. As Aurelian's army drew nearer, Quintillus must have sensed his cause was hopeless. There was no way he could confidently commit his officers and men to battle against the hero of the Gothic wars. By the time Aurelian reached Aquileia, both Quintillus and his cause were dead. One version says that he was murdered by his troops. It is just as likely that, anticipating the dishonour of defeat, he took his own life. His ephemeral reign was at an end, leaving Aurelian in undisputed control of the central portion of the empire. ## CONSOLIDATION: 270–1 Even with the removal of his immediate rival, Aurelian's position was far from stable. In the east, Palmyrene military expansion seriously threatened Roman interests, while the western provinces were still under the control of Postumus' successors. Nearer to hand, the Gothic problem remained unresolved, and was now compounded by the invasions of other Germanic peoples further up-river. The sources for these events are very confused and no clear consensus has emerged among modern scholars as to how to interpret them. In particular, the identity, order, location and even the number of Germanic invasions during 270–1 remains controversial. What follows is, therefore, only what seems to me the most likely reconstruction. ### The early campaigns At about the beginning of November, Aurelian entered Aquileia to receive the joyous acclamations of the troops that had so recently been sworn to defend Italy against him. The mint at Cyzicus had for some time issued coins in his name and that at Siscia had quickly followed suit. Now at last he also gained control of the Italian mints, at Milan and Rome. Among his first actions was to order these four imperial mints to prepare an issue of coinage to commemorate the deified emperor Claudius. In part this was intended as a genuine act of homage to his predecessor and former companion-at-arms. He also wished thereby to associate himself more closely with his illustrious and popular predecessor, and perhaps to reassure the senate of his intentions towards that body whom Claudius had treated well. Another reason was in order to marginalize still further the reign of Quintillus. When news of Quintillus' death arrived in Rome the senate deftly changed its allegiance. While Aurelian celebrated his bloodless victory, a deputation of senior senators came north to greet their new sovereign lord and reassure him of their unswerving loyalty. Sometime in November Aurelian met them at Ravenna. While he was there, word reached him of trouble brewing on the middle Danube. Aurelian's march on Italy had left the Pannonian frontier vulnerable to attack. Seeing an opportunity, a large army of Asding Vandals were massing across the river in the vicinity of Aquincum (Budapest	1.323537	1.56293	0.592587	1.492271	[ 1.5317276310810997, 1.1153463006654765 ]	[ 1.6345550808868863, 1.491304794382109 ]	[ 0.5215724643225169, 0.6636019617440361 ]	[ 1.6067314453313424, 1.3778108617250886 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 10087, 304, 1044, 1434, 470, 1156, 9763, 310, 29223, 453, 375, 29915, 17103, 297, 12730, 7450, 278, 350, 2235, 550, 29889, 20370, 982, 29892, 896, 22624, 16444, 630, 278, 3951, 431, 713, 9987, 304, 11858, 403, 319, 545, 492, 273, 304, 278, 3708, 552, 29889, 796, 265, 279, 294, 10603, 502, 393, 25886, 2482, 29892, 373, 670, 4892, 2580, 29892, 25373, 319, 545, 492, 273, 408, 670, 29433, 322, 393, 278, 11858, 362, 310, 319, 545, 492, 273, 471, 16991, 681, 411, 393, 310, 29223, 453, 375, 29889, 4525, 4974, 1080, 526, 1900, 29393, 304, 15352, 319, 545, 492, 273, 293, 13089, 5863, 12833, 304, 15276, 979, 675, 278, 20913, 310, 29223, 453, 375, 29889, 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). Aurelian returned to Aquileia and, without delay, began to organize his army and the necessary supplies. He then marched back out of Italy the way he had come only a short time before, over the Julian Alps. By the time he arrived in Pannonia the year was drawing to a close. He set up his regional headquarters at Siscia, the mint city of the region. It was probably here, or at least while in Pannonia, that Aurelian assumed his first consulship, on New Year's Day 271. This was in accordance with a long-established imperial tradition which reserved the right of assuming the ordinary consulship for a new emperor in the first January of his reign. Foreign and civil wars permitting, this office would normally have been assumed at Rome. It was unusual for an emperor to assume the consulship without even setting foot in the old capital. The circumstances of Aurelian's first consulship are thus a further sign of the diminishing role of Rome in imperial pomp at this time. Meanwhile, the Vandals had crossed the river in force. They encountered little resistance as they looted the villages and countryside of the region. But the season was by now so far advanced that they were finding it difficult to live off the land through which they passed and were beginning to suffer from a shortage of food. Knowing that the enemy was not equipped for siege warfare, Aurelian sent word ahead to withdraw all the livestock and food supplies into the fortified cities. Once he was satisfied that this war of attrition had sufficiently weakened the barbarians and that his own supply lines and troops were in proper order, Aurelian sought out the Vandals. The campaign was long and made particularly arduous by the season. In the initial stages at least, Aurelian was unable to gain a conclusive victory. Finally, however, the Roman army succeeded in inflicting a defeat of sufficient magnitude to halt the barbarians. The Vandals, not wishing to test their mettle against Aurelian's army any further, sued for peace. An idea of the negotiations that followed and their results is preserved in fragments from the works of Dexippus and Petrus. The Vandals were bound over to keep the peace, in pledge of which they handed over hostages and furnished 2,000 horsemen for the Roman army. They also agreed to restrict their trade routes and allow the Romans to monitor their trade. In return, the Romans granted them safe conduct and enough food supplies to reach the Danube frontier. Some rogue bands of Vandals broke away from the main column and returned to pillaging, but were soon eliminated. Aurelian had little respite in which to savour his victory. Even before he could bring the campaign to a satisfactory conclusion, news reached him of a much more serious invasion that had broken across the Danube further upstream. Taking advantage of Aurelian's preoccupation in Pannonia, the Juthungi had cut a swath of destruction through Raetia as far as Lake Constance. They had then turned south over the Alps. Although their exact route is uncertain, it seems likely that they came over the Splügen Pass, since it was the area around Milan that bore the brunt of their attack. For the third time in only eleven years, a barbarian army was on Italian soil and the very heart of the empire was under threat. As soon as he heard of this invasion, Aurelian sent his main army on ahead to Italy, retaining only a few crack troops with him in Pannonia to oversee the Vandal withdrawal and the re-establishment of the frontier. Once he was satisfied he could safely withdraw, he hurried to Italy leaving only the frontier troops behind to secure the defence of Pannonia. He quickly caught up with his main army as it skirted the southern edge of the Dolomites along the Via Postumia. Aurelian was anxious to engage the enemy as soon as possible and pressed on at great speed. As he drew nearer to Milan he discovered that the Juthungi had already moved south-east and sacked the city of Placentia (Piacenza). Whether Aurelian could have prevented this misfortune by diverting his approach further to the south and reaching Placentia before the barbarians is not clear. In any case, he sent word ahead to invite the barbarians to give themselves up and submit to his rule. They haughtily responded that they were a free	1.170133	1.756318	0.541862	1.018822	[ 1.038644476641546, 1.301622159009308 ]	[ 1.41967965112972, 2.092955997702174 ]	[ 0.3846154489517664, 0.6991093360994158 ]	[ 0.9719970998776386, 1.0656464295347425 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 467, 319, 545, 492, 273, 4133, 304, 16020, 488, 423, 322, 29892, 1728, 9055, 29892, 4689, 304, 2894, 675, 670, 9987, 322, 278, 5181, 28075, 29889, 940, 769, 8575, 287, 1250, 714, 310, 12730, 278, 982, 540, 750, 2041, 871, 263, 3273, 931, 1434, 29892, 975, 278, 27180, 838, 567, 29889, 2648, 278, 931, 540, 11977, 297, 349, 812, 6405, 278, 1629, 471, 11580, 304, 263, 3802, 29889, 940, 731, 701, 670, 14014, 26463, 472, 317, 275, 1512, 29892, 278, 20559, 4272, 310, 278, 5120, 29889, 739, 471, 3117, 1244, 29892, 470, 472, 3203, 1550, 297, 349, 812, 6405, 29892, 393, 319, 545, 492, 273, 12023, 670, 937, 1136, 352, 3527, 29892, 373, 1570, 8905, 29915, 29879, 8373, 29871, 29906, 29955, 29896, 29889, 910, 471, 297, 15017, 749, 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people and if he wished to challenge them they would show him how free men could fight. The invaders withdrew with their spoils towards the south-east. Without being able to rest his army, Aurelian was immediately obliged to give chase. Had he taken a more southerly route earlier it is possible he would have been able to lie in wait for the enemy. As it was, his men were exhausted after their long series of forced marches from the Balkans. At dusk, in a wooded area just beyond Placentia, the advancing Roman army was ambushed and suffered significant losses. It was a humiliating set-back. As a direct result, the Germans were able to press on down the Via Aemilia in the direction of Rome. When the news of these disasters reached Rome an understandable panic gripped the city, for no significant force stood between the invaders and the metropolis. Rome had long since outgrown and built over its ancient city walls; the vast empire and its legions had long been an ample buffer to protect the city from external enemies. Now, with the approach of the Juthungi, the defenceless city seemed at the mercy of the forces of a foreign enemy. According to the _Historia Augusta,_ the Sibylline Books were consulted and the religious observances they dictated were what eventually saved the city from the Germans. A more mundane view suggests that Aurelian managed to regroup his battered army and follow the trail of devastation that marked the enemy's route down the side of the Appenines towards the Adriatic. Aware that the Roman army was at their heels, the Juthungi did not pause to sack the defenceless coastal towns of Pisaurum (Pesaro) and Fanum Fortunae (Fano). Instead they began to turn inward along the Via Flaminia, which led over the Appenines towards central Italy and Rome itself. Here, on the banks of the Metaurus just inland from Fanum, Aurelian finally caught up with them. This time it was a pitched battle and Aurelian was victorious. The decisive moment came when a large section of the Juthungi found itself pinned against the river: as the barbarian line gave way, a great number were swept away in the river and drowned. The victory was commemorated on a pair of inscriptions from nearby Pisaurum, just to the north. The Juthungi sued for peace. They remained sufficiently confident to feel they could negotiate from a position of strength. Even though they had lost the battle, they still represented a formidable fighting force. A fragment from Dexippus' _Scythica_ recounts the parley. Although the account is highly rhetorical and its reliability is not entirely above suspicion, it gives a flavour of the confrontation. After describing the display that Aurelian assembled to intimidate the enemy, Dexippus has the German envoys boast of the size and prowess of their fighting force and of how far they had managed to penetrate into the empire. Aurelian for his part was unimpressed. He was aware of the size of their army, but made it clear he was not about to let so considerable an enemy force roam unchecked through Roman territory on their way home laden with Italian spoils. The Juthungi were therefore denied the safe passage they sought and were sent away empty-handed. The Roman victory, though not conclusive, had been enough to ensure that the Juthungi could not continue their advance. In the circumstances, they had no option but to turn around and head back the way they had come up the Via Aemilia. Aurelian pursued them, waiting for the optimum moment to strike. He needed to be sure of a decisive victory, not only to avenge and expunge the memory of his earlier set-back but also to seize the booty the Juthungi were carrying. When the Juthungi reached the open plains near Ticinum (Pavia) Aurelian attacked. This time the victory was conclusive and the Juthungi were utterly routed. A few survivors formed into small bands, but these were easily run down and neutralized. Thus, Aurelian was able to turn a campaign that had begun so badly into a complete triumph. In recognition of this he assumed the title Germanicus Maximus. After a reign that had already lasted almost nine months, the emperor was at last	1.498855	1.605905	0.579906	0.956389	[ 1.4111961933292088, 1.5865146482410502 ]	[ 1.4626547370811533, 1.7491553100907085 ]	[ 0.6230221053378877, 0.5367899104748226 ]	[ 0.9199696945125809, 0.9928080620236617 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 2305, 322, 565, 540, 20024, 304, 18766, 963, 896, 723, 1510, 1075, 920, 3889, 1757, 1033, 8589, 29889, 13, 13, 1576, 2437, 24574, 411, 29881, 3973, 411, 1009, 13345, 2719, 7113, 278, 7062, 29899, 23027, 29889, 13932, 1641, 2221, 304, 1791, 670, 9987, 29892, 319, 545, 492, 273, 471, 7389, 24474, 304, 2367, 521, 559, 29889, 14302, 540, 4586, 263, 901, 3669, 721, 368, 5782, 8859, 372, 338, 1950, 540, 723, 505, 1063, 2221, 304, 3804, 297, 4480, 363, 278, 11103, 29889, 1094, 372, 471, 29892, 670, 1757, 892, 18782, 16656, 1156, 1009, 1472, 3652, 310, 11826, 8575, 267, 515, 278, 350, 2235, 550, 29889, 2180, 270, 17400, 29892, 297, 263, 8112, 287, 4038, 925, 8724, 13494, 1760, 423, 29892, 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in a position to head for Rome; but it was not to be the triumphant reception he could reasonably have expected. ### Civil strife While Aurelian was thus occupied in military activities in northern Italy, intrigue and civil strife once more reared their ugly heads. A revolt sprang up in Dalmatia, perhaps sparked off by the news of Aurelian's difficulties in Italy. The troops stationed there proclaimed Septiminus (or Septimius), who was perhaps their military governor, as emperor. The revolt was short-lived, and Septiminus was killed by his own soldiers. A potentially more serious revolt at about the same time centred upon the figure of Domitianus, Gallienus' former general who had assisted Aureolus in destroying the Macriani a decade earlier. The location of the revolt is unknown. An apparently genuine coin issued in the name of Domitianus as emperor was found in France, implying that he revolted in south-eastern Gaul. A hoard deposited at Samoëns, south of Lake Geneva, suggests there may have been trouble in the area at this time. If the revolt did take place in that region, it may have been sparked off by the Juthungian invasion to the east and it was probably suppressed by Julius Placidianus. With the death of Domitianus, Aurelian was left as the last of Gallienus' great generals, the final victor in a power struggle played out over a dozen years. Meanwhile, at Rome, where the German advance had caused general panic and unrest, a still more serious sedition erupted. The mint workers there had begun to defraud the government on a massive scale by issuing coinage which was markedly debased and underweight even by the poor standards of the day. The effect of part of this fraudulent behaviour has recently been detected in much of the Divus Claudius coinage issued from this mint. The precise nature of this fraud is a matter of some debate, and the culpability of the moneyers may not have been as great as Aurelian later maintained. Certainly, however, the corruption went right to the top. The man responsible for the operation of the mint and the control of the supply of precious metals was the chief financial minister, or _rationalis,_ Felicissimus. It is clear that he was fully implicated, and it seems likely that his actions so far abused the responsibilities of his office that they amounted to treason. When he was challenged he incited the mint workers to open revolt, but apparently was almost immediately killed. He may even have been executed. In any case, his death, far from being the end of the affair, was the signal for some of the most appalling scenes of violence the city had witnessed since the last decades of the republic. Realizing the game was up, and fearing retribution, the mint workers took to the streets. The tensions of the preceding weeks had raised the stakes. Furthermore, Palmyrene aggression had recently led to troubles in Egypt (see Chapter 4), and it is more than likely that these had disrupted the grain supply for the city. Disaffection was widespread, and the situation quickly developed into a general uprising. A number of senators, perhaps those who had most strongly urged the elevation of Quintillus and thus had most to fear from Aurelian, seized the opportunity to conspire against the emperor. Perhaps emboldened by the news of the revolts in the provinces they began openly to incite the rabble. A full-scale and bloody riot ensued, ending in a pitched battle on the Caelian hill between the mob and the urban cohorts reinforced by regular troops from the imperial army. The carnage was certainly horrific, though the fatality figures given in the sources (a figure of 7,000 is mentioned) are dubious. Once order was restored, Aurelian dealt severely with the offenders. A large number, and not just the ringleaders, he immediately put to death. Several senators were among those rounded up and summarily executed, though the extent of their culpability is questioned by our pro-senatorial sources. He then took the somewhat drastic measure of closing down the mint at Rome altogether. Some of the workers, those whom he had pardoned, he later took with him on campaign. The immediate perpetrators of the upheavals were thus dealt with, but the	1.159176	1.749155	0.333891	1.310175	[ 0.907155635457665, 1.4111961933292088 ]	[ 1.5342798803335422, 1.9640307398478745 ]	[ 0.15128127461641366, 0.5164999822717484 ]	[ 1.0240245052426962, 1.5963259642583307 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 297, 263, 2602, 304, 2343, 363, 9184, 29936, 541, 372, 471, 451, 304, 367, 278, 24124, 424, 25647, 540, 1033, 2769, 2197, 505, 3806, 29889, 13, 13, 2277, 29937, 12886, 851, 1607, 13, 13, 8809, 488, 319, 545, 492, 273, 471, 4550, 16404, 297, 9121, 14188, 297, 14622, 12730, 29892, 11158, 12137, 322, 7631, 851, 1607, 2748, 901, 337, 1965, 1009, 22769, 15883, 29889, 319, 13819, 29873, 7689, 574, 701, 297, 9400, 2922, 423, 29892, 6060, 16267, 287, 1283, 491, 278, 9763, 310, 319, 545, 492, 273, 29915, 29879, 23553, 297, 12730, 29889, 450, 13230, 5073, 287, 727, 9580, 13190, 28742, 8332, 375, 313, 272, 28742, 326, 2482, 511, 1058, 471, 6060, 1009, 9121, 20221, 29892, 408, 953, 13651, 29889, 450, 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dangerous combination of underlying factors which had led to the dangerous collapse of order at Rome had now to be addressed if a similar disaster were to be avoided in future. The first such measure that Aurelian undertook turned out to be one of his most lasting legacies. To prevent, or at least mitigate, a repeat of the panic which had seized Rome as the Germans advanced, a panic which had been a spark to ignite the tinder of the other ills, Aurelian ordered the construction of the massive defensive walls around Rome that are still associated with his name to this day. He also undertook to reform both the debased imperial monetary system and the arrangements for the urban food dole. With regard to the latter, there remained the outstanding problem of Palmyrene interference in Egypt. Even if the supplies were by this time restored to normal, the threat that still hung over one of Rome's most vital lifelines was obviously intolerable. Aurelian therefore resolved to take on Palmyra. For the time being, however, he kept his intentions in this regard to himself. There was much preparation that would be needed for such a campaign and more pressing work awaited his attention in the Balkans. He did not delay any longer in Rome than was strictly necessary to ensure the restoration of his full authority in the city and to supervise the beginning of the construction of the walls. During the summer he set out from Rome, gathered his field army and headed for the Balkans. ### The Gothic wars concluded The efforts of Gallienus, Claudius and Aurelian to rid the Balkans of the Gothic menace had been only partially successful. Although Aurelian had managed to expel the Goths from Moesia during the previous summer, his elevation to the purple and the resulting contest with Quintillus had taken him away from the region before he could ensure a lasting solution. News of Aurelian's difficulties in Italy was the only invitation the Goths needed to renew their offensive against Moesia and Thrace. When Aurelian arrived in the area in the early autumn of 271, the Goths had already inflicted considerable damage. Aurelian defeated them and drove them back across the Danube, but was not content to leave it at that. Taking his army across the river he carried the war over into enemy territory. There he inflicted on them a crushing defeat, killing their king, Cannabas (or Cannabaudes), sacking their settlements and deporting the women who attempted to defend them. Years later, at his triumph in Rome, Aurelian is reported to have exhibited these captive women, dressed as Amazons, together with numerous other captives and Cannabas' royal chariot. It was the most decisive victory a Roman army had won in that region throughout the entire troubled century. A sweet revenge for Abrittus, exactly two decades earlier, it earned Aurelian the title Gothicus Maximus. The resounding victory restored not only the Danube frontier, but the flagging morale of the region's defence forces. But that was not enough. The situation in Dacia was still tenuous, following the partial withdrawal of Roman forces from the province under Gallienus. Aurelian could not spare the men and matériel that would be required to restore the transdanubian bulwark and the Dacian _limes_. He knew that, if he was to defeat the Palmyrenes, he needed to take with him to the east a sizeable army, one much larger than he had brought with him from Italy. He fully intended to levy more troops while in the Balkans, but raw recruits would be insufficiently reliable for the task in hand. But to deplete the already over-extended Danube army could be costly. For two decades the armies of Rome had been forced to defend the eastern Balkans from almost constant Gothic invasions. Aurelian himself had personally witnessed these bloody conflicts over the last four years. Nothing short of a drastic rethink of regional strategy would do. Aurelian's solution was as radical as it was bold. He ordered the complete withdrawal of all the legionary forces stationed in Dacia and redrew the defensive line along the Danube, thereby greatly reducing the length of the frontier to be guarded. 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. As for the remaining population, Aurelian was in a position to impose terms on the Goths, and at the very least bound them over not to attack, possibly even engaged them to help defend, the territory north of the river, which thus retained some of its former function as a buffer. With the onset of winter, Aurelian began to make the necessary preparations for the confrontation with Palmyra: recruitment, training and logistical arrangements. The army he assembled was one of the most impressive of the century. In addition to the Dalmatian cavalry corps that had distinguished itself under his command in the Gothic wars, he had a troop of Mauritanian horse and he had legionary forces drawn from the full length of the Danube frontier, from Raetia and Noricum as well as the formidable regiments from Pannonia and Moesia. In addition to these, he had with him an elite corps of legionary vexillations, which probably represented the crack troops that had been with him since his first march on Italy, now augmented by units carefully selected for their outstanding ability from the legions and auxiliaries at his disposal. With the approach of spring, his plans and preparations completed, Aurelian took this great army across the narrow neck of water that separates Europe from Asia, to Chalcedon. The game was afoot. # 4 ZENOBIA AND THE EAST In order to comprehend Aurelian's strategy in the east, we must first consider the situation from an eastern perspective. The rise of the fabulously wealthy city of Palmyra, the extraordinary career of its ruler Odenathus, and the dynamic enterprise of his shrewd and beautiful queen Zenobia, are tales that lend themselves easily to legend. We must discern the historical facts that lie behind these tales, for they are integral to the story of Aurelian's reign, just as his own career was to prove decisive in their conclusion. ## THE MURDER OF ODENATHUS The death of Odenathus of Palmyra is cloaked in sinister mystery. There is almost universal agreement that his sudden end was the work of an assassin; but who the assassin was and who may have put him up to it, how it came about, where and when, remain unresolved. Conflicting clues in the literary evidence tend to suggest either some political intrigue involving Rome, even implicating the emperor himself, or a family quarrel, possibly tinged with dynastic ambition. In one version, a Roman official called Rufinus had Odenathus murdered on suspicion of plotting to rebel against Rome. When the victim's son, also called Odenathus, appealed to Gallienus, Rufinus not only defended his action but even persuaded the reluctant emperor to let him remove the son also. Another version also reports a plot involving Gallienus, adding that Odenathus' widow Zenobia took up her husband's position and avenged his death. Other clues lend fragile support to the allegation of antagonism between Rome and Palmyra around the time of Odenathus' death. Malalas records that Gallienus defeated the Persians and then fought against Odenathus for control of Arabia, defeating and killing him. He mentions no plot, but agrees that Zenobia's subsequent hostility to Rome was motivated by revenge. The _Historia Augusta_ relates that when Gallienus heard of Odenathus' assassination he sent a large army to the east under his praetorian prefect Heraclianus, ostensibly to secure the Persian border. Zenobia, not trusting Gallienus' intentions, intercepted and repelled Heraclianus, destroying much of his army. Alas, neither of these accounts is very trustworthy. Malalas is very confused about the reign of Gallienus and, given Gallienus' preoccupation with the Goths, the story of Heraclianus should also be discounted. Another tradition paints a quite different picture. Zonaras tells how Odenathus' nephew, publicly humiliated by his uncle for failing to observe due protocol during a hunt, killed both the Palmyrene prince and his eldest son, and was then himself put to death. In Syncellus there is no mention of a murdered son and the murderer bears the same name as the victim. 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now discontinued, and arsenical solution in four-minim doses resumed. The subsequent progress of the case, though tedious, and so far disappointing, may be told in a few sentences. On the 1st of November, and on several occasions during the rest of that month, there occurred a renewal of the choreal state, which had not indeed absolutely disappeared, though it was often so trivial and even absent as to encourage the hope of an early recovery. Arsenic was perseveringly employed, with a carefully-regulated diet and general management, but on each occasion, of which three were noted, when an exacerbation of the choreic condition arose, a marked abatement of the muscular action resulted from the administration of small and hourly-repeated doses of tincture of hemp, relief sometimes arising so speedily as within six or eight hours. On one occasion the improvement was not decided for three or four days. In the beginning of December, rheumatic symptoms recurred with slight febrile action and articular pains and renewal of choreic agitation. At the same time, marked excitement of the heart's action was renewed, and now, for the first time, a faint soft diastolic murmur, indicative of aortic regurgitation, was with difficulty perceived. A weak solution of acetate and nitrate of potash was administered, and grain doses of opium four or five times in twenty-four hours. Pain arid fever abated, but not the spasmodic movement, and on the third day afterwards six-minim doses of tincture of hemp were given every two hours, followed by an immediate decrease of the chorea, which at once declined to its slightest degree in two or three days. The patient now presented more marked indications of returning health. The state of mental lethargy into which she had early lapsed was now passing off; her appetite was revived, and on the 20th December she was able to be out of bed and to walk with assistance. Small doses of the iodide of potassium with the infusion of quassia were given, and improvement went on uninterruptedly; she did not, however, cast off the choreic jerk and awkwardness till the second week of January 1869. She has since had a very comfortable convalescence, but the diastolic murmur noted above continues strongly developed. In the remarks I have to offer on this case, I confine myself to the points which illustrate the value and application of cannabis Indica in the treatment of choreal spasm. It is well said by Dr. Hughes, that each case of chorea, like each case of every other disease, should be separately studied; and though it may be regarded as one of a class, should still be viewed as a distinct individual of the class. In the case of my patient, the general characteristics of the attack point it out as an example of a large class of cases in which acute rheumatism constitutes the primary and originating source of chorea, while its special features simply declare the degree of chorea, with its repeated recurrences, and the unusual violence of agitation, to have been more than ordinarily severe, without any such personal or inherited constitutional peculiarity as exists in certain forms of this and of other nervous diseases. Connected with the severity of the chorea, an inquiry of some difficulty arises out of the condition of the heart, particularly its disturbed action in the early stage, and the endocarditic lesion which occurred later, and which declared its presence only with the renewed rheumatic attack in the beginning of December. At the time of her admission and subsequently, notwithstanding the extra-ordinary hurry of the heart's action, I persuaded myself that there was no organic nor inflammatory lesion, and I came to the conclusion that the severity of the choreic state had extended to the heart. The evidences of endocarditis subsequently developed cast doubt on my view of the previously choreic state of the heart; and there does not appear to be any means of solving the question beyond the opinion of those who saw the patient. It certainly seems unlikely that endocarditis capable of causing such extreme disturbance of the heart's action should have existed, unaccompanied from the outset by other indications of its presence. This point possesses some interest in connexion with the view advanced by Dr. Russell Reynolds, that Indian hemp has been

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of no service in those affections of mind, sensation, or motility, which are simply functional in their character, or, at all events, have no established morbid anatomy. On the other hand, that it has afforded notable relief in cases where organic disease existed. I do not agree with this view, but it would be beside my object to discuss it here. On the supposition, however, that the view is a sound one, it suggests that, in my patient, the organic lesion had originated in the heart at an early stage of the attack, and, consequently, the beneficial effects of the cannabis were so readily exerted. On the whole, the conclusion is a fair one, that endocarditis was present earlier than appeared; though still, I cling to the view that the disturbed action was, in the first instance, functional and choreic. The practical interest of my case, however, consists in the illustration it affords of the special use and application of cannabis in the treatment of choreal spasm, and of the mode in which the remedy may be administered in many cases, if not in all. I have already remarked on the mistake, as it seems to me, of looking for general curative results in this or in any disease from the mere general application of special therapeutic observation or experience. I think the cases and cures of chorea by tincture of hemp reported, to whlch I have referred, illustrate the fallacy of such reasonings; but, on the other hand, the case of my patient suggests that there is a special, and perhaps a frequently useful, application of the drug in such circumstances. The impression which the case leaves on my mind is, that cannabis has a peculiar value and power in controlling the irregular movements of chorea, which ever and again are terribly distressing, and possibly even dangerous, to the patient; and it would be of no small moment to determine the extent and limit of its influence, and to ascertain whether or not choreic action, even in slighter cases, might not be moderated by this remedy. The result of repeated trial in my patient seems to show, on the one hand, that the violence of choreal action was speedily moderated; and the protracted duration of the case, on the other hand, makes it sufficiently evident that the virtue of the remedy did not reach farther in the direction of removal and radical cure of the disease. This points to an important question in the treatment of chorea, which has been mooted by many writers on the subject, viz., how far the chorea is to be dealt with as an independent condition, and how far its treatment and removal will be best achieved by the treatment of the diseased state out of which it has sprung? I think that systematic writers and clinical lecturers have dealt with the subject of chorea too much as an independent disease, and that the late Dr. Babington, of London, in his justly-admired paper on chorea, indicated a sound and philosophic principle, when he advised that when the disease has arisen by metastasis of rheumatism, it should be treated in the same way as pericarditis is treated. Recognising, then, the principle that our chief aim in the treatment is to combat the constitutional state, or the local disease in connexion with which the chorea has arisen, I conclude farther, from the case I have read, that an important aim must sometimes, if not at all times, be to allay the severity of the choreal state by the use of cannabis, or by other means. On this point, I cannot resist quoting from M. Trousseau his earnest utterances in the behalf of tartar emetic as a means of subduing the violence of choreal agitation: "Unfortunately,"says that learned physician, "there are cases in which the convulsive agitation is of such violence that all known means are without avail, and the physician too often sees poor young girls perish miserably, the skin rubbed and deeply ulcerated by incessant friction, that no appliance can obviate. But surely, in such circumstances, cannabis Indica is a far more appropriate remedy than tartar emetic, affording, as M. Trousseau adds, "if though only in exceptional cases, a chance of success where we appeared impotent." The limit of the therapeutic action of cannabis Indica in these cases is incidentally indicated, with a thoroughly practical wisdom, by Dr Williams and by Dr Wals

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July 2, 2019|Newsletter Feature, Science News MIRA at three years: maximizing NIGMS' research investment by Jon R. Lorsch The National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) is the home of fundamental biomedical research at the National Institutes of Health. Three years ago, we launched MIRA (short for Maximizing Investigators' Research Awards), an important experiment in how we fund research. Here I describe the rationale for that program and take a look at how it's meeting our goals. With an annual budget of more than $2.8 billion, NIGMS is always looking for ways to invest optimally in a broad and diverse research portfolio. When I first came to the NIGMS in 2013, the primary mechanism used to support investigator-initiated research was the traditional R01 grant, which funds distinct projects with specific aims. While this funding mechanism is well suited to some types of research, it does not allow scientists to easily explore new directions. Researchers who want to pursue a new idea must apply for another grant to fund it. Not only does this create inefficiencies for investigators, the project-based funding model doesn't reflect how research is actually conducted. For example, who can actually predict what experiments they will be doing next month, let alone four years from now? I felt the time had come to examine an alternative funding model to ensure we were using taxpayer dollars as efficiently as possible. After consultation with internal and external stakeholders, we set out on an experiment to transform how we support fundamental biomedical research, moving away from a mechanism that funds specific projects to one with broader reach. Through the novel MIRA program we began funding grants that supported the program of research in an investigator's lab that falls within the NIGMS mission. We hoped that this new way of funding would provide scientists with more flexibility to "follow their noses" and allow them to explore new directions as promising observations and ideas arise during the course of their studies. We also expected the program would enable NIGMS to support a larger number of talented researchers, including more early-career investigators. So far, the results are promising. There are two types of MIRAs: one for established investigators, and another for early-stage investigators (ESIs). Both programs offer five years of support; for established investigators, this is one year more than a typical R01 grant. Awards to established investigators are generally in the range of $250,000 to $400,000 direct costs per year, although some are higher. Most MIRAs for ESIs are for $250,000 direct costs per year, about $40,000 more than the typical ESI R01. Both programs offer grants that can be renewed at the end of the 5-year project period. Unlike the R01, MIRA applications do not have specific aims. Instead, applicants must describe the overall research questions they're interested in exploring and discuss their past productivity. In other words, applicants should describe why the questions they want to answer are important ones and why they are the right people to answer them. MIRA applications are evaluated based on the importance of the proposed research and the researcher's record of accomplishments relative to his or her career stage. Upon receiving a MIRA, grantees are not eligible to apply for most other types of NIGMS research grants and must dedicate at least 51% of their research effort to MIRA-funded work. Ultimately, MIRA is designed to produce a more stable, flexible, and efficient research environment because it allows scientists to focus more on productivity and innovation—to take scientific risks and to pursue important, new scientific questions that arise during the course of their research. It also aims to reduce the time scientists spend writing and reviewing grant applications, freeing up time to focus on research, training, and mentoring. The MIRA program has now been running for three full fiscal years and, overall, is meeting our intended goals. You can learn more about MIRA review and funding outcomes to date in our recent Feedback Loop blog post (https://bit.ly/2KtjCx0). We also recently outlined our plans for the next MIRA funding opportunity announcement, which will be the first one that covers renewal applications (https://bit.ly/2VxiKso). As part of this plan, we intend to keep success rates for MIRA renewals higher than

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The Wolf That Changed America - The Photographs and Artwork of Ernest Thompson Seton Explore more from this episode More All images courtesy of Philmont Museum – Seton Memorial Library Cimarron, New Mexico A gift of Mrs. Julia M. Seton Lobo After His Capture The image is a photograph that Seton took of Lobo after his capture near the headquarters of the L Cross F Ranch which belonged to Louis Fitz-Rudolph. The photograph details the stark landscape in which the wolf met his demise, as well as the ensnared wolf cowering away from the Seton as he shot the photograph. This is the image that would remain with Seton long after the event. Publicity Shot of Ernest Thompson Seton Publicity photograph of Ernest Thompson Seton at the peak of his career taken in New York in 1906. E.T. Seton, Lecturer Publicity photo of Seton advertising his lecture series. "The Black Wolf of the Currumpaw" "The Black Wolf of the Currumpaw" oil painting (1894). One of the most detailed and captivating oil paintings produced by Seton shortly after Lobo was trapped on January 31, 1894. The detail Seton put into this painting exemplifies Seton's interest in Lobo. This image would appear on the cover of The World of Ernest Thompson Seton, edited by John G. Samson and published by Alfred A. Knopf in New York, 1976. Early Cover of Wild Animals I Have Known An early cover of Wild Animals I Have Known, in which Seton included the story of Lobo. The story marked the beginning of a new writing style for Seton, in which he began to abandon his use of applying anthropomorphic qualities to the animals of his stories. Blanca, Lobo's Mate A photograph of Blanca, Lobo's mate (1894). "Within a mile or so, we came up, and found that the little wolf in the trap was Blanca safe and sure. Lobo was with her running alongside. He would not leave her. But when he saw the men coming with guns, he knew he was powerless. He called her to follow, and led up the side of the hill to the mesa. She did follow for a time, until the horns of the big beef head caught in the rocks and held her. Then she had to turn and face us. "Just then, up came the sun, and shone full on her. I saw now what a beautiful creature she was – pure white. I used my camera, and made the lasting record given." (Trail of an Artist-Naturalist – the autobiography of Ernest Thompson Seton; pg 336, Charles Scribner's Sons, NY 1941). The two photographs of Lobo and Blanca were later used by Seton to symbolize the extermination of wolves from the southern plains. It was this event in which Seton began to realize he had killed "his kindred" in cold blood. "Lobo and Blanca" Pen and ink with tempera (1894). "Wolf Study" Pen and ink with water color (1896). "The Kill" Pen and ink (1893). The observed New Mexico wolf pack attacking a cow. Pen and ink (date unknown). The wolf paw would eventually become incorporated into Seton's signature to express his symbolic kinship to the wolf. "The Persuit (La Poursuite)" Oil (1895). In his autobiography, Seton said that he painted this large oil trying to imagine how a pack of wolves would look from the rear of a speeding Russian trapper's sleigh. The painting was begun in 1894. The scene was derived from a story he later published in Forest and Stream titled, "The Baron and the Wolves." Although the painting's meaning is ambiguous, one scholar has postulated that Seton "meant to show wicked men pursued by vengeful wolves retaliating against man's destruction of nature." Several preliminary sketches, wolf studies, and color schemes were used in preparing for this painting. After its completion in January 1895, it was submitted for hanging in the Grand Salon of Paris. The painting was rejected, perhaps because the message was not easily understood. Nevertheless, several of the preliminary

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With Acorda Acorda Compliance Biotie EFPIA Discolsures Message From Diversity and Policy on Access to Unapproved Medicines ARCUS® Technology AMPYRA® (dalfampridine) INBRIJA™ (levodopa inhalation powder) BTT1023 (timolumab) CVT-427 FDA Issues Complete Response Letter for PLUMIAZ™, Investigational Medicine for Epilepsy Cluster Seizures Download this Press Release (PDF 142 KB) - Acorda Therapeutics Committed to Working with FDA ARDSLEY, N.Y.--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Acorda Therapeutics, Inc. (Nasdaq:ACOR) today announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a Complete Response Letter (CRL) for the New Drug Application (NDA) for PLUMIAZTM (diazepam) Nasal Spray for the treatment of people with epilepsy who experience cluster seizures. A CRL is a communication from the FDA that informs a company that their review of the NDA is complete and the application cannot be approved in its present form. The Company is currently developing a response to address the items outlined in the letter. "There is an urgent need for new treatments for people with epilepsy who experience cluster seizures. We are committed to the development and commercialization of PLUMIAZ, a potential therapeutic option for these individuals," said Ron Cohen , M.D., Acorda's President and CEO. "We are evaluating the Complete Response Letter and expect to work closely with the FDA to address the items outlined in the letter and refile the NDA for PLUMIAZ. We expect to provide further detail as our discussions with the FDA progress." Based on the requirements for approval outlined in the letter, the Company does not expect PLUMIAZ to receive FDA approval in 2014. Of the approximately 2.8 million people in the United States with epilepsy, it is estimated that about 175,000 experience cluster seizures, also known as acute repetitive seizures or bouts of increased seizure activity. These patients may experience cluster seizures even though they generally are on stable regimens of antiepileptic medications (AEDs). Currently, many of these individuals do not find the currently available outpatient therapy acceptable and default to emergency room care or no care at all. PLUMIAZ potentially offers a more viable treatment option. PLUMIAZ has received orphan drug designation for the treatment of cluster seizures. Epilepsy is a neurological condition that produces seizures affecting a variety of mental and physical functions. Seizures are symptoms of abnormal brain activity, and occur when a brief, strong surge of electrical activity affects part or all of the brain. About Acorda Therapeutics Founded in 1995, Acorda Therapeutics is a biotechnology company focused on developing therapies that improve the lives of people with neurological disorders. Acorda markets three FDA-approved therapies including: AMPYRA® (dalfampridine) Extended Release Tablets, 10 mg, a treatment to improve walking in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS); ZANAFLEX CAPSULES® (tizanidine hydrochloride) and Zanaflex tablets, a short-acting drug for the management of spasticity; and QUTENZA® (capsaicin) 8% Patch, for the management of neuropathic pain associated with postherpetic neuralgia. AMPYRA is marketed outside the United States as FAMPYRA® (prolonged-release fampridine tablets) by Biogen Idec under a licensing agreement from Acorda. Acorda has one of the leading pipelines in the industry of novel neurological therapies. The Company is currently developing six clinical-stage therapies and one preclinical stage therapy that address a range of disorders including post-stroke deficits, epilepsy, stroke, peripheral nerve damage, spinal cord injury, neuropathic

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Medical Scheme & Health Insurance Health toolkit Business Intelligence Systems Employer Healthcare Solutions Markets Regulation and Policy Strategic Analytics The Diagnostic Mortality Audit Process (DMAP)™ Insight2018-08-31T08:37:00+00:00 All, Research Like: 0 By Dr Gareth Kantor & Dr Michele Youngleson No hospital in the world provides perfect care. We believe the best hospitals are those that strive continuously to improve and to make care safer. The management of a large client South African hospital embraced this challenge. They agreed to work with us to develop better systems for learning about, and improving, patient safety in their facility. Our initial focus was on preventable mortality using what we call a Diagnostic Mortality Audit Process (DMAP)™. The Stratification Matrix Not all deaths in hospital are unexpected. Many are the predictable outcome of serious illness and/or occur at the end of a healthy life. Using an approach first described by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement1 our first step was to identify patients who were receiving palliative care before the time of death. These deaths in hospital may suggest problems in end of life care both in the hospital and in the community, as most patients given the choice prefer to die at home surrounded by loved ones2. The second step was to identify patients admitted to the ICU. These deaths may identify opportunities to apply known and proven improvement techniques, such as for the prevention of line-related bloodstream infection or ventilator-associated pneumonia. Preventable deaths in general wards may point to other problems, with risk assessment and in the quality and reliability of ward level care1. For example, some deaths can be characterised as "failure to rescue", the situation where signs of clinical deterioration, such as changes in heart rate, blood pressure or breathing, are unrecognised, or response is delayed. In these circumstances, an Early Warning Score that activates a Rapid Response Team3 is a useful intervention, helping to trigger additional monitoring, resuscitation, transfer to ICU and definitive treatment. Mapping the patient journey After separating the last 50 cases of mortality into recipients of palliative care, and ICU or non-ICU patients the hospital team, working in small groups, visually mapped each patient journey from pre-admission through the hospital to the point of death. This exercise makes it easier to identify and piece together relevant pre-hospital factors, entry points, investigations, procedures, wards and management, and resuscitation attempts that contributed to the final outcome. At the same time, the team used our adaptation of the IHI Global Trigger Tool4 to flag specific occurrences in the patient journey that suggest risk. Triggers, such as an unplanned return to theatre, or use of the opioid reversal drug naloxone, were assessed during the team-based review of each patient's folder. We also provided a "3 x 3 model" to identify harm that has occurred by omission or by commission. This model describes 3 kinds of delays, 3 types of defects and 3 failures. For reviewing resuscitations, we asked the team to pose three questions in each case: "What went well?", "What could have gone better?", and "What will we do differently next time?" This comprehensive mortality audit approach helped the team to prioritise, through the initial stratification exercise, and to identify system factors associated with serious preventable harm in their hospital through a detailed drill-down view of each case. Action Period During the subsequent four-month Action Period the team was tasked with establishing the routine use of this model for mortality reviews to identify problems, understand the root causes of the problems and introduce changes to address the care gaps. What did they learn? The improvement team enthusiastically embraced these methods, allocating time each Friday afternoon in the subsequent four months for the group to review each case, and then to shift from retrospective audit to a closer to real-time review of cases for prompt action. Within the 4-month Action Period, as a result of these reviews and application of the audit tools, the team identified a number of issues which they began to make the focus of their quality improvement (QI) program, and which quickly generated ideas for change. Issues and interventions included: – Improved triage of trauma patients in casualty

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– Better identification of at risk patients in casualty and wards – Improving heart attack diagnosis and time to definitive management in the cardiac catheterisation lab – Improving emergency skills such as intubation – Innovative suggestions for mentoring of ER physicians by specialists – Increasing the percentage of obstetrician-attended births – Improving the timing and reliability of response to critical laboratory results. The DMAP™ also revealed delays with insurance authorisation that could have harmed patients and created risk for the organisation. Expectations around the time within which a patient should be seen by the admitting surgeon or physician have been adjusted. QI requires teamwork and is about change. This particular hospital has the asset of a strong and committed management team who work well together. They are focused on the success of their facility and safety of their patients and are empowered to make change, take decisions independently and act quickly. Electronic data systems can play a vital role QI also requires data. Our client hospital has the distinct advantage of a custom electronic information system that can be programmed for functionality as needed, for example to provide a list of recent deaths, with admission dates, length of stay, triggers and diagnoses. Using this capability, they designed and introduced an innovative electronic "shift report" tool which prompts staff to identify triggers and provides the opportunity to comment, resulting in approximately 6,000 entries over the initial 6 weeks of use. The information is summarised in a table making it easy for the next shift and management to quickly identify at risk patients for attention. Anecdotally, it appears that patient satisfaction scores have improved in wards where the shift report has been readily adopted. This generalised intervention has the potential to reduce preventable harm across the hospital. A safer hospital for patients – and a healthy organisational culture for staff and patients The health services literature documents a consistent association between positive organisational cultures and clinical outcomes, including reduced mortality rates5. Elements of culture associated with success include: fostering a learning environment, offering sustained and visible senior management support to clinical teams and services, ensuring that staff across the organisation feel "psychologically safe" and able to speak up when things are felt to be going wrong. We believe that the tools for learning about safety are helping to build this kind of culture at our client hospital and that this will contribute to greater safety and better outcomes. Both patients and staff will the beneficiaries of this initiative. We look forward to seeing the results – the data – and to helping other hospitals in South Africa to try this new approach. To learn more about the Diagnostic Mortality Audit Process (DMAP)™, contact: Dr Gareth Kantor [email protected] +27-(0)761207560 1. Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Reducing Hospital Mortality Rates.; 2009. 2. Gomes B, Calanzani N, Gysels M, Hall S, Higginson IJ. Heterogeneity and changes in preferences for dying at home: a systematic review. BMC Palliat Care. 2013;12(1):7. doi:10.1186/1472-684X-12-7. 3. Winters BD, Weaver SJ, Pfoh ER, Yang T, Pham JC, Dy SM. Rapid-Response Systems as a Patient Safety Strategy. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(5_Part_2):417. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-158-5-201303051-00009. 4. Griffin F, Resar R. IHI Global Trigger Tool for Measuring Adverse Events.; 2009. 5. Mannion R, Smith J. Hospital culture and clinical performance: where next? BMJ Qual Saf. 2017;epub ahead(December):1-3. doi:10.1136/ bmjqs-2017-007668. HASA – Intl utilisation benchmarking This project was commissioned by the Hospital Association of South Africa (HASA). The aim of the project is to compare... read more The lights go out one by one Shivani Ranchod I have

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How many treatment will I need? How often do I have to come? Treatment plans are tailored to each individual patient and are entirely dependent on the measure of wellness that needs to be achieved. With reference to the pre-assessment form, Dr Dan maps out the wellness journey prior to the initial consultation. It is uncommon for treatment to be adequately delivered in less than 4 treatments. Pre-conception patients are advised to attend Zenkai twice per month follicular stimulation and ovulation points in the cycle. Initial consultation is a one hour session dedicated to discussing responses and results from the pre-assessment questionnaire. The results are derived from a comprehensive Traditional Chinese Medicine analysis, in addition to discussion of patients goals, the wellness journey plan is defined. The consult also includes application of required Traditional Chinese Medicine, kinesiology and herbal prescription. Follow on consultations are an hour in length and consist of therapies discussed under the wellness plan, these may included a combination of acupuncture, kinesiology and herbal consultation / dispensing. To assist in effectiveness patients are left to rest after acupuncture is applied. Dr Dan prides herself on adhering her appointment schedule, practicing on time, all the time, is a mark of respect for the value of her patients time. Although needles are the key instrument of acupuncture, the needles used are very different from the mostly commonly recognised hypodermic needle. Where hypodermic needles are large enough to consist of a tube for injecting / extracting fluid, acupuncture needles have a sole purpose of surface layer insertion, they have no hole and as such are intricately fine. Each needle is only used once, and is packaged in a small guide tube which acts to protect and guide the needle into place. Needles are administered by a gentle tap/flick which implants them into the surface epidermal layer of the skin. At Zenkai, Dr Dan only uses the highest quality, fine stainless steel needles, which have an optimally smooth surface to deliver minimal sensation during needling. The sensation of acupuncture can only be described as subtle – if at all. It is common for a dull numbness, tingling or tightness to be experienced which is referred to as "de qi" in Chinese. Dr Dan has mastered a very gentle needling technique, which results in a very mild de qi sensation. When the needle passes through the skin it is common for patients to no have any awareness of the needling, some may experience a slight pricking, if there is any sharpness patients are strongly encouraged to advise Dr Dan so she can adjust the technique for improved comfort. Upon removal of needles it is very rare to see bleeding as the needles are not administered to puncture veins or arteries. Do I need to disrobe clothing? Patient comfort during treatment is a priority at Zenkai. Needling is conducted on targeted areas of the body, so if disrobing is required it is often concentrated. If more extensive disrobing is required it will be done with minimal exposure and coverings applied to ensure privacy and warmth. At any point, advise Dr Dan if the level of comfort is not satisfactory. The Zenkai experience is enhanced if the patient is in comfortable clothing, as loose clothing assists in the treatments being delivered more effectively. Attend with any Western Medical finding and medications that are not already attached to the pre-assessment questionnaire. For fertility journey's attend with a diary of recent menstrual cycles. What do I need to do before my 1st consultation? The preparation required prior to initial consultation is submission of the completed pre-assessment form at least 24 hours prior to treatment. The new patient questionnaire provides background information, which ensures the consult can be an active treatment session as opposed to a briefing. How do I pay, do you accept private health insurance? What are your fees? Skype/phone consultations: fees $2-3 per min depending on what is required. Patient order form is where patients can organize herbs to be courier directly to their door within 24hr anywhere in AUS/NZ. We offer International delivery – a quote will be sent. Payment is required on the day of consultation by cash, cheque or EFTPOS. HICAPS

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is available for on the day claims – the value of which depends on individuals level of cover. For insurance funds that don't participate in HICAPS a receipt will be provided to place the claim directly with the insurer. Refund estimations are not possible and will depend on each individual's type and level of cover. We encourage contact with health insurer to determine refund amounts. Do you have to go somewhere else to get my herbs/supplements? Prescribed herbs / supplements are all stocked in house. Only practitioner products are available which are of the highest quality, therapeutic strength and and have research based clinical effectiveness. What are your opening hours, location? Other hours can be made by arrangement. Our address is 48 Strathclyde Crescent, Woodend VICTORIA 3442, look out for the yellow letterbox. We are located in the beautiful village of Woodend. Tranquil countryside views from one of the architecturally designed Japanese indoor courtyards are the ultimate environment to begin your natural healing therapy. Adequate private parking is available for patients of Zenkai. Car parking are located at the end of the winding driveway, and provides convenient access to Zenkai entrance. Zenkai is an appointment only practice, appointment confirmation request is issued 48 hours prior to scheduled appointment. We understand that circumstances can be beyond control in some situations, however, Dr Dan has a waiting list of patients eager for consultations. Last minute cancellations have a negative knock on effect, resulting in loss of income and a missed opportunity for a patient awaiting appointment availability. As such Zenkai enforce a 24 hour cancellation policy, where appointments cancelled, missed or changes within the 24 hours in the lead up to a scheduled appointment will incur a cancellation penalty fee of $50. Zenkai, will make an allowance for special circumstances these include going into labour or a cancellation of embryo transfer. How soon can I get an appointment? Is there a waiting list? As a boutique solo practitioner practice we have an ongoing waiting list of approximately 2 weeks. After hours appointments are available, we are experiencing high demand for after hours appointments. The waiting list can incur an extended waiting period. For very specific schedule requirements we recommend that you keep your appointment booked well ahead to ensure the most convenient time is always achievable. We get results. Success rate is in direct proportion to commitment. This question is particularly relevant in the context of patients attending Zenkai for fertility treatment. Dr Dan commits to achieving results, delivering support, advice, encouragement and guidance along the wellness journey. However if the patient does not embrace the same level of commitment results can be impacted. Dr Dan places a focus from early on, around connection and empowering the patient through knowledge, resonating with the treatment is important and should be addressed if barriers are building. A willingness to believe, seek and be comfortable, along with proactive actions to implement prescribed lifestyle changes, plays a significant part in the success of treatment. Dr Dan has had the great the fortune of attracting patients who resonate with Zenkai treatments, resulting in over 450 births to date. We are trying to conceive? Conception and health are intricately intertwined. Undertaking lifestyle changes with a long term health plan will add to facilitating conception. I am pregnant should I continue treatment? Early pregnancy is a highly critical time in the formation and development of new life. We recommend pregnancy treatment particularly for the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. During which treatment is focused around strategies to reduce the chance of miscarriage, therapies to help alleviate of pregnancy symptoms and recommendations for herbs and nutrients that are highly beneficial during pregnancy. Research has shown Acupuncture to assist in the live birth rate of babies, particularly in women undergoing IVF. The effect of acupuncture at the time of embryo transfer is well documented, however evidence regarding the impact of acupuncture across the full scope of IVF is yet to be comprehensively investigated. At Zenkai we focus on fostering long term wellness and as such encourage patients to receive the best possible outcome though ongoing treatment during and after pregnancy. In the precious weeks leading up to the due date, it

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Are lung nodules common after Bendeka & Rituxan therapy? Medically reviewed by Carmen Fookes, BPharm. Last updated on May 14, 2020. Official Answer by Drugs.com Lung nodules are not commonly found after Bendeka and Rituxan therapy. Rarely, interstitial lung disease has been reported with rituximab treatment, and in a couple of cases people were taking bendamustine (Bendeka) as well. Lung nodules are commonly found during routine x-rays, showing up on one in every 500 x-rays. Most are benign (noncancerous). Although there have been a few case reports of interstitial lung disease (ILD) developing following Rituximab (RTX) therapy, it is considered a rare complication of rituximab therapy but one that doctors should monitor for because it may be potentially fatal. Published case reports mostly reported ILD happening in people taking Rituximab; however, at least two reported the combination of rituximab and bendamustine (Bendeka), for example: A 71-year-old man who developed ILD one month after finishing two treatment cycles of RTX and bendamustine with a 2-week interval A 63-year-old man who had weekly RTX for 4 weeks, followed by a combination of RTX and bendamustine. Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) is an umbrella term for a large group of lung diseases that cause scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs. Scarring makes it difficult to breathe and get oxygen to the bloodstream. What is a lung nodule? A lung nodule is a small round or oval solid overgrowth of tissue in the lungs that is seen on an X-ray or computed tomography (CT) scan. Nodules are common and they show up on about one in every 500 chest x-rays. There may be just one solitary nodule or there may be several. Lung nodules may be benign (noncancerous) or cancerous. Nodules are more likely to be benign if: They are small There is calcium in the nodule You are younger than 40 You do not smoke. Bendeka (bendamustine) Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. https://www.drugs.com/pro/bendeka.html#s-34090-1 Bendamustine Chemocare. http://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/drug-info/bendamustine.aspx Bendeka (bendamustine) Medical News Today. 2020 https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/bendeka; Uma Maheswari Krishnaswamy, Vinayak V. Maka, Murali Subramanian, et al. Rituximab Induced Interstitial Lung Disease in Patients with Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: A Clinical Study of Six Cases and Review of the Literature Lymphoma, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/160421 Related Medical Questions How will I feel after a Rituxan infusion? What are the new drugs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)? How long does it take for Rituxan to work? How does the drug Rituxan work? How do you prepare for a Rituxan infusion? How many biosimilars have been approved in the United States? What is the difference between Truxima and Rituxan? What is the success rate of Rituxan (rituximab) in patients with blood cancers? What causes infusion reactions to rituximab? What is the success rate of Rituxan (rituximab) in rheumatoid arthritis? What is the difference between Rituxan and Rituxan Hycela? Rituxan Bendamustine Bendeka Related Support Groups Rituxan (17 questions, 94 members)

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Movies in Abilene: 'Alita: Battle Angel' and 'Isn't It Romantic' Nathaniel Ellsworth 'ALITA: BATTLE ANGEL' (Premiere 10, Century 12, Cinemark) An abandoned machine seeks clues to its past. Action sci-fi with Rosa Salazar and Christoph Waltz. PG-13. 122 minutes. Not reviewed. 'HAPPY DEATH DAY 2U' (Premiere 10, Century 12, Cinemark) A woman tries to break a time loop that keeps resulting in her death. Horror with Jessica Roth, Ruby Modine and Israel Broussard. PG-13. 100 minutes. Not reviewed. 'ISN'T IT ROMANTIC' (Premiere 10, Century 12, Cinemark) A woman finds herself trapped in a romance movie. Comedy with Rebel Wilson, Liam Hemsworth and Adam Devine. PG-13. 88 minutes. Not reviewed. 'AQUAMAN' (Century 12, Cinemark) The son of the queen of Atlantis and a lighthouse keeper tries to prevent a war between the undersea kingdom and the surface world. Action adventure with Jason Momoa, Amber Heard and Willem Dafoe. PG-13. 143 minutes. ★★½ 'BUMBLEBEE' (Century 12) A young woman becomes friends with a damaged alien robot in the 1980s. Action adventure with Hailee Steinfeld, Dylan O'Brien and John Cena. PG-13. 113 minutes. Not reviewed. 'COLD PURSUIT' (Premiere 10, Cinemark) A ski resort's snowplow driver goes after the drug cartel responsible for his son's death. Action with Liam Neeson and Laura Dern. R. 118 minutes. Not reviewed. 'A DOG'S WAY HOME' (Premiere 10) A lost dog travels across the country searching for its home. Family adventure with Bryce Dallas Howard. PG. 96 minutes. Not reviewed. 'GLASS' (Premiere 10, Century 12, Cinemark) A man with the power of immortality takes on a pair of budding supervillains. Sci-fi drama with Bruce Willis, Samuel L. Jackson and James McAvoy. PG-13. 129 minutes. ★★ 'GREEN BOOK' (Premiere 10) A black pianist and his white driver bond while traveling around the South. Biographical drama with Mahershala Ali and Viggo Mortensen. PG-13. 130 minutes. ★★★½ 'THE LEGO MOVIE 2: THE SECOND PART' (Premiere 10, Century 12, Cinemark) The residents of Bricksburg try to recover after the destruction of their home by Duplo invaders. Animated adventure with Chris Pratt, Elizabeth Banks and Will Arnett. PG. 106 minutes. ★★★ 'MISS BALA' (Century 12, Cinemark) A young woman becomes caught up in a life of crime at the border. Thriller with Gina Rodriguez and Ismael Cruz Cordova. PG-13. ★★ 'THE MULE' (Premiere 10) An elderly man becomes a drug courier. Drama with Clint Eastwood, Bradley Cooper and Taissa Farmiga. R. 116 minutes. Not reviewed. 'THE PRODIGY' (Century 12, Cinemark) A woman comes to believe that her son is possessed by an evil force. Horror with Taylor Schilling and Jackson Robert Scott. R. Not reviewed. 'RALPH BREAKS THE INTERNET' (Century 12) A pair of arcade game characters take a trip to the internet. Animated comedy with John C. Reilly and Sarah Silverman. PG. 112 minutes. ★★★ 'THE UPSIDE' (Premiere 10, Century 12, Cinemark) A man, paralyzed from the neck down, forms a friendship with the

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1,330,772

0

CommonCrawl

2

16

Ryan_Mason Characteristics that differentiate media from one another (5). Audience, Time, Display & Distribution, Distance, and Storage Synchronous Instant/live Recorded. Not live. Opposite of synchronous. Generate revenue from newer delivery systems. Cognitive effects of media Electronic media exposes us to a flood of information. Emotional effects of media Electronic media influence attitudes. Behavioral effects of media Electronic media persuade us to change our behavior or induce us to action. The number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubled approximately every 2 years. IBOC (In-band, On-channel) A system that enables broadcasters to use their existing frequencies to broadcast in digital and analog at the same time. The ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media in a variety of forms, and the understanding of the meaning of the content, the power, intent, and influence of the media. The process that a company follows to increase its audience share and revenue by increasing the number of outlets. When a company expands its business into areas that are at different points on the same production/distribution path. Scarcity Theory Congress retains the right to protect the electromagnetic spectrum on behalf of all the people. First officially licensed commercial radio station. KDKA in Pittsburgh, PA. Chain Broadcasting/Network One station sends signal to another station via telephone lines; content broadcast simultaneously. Who and why referred to TV as a "vast wasteland"? Newton Minow referring to the quality of programming in 1961. Sets of data that are so large that traditional data processing procedures are inadequate. Payola Taking something of value in exchange for on-air presentation/promotion. Arrangements used to pay for syndicated programs. Cash purchase, Straight barter agreement, Cash-plus-barter arrangement. Instrumental Selection Goal oriented and content based. Viewers watch TV with a certain type of program in mind. Ritualistic Selection More habitual in nature. Viewers watch TV for the act of watching, without regard to program content. Tentpoling A popular program is scheduled between two new or poorly rated programs. Hammocking A new or poorly rated show is scheduled between two successful shows. Leading in The idea is to grab viewers' attention with a very strong program. Leading out A poorly rated program is scheduled after a popular show. A program is slotted to go over the starting time of a show on a competing network. A network schedules a succession of similar programs over a block of time. Seamless programming One program directly follows another, without a commercial break or beginning or ending credits. Counterprogramming One type of program, such as a drama, is scheduled against another type of a program, say, a sitcom, on another network. Head-to-head programming Two popular shows of the same genre are pitted against each other. A special program is scheduled against a highly rated, regular scheduled show on another network. Scheduling a program such as a movie to air several times during the week or even during the day. Used mostly by cable networks. When a program is shown at the same time 5 days a week. Normally used for syndicated programs. Vinton Cerf "Father of the Internet" Co-designed the TCP/IP Protocol. ICANN. Bob Kahn Co-designed the TCP/IP Protocol. Paul Baran & Donald Davies Packet-switching - provided for small data packets. "Father of the World Wide Web" Created Esquire - a memory substitute, hyperlinks, and URL. Developed Mosaic - the first Web browser. Ray Tomlinson Developed email. Gary Thuerk Invented Spam. What does URL stand for? Universal Resource Locator Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) Assigns top-level domains. Domain Name System (DNS) Assigns a text-based name to a numerical IP address: Top-level: Always last name (.edu) 2nd level: Domain name (.unt) 3rd level: (meangreen) Phone calls over the internet. Plain Old Telephone Service Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication

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0.646128

0.37447

-0.176508

[ -0.9062946325366938, -1.1364001046084855 ]

[ 0.5601779321010553, 0.7320782759067882 ]

[ 0.6128771412363506, 0.13606382846410806 ]

[ 0.019895581697082984, -0.37291132880910255 ]

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]

1,330,773

0

CommonCrawl

12

5

that is possible because of cloud computing and networks of data-gathering sensors, which can be placed in any 'thing'. Place shifting OTT services Streaming devices that let users remotely watch cable and satellite channels on an Internet-connected computer or mobile device. Packet-Switched Network The Internet takes bundles of data and breaks them up into small packets or chunks that travel through the network independently. The sender's computer is the origination point. Basically a powerful computer that provides continuous access to the Internet. A computer that links smaller networks and sorts each packet of data until the entire message is reassembled. Transmission Control Protocols/Internet Protocols (TCP/IP) Define how computers electronically transfer information to each other on the Internet. Cost per thousand (CPM) Generally used to sell print and broadcast media. One of the most widely used means of comparing the costs of advertising across different media. Upfront Market Networks begin selling time each spring for programs that will air during the fall season. Scatter Market Unsold time is offered to advertisers four times a year for the upcoming quarter. Opportunistic Market Advertisers buy time that comes up at the last minute. Clusters/Pods Several commercials between and within programs. Participations/Spots Commercials aired within a particular program. Companies pay to have their product used in or visible within a program scene. Spot Advertising Selling ad time within and between programs to several sponsors. Image Advertising Setting a product or brand perception in the consumer's mind with commercials that tell a story. Contextual Targeting Placing ads on topic-relevant Web sites. Behavioral Targeting The practice of monitoring and tracking online activity for the purpose of delivering ads tailored to a user's interests. Most common form of online advertising that optimizes ad targeting with paid placement on search engine results pages. National Spots Advertisers place their ads on individual stations in certain markets. Network Spots Advertisers that can afford it place their commercials on broadcast network programs to reach the largest possible audience. Local Spots Local advertisers place their ads where it will reach customers within a single market or geographic region. Represent moods. Characters that represent words. For User-Generated Content (UGC) to be considered social media, it must meet 3 primary standards. (1) UGC must be published on a publicly accessible web site, (2) UGC needs to show a certain amount of creative effort, and (3) It needs to have been created outside of professional routines and practices. Financial models for generating revenue for radio (7). The Per-Set Tax Model, The Voluntary Audience Contribution Model, The Government Subsidy or Ownership Model, The Toll Broadcasting Model, The Sponsorship Model, The Spot Advertising Model, and The Subscription Model. Components of the Broadcast Star Model Network affiliated station at the center, Syndicators, Network, Producers, Advertisers, Audience, FCC. Source of ethical guidelines some media outlets use as their guides. Ethical dilemmas media companies face. Reporting, Paying for interviews, Recreating news events, Using unnamed sources, Playing dirty tricks Steps to becoming an officially licensed broadcaster. The channel/frequency lottery, screening, auction for use of frequency. Factors considered by the FCC in determining whether or not to allow an existing licensee to keep their license. Employment practices and public file. Number of commissioners on the FCC. Maximum number of commissioners that can be affiliated with any one political party. Duopoly An ownership structure in which one licensee owns two or more stations in a local market area. Cross-Ownership An individual or company owning a newspaper and a broadcast station in the same market. Retransmission Consent Local television stations demanded the right for payment from the cable companies. Must-carry rule Local cable providers are required by the FCC to include all over-the-air television channels on the cable company's basic programming lineup. Types of Defamation (2) Libel and Slander Printed publication of offending words or images. O

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Tata Steel Ltd. agreed to buy smaller peer Usha Martin Ltd. for up to Rs 4,700 crore as it looks to double its capacity by 2022. The steel arm of the salt-to-software Tata Group will acquire the 1-million-tonne-per-annum business in an all-cash deal, it informed exchanges over the weekend. introduction of sinter plant of usha martin usha mill for coal CachedUsha Martin: Reports, Company History, Directors Report . the company is planning to invest in its iron ore and coal mines, sinter plant . introduction of sinter plant of usha martin. Sinter Plants Crusher . INTRODUCTION OF SINTER PLANT OF USHA MARTIN a sinter plant and coke the technology for the blast furnace and the sinter plant is from minitec . introduction of sinter plant of usha martin - Crushing plant. Wire Rope Manufacturer Wire Rope Steel Plant in Usha Martin. With a history of more than 50 years, the company has a global base of wire . The steel plant has iron ore beneficiation facility, Sinter Plant, Coke oven and. Sinter Plant, Raw materials Handling Plant, Rolling Mills, Conarc Fce, LRF, SAFce . More than 48 years association with Durgapur Steel Plant, Usha Martin, Korus; Engineering Solutions, Sunflag Industries. . Metalist is also very well supported by highly experienced associate engineering companies and speciaists from diverse fields. INTRODUCTION OF SINTER PLANT OF USHA MARTIN. usha mill for coal CachedUsha Martin: . Chat With Sales. bm6 usha mill two roller grinding machine manufacture. Roller Grinding Mills Usha Mill - blossomdevelopersin. bm6 usha mill two roller grinding machine manufactur list of usha grinding mill supplier - YouTube May 4, . Chat With Sales. sinter plant in usha martin industries. introduction of sinter plant of usha martin of gasbased sponge iron plant of Essar Steel Ltd, the world's largest sponge Usha Martin Industries a sinter plant . Sinter Cost and Hot Metal cost control, SLag Rate reduction measures. Innovative technologies in the area of Sinter Making. Technical in-charge of Ore beneficitaion, Pellet Plant, Sinter Plant, Blast . Hallmark - Wikipedia. A hallmark is an official mark or series of marks struck on items made of metal, mostly to certify the content of noble metals—such as platinum, gold, . crushing system in sinter plant . crusher use din sinter plant The final product a sinter is a small irregular nodule of iron mixed with -crusher use din sinter plant- crushing system in sinter plant Crusher crushing in sinter plant sand washing machine. . Jan 07, 2013 · sinter plant, pellet plant, power plants, . which was formed in India in the early 1960s with the establishment of Usha Martin Industries Limited . » More detailed Sha Martin Industries Limited – Jamshedpur – Ropes,Electrical . Introduction Of Sinter Plant Of Usha Martin- ZZMINE mining machinery. usha mills crusher division LinkedIn Steel Division at Usha Martin Ltd, basic principle of stone crusher Crushers, mills, INTRODUCTION OF SINTER PLANT OF USHA MARTIN Rolling, Usha Martin plans to cut steel production cost from March, steel . Usha Martin Final - moneycontrol, Usha Martin Limited (UML) Recommendation BUY Snapshot Usha Martin Ltd is a leading producer of specialty steel and, Power Plant of 435 MW which . Detailed Resumes - Metalist. Last position held in 2011 was COO at Usha Martin Limited, one of the largest . Lead the projects of 198 Sq. Mts Sinter Plant, 300 TPD Iron Ore washing Plant. list of stone crusher plant in andhra; mining equipment santa ana davao city ; crusher run in matang pagar ; highway construction equipment ; . introduction of sinter plant of usha martin ; small scale conveyor belt ; Contact Us. Address: No.201

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First I'm supposed to tell you who I am, so here goes: I'm Nathan Zeldes, an Applied Physicist turned IT Engineer. I'm a Principal Engineer at Intel, and for the past 12 years I've been driving R&D in the field of Computing Productivity, that fascinating no man's land where our nice, crisp computer technology meets the unpredictable, demanding, sometimes vexing yet always precious wetware that is our user base. When I'm not working, I actually manage to program computers for fun, and I have a collection of computing history; you can have a peek at http://www.nzeldes.com . Information Overload has been my arch-enemy for more than a decade; I identified it as a problem as early as 1995, when Windows-based email first arrived in my workplace and enabled people to send messages with large attachments to large lists with the click of a button. For many years I tried to solve this issue with "First generation" solutions – those involving training, indoctrination, tips and suggestions. It worked well, as far as it can, but there's a limit to what it can achieve; so more recently I'm working on more advanced solutions, like the "No Email on Friday" pilot that has captured the public's imagination recently. More on these later. I define Information Overload, or Infomania as it is informally called at times, as the problem that today's Information Intensity – the ubiquitous, rapid flow and exchange of information, communications, and the implicit tasks they impose – puts our knowledge workers and managers in a chronic state of anxiety that is exacting a heavy toll on their productivity as employees as well as on their personal well-being. This problem is caused primarily by the combination of two distinct phenomena: one is Queued incoming message overload, and the other is Distractions/interruptions. It is a universal problem: some years ago Fast Company magazine published an article about my work and I subsequently received email from about 100 organizations on four continents, including Fortune 500 giants and tiny partnerships, universities and high schools, municipalities, churches, government offices, charities… all wanting to hear more and sharing the same woeful tale. I co-founded the Information Overload Research Group, whose blog this is, because I am really passionate about reducing the problem's impact world wide – not only because that will allow people to be more effective at work, which it certainly will, but also because it will allow them to be happier, and spend more time with their families and doing the things for which they went to work in the first place. Have you heard anything more about this, I would be interested in reading an update. Great organization and blog! …Every morning, I arrive to about 200 e-mails and get a few hundred more before I go home. Most nights, I find myself checking e-mail all the way up until midnight just to get a head start on the next morning. I'm constantly apologizing for deleting e-mail from folks who call me to see if I received their e-mail. I'm in the news business — so it's my job to process large amounts of information — but sometimes the amount feels inhuman. I'll be following along here. Keep it up! Thanks, Bill! I certainly agree that first generation solutions are needed – my view is they may not suffice alone, hence the other category, but they are by no means superseded by it. In fact our "Quiet Time" pilot team demanded we throw in some etiquette training – they perceived the need. As to Interruptions being queued messages that get our attention – I must say I doubt it; an instant message is not queued if you ignore it, it just goes away (in most clients). Ditto for a coworker that pops into your cube. By contrast a SMS message does linger until opened, which makes it both an interruption and a queued message. Hi Nathan, I am very glad that I found IORG and I am looking forward to all the posts on this blog. I have recently started realizing that IO has a serious impact on my habits and how my ability to focus on a single task has diminished during the last year. Since I noticed that I started an independent research in order to determine what my problems are, and how I can deal with them. I took a few notes and wrote a draft article where I explain my findings. Unfortunately it is still a draft (so I started another

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thread, where I attempted to find out what is the cause of having so many unfinished projects, results are here: http://railean.net/index.php/2008/06/30/perfection_is_your_enemy_the_80_rule). I guess that I'll just halt everything and post a summary of my findings after submitting this comment. I am extremely glad that there are others who can confirm that IO is a new problem, so I am not alone. I would love to join the group meetings, but unfortunately I am in a remote geographical area. Would it be possible to make movie clips of the meetings and share them on the Internet? Nathan – great stuff. I couldn't make it to the conference from here in Western Australia, but we were represented there none the less. (2) Managing the activity that results after an email has actually hit your Inbox. (a) an enterprise wide-social contract as to how email should be used. This can be reflected in an Email Code of Conduct (one page, maybe 10 points) endorsed by the Board of Directors crafted after taking in the views of key stakeholders and constituencies. (d) a bit of training to give effect to the above. Not much, it isn't rocket science: 4 or 5 hours is enough. I am aware of Bill's materials. The Hamster Revolution is an excellent contribution to the armamentarium of First Generation approaches. Solving the second problem is all about cognitive remapping. Consider: it took 70 years for the telephone to become a mainstream consumer technology, 15 years for the fax and 18 months for email. The design of email technologies, which continues to this day, has encouraged a cognitive mapping of Send/Receive/File in the people who use them (i.e., all of us). This is a nonsense. Even Bill Gates is on record as saying that email has created an entire generation filing clerks! 99.99% percent of all email messages carry no value after the content has been communicated. At the point of reading an email communication it is what the reader needs to DO that becomes relevant. How is the resulting next action to be managed? What cognitive process should be followed to allow this next action to be achieved? The answer lies in the 4Ds: Ditch, Deal, Delegate, Decide. Please refer to http:look-see.orla.org to see what I mean. This is a people-focussed, not technology-focused, activity thus what is needed is a safe-fail environment for people to bring about this change (making mistakes is how we learn, so minimise the ability for people to make mistakes but make it safe for them to make those mistakes – change can be scary for many people, inhibiting the willingness to change). (a) A new software environment which drives the 4Ds. (b) Low impact, high value learning to transition to the 4Ds guided by the software. (c) Proof that real value is being created by having made this change. There are other dimensions to information overload, of course. Your work on distractions is a fine example of this (and in to which I humbly defer). But to my mind it is a constant source of amazement that the email overload issue rumbles on when there is such a simple solution to this seemingly intractable problem. Orla provides a plug in for Outlook and a total of 8 hours of training, over the course of 30 days, then the problem is solved! First off – Good Luck! I attended the IORG Research Group meeting in NY this week and would like to report that it was an information rich environment. IO is really a broad discipline to discover, discuss and develop solutions for. The discovery part is largely done, with virtually all of us feeling the pain of IO. The discussions and research continue and some solutions are beginning to emerge. The two types of IO you identify-queued messages and interruptions are a good way to classify the problem-although I believe it is difficult to keep them distinct. Perhaps interruptions are merely queued messages to which we pay attention. Therefore IO might be a process gone bad where there are too many "messages" (including but not limited to email, IM, etc.) seeking limited attention. This may be a simplistic way to look at it, but it serves two purposes. First it blurs the distinction between the categories and second it creates a yin/y

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The Brave and the Bold is a comic book series published by DC Comics as an ongoing series from 1955 to 1983. It was followed by two mini-series in 1991 and 1999, and was revived as an ongoing title in 2007. The focus of the series has varied over time, but it most commonly features team-ups of characters from across the DC Universe. Publication history Volume 1 The first volume of the series ran for 200 issues from August/September 1955 to July 1983. Originally, The Brave and the Bold was an anthology series featuring adventure tales from past ages with characters such as the Silent Knight, the Viking Prince, the Golden Gladiator, and Robin Hood. With issue #25, the series was reinvented as a try-out title for new characters and concepts, starting with the Suicide Squad created by writer Robert Kanigher and artist Ross Andru. Gardner Fox and Joe Kubert created a new version of Hawkman in issue #34 (February–March 1961) with the character receiving his own title three years later. Editor Julius Schwartz hired Gardner Fox and artist Mike Sekowsky to create the Justice League of America. The team debuted in The Brave and the Bold #28 (February–March 1960), and after two further appearances in the title, received its own series. Issues #45 through #49 (Dec. 1962/Jan. 1963 through Aug./Sept. 1963) were devoted to "Strange Sports Stories", combining sport and science-fiction in tales such as "Challenge of the Headless Baseball Team" and "The Man Who Drove Through Time". Ten years later, in 1973, Strange Sports Stories was resurrected as a DC Comics title in its own right, but it lasted only six issues. The series was changed yet again with issue #50 as a team-up title between established characters. Starting with issue #59 The Brave and the Bold became, more specifically, a Batman team-up book with the Caped Crusader as the book's main focus. This was due to the popularity of the Batman television series. After issue #74, The Brave and the Bold was exclusively a Batman team-up title until it ended with issue #200. The teaming of Robin, Kid Flash, and Aqualad in issue #54 (June–July 1964) by writer Bob Haney and artist Bruno Premiani led to the creation of the Teen Titans. The three heroes subsequently appeared under the name "Teen Titans" in issue #60 (June–July 1965) by Haney and artist Nick Cardy and were joined by Wonder Woman's younger sister Wonder Girl in her first appearance. The Metamorpho character was created by Haney and artist Ramona Fradon in The Brave and the Bold #57 (December 1964–January 1965). The title was the first to feature Neal Adams' version of Batman, generating fan interest that led to Adams' style defining the modern Batman image to this day. In addition, Adams updated Green Arrow's visual appearance by designing a new costume for the character in issue #85 (August–September 1969). The primary artist for the second half of the run was Jim Aparo, starting with #98 (October–November 1971). Haney frequently disregarded continuity by scripting stories which contradicted DC's canon or by writing major heroes in an out-of-character fashion. Issue #100 (Feb.–March 1972) featured Batman and "4 Famous Co-Stars" (Green Lantern, Green Arrow, Black Canary, and Robin) in a story by Haney and Aparo. Issues #112 (April–May 1974) to #117 (Feb.–March 1975) of the series were in the 100 Page Super Spectacular format. The character Nemesis, also known as Thomas Tresser, debuted in an eight-page backup story in issue #166 (September 1980

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) written by Cary Burkett and drawn by Dan Spiegle. The Tresser character was created by Burkett in 1979, and named for an actor with whom Burkett was rooming in New Hampshire. Alan Brennert wrote four issues of The Brave and the Bold featuring Batman teaming with the Creeper, Hawk and Dove, the Robin of Earth-Two, and the Catwoman. The title's final issue featured a team-up of the Batmen of Earth-One and Earth-Two and included a preview of Batman and the Outsiders, the title that replaced The Brave and the Bold on DC's schedule and became Aparo's next regular assignment. Full list of issues Volume 2 In December 1991–June 1992, The Brave and the Bold returned as a six-issue miniseries featuring Green Arrow, the Question, and the Butcher. The miniseries was written by Mike Grell and Mike Baron. Flash and Green Lantern: The Brave and the Bold A six-issue miniseries was published from October 1999–March 2000 starring the Flash and Green Lantern titled Flash and Green Lantern: The Brave and the Bold. This miniseries was written by Mark Waid and Tom Peyer with art by Barry Kitson and Tom Grindberg. A trade paperback of this mini-series was published in 2001 (). The title was used again in 2001 for The Brave and the Bold Annual #1 (1969), a one-shot special that reprinted selected Silver Age team-ups. The book was designed in the 1960s-style "80-Page Giant" format as if it were an actual annual issue of the original run of the title, which did not have an annual in 1969. Volume 3 DC resurrected the Brave and the Bold title as another ongoing series in April 2007. Deciding that it would be a random team-up series, and not a Batman team-up series, the first writer was Mark Waid, who remained on the title for its first 16 issues. The first arc, "The Lords of Luck", involved Batman in a team-up with Green Lantern Hal Jordan. The story depicted the characters joining forces with various other characters in tracking down the book of Destiny, with appearances by Supergirl, Lobo, Blue Beetle, the Legion of Super Heroes, Adam Strange, and the Challengers of the Unknown. The second arc picked up threads from the first, but mainly focused on self-contained stories. After Waid's departure, Marv Wolfman took over for a two-part storyline, involving Supergirl and Raven battling the son of Triumph, while David Hine and Doug Braithwaite did a four-issue arc on the series featuring Hal Jordan and the Phantom Stranger. Following this, Dan Jurgens wrote issue #23, featuring Booster Gold and Magog. Like Wolfman's run, this era was prominent for its team-ups between DC heroes and the characters of Milestone Media. Writer Matt Wayne and artist Howard Porter collaborated on a team-up between Static and Black Lightning, and Adam Beechen and Roger Robinson wrote another featuring Hardware and Blue Beetle. The final Milestone issue was a team-up between Xombi and the Spectre, by John Rozum and Scott Hampton. In September 2009, the title was taken over by J. Michael Straczynski and artist Jesus Saiz with issue #27, which featured a team-up between Batman and Dial H For Hero. Similar to the Milestone issues, it was intended for Straczynski's run on the series to showcase the Red Circle Comics characters licensed from Archie Comics. This idea was ultimately scrapped. Following the first issue, Straczynski wrote team-ups between: Barry Allen and Blackhawk; the Joker and the Atom; Hal Jordan and Doctor Fate; Batman and Brother Power; Aquaman and Etrigan; and Barbara Gordon, Wonder Woman, and Zatanna, which served as a companion piece to Alan Moore's Batman: The Killing Joke graphic novel. Batman and Wonder Woman In 2018, DC released a limited series starring Bat

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man and Wonder Woman. The Doomed and the Damned In October 2020, DC released an 80-Page Giant called The Doomed and the Damned. Batman: The Brave and the Bold In November 2022, it was announced that a new series entitled Batman: The Brave and the Bold would release in May 2023 as a part of the Dawn of DC relaunch, with the creative team consisting of Tom King, Mitch Gerads, Guillem March, Gabriel Hardman, Dan Mora and Rob Williams. Collected editions Batman: The Brave and the Bold—The Bronze Age Omnibus Vol. 1 collects The Brave and the Bold #74-106. 904 pages, January 2017, Vol. 2 collects The Brave and the Bold #110-156. 776 pages, September 2018, Vol. 3 collects The Brave and the Bold #157-200. 904 pages, September 2021, The Viking Prince by Joe Kubert collects The Brave and the Bold #1-5 and 7-24, 296 pages, July 2010, Showcase Presents: Justice League of America Volume 1 includes The Brave and the Bold #28–30, 544 pages, December 2005, Suicide Squad: The Silver Age collects The Brave and the Bold #25–27 and #37–39, 336 pages, July 2016, Showcase Presents: Hawkman Volume 1 includes The Brave and the Bold #34–36, #42–44, and 51, 560 pages, March 2007, Volume 2 includes The Brave and the Bold #70, 560 pages, August 2008, Showcase Presents: Green Arrow Volume 1 includes The Brave and the Bold #50, #71, #85, 528 pages, January 2006, The Brave and the Bold Team-Up Archives Volume 1 collects The Brave and the Bold #50–56, #59, 224 pages, June 2005, Showcase Presents: Aquaman Volume 2 includes The Brave and the Bold #51, 528 pages, January 2008, Volume 3 includes The Brave and the Bold #73, 448 pages, February 2009, Showcase Presents: Haunted Tank Volume 1 includes The Brave and the Bold #52, 560 pages, May 2006, Showcase Presents: The Teen Titans Volume 1 includes The Brave and the Bold #54 and #60, 528 pages, April 2006, Volume 2 includes The Brave and the Bold #83 and #94, 512 pages, October 2007, Showcase Presents: Metal Men Volume 1 includes The Brave and the Bold #55, 528 pages, September 2007, Volume 2 includes The Brave and the Bold #66, 528 pages, September 2008, Showcase Presents: Metamorpho Volume 1 collects The Brave and the Bold #57–58, #66, and #68, 560 pages, October 2005, Showcase Presents: The Brave and the Bold – The Batman Team-Ups Volume 1 collects The Brave and the Bold #59, #64, #67, #69–71, #74–87, 528 pages, January 2007, Volume 2 collects The Brave and the Bold #88–108, 528 pages, December 2007, Volume 3 collects The Brave and the Bold #109–134, 520 pages

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, December 2008, Black Canary Archives Volume 1 includes The Brave and the Bold #61–62, 224 pages, December 2000, Showcase Presents: The Spectre Volume 1 includes The Brave and the Bold #72, 75, 116, 180, and 199, 616 pages, April 2012, The Spectre: The Wrath of the Spectre Omnibus includes The Brave and the Bold #72, 75, 116, 180, and 199; 680 pages, September 2020, Deadman Omnibus includes The Brave and the Bold #79, 86, 104, and 133; 944 pages, December 2020, The Phantom Stranger Omnibus collects #89, 98, and 145; 1,184 pages, May 2022, Legends of the Dark Knight: Jim Aparo Volume 1 collects The Brave and the Bold #98, 100–102, and 104–122, 512 pages, April 2012, Volume 2 collects The Brave and the Bold #123-145 and 147–151, 528 pages, October 2013, Volume 3 collects The Brave and the Bold #152, 154–178, 180–182, 552 pages, September 2017, Joker: The Bronze Age Omnibus includes The Brave and the Bold #111, 118, 129-130, 141, 191; 832 pages, August 2019, Batman: The Strange Deaths of Batman includes The Brave and the Bold #115, 160 pages, January 2009, Tales of the Batman: Don Newton includes The Brave and the Bold #153, 156 and 165, 360 pages, December 2011, Tales of the Batman: Gerry Conway Volume 1 includes The Brave and the Bold #158, 161, 171–174; 464 pages, July 2017, Batman Arkham: Ra's al Ghul includes The Brave and the Bold #159, March 2019, 232 pages, Legends of the Dark Knight: José Luis García-López includes The Brave and the Bold #164 and 171, November 2021, 472 pages, Tales of the Batman: Alan Brennert includes The Brave and the Bold #178, 181–182, 197; 208 pages, July 2016, Batman: Secrets of the Batcave includes The Brave and the Bold #182, 192 pages, August 2007, Batman Arkham: The Riddler includes The Brave and the Bold #183, 296 pages, May 2015, The Greatest Batman Stories Ever Told includes The Brave and the Bold #197, 360 pages, December 1988, DC Through the 80s: The End of Eras includes The Brave and the Bold #200, 520 pages, December 2020, Showcase Presents: Batman and the Outsiders Volume 1 includes the backup story from The Brave and the Bold #200, 552 pages, September 2007, Batman and the Outsiders Volume 1 includes the backup story from The Brave and the Bold #200, 368 pages, February 2017, The Brave and the Bold Volume 1: The Lords of Luck collects The Brave and the

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Bold vol. 3 #1–6, 160 pages, December 2007, Volume 2: The Book of Destiny collects The Brave and the Bold vol. 3 #7–12, 160 pages, August 2008, Volume 3: Demons and Dragons collects The Brave and the Bold vol. 3 #13–16; The Brave and the Bold #181; The Flash vol. 2 #107; and Impulse #17, 168 pages, April 2009, Volume 4: Without Sin collects The Brave and the Bold vol. 3 #17–22, 144 pages, July 2009, Volume 5: Milestone collects The Brave and the Bold vol. 3 #24–26; Hardware #16; Static #12; and Xombi #6, 160 pages, February 2010, Team-Ups of the Brave and the Bold collects The Brave and the Bold vol. 3 #27–33, 176 pages, August 2011, Booster Gold: Volume 4: Day of Death includes The Brave and the Bold vol. 3 #23, 160 pages, April 2010, Awards The series won Alley Awards in 1962 for "Best Single Comic Book Cover" (#42 by Joe Kubert), in 1965 for "Best Comic Book Cover" (#61 by Murphy Anderson), and in 1968 for "Best Full-Length Story" ("Track of the Hook" in #79 by Bob Haney and Neal Adams). Issue #28 of the third series (the Flash and Blackhawk team-up) was nominated for an Eisner Award for "Best Single Issue (Or One-Shot)" in 2010. In other media The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure An episode of The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure was titled "The Brain, the Brave and the Bold", in which Aquaman battles a supervillain named the "Brain". Justice League The Brave and the Bold was used as the title for a two-part episode of the first season of Justice League. The title refers to the Flash (Wally West) and Green Lantern (John Stewart) characters in connection to the second mini-series featuring Barry Allen and Hal Jordan in the roles. Batman: The Brave and the Bold An animated series based on the Brave and the Bold concept aired from November 14, 2008, to November 18, 2011. The series features Batman teaming with various characters of the DC Universe, much like the first volume of the ongoing series. The tone of the series is markedly lighter than the previous Batman: The Animated Series and The Batman. Major characters who appeared in the series include: Heroes Adam Strange, Aquaman, the Atom, Batman, Bat-Mite, Black Canary, Black Lightning, Blue Beetle, Booster Gold, the Bronze Tiger, Captain Marvel, Deadman, Doctor Fate, Fire, Firestorm, the Flash, Green Arrow, the Green Lantern Corps, Guy Gardner, Hal Jordan, the Hawk and Dove, Hawkman, the Huntress, Jay Garrick, Jonah Hex, Kamandi, Katana, Metamorpho, OMAC, Plastic Man, the Question, Red Tornado, Vixen, Wildcat, Wonder Woman, and Superman. Villains Black Adam, Black Manta, Calendar Man, Cavalier, Clock King, Despero, the Gentleman Ghost, Gorilla Grodd, the Joker, Kanjar Ro, Kite Man, Equinox, Major Disaster, Morgaine Le Fey, the Music Meister, Ocean Master, Shrapnel, the Sportsmaster, the Terrible Trio, the Weeper, and Zebra-Man. Arrowverse The eighth episode of Arrow'''s third season is titled "The Brave and the Bold". The episode is a crossover with The Flash and features a team-up of the title characters of both

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For the Love of Mic Lady Esther is just the beginning of Diana Aday's vocal talents By Randi Bjornstad Radio Redux actors are known for their ability to hone many different voices and move seamlessly from one to the next — sometimes within the same scene — as the troupe performs its renditions of classic radio comedies and dramas. Diana Aday is no exception. In fact, she probably cemented her claim to that fame the very first time she appeared in a Radio Redux production. "It was back in 2011, and Radio Redux did a fundraising performance of A Christmas Carol at the Pleasant Hill Community Theater," Diana recalled. "I guess someone must have said I might be capable, because I had three parts in that show. I was Tiny Tim, his family's cat and the boy that Scrooge yells out the window to on Christmas morning when he says, 'What day is it?' " She laughs. "I think the audience really liked my cat the best." Her next role came a year later when Fred Crafts and his company did The Philadelphia Story, a Broadway show made even more famous when made into a 1940 movie starring Cary Grant, Katharine Hepburn and James Stewart. Lux Radio Theater did the show on air in 1942 and 1943. "I played Margaret Lord, the mom of the Katharine Hepburn character, Tracy Lord," Diana said. Her husband, Don Aday, also a perennial Radio Redux player, played C.K. Dexter, ex-husband of the socialite Tracy Lord. "Don had already started doing Radio Redux shows before me," Diana said. "But we often threw cast parties, so I knew most of the people who were involved." Both Adays also have appeared in productions at the Very Little Theatre through the years, where Diana recently played in Neil Simon's 45 Seconds to Broadway. Diana performs as a stiff house mother in Radio Redux's hit Stage Door. Photo by August Frank. Lady Esther debuts In Radio Redux's 2018 reprise of Arsenic and Old Lace, last performed by the troupe in 2014, Diana takes the role of Lady Esther, a part she finessed years ago. "For one production, they needed someone to do old-style commercials, so we set it up to be an audience participation kind of thing, where Lady Esther asks questions and the audience responds," Diana says. "As a character, she's a trifle full of herself. The whole thing is nonsense, but it's a kind of nonsense I think we need more of." The Lady Esther character is known for talking to women about facial creams and other products she peddles, "and she always gives them a 'word of the day,' such as p-l-e-t-h-o-r-a," Diana said, elongating the word and liberally rolling the letter "r." Other favorite words of the day might include a-r-u-g-u-l-a and r-u-t-a-b-a-g-a, which Lady Esther manages to integrate into her sales pitches. Crafts appreciates Diana's versatility. "Diana has been with us for a long time, specializing in character voices like the Good Witch in Alice in Wonderland." As for her Lady Esther character in Arsenic and Old Lace: "That brought down the house," Crafts said. Always vocal According to the baby book compiled by her mother, "I was always dramatic," Diana said. "She said I could sing before I could talk — I would sing 'di do, di do' with the notes a perfect octave apart." Diana grew up in Medford with a mother who herself was a singer as well as an accountant. Her father had multiple jobs, including medical illustration, appraising, preaching and drawing police sketches of suspects. Mother and daughter took voice lessons from the same teacher. "She was a retired singer from the Metropolitan Opera, so I called her the Met Vet," Diana quipped. "I studied opera for 10 years, and both my mother and I sang with the Medford Light Opera Company." "Diana has been with us for a long time," said Radio Redux founder and director Fred Crafts, "specializing in character voices

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" including that of Lady Esther. Before moving to Eugene in 1964, Diana sang in choirs and performed at weddings. She also worked in a state health laboratory for a couple of years, processing blood tests. "But I always loved performing, and I did it whenever I could," she recalled. Gilbert & Sullivan operettas were among her favorites, in particular the role of Yum-Yum in The Mikado, which she sang in a University of Oregon production. At 75, she's "had a lot of practice," the irrepressible Diana said. "I sang with the Eugene Concert Choir and Eugene Opera, and I was a special education instructor for 18 years. My experience acting and singing came in handy for that, because it really helped me keep the kids' attention." In fact, she and husband Don Aday met while performing with the Eugene Opera chorus. "Time after time after time, we ended up being thrown together in different scenes," Diana said. "Chorus members always have numbers, and I remember my first words to him when we got our position assignments — 'I'm 12, you must be 42.' " Much as she loves acting, Diana also would like to do more singing again. She performed a couple of times at The Jazz Station in downtown Eugene several years ago, including an appearance with well-known Eugene vocalist Siri Vik, who also trained in opera but has branched out into many other styles. "It was a good thing — it gave me a chance to move from classical to torch," Diana said. "And I do love being onstage. If you took a core sample of me, I'd be pure ham." Frankly, she admitted, "I love microphones. To me, having a microphone in front of me is just like licking ice cream." The delights of radio Diana relishes performing with Radio Redux "because the people there are really a family. "We all have the same passion for performing," she said, "and Fred Crafts is just a marvel at putting these shows together." Diana's Radio Redux poster collection. Photo by Randi Bjornstad. Being part of Radio Redux is especially enjoyable for people like her, who grew up listening to radio rather than watching television, Diana said. "I loved listening to radio shows as I was growing up — except for one," she said. "When I was little, I thought one show was called 'the red skeleton show' instead of 'The Red Skelton show,' and I would run out of the room whenever it came on." Even as a child, she never experienced stage fright, and now in her older years she never has qualms about taking on any part, especially in a radio show. "I can still be a little kid, I can be a 'valley girl,' and I can be anything else I want to be," Diana said. "I have wonderful memories of all the roles I have done — and I'm not done yet. When you're doing something you really love, it helps your whole life." Randi Bjornstad's other arts reporting can be seen at eugenescene.org BILL BARRETT VIDEOS/PIX Patrick Lucanio on Fibber McGee & Molly Video-What Patrons Like About RR Video-Radio Redux's Sound Effects Rock Video-What is Radio Redux? Video-setting up the stage Video-Our Audience Arrives Video-Fred Crafts on Hult Center Video-Audience Fills Up Fast PIX-Remembering "A Cowboy Christmas" Video--One Word Descriptions Pix-Fun Photos Audio-Fred Crafts on old time radio Patrick Lucanio - Radio Wizard About Patrick Lucanio Lucanio on Sunset Blvd. Lucanio on Christmas Radio Lucanio on Burns and Allen Lucanio on Sorry Wrong Number Lucanio on Casablanca OUR BAND Diana Aday Shirley Andress Scott Barkhurst Ben Blonigen Jane Brinkley Fred Crafts Rebecca Nachison Kim Donahey Loi Heldt Ken Hof Patrick Lucanio Achilles Massahos Oshen Parris-

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Get the official SA Government mobile app Google Play StoreiTunes App Store Reinstatement of FCS Units welcomed Groups working with women and children believe that the re-introduction of the Family Violence, Child Protection and Sexual Offences (FCS) Units, is the right step in the fight against crime on women and children. Despite the slight decline in crimes against women and children, government and the public still face serious challenges in being able to address the problem head-on. Lisa Vetten, Senior Researcher at the Tshwaranang Legal Advocacy Centre to end Violence against Women agrees that reinstating these units would be a positive move for victims of abuse. "Abuse of women and children, domestic violence and gender based crimes remain one of the serious issues in South Africa. It would be an excellent step to reinstate these units," she says. Vetten believes that for the units to function more efficiently, government should ensure they are well resourced. The closure of special units that focused on crimes against women and children, a decision that the new administration intends to change, had led to extensive debate among stakeholders who argued that the victims of crimes against women and children needed to be addressed by people with specialised knowledge and experience. Vetten advises that the experts who will be operating in these units must receive continuous and comprehensive training. She adds that experts must clearly comprehend the current social trends associated with the subject matter and must have a sound understanding of the nature of these crimes as well as their impact on society. Minister of Police, Nathi Mthethwa, recently acknowledged that violence against women and children had increased sharply. He said the alarming increase had hampered national initiatives to create a caring and humane society, underpinned by values of human solidarity, justice, peace and development. Crime statistics for the 2008/2009 fiscal year indicate that even though crimes against women and children have declined, sexual offences cases have increased by 10, 1 percent. Under the new Sexual Offences Act, a number of new categories of crimes are now included as sexual offences. The statistics also reveal that the total number of sexual offence cases reported nationally have increased from 63, 818 in 2007/2008 to 71, 500 in 2008/2009. Security analyst at the Institute for Security Studies, Dr Johan Burger, asserts that the reinstatement of these units was long overdue, adding that government needed to financially strengthen and capacitate them to ensure that they deliver effectively. "Although they will not precisely drop the crimes against children and women, we will however significantly see investigation processes being expedited and of course the high level of service will help in the conviction of perpetrators," he says. He recommends that the units, particularly child protection and sexual offences, be centralised to allow experts to share experiences and to enhance the informer network. "The decentralisation of these units before caused a lot of damage to their reputation which have seen the specialised experts working in an uncoordinated manner. "This needs experienced experts rather than having four experts in the police station who sometime perform policing duties. The centralisation of these units will possibly produce significant results," Burger says. Secretary General of Brothers for Life, Mandla Ndlovu, stresses that it is quite crucial for men to be part of these units, adding that it is time that men take responsibility and play a visible role in addressing the abuse of women and children. "Men must be part and parcel of these units and this will further mobilize others to actively fight the abuse of women and children in our societies," he says. Brothers for Life is a national Men's Campaign that aims to create a movement of men that will ignite and spread throughout South Africa. It draws upon the spirit of Brotherhood that exists among South African men and hopes to encourage men to positively influence each other as men, partners, parents and as leaders. In an effort to address challenges faced by women and children, government has established the Department of Women, Youth, Children and People with Disabilities. Spokesperson Sibani Mngandi is confident the department will work closely with the specialized units to ensure that cases against perpetrators are sped up and that the proper court judgments are taken. He says the department trusts that

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The journey of Pedro Manuel de Urrea in Italy and the "Peregrinacion de las tres casas sanctas" (1517-1519), by Giuseppe Seche The presence of the Peregrinación de las tres casas sanctas de Jerusalem, Roma y Santiago is registered in the collection of the noble Salvador Aymerich (1493-1563). This is a pilgrimage relationship written by Pedro Manuel de Urrea and printed in Burgos in 1523. The work describes the journey between Rome, Holy Land and Santiago de Compostela that Pedro did between 1517 and 1519. Along the way, the author described the characteristics (political, cultural, demographic, economic and religious) of the crossed countries: for this reason, the Peregrinación is an extraordinary source for the historian. This article analyses the information on the Italian part of the journey: in several cases, such as Cagliari, the Peregrinación provides valuable information and it results the first printed description of those cities and villages. Finally, the study allows to contextualize the presence of this book in the Aymerich's library and in the intellectual environment of the Sardinian Renaissance. Keywords: Pilgrimage; Description of Italy in the Renaissance; Demography; Libraries in the Renaissance. Religious control of "marriage bed": judicial proceedings in the episcopal curia of Grosseto in modern age (XVI-XVIII cent.), by Ilaria Bartolini This research deals with the marriage practices in the Ancien Regime society. In particular, it is a study of the growing religious control by the end of XVI century when Church hierarchy begin a reinforced monitoring about marriages and other private cohabitations, trying to regulate with his authority private behaviors. The case study is Grosseto's Episcopal See, a peripheral area in south Tuscany with very low population density and long traditional seasonal population / depopulation flows. Marriage practices and changing behaviors of the inhabitants are investigated in the judicial proceedings carried out in the Ecclesiastical Court of the Bishop, from the late sixteenth century to the eighteenth century. From sources come out a very interesting and complex daily reality in which we can try to analize the complex and changing relationships between rules and transgressions. Where "Rule" was the Canonical Legislation on marriage fixed in the Concilio of Trento, while "Transgression" was becoming every deviant behavior such as concubinage, clandestine marriage, bigamy, adultery, regarded as dangerous sins / "crimes" and so to be corrected by the force and authority of the Bishop's Court. Keywords: Grosseto Episcopal See; Judicial Proceedings; Marriages and Private Cohabitations. The Italian Jewish community in Tunisia, his relationship with Italy and France: a brief history, some testimonies, by Filippo Petrucci The article is an analysis of the Italian Jewish community in Tunisia in the last years of World War II and the changes that occurred within the Italian Jewish community after the war. After a brief historical background, it outlines the relationship of "Livornese" with the French and Italian authorities, and with the Tunisian coreligionist; then, briefly, it describes the evolution of the community over time and up to World War II. The article highlights the strong connection of this community with its Italian roots but also with Judaism. In the second part of the text, through unpublished testimonies collected in various archives, the article describes the migration trajectories and, more generally, the decisions taken by the Italians Jews of Tunisia after the end of the war and after the dissolution of the Italian Jewish community (decided by the French authorities). Keywords: Tunisia, Judaism, Livornesi, Testimonies, Italians Get into the factory /going to the workshop. The employment market in Florence between industry and craftsmanship (1861-1922), by Anna Pellegrino The article analyses the problem of employment in Florence during the second half of the nineteenth and the first decades of the twentieth centuries: the role of personal and family networks, formal and informal channels, the interpersonal exchanges through which workers had access to employment. Focus on Florence has the advantage of highlighting the problem of employment market in a city where two forms of work, industrial one and craftsmanship, were significantly present in a period of intense transformation. The ant

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1,330,783

0

CommonCrawl

8

11

Streamlining Shipping and Customer Experience Through Data and AI At VOICES 2022, president and CEO of FedEx Dataworks Sriram Krishnasamy discussed how retailers can utilise operational data to optimise customer experience and streamline processes to operate more responsibly. Sriram Krishnasamy, president and CEO of FedEx Dataworks, discusses how retailers can bring logistics in line with brand experience and operate more responsibly at BoF VOICES 2022. (The Business of Fashion) BoF Studio Shipping is a growing operational pain point for retailers, as consumer expectations for speedy, traceable — and free — deliveries pose significant challenges in terms of cost and logistics. Particularly complex is the "last mile" — the final leg of an online order's journey from the store or distribution centre to the customer's home. It may sound simple, but it actually requires meticulous inventory management to track down products and an efficient and cost-effective way to deliver them to customers, all while providing customer service that is as easy and as frictionless as possible. Founded in 2010, ShopRunner is a membership service that connects customers with retailers through the offer of free two-day shipping and returns. Retailers who are partnered with ShopRunner get access to the platform's logistics network, consumer insights and software ecosystem. Following its acquisition by Fedex in 2020, ShopRunner is now part of FedEx Dataworks, covering orders at more than 90 retailers including Neiman Marcus, Burberry and Farfetch. The deal makes possible FedEx Dataworks' long-term strategy, as it intends to utilise ShopRunner's effective feedback loops that will benefit from its own data, derived from the mobilisation of between 15 to 80 million packages per day around the world. The company will then supplement this with external weather and traffic data, applying predictive analytics to gain insight and optimise how goods progress throughout its physical network. "It's becoming increasingly difficult to separate shopping and shipping when it comes to consumers' brand experience," said Sriram Krishnasamy, president and CEO of FedEx Dataworks. "The supply chain is now a boardroom conversation — it's an incredibly important strategic differentiator." At VOICES 2022, BoF's annual event where global changemakers gather to inspire innovation and reimagine the future of the fashion industry, Krishnasamy discussed how retailers can bring logistics in line with brand experience, as well as streamline these processes to operate more responsibly. Now, BoF shares key insights from the event. Sriram Krishnasamy, president and CEO of FedEx Dataworks. (FedEx Dataworks/Burt Pittman) Managing Escalation in Consumer Expectations SK: Consumer expectation today is to receive products as quickly as they possibly can, which places a lot of strain on the supply chain in addition to increased cost for brands. Having said that, it is an opportunity to optimise the supply chain, from procurement to manufacturing to storage to distribution to the last mile. Leveraging FedEx's insights and intelligence on supply chain distribution, brands can achieve a certain speed of delivery — whether that is same-day, next day or 2 to 3 days — while learning which is their optimal distribution system. We help brands meet consumer demand at the right cost while creating visibility around the impact of the choices they make. The second aspect of it is environmental accountability. When we place an order and opt to receive it in two days, we lack clear information on carbon emissions and the impact of that order on the environment. At FedEx Dataworks, we built a sustainability insights engine that not only calculates the impact on the environment, but also indicates where brands can expose customers on their direct-to-consumer channel to the impact of their choices on speed of shipping. Today, that data is not immediate, so that is one of the capabilities we are building on the ShopRunner platform. Digitising Backend Processes SK: It is becoming increasingly difficult to separate shopping and shipping when it comes to consumers' brand experience. The supply chain is now a boardroom conversation — it's an incredibly important strategic differentiator. Brands invest years developing the best versions of their products, so they must consider the best way for that product to go from the manufacturer to the consumer.

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0.635384

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1,330,788

0

CommonCrawl

15

4

The Top 5 Daily Deal Sites on the Internet The ease and convenience of using the Internet, combined with the need for people to save money as a result of the struggling economy, have revived couponing from its significant lull (almost into extinction) during the economic boom of the '90s. Beyond coupons are Internet deals sites, where subscribers can get deals on everything from groceries to automobiles. With that said, here are the top five sites to check into for steep savings on a variety of products and services. 1. Groupon Every day, subscribers to Groupon's email service receive at least one deal on a range of products and services. This email subscription is free, and often subscribers receive more than one special deal per day. Groupon provides deals on travel arrangements, fitness products and memberships, restaurants, retail stores, and much more. Groupon is also available for smartphones at all the popular app stores. Groupon offers deals to groups (the name comes from the words "group" and "coupon") and earns its money from the advertisers, which pay Groupon to send the discounts as product promotions. 2. Living Social Living Social subscribers get as much as a 90% discount off of their offerings. These offers include location specific deals on restaurants, attractions, spas, and travel packages. Living Social is a great way to get to know your own city, especially if you're new to the area and aren't sure where the best places to eat, shop, and relax are. Like many companies in this economic climate, Living Social experienced a cash crunch that threatened its survival. But new leadership is turning the company around, and it's still offering great deals on a variety of experiences. 3. Woot Woot offers a single deal per day, but Woot Off deals can last longer. Woot has also created a few spin offs catering to particular customers, including Shirt Woot, Wine Woot, and Kids Woot, which offer a topic related deal per day to subscribers. Woot emphasizes their focus on the community of subscribers and puts forth an irreverent, modern persona that many people thoroughly enjoy. The company was recently purchased by online retail giant Amazon. 4. Gilt Gilt is an Internet deals site that specializes in luxury brands and accessories. It offers specials and deals on designer fashion items, with each daily deal offering as much as 60 percent from the suggested retail price. The company also provides steep discounts on jewelry, shoes, handbags, watches, and other luxury lifestyle items. Gilt is a great idea for those who enjoy living the high life on a tight budget. California customers in particular enjoy Gilt for its easy access to high-ticket items at affordable prices from the comfort of the home. To get the most out of Gilt, consider high-speed Internet access through a California DSL service. 5. Buy With Me Buy With Me is another crowd sourced deals site that's free to users, offering a variety of deals much like its original competitor Groupon. In fact, Buy With Me was the first Internet deals site that truly gave Groupon some competition, but there's no reason consumers can't take advantage of all the Internet deals sites available. Buy With Me merged with two other popular Internet deals sites, including Group Swoop and My Daily Thread. This gave the company more advertisers with which to work, offering their users even more in terms of variety of deals available. A Few Additional Tips on Using Daily Deals Sites When using Internet deals sites, there are a few tips to help you get the most savings out of any service: Never buy something you wouldn't consider buying without the deal. If you're buying lots of stuff just because it's cheaper, you're spending way more money in the long run. Comparison shop to see if you can beat the deal elsewhere. Sometimes you can find the same deal somewhere else without the time limitations that often come with the Internet deals sites. Always work with trusted retailers and service providers. Though most of these deals sites try to work with reputable companies and advertisers, they cannot assure your safety. The best motto is buyer beware. With these deals sites and some savvy shopping skills, you can save big bucks on great merchandise

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1,330,789

0

CommonCrawl

15

4

1976 / Bill Bowerman / http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008/kind#post / Montreal / Munich / Nike / Olympics / Oregon / Steve Pre Fontaine / Without Limits April 9, 2009 February 11, 2016 RajanThambehalli3 Comments Five days staying in a room not going out isn't that great for the mind, body or soul. I managed to do that. I went out to my friend's place to have lunch, we chatted for a while, and then I went to shop some groceries before heading back to The Apartment. I spent those days, watching movies, hell lot of movies, reading few things on the internet, sleeping, just about cooking to satisfy the hunger bug and few visits to the toilet. I had not touched the main door of my apartment. I managed to survive, although this routine had given birth to certain ghosts. It had because, I can safely say, I am burying them with this blog. An incident back in 2005 when I won the Sports Quiz at NLS (National Law School, India), I missed a question. I felt bad that I didn't know about it. In hindsight, there is nothing to feel bad about it, but you see, my heart was shaped that way. It feels the itch, of not knowing certain things. For a while, it itches. Then mind takes over and I don't have a clue about the itch and how old is it. In my case it was a four-year itch. Thinking about the athlete whose name I missed, has given me a chance to see the life from a different perspective and something I was looking for at the end of 5 days. It was not a panache, but did have some sort of 'Mojo' to bury the ghosts. I feel the change as I continue to write. The question I missed was about a man, who died at the age of 24. I am 24 now. He was the best athlete American distance running team had in the late 60's and 1970's. He was a distance runner who had his own ideology about running and winning. Winning is nothing when you haven't given your best. It doesn't feel the same, when you win without giving one's best. His coach tried to change his philosophy, he couldn't. He represented the University of Oregon. He shared a healthy relationship with the coach of the US running team and they both agreed to disagree. Every time, they questioned each other's fundamentals and philosophy of running and winning. But remained good friends till the end. The first sign of protest came when the athlete took on AAU (Amateur Athletics Union) and demanded athlete's right to participate when qualified. He was tipped as one of the favourites to win 5000m Olympic Gold in 1972 at Munich games, eventually losing out to Lasse Viren of Finland. He finished 4th after leading the race till the last lap. He couldn't bear the loss. He took some time out, until he was able to come to terms with reality. He distanced himself from his love, because he hated so much that, he didn't have words to say to the one he loved. Finally, he started training, refused an offer to turn professional, thereby kicking the chance to earn 200,000 dollars. He went to his coach, tried a new pair of shoes which his coach had made for him. Went for a run and agreed to be an Amateur and seek redemption at the 1976 Olympics in Montreal. He raced pretty well in the trials and he had planned to set a world record to win the 5000m in 12min 36 seconds. That was the time he had chosen, a world record back then. Those were last words he said to his friend. He dropped his friend and while on his way to his girlfriend, with whom he had just got good terms with, met with an accident while he was forseeing his race and commenting on his possible 1976 performance and how he would shatter the world record. It wasn't to be, his car was hit by another car and he was killed on May 30th 1975. I hope most of the readers are smarter than me; the athlete was Steve Pre Fontaine. Nicknamed 'Pre', he was born

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1,330,790

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CommonCrawl

10

8

The Forbidden Truth About Sri Lankan Girls Unveiled By A Classic Professional They masterfully combine traditional clothing with the newest style developments in a means that will captivate you and help you spot your Sri Lankan soulmate anyplace you are. Sexy Sri Lankan girls think about adultery unacceptable for a girl. Unfortunately, the boys of this country do not share this opinion. In the next part, we will dwell on this issue in more detail. Hot Sri Lankan women are simply created to protect family values and build strong relationships. More then half of the population of Srilanka has a college degree. And this is among the highest rates on this a part of the planet. Compared to other south Asian countries, Sri Lankan women have higher literacy charges, lower maternal and baby mortality rates, and a median life expectancy of sixty seven years (Canada 1990, 11; Jayawardena 1986, 109). Online relationship, quite the opposite, provides you the opportunity to talk with your potential spouse and get to know them better wherever you want and everytime you feel prefer it. In addition, sexual harassment and assault, while seldom reported to the authorities, are frequent experiences. In 1971, Ceylon skilled a Marxist revolt, which was rapidly suppressed. Women in Sri Lanka have equal entry to schooling as the men. While there's hope for a future of gender equality, ladies in Sri Lanka nonetheless lack representation in authorities and access to employment alternatives while suffering from cultural preconceptions of feminine roles. As the name Ceylon still seems in the names of a variety of organisations, the Sri Lankan government introduced in 2011 a plan to rename all these over which it has authority. Very easy mean although that they sit at residence and take directives from their guys. They get the job carried out and leave the home, date and drink and in lots of instances smoke in the event that they wish to. There isn't any limitation beneficial to their freedoms primarily because the western press describes it. Some women nonetheless experience stress and inequality issues. It touches lower wages, organized marriages, domestic violence, etc. Though he finds Kithul farming rewarding, Nishantha doesn't need his son to follow in his footsteps. "As a baby, even I was discouraged from going into the household enterprise, I was so interested in the whole process that my grandfather's helpers, feeling sorry for me, taught me the trade in secret," he says with a wry smile. "The job is very risky and dangerous," she adds, explaining that that is another excuse discouraging younger folks from going into it. With assist from the ILO, Kithul farmers received insurance policies that cover accidents and accidents. New security gear has helped ageing farmers like Nishantha to proceed to tap Kithul trees while minimizing the danger to their bodies. The provisions of the trendy felony regulation are sometimes meaningless in a social context the place traditions and ideas of shame stop recourse to authorized motion. When Sri Lankan singles want to meet guys from international countries, they go to worldwide relationship services instead. There you can meet women from every walk of life and develop a relationship that meets your goals. Sri Lanka's towns and villages in addition to its urban centers are typically active websites of commercial change. Repair, development, tailoring, printing, and different companies are at all times in demand, as is private tutoring. Tourists are additionally the major focus of a variety of commercial activity. In the precolonial interval, solely the ruling elite and religious institutions were permitted to have everlasting buildings. As a result, most of the archaeological ruins represent the heritage of elite culture, the traditional states, and the temple complexes, a lot of that are nonetheless in use at present. English was launched throughout British rule and continues to be the language of commerce and the upper levels of each public and private sector administration. Are you questioning why Sri Lankan ladies for marriage are irresistible? An Unbiased View of Sri Lanka Women Sri Lanka is a popular journey destination amongst Western vacationers, however it is principally known as a rustic with lovely beaches and fabulous nature. Sri Lanka will not be probably the most well-known international courting location, however it does have a huge inhabitants of scorching Sri Lank

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1,330,791

0

CommonCrawl

6

2

The 27 Gambits of Rock Paper Scissors The 27 Gambits of Rock Paper Scissors. Ever wanted to know who created Rock Paper Scissors. The first time Rock Paper Scissors was recognized or mentioned in anything written dates back to the Ming Dynasty in Chinese in the book written by Xie Zhaozhi. In this book, the name of the game was known to be called "Shoushiling". The Ming Dynasty was between 1368-1644. The game shoushiling a simple hand game was an important first step in the creation of Rock Paper Scissors. All throughout the history of Japanese highlights frequent references to the sansulumi-ken meaning first game wherein three players are afraid of each other. This kind of game was originated in China before it was imported to Japan and become more and more popular to huge numbers of Japanese. The earliest game of the Japanese was known to be called as the mushi-ken. In this type of game, the frog which is represented by the players thumb is outmoded by slug represented by the players little finger which is also superseded by snake represented by the player's index finger. Despite of the fact that this kind of game was only imported from the China, the version of the Japanese is considered to be different. During the 20th century, Rock Paper Scissors spread to Asian countries particularly due to the enhance contact of the Japanese to the western people. It is an English language type of game name taken from the translation of the three Japanese hands name — gestures for the scissors, paper and rock. Shape of the scissor during this game is also adopted from the style of the Japanese. Rock Paper Scissors is an immensely popular game that has been around for generations. If you would like to learn more about who created rock paper scissors, check out the history of rock paper scissors. GAMBITS The 27 Gambits of Rock Paper Scissors are everything that is RPS. A Gambit is defined as a series of three (3) successive moves made with strategic intention. Gambits became an important tool for rock, paper, and scissors competitors because it helps to cancel out the possibility of the opponent guessing right what you are going to throw. It narrows your strategy to be based on every set of three throws instead of attempting to strategize on every throw. The logic behind this is to introduce more randomness by selecting among 27 options rather than only 3. Having just 3 options to choose from creates a subconscious desire to balance the three things, and the resulting pressure needed to balance can be exploited by your opponent if they are paying careful attention. The use of Gambits in competitive RPS has been one of the most enduring and greatest breakthroughs in Rock Paper Scissors (RPS) strategy. Selecting throws in advance helps prevent unconscious patterns from forming and can sometimes reduce the subconscious signals that give away the next throw, often called "tells'. Gambits form the basis of many advanced strategies and are the focal point of beginner strategy. The Great Eight Gambits The mathematically inclined will quickly realize that there are only twenty-seven possible Gambits. All of them have been used and documented in tournament play. Each has several names from a variety of locales. There is no such thing as a "new" Gambit. In a single game of Rock Paper Scissors with 3 rounds, there are only 27 shot combinations (Gambits). These gambits may be useful in developing your game strategy. Rock Gambits Paper Gambits Scissors Gambits These are the possible gambits in Rock Paper Scissors. R stands for; Rock P stands for; Paper S stands for; Scissors What is the Strongest Object in the Game of Rock Paper Scissors? 2 min readPublished On: December 11, 2022 The game of rock paper scissors is a simple and popular game that has been played by people of all ages for generations. The Worlds Most Expensive Games of Rock Paper Scissors The Worlds Most Expensive games of Rock Paper Scissors are constantly updating. Want to know the most expensive games of rock paper Why Rock Paper Scissors is the Best Sport 4.7 min readPublished On: December 11, 2022 Rock paper sciss

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CommonCrawl

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Slumgullion Bog is one of the most wretched and foul smelling places one can ever imagine. The stink of rotting eggs burbles up out of the deepest part of the bog, casting up bubbles so thick with stink damp you can see it and even worse ... you can taste it. It is a foul and rancid taste, like eating the rotting intestines of a six day day mule. Then there is the stink of the rot, rotting trees, rotting plants, dead rotting animals, amazing that the place is knee deep in death and rot, and still has living things boiling up out of it. Slumgullion is fair teeming with goblins, it always has been and likely always will be. Seems fair enough, no one else wants that six times cursed mouldering hunk of land. The Slumgullion Goblins arent bad as most goblins go, of course they stink to higgh heaven and they eat things that would even make a possum vomit, but to each their own. Unlike the rest of the greenskins, the Slumgullioners dont have much interest in mounting raids and making off with loot. Most of the time they keep to themselves, fighting among each other over the few dry hillocks in the bog, or this piece of warren or that piece of warren. They make a small living selling things from the swamp to locals, mostly plants and herbs to the apothecary and this substance and that to the mages. Their biggest item is their Goblinsnot Shine. This liquor is made from fermented swamp rice and whatever else falls into the mash and is double distilled by the goblins. They still use swamp water, but the heat kills the creepy-crawlies in the juice so it is safe to drink even if it smells like a bottle of goblin sweat. It packs a heavy punch, burns like dragonfire, and does wonders for curing sobriety, mulish wives, general ugliness, and lack of performance ability. Funny thing, the goblins and their stink-hole fair well no matter how cold the winter is. Seems that even old Iceknuckle Istvan can't snap his frosty fingers into Slumgullion. Suppose the cold is afraid of the stink? I know its enough to keep most sane and about half of the unsane away. Still, it's enough to keep the goblins down in the bog, and sure they dont get around enough, if you know what I mean, the swamp goblins are ... dumb, even for goblins. In most other places, these flickering balls of silent fire and light are calls ghosts, will-o-the-wisps, and foxfire. Seemingly trickster spirits, these balls of light will lead travelers to safety, or deposit them in the most inhospitable places in the swamp as their mercurial mood sees fit. The most dangerous part about the goblin-fires is that on occasion, their very presence can set the bog alight with flashes of flame and sheets of short-lasting fire. Most of the time these displays are more entertaining than dangerous, but sometimes a goblin-fire will set a large hollow in the bog alight, knocking down a few trees and sending the goblins into a right conniption fit. Slumgullion Bog is a unique geological and hydrological formation. The freshwater bog happens to sit atop a slowly simmering geothermal vent that pumps both heat and sulfuric gases into the bottom of the bog. This heats the bog, and most of the plant and animal life in Slumgullion has some level of innate resistance or outright immunity to acids. The cause of the smell is twofold. Swamps produce methane gas, also known as swamp gas, in large amounts. This in conjunction with the sulfer compounds hemmoraging out of the water creates an aweful stink that few will forget. Goblin-Fire is pretty much the standard will-o-the-wisp in the local vernacular, and their pyrotechnic displays are the ephemeral creatures setting off pockets of flammable swamp gas with their luminescent bodies. The Slumgullion Goblins have no specific aversion

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Q: Make PC wake up using task scheduler in Win 10 from sleep In Win 10 Pro, I have used task scheduler to make my PC go to sleep (not hibernate) at night, which works fine. But I am trying to get my PC to wake itself up in the morning, but no luck here. I have enabled wake timers in the Windows Power Options, and selected "wake this computer" in task scheduler options. A: Make PC wake up using task scheduler in Win 10 from sleep I am trying to get my PC to wake itself up in the morning, but no luck here. I have enabled wake timers in the Windows Power Options, and selected "wake this computer" in task scheduler options. Two Steps Step 1 Create a batch script (example in solution part two below) that emulates keyboard key strokes. Schedule it with Windows Task Scheduler and tell it to wake up the computer to run the task at the designated time(s). (Again, example batch script at bottom to use for scheduling along with logic native to Windows that emulates keyboard strokes (SendKeys) which will wake up the sleeping monitor.) SOURCE: How to Make Your PC Wake From Sleep Automatically - Further Detail Step 2 Use the below batch script logic to natively emulate keyboard key strokes with a dynamically built and executed VBS script with batch though. This will be the batch script to execute logic-wise as an example. Example batch script sending space multiple times like pressing the spacebar (You can use any other keys you need to with SendKeys as well) @ECHO OFF SET TempVBSFile=%tmp%\~tmpSendKeysTemp.vbs :VBSDynamicBuild IF EXIST "%TempVBSFile%" DEL /F /Q "%TempVBSFile%" ECHO Set WshShell = WScript.CreateObject("WScript.Shell") >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO Wscript.Sleep 500 >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO WshShell.SendKeys " " >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO Wscript.Sleep 500 >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO WshShell.SendKeys " " >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO Wscript.Sleep 500 >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO WshShell.SendKeys " " >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO Wscript.Sleep 500 >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO WshShell.SendKeys " " >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO Wscript.Sleep 500 >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO WshShell.SendKeys " " >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO Wscript.Sleep 500 >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO WshShell.SendKeys " " >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO Wscript.Sleep 500 >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO WshShell.SendKeys " " >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO Wscript.Sleep 500 >>"%TempVBSFile%" ECHO WshShell.SendKeys " " >>"%TempVBSFile%" CSCRIPT //nologo "%TempVBSFile%" GOTO EOF Trouble with Computer waking up from Sleep If you've had trouble with Windows Scheduled Tasks waking up your computer when it is sleeping, then you may want to disable hibernation in case that's the cause. To do this just open Windows command prompt as administrator, type in this command POWERCFG HIBERNATE OFF, press Enter, and then restart the PC. Also see POWERCFG for more detail of this command. Test It If possible, you may want to test to confirm that this fixes the issue. Setup the job as specified below but set it to kick off in 2-5 minutes from the time you're ready to test. When you're ready, run this from command line (as administrator again) to put the Windows 10 machine

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My Story of Metallica's concert in Bangalore by Ernst Kappa 10 years ago 3 comments Who would have said that I'd see Metallica, for my first and only time, in India! Metallica's concert in Bangalore, India, was one of a kind in many many ways… here I go: The days before: The Delhi concert on Friday 28th was supposed to be the band's first, in India and perhaps the most memorable day in the story of rock and roll in this country. Unfortunately for the people in Delhi, the show was canceled minutes before the supposed kick off time. The statement in Metallica's website says that the organizers and the band's management identified potential risks in the barricades and that safety of their fans was the first priority. Initially, they said the concert would be rescheduled for Saturday, but this was only to ease people a bit and avoid major chaos, which they evidently didn't as fans carried on to destroy the stage. Then other sources say that organizers were not able to secure a permit for the event for Saturday with such short notice. I'm of course against violence, but in many ways, I do understand (not justify) their anger, they've been waiting for years! The Crowd: Apart from loving someone that is long gone like the Beatles or Nirvana, I just can't imagine being a fan of a rock band and never seen them live. Metallica has been playing for over 30 years and there were people at the concert that have literally waited for them for decades. Apart of course from the rich Indians that had traveled abroad and may have seen them somewhere, but I can assure you that those are the fewest cases. According to organizers, there were over 22,000 tickets sold, but I'm sure there were there at least 30,000 people. The hours before the show: I'm just thinking in this kind of event it could be a good idea to let people know what time the show starts. How in the world it was not published on Metallica's official website? I mean, I know I'm in India and things would rarely start on time, but at least give me a slight idea! I was with two Italian friends trying to use our stupid western logic and I think we were lucky because we got on time after asking all our Indian friends who gave us all kinds of random answers (none of them accurate by the way, but I appreciate the effort). In our native countries, or cities we have lived in you, can easily estimate the time to reach a place, including walking, taxi, traffic, or any kind of public transportation means. But there we were trying to be smart asses thinking we know anything about planning on going to a show that we don't even know what time it starts, the traffic (with rain), and the distance to the venue. Hilarious! The concert: If you like music, India might not be the best place to live in. I have been here eight months now and the "best" thing happening around here before Metallica was Bryan Adams… (sigh)… and I think at some point Enrique Iglesias… (shoot me in the head). So you can imagine that the concert was full of posers (like me) going to a concert that in other circumstances would have not gone, because I'm simply not a fan of metal in general. You can tell how many curious Metallica-ignorant attendants (like me) were there simply because the few times that you could hear people singing (apart from the die-hard fans in the front who evidently knew all of them) were song parts like "… and Nothing Else Matteeeeeers…" or "Seek anddddd, seek and Destroooy…" I was a bit surprised to see the crowd very calm, not slamming, jamming, jumping, or things you normally do when you get a bit crazy at a concert (especially if you have waited for your favorite band for years). In a way, I was trying to find a logic for this and maybe they opted for behaving provided the chaos of Delhi a couple of days before. And also I think that they know very well that proper behavior can let authorities allow more concerts of this kind in the future. In this case, if my assumptions are correct, very very well done Bangalore. But wait, maybe that was because I forgot to mention a tiny tiny detail… they were not selling beer! After Enter Sandman (perhaps the climax of the show) they played three enc

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Rootandblossom: 21 Months- Proud Mama! Yes, still telling his age by months though I know I'm either passed that and or fast approaching the socially acceptable stopping point- 2 years. Books, books, books, and more books! I must read to him at least 20-30 times a day and that would be low balling. I'm excited for him to get home and be welcomed by the hundreds thousand+ children books we have sitting on shelves just begging to be read! Yes, I know that's a pretty outlandish number but you have to remember I was a school teacher. From the second he wakes up in the morning he signs and says book. He absolutely adores Mo Willems books involving Elephant and Piggie (currently loving That's My Ball) and also enjoys Little Critter and Bernstein Bears. His preferred bedtime book has moved passed Hop on Pop to Brown Bear Brown Bear and he loves finding Jesus in the Adventure Store Bible. He remembers the books we read commonly and pipes up with the proceeding phrase or words when I'm reading out loud- makes my heart smile. Books are filled with letters so it only makes sense that he also enjoys the alphabet. We go though it a lot- while taking walks, playing with his alphabet puzzle, pointing out letters in books, while he is using the toilet and playing on his V-Tech alphabet "computer," there are already a few that he proudly identifies by himself by name or by sound. Never in my wildest dreams did I think this would my something he'd be doing at a year and a half, a toddler brain's ability to soak in knowledge is absolutely incredible. Walking hand and hand with his devouring of books and letters is his craving to know new words, all words. He wants to know the word for everything and when given to him he quickly files it away and pulls it out every chance he gets. Our walks consist of him pointing out every bike, moped ('pon-mo'), car, truck, van, helmet, hat, dog, bird, hawk, crow, tree, flower, stroller, baby, feet, orange item, green item, the list goes on and on! And if you don't affirm that he labeled correctly be warned that he'll keep pointing and repetitively saying the word until an affirmation is given. Though still not completely potty trained as we hoped to be by now, he has taken a bigger step towards being potty trained! The last couple of weeks have resulted in just 1-2 accidents while at home in underwear!!! We've tried taking him out and about in underwear but this seems to not be as successful. We realize that it's probably confusing to him wearing underwear part of the day and diapers the other but we have decided that until we get home and can stay put at our house for a couple days and really hone in on it we're going to continue with it this way. We do let him choose what he wants to wear outside (always picks diaper) and do ask him if he needs to go when we are out even if he is in a diaper and sometimes he tells us he does. Here's hoping we've reached the finish line within 3 months! What we are currently working on with him is obey on first command. After a lot of reading and discussing and getting to know Gabriel we decided that we do not wish to use warnings or counting with him- from my teaching experience I've seen that kids far too often abuse this knowing that they will need to eventually do the right thing, just not quite yet. Our expectation for him is to obey without the delay. Rather than the warnings we're working on Gabriel saying, "yes mommy" or "yes daddy" after being asked to do something (seen this with other friends and love it). Now it's not that he's all out defiant but sometimes when we ask him to do something he'll kind of mosey as if debating whether or not he should, when we tell him to say either "yes mommy" or "yes daddy" he follows through. Right now we're aware that by us doing that it almost acts like a warning (Gabriel thinking, "I don't have to follow along until they say...") but as his language progresses, as well as cognitive ability, we're hoping for a smoother transition to the desired result. Speaking of defiant, he just started saying the word 'no'! We

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Home UNCG University Archives 2002-11-17 Fix Hodgdon [recital program] 2002-11-17 Fix Hodgdon [recital program] Grand Concerto for Bassoon and Orchestra Johann Nepomuk Hummel Allegro moderato (1778-1837) Romanza: Andantino e cantabile Rondo: Allegro Fantasia in A minor for Solo Bassoon Georg Philipp Telemann Hallucinations Alain Bernaud Sonata for bassoon and piano, Op. 71 Charles Koechlin Andante moderato; Allegretto scherzando (1867-1950) Nocturne: Presque adagio Final: Allegro In partial fulfillment of the degree requirements for the Bachelor of Music in Performance The hall is equipped with a listening assistance system. Patrons needing such assistance should contact an usher in the lobby. Bryan Fox, bassoon Brett Hodgdon, piano Recital Hall, School of Music Title 2002-11-17 Fix Hodgdon [recital program] Creator University of North Carolina at Greensboro. School of Music, Theatre and Dance Subject headings University of North Carolina at Greensboro. School of Music, Theatre and Dance Description Fall 2002 programs for recitals by students in the UNCG School of Music. Original format programs Original publisher Greensboro N.C.: The University of North Carolina at Greensboro Source collection UA9.2 School of Music Performances -- Programs and Recordings, 1917-2007 Series/grouping 1: Programs Finding aid link https://libapps.uncg.edu/archon/index.php?p=collections/controlcard&id=608 Object ID UA009.002.BD.2002FA.999 Full Text Program Grand Concerto for Bassoon and Orchestra Johann Nepomuk Hummel Allegro moderato (1778-1837) Romanza: Andantino e cantabile Rondo: Allegro Fantasia in A minor for Solo Bassoon Georg Philipp Telemann (1681-1767) Intermission Hallucinations Alain Bernaud (b. 1932) Sonata for bassoon and piano, Op. 71 Charles Koechlin Andante moderato; Allegretto scherzando (1867-1950) Nocturne: Presque adagio Final: Allegro In partial fulfillment of the degree requirements for the Bachelor of Music in Performance _____ The hall is equipped with a listening assistance system. Patrons needing such assistance should contact an usher in the lobby. Bryan Fox, bassoon Brett Hodgdon, piano Senior Recital Sunday, November 17, 2002 5:30 pm Recital Hall, School of Music Program Grand Concerto for Bassoon and Orchestra Johann Nepomuk Hummel Allegro moderato (1778-1837) Romanza: Andantino e cantabile Rondo: Allegro Fantasia in A minor for Solo Bassoon Georg Philipp Telemann (1681-1767) Intermission Hallucinations Alain Bernaud (b. 1932) Sonata for bassoon and piano, Op. 71 Charles Koechlin Andante moderato; Allegretto scherzando (1867-1950) Nocturne: Presque adagio Final: Allegro In partial fulfillment of the degree requirements for the Bachelor of Music in Performance _____ The hall is equipped with a listening assistance system. Patrons needing such assistance should contact an usher in the lobby. Bryan Fox, bassoon Brett Hodgdon, piano Senior Recital Sunday, November 17, 2002 5:30 pm Recital Hall, School of Music Bryan Fox, bassoon Brett Hodgdon, piano Senior Recital Sunday, November 17, 2002 5:30 pm Recital Hall, School of Music Program Grand Concerto for Bassoon and Orchestra Johann Nepomuk Hummel Allegro moderato (1778-1837) Romanza: Andant

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CommonCrawl

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25

Johnson and Johnson April 2021 Update Covid / By Jeffrey Mark, M.D. I've had a lot of questions over the past 2 days about vaccine safety since the CDC and FDA allowed vaccination with the Johnson and Johnson COVID 19 vaccinations to resume after a pause from April 13th to April 23rd occurred. Let's first summarize what has occurred. On April 13, 2021, the CDC and FDA placed a pause on vaccinations using Johnson and Johnson's single-dose COVID 19 Vaccine. This was due to 6 occurrences of a rare type of blood clot occurrence called Central Venous Sinus Thrombosis (CVST). 6 women between the age of 18 and 49 where the CVST were closely examined. As of April 12th, more than 6.8 million doses of the Johnson and Johnson Vaccine were given in the U.S. This represents a risk of about 1 in 1 million to get this rare complication. Of interest, A study released April 14th, 2021 by Oxford University found the number of people who receive blood clots after getting vaccinated with a coronavirus vaccine are about the same for those who get Pfizer vaccines as they are for AstraZeneca. According to the study, 4 in 1 million people experience cerebral venous thrombosis after getting the Pfizer or Moderna vaccine, versus 5 in 1 million people for the AstraZeneca vaccine. Of course, rates of venous thrombosis is even higher in people who contract COVID -19 or influenza. So there appears to be a rare risk of blood clots with both Astra-Zeneca and Johnson and Johnson vaccines and at least 1 study suggests that Pfizer/ BioNtech and Moderna may also possibly have an increased risk. These risks all appear to be just under 5 in a million and since all vaccines by nature stimulate the immune system which increases the risks of clots just by the inflammatory response is not a surprise. The specific response to the Johnson and Johnson vaccine is that platelet numbers drop which would make you think your risk of bleeding may go up but because of antibodies to platelet factor 4 and other factors are made as a rare response blood clots actually increase. Most physicians would normally treat clots with Heparin but in this instance, it makes things worse because of the antibodies and the right treatment is to actually bind the antibodies with IVIg. As these CVST cases were rare, even much lower than using oral contraceptive pills which have an occurrence in 2.7 to 40 per 100,000 people, and the benefits of vaccination outweighed the risks the Johnson and Johnson vaccination program was resumed. Warnings to the general public and to physicians to look out for the following symptoms were made in addition to the previous warnings: Shortness of breath, • Persistent abdominal pain, • Severe or persistent headaches or blurred vision, • Easy bruising or tiny blood spots under the skin beyond the site of the injection Also, physicians were warned to evaluate anyone with clots within 2 weeks of getting a vaccination very carefully and not just give Heparin which would be contraindicated if a CVST other autoimmune type clot triggered by the vaccine could have occurred. The information that we know to date suggests that getting a blood clot from any of the available vaccines seems to be a very rare event, likely autoimmune in origin, and the risk-benefit ratio is still favoring benefit over risk. However, there are many unanswered questions, and women on birth control, especially between the ages of 18 and 49 might consider exercising extreme caution and choose the Pfizer / BioNtech and Moderna vaccines if given a choice in vaccines but this is not a CDC or FDA recommendation and in general the CDC and FDA recommend getting any vaccine that is offered especially availability has made vaccines mostly a first come first serve operation. If you would like to optimize your immune, brain, or gut health contact us at [email protected], www.allfunctionalhealth.com, or call (925) 736-9828. Take

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CommonCrawl

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10

Memphis Flyer Food & Drink » Food & Wine Beer Run to Mississippi by Richard Murff On the afternoon of July 1st, I drove into a changed Mississippi under gray clouds that foretold a fine summer rain. Some 15 hours earlier, at precisely midnight, that state's House Bill 1322 went into effect, allowing for legal existence of that wonderful institution beer lovers in Tennessee have taken for granted for so long: the brewery taproom. Until that day, the nine breweries in Mississippi could only sell their product through a distributor, on tap through restaurants and bars, and in package. They weren't allowed to sell it onsite, but could offer paid brewery tours that gave away free samples. It was a measly loophole that didn't encourage visitors to hang around and hoist a few. Now all that has changed. Granted, Mississippi has not been on the cutting edge of the craft beer industry. Only Georgia — despite big, cosmopolitan Atlanta — still doesn't allow on-premise sales at breweries. Back in 2013, Mississippi became the 49th state to allow home brewing. But this is Mississippi, so, all things considered, coming in 49th out of 50 is like winning the silver. (Lucky Town Brewing in Jackson, has released a brew called Old No. 49 Farmhouse Ale to commemorate the "victory.") So it was that Mrs. M and I — under those cloudy skies and with R.E.M. on the stereo — went down to Water Valley, a little Oxford bedroom community. Along with the other eight Mississippi breweries, the Yalobusha Brewing Company was celebrating the long overdue HB1322. Located in what Water Valley calls downtown, Yalobusha has staked out a great spot in the former Hendricks Foundry building, connected to a small coffee shop by an even smaller games arcade. Flanked on either side of the building were food trucks offering tacos and a pizza stand. It's neat. Yalobusha Brewery There, over two great offerings from Yalobusha — its wonderfully named Snopes Pilsner and Blues Trail Farmhouse Ale — was as good a place as any to consider the implications of the three-year political slog it took to pass a law with a lot of economic upside and little to no downside. After all, there are a lot cheaper and quicker ways of getting into drunken foolishness than drinking craft beer at a homegrown brewery. But Mississippi was the first state to pass prohibition and the last to repeal it, so its relationship with alcohol is complicated. Which has given brewers that much more to celebrate. Theirs is a business with pretty thin margins after everyone involved has taken their bit. The general rule of thumb among the brewers with whom I spoke was that each barrel sold on premise (without a middle man) generates about $1,000 of much-needed revenue. Sell enough of those, and you start making new local hires to deal with the demand. The legal fight was largely spearheaded by Jackson attorney Matthew McLaughlin, who is also the executive director of the Mississippi Brewers Guild. McLaughlin expects the number of breweries in the state to double over the next 18 to 24 months. "It, in theory, lowers the risk of new products that they [brewers] want to introduce, because they have the opportunity to test in a taproom." Low-risk testing leads to more innovation, which leads to more products and growth which, politics aside, ought to be pretty straightforwardly a positive outcome. Breweries are embracing their new freedom in different ways. For the moment, Yalobusha is all about the beer, letting the local pizza place and food trucks handle the suds-sopping pub grub aspect. The Lazy Magnolia Brewery, in Kiln, is adding a small kitchen to its works in order to make it a destination brewpub. If you've never heard of Kiln, Mississippi, don't worry, few have. Apparently, that includes the global satellite communication system. The website offered directions and a helpful warning that if you put their address in GPS, you will get lost. Which sounds like a road trip I'm just going to have to take. Food & Wine

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When my kids were little, I would hear the same advice over and over "READ TO YOUR KIDS." I loved the idea of reading aloud to my kids, but it felt so overwhelming. How do you know what books to read to your kids? Where do you find good books? At what age do you read more chapter books? And, what if they just aren't interested? You see, I wasn't read to as a kid. We didn't take regular trips to the library. I remember my neighbors would come home with 100's of books each week from the library and I couldn't imagine reading through all that! It was a mystery to me. I did fall in love with books. I loved reading to myself as a child. My mom would purchase books at the local bookstore and I remember spending hours reading through them. I never read good literature. My childhood books were filled with fun and fluff. As my children grew, I wanted to read good books with them and help them discover a love for the story. So I spent a lot of time researching, asking mentors, and combing through our local library to find great books to read to our kids. I've learned you will only frustrate yourself and your family by reading books that are poorly written. Reading aloud requires good literature, no trash allowed. The best books must grab even the parents interests, because who wants to read a boring book? Not me. Below is our 10 favorite chapter books to read aloud. If you have younger children, ages 2 -4, start with the first five and work your way up. We have found that even our older children still love to read all of these books. Happy Reading! This is a chapter book of Pooh's adventures. Each chapter is a different story. We will read one chapter at a time. This version of Winnie is a family favorite and the watercolor pictures will captivate the youngest listeners. We make up songs to Pooh's little's rants and laugh at his silly thoughts. This book is a family treasure. You may remember this as a movie a few years back starring Jim Carrey. The movie didn't do the books justice! Mr. Popper's Penguins is a hilarious story of a painter who finds himself with a family of penguins. This book is engaging for all ages. It is a book no one talks about anymore but everyone should read! The truth is, I could never get myself to watch the 1980's version of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. It seems strange and awkward, but the kids and I picked up this book during dinner one night. To my surprise, we ALL loved it. Dahl's wild imagination and strange stories are some of our favorite children's literature. Be sure to add more of his books to your read aloud rotation! Mrs. Piggle Wiggle is unlike any woman you've ever met. Her house smells like cookies and her backyard is full of buried treasures. She knows EVERYTHING about children and can fix any problem that comes her way. This classic by Betty McDonald is quirky and hilarious for both kids and adults. I loved watching the movie Mary Poppins as a child! I love her wit and positive attitude. It was one of my favorite movies. My kids never got into the movie, so we picked up this classic. This magical nanny comes alive on paper and is sure to dazzle your kids no matter what age they maybe. The Penderwicks is a story of 4 sisters who spend the summer in the country. Thier kind, widowed, father, gives them plenty of freedom to roam and explore. The girls make a new friend and have plenty of adventures in this book. The characters are engaging and the story is touching. We recommend this book for older elementary and up. Over the past few years, many new versions of Alice in Wonderland have hit the movie theaters. Unfortunately, my kids found them dark and scary. They came away fearful rather than entertained. We found the book to be opposite. Don't miss out on this book! The story is quirky and the characters are SUPER strange, but Carroll pulls it all together in a magical way. My boys were in LOVE with the Cheshire Cat and we had many discussions about plot and characters. This book leaves you with so much to discuss. Cheaper by the Dozen is the hilarious story of one father who obs

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Heritage Management at the Local Level: Heritage Communities and Role of Local Authorities Jelka Pirkovič Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia heritage management, heritage community, participation, local authority Heritage management at the local level benefits heritage properties and serves the public interest. By using comparative and interpretative analyses, we argue for the use of the "heritage community" term in current heritage management, and analyse what this expression brings for the role of local authorities. We upgrade this definition with attributes that characterize heritage communities. The paper presents the evolution of the concept of participatory heritage management in the context of the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. It tests the relevance of the participatory approach in the heritage field against the theory of social systems. Conclusions comprise principles defining the role of local authorities in facilitating direct participation of heritage communities in heritage management. Arnstein, Sherry Phillis. 1969. "Ladder of Citizen Participation". Journal of the American Planning Association 35, no. 4: 216-224. Published online in 2019, https://doi.org./10/1080/01944363.2018.1559388. Council of Europe. 1985. European Charter of Local Self-Government (ETS No. 122). https://rm.coe.int/168007a088. Council of Europe. 2005a. Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society. Faro, https://rm.coe.int/1680083746. Council of Europe. 2005b. Explanatory Report to the Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society. Strasbourg. https://rm.coe.int/16800d3814. Council of Europe. 2008. The Twelve European Principles, Strategy for Innovation and Good Governance at Local Level, adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe. Strasbourg. https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/upload/krd/vedlegg/komm/lokaldemokrati/the_strategy_for_innovation_and_good_governance.pdf . ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites). 1994. Nara Document on Authenticity, https://www.icomos.org/charters/nara-e.pdf. ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites). 2002. Ethical Commitment Statement for ICOMOS Members: Revision November 2002, Madrid, https://www.icomos.org/publications/Ethics-eng.pdf. ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites). 2005. Xi'an Declaration on the Conservation of the Settings of Heritage Structures, Sites and Areas, https://www.icomos.org/xian2005/xian-declaration.pdf. ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites). 2008a. Charter for Interpretation and Presentation of Cultural Heritage Sites, http://icip.icomos.org/downloads/ICOMOS_Interpretation_Charter_ENG_04_10_08.pdf. ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites). 2008b. Charter of Cultural Routes, https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Charters/culturalroutes_e.pdf. ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites). 2017a. Action Plan for Cultural Heritage and Localizing the Sustainable Development Goals. Istanbul. https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Secretariat/2017/ICOMOS_Action_Plan_Cult_Heritage_and_Localizing_SDGs_20170721.pdf. ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites). 2017b. Delhi Declaration

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on Heritage and Democracy, https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Charters/GA2017_Delhi-Declaration_20180117_EN.pdf. ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites). 2017c. Resolution 19GA 2017/20: "The Florence Declaration on Cultural Heritage Conservation and Sustainable Tourism for Development" and Resolution 19GA 2017/30: – Mobilizing ICOMOS and the cultural heritage community to help meet the challenge of climate change, https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/General_Assemblies/19th_Delhi_2017/19th_GA_Outcomes/GA2017_Resolutions_EN_20180206finalcirc.pdf, ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites). 2018. ADCOM Buenos Aires Declaration on Universal Declaration of Human Rights, https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Secretariat/2018/AGA_2018/AGA2018_BuenosAiresDeclaration_EN-FR-ESP_final.pdf. Logan, William S. 2007. "Closing Pandora's Box, Human Rights Conundrums in Cultural Heritage Protection". In Cultural Heritage and Human Rights. Edited by Helaine Silverman and D. Fairchild Ruggles, 33-52. New York: Springer. Poulios, Ioannis. 2014. The Past in the Present: A Living Heritage Approach – Meteora, Greece. London: Ubiquity Press, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/bak. Ripp, Matthias and Dennis Rodwell. 2015. "The Geography of Urban Heritage". The Historic Environment, Policy & Practice 6 (3): 240-276, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17567505.2015.1100362. Roberts, Nancy. 2003. Direct Citizen Participation: Building a Theory, Paper Presented to the 7th National Public Management Research Conference. Washington, DC: Georgetown University. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228870715_Direct_Citizen_Participation_Building_a_Theory. Scruton, Roger. 2014. The West and the Rest: Globalization and the Terrorist Threat. Wilmington, Delaware: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, Kindle. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation). 1994. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. https://whc.unesco.org/archive/opguide94.pdf. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation). 2003. Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Paris, https://ich.unesco.org/en/convention. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation). 2005. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. https://whc.unesco.org/archive/opguide05-en.pdf. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation). 2015. Policy for the integration of a sustainable development perspective into the process of the World Heritage Convention, adopted by the General Assembly of the States Parties to the Convention at its 20th Session. Resolution 20 GA 13. Paris, https://whc.unesco.org/en/sustainabledevelopment/. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation). 2018. Basic Texts of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Paris. https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/2003_Convention_Basic_Texts-_2018_version-EN.pdf. Un

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9.12.2014 | Crowdfunding: Can it Brighten the Future for Michigan's Small Businesses and Investors? In the closing hours of 2013, Governor Snyder signed the crowdfunding law (House Bill 4996 of 2013), which became effective December 30, 2013. The new law revised the Uniform Securities Act to allow Michigan corporations and limited liability companies to sell an interest in their business enterprise to non-accredited investors without having to register the offering or the interest as a "security." This new law provides a simple, more streamlined procedure to allow Michiganders to invest in the small businesses in their community, as well as allowing entrepreneurs and small businesses to raise capital beyond the traditional methods, which can be costly and, all too often, ultimately unavailable. What is crowdfunding? Projects or ventures use crowdfunding as a means to raise capital, usually over the internet, by soliciting and raising small amounts of money from a large group of people. Rather than a bank or venture capitalist, which usually apply more leverage to control the terms. Crowdfunding, on the other hand, can allow flexibility in the terms for the enterprise, which can make all the difference to a startups and going concerns alike. Notably, it can substantively shift the preponderance of risk to the investor as the remedies available for nonperformance on the part of the company can be more limited. Accredited investors comprise about 1% of the population. According to Forbes Magazine, only 10.5% of accredited investors have made informal investments over the past three years and 95% of business plans submitted to venture capitalists are summarily rejected. With small businesses comprising more than 99% of all employer firms and 44% of the U.S. private payroll, it is essential that these companies get access to capital to sustain themselves long enough to turn a profit because the country's economic future is dependent upon the success of its small business enterprises. With access to equal opportunity, these players may experience disproportionate risk exposure, on both sides of the transaction. Arguably, the reason venture may not have funded an entrepreneur may be the exact reason why the company fail. Crowdfunding is a relatively new and exciting means for small businesses to raise capital; however, investors and small businesses need to be certain that they completely understand that there are still a myriad of federal and state requirements imposed on the raising capital through crowdfunding. The Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs (LARA) strongly advises investors, entrepreneurs, and small businesses to seek the advice of an attorney before participating in any crowdfunding activities. Your legal counsel should not only be familiar with the applicable legal issues but also aware of the relevant investment analysis relating to the investment or the fund raising process. The Katz Law firm has attorneys with experience as portfolio managers and investment advisors. If the enterprise does not meet the federal intrastate exemption requirements found in section 3(a)(11) of the Securities Act of 1933, then the offering must be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, provided it does not qualifies for another exemption. Website operators may be required to register with the SEC as a broker-dealer or a funding portal. A Corporation must not offer or sell shares in excess of the amount authorized in the articles of incorporation. We advise that investors do their own homework before investing in any small business. Crowdfunding does not miraculously make an investment less risky simply because you know the principals or they happen to be from your community. Investors should completely understand the risks being assumed; they could lose all of the funds invested because most startups fail. That's worth repeating: most startups fail. Investors should ask questions, know about the individuals involved, and verify all of the information they receive. Investors should act as any private equity firm would act in similar circumstances, which means conducting due diligence and understanding the risks, including accounting for the unknown. In short, know exactly what you are getting yourself into. Most investors understand that it is acceptable to assume risk under the proper circumstances, but knowing what the risks are and how they can affect your investment and potential return

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UK Food Labeling Debate Continues In the UK, The Independent reports on the continuing controversy over food labeling protocols, with some retailers (such as Tesco) resisting a national program that uses a traffic light format that says foods with a green light are good for you and foods with a red light are bad for you. "Many big industry players, including Tesco and Morrison's, are rejecting the system," the Independent writes. "Tesco's scheme is based on how much each food contributes to calories, sugar, fat, saturated fat and salt as a percentage to an individual's GDA (Guideline Daily Allowance). The labels have colours but they do not change according to the levels of nutrients." Tesco, for example, has argued that orange juice is healthy, but is given a red light because it is high in sugar – a label that in fact can be misleading. The problem for Tesco and Morrison, though, is that polling suggests that their programs are just confusing to consumers, while the red light/green light program created by the federal Food Standards Agency (FSA) is easy to understand. And the controversy seems to be tougher on Tesco, which is suffering the slings and arrows that come with being the UK's dominant retailer, subject to criticism for its expansion plans, environmental standards and competitive strategies. The problem, of course, is that the more complicated system advanced by retailers like Tesco and Morrison (and, quite naturally, preferred by many manufacturers) is full of nuance – and nuance is a word that doesn't have a lot of fans in the world today. It's a tough one, though. Retailers that fly in the face of the national traffic light labeling program are going to have to be very persuasive that their systems are better, because the conventional wisdom is for the moment pointing the other way. Conventional wisdom often isn't very wise but is always conventional…but making the opposite argument can be like pushing boulders uphill in a rainstorm. Study: Supermarket Pharmacies Show Continued Strength The Food Marketing Institute's annual Supermarket Pharmacy Trends report suggests that while pharmacies run by supermarkets were able to maintain their financial stability last year, retailers also were able to meet regulatory challenges such as "preparing for Medicare Part D and complying with new laws restricting the sales of cold medicines containing pseudoephedrine, which can be used illegally to produce methamphetamine." "It is most impressive to see more supermarket pharmacies reaching beyond the prescription counter to help consumers improve their health and well-being," said Michael Sansolo, FMI senior vice president. "In addition, the findings from this year's report are reassuring given the amount of regulatory change in pharmacy operations over the past 12 months." Among the findings: • Median prescriptions filled per day remained unchanged from 2004, at 120. • Prescription revenues remained at 9 percent of total store sales. • The median cost of a prescription increased slightly from $53 to $55. • Only 2.3 percent of respondents thought consumers had a good understanding of the Medicare Part D program, while 97.6 percent felt consumers had a poor or fair understanding. • To help alleviate the confusion brought about by the new regulations and change in plans, 95.5 percent of supermarket pharmacies offered educational materials for their customers, although 57 percent of pharmacies believe the government should educate consumers about Medicare. • More than 73 percent of supermarket pharmacies are set up to accept e-prescriptions from physicians now — or will be by the end of 2006. • Two-thirds of all supermarket companies are using robotic prescription filling in at least one pharmacy. • Health seminars and health-focused recipes top the list of in-store services, with 54.3 percent of pharmacies offering each. • More than 52 percent give store tours, showing customers where to find healthful products. Seems to us that one of the things that supermarkets have to focus on is everything that people put in their bodies, recognizing that the traditional boundaries between food and medicine are braking down. It is like the research that shows many

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people don't differentiate between traditional and non-traditional medical treatments – they just want what works. Home Depot CEO Confronts Criticism The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reports on an interview with Home Depot chairman/CEO Bob Nardelli, who came in for significant criticism when he appeared to be unresponsive and aloof during a recent annual meeting of shareholders. Excerpts: • On the disastrous annual meeting: "I take full responsibility for the meeting. I tried a different format, and it didn't work. I think the criticism of me was fair, and that's why, within seven days, I agreed to go back to the old format. What's unfortunate is when it cascaded down to my associates and to my board. It's unfortunate if it created distraction or angst for the [store] associates who are out there every day. However, it's one event over five years. I think the company's record stands on its own as far as financial performance and as far as values. We have never withdrawn from transparency." • On managing to the stock price: "Look, there's no one more sensitive to the stock price than me — there's no one more aligned financially with the stock price than me. All I can do is continue to chart a strategic direction, deliver on that direction and hope the intrinsic value, the predictability and the confidence in our projections translate into a fair market price." • On his own, often-criticized compensation package: "The board has been very appreciative of the performance of this company, and I'm very grateful for the compensation they've awarded me, commensurate with the company's performance. They evaluate me on the things I can control, such as top-line growth, which has almost doubled; earnings, which have more than doubled; and other metrics like return on invested capital. I would expect if the performance isn't there, they'll be just as responsive the other way. "Secondly, more than 80 percent of my total compensation is in equity that is still with the company. Sixty percent of that 80 percent is in options that are underwater. So no one is more aligned with the stock price than me. If the stock price doesn't go up, I don't get any of that." Give Nardelli credit for at least confronting the criticism. He can help his credibility a little bit more if he'd toss Larry Johnston off his board of directors. Federated Irritates More Marshall Fields Shoppers The Chicago Sun-Times reports that Federated Department Stores has added injury to insult in how it is treating Marshall Field's shoppers already annoyed that it is changing the name of the venerable chain to Macy's. Shoppers who hold Field's credit cards are being sent Macy's cards with a different number, but tied to the same account. However, Federated has said that any shopper who cancels the Macy's account also will be canceling the Field's account – even though it has pledged to keep taking the Field's card at Macy's stores. In addition, Federated said that its points reward program will be untied from the Field's card as of August 1, with points only accumulated for purchases made using the Macy's card. We're sure there are all sorts of good economic reasons to be making such moves, but we remain astounded as to how willing Federated seems to be to annoy longtime Field's shoppers. Considering that the whole strategy allegedly is aimed at revitalizing the chain, the net effect seems to be to disenfranchise much of the customer base. Dumb. Famima! Goes Hollywood With Sixth Store One year into its American expansion strategy, Japanese c-store operator Famima! has opened its sixth store in Southern California, this one on famed Hollywood Blvd. near Highland Avenue and the historic Egyptian Theater. "Our Hollywood store is in the heart of the historic area, near the Kodak Theater, and is a major draw for tourists as well as a busy area for commerce," said Shiro Inoue, president/CEO. "We hope our products and services will bring satisfaction to consumers. At the same time, we want to become more familiar with the Hollywood community and develop a neighborhood together." The company's previous stores were opened in West Hollywood, Westwood, Santa Monica, Pasadena and Torrance.

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1,330,816

1,024

CommonCrawl

15

4

Additional stores are planned for downtown Los Angeles, Glendale and Long Beach, and the company expects to have more than 20 opened by the end of the year and some 250 operating by 2009. Hardly a traditional convenience store, Famima! bills itself more as a specialty food store, with an emphasis on Asian foods that appeal both to Asian and non-Asian customers. MNB Legal Briefs • The Boston Business Journal reports that Ahold-owned Stop & Shop has been hit with a personal injury lawsuit, filed by a New Hampshire couple that charges their son was poisoned last year by beef purchased at one of the retailer's stores that contained E. coli. • Bloomberg reports that a US District Court in California has ruled that Safeway must be excluded from an antitrust lawsuit filed against it, as well as Albertsons and Kroger, by the state's Attorney General Bill Lockyer. The suit charges that a mutual aid agreement developed by the three chains to share and lessen the pain during a lockout/strike more than two years ago was actually in violation of federal antitrust laws. The judge, while not ruling on the merits of the case, said that ""Safeway's liability under the currently articulated theory is not apparent" and that "the complaint does not give defendant Safeway adequate notice of its alleged role." There ought to be a law against rulings that use phrases like "currently articulated theory." • News reports out of North Carolina says that the city of Rocky Mount wants to build something it will call BBQ Park, which would recognize Bob Melton's Barbecue, the first sit-down restaurant to sell pork barbecue. However, an argument could be made that it shouldn't be so much a park as a graveyard, since these same reports note that Rocky Mount once had such barbecue restaurants as Melton's, Buck Overton's, Brown's Chicken and Barbecue House and Gardner's Barbecue Restaurant – but now, only Gardner's remains in business. • Advertising Age reports that Mars has fired Martyn Wilks, a 20-year company veteran who has served as president of the company's US snack food unit for the past 18 months. Ad Age says that the move came because of concerns that the snack food division was not hitting its numbers, and that Mars North America President Bob Gamgort is keeping everyone in the company on a short leash. • CVS Corp. reported that its June sales increased 23.1 percent to a record $4.3 billion, compared to $3.5 billion in the prior year period; the numbers included some 700 Sav-On and Osco drug stores acquired from Albertsons at the beginning of the month. Same-store sales ere up 8.4 percent. For the second quarter, total sales increased 15.8 percent to $10.6 billion, compared to $9.1 billion in the prior year period, with same-store sales up 8.8 percent. Your Views: Truth Or Dare Responding to yesterday's story about Tesco's California plans, MNB user (and MNB fave) Glen Terbeek wrote: Since Tesco has experience with prepared foods, high quality private label, consumer direct, shopper data base marketing, world class logistics systems, and various formats around the world; look for the Express stores in the U S to be the true "moment of value" stores; localized to the market it is in. Stores that combine all of the above skills for a "hard to beat" shopping experience. There is no other U S retailer with the breadth of their experience in all of these areas. For sure, they will not enter the US with a same ol', same ol' format. In addition, Tesco is not encumbered by the current US industry model, just like Wal-Mart wasn't when it started. And Tesco's global presences will help them get the manufacturers attention in the U S, even though they are just starting; an advantage that Wal-Mart didn't have. What are "moment of value" stores? Think of stores with a strong prepared foods offering, great fresh products, and a "convenient" selection of core/necessary items. Stores that create value above and beyond distribution value. It's a fact; prices, marg

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1,024

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1,330,816

2,048

CommonCrawl

15

4

ins, and return on space go up when the need is fulfilled immediately and easily. This offering would be embellished by a consumer direct offering of a very large assortment of core/staple items and niche items that can't economically be carried in stores. They would be preordered by shoppers for pick up at the Express stores on their next visit; as example, on their way home from work while they pick up their dinner. These items will be offered at very competitive prices, since many traditional costs have been removed. In fact, manufacturers might even put their items in the system on a contingent basis to make them immediately available to the Express shoppers, just like Amazon.com does. (What, no slotting allowances?) Think about new item introductions! Wow! This will be fun to watch! Since I live in Southern California, I can't wait. But wait a minute, wait a minute! This is unfair! The playing field is not level, again! The manufacturers are supporting an(other) alternative format! They can't do this! Don't they understand. We better work on logistics again! Here's a good idea, let's increase the slotting allowances! Let's form category teams! Let's consolidate! Let's............. Another MNB user wrote: They keep talking about the retail side of this operation, but have we heard any noise on what products they are going to sell in the them? In the UK they are very dependant on third party suppliers for fresh entrees, sandwiches, etc. Have they secured any alliances in this area in our country? If yes, with who? This was a fundamental flaw in the other British retail acquisitions on the east coast. I believe M&S, Sainsbury, etc over estimated the American supply chain in this area and later found it was not what they were accustomed to on their home turf. Will Tesco learn from their mistake? We think that Tesco learns from everything. On the subject of Wal-Mart's dedication to environmental issues, illustrated by the fact that Al Gore is bringing his message about global warming – as portrayed in the hit documentary "An Inconvenient Truth" – to a company meeting in Bentonville, Arkansas, this week. MNB user Art Turock wrote: Count on Wal-Mart's sincerity in supporting sustainability. After watching the Annual Meeting in Fayetteville a few weeks ago, the major theme conveyed to about 18,000 associates was pride in company, and plenty of examples of sustainability. I don't think you proclaim a half-baked insincere gesture in front of shareholders and analysts. I was also leading a seminar with an ice cream supplier in April. One of their Wal-Mart Account Team members related a story, where he asked a buyer to leave a styrofoam container left behind on an earlier sampling session at the front desk to pick up. The buyer refused saying, "You won't see me carrying anything made of styrofoam in this building. Come to my office and pick it up." Lee Scott sees the connection between EDLC and sustainability and its becoming part of Wal-Mart best practices. One MNB user disagreed: I'm surprised you aren't more cynical. Yes, Wal-Mart may appear to be sincere now about environmental issues because it distracts the public from the negative press they have been receiving. However, it reeks of the "Made in America" campaign, which became obsolete when the new "Slashing Prices" campaign was invented so Smiley could mask the result of moving business overseas to reduce costs. When it becomes to expensive to remain conscientious about the environment, they'll drop it and find another button to push to appease the public. MNB user Randy Aszman offered the following thought: I haven't seen "An Inconvenient Truth" either, and doubt I will, but in regards to the concerns voiced by Al Gore and others, I suggest viewing "The Real Eve", a documentary produced by the Discovery Channel. It chronicles the migration of humans from Africa that basically spread the human race to Europe, Asia, Australia, and eventually the Americas 150,000 years ago. This migration was triggered by environmental changes, namely global warming. Our planet goes through cyclical changes that occur with or without the influence of the human population. And although we should be

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1. We only accept returns where goods are faulty or where they are do not conform to the order. 2. Any balance of goods comprised of an order outstanding at the final delivery date may be consigned without further reference to the buyer. Passenger train traffic - on date the package is received. A clear unconditional signature on the Carrier's sheet absolves the Carrier from any liability. Unless the Carrier's sheet is signed strictly in accordance with the actual condition of the packages on arrival, no claim for loss or damage can be entertained. It is not sufficient to sign the sheet "Unexamined" or "Unchecked". 4. We reserve the right to alter the specification of any materials as necessary. 5. (a) The ownership of and property in goods shall remain with the Company until payment in full for all the Goods has been received by the Company in accordance with the terms of the Contract or until a bona fide sale is made by the Buyer to a customer at full value. If all or any part of such payment is overdue or if the Buyer is or becomes insolvent the Company may without prejudice to any other rights it may have, recover and/or repossess the Goods or any of them whether or not they may be in the same state as they were when sold by the Company to the Buyer and for the purpose of such recovery of possession the Company or its servants or agents may enter upon any premises whereon the Goods or any part of them may be and recover or repossess such Goods and shall further be entitled to possession of any other articles of which the Goods may at such time form part and further the Company may sell or otherwise dispose of any Goods or articles recovered or repossessed and/or of which the Company is entitled to possession. Further you shall have no right to sell or to dispose of any Goods which are the Company's property whether by bona fide sale at full value of otherwise if you are insolvent. 6. (a) Settlement of invoices must be made strictly within 30 days net from date of invoice. (d) The time of payment shall be of the essence of the Contract. (e) Without prejudice to any other rights it may have, the company is entitled to charge interest at 2% above the then current base rate on overdue payments of the price of the Goods or the price of any instalments thereof. 7. We shall not be deemed to have any knowledge of any particular purpose or market for which the Goods are required unless advised when placing the order and confirmed by us in writing. 8. In the event of force majeure (which expression shall be deemed to include interalia trade dispute, war, riot, civil commotion, revolution, rebellion, storm, tempest, earthquake, frost, flood, drought, fire, explosion, breakdown, accident or other circumstances beyond the control of the Sellers) preventing delivery of the subject matter of the Contract time, then the delivery date or dates shall be extended for a reasonable time. If, however, such extension exceeds a period of six months, then either party shall have the right to cancel the undelivered portion of the Contract by notice in writing. The Sellers accept no responsibility for losses resulting directly or indirectly from force majeure. 9. Failure to pay for any goods on the due date shall give us the right to withhold further deliveries under this or any other contract which we may have with you, or at our option to cancel this or any other contract. 10. No liability is accepted for any goods which have been subjected to any further process or manufacture after they have left our hands. We shall not be bound in any way by any settlement between you and a subsequent owner of the goods, not by any survey or award as between you and a subsequent owner unless we have agreed in writing to be a party to such settlements survey or award. 11. Any dispute under or arising out of this contract shall be subject to the Common Laws of England. 12. Carriage may be charged extra for Highlands, Islands and Scotland. 13. No waiver or amendment to any of these conditions or of the terms of the order will be binding on us unless confirmed by us in writing. 14. The Seller shall not be liable for loss or damage to any of the Buyer's patterns, drawings, specifications, articles or information of any kind supplied by the Buyer to the Seller where such loss or damage is occasioned by any cause beyond the control of the Seller. 15

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using namespace glm; using namespace std; #pragma pack(push, 1) static struct SdfVertex { SdfVertex(vec3 p) : position(p) {} vec3 position; }; #pragma pack(pop) // Buffers a single face of a voxel in the given vector static void BufferCubeFace(vec3 center, vec3 normal, float cubeWidth, vector<SdfVertex>& vertices) { // Center of voxel to center of face center += vec3(normal) * cubeWidth / 2.0f; vec3 d1 = -vec3(normal.z, normal.x, normal.y); vec3 d2 = -vec3(normal.y, normal.z, normal.x); vector<vec2> weights = { { -1, -1 }, { 1, -1 }, { 1, 1 }, { -1, 1 }, }; // Reverse winding order for negative normals if (normal.x < 0 || normal.y < 0 || normal.z < 0) { std::swap(d1, d2); } for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) { vec2 w = weights[i]; SdfVertex v(center + (d1 * w.x + d2 * w.y) / 2.0f * cubeWidth); vertices.push_back(v); } } // Buffers all faces of a voxel in the given vector static GLuint BufferCube(float cubeWidth, GLuint program) { vec3 center = vec3(cubeWidth, cubeWidth, cubeWidth) / 2.0f; std::vector<SdfVertex> vertices; vector<ivec3> normals = { { 1, 0, 0 }, { -1, 0, 0 }, { 0, 1, 0 }, { 0,-1, 0 }, { 0, 0, 1 }, { 0, 0,-1 }, }; for (auto& n : normals) { BufferCubeFace(center, vec3(n), cubeWidth, vertices); } GLuint vao; GLuint vbo; glGenBuffers(1, &vbo); CheckGLErrors(); glGenVertexArrays(1, &vao); CheckGLErrors(); glBindVertexArray(vao); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(SdfVertex) * vertices.size(), &vertices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); GLint vPosLoc = glGetAttribLocation(program, "vPos"); glEnableVertexAttribArray(vPosLoc); glVertexAttribPointer(vPosLoc, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(SdfVertex), (void*)offsetof(SdfVertex, position)); CheckGLErrors(); return vao; } static void MakeSdfQuad(VoxelSet& model, ivec3 dimensions, vec3 spacing, GLuint& vao, GLuint& vbo, GLuint program) { size_t modelCount = dimensions.x * dimensions.y * dimensions.z; CheckGLErrors(); glGenBuffers(1, &vbo); CheckGLErrors(); glGenVertexArrays(1, &vao); CheckGLErrors(); glBindVertexArray(vao); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo); array<SdfVertex, 4> vertices = { { { vec3(-1, -1, 0) }, { vec3(1, -1, 0) }, { vec3

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(1, 1, 0) }, { vec3(-1, 1, 0) }, } }; glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(SdfVertex) * vertices.size(), &vertices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); GLint vPosLoc = glGetAttribLocation(program, "vPos"); glEnableVertexAttribArray(vPosLoc); glVertexAttribPointer(vPosLoc, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(SdfVertex), (void*)offsetof(SdfVertex, position)); CheckGLErrors(); } static uint8_t RoundByteF(float f) { return (uint8_t)round(f * 255.0f); } struct Box { Box(ivec3 idx) { minPoint = vec3(idx); maxPoint = vec3(idx) + vec3(1); } vec3 minPoint; vec3 maxPoint; }; float BoxDistance2(Box a, Box b) { //vec3 d = glm::max(a.maxPoint - b.minPoint, b.maxPoint - a.minPoint); vec3 d = glm::max(a.minPoint - b.maxPoint, b.minPoint - a.maxPoint); d = max(d, vec3(0)); return dot(d, d); } static bool IsEmpty(VoxelSet& voxels, ivec3 idx, float distance) { ivec3 startIdx = idx - ivec3(ceil(distance) + 1); ivec3 endIdx = idx + ivec3(ceil(distance) + 1); Box center(idx); for (int z = startIdx.z; z <= endIdx.z; ++z) { for (int y = startIdx.y; y <= endIdx.y; ++y) { for (int x = startIdx.x; x <= endIdx.x; ++x) { ivec3 checkIdx(x, y, z); Box checkBox(checkIdx); if (BoxDistance2(center, checkBox) > distance * distance) { continue; } if (voxels.IsSolid(checkIdx)) { return false; } } } } return true; } static uint8_t FindMaxJump(VoxelSet& voxels, ivec3 idx) { uint8_t jumpSize = 0; //while (IsEmpty(voxels, idx - ivec3(jumpSize + 1), idx + ivec3(jumpSize + 1)) && jumpSize < 32) { while (IsEmpty(voxels, idx, jumpSize + 0.005f)) { jumpSize++; } return jumpSize; } static void MakeJumpTexture(VoxelSet& voxels, vector<uint8_t>& jumpTexture) { int jumpIdx = 0; int shapeSize = voxels.size.x * voxels.size.y * voxels.size.z; jumpTexture.resize(shapeSize); if (IsOptionSet("loadShape")) { ifstream fin(GetOption("loadShape").c_str()); for (int i = 0; i < shapeSize; ++i) { int val; fin >> val; jumpTexture[i] = val; } fin.close(); return; } for (int z = 0; z < voxels.size.z; ++z) { for (int y = 0; y < voxels.size.y; ++y) {

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for (int x = 0; x < voxels.size.x; ++x) { ivec3 idx(x, y, z); int jumpIdx = z * voxels.size.x * voxels.size.y + y * voxels.size.x + x; if (voxels.IsSolid(idx)) { jumpTexture[jumpIdx] = 255; } else { jumpTexture[jumpIdx] = FindMaxJump(voxels, idx); } } } } if (IsOptionSet("saveShape")) { ofstream fout(GetOption("saveShape").c_str()); for (int i = 0; i < shapeSize; ++i) { if (i > 0) { fout << " "; } fout << (int)jumpTexture[i]; } fout << endl; fout.close(); } } static void VoxelsToTexture(VoxelSet & voxels, GLuint& colorTexture, GLuint& shapeTexture, GLuint& colorSampler, GLuint& shapeSampler, vector<uint8_t>& shape) { int colorsSize = voxels.size.x * voxels.size.y * voxels.size.z * 4; int shapeSize = voxels.size.x * voxels.size.y * voxels.size.z; vector<uint8_t> colors(colorsSize); for (int z = 0; z < voxels.size.z; ++z) { for (int y = 0; y < voxels.size.y; ++y) { for (int x = 0; x < voxels.size.x; ++x) { ivec3 idx(x, y, z); int shapeIdx = z * voxels.size.x * voxels.size.y + y * voxels.size.x + x; int colorIdx = shapeIdx * 3; vec4 c = voxels.At(idx); colors[colorIdx + 0] = RoundByteF(c.r); colors[colorIdx + 1] = RoundByteF(c.g); colors[colorIdx + 2] = RoundByteF(c.b); } } } // Color texture glGenTextures(1, &colorTexture); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_3D, colorTexture); glTexImage3D(GL_TEXTURE_3D, 0, GL_RGB8, voxels.size.x, voxels.size.y, voxels.size.z, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, &colors[0]); glGenSamplers(1, &colorSampler); glSamplerParameteri(colorSampler, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glSamplerParameteri(colorSampler, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glSamplerParameteri(colorSampler, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glSamplerParameteri(colorSampler, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST); glSamplerParameteri(colorSampler, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST

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); CheckGLErrors(); // Shape texture glGenTextures(1, &shapeTexture); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_3D, shapeTexture); CheckGLErrors(); glTexImage3D(GL_TEXTURE_3D, 0, GL_R8UI, voxels.size.x, voxels.size.y, voxels.size.z, 0, GL_RED_INTEGER, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, &shape[0]); CheckGLErrors(); glGenSamplers(1, &shapeSampler); glSamplerParameteri(shapeSampler, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glSamplerParameteri(shapeSampler, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glSamplerParameteri(shapeSampler, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glSamplerParameteri(shapeSampler, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST); glSamplerParameteri(shapeSampler, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST); CheckGLErrors(); } struct VoxObjInfo { vec3 offset; GLuint colorTexture; GLuint shapeTexture; GLuint colorSampler; GLuint shapeSampler; }; PerfRecord RunSdfJumpSphereTest(VoxelSet & model, glm::ivec3 gridSize, glm::vec3 voxelSpacing) { GLuint program; GLint mvpLoc; GLint mvInvLoc; GLint mvLoc; GLint nearDistLoc; GLint nearDimLoc; GLint offsetLoc; GLuint vao; GLuint vbo; GLuint cubeVao; GLuint colorTexLoc; GLuint shapeTexLoc; vector<VoxObjInfo> voxObjs; PerfRecord record = RunPerf( [&]() { // Setup vector<uint8_t> shape; MakeJumpTexture(model, shape); program = MakeShaderProgram({ { "Shaders/sdf.vert", GL_VERTEX_SHADER }, { "Shaders/sdf_jump.frag", GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER }, }); CheckGLErrors(); mvpLoc = glGetUniformLocation(program, "mvp"); CheckGLErrors(); mvInvLoc = glGetUniformLocation(program, "mvInv"); CheckGLErrors(); mvLoc = glGetUniformLocation(program, "mv"); CheckGLErrors(); // Assign texture slots colorTexLoc = glGetUniformLocation(program, "voxelColor"); CheckGLErrors(); shapeTexLoc = glGetUniformLocation(program, "voxelShape"); CheckGLErrors(); nearDimLoc = glGetUniformLocation(program, "nearPlaneDim"); nearDistLoc = glGetUniformLocation(program, "nearPlaneDist"); offsetLoc = glGetUniformLocation(program, "offset"); CheckGLErrors(); MakeSdfQuad(model, gridSize, voxelSpacing, vao, vbo, program); cubeVao = BufferCube(32.0f * VOXEL_SIZE, program); int nextOffsetIdx = 0; int totalModels = gridSize.x * gridSize.y * gridSize.z; voxObjs.resize(totalModels); for (int

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Straight Sets | Introducing 'Open House': Talking About Power in Women's Tennis Straight Sets Tennis Blog of The New York Times Introducing 'Open House': Talking About Power in Women's Tennis August 25, 2010 10:58 am August 25, 2010 10:58 am Dewey Nicks for The New York Times Tenth-seeded Victoria Azarenka of Belarus. Gerald Marzorati, editor of The New York Times Magazine, enlisted his colleague Michael Kimmelman to go to Wimbledon and report on the state of professional women's tennis. Here's their recent conversation about his piece, "How Power Has Transformed Women's Tennis." Gerry Marzorati and Michael Kimmelman are covering the nooks and crannies of the Open. @gerrynyt on Twitter » Michael, The Times's chief art critic, who writes the Abroad column, kicked off this blog a few years ago by covering the United States Open with his "Art of Tennis" posts. He is returning to the Open this year, and under the banner "Open House," he and Gerry, a longtime fan, will look at the season's last major from some uncommon perspectives. Send in a comment below to talk about tennis, the magazine article and non-traditional action photographs or the accompanying videos of the players in action, or to ask fan-oriented questions about the Open. Over the next two weeks, they will seek answers for you. Gerry Marzorati: The story line for this Open — at least on the women's side — is injuries. Serena and her cut foot, Henin and her elbow; Clijsters, hip; Venus and her knee. Is the power game beating up these women to the degree that they can't compete? Michael Kimmelman: Sure seems like it. It's like the Somme out there. Maybe the power game's to blame, or just bad luck, but Sharapova also banged up her heel in the final in Cincinnati. On the other hand, Safina has finally won a couple of matches in a row, Zvonareva's getting herself back together, and Sharapova did push Clijsters at that final, so there's still some reason to hope for a great Open on the women's side. Serena's absence leaves room for more players to imagine they can win, which isn't to say anyone can replace her. G.M.: So, Caroline Wozniacki is the No. 1 seed? If you're CBS, what are you thinking about this? You've lost the best player, an American, the most compelling player in the draw. Especially after last year's meltdown, everyone was going to be focusing on her every move. She was the talk of the Open. We even had her on the cover of the magazine before she pulled out. M.K.: If you're CBS, you're thanking Wozniacki's parents that their daughter turned out to be so telegenic and appealing, but you're mostly thinking it's like the days of the N.B.A. playoffs just after Michael Jordan retired, when fans tuned out in droves. Fortunately, the men's side has always been at least as big or a bigger attraction, and the Open is shaping up really nicely on the men's side with a rejuvenated Federer, Murray on the rise, the great Nadal looking to win here finally, and a slew of challengers, including even a suddenly back-from-the-dead Marcos Baghdatis. So I suspect executives at CBS aren't planning to jump off Black Rock just yet. That said, Serena was a great story, especially after her implosion last year, when she threatened to shove a tennis ball down the throat of a line judge who called an untimely foot fault in the semifinals, and I bet she's the sorriest of all not to be able to replace that image of her with a sunnier one where she's raising the trophy. G.M.: In contrast, what's Venus like? M.K.: She's polite, cryptic, laughs a lot, and is kind of disconnected when faced with a stranger in a short interview in the Wimbledon clubhouse before the first round, but I would hardly

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I suspect that the problems on Scrum teams in my current organization supersede this one aspect, but wanted to focus the question more specifically to how Scrum can be done better than it is currently being done. Our project is a hub of sorts with an absurd number of external interfaces spiderwebbing into and out of our software that we are trying to deliver. We have many many many layers of abstraction from business and operations, to operation business analysts, to Product Owner, to business systems analysts that define detailed functional requirements in the form of user stories and acceptance criteria. This project has a big budget so they formed off two scrum teams but to my extremely vocal objections the decision by the scrum master was to horizontally segregate the two scrum teams such that one scrum team deliver on user stories for stakeholders while the other scrum team delivers on more technical and interface stories in a digestable form for the other scrum team. My unheeded objections were that a user story should be a full vertical slice otherwise we harm our ability to be cross functional. The argument against mine is that even the simplest most atomized slice of business value could not be delivered in a two week sprint because of the obscene amount of external dependencies any one story calls for. Instead the second team works ahead of the user story team. This is all failing miserably in practice, but despite all of this the bigger problem still is that our backlog grooming and sprint planning sessions take 8+ hours to complete. Our scrum master insists that we cannot end the meeting until enough stories are ready for the next sprint, no matter what. Most of the stories just aren't ready in terms of requirements I feel to where the user story is clear and the acceptance criteria makes sense. I am constantly trying to stifle extended deep dive technical discussions that technical folks in the room insist on talking to death about but usually I just give up after a while and let them talk through whatever anxieties they have. Originally I tried taking a hard stance in the meetings and calling the story Not Ready and moving back to Backlog, however I was being lectured from the frustrated Product Owner that we are failing to bring anything useful at all into the next sprint. Next I tried to call for a return to Sprint Zero because we just aren't ready to work on anything yet. It is clear the Scrum Team needs more guidance on requirements and high level design, and being as I am responsible for system architecture, I agree that we are moving too fast for me to give the level of design detail that the technical folks feel they need to work on a story. I try to make up for this by being completely available for questions or concerns during the sprint but it doesn't ease the anxiety that the team feels about the impending public humiliation that comes when they are in standup and have to admit that they don't know what to do and that their story is at risk yet again. My call for Sprint Zero is unheeded by the Scrum Master who insists that we are not going to meet our strict regulatory deadlines of minimum scope if we "waste time" in Sprint Zero. It is a completely immutable position that he refuses to step down from. So our Backlog grooming and Sprint planning has devolved into 8+ hr sessions where we essentially try our best to piece together requirements and design details for each story, and where discussions can go in excess of 45 minutes on each story. This whole experience has me wondering if Scrum just doesn't scale to large projects in practice. What else can I do as a technical architect to help pull the project out of this vicious death spiral it found itself in? How can I help the team get to a point where we can groom, slice and size a story in less than 10 minutes? Your scrum master isn't doing their job and this may be a discussion that you need to have with them (tactfully and in private) to see whether they're willing to change their approach. Sprint Planning sessions must be time-boxed to prevent exactly this from happening. No one should be more pedantic about time-boxing these meetings than the scrum master. The sessions are going so long because they're allowed to go that long. Time-box the session and the team will soon learn to be more productive / less detailed due to necessity. This is why time-boxing works - it makes time a non-negotiable so other things have to be negotiated (eg depth of discussion, definition of ready, general grooming process). You may need a new Scrum Master, because your super

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We Are #Venom Create artwork inspired by Venom Creators Selected On SELECTED ARTIST ANNOUNCEMENT Venom called and you all answered! When we started this art activation, we knew that there were those out there who loved our complex and badass character as much as we do, but we never could have anticipated the number of fantastic pieces of creative that would be submitted. As the weeks went on, not only did we find ourselves with too many amazing submissions to choose from, but our very own Eddie Brock/Venom, played by Tom Hardy, fell in love with the submissions and started to promote them himself. As we came to the final days of the submission window, Tom wanted to express his love and appreciation for the fans of Venom by choosing 5 of the selected works. We look forward to announcing those to the world! As you all know, the world has enough superheroes…now it's time for some Venom! The #Venom Team One of Marvel's most enigmatic, complex and badass characters comes to the big screen, starring Academy Award® nominated actor Tom Hardy as the lethal protector Venom which releases globally October 5, 2018! To amplify the launch of the film, Columbia TriStar Marketing Group, Inc. is creating an art activation campaign leading up to this film's release, and they want to collaborate with you! Artists, designers and illustrators from around the world are invited to create one-of-a-kind static artwork for Venom inspired by the latest trailer. Venom faces off against Riot and we'd like you to summon your inner anti-hero and unleash your imagination to show us the best battle scene you can capture. Whether it's an illustration, a digital painting or an alternative poster design, the judges are looking for captivating and imaginative static artwork to help drive promotion and excitement socially across the film's marketing and digital channels. Artists are encouraged to check out the trailer and Venom's social channels. Artists may also use the approved imagery assets and motion posters (horizontal / vertical) for inspiration. Artwork will potentially be featured across the film's marketing campaign, including social accounts, print materials and merchandise. Five (5) pieces of art will be selected by Columbia TriStar Marketing Group, Inc. The Selected Artists will receive $2,000 for each piece selected. about venom We Are #Venom. October 5, 2018. One of Marvel's most enigmatic, complex and badass characters comes to the big screen, starring Academy Award® nominated actor Tom Hardy as the lethal protector Venom. Website • Facebook • Twitter • Instagram the career opportunity* Five pieces of work, as chosen by Columbia TriStar Marketing Group, Inc., will be selected. The Selected Artists will each: Potentially have their artwork featured in Venom's marketing campaign Potentially receive exposure for their work across Venom's digital and marketing channels including print materials and merchandise Receive $2,000 for each piece of artwork selected *Please note that there is no employment opportunity granted herein. creative invite guidelines NO PURCHASE NECESSARY TO ENTER OR WIN. AN INTERNET CONNECTION IS REQUIRED. This opportunity is open globally to those who are at least 18 years of age and the age of majority at the time of entry. Void where prohibited by law. Each artist may submit up to 10 submissions. No artist teams allowed. Artists should retain their original artwork files in the highest quality possible but designs must be submitted in JPEG or PNG, max. size 10MB. All submissions must be original artwork which is not inspired by or based on third party artwork (and may not contain third party materials or intellectual property and/or stock materials, and must be free-and-clear of any and all third-party rights). Please no photography or video. Artists may depict the likenesses of the characters in Venom, to the extent such depiction does not contain the likeness of the actors, and may include the Venom title treatment logo in their artwork. All rights in and to the characters and title treatment logo are reserved by Columbia TriStar Marketing Group, Inc. ("CTMG"). Selected Artists may be asked to modify their

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package edu.clemson.cs.rsrg.absyn.expressions.programexpr; import edu.clemson.cs.rsrg.absyn.expressions.Exp; import edu.clemson.cs.rsrg.parsing.ResolveParser; import edu.clemson.cs.rsrg.parsing.TreeBuildingListener; import edu.clemson.cs.rsrg.parsing.data.Location; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; import java.util.Map; /** * Although the grammar allows user to type in programming array expressions, * in reality these are just syntactic sugar for different operation/function calls in * {@code Static_Array_Template}. * * When the {@link TreeBuildingListener} walks either to the exit function of * a {@link ResolveParser.ProgVarDotArrayExpContext} node or * a {@link ResolveParser.ProgVarArrayExpContext} node, we create an instance * of this class to satisfy the requirements of building something of type * {@link ProgramExp}. * * Before a {@link ProgramExp} is added to a statement, we check to see if * it contains any instances of this class. For all instances of this class, * we convert it to the corresponding operation/function calls. * * When we are done building the RESOLVE AST, there should not be any instances * of this class left. * * @version 2.0 */ public class ProgramVariableArrayExp extends ProgramVariableExp { // =========================================================== // Member Fields // =========================================================== /** The expressions's index expression. */ private final ProgramExp myProgramIndexExp; /** The expressions's array name expression. */ private final ProgramVariableExp myProgramNameExp; // =========================================================== // Constructors // =========================================================== /** * This constructs a programming variable array expression. * * @param l A {@link Location} representation object. * @param nameExp A {@link ProgramVariableExp} representing the expression's name expression. * @param indexExp A {@link ProgramExp} representing the expression's index expression. */ public ProgramVariableArrayExp(Location l, ProgramVariableExp nameExp, ProgramExp indexExp) { super(l, null); myProgramNameExp = nameExp; myProgramIndexExp = indexExp; } // =========================================================== // Public Methods // =========================================================== /** * {@inheritDoc} */ @Override public final String asString(int indentSize, int innerIndentInc) { StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(); sb.append(myProgramNameExp.asString(indentSize, innerIndentInc)); sb.append("["); sb.append(myProgramIndexExp.asString(0, innerIndentInc)); sb.append("]"); return sb.toString(); } /** * {@inheritDoc} */ @Override public final boolean equals(Object o) { if (this == o) return true; if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false; if (!super.equals(o)) return false; ProgramVariableArrayExp that = (ProgramVariableArrayExp) o; if (!myProgramIndexExp.equals(that.myProgramIndexExp)) return false; return myProgramNameExp.equals(that.myProgramNameExp); } /** * {@inheritDoc} */ @Override public final boolean equivalent(Exp e) { boolean retval = e instanceof ProgramVariableArrayExp; if (retval) { ProgramVariableArrayExp eAsProgramVariableNameExp = (ProgramVariableArrayExp) e; retval = myProgramNameExp

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"Having a companion for your dog is really important," Dr. Borns-Weil says. She understands that not everyone can have or even wants the responsibility of caring for two dogs and comments that deciding to have an "only" dog is a perfectly reasonable way to go. She is glad to see anyone provide a dog a good life in which he is loved by his human family. But she points out that because dogs are innately social animals, there's no denying that they do benefit from having at least one friend of the same species in their home. After all, you can toss a ball for your dog and wrestle a squeaky toy from his mouth, but you play like a person. Imagine always having to do your favorite activities with an animal who doesn't quite get it. Another benefit of a dog having a canine housemate: less stress for the dogs about being boarded when you leave town. The pairing usually goes well. Dr. Borns-Weil's dogs over the years have certainly gotten along swimmingly — with the exception of her latest set. In the canine equivalent of speed dating, she took the dog already in her home to local shelters and brought home the shelter animal her dog seemed to like most. Still, the two got off to a rocky start that took a while to get past. "As it turns out, just like people, dogs don't always know what's good for them," she says. She had to work at their relationship in order to maintain peace. Many of the problems between two dogs in the same house, Dr. Borns-Weil says, come down to plain old sibling rivalry, just as for human children. Each wants first dibs on what matters to him — generally, the familiar stuff like toys, treats, and attention. It's our job as the ones who are supposed to facilitate good relationships in the household to see to it that each dog feels his needs are met — just not to the exclusion of the other dog's. But how? When Dr. Stephanie Borns-Weil brought home rat terrier mix Dobby (right) to live with Tibetan terrier Patches, Patches became aggressive around her valued resources (food and chews). The veterinarian's treatment consisted of having both dogs obey a command before receiving valued resources but also supporting Patches' priority access, giving her food, treats, etc., first since since she was there before Dobby. Also, she avoided trigger situations initially by feeding them in separate areas and simply not giving objects that would instigate aggression. It might seem that the easiest way to help two dogs in your home get along is to adopt both of them at the same time. That way, it stands to reason, nobody was there first, so nobody will feel he has turf to defend or turf to infiltrate. The two will perceive their claim on their home environment, and their claim on you, equally. You might also assume it's a plus if the two dogs are similar in age. An eight-year-old simply is not going to have the same interests or be in the same frame of mind as a puppy — or have the same energy level. But, counterintuitive though it may be, getting two dogs of the same age and at the same time does not decrease the risk of squabbling. On the upside, differences between two dogs in a household, no matter what their ages and no matter when they arrived, are rarely irreconcilable. That said, the adjustment can sometimes be made more difficult if a puppy is brought into a home where an older dog has already been living. The older dog might tend to be indulgent up front, but perhaps more cranky later on about the younger dog trying to vie for equal status. "When you bring a puppy into the house, the older dog is usually very tolerant of the younger dog's antics," says Dr. Borns-Weil. "You see this even in wolves, where the alpha wolf rolls around like an idiot with a puppy, even letting him bite his face, but he would never allow this with an adult wolf, and it's the same with dogs." What it means is that when a puppy reaches social maturity at the age of a year to a year and a half, real jockeying begins. That's because you now have two adult dogs who believe they have equal standing precisely because the older dog gave in to the pup in so many ways. Fortunately, the dogs almost always work it out, sometimes in ways so subtle you won't even notice the negotiating. Of course, you

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might want to ease the transition by identifying a second dog who enjoys the same pastimes as the dog you already have. For instance, if your dog loves the water, maybe you'll want a pet with some Newfoundland in him, or some Portuguese water dog, both of whom are genetically encoded to enjoy a good splash-about. You'll also want their first meet-up to be on neutral territory — not at your home, which the dog already there feels is his. Initial introductions at home could bring out territoriality that can get the two off on the wrong foot. Instead, try a park, with lots of treats handed out equally to both and lots of praise for happy cavorting. Spend some time with them outside both on and off-leash to ease their sense of comfort with each other in terms of being in close proximity. When the second dog comes home, perhaps after two or three meetings away from the house, continue fussing over the two of them as they play together but — and this is a big "but" — make sure your original dog gets his food and treats first. He must remain top dog. Don't worry that it's not fair to the other. Dogs accept that hierarchy and even expect it. Mixing it up will only derail their sense of the natural order of things. You also don't want to pay an inordinate amount of attention to the new dog — at least not in the first dog's presence. Yes, of course your new pet must get some extra attention, if only to show him the ropes of the household, to show him how things go in your home. But if you coo over the new dog as if the first one isn't there, he will of course become jealous and possibly resentful. And the new dog may get the message that he is more important — which he is not. As your two dogs settle in together, you may very well see them start to "argue" over resources — a favored couch cushion or a special toy or perhaps your attention. That's okay. It's doggie nature, just as it is human nature. Everybody wants the "good" stuff. You don't have to worry that either dog is trying to assert dominance. Dominance is an outdated term when it comes to understanding canine behavior, Dr. Borns-Weil says. Neither dog is trying to lord it over the other. In fact, the doctor comments, generally speaking, dogs are not interested in fighting. Even though most have been neutered or spayed, they maintain an instinct that tells them fighting will lessen their chances of passing down offspring. It's an important point because "the concept of dominance has been misunderstood and misused to the detriment of dogs," Dr. Borns-Weil says. "It's used as a justification for very inappropriate, forceful ways of training" in the mistaken belief that a dog needs to be taken down a peg when that's not the case at all. "I don't even like to use the D word for that reason," Dr. Borns-Weil notes. Dogs make their strong preferences clear with behavioral displays that can look concerning but aren't. "They'll hold a stance or give a look or a little rumble," Dr. Borns-Weil says. It very rarely will escalate, so don't try to play power broker. Let the dogs work it out for themselves. You may not even need to step in with the occasional growling, snarling, air-snapping, or noisy scuffle that subsides on its own with no one getting hurt or frightened. In fact, your doing so can sometimes backfire if you mistakenly reprimand the dog that should have the preferred item. Consider that if you see one dog giving the other dog a piece of his mind, he may be responding to a provocation rather than starting one, and if you put him "in his place" you will have undermined his credibility in defending himself. You are, in effect, punishing him for protecting something that he has a right to protect, which will prove confusing. Likewise, you could inadvertently end up rewarding the other dog for being pushy. They'll work it out. Remember, Dr. Borns-Weil says, if one dog is staring while another eats, and the dog being stared at growls, it is appropriate in dog signaling because the dog being stared at is asserting his right to eat his own food without being made uncomfortable. Sometimes things don't work out

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Journal of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences ISSN:2233-8322(Print) 2508-870X(Online) 농업생명환경연구 논문투고 규정 Ethics Regulations 출판윤리 및 연구윤리 규정 편집위원회 규정 ▼Author's check list(eng) Download ▼Statement of Copyright Transfer(eng) Download Enacted 01. 01. 2017 Revised 04. 06. 2017 Chapter 1 General Rules Article 1 (Purpose) The purpose of the Guidelines is to provide the standards for writing papers for submission and to ensure that they are published under the same system in the Journal of Agriculture, Life, and Environmental Sciences. Article 2 (Content of Manuscript) ① The manuscript should be a research article, review article, technical information, or special feature related to agriculture, life, and environmental sciences, and should not be published in other academic magazines or publications. 1. Research Article: It must be original research in the field of agriculture, life, and environmental sciences, with academic values. 2. Review Article: It must present academically valuable conclusions through original interpretation, including literature reviews on research status, trends, limitations, and future research in the field of agriculture, life, and environmental sciences. 3. Technical Information: Practical contents must be included in the form of technical data related to the field of agriculture, life, and environmental sciences. 4. Special Feature: The editorial committee selects specific topics related to agriculture, life, and environmental sciences, and commissions the manuscript. ② A paper containing studies involving human testing (including sensory evaluation) and animal testing must be approved by a recognized body, namely the Institutional Review Board (IRB) or the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), and the approval number must be indicated in the materials and methods section. ③ The terms "sex" (biological aspect) and "gender/identity" (social, psychological, or cultural aspect) must be used correctly. Except in exceptional cases, "the sex and gender of the study participant," "the sex of the animal or cell used in the study," and "the method of determining or revealing the sex and gender" must be described. If the study was conducted with only a specific group of subjects (e.g., single-gender), the reason must be stated, except in cases with a clear reason (e.g., a study on prostate disease, ovarian disease, etc.). In cases where race or ethnicity have been distinguished in the study, the criteria and validity for distinguishing race or ethnicity must be described. Article 3 (Consent to Use Copyright) ① The author's checklist, research ethics pledge, and copyright transfer agreement must be submitted with the manuscript, and all rights, including copyright for the submitted paper, belong to the Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute. ② Under the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), sources must be identified and cited when writings are distributed, reproduced, or duplicated for non-profit purposes. Article 4 (Qualification for Submission) This journal publishes papers related to the field of agriculture, life, and environmental sciences. Manuscripts should be submitted only by primary authors. Chapter 2 Acceptance of Manuscript Article 5 (Submission Method) ① Manuscripts are accepted online on demand, and one copy including figures and tables must be submitted online. ② After the manuscript is accepted, the author should submit the original copy, including the figures and tables, online. The date of acceptance is the date on which the final review is completed. Article 6 (Publication Fee) The publication fee (KRW 300,000) must be paid upon confirmation of the publication of the paper. In the case of a rapid peer review process, KRW 500,000 must be paid when the publication is confirmed. The account details are as follows: Shinhan Bank, 100-032-641669, Kangwon

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University-Industry Cooperation Foundation). The final publication of the paper is approved on the date on which the author paid the publishing fee. Chapter 3 Method of Writing the Manuscript Article 7 (Manuscript Format) ① The manuscript may be written in Korean or English using Hangul word processor (Korean) or MS Word (English). ② Provide the manuscript on A4 paper with 3-centimeter margins, single column, Batang font (Times New Roman for English), 11-point type, and 160%-line space. Insert the page numbers in the middle of the bottom of each page, starting with the first page of the manuscript. ③ The manuscript must indicate line numbers. It is recommended that the manuscript be marked with consecutive line numbering from beginning to end. Article 8 (Manuscript Cover) ① For a manuscript written in Korean, write the title, author's name, name of affiliated institute, address, and position in Korean first, and then write the same information in English below. When writing the authors' names in English, write the full name in order of the given name and family name. ② For the title of a paper written in English, write the first letter of the major words and the proper nouns in upper case, and the rest in lower case. ③ Write the running title in Korean or English, which does not exceed 10 words. ④ If the authors' affiliated institutes are different, type a superscript number without a space after the authors' names, and type the same superscript number on the left side of the authors' affiliated institutes. ⑤ Type a superscript * after the name of the corresponding author. ⑥ In the middle of the first page, write the name and e-mail address of the corresponding author. Example) Effects of Packaging Films on Fruit Quality and Storability of "Kumsil" and "Kingsberry" Strawberries during MA Storage Minwoo Baek1, Shimeles Tilahun2,3, Han-Ryul Choi1, Jung-Soo Lee4, Cheonsoon Jeong5* 1Graduate Student, Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea 2Researcher, Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea 3Assistant Professor, Department of Hoticulture and Plant Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma 378, Ethiopia 4Researcher, Postharvest Technology Division, National Institute of Horticulture Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea 5Professor, Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea *Corresponding Author: Cheonsoon Jeong (E-mail: [email protected]) Article 9 (Composition of Manuscript) ① For a manuscript written in Korean, write the paper in order of the Title, Author, Affiliation, English Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion, Summary or Conclusion, Acknowledgements, References, Tables, and Figures. The Results and Discussion may be separated if necessary. Do not use consecutive numbering for each heading, and align the headings in the center in 12-point bold font. ② For a manuscript written in English, write the paper in the order of Title, Author, Affiliation, Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion, Acknowledgements, References, Tables, and Figures. The Results and Discussion may be separated if necessary. Do not use consecutive numbering for each heading, and align the headings in the center in 12-point bold font. Article 10 (Guidelines for Writing the Manuscript) ① Abstract and Keywords 1. Make sure to write the abstract in English in concise and clear language, not exceeding 300 words. Do so in a single paragraph and do not use consecutive numbering to list the results. After the English abstract, provide up to five keywords in alphabetical order and capitalize the first letter of each keyword. Example) Keywords: Agriculture, Insecticide, Plant, Soil, Water 2. The English Abstract should

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not cite figures, tables, or formulas mentioned in the text. 3. For abbreviations in the English Abstract, use the original term first with the abbreviation in parentheses and subsequently only the abbreviation. ② For formatting the paper, use left alignment for subheadings. If there is an order, indent two spaces to write the text in small letters. ③ Use Arabic numerals for all numerical data cited in the paper and use International Standard Units (SI Units) for all units. For % and ℃, leave no space between the number and the unit, and for all other units, write the unit with one space after the number. Write all units in lower case, except those defined in capital letters. However, use capital L for liter. Write units in the form of mg/L and g/kg and leave one space between the number and the unit. Units must be entered using keyboard letters. ④ Writing Tables, Figures, and Formulas 1. Write the title and content description of tables and figures in English and capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the title, using lower case for the rest. Do not insert the tables and figures in the manuscript text; instead, attach them in the Annex after the References. For tables, write the title at the top of the table. For figures, write the title at the bottom of the figure. 2. Compose tables using Hangul or MS Word. Cutting and pasting tables from Excel or other programs to the manuscript is prohibited. Do not use horizontal or vertical lines between numerical data when composing a table. A line may be inserted if separation is necessary between numerical data. If a table requires annotation, indicate this in the table and attach the annotation at the bottom of the table, using superscripts such as 1), 2), and 3). In the footnote, use superscripts and write an explanation, leaving no space after the superscript. 3. Provide figures in color or black and white. Use 9-point letters and numbers. 4. Do not use a period after a Table title. Use a period after a Figure's title and description. Example) Table 1. Characteristics of antibiotics used in this study Fig. 1. Scanning Electron Microphotographs (SEM) of zero valent iron (a) before and (b) after reaction with antibiotic solution. 5. When quoting tables and figures in the text, cite them as "Table 1" and "Fig. 1." 6. Do not include formulas in the line in which the sentence is written, but in a separate line using consecutive numbering such as (1) and (2) on the right. Unify units into SI units, and for units in English, use lower case except for units with conventional capitalization. Use Arabic numerals for numbers, and make sure to include 0 before the decimal point when marking decimals. For symbols, define the symbol in a sentence where it is first used, and use italics. The symbols marked in the text, formulas, figures, tables, and photos must maintain the same font. ⑤ (Formatting References) 1. When citing references in the text, indicate the author's name and year as follows. For single author: (Kim, 1999); for two authors: (Park and Lim, 2005); and for co-authors with three or more people: (Lee et al., 2008). When quoting literature at the end of a description, list the authors in parentheses in alphabetical order, and separate each reference using semicolons (;). Example) …reported on soil organic matter (Kim, 1999; Lee et al., 2008; Park and Lim, 2005). Example) Park and Lim (2005)... 2. When marking the citation of a report in parentheses in the text, use the abbreviation of the institute. Example: (US EPA, 2000) 3. The literature cited in the text must be included in the References in English and listed alphabetically without numbering. 4. If several papers by the same author are cited, arrange them in chronological order, and if they are written in the same year, add lower case letters (a, b, c, etc.) on the right side of the year. If the paper is written in Korean and has an English abstract, add "in Korean with English abstract" in parentheses to the name of the reference. 5. All names of authors or editors must be indicated regardless of

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the number of authors. 1) For academic journals, provide, in order, the author's name, year, title, journal name, volume number, and page number, as follows. For the journal name, use the abbreviation widely used in academic literature. Example)Suh, J. S., Kwon, J. S., Kim, S. H. (1999) Influence of grass cover on water use and shoot growth of young 'Fuji'/M.26 apple trees at three soil water regimes in double pot lysimeters. Korean J Soil Sci Fert 32:357-364. 2) For books, provide, in order, the author's name, year, title, edition or volume number, page number, publisher, and place of publication. The author's name should be in accordance with the guidelines for published academic journals. Attach the name of the issuing country if required. However, in the case of books edited with chapters written by different authors, format as in Example 2. Example1)Barritt, B. H. (1992) Intensive orchard management: a practical guide to the planning, establishment, and management of high density apple orchards (2nd ed). p.58. Good Fruit Grower, Yakima, Japan. Example2)Keeney, D. R., Nelson, D. W. (1982) Nitrogen-inorganic forms. pp.643-698. In: Page et al. Methods of soil analysis (2nd ed). Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA. 3) For reports or dissertations, provide, in order, the author's name, year, title, research institute, and place of publication as follows. The name of the author should be in accordance with the guidelines for published academic journals. Example1)Kang, Y. K., Stutte, C. A. (1982) Effects of silicon on growth and physiological activities of rice. Research Report 24. Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea. Example2)Cho, B. O. (1999) Characterization of soil fertility and management practices of alpine soils under vegetable cultivations. Ph.D. Thesis, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea. 4) For patents, provide, in order, the author's name, year, title, and patent number as follows. Example)Roth, T. L. (1972) The manufacturing process of natural insecticide. USA Patent 3670. Chapter 4 Paper review Article 11 (Proofreading) The authors may only read the first proof, and making changes in the content during proofreading is prohibited. Change or removal of an author can only be made before confirmation of the manuscript's publication, and requires approval from the chief editor. The corresponding author should submit a document to the chief editor, stating the following: ① Reasons for change or removal of an author ② Consent from all authors to change or remove an author (signature required, including the author added or removed) Article 12 (Expert Review Process – Peer Review) ① The chief editor appoints editors by field and makes a final decision on the review. ② The editorial committee selects the reviewer and decides whether to select the paper according to the results of the review. ③ The chief editor first checks the appropriateness of the submitted paper for the academic field. If the paper is not appropriate for the academic field, it is referred to the editorial committee to determine the worthiness of review. ④ The submitted paper is reviewed by two or more reviewer before deciding on its acceptance. ⑤ In the case of a paper requiring rapid peer review process, the author(s) will be notified of the results of the first review within one week after submission. Chapter 5 Miscellaneous Article 13 (Publication) This journal is published four times a year (March 31, June 30, September 30, and December 31). A special issue may be additionally published after a meeting of the editorial committee. Article 14 (Delegation) Matters not specified in these guidelines are managed by the editorial committee. Article 15 (Compliance with Regulations on Research Ethics) A paper submitted to this

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12

Belated summer challenge: tell wood from sound For chatting and discussions. Belated summer challenge: tell wood from sound#38278 By djembefeeling - Thu Sep 21, 2017 1:45 pm - Thu Sep 21, 2017 1:45 pm #38278 this is to challenge batadunbata and everyone else who wants to participate in telling the different types of wood of djembes by the sound. I am very sceptical, but at least as curious about this. So I did record all my djembes in my studio and present those recordings to you. To get the most comparable results, I tried to play more or less the same patterns in all of the 10 tracks. Can you tell wood from sound? Have fun: Dj.1.mp3 (1.12 MiB) Downloaded 98 times Last edited by djembefeeling on Mon Oct 30, 2017 9:06 pm, edited 2 times in total. Re: Belated summer challenge: tell wood from sound#38279 Three more: Again three more: And the last one: Dj.10.mp3 By Dugafola - Thu Sep 21, 2017 2:45 pm you got a lot of jembes man! should i shave my moustache? Dugafola Location: Santa Cruz CA, USA I need to, I teach. But you`ve got a moustache and I don`t Which one do you like best? i've been listening to all of them on repeat. i think i can have fun on any of them really. i'll let you know. maybe you can give us a list of what woods are included and then it would make it a little bit easier... No intention to make it easy. You know, bata has to proove his claims By the kid - Thu Sep 21, 2017 9:03 pm Getting 50% right would be an achievement. But would that be a high enough percentage to declare one able to differentiate between woods accurately. Are we expecting 100% here. Impossible i reckon. Into The art of djembe I didn't really clear that up in my mind. I guess 50% would be awesome. Just give it a shot if if you want. I think I couldn't tell. It would be all guesswork. I don't really believe anyone could tell. But then, who knows. There is this blind guy who can mountain bike just relying on clicking with his tongue and listening to echoes. I couldn't believe that either... By the kid - Thu Sep 21, 2017 10:01 pm - Thu Sep 21, 2017 10:01 pm #38288 I seen a guy on telly years ago who could tell the temperature of water by dipping in his nose. But mountain biking relying on clicks and echoes sounds a bit dangerous. It sounds like the start of a good joke though. By the kid - Thu Oct 12, 2017 5:46 pm - Thu Oct 12, 2017 5:46 pm #38346 I think you should make this challenge a bit more realistic. Get 3 or 4 djembes, each a different wood and say which wood it is so someone can try link the sound with the wood. Having 10 unknowns is a bit ott. I'm not 100 percent about the recording setup either and wonder about the clarity of the sounds. Sounds bit muffled to which can be due to a few factors. But I haven't got a chance to hear it properly through decent speakers. By djembefeeling - Thu Oct 12, 2017 7:12 pm the kid wrote: I think you should make this challenge a bit more realistic. But that is realistic. Batadounbata, showing up from nowhere on the forum in the summer and as quickly disapearing again, said he has learned about the sound quality of woods listening to the youtube videos of wula drum presentations. I was sceptical and wanted proof. Batadounbata wanted to deliver.

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1,330,846

0

CommonCrawl

4

1

Portrait of a Lady on Fire Melissa Anderson Bisous in Brittany: Céline Sciamma's new film tracks an eighteenth-century love story. Noémie Merlant as Marianne and Adèle Haenel as Héloïse in Portrait of a Lady on Fire. Image courtesy Neon. Portrait of a Lady on Fire, written and directed by Céline Sciamma, now playing in New York and Los Angeles through December 12, 2019 Sapphically swoony but occasionally didactic, Céline Sciamma's Portrait of a Lady on Fire weighs down its love story with Linda Nochlin–esque digressions. Although set in 1770, this same-sex romance is deeply informed by the art-herstorical spirit of the 1970s, earnestly recalling Nochlin's famous query: Why have there been no great women artists? If the film lurches at times with schematic dudgeon—devolving into a checklist of coolly outraged points to be made—it also gloriously blooms as a tale of lesbian ardor. Sciamma's movie, her fourth as writer-director and the winner of the best screenplay award at the Cannes Film Festival in May, opens with Marianne (Noémie Merlant) stiffly posing in a robe battante for her life-drawing students. "Take time to look at me," she instructs her dewy distaff charges (and, by extension, the film's spectators). One of her pupils has upset teacher by bringing out from storage a painting—the title of which Sciamma's film shares—that Marianne created years ago. The canvas prompts a flashback of Marianne, laden with art supplies, in a small vessel keeling in choppy waters as it makes its way to the coast of Brittany. She has been dispatched to a seaside chateau to fulfill an assignment: painting the wedding portrait of Héloïse (Adèle Haenel), betrothed to a Milanese suitor. Adèle Haenel as Héloïse in Portrait of a Lady on Fire. © Lilies Films. Marianne must complete this commission surreptitiously, for Héloïse "refuses this marriage," as the reluctant bride's mother (Valeria Golino)—a countess whose own likeness was painted by Marianne's father—explains. A previous attempt at a portrait (by a male painter) had to be abandoned owing to Héloïse's refusal to cooperate; a shot of that unfinished picture yields the none-too-subtle sight of a headless woman. But now the comtesse has devised a ruse: Marianne will pretend to be Héloïse's companion, joining her on her daily littoral strolls and memorizing every aspect of her visage, to be re-created without her knowledge. Sciamma wisely prolongs our first glimpse of the face of Héloïse/Haenel, who enters the film about twenty minutes in. She's initially seen from the back, stridently walking, then breaking into a sprint, halting perilously close to a cliff's edge. When she finally turns around to address Marianne, the moment thrills as a true star entrance, with Haenel's enormous, piercing emerald eyes seemingly filling half the screen. Adèle Haenel as Héloïse and Noémie Merlant as Marianne in Portrait of a Lady on Fire. Image courtesy Neon. Marianne may be tasked with scrutinizing Héloïse, but the unhappy aristocrat is just as ravenous for biographical information about her consort. In the best of these episodes, we witness the sheer delight that each woman experiences after being introduced to something novel by the other, as when Marianne plays a snippet of Vivaldi on the harpsichord for Héloïse, a former convent resident who has known only sacred music. In the worst, the interactions have the leaden quality of a Socratic dialogue. "Being free is being alone?" Héloïse asks rhetorically—and insipidly. After Marianne admits the truth about why she's really at the Breton manor—candor that moves Héloïse to actually pose for her—artist and subject engage

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1,330,847

0

CommonCrawl

16

20

Mar 14, 2012 . Giant Citi credit card billboard. Yes it's a simple creative, but the message is also delivered clearly and the large scale ads are certainly . www.bpsoutdoor.com. P.O. Box 47 Tifton, GA 31793. 229-382-6061 Fax: 229- 382-6060. We Accept: Visa & MasterCard. Billboard Rental Credit Card Agreement . May 4, 2010 . Scotia Momentum Credit Card Billboard: What did you get? . ScotiaGold Passport Visa card: 3D Globe TV Spotby TheCunningview221 views . BILLBOARD.BIZ will charge your credit/debit card at the quarterly subscription price of $12 for the first quarter and then $39 each quarter thereafter, without . Billboard Design for Oz Winery · Billboard Design for OZ Museum · Billboard Design for 8% CD Promotion · Billboard Design for OZ Museum. "We are very . Feb 11, 2011 . The massive, multi-angle, multi-panel billboard shows how easy it is to . Square offers an easy to use, free credit card reader that plugs into a . Mar 1, 2011 . Information for Small Businesses Like Me on Credit Card Merchant Accounts, Third Party Processors, Shopping Cart Software, PCI et al . Please use this form to securely update your credit card information for your monthly Family Challenge and/or Billboard donation. By submitting the following . Aug 2, 2010 . The billboards they are developing rely on the RFID chips that are increasingly being built into credit cards and cell phones as a means of . Feb 14, 2011 . This startup had the idea to develop a free credit card. . supporter to install a huge multi-panel billboard in New York's Times Square showing . We do offer some assembly services if you would like your billboard fully or . If you have any questions regarding PayPal or the use of credit cards on our site . From time to time, it may be necessary for Billboard to take credit card information from you, including without limitation card number, card issuer, verification . Billboard Latin Music Awards live stream presents Watch Billboard Latin Music . McAfee Secure sites help keep you safe from identity theft, credit card fraud, . Dec 20, 1999 . If you want to give just a one time gift, then a check instead of a credit card is fine. Billboard Project. Name: Address: Phone: Email: Credit card . and two credit card slots. 5.5� x 3.25�, elastic strap closing. PLYWOODPEOPLE. COM. This plywood good is made with reclaimed & recycled billboard materials . If you are not comfortable using a credit card online, call or fax Customer Service (see below), or mail your check, along with your item numbers(s) to: Billboard . BILLBOARD.BIZ will notify you via email approximately one week before your credit card is charged confirming your service and rate. You may cancel at any . The cost of the report is $550 and we require payment in advance by credit card or check. If you would like us to estimate a fair lease rate for the billboard on . Feb 13, 2012 . He initially placed the billboard idea on his website in April, 2011, and says he's been . Mortgage; Home Equity; Auto; CDs; Credit Cards . If you wish to purchase this billboard with your credit card or your verified paypal account, please use the form & button below. This button will take you to a . Use this application for new billboard proposals meeting the requirements of Everett Municipal . refundable and payable by check, credit card or cash upon . If you want to erect a new billboard in the city limits, you must follow the . fee for an off-site advertising sign is $500, which must be paid by credit card. You will . All credit card payments must be authorized before the electronic billboard application is processed. The credit card information is sent to VitalChek operations. May 13, 2003 . A flat flexible and imperfor

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1,330,849

0

C4

3

13

AxCrypt for Windows 10 March 6, 2021 Editor Firewalls and Security 0 AxCrypt for Windows 10 PC/laptop – Free download AxCrypt latest official version for Windows Vista / Windows 7 / Windows 8 / Windows 10. Now, this app is available for Windows PC users. AxCrypt is one of the most popular Firewalls and Security apps worldwide! The leading open source file encryption software for Windows AxCrypt Latest Version Overview AxCrypt Technical Details Download AxCrypt for Windows 10 (64/32-bit) PC/laptop AxCrypt Setup Installer What is New in the AxCrypt Latest Version? How to download and install AxCrypt for Windows 10 PC/laptop Top Features of AxCrypt for Windows PC How to uninstall AxCrypt in Windows PC? Steps to uninstall AxCrypt in Windows 10 / Windows 8 / Windows 7 / Windows Vista Steps to uninstall AxCrypt in Windows XP Steps to uninstall AxCrypt in Windows 95, 98, Me, NT, 2000 Best AxCrypt Alternative Apps for Windows AxCrypt FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) AxCrypt is one of the most popular Firewalls and Security alongside Windscribe, VIPRE Identity, and Kaspersky. This app has its advantages compared to other Firewalls and Security applications. AxCrypt is lightweight and easy to use, simple for beginners and powerful for professionals. AxCrypt application is free to download and offers easy-to-install, easy-to-use, secure, and reliable Firewalls and Security applications. AxCrypt is a very fast, small, compact and innovative Trial Firewalls and Security for Windows PC. It is designed to be uncomplicated for beginners and powerful for professionals. This app has unique and interesting features, unlike some other Firewalls and Security apps. AxCrypt works with most Windows Operating System, including Windows Vista / Windows 7 / Windows 8 / Windows 10. Although there are many popular Firewalls and Security software, most people download and install the Trial version. However, don't forget to update the programs periodically. You can get AxCrypt free and download its latest version for Windows Vista / Windows 7 / Windows 8 / Windows 10 PC from below. It's better to know the app's technical details and to have a knowledge background about the app. Therefore, you can find out if AxCrypt will work on your Windows device or not. App Name: AxCrypt Developer: AxCrypt Team Version: AxCrypt 2.1.1585 Updated: May, 24th 2019 Category Firewalls and Security (Windows Vista / Windows 7 / Windows 8 / Windows 10) Download AxCrypt (latest version) free for Windows 10 (64-bit and 32-bit) PC/laptop/tablet. Safe Download and Install from the official link! AxCrypt 64-bit and 32-bit download features: AxCrypt direct, free and safe download Download AxCrypt for your PC or laptop Download & install the latest offline installer version of AxCrypt for Windows PC / laptop. It works with both 32-bit & 64-bit versions of Windows Vista / Windows 7 / Windows 8 / Windows 10. ✔ Tested and is 100% Safe to download and install on your Windows Vista / Windows 7 / Windows 8 / Windows 10 device (PC/laptop/tablet). Now let's just move to the next section to share the steps you have to follow to download AxCrypt for Windows PC. So here we go: Download the AxCrypt installer file from the link above. Double-click on the downloaded AxCrypt installer file. So those are all the processes that you have to follow to download AxCrypt for Windows PC. Then let's go on to the next section where we will discuss AxCrypt itself. So you can understand the application and its features. So here we go: AxCrypt is a Firewalls and Security application like NordPass, 1Password, and Keyfinder from AxCrypt Team. It has a simple and basic user interface, and most importantly, it is free to download. AxC

-1.462383

-1.298495

-0.727051

-1.214455

[ -1.4760796110001781, -1.448686102420203 ]

[ -1.2877507638105743, -1.309238306786291 ]

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[ -1.3016005145753822, -1.127308706602439 ]

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1,330,852

0

CommonCrawl

12

5

<?php namespace Modules\Informer\Handler { use Frames, Modules\Install, Utils\Validate, Utils\View, DB, Language, Template; class Information extends Frames\Admin\Area\Panel { protected $_title = 'TITLE_SYSTEM_INFORMATION'; /** * Set common entries */ private function setCommonEntries(Template\Block $contents) { # Set server entries $contents->os_version = (php_uname('s') . ', ' . php_uname('v')); $contents->php_version = phpversion(); $contents->mysql_version = DB::getVersion(); # Set system entries $contents->system_version = CADMIUM_VERSION; $contents->debug_mode_class = (DEBUG_MODE ? 'red' : 'grey'); $contents->debug_mode_value = Language::get('INFORMATION_VALUE_DEBUG_MODE_' . (DEBUG_MODE ? 'ON' : 'OFF')); # Set third-party entries $contents->jquery_version = JQUERY_VERSION; $contents->semantic_ui_version = SEMANTIC_UI_VERSION; $contents->ckeditor_version = CKEDITOR_VERSION; $contents->ace_version = ACE_VERSION; } /** * Set PHP entries */ private function setPhpEntries(Template\Block $contents) { $status_value = function (string $value) { return (Validate::boolean($value) ? 'On' : 'Off'); }; # Set errors entries $contents->display_errors_class = (ini_get('display_errors') ? 'orange' : 'green'); $contents->display_errors_value = $status_value(ini_get('display_errors')); $contents->display_startup_errors_class = (ini_get('display_startup_errors') ? 'orange' : 'green'); $contents->display_startup_errors_value = $status_value(ini_get('display_startup_errors')); # Set file uploads entries $contents->file_uploads_class = (ini_get('file_uploads') ? 'green' : 'red'); $contents->file_uploads_value = $status_value(ini_get('file_uploads')); $contents->upload_max_filesize = ini_get('upload_max_filesize'); $contents->post_max_size = ini_get('post_max_size'); } /** * Set diagnostics entries */ private function setDiagnosticsEntries(Template\Block $contents) { $extension_value = function (bool $value) { return Language::get('INFORMATION_VALUE_EXTENSION_' . (!$value ? 'NOT_' : '') . 'LOADED' ); }; $dir_value = function (bool $value) { return Language::get('INFORMATION_VALUE_DIR_' . (!$value ? 'NOT_' : '') . 'WRITABLE' ); }; # Get loops $extensions = $contents->getLoop('extensions'); $dirs = $contents->getLoop('dirs'); # Set extensions foreach (Install::getExtensions() as $name => $status) { $name = Language::get('INFORMATION_ROW_EXTENSION_' . strtoupper($name)); $class = ($status ? 'green' : 'red'); $value = $extension_value($status);

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[ -1.3880259643639186, -1.4310010503153519 ]

[ -0.8809688227149839, -1.2842311457510827 ]

[ 0.01209147089232433, -0.21162637217742372 ]

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Grant Worthy, left, Russ Wells, center, and William Fricke were named to the boys All-Metro Conference Team after the tournament championship. -- Courtesy of Isle of Wight Academy Published 7:01 am Tuesday, March 3, 2020 By James J. Lidington ISLE OF WIGHT ACADEMY Five Isle of Wight Academy winter athletes were named to the Metro Athletic Conference All-Metro Conference Team by conference coaches. Teammates Lily Jones and Lily Williams were named to the girls all-conference squad following the girls championship last Saturday at Atlantic Shores. Seniors William Fricke and Grant Worthy were named to the all-conference team, as was junior Russ Wells, following the boys' tournament at Shores. • Williams, Jones and the Lady Chargers ended their season in the tournament semifinal round, losing to StoneBridge 39-32 on Feb. 21. The Lady Cavaliers advanced to Saturday's tournament final, where they were eliminated by Atlantic Shores. The No. 3-seeded Lady Chargers defeated No. 6 Denbigh Baptist Christian 48-29 on Thursday, Feb. 20. IWA finished its season with a 10-10 record, including a 7-3 mark in the conference. • IWA's boys team closed out its season with a heartbreaking 75-73 overtime loss to Portsmouth Christian Friday on the Patriots' home floor. Zyon Moore's 3-pointer with :10 left in overtime helped push the Patriots past the Chargers 75-73 in a Metro Athletic Conference Tournament semifinal at PCS. They were Moore's only points of the contest. Portsmouth's Tim Montgomery, later named the conference MVP, also made a key foul shot with 2.6 seconds left to put his team up for good. An IWA shot went awry at the buzzer. With 20 seconds remaining in OT, IWA senior Grant Worthy propelled his team into the lead, 73-71, with a three-pointer of his own. PCS was leading 68-66 when Wells dunked over several defenders and was fouled on the play. The foul shot put IWA ahead 69-68 with 1:07 to play. A subsequent PCS turnover with 50 seconds to play have IWA the ball. Fricke made one of two foul shots with :45.3 to play to put IWA ahead by 2, 70-68, setting the stage for a Montgomery 3 with 32.1 seconds left. IWA's Russ Wells led all scorers with 29 points. PCS was paced by Noah Fesl and Montgomery, who each had 18. • IWA moved into the semifinal round with a win over Broadwater, 49-41, on Feb. 20. Worthy led his team in scoring with 14 points. Broadwater's Willie Holden led all scorers with 17 points for the Vikings. The Chargers tied Broadwater, 9-9, in the first quarter, but powered past their opponents with a 14-0 run spanning into the second quarter, capped by a Worthy 3-pointer that made it 23-9. IWA would need every point, leading by as many as 17 points, 45-28, following another Worthy trey. But the Vikings stubbornly kept the Isle of Wight lead under 10 points from that juncture. • Wells finished in the lead in team scoring average with 14.8 points per contest. Fricke was second at 13.3; Worthy, third at 12.5; Jabari Thomas, fourth at 11.6. Wells lead the Chargers in points scored with 399. Worthy was second with 329, edging Thomas with 313. Fricke, who missed several games mid-season with an injury, was fourth with 265 points. • The Charger JV boys squad wrapped up a successful 18-5 season, including a perfect record in the conference to teams not named Atlantic Shores, with

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# AURELIAN AND THE THIRD CENTURY # AURELIAN AND THE THIRD CENTURY ## Alaric Watson London and New York First published 1999 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 © 1999 Alaric Watson The right of Alaric Watson to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. _British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data_ A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library _Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data_ Watson, Alaric Aurelian and the third century/Alaric Watson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Aurelian, Emperor of Rome, ca. 215–275. 2. Rome—History—Aurelian, 270–275. 3. Emperors—Rome—Biography. I. Title. DG308.W37 1999 937'.07'092–dc21 [B] 98–23382 CIP ISBN 0-203-16780-5 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-26282-4 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-07248-4 (Print Edition) TO MY FATHER # ILLUSTRATIONS ## Plates _Plate 1_ Panorama of Palmyra _Source:_ Richard Stoneman _Plate 2_ Coinage of Aurelian's reign _Source:_ courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum _Plate 3_ Coinage of Aurelian's reign _Source:_ courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum _Plate 4_ Aurelian's wall _Source:_ Richard Stoneman ## Maps _Map 1_ The Roman empire in Aurelian's day _Map 2_ Northern Italy and the upper Danube _Map 3_ The Roman east in Aurelian's time _Map 4_ Rome in the time of Aurelian # PREFACE For too long the mid-third century has suffered from academic neglect. Though perhaps somewhat understandable, in view of the nature of the sources, this neglect is regrettable because of the importance of this period to our understanding of the history of the Roman empire as a whole. Recently, however, new information and new research has made possible a better informed and more balanced appraisal of this period and its overall importance in the development of Roman and indeed European history. Few individuals more clearly epitomize this age or have a more justifiable claim to have influenced its course than Aurelian. But this book is not, and is not intended to be, a biography of Aurelian in the conventional sense of the term. Such an undertaking would be impossible. The evidence we possess does not permit us to draw a portrait of Aurelian the man, to investigate his personal life, or to get inside his thoughts. The literary sources present us with very little reliable information regarding Aurelian as an individual, and what is said about his character is somewhat suspect. We are told he was married, but all we know about his consort, Ulpia Severina, including even her name, is gleaned from the coins and inscriptions. Nevertheless, a portrait of Aurelian'

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s age, and the central role that he himself played in it, is not only possible, and indeed desirable, but long overdue. At the beginning of the twentieth century two substantial studies of Aurelian appeared, one in German (Groag 1903) and the other in French (Homo 1904). Since that time an ever-growing number of articles and monographs have appeared, each treating one or another aspect of his reign or of the period in general. No satisfactory full-length treatment of Aurelian has yet attempted to collate the information from these disparate secondary sources into an assessment of Aurelian's reign and its place in the history of the period. It is the fresh synthesis of this scholarship, together with a critical re-examination of the literary sources, which justifies the new appraisal of Aurelian's reign offered in the following chapters. In this way, it is hoped that we may arrive at a better understanding of this fascinating and crucially important period in Roman history. To achieve this aim, I shall first consider the Roman world in the mid-third century in order to understand the context—political, military, economic, social and cultural—in which Aurelian operated. I shall then map out the sequence of events of Aurelian's reign so as to demonstrate the enormity of his military achievements. In the final part of the book I shall assess Aurelian's policies and his achievements beyond the field of battle. While I accept responsibility for what follows, I am extremely grateful to all those who have helped me to realize this project or who have given me advice along the way. In particular, I wish to thank Averil Cameron for all the encouragement and input she has given me over the years, Richard Stoneman for his advice and his patience, and Roger Bland, Cathy King and Stephane Estiot for their assistance and for making available to me numismatic information and material. Finally, I would also like to thank my parents for their invaluable help and my wife for her patient encouragement. _Alaric Watson_ # ABBREVIATIONS [Abbreviations not listed here are those of _Année Philologiques_ ] _Maraveille_ The catalogue of coins in Estiot 1983 _Normanby_ The catalogue of coins from the Normanby hoard in Bland and Burnett 1988 _RGDS_ Shapur's inscription known as _RES GESTAE DIVI SAPORIS,_ as edited by A.Maricq, 1958 'Res Gestae Divi Saporis', _Syria_ 35:295–360 _RIC_ Unless otherwise specified this refers to the coin catalogue for Aurelian in Webb 1927 Rohde The catalogue of coins in Rohde 1881 _Sirmium_ The catalogue of coins in Kellner 1978 # DATES 211 | Death of Septimius Severus Murder of Geta Caracalla sole emperor ---|--- 214/15 | Birth of Aurelian 216–17 | Caracalla's campaigns in Armenia and Mesopotamia 223 | Revolt of Ardashir in southern Iran 226 | Ardashir overthrows the Parthian Arsacid dynasty 235 | Murder of Alexander Elevation of Maximinus Approximate date of Aurelian's enlistment 238 | Revolts against Maximinus, resulting in Gordian III as sole ruler Sassanian Persians attack Roman east 241 | Death of Ardashir Shapur I King of Persia 243–4 | Gordian's eastern campaign defeated by Shapur 248 | Philip celebrates the millennium of Rome 249–50 | Invasions of Goths Decius proclaimed emperor 251 | Defeat and death of Decius at Abrittus 252–3 | Shapur's second great invasion Sack of Antioch 253 | Valerian and Gallienus become co-emperors

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Goths invade the Balkans 260 | Shapur's third invasion Defeat and capture of Valerian Revolt of Macrianus and Quietus Revolts in the Balkans Franks invade Gaul Alamanni and Juthungi invade Italy Revolt of Postumus on the Rhine 261 | Defeat of the Macriani in the Balkans Odenathus seizes power in the east 262–7 | Persian campaigns of Odenathus (now King of Kings) Gothic invasions of Asia Minor Postumus' campaigns on the Rhine 267–8 | Gothic sea-borne invasion of the Aegean (sack of Athens) Odenathus murdered Zenobia assumes control in Syria 268 | Revolt of Aureolus Murder of Gallienus Elevation of Claudius II 269 | Alamanni (and Juthungi?) defeated at Lake Garda Gothic invasion of the Balkans 270 | Death of Claudius (July) Reign of Quintillus ( _c._ early September–late October) Elevation of Aurelian at Sirmium ( _c._ late September) Palmyrene invasion of Arabia and Egypt 271 | Aurelian's first consulship Vandals invade Pannonia Juthungi invade Italy Revolt of Septiminus and Domitianus Riots at Rome Tetricus acclaimed emperor (in Aquitaine?) Counter-offensive against the Goths Withdrawal from Dacia 272 | Recapture of Egypt First Palmyrene campaign Capture of Zenobia Campaign against the Carpi 273 | Revolts in Palmyra and Egypt, both suppressed 274 | Aurelian's second consulship Major reform of the coinage Campaign against Tetricus Reintegration of the west Triumph at Rome Dedication of the temple of Sol 275 | Aurelian's third consulship Campaigns in Raetia and the Balkans Murder at Caenophrurium ( _c._ early October) Tacitus made emperor at Rome ( _c._ late November) 276 | Goths invade Asia Minor defeated by Tacitus, who is murdered Reign of Florian (June–July) Elevation of Probus _Map 1_ The Roman empire in Aurelian's day _Map 2_ Northern Italy and the upper Danube _Map 3_ The Roman east in Aurelian's time _Map 4_ Rome in the time of Aurelian # 1 INTRODUCTION: The third-century 'crisis' Lucius Domitius Aurelianus was born on 9 September in the year 214 or 215. He was a career soldier of humble Balkan origins. He came from a peasant family in the region just south of the Danube, possibly in the vicinity of Serdica, modern Sofia, or somewhat further to the north-west in modern Serbia. Of his background and early life very little can be said with any degree of confidence. His native region was an especially rich source of recruitment, and like a good many of his compatriots Aurelian joined the army. As was customary, he probably did so at about the age of 20, that is around the year 235—the year Severus Alexander, the last of the Severan dynasty, was assassinated. Nothing is known of his career before he emerged from the shadows onto the centre stage of history during the sinister events of the summer of 268. By that time he was already in his early fifties and a senior officer in the central imperial field army. His promotion to that rank clearly indicates that he must have impressed those who commanded him. As with so many emperors in this period he was both elevated to

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the purple and then later assassinated by the army. He reigned for just five years, from 270 to 275, but what he accomplished in these few years is quite out of proportion with the brevity of his reign. Among his most important and lasting accomplishments were the reunification of an empire in the process of disintegrating into three distinct and mutually hostile dominions, the construction of defensive walls around the city of Rome against the ever-increasing barbarian menace and the first concerted efforts to halt and put into reverse the disastrous policy of monetary debasement that threatened to undermine the empire's economy. Outwardly at least, the Severan age into which Aurelian was born was a time of great prosperity during which the empire reached its greatest geographical extent. The empire of Diocletian and Constantine that followed the troubles of the mid-third century appears very alien to the empire of Aurelian's childhood. The apparent contrast is partly the product of periodization, an inescapable part of the historian's technique to simplify and make sense of the world he or she studies, but one that can easily lead astray. The mid-third century has been compared to a dark tunnel separating the comparatively well-illuminated worlds of the Severan age at one end and the age of Diocletian and Constantine at the other. The lack of reliable information on the period has had two important effects. On the one hand it has, at least until recently, discouraged serious study. In this way the period has effectively been skipped over, thereby foreshortening the tunnel and throwing the periods at either end into even starker contrast. On the other hand, the portrayal of the third century as a Roman Dark Age has inevitably encouraged the attribution of observable changes in the empire to this period about which in fact very little is known. Both of these effects have tended to heighten the sense of catastrophe and to obscure continuity, allowing gradual developments and long-term trends to become easily overlooked. The phenomenon of the 'tunnel' has thus helped to foster the characterization of the age in which Aurelian lived as one in which the Roman world was plunged into a crisis which precipitated the collapse of the classical world and out of which emerged the very different world of late antiquity. The label 'crisis' is, however, rather misleading. In trying to make sense of this pivotal period of Roman history it is vital to retain a sense of proportion. In the first place, it is difficult to defend the application of the term 'crisis' to a period of half a century or more. Second, the term is usually applied genetically, and somewhat indiscriminately, to a number of different developments in the military, political, social and economic spheres, the timings of which do not precisely coincide. A more discriminating approach is called for; one in which the interrelation of the different elements is mapped out and set within the context of the underlying developments in the empire. ## POLITICAL INSTABILITY ### The Augustan legacy The most striking aspect of the so-called crisis was the political instability of the period. What Rostovtzeff labelled the 'Military Anarchy' traditionally began with the murder of Severus Alexander and lasted exactly fifty years, until the murder of Carinus in 285 left Diocletian in control of the empire. During this half-century, in excess of sixty individuals laid claim to the imperial purple, and all but one or two of these claims were terminated by the sword. Almost invariably, these individuals were put up by the army, or rather by one of the several imperial armies stationed in different parts of the empire, often in opposition to the candidature of another elsewhere. While the rapid turnover of emperors is an indisputable fact, its causes and its significance are more open to debate. In order to approach this problem properly, it is necessary to understand the extent to which political instability was an inherent part of the anomalous system that Augustus bequeathed to the empire. Due to the Roman aristocratic distaste for monarchy, the position of emperor was never properly institutionalized and the extraordinary power exercised by Augustus continued to remain highly personal and cloaked in deliberate ambiguity. There was, accordingly, no recognized constitutional mode of succession. In order to legitimate his authority, therefore, each new 'Augustus' represented himself as the

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ultimate successor of the first. For all the emphasis which Augustus placed on his role as _princeps_ ('first citizen') and _Augustus_ (something more than human, if somewhat short of divine), the symbolic representation of his authority never lost touch with its essentially military origins. Augustus understood, and fully exploited, the ideological nexus linking political authority to the divine sanction implicit in military victory that has come to be known as the 'theology of victory'. The subsequent invocation of the Augustan paradigm constantly reinforced the fact that Imperator Caesar Augustus had acquired his personal ascendancy through military victories in a succession of civil wars and had consolidated it by means of an impressive programme of foreign conquests. Already by the reign of Tiberius, the military salutation _imperator,_ by which the armies of Rome traditionally greeted their victorious generals, had become an imperial monopoly and each new emperor dated the official inauguration of his reign _(dies imperii)_ from the moment he was acclaimed _imperator_ by the troops, rather than from when the senate ratified his powers. To live up to the paradigm, emperors constantly represented themselves as victorious, valuing impressive-sounding victories over long-term strategic planning. More crucially, the Augustan legacy perpetuated the violence and civil war with which the empire had begun. For an emperor to die peacefully in his bed was always the exception rather than the rule, even in the first century. The civil war fought out between multiple contenders in 68–9 dramatically exposed the inherent political insecurity, simultaneously revealing what Tacitus termed a secret of imperial power, namely that emperors could be created elsewhere than in Rome. In this respect, it is the second century rather than the third which must be regarded as anomalous. This anomaly owes a great deal to the comparative quiescence of Rome's neighbours and the ease with which the empire continued to dominate them. This could not last. Already by the reign of Marcus Aurelius (161–80) a dramatic and irreversible shift was under way in the relationship between the Roman empire and its neighbours. It soon became apparent that the empire was no longer the predator but the prey. For most of the first two centuries of the empire it was exceptional for the emperor to assume personal control of the conduct of campaigns. As the external pressures on the frontiers grew and the barbarian incursions became more frequent, more penetrating and more devastating, emperors were increasingly expected not only to provide victories but to preside over them in person on the battlefield. Even before the end of the second century, the avowedly unmartial Marcus was obliged to spend nearly half his reign campaigning on the Danubian front in two arduous and costly wars (in 166–72 and 177–80). The military credentials and leadership qualities of the emperor thus became more critical and the relationship he maintained with the armies, on both a personal and a symbolic level, assumed an even greater significance. From this time, under the growing external military pressures, the soldiers openly took it upon themselves to determine who was capable of assuming this responsibility. In this new military ethos, the inexorable logic of the Augustan legacy ensured an ever greater propensity to civil war. The underlying political instability resurfaced when Marcus' son and successor, Commodus, was assassinated on New Year's Eve, 192. Within a few months his immediate successor, Pertinax, was himself murdered. The praetorian guard, conscious that they could exact a higher price for their loyalty, effectively auctioned the position of emperor. The legions on the frontiers rejected the eventual winner of this shameless bidding, but without agreement as to his replacement. The Roman armies in Britain, on the Danube and in the east each chose to elevate its own general as emperor. These events ominously demonstrated the escalating price the troops could demand for their loyalty and the growing factionalism and rivalry between the regional imperial armies. The ensuing power struggle was played out over a period of four years. The overall winner was Septimius Severus (193–211), the candidate of the Danubian army. The supremacy of the Danubian army was portentous, in view of the decisive role played by

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the troops and commanders from this region in the century that followed. On his deathbed, Septimius allegedly admonished his sons to 'Stand by each other, enrich the soldiers and scorn the rest.' Whether or not he ever uttered these words, they reflect an ugly truth that both he and his son and successor, Caracalla, understood. ### The 'infernal cycle' In this new military environment, the emperor's presence was required wherever the military situation demanded, whether his enemies were internal or external. But he could not be everywhere at once. The sheer size of the empire, and the increasing disruption caused by the deteriorating military and political conditions, limited military communications and hampered the movement of troops and matériel. As the military pressures intensified, the 'tyranny of distance' increased the autonomy of the generals stationed on the frontiers. Wherever the emperor did not personally assume the role of general there was always a chance that the general on the spot, if successful in repelling the invaders, might be encouraged by his troops to assume the role of emperor. The usurper would then march his army against his rival, leaving an inadequate garrison behind to guard the frontier. The barbarians would then take advantage of this weakness. If the local commander managed to defeat them, he often found himself acclaimed emperor in his turn. Thus there arose an 'infernal cycle' of civil wars and foreign invasions. In this context, it is both meaningless and misleading to attempt to divide those who claimed imperial power in the third century into 'legitimate emperors' and mere 'usurpers' based solely upon the historical accident of whether the claimant ever received the recognition of the senate at Rome. The assumptions underlying such a distinction are anachronistic and misguided. The senate's recognition never was more than one element in the complex process of imperial legitimation. From the late second century its significance diminished appreciably. By the third century, the empire had simply become too unmanageable for a single person to be able to rule by himself for any length of time. The dilemma of the necessity for imperial omnipresence resulted in an extension of the well-established idea of shared rule. The elevation of sons to be co-emperors (either merely as Caesars or often as full Augusti) became the norm. Although an important rationale of this co-rulership was to designate the line of succession, it also allowed the imperial college to be in more than one place at once. A number of vain attempts were made to search for a more systematic solution: notably the three-generation arrangement under Valerian in the middle of the century and the Tetrarchic system at its close. The problem remained unresolved in the fourth century and ultimately led to the permanent division of the empire that followed Theodosius. ## MILITARY DEVELOPMENTS Beginning around the time of Aurelian's birth, a marked shift in the relationship between the Roman empire and its neighbours irrevocably altered both the strategic balance of the empire and the context of imperial power. By mid-century, a number of archaeological clues bear witness to this rising tide of violence and prove it was no longer just the frontier provinces that felt its force: towns and cities shrank within hastily constructed circuit walls; coin hoards were buried but never recovered by their owners. Crucially for the empire, this intensification of the external pressures took place simultaneously on several fronts. ### Developments beyond the Euphrates The most important change took place in the east where, ironically, Rome's military successes were part of the problem. The expansionist wars of Septimius and Caracalla succeeded in humbling Rome's old arch-adversary, the Parthian empire, and in greatly extending Roman provincial rule in the region. But Septimius' annexation of Osrhoene and northern Mesopotamia overextended Roman lines of defence and communication, thereby stretching the military resources and logistical capacity of the empire. Moreover, it upset the regional balance of power, creating unsustainable strategic tensions between the Roman empire and its eastern neighbours which soon proved disastrous for Rome. The most immediate consequence of these campaigns was the crippling of the Parthian regime, fatally weakening the control which the Parthian rulers exercised over their regional viceroys. One such, Ardashir, the satrap of

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Persis (Fars), took advantage of this central weakness to strengthen his own power base in southern Iran. Within a decade of Caracalla's campaign, Ardashir had completely overthrown the old Parthian regime, replacing it with his own Sassanid dynasty and thereby founding a new Persian empire. The appearance of this new and formidable force in the east soon placed an intolerable strain on the military resources of the Roman empire. Since the beginning of the Christian era, Rome had found the Parthian empire an easily containable neighbour and a relatively soft target for sporadic bouts of Roman military aggression. Though not necessarily more bellicose, the Persians were certainly more implacable, better organized and more inclined to take proactive measures to ensure their security and their interests. The defence of the eastern provinces of the empire became a costly exercise for Rome, altering the strategic balance of the empire and draining resources desperately needed elsewhere. Rome's military failures in the east fuelled the empire's internal political insecurity. The civil wars of 238 provided the opportunity for a spate of foreign raids, including a Persian invasion. The large-scale but ineffectual counter-offensive launched by Gordian III met with disaster at the hands of Ardashir's son and successor, Shapur I. In 244, Gordian was murdered and succeeded by his praetorian prefect, Philip. Usurpations and civil wars likewise followed in the wake of Shapur's great invasions of Roman territory in 252–3 and 260. Indeed it is no mere coincidence that the most testing years for the Roman empire in the third century, both in terms of external threat and internal political instability, were almost exactly coextensive with the reign of Shapur I (241–72). ### The Danubian frontier and the Gothic menace Rome would undoubtedly have been better placed to deal with these troubles on the eastern frontier had they not coincided with an appreciable intensification of the external pressures along the length of the European frontier from the Black Sea to the Channel. The rich pickings of the Roman provincial farmlands and ill-defended towns of the frontier regions always presented attractive targets for opportunistic raids. The sporadic incursions of the second century gave way, during Aurelian's lifetime, to relentless pressure of a wholly different order, often exerted on several fronts at once. The most important factors behind this shift were the large-scale migrations of peoples from northern and eastern Europe and the greater cooperation, and in some instances even confederation, of peoples living beyond the frontier. Starting at about the turn of the third century, a number of large populations of mostly Germanic peoples who had been migrating steadily south and west came up against and ultimately pressed on into the Roman empire. This massive and eventually irresistible _Völkerwanderung_ placed an intolerable pressure on those peoples already living along the empire's northern border. The precise details of the reasons for the migrations, the routes they followed and the identity of the migrants are still not perfectly understood. But their impact on the Roman empire arguably provides the most fundamental distinguishing feature of the history of the later Roman empire. By far the most significant of the new arrivals on the scene were the Goths. This large confederation of east German peoples arrived in the southern Ukraine no later than 230. During the next decade, a large section of them moved down the Black Sea coast and occupied much of the territory north of the lower Danube. This migration displaced the previous inhabitants of the area and in about 240 brought the Goths themselves into direct conflict with Rome. After another decade of intermittent raids, the Goths and their allies launched a full-scale invasion of the Balkan provinces, which resulted in the virtual annihilation of an entire Roman army together with the emperor commanding it. This signalled the beginning of a struggle that was to last for slightly over two decades and was only brought to a close by Aurelian himself. Meanwhile, the East Goths and their allies, who occupied the Crimea, took to the sea and inflicted devastating raids on the unprotected coastline of the Aegean and the Black Sea. Squeezed between the advancing Goths and the Roman province of Dacia

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were the Carpi, a free Dacian people who began to cause serious trouble around the time of Aurelian's birth. Philip defeated them in 247, but was unable to restore the Dacian _limes_ completely, and this continued to weaken until Aurelian's reign. Further west, the arrival of the Vandals around the turn of the third century increased the pressure on the middle Danube. Throughout the third century, the Vandals themselves and their neighbours, the Sarmatian Iazyges and, still further west, the Suebian Quadi and Marcomanni, repeatedly broke through the Danube frontier. By 260 at the latest, a configuration of Suebian peoples calling themselves Juthungi began to make a devastating impact on the region. ### The Rhine frontier and the west The Rhine frontier suffered in much the same way. Although pressure on the upper Rhine began to mount early in the century, the full impact of the external pressures was generally felt rather later on the Rhine frontier than along the Danube. Nevertheless, when the intensification came, from the mid-250s, it was very marked. Britain, in contrast, appears to have escaped lightly at this time, remaining relatively prosperous and untroubled until roughly the time of Aurelian's death. Partially under the impact of pressure from the interior, many of the hitherto independent tribes who had long been living along the Roman border came together to form much larger confederations. Though remaining politically loose, these new confederations proved militarily highly effective and their presence on the Rhine frontier played a key role in the military history of Aurelian's day. The Alamanni, a new and formidable confederation of tribes living in what is now north-western Bavaria, first appears in 213, when the emperor Caracalla fought against them on the upper Rhine. The situation deteriorated dramatically in the mid-250s, by the end of which decade the Alamanni were posing a real threat to Italy itself. To the north, at a rather later date, a number of tribes along the lower Rhine formed themselves into another new and equally destructive confederation: the Franks. The date of the earliest secure attestation of the Frankish confederation remains somewhat controversial, though it seems likely that it was already in existence by the late 250s. ### The Roman military response Thus from the Arabian Desert to the North Sea the Roman empire faced an intensification of military hostility which gathered momentum in the 230s and reached its peak during the 250s and 260s. The empire's military resources were barely adequate to defend so vast a stretch of territory against such onslaught. The Roman military machine was designed primarily for delivering powerful offensive strikes at specific fixed targets. Even in the third century large-scale offensives remained the favoured military option wherever possible. But inevitably the empire's response to the mounting pressures became increasingly reactive and defensive, and containment was often the best that could be hoped for. The Roman military machine was forced to adapt to these new conditions. It did so by a series of _ad hoc_ pragmatic responses to individual problems, which succeeded in averting catastrophe in the third century. But such responses should not be mistaken for a premeditated and consciously implemented programme of reform. The Roman empire never developed the kind of sophisticated strategic forward planning common to most modern states. It is very doubtful if it ever possessed what has been termed a 'Grand Strategy' as such. One area in which the empire responded to the changing situation was the gradual reform of the army itself. A significant aspect of this was the professionalization of the army command. The virtual monopoly which the social élite traditionally exercised over the command structure of the imperial army gave way during the course of Aurelian's military career to a corps of professional soldiers. Aurelian was himself one of this new breed of professionals, and by the time he reached the top ranks in the 260s the divorce between senatorial careers and the army command structure was effectively complete. Aurelius Victor alleges that this situation resulted from a formal imperial decree issued by the emperor Gallienus. For Victor, this was the disgraceful act of a disgraceful emperor. In recent years, more dispassionate research has promoted

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a more charitable view of Gallienus' reign. No other evidence attests the so-called 'edict of Gallienus', and it is preferable to regard the change as the culmination of a gradual trend rather than as the act of one individual. Another important aspect was the reduction in the size of the basic tactical unit. Detachments, or _vexillationes,_ drawn from legionary and especially auxiliary units, had been used for some time. In the military context of the third century, which required rapid reinforcements of military units on the frontiers, these detachments, as opposed to whole legions, became the standard troop formation. Two other fundamental military developments took place during Aurelian's military career, both of which were natural responses to the new warfare of rapid forced marches fought on multiple fronts. One was a steadily increasing reliance upon the use of cavalry. This development was actively fostered by Aurelian, who apparently excelled as a cavalry commander before he became emperor. The growing importance of the cavalry within the Roman army structure is reflected in the number of cavalry commanders, including Aurelian himself, who used this position as a platform from which to launch their bids for imperial power. The second development grew out of the first. In the 250s and 260s, the emperor Gallienus created a mobile central strategic reserve, with a heavy concentration of cavalry, comprising units drawn from a number of legionary bases together with new units formed by Gallienus, notably the Dalmatian cavalry. This strategic reserve, which he originally based at Milan and which prefigured developments in the next century, was a decisive element in the empire's ability to survive the onslaught of repeated barbarian incursions. ## THE MOUNTING COSTS OF WAR AND THE DETERIORATING ECONOMY In a number of ways the costs of war escalated during the third century. Military expenditure far outweighed any other aspect of the Roman economy. The situation changed dramatically during Aurelian's lifetime. One very important factor was the shift in the nature and location of warfare. Whereas warfare had previously been conducted on or beyond the margins of the Roman world, in the third century the theatre of war shifted to being largely within the empire. The battlegrounds and the devastation left behind in the wake of passing armies, both enemy and Roman alike, were now situated in the empire's farmlands and provincial towns. Until the end of the second century, the costs of Rome's military offensives had substantially been met by the booty they returned. Now the booty captured by the Roman armies had only just been plundered from Roman provincials. The rising tide of civil war only made matters worse, since Roman armies were plundering Roman towns and settlements directly. Later in the century, brigandage and piracy, relatively contained for almost three centuries, were once again in the ascendant. These conditions seriously affected trade and other commercial activities. Farming also suffered: farmsteads and crops were destroyed; livestock and stores carried off, if not by enemy marauders or local brigands, then by the Roman armies themselves. In many areas farmland, especially of the more marginal kind, was abandoned altogether. The situation was further aggravated by the continual recruitment of men from the land to replace those slaughtered in battle. Thus, the almost constant succession of bloody campaigns sapped the resources of the empire, both economic and human. The effects of the rising tide of civil wars were doubly deleterious: while frontier defences were depleted to furnish the rival armies, the dead and wounded on both sides helped to drain the empire's manpower, already depleted by a succession of plagues which swept across the empire from the late second century onwards. The rapid deployment warfare of the mid-third century also led to rising logistical costs. While the long, forced marches and problems of maintaining supplies inevitably created a logistical nightmare, the necessity of campaigning on several fronts at once contributed significantly to the empire's military expenditure. The cost of feeding and equipping the armies was further exacerbated by the increasing size of the armed forces and the rise in the price of transport costs. The Roman empire excelled all other pre-modern states in cop

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ing with the demands of logistics, but the constant rapid response needed to answer one emergency after another the length and breadth of the empire placed the expenditure on a wholly new footing. Another highly significant factor in the increasing military expenditure was the rise in army pay. Both Septimius and Caracalla substantially increased the basic army pay _(stipendium)_. Even more crucial than the rise in basic pay, however, was the increase in the supplementary cash bonuses _(donativa)_ distributed to the troops on occasions such as accessions, victories and anniversaries. There were also indirect consequences of the escalating military and political difficulties of the times. In addition to the military donatives, emperors were obliged to distribute largesse to the urban populace on appropriate occasions. There were also Juvenal's 'bread and circuses': the food dole and the extravagant public shows and spectacles the emperors laid on in Rome and elsewhere in the empire. In these years of economic and political uncertainties, emperors could ill afford to cut back on such public relations exercises. The measures by which the imperial government sought to finance its wars and recoup its costs were never popular and seldom economically sound in the longer term. The economic difficulties were aggravated by a lack of planning in the economy and the inefficient system of tax collection. The imperial government never systematically anticipated its economic needs. Inevitably, therefore, it employed short-term solutions. The burden of taxation fell unevenly. By exploiting legal exemptions and using bribes, many of the wealthiest individuals in the empire managed to evade the worst rigours of taxation, a disproportionate burden of which consequently fell on those who could less well afford it. Under the municipal system, responsibility for taxation rested on the curial class, membership of which became steadily more onerous as the system of tax collection became less efficient and ever more open to abuse. The combination of an ailing tax system and rising military costs obliged the government increasingly to resort to other means to finance their expenditures. One such means was confiscation. The numerous civil wars gave ample opportunity for the proscription of the wealthy, whether or not the victim was truly guilty of supporting the losing side. Another was requisitioning. Both the imperial armies and the imperial retinue were supplied and billeted with little or no compensation. At the same time, the needs of the armies were met through a system of taxation in kind. Abuses of the system were many and caused much resentment. The increasing reliance upon taxation in kind must also be understood in relation to the decline in the value of the currency. In an inflationary economic climate, the government could more efficiently secure its needs, above all feeding and equipping the armies, by securing the goods in the form of direct taxation rather than by buying them. The inflation was itself the direct result of another imperial measure designed to stretch the resources of the government: the irregular but persistent debasement of the currency. This policy had a profound impact upon the economy of the empire. Sporadic debasement was nothing new, but from about the time of Aurelian's birth it became more or less systematic. This rapid debasement had catastrophic consequences for the imperial government, the most serious of which was a crisis of confidence in the currency itself. This in turn accelerated the rate of inflation which eventually, in the late third and early fourth century, spiralled out of control. Since few sections of the Roman economy were fully monetized, the impact of this inflation may not have been too severe in the market-place. Its main victim was unquestionably the government itself. The effect of the continual debasement and inflation upon the structure of taxation and the administrative costs of the empire, including pay for the army and government officials, was considerable. Faced with relentless military pressures and inadequate manpower resources to meet them, successive emperors resorted to an expedient which drained the financial resources of the empire still further. During the third century, and still more thereafter, Rome tried to buy peace from its neighbours or buy their protection against more distant enemies. These subsidies, sometimes exacted over a number of years effectively as a form of Danegeld, represented the reversal of the policy of extortion by tribute which Rome had exercised over its neighbours during its ascendancy. The overall impact of this deteriorating

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362, 8379, 1597, 854, 368, 29889, 2648, 16035, 11407, 11706, 11875, 1980, 322, 773, 289, 1091, 267, 29892, 1784, 310, 278, 17173, 12239, 15724, 297, 278, 3710, 533, 8745, 304, 321, 1564, 311, 278, 17322, 12912, 2470, 310, 8818, 362, 29892, 263, 766, 771, 637, 291, 403, 6866, 1145, 310, 607, 14161, 2705, 8379, 373, 1906, 1058, 1033, 3109, 1532, 21750, 372, 29889, 7634, 278, 11677, 1788, 29892, 23134, 363, 8818, 362, 1791, 287, 373, 278, 3151, 616, 770, 29892, 28512, 310, 607, 3897, 28325, 2354, 901, 373, 261, 681, 408, 278, 1788, 310, 8818, 4333, 3897, 3109, 8543, 322, 3926, 901, 1722, 304, 633, 1509, 29889, 13, 13, 1576, 10296, 310, 385, 263, 6504, 8818, 1788, 322, 20493, 9121, 21544, 24474, 278, 5874, 10231, 368, 304, 25362, 304, 916, 2794, 304, 1436, 749, 1009, 1518, 355, 277, 1973, 29889, 3118, 1316, 2794, 471, 1970, 275, 9252, 29889, 450, 12727, 7631, 29129, 4846, 626, 552, 15130, 363, 278, 10791, 3395, 310, 278, 17173, 29891, 29892, 3692, 470, 451, 278, 28985, 471, 19781, 27719, 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economic situation was cumulative. To contemporaries, the worst effects were felt towards the end of the century and into the next. In other words, the greatest misery coincided with the most determined efforts to put matters to rights, that is, roughly the period from Aurelian to Constantine inclusive. It is only with the benefit of hindsight that we can perceive the severity of the situation throughout the third century. ## SOCIO-POLITICAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS ### The shifting sense of Romanity From the late second century onwards the centre of power in the empire became increasingly itinerant, following the emperor as he spent ever more time in the frontier regions. 'Rome', as the conceptual capital of the empire, became divorced from the physical city on the seven hills; in Herodian's phrase, Rome was wherever the emperor happened to be. With the emperor's presence demanded in the Balkans and the east, the strategic centre of the empire shifted gradually eastwards. His presence on campaign often necessitated the elevation of his provincial headquarters into _de facto_ regional 'capitals': power bases in the frontier zones, often associated with regional branches of the imperial mint. This process culminated towards the end of the century in the establishment of a set of regional capitals under the Tetrarchy and ultimately in the foundation of Constantinople as a 'New Rome' on the Bosphorus. The growing strategic and political significance of such new regional 'capitals' provided provincial strongholds from which rival emperors could more easily launch their bids for imperial power. Moreover, the augmentation of regional power bases at the expense of the centre allowed individuals to maintain political power on a particular frontier without controlling the rest of the empire. This political decentralization had a profound impact on the stability and even the integrity of the empire. The decline of Rome as an administrative capital was both a symptom and an important cause of the decline of the senate that convened there. Although individual senators continued to be powerful within the entourage of the emperor wherever he might be, access to the emperor became increasingly restricted. The administrative and advisory roles of the senate could not easily continue when decisions of state were made at huge distances from the senate house. As an inevitable consequence of the emperor's protracted absences from the metropolis, the senate ceased to function as a central organ of government. At the same time, over the course of the second and third centuries opportunities for personal advancement through alternative channels in the imperial administration increasingly opened up for men of equestrian status. By reason of their virtual exclusion from military power, senators were soon effectively precluded from the pinnacle of political power. Aurelian was still a young child when the first non-senatorial emperor seized the purple. But throughout his military career imperial power lay almost exclusively in the hands of a succession of military commanders, very few of whom had any prior connection with the senate. Most, like Aurelian himself, were of humble provincial origin. For such men, faced with the dire political and military conditions of the mid-third century, the obsolescent senatorial ideals must have seemed an expendable luxury. The decline of the senate reflects more fundamental changes taking place in the social framework of the empire at this time. The term 'Roman' was itself undergoing something of a metamorphosis, as the Roman empire ceased to be merely an empire ruled from Rome and developed towards a world community with which the provincial population could readily identify. Through the emergence of this 'new Romanity' the Roman empire was able to remain a meaningful political concept in both the east and the west well into the Middle Ages. One of the most crucial factors in this shifting perspective was the spread of Roman citizenship. Compared with most city-states in the ancient world, or indeed in almost any period, Rome was remarkably generous in allowing the rights of citizenship to the peoples she conquered. This process began with the incorporation of the Italian peoples under the republic and continued under the empire with the inclusion of large numbers of provincials from both west and east. In 213, only a year or so before Aurelian was born, the emperor Caracalla took this process to its logical conclusion by extending citizenship to all the free inhabitants of the empire. Literary sources hostile to Caracalla attribute to him the covert design of increasing the empire's tax base. Whether or

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not Caracalla had any such ulterior motive, the _constitutio Antoniniana,_ as the decree is known, must be seen as the natural culmination of a long process. The ethnic make-up of the senate underwent a parallel transformation. By the end of the first century the senate began to admit the provincial élite of the western provinces. During the second century, and even more so in the third, the senate gradually incorporated increasing proportions of the provincial élites of North Africa and especially the Greek-speaking east. This realignment of the senate is significant because it reflected a much deeper realignment in the empire as a whole. Not only strategically, but also economically and culturally, the centre of gravity of the empire was decisively shifting eastwards. ### Cultural and religious developments The mid-third century is often portrayed as an artistic Dark Age, heralding the death of classical culture. This is much too simplistic. Largely due to the changes in the economic climate discussed above, the era of extravagant municipal building programmes that characterized the Severan age did indeed grind to a halt and monumental architecture is therefore very much less abundant than in the preceding period. Conversely, some other arts were at their peak in this period: the mosaics of the mid-to-late third century are especially fine and the art of coin design and die-cutting reached unsurpassed heights in the 260s. Rhetoric and philosophy also flourished. One of the greatest cultural achievements of the third century was the emergence of Neoplatonism, a religious philosophy expounded by the Greek philosopher Plotinus in Rome in the mid-third century. Championed by his pupil, Porphyry, and counting the fourth-century emperor Julian among its followers, Neoplatonism came to exert a profound influence on the subsequent development of pagan thought in the fourth century. Religion in the Roman world embraced a wide variety of beliefs and cultic practices and had a number of social, political and cultural dimensions. The cult of Dea Roma, the personified city of Rome, and the often associated imperial cult, the worship of Roman emperors both living and dead, originated in the Greek-speaking east. By the third century both had spread across the Roman world and acquired great social and political significance. The priests of the imperial cult enjoyed considerable prestige within their local communities. Both these cults acted as cohesive forces providing a concrete focus for the loyalty of the disparate communities of the empire towards Rome and the emperor. The worship of local deities persisted and even spread alongside and often partially assimilated to the Roman pantheon. By Aurelian's time, a number of eastern religions had acquired considerable followings throughout the empire, including in Rome itself. Among these were the Egyptian cults of Isis and Serapis, the Anatolian cult of Cybele and Mithraism, a cult of Indo-Persian origin. This last was particularly widespread and appealed to a wide cross-section of society, not least the army rank and file. Mithras had strong solar affiliations and was sometimes referred to as Sol Invictus, the Unconquered Sun. This name was also associated with a variety of other solar and quasi-solar cults popular in the east and the Balkans. One such came to be especially revered by Aurelian himself. There was nothing mutually exclusive about any of these religions. They all coexisted within a polytheistic religious framework. A small number of religions in the empire, however, were exclusively monotheistic. Of these, Judaism was the oldest and most respectable. Where it was suspected of involvement with militant Zionism, the Roman authorities were ruthless, but otherwise the practice of Judaism was largely tolerated. Christianity was a different matter. For Christians, their religious beliefs were incompatible with any other religious activities, including, for example, those of the imperial cult. Due to the integration of religious beliefs and practices within the socio-political fabric of daily life in the empire, this had an impact far beyond what in today's terms might be seen as the religious sphere _per se_. For many pagans in the third century, Christianity posed a threat to the social, political and religious order of their world, wholly out of proportion to the numbers involved. From the pagan perspective, the comparative newness of Christianity, its strong emphasis on pros

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elytism and its astonishing success, its exclusiveness and its secrecy all engendered suspicion. To the Roman authorities, the refusal to participate in religious expressions of loyalty to the emperor was a matter of grave concern. The growing troubles that confronted the Roman world in the mid-third century heightened this sense of insecurity. Serious confrontation between the state and its Christian subjects became almost inevitable. The official persecutions in the middle of the third century, and again at the turn of the fourth, were marked by an appalling degree of violence. The emperor Decius was a deeply religious man who attributed the decline in Roman fortunes to the lack of proper religious observance towards the state gods. In 249 Decius instigated a call to all the citizens of the empire to offer prayers and sacrifices to the gods on his behalf. Those who refused suffered persecution. There was nothing in the original order aimed specifically against Christianity, but in the event the vast majority of those who fell victim to this persecution were Christians, whose stubborn resistance did not endear them to Decius and those who shared his view of the world. A few years after Decius' death, the emperor Valerian instigated a fresh call to sacrifice. This time the edict was directly targeted at the Christians. A new and more brutal wave of persecution followed. But such coercion signally failed to achieve its aim and Valerian's son and successor, Gallienus, put an immediate stop to the persecution. The same futility awaited the great persecution at the turn of the next century. The scale of the martyrdoms and of the heroism they entailed earned the faith a new respect and even added to its appeal. Ironically, in the long term, the persecutions may thus have contributed to the spectacular success and ultimate triumph of Christianity. A number of the more successful religions of eastern origin, including Mithraism and most especially Christianity, involved initiation ceremonies and held out the hope of individual salvation through some form of rebirth. How far and in what way the success of such religions can be linked to the more turbulent conditions of the times is a matter open to debate. Clearly, however, too simplistic a correlation must be avoided, especially where it is linked—either explicitly or by implication—to a characterization of traditional paganism as spiritually bankrupt and in the throws of irresistible decline. ## THE 'THIRD-CENTURY CRISIS' AND THE RHETORIC OF DECLINE The Roman world in the third century was one in which old certainties were beginning to give way under the impact of new and unpredictable forces. It was above all a world dominated by military events and therefore, to a large extent, by the armies. The emperors, created by the armies, were almost exclusively men of humble origin promoted on merit rather than social standing. In this climate, the senatorial élite lost its pride of place. It no longer retained access to political power, still less controlled it. The destiny of the empire had passed into the hands of the great soldiers of the period, men like Aurelian himself. By the fourth century, when the literary tradition upon which our knowledge of this period is founded was taking shape, the political, social and economic developments of the previous century were perceived in terms of a drastic and lamentable decline. The authors and the intended readership of these works belonged to the educated middle and upper classes, who identified with, if they did not actually belong to, the senatorial élite. For such writers, steeped in the traditions of Sallust and Tacitus, it was natural to attribute the ills of their own century to the erosion of senatorial power and dignity at the hands of a succession of uncaring and uncouth 'soldier emperors'. According to this highly conservative perspective, the third century was represented as a disastrous slide into arbitrary despotism. Such notions formed part of a wider rhetoric of decline which was soon adapted by both pagan and Christian apologists to suit the requirements of their opposing polemics. Until comparatively recently, scholars concerned with this period have broadly speaking shared the outlook of these authors so that the underlying rhetoric was seldom questioned. This factor, combined with the foreshortening effect of the 'tunnel' mentioned earlier, allowed the political, social, economic and cultural developments of the

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mid-third century to acquire the sweeping label 'crisis'. In the traditional view, the apparent stability of the second century was swept away along with the urbane government of the early empire. Out of the ruins arose the harsh world of late antiquity with its despotic government. Although this view has recently been called into question and the wholly misleading terminology of 'Principate' and 'Dominate' has now dropped out of vogue, these sentiments still largely colour the characterization of the 'early empire' and late empire' and of the 'crisis' which marks the caesura between the two. Increasing awareness of the rhetoric overlaying the fragmented and tendentious literary accounts, coupled with a more systematic use of other sources, has encouraged a fresh approach. It is now apparent that the complex socio-political shifts of the period, including the waning political significance of the senate, can only properly be understood by taking a longer-term view. The mounting external pressures and the destabilizing effect this had upon the political system served not to produce but to accelerate such underlying developments. The conventional thesis of a catastrophic 'third-century crisis' should be laid to rest. At the same time, it is vital not to minimize the gravity of the military and political situation. In the 250s and 260s barbarian invasions began to penetrate alarmingly deep into the empire's Mediterranean heartland, so that for the first time since Hannibal the city of Rome itself became vulnerable. The seemingly relentless Germanic menace along the entire length of the European frontier and the rise of first Persia and then Palmyra in the east led to a cycle of devastating military defeats, foreign invasions and internecine civil wars. By the time Aurelian seized power in 270 the cumulative effect of this rapidly deteriorating situation had precipitated a profound, if short-lived, political fragmentation of the empire which seriously threatened its long-term integrity. In this more restricted sense it remains meaningful to talk of a crisis. But the history of the third century is not the story of the collapse of an empire. Rather, it is a testament to the remarkable ability of the Roman empire to adapt and transform itself. This remains true even though ultimately, two centuries after Aurelian's death, the successive waves of barbarian incursions and the concomitant internal power struggles did prove fatal to the western part of the Roman empire. That they did not do so in the third century was in good measure due to Aurelian himself. # Part I: 'RESTORER OF THE WORLD' # 2 A DIVIDED EMPIRE ## THE THREAT OF DISINTEGRATION In 248, amid tremendous pomp and ceremony involving several days of magnificent and gory spectacles, the emperor Philip celebrated the millennium of the foundation of Rome. The celebrations were designed as a demonstration of Roman self-confidence, but the euphoric sense of optimism was short-lived. During the two decades that followed, under the impact of unprecedented external pressure exacerbated by numerous civil wars, the empire very nearly disintegrated. After a decade in which the defensive capacity of the empire was stretched almost to breaking-point, the events of the disastrous year 260 proved too much. The Roman empire effectively split into three. The emperor recognized at Rome, preoccupied with the defence of Italy and the Balkans and beset by numerous challenges to his authority from within, was incapable of giving the Euphrates and Rhine frontiers his personal attention. The defence and effective government of the east devolved upon the ruler of Palmyra, a semi-autonomous city in the Syrian Desert. At the same time, the defence and government of the western provinces was assumed by a local commander on the Rhine. This tripartite political division of the empire was still in effect when Aurelian became emperor a decade later. Its forceful suppression and the reassertion of the political integrity of the empire were to occupy most of his regrettably short reign and must be reckoned Aurelian's greatest acheivement. This would not have been possible, nor would it have lasted as long as it did, had it not been for the underlying cohesion

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of the empire as a whole. Throughout the period of partition, the notion of the empire as an entity never lost its hold. Alongside the centrifugal forces outlined in the previous chapter there were countervailing forces which enabled the Roman empire to pull back from the brink of irretrievable fragmentation. ### The impact of the Gothic menace Even as Philip was celebrating his millennial festival at Rome, storm clouds were gathering over the Balkans. His departure for Rome, following the reasonably successful Danubian campaign of 247, left the region open to renewed Gothic raids. Early in 249, in response to the situation, the army of the Danube elevated their general Pacatianus to the purple. Philip apparently lost his nerve: rather than deal with the rebellion himself, he sent the well-respected general Decius to suppress the usurper. As Decius approached, the revolt collapsed and Pacatianus was lynched. Both armies immediately proclaimed Decius, himself a native of that region, as their new emperor. Reinforcing his own army with forces withdrawn from the Danube, Decius returned to Italy and eliminated Philip in a decisive battle near Verona. While the armies of Rome were thus occupied in mutual destruction elsewhere, the Goths seized their opportunity. They crossed the Danube in force, plundering Moesia and Thrace and even attacking large cities like Philippopolis. At the same time, the Carpi raided Dacia with more or less complete impunity. Usurpations occurred at Rome and on the Danube, though both came to nothing. Decius returned to the Balkans, but after some initial success suffered a serious defeat at Beroea late in 250. In the spring of 251, while attempting to intercept the booty-laden invaders on their return journey, Decius and a considerable portion of his army were cut to pieces by the Goths at Abrittus. It was a staggering blow to Roman military prestige, and a terrible loss of manpower which the Roman empire could ill afford. The remnant Danubian army chose one of Decius' generals, Trebonianus Gallus, to succeed him. Powerless to intervene, Gallus allowed the Goths to return home with their ill-gotten gains. The elder of Decius' two sons, whom Decius had raised to rule as Augustus with him, had shared his father's fate. The younger, Hostillianus, who had remained at Rome with the junior rank of Caesar, still survived. Gallus immediately reached a compromise with him, whereby Gallus, his own son and Hostillianus formed a new imperial triumvirate. Hostillianus soon disappeared, murdered or perhaps succumbing to the plague. The military pressures in the region continued unabated. The Carpi raided across the Danube while the Borani and Goths raided the rich and vulnerable provinces of Asia Minor. In the spring of the following year, 253, a still more serious invading party of Goths and their allies crossed over the lower Danube. This was intercepted by the governor of Moesia, Aemilianus, who was instantly proclaimed emperor by his troops according to the familiar pattern. Gallus, learning of Aemilianus' revolt and of his march westward, sent word to his general, Valerian, then in Raetia, to muster a large army and join him in Italy to crush the pretender. Before Valerian could even cross the Alps, Aemilianus confronted and soundly defeated Gallus in northern Italy. On hearing the news of the death of Gallus, Valerian's troops proclaimed him emperor in his own right. In the face of Valerian's advance, Aemilianus was assassinated by his own men. By early September 253 Valerian was left the dominant military commander and undisputed master of the empire. The price was high. The situation in the Balkans remained critical. The virtual annihilation of a Roman army at Abrittus and the subsequent withdrawal of troops from the region by Aemilianus had left the Danube frontier desperately under-defended. When the Goths reached Thessalonica a ripple of terror spread throughout the Greek peninsula. On the upper Rhine, Valerian's withdrawal of substantial forces gave the Alamanni the chance to renew their attack. Meanwhile, in the east

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, the Persians had overrun most of Syria and a usurper had been acclaimed in Emesa. The defence of the Danubian frontier was Valerian's first priority. His policy in the region included a scheme to fortify many of the major cities and strategic points, though the scheme was only partially implemented. Valerian's attention was urgently needed in the east. His son and co-emperor Gallienus spent some time campaigning in the Balkans in the mid-250s, but his presence was also required on the Rhine. Gothic raids persisted on both sides of the Danube. In addition, the East Goths and Borani took to the sea. They plundered the northern coastal cities of Asia Minor from Trapezus to Nicea and on one occasion penetrated deep into Cappadocia. The Gothic menace thus forms a backdrop against which the events in the east and the west must be viewed. ## THE EAST: ROME, PERSIA AND THE RISE OF PALMYRA ### The oasis and the eastern frontier The eastern frontier of the Roman empire had no fortified line representing a clearly defined military or economic frontier, as did Hadrian's Wall in northern Britain. Instead, the Syrian Desert acted as a natural frontier which served to channel both commercial and military activity along certain recognized and predictable routes. One of the most important nodes on the caravan routes across the desert connecting Mesopotamia with the Mediterranean was the city of Palmyra. According to Jewish and Arab traditions, 'The City of Palms', or Tadmor to give it its Semitic name, was founded by Solomon (II Chronicles 8.4). The oasis in which it lay was poised, like the keystone of an arch, on the southernmost route across the desert that still had access to water. The growth of Palmyra's economic power in the first two-and-a-half centuries of our era was based not, like most other cities of the ancient world, on agriculture, but on commerce. The spice routes from the Gulf and the Silk Road coming overland from China via central Asia had for centuries passed directly through Palmyra. From here they went either north-west via Antioch to Asia Minor or south-west via Damascus to Tyre and Egypt. Palmyrene merchants did very well out of this trade, but it was above all in providing protection to the caravans as they crossed the dangerous desert trade routes that the city earned its fabulous wealth. With this wealth the aristocracy of Palmyra adorned their city, the tangible evidence of which can still be glimpsed in the impressive ruins set against the backdrop of the unrelenting desert beyond. The most striking of these is the magnificent temple of Bel, which together with its surrounding colonnade were on a scale, in both size and workmanship, to rival the greatest temples of the ancient world. As a trading post poised between two great civilizations, Palmyra was naturally influenced by many different cultures and was home to many different peoples, who brought with them their own customs and their own religions. In certain ways, such as dress, both civilian and military, Palmyra looked more to Ctesiphon than to Rome. Its native culture was Semitic and the predominant language was a form of Aramaic. In contrast to the usual pattern in the Roman east, the Palmyrene vernacular was extensively used alongside Greek on civic inscriptions. Hadrian granted Palmyra the status of a free city as part of his rearrangement of the eastern frontier. It remained administratively semi-autonomous, even after Septimius incorporated the oasis within the Roman provincial structure, and around the time of Aurelian's birth was granted the status of _colonia_. This all reflects the exceptional status Palmyra retained long after its incorporation within the Roman empire. The strategic importance of the oasis had long been appreciated by Rome. From the mid-second century, Palmyrene auxiliaries, notably archers, formed an integral part of the Roman defences of the eastern frontier region. In the third century the Palmyrene heavy cavalry was employed in the service of Rome as a useful counterpoint to the Persian cavalry, on which it was modelled. The marks left by Palmyrene units can still be seen up and down the eastern frontier and even further afield. During the first half of the third century, as the

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caravan trade routes came more under threat from the Bedouin tribes of the desert and as the rise of Persia threatened Roman hegemony in the area, Rome looked increasingly to Palmyra for help. Palmyra had grown rich and powerful through the exploitation of the trade routes that ran across the desert. Maintaining full control over the desert traffic remained the city's paramount interest. The resurgence of the military power of Ctesiphon was thus viewed with some concern: Persian domination of eastern Syria and absolute control of these trade routes was an alarming prospect. In the long-running struggle between the two superpowers, therefore, Palmyra tended to side with Rome. ### Shapur and the end of Valerian After the failure of Gordian's Persian campaigns, Philip was obliged to sue for peace on terms very unfavourable to Rome. On the great rock monument at Naqsh-i-Rustam, Shapur represented his defeat of Gordian and humiliation of Philip as unmitigated triumphs. For his part, it is doubtful Philip saw himself as doing more than buying a breathing-space. Within two years he broke his word, refused any further tribute to Shapur and returned to the offensive. Once again, the Roman expedition was ineffective, since trouble on the Danube demanded the emperor's attention. During his absences, Philip left the east under the overall control of his brother Priscus, who now, in addition to being praetorian prefect, was given the grand title _rector orientis,_ 'ruler of the east'. The administration of Priscus was deeply unpopular and helped to foment unrest in the region, which in 248–9 broke out into open revolt. Shapur was justly angered and distrustful after Philip's breach of promise. He took advantage of Rome's preoccupation with the Goths to intervene in Armenia in 251. The following year, Shapur un-leashed the most devastating invasion the Roman orient had suffered since the last century of the republic. He utterly routed the Roman army of the Euphrates and captured or neutralized all the garrisons in northern Mesopotamia. The region was at his mercy. Striking deep into Syria, he sacked and plundered many wealthy cities in his path, including the great city of Antioch on the Orontes. Renewing the offensive in 253, his progress was only halted by the hereditary priest-lord of Emesa, Uranius Antoninus. Uranius rallied the region's forces in the wake of this invasion and organized a spirited defence of the area. As a result, he was himself acclaimed emperor. His usurpation must be understood as a response to the military crisis of the moment and not seen as part of an assertion of Syrian autonomy. By 254, when Valerian finally arrived in the east, the crisis had somewhat subsided. Uranius Antoninus had apparently been eliminated and Shapur had partially withdrawn. However, the situation in the east remained unsettled. Over the next five years Valerian conducted intermittent campaigns against the Persians. He succeeded in regaining the important northern stronghold of Nisibis, which had long been, and long continued to be, a vital strategic point of contention between the two empires. But his responsibilities elsewhere prevented him from remaining permanently on the eastern frontier. Shapur was able to exploit his absences, for example capturing the valuable fortified outpost of Dura Europus on the Euphrates in 256 or 257. Thus, the advantage swung back and forth between the two sides. In 259, a serious Gothic invasion of Anatolia forced Valerian once more to abandon his efforts on the eastern frontier and march northwest to deal with the new threat. While in Asia Minor his army suffered severely from one of the periodic outbreaks of plague, which hampered his efforts to expel the Goths. Again taking advantage of Valerian's absence, Shapur chose this moment to launch his third major offensive against Rome. He struck up through Mesopotamia, retaking Nisibis. Valerian returned to the area as speedily as he could, massing his forces at Edessa for a final reckoning with his enemy. On a late summer's day in 2

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60 he marched out of Edessa towards Carrhae. At a spot not far from where Crassus had suffered his catastrophic defeat a little over three centuries earlier, Valerian offered battle. The outcome was as disastrous for Valerian as it had been for Crassus. The Roman army was shattered. Worse still, Valerian himself was captured alive, an ignominy that had never previously befallen a Roman emperor. To reinforce the insult, Shapur is said to have used the captive emperor as a human mounting block and finally, when Valerian died in miserable servitude, he was flayed and his skin, dyed crimson, was hung in the temple at Ctesiphon. For the second time in under a decade a Roman emperor and his entire army had been eradicated by a foreign enemy. The defeat of Decius at Abrittus had been ruinous enough, but this time the consequences were far worse. In the short term, Shapur was able to unleash terrible destruction upon the region virtually unopposed. He overran Syria and then marched north into Cilicia and Cappadocia, apparently dividing his forces for a two-pronged attack. The trail of devastation might have been worse, but for the efforts of two of Valerian's generals who rallied the remaining Roman forces in the area and harassed the marauding Persian armies. Fulvius Macrianus led the forces stationed in Commagene in a kind of guerrilla action against the Persian army in eastern Cilicia, while Ballista (also known as Callistus) harassed the enemy column ravaging western Cilicia. In one such encounter Ballista even managed to capture Shapur's treasure chest and harem. Shapur decided to leave Cilicia and return eastward. Before he reached the Euphrates, however, he found his way barred by yet a third and altogether more formidable adversary: Odenathus of Palmyra. ### Odenathus 'Ruler of Tadmor' The career of this illustrious individual is somewhat controversial, but the position of prominence he enjoyed in the region requires some attention. Odenathus belonged to one of the leading families of Palmyra which had been granted full Roman citizenship by Septimius Severus at the turn of the century. There is, however, no reason to suppose that he was born into an ancestral ruling dynasty. His extraordinary position within the community, and later in the entire region, was of his own making. Towards the middle of the third century, several inscriptions refer to one Septimius Odenathus son of Hairan son of Vaballathus son of Nesor as the 'Ruler of Tadmor (Palmyra)'. It has recently been shown that this individual is none other than _the_ Odenathus and not, as was previously thought, his father or grandfather. His title Ruler of Palmyra probably dates from around the 240s and indicates the personal ascendancy he had attained over his local community by that time. The same inscriptions also refer to him as a member of the Roman senate. This was an honour granted to him by a Roman emperor, most probably by Philip in recognition of his active involvement as commander of Palmyrene forces in the service of Rome during the Persian wars of the 240s. These two quite separate honours reflect his outstanding success as a military commander. His position of power is an indication of his personal role in bringing about the hegemony which Palmyra began to exert at this time over the Arab tribes of the desert marches of eastern Syria. His preeminence at Palmyra is further demonstrated by an inscription dated to October 251 that acknowledges his son, Septimius Hairan, as his co-ruler with exactly the same honours. By the time Shapur launched his second great invasion of the Roman east in 252–3, Odenathus was thus already a powerful figure in the region. What part he played in these events is not certain, though the suggestion that he followed up the successes of Uranius Antoninus in chasing the Persians from Syria cannot be sustained. It is alleged that Odenathus at some point tried to come to an arrangement with Shapur, who rejected his overture, contemptuously throwing his gifts into the Euphrates. The date of

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this alleged episode is not certain, but it fits in well with the events surrounding the Persian assault on Dura Europus in the mid-250s. Whether it should be taken to represent treachery towards Rome, or merely as an example of the Roman practice of buying off the enemy, is debatable. In any case, by the year 257/8 at the latest, Odenathus had apparently merited honorary consular trappings _(ornamenta consularia)_ from Valerian for his sterling efforts in the service of Rome. This may well be connected to his response to Shapur's sack of Dura. By making himself the indispensable ally of Rome while steadfastly championing Palmyrene interests in the region, Odenathus thus skilfully exploited the situation in the east to his own personal advantage. In a bilingual inscription dated April 258, Odenathus is accorded the Aramaic title _mr_ (in Greek, δεσπóτηζ); the title, equivalent to the modern Arabic 'emir', was exclusively reserved for ruling princes. Whether or not his ambitions at this time reached beyond eastern Syria, events were soon to grant him the opportunity of fashioning for himself a position of immense power. His moment came in the aftermath of Shapur's great invasion of 260. With Valerian in Persian hands and the Roman army of the east in disarray, Odenathus realized the potential threat to Palmyrene interests presented by Shapur's overwhelming victory. The Persian forces were tired from their long campaign and from the harassment they had received in Cilicia at the hands of the Roman forces under Macrianus and Ballista. Odenathus' own army, consisting of Palmyrene auxiliaries reinforced by Roman soldiers, rallied from the frontier after the battle of Edessa, was comparatively fresh. Seizing his opportunity, he attacked Shapur's army as it marched back towards the Euphrates and drove it out of Roman territory. As the news of Valerian's defeat and capture spread across the Roman world, a wave of spontaneous insurrections swept through the empire. Gallienus found himself in an extremely precarious position. The numerous revolts, combined with the ignominy of his father's fate, very nearly toppled him. Although he managed to hold on to power for a further eight years, he was never able to reassert his authority over the whole empire. The first of these revolts took place in the east, where Valerian's capture had created a power vacuum. The heroic efforts of Macrianus earned him the respect of the troops, who promptly proclaimed his two sons, Macrianus and Quietus, as joint emperors. The eastern provinces and Egypt accepted this choice immediately. In the spring of 261, the elder Macrianus determined to press his sons' claim over the whole empire. His decision to march west may partly have been prompted by the desire of those European troops that Valerian had brought east with him to return home. Leaving Quietus behind with Ballista as his praetorian prefect, Macrianus set out for the west accompanied by his elder son. Gallienus dispatched his best generals, Aureolus and Domitianus, to meet the threat. The armies met in the Balkans and the result was a resounding victory for the forces loyal to Gallienus. It is not clear whether Macrianus and Ballista came to an understanding with Odenathus before Macrianus set out for the west, or whether they simply calculated that he was of no consequence to their designs. Either way, when the news of the defeat in the Balkans reached the east it soon became clear that the Macrianic cause had made a grave miscalculation in underestimating Odenathus. At this critical moment, the Palmyrene prince came out decisively in favour of Gallienus. Once Macrianus and his main force had been destroyed in Illyricum, Odenathus rightly sensed the advantages in championing a distant and somewhat weakened Gallienus rather than in throwing in his lot with a local contender who lacked the forces to defend his dwindling cause. Descending swiftly on Emesa, where Quietus had retreated for safety, Odenathus defeated Ballista and laid siege to the city. The Emesenes went over to Odenathus, murdered Qu

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ietus and threw his body over the walls. Thus the Macrianic revolt came to an end and the east, in name at least, returned its allegiance to Gallienus. It is clear, however, that the real power in the region remained with Odenathus. With the elimination of Quietus, Odenathus adroitly placed Gallienus in his debt while ensuring that his own army of Palmyrene and Roman units was the only sizeable force in the region. Gallienus had no realistic option but to acknowledge his debt of gratitude to Odenathus and ratify the Palmyrene prince's position of power. He did so by creating him vice-regent of the east, with the title _corrector totius orientis,_ much as Philip had with Priscus. Odenathus thus held supreme command of all the armed forces in the east and full authority over the provincial governors of the entire region from Asia Minor round to Egypt. As a result of this command Odenathus assumed the Roman military title _dux_. Under Gallienus' nominal authority, but in practice acting as a virtually autonomous ruler, Odenathus conducted the defence of the eastern provinces with vigour for a number of years. In 262 he managed to wrest northern Mesopotamia from Persian control, recapturing the vital stronghold of Nisibis, and launched a counter-invasion into the Persian empire. Upon his return, Odenathus assumed the title King of Kings, a title normally reserved for the monarchs of Persia (or Parthia). In a grand ceremony on the banks of the Orontes, not far from Antioch, he conferred this same title on his son Septimius Herodianus. A few years later, in 266 or 267, he returned to the offensive and met with still greater success. This time he even reached the capital, Ctesiphon, though he was unable to take it. As a result of these victories, Odenathus was acclaimed _imperator_ by his troops. This technically exceeded his mandate since the emperor Gallienus, not his general, had the right to this salutation. Inasmuch as Gallienus permitted this infringement of his imperial authority, the incident clearly illustrates the emperor's impotence with regard to affairs in the east. It also explains the erroneous assertion in the _Historia Augusta_ that Odenathus was made Gallienus' co-emperor. The acclamation demonstrates more eloquently than anything else the anomaly of Odenathus' position at this time: something between powerful subject, independent vassal king and rival emperor. In practice, however, he appears to have been shrewd enough not to flaunt the title, the significance of which remained entirely local until after his death. The policy Odenathus pursued was governed by his political acumen. His decision to support Gallienus, both against the Persians and against the usurper Quietus, was based on shrewd calculation regarding his own and Palmyra's best interests. By the year 267 he had reached a position of unprecedented power in the Roman east. ## THE WEST: GALLIENUS AND THE REVOLT OF POSTUMUS ### The western provinces under Valerian and Gallienus In the joint reign of Valerian and Gallienus the situation on the Rhine frontier rapidly deteriorated. Taking advantage of the weakness caused by Valerian's march on Italy, the Alamanni breached the transrhenane defences and devastated much of the _agri decumates,_ the area between the upper Rhine and the upper Danube roughly corresponding to modern Baden-Würtemberg. Gallienus was able to contain this invasion, but his energies were then diverted to the Danube frontier. While campaigning there in the mid-250s, Gallienus raised his elder son, Valerian II, to the junior imperial rank of Caesar. But the situation on the lower and middle Rhine soon demanded Gallienus' personal attention. Leaving his son Valerian behind as a figure-head to represent the imperial house on the Danube front, Gallienus himself marched to the Rhine where a formidable barbarian army was plundering deep into northern Gaul. Arriving in 25

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7, he set about restoring the integrity of the Rhine frontier with great vigour. He set up his regional headquarters at Trier, giving himself easy access to a wide arc of the frontier. Using Cologne as a forward strategic base, he gained a number of significant victories and restored the defences on both banks of the river. The experiment of co-rulership across three generations of the same family was short-lived: the young Valerian met an untimely end in 258. Undaunted, Gallienus decided to repeat it by elevating his younger son, Saloninus, to be Caesar in his brother's stead. Saloninus remained with his father on the Rhine, while the Danubian frontier, though still prey to constant barbarian raids, now lacked an imperial presence. Matters came to a head when news arrived of Shapur's great invasion of the east. An army commander called Ingenuus took advantage of the preoccupation of the two senior emperors to seize power for himself on the Danube. Gallienus responded with characteristic energy. By forced marches he managed to fall upon and destroy Ingenuus before the latter had fully established his position. Before Gallienus had had time to repair the disruption caused by the rebellion of Ingenuus, the news of the disaster which had overtaken his father Valerian in the east swept through the empire. At this point, probably in response to the news, the Alamanni finally overran the whole of the _agri decumates,_ the border of which had long formed a fortified communications corridor between the Rhine and Danube frontiers. The Juthungi, apparently with the Alamanni, then crossed the Danube in strength. As Gallienus hurried westward to meet their advance, they pressed on down into northern Italy as far as Ravenna. Rome itself was thrown into panic. Gallienus managed to defeat the invaders at Milan, but could not annihilate them. The Juthungi re-crossed the Alps, taking with them booty and captives from Italy. Meanwhile, on the middle Danube the disgruntled legions once again rose in revolt, choosing the general, Regalian, as their new emperor. Another usurper arose in Macedonia, and in the east the Macriani launched their bid for the empire. In Gaul, meanwhile, the Franks renewed their devastating raids with fresh vigour. The effects of these incursions were felt alarmingly deep. One roving army even crossed the Pyrenees into Spain, where they sacked the major coastal city of Tarraco (Tarragona) and reached as far as Gibraltar. But the most bitter news for Gallienus came from the Rhine frontier itself, where another revolt was to lead to a more personal tragedy. ### The revolt of Postumus In leaving the Rhine frontier precipitously, Gallienus had taken a calculated risk. Aware that the region was still vulnerable, he once again left behind him a young son to represent the ruling dynasty. Being no more than a boy, Saloninus was entrusted to the care of the administrator, Silvanus. The military defence of the Rhine frontier Gallienus left in the capable hands of his general, M.Cassianus Latinius Postumus. Postumus was a tough soldier of humble origin, probably from the region of the lower Rhine. He was a shrewd opportunist, whose sense of expediency always ruled his ambition. In the strained atmosphere following the news of Valerian's capture, which reached Gaul in the autumn of 260, he was challenged by Silvanus, on behalf of Saloninus, to hand over some booty recaptured from a Frankish raiding party. Astutely gauging the mood of his soldiers, Postumus insisted on distributing the booty among his victorious troops, a distribution in which he himself was not disinterested. When Silvanus persisted, the troops mutinied and proclaimed Postumus emperor. Silvanus and Saloninus tried to rally support from the troops stationed at Cologne. Saloninus, no doubt at Silvanus' suggestion, proclaimed himself full Augustus and issued coins advertising the fact. But the counter-coup was too late and the support for the house of Valerian too weak

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-1

. As Postumus invested Cologne, the main regional mint at Trier began to coin in his name. Gallienus was in no position to intervene in Gaul. He was engaged in a desperate struggle for his own survival, trying to cope simultaneously with the Germanic invasion of Italy and the numerous other usurpers, from the Balkans to Syria. After a siege of several weeks the beleaguered townsfolk and garrison of Cologne turned against Saloninus and took matters into their own hands. Murdering the hapless youth and his guardian, they threw their remains over the ramparts and opened the gates to Postumus. With his power base in Germania Inferior and Belgica thus secure, Postumus was now in a strong position. The three northern provinces of Gaul, the two Germanics, together with the provinces of Britain and Spain, all went over to Postumus, as for a time did Raetia. In part this reflects the perceived weakness of Gallienus' position; it also reflects the real importance of the Rhine army as the defence mechanism for the entire region. The Frankish menace, the catalyst for Postumus' rebellion, did not subside. In the circumstances, Postumus decided to await the outcome of the impending civil wars which still loomed over Gallienus. The following year, 261, Gallienus regained control of the Balkans. Regalian was killed, perhaps in defending Panonnia against the Sarmatians, so too was Valens in Macedonia. Gallienus' generals, Aureolus and Domitianus, defeated Macrianus and, not long after, Odenathus eradicated Quietus in Syria. Only Postumus now remained. The seizure of the _agri decumates_ by the Alamanni effectively insulated Postumus' power base from attack by the legionary forces on the Danube. Though eager to avenge his son, Gallienus needed to consolidate his hold on the central part of the empire before risking an adventure in Gaul. It is related that, under these circumstances, he challenged Postumus to single combat, which the latter declined. Thus, an uneasy stalemate arose, each ruler having enough to contend with from barbarian pressure beyond their borders to wait for the other to make the first move. In the mid-260s Gallienus finally judged the time was right. Taking the central reserve under the command of his brilliant but capricious cavalry commander Aureolus, Gallienus crossed the Alps and marched deep into Gaul. Here he won a substantial victory, but was unable to press home his advantage due to the deliberate hesitation of Aureolus. Though this insubordination smacked of treachery, Gallienus decided to err on the side of leniency; a decision that would later prove fatal. Gallienus renewed the offensive, but was seriously wounded during a siege and forced to withdraw. The entire campaign was then aborted and the military stand-off between the two rivals was resumed as before. Although neither ever formally recognized the other, nor did they make any further effort to remove each other. ### The position of Postumus Postumus thus continued to rule and be recognized as the only rightful emperor throughout the western provinces from the Scottish Borders to the Straits of Gibraltar. His elevation to the purple must be understood in the context of the sudden intensification of barbarian pressure on the Rhine frontier in the late 250s. The military situation required an emperor on the spot. When Gallienus was no longer able to fill this role, his deputy was elevated in his place. In this, as in most other most respects, the revolt of Postumus followed the usual pattern of provincial usurpations in the mid-third century. The most important distinction was that Postumus continued to exercise his imperial power for a considerable number of years without ever receiving, or apparently ever actively seeking, the recognition of the senate at Rome. This matter requires closer scrutiny. From the very outset, as was customary for usurpers at that time, Postumus immediately assumed the full titulature, regalia and prerogatives appropriate to a Roman emperor. These included issuing coins in his own name and designating the consuls. He thus secured for himself the consulship in the January immediately following his elev

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ation. He also apparently assumed the suffect consulship directly upon his seizure of power, for his ordinary consulship the following January is recorded as his second. Meanwhile in the east the brothers Macrianus and Quietus laid claim to exactly the same prerogatives, and for them also 261 was the year of their second consulship. Since Gallienus himself assumed the consulship in Rome this same year, in order to reassert his own authority in the wake of his father's capture, there were in fact three rival sets of consuls in January 261. Which you accepted as the official consuls of the year depended on which part of the empire you were in, and, thus, which of the three rival imperial authorities you accepted. The volatile circumstances that swept Postumus to power never fully abated. Unlike Macrianus, Postumus did not have a brother or son to guard his power base against further insurrections in the rear. This certainly diminished the attraction of marching on Rome. Fully occupied with the defence of the Rhine, Postumus discovered that he could manage without the incremental legitimation of senatorial recognition. His tenure of power underlines how little that formal recognition mattered in the face of the harsh realities of the mid-third century. These events revealed another secret of imperial power as momentous as the Tacitean original of 68–9: an imperial contender could seize power and successfully maintain it without ever attaining the recognition of Rome and its senate at all. For the provincials and the soldiers such niceties were insignificant compared to the effective control of the barbarian menace. His success in defending the western provinces against further barbarian incursions, which he was at great pains to stress on his coinage, earned him considerable popularity among the civilian inhabitants of the region. His ability to give his undivided attention to this task must therefore be understood as the _raison d'être_ of his prolonged tenure of power. His apparent willingness to accept the restriction of exercising his authority exclusively within the western provinces must be seen as a triumph of pragmatism over ambition and not as an attempt to set up a rival and totally separate empire in the west. ## THE EMPIRE IN 267 Gallienus was a remarkable man. Anyone in that perilous period who could survive the ignominious capture of his father and the widespread unrest that inevitably followed deserves our respect. His talents have traditionally been rather overshadowed by the calamities that befell him and even more by the hostile press he received in the literary sources. It is true that he passed over the senate, especially in promoting men to the highest military offices, an offence for which the largely pro-senatorial sources could not forgive him. But in choosing instead to promote men of singular ability who had risen through the ranks, he proved he had an eye for spotting military talent not unlike that of Napoleon. Unlike Napoleon, however, his impetuosity did not inspire those around him with confidence in his leadership and, above all, he lacked the charisma to bind such men to him with undying loyalty. By the year 267 there were signs that Rome's fortunes might be about to pick up. The Danube frontier was comparatively quiet. The Persians were cowed by the spectacular military achievements of Odenathus, albeit only nominally under Gallienus' auspices. Gallienus himself even found time to be initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries. His coins proclaimed that everywhere peace was restored. It was, however, more a pious hope than a reflection of reality. The true state of affairs was altogether more sinister. In the next few years the Roman empire came close to disintegration. The wealthy east was under the increasingly hostile sway of Palmyra, the western provinces still recognized Postumus, and even after his death the bulk of this region refused allegiance to the emperor recognized at Rome. Meanwhile, the central portion of the empire was under the constant threat of Germanic invasions. Against this backdrop a deadly series of coups and attempted coups was played out, from which finally there emerged one sole victor whose ruthless courage enabled him to reunite the empire and pull it back from the brink of destruction. This man was Aurelian. # 3 AURELIAN ASCENDANT In the late summer of 267 news reached Galli

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enus in Italy of a massive Gothic invasion of the Balkans and Asia Minor. Leaving Aureolus in Milan to guard Italy against possible attack from either Postumus or the Alamanni, Gallienus set out with his mobile strike force to meet this new challenge. Aurelian, by this time in his early fifties, was almost certainly among the senior officers accompanying Gallienus on that march. For Gallienus, this campaign was to mark the beginning of the end. For Aurelian, it was the end of the beginning. ## THE ROAD TO THE PURPLE ### The Gothic wars renewed For two decades after the battle of Abrittus, in which the Goths destroyed the emperor Decius and his army in 251, the Gothic menace had a profoundly destabilizing influence upon the internal politics of the Roman empire. After the invasion of 253, the Goths and their allies concentrated their attacks upon Asia Minor. Several separate raids, some of appalling destructiveness, ravaged the cities of Asia Minor during the fifteen-year reign of Gallienus. Both the coastal cities and those deep in the interior suffered. Among many other casualties, the great temple of Artemis at Ephesus was burned to the ground. Then in 267, the Heruli launched a sea-borne invasion which sailed down the western shore of the Black Sea attacking coastal settlements. Although one raiding party was apparently defeated, another succeeded in taking Byzantium. An abortive attack on the Bithynian coast resulted in a naval encounter in which the invaders suffered considerable losses. It may have been this setback which deflected the course of their attack westward through the Dardanelles. On reaching the Aegean, the German fleet headed out across the open sea making for the rich and poorly defended spoils of the Greek mainland. On the way, they sacked the islands of Lemnos and Skyros, making landfall in Attica, where they sacked Athens. There is a story that they were persuaded by one of their number to spare the great library, on the grounds that the Greeks were inclined to scholarship more than to warfare, thus it was wiser to leave them their books to study. The Heruli then passed down through the Isthmus, with contemptuous disregard for the fortifications which had been started more than a decade earlier but left incomplete. Corinth, Sparta and Argos were all pillaged. Returning up through the Isthmus their advance was checked by an Athenian militia organized by the historian Dexippus, a fragment of whose account of these events survives. The invaders then turned up through Boeotia. Here, for the first time, they finally encountered a sizeable Roman army. It was commanded by Marcianus, one of Gallienus' top generals who was probably governor of Lower or Upper Moesia. The forces at his disposal were inadequate to stop the marauders completely, but he succeeded during the winter months in driving them northwards through Epirus and Macedonia towards Gallienus, who was advancing from northern Italy to meet them. Finally, in the spring of 268, in the valley of the Nessos (or Nestus) on the border between Macedonia and Thrace, Gallienus defeated them. Though the outcome of the battle was by no means conclusive, the emperor came to an arrangement with the Heruli whereby he offered them safe conduct out of the empire and granted _ornamenta consularia_ to the Herulian chief, Naulobatus. At this point, news reached Gallienus that his gifted but wayward general Aureolus had revolted in northern Italy. Gallienus immediately perceived the gravity of the situation: if he lost control of northern Italy his position was hopeless. Leaving Marcianus in charge of the Danube frontier, he gathered together as large a force as he prudently could and set out for Italy to deal with the new threat. Once again Aurelian accompanied the emperor. ### The end of Gallienus Instead of having himself proclaimed emperor, Aureolus immediately threw in his lot with Postumus, issuing coins from the mint at Milan in the name of the western emperor. This may have been the result of negotiations entered into between the two generals during the abortive campaign a few years earlier, which would explain Aureolus' apparent tre

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achery at that earlier date. More likely it represents the unilateral action of Aureolus, hoping to elicit the support of the Rhine legions in his struggle against Gallienus. In any event he mis-calculated: Postumus refused to become embroiled in Aureolus' risky venture. Gallienus reached northern Italy with his army by early summer and immediately engaged Aureolus' forces at a place subsequently named Pons Aureolus (Pontirolo). The rebel forces were defeated and Aureolus fell back into Milan. A lengthy siege ensued, which was to outlast Gallienus himself. Among the senior officers whom Gallienus had brought with him from the Balkan war, there were present in the loyalist army encamped around Milan that summer several Illyrian generals who owed their promotion to Gallienus and his father. Besides Aurelian, these included Aurelius Heraclianus, the praetorian prefect, and M.Aurelius Claudius, an exact contemporary of Aurelian whom Gallienus elevated to the supreme command of the cavalry in place of Aureolus. This Illyrian cabal had become increasingly dissatisfied with Gallienus. As the siege of Milan dragged on, the three senior officers conspired to remove him. They already knew they could count on the support of Marcianus. Others of a similar background and opinion, such as Cecropius, the commander of the Dalmatian horse, were brought in on the plot. Early in September the trap was laid. One night, apparently while Gallienus was eating a late supper, Cecropius brought him word that Aureolus was preparing to make a sortie from Milan. Gallienus, not suspecting a lie nor waiting for his usual armed bodyguard, rushed off in his eagerness to stop his enemy. He was set upon and killed. The conspirators then hastily organized the elevation of Claudius. Some credit Heraclianus with the ruse, one version says it was Aurelian: there can be little doubt that all three were in on it together. Much later, after Constantine had claimed Claudius as an ancestor, versions were put about which attempted to exonerate Claudius, either by professing his ignorance of the plot, by making out he was absent at the time, or even by suggesting that the dying emperor bestowed the purple on Claudius to mark him out as his successor. Gallienus' fate was shared by his brother Licinius Valerianus, the consul of 265. Some say he was with Gallienus at Milan, others that he was at Rome, where the senate's hatred of Gallienus also resulted in the murder of several of those closely associated with his regime. Among the victims were his widow, Salonina, and their last and only surviving son, Marinianus, who, though still a young boy, was in fact consul in that year. The coup was a success, its way smoothed by a large accession donative. ### The new emperor's right-hand man Claudius immediately sought to stamp his authority on the situation. He not only curbed the excessive expressions of hatred that the senate was heaping upon the memory of Gallienus, but actually forced the senate to deify Gallienus. He also took steps to distance himself from the treachery which had brought him to the purple. For those directly implicated in the plot there were mixed fortunes. Of Cecropius, the actual assassin, no more is heard, but he was certainly relieved of his post and, if he did not commit suicide, was very probably executed: rulers are not generally well-disposed toward regicides, even, or perhaps especially, when they benefit directly from their actions. Heraclianus, too, disappears from view: he is said to have killed himself, perhaps fearing the same imperial vengeance as had befallen his agent, Cecropius. Claudius' close confederate Aurelian, on the other hand, fared very well: he was immediately assigned Cecropius' old command over the Dalmatian horse, and in due course was promoted to the position of overall commander of the cavalry, vacated by Claudius himself. It may be that Aurelian's complicity in the plot to kill Gallienus was not as incriminating as that of the other two, or it

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may simply be that Claudius knew he could trust Aurelian. In either case, it suggests that Claudius had need of Aurelian, whose popular standing with the army helped to smooth the transition of power. There still remained the problem of Aureolus, immured inside Milan. It is possible that the beleaguered general, on coming to the realization that aid from Postumus would not be forthcoming, declared himself emperor in his own right. On hearing of the death of Gallienus, he decided to come to terms with the new emperor. If he hoped to gain by the removal of Gallienus, he was mistaken. According to one version, Claudius immediately had him put to death; according to another, his own troops dispatched him. There is a suggestion that Aurelian himself was implicated in the murder of Aureolus, but it is likely to be a later invention which, wishing to absolve Claudius of any possible blame, sought to pin the deed on another: and who better than his severe right-hand man, 'Hand-on-Sword'. The removal of the powerful and potentially dangerous Aureolus must have come as a relief to Claudius, who went to Rome to settle with the senate and enter into the consulship for the new year. But the relief was short-lived. The preoccupation of substantial numbers of Roman forces in the power struggles around Milan presented an opportunity for the barbarian tribes beyond the Danube to plunder Roman territory with relative impunity. It was an opportunity which the Alamanni were not slow to exploit. Together with their neighbours the Juthungi, they broke across the Danube, passed down through the Alps and began to pillage northern Italy. Claudius marched north to meet them. At Lake Garda, early in 269, he decisively defeated the enemy. The victory, in which Aurelian certainly played a part, earned the emperor the title Germanicus Maximus. Meanwhile, knowing the Roman defences in the Balkans were severely weakened by the events of the previous year, the Heruli decided to break their truce with Rome and repeat their venture. They had no difficulty in persuading both the East and West Goths to join the invasion, along with the Gepidae and the Peucini, a southern neighbour of the West Goths. Our sources speak of 320,000 men and 2,000 ships. Such figures are doubtless exaggerated, but the invasion represented an enemy force the likes of which were not seen again on Roman soil until the catastrophic Gothic invasion which destroyed the emperor Valens and his army at Hadrianople in 378. Having assembled their armada at the mouth of the Dniester, the Goths and their allies ravaged the Black Sea coast of Moesia and Thrace, attacking Tomi and striking inland as far as Marcianopolis. From there they sailed to the Bosphorus and, after being hit by a storm, they made unsuccessful attempts to sack Byzantium and Cyzicus on the way through the Sea of Marmara. Once through the Dardanelles, they sailed along the northern coast of the Aegean towards Chalcidice. They attacked Cassandrea and then laid siege to Thessalonica. News of this Gothic invasion must have reached Claudius in northern Italy not long after the battle of Lake Garda, but his hands were still full dealing with the defeated enemy. He therefore dispatched his most trusted general, Aurelian, to proceed directly to the Balkans. Aurelian departed immediately at the head of a sizeable force, which included the Dalmatian cavalry. Claudius had another reason to delay his departure from Italy. On the Rhine, one of Postumus' generals, Ulpius Laelianus, had risen in revolt and the situation looked dire for Postumus. The centre of the revolt was at Mainz, but the coinage issued in Laelian's name was the work of the branch mint which Postumus had only lately set up in Cologne. Furthermore, certain of these coins suggest the support of at least part of the legion XXX Ulpia, the main base of which was at Xanten. The implication is that disaffection towards Postumus was alarmingly widespread among the troops stationed along the middle Rhine. In rejecting Aureolus' overture the previous summer, Postumus may have suspected that some such trouble was near; on the other hand

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, his failure to seize the opportunity offered by the revolt at Milan may itself have contributed to the disaffection among his troops. Postumus advanced on Laelian, forcing him to fall back on Mainz. After a gruelling siege, Postumus' troops finally forced an entry into the city. Laelian was killed and the revolt effectively terminated, but when Postumus prevented his impatient and embittered troops from pillaging Mainz, they turned on their leader and killed him. Whether Claudius was tempted to intervene in the western provinces at this critical juncture is not certain. Faced with the choice between tackling Postumus or the barbarians, Claudius is said to have stated that war against a pretender was his own concern, whereas war against the barbarians was the state's, and that concerns of state must take precedence. This sententious rhetoric is almost certainly apocryphal, but the story suggests that Claudius did at least consider intervention in Gaul at this time. In the end, the situation in the Balkans was too serious for him not to go there in person. Leaving his younger brother Quintillus in command of the forces in Italy, Claudius set out for the Balkans with the main force of the central strategic reserve to join up with Aurelian and Marcianus. The recovery of the western provinces would have to wait. When the Goths learned of the approaching imperial army they abandoned their siege of Thessalonica and turned inward, laying waste north-eastern Macedonia as they went. Here, Aurelian caught up with them and, using the Dalmatian cavalry to great effect, succeeded in killing up to three thousand of them in a succession of skirmishes. By employing the cavalry continually to harass their flanks he managed to drive the enemy northward into Upper Moesia where Claudius had drawn up the main Roman force. The battle was both bloody and indecisive, though it did halt the northward advance of the enemy. The Roman losses were sufficiently heavy to preclude chancing another pitched battle. Instead, Claudius managed to ambush the enemy. He succeeded in killing a large number, but the majority of the Goths escaped and remained under arms. The tactic succeeded in crippling their offensive capacity, but the invaders still represented a force to be reckoned with. The Gothic army began a slow and painful retreat south the way it had come. During the rest of the summer and into the autumn the invaders were once again harassed by Aurelian's Dalmatian cavalry. By this time running desperately short of provisions, the Goths and their animals began to suffer terribly from hunger. Perceiving their weakened state, Aurelian attacked them with the full force of his cavalry, killing many and driving the remainder westward into Thrace. In the mountains of the Great Balkan Range, at that time known as Haemus, the Goths found themselves trapped and surrounded. As winter set in, cold and disease added to the death toll caused by starvation. The harsh conditions were not easy for the surrounding Roman army either. Among certain units, discipline began to break down. The Romans may have written off the Goths too soon, for their fighting spirit was far from broken. Seizing the moment, they made a valiant effort to break out of their camp. Claudius apparently misjudged the situation. Ignoring advice, perhaps from Aurelian, he held back his cavalry and sent in his infantry alone. The Goths fought fiercely, inflicting serious damage on the Roman army, and a catastrophe was only averted by the timely intervention of Aurelian's corps of Dalmatian horse. The intervention was too late, however, to prevent the enemy from effecting their break-out. Throughout the spring the remaining Goths continued their roving march through Thrace, still shadowed closely by the Roman army. Short of supplies and weakened by hunger, many Goths fell victim to a devastating plague which swept through the Balkans during the spring and summer of 270. The pestilence spread to the Roman army too. Even the emperor became unwell and returned to his regional headquarters at Sirmium, leaving Aurelian in full command of clearing Thrace and Lower Moesia of the last of the marauding Goths. Aurelian succeeded in splintering them into smaller bands which were more easily dealt with. Those that did not die in battle or from the pl

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ague were gradually rounded up, together with whatever animals and booty remained with them. Some of the captives were recruited into the frontier units of the Roman army, others were settled as peasant farmers in the frontier regions, to be called upon as militia if the need should arise. These mopping-up operations dragged on well into the summer. Meanwhile, Claudius himself accepted the title of Gothicus Maximus and celebrated his achievements on his coinage. The senate honoured him with a golden shield, like that which had been set up for Augustus. He did not have long to savour his success: he died that August at Sirmium, succumbing to the plague that had already sapped so much of Rome's military strength. Among the encomiastic accounts of the reign of Claudius there is a story which at first sight seems to contradict the well-attested version of the emperor's death given above. It is said that while the senate was debating how to combat the Gothic incursion, the Sibylline Books were consulted and found to demand the self-sacrifice of the leading senator to guarantee victory. Several members offered their lives, including Pomponius Bassus, at that time the senior consular, but Claudius declared that the oracular decree could mean none but the emperor himself. Having pledged his life to the state, he left for the wars and died heroically in fulfilment of his vow. It could be inferred that he died in battle, or as a direct result of wounds received in battle, but this is not stated directly. It is likely that this version of events is merely a highly rhetorical gloss inserted into the account of Claudius' deeds in order to represent his death, as a result of plague contracted while on campaign, as an heroic self-sacrifice. At the time of Claudius' death the Gothic wars remained unfinished business. In spite of Aurelian's tireless efforts, marauding bands of Goths still posed a menace to Thrace. One such was apparently strong enough to attempt an assault on the city of Nicopolis. At the same time, sea-borne raids continued throughout that summer. Though the forces involved were insufficient to pose much threat to the cities, the surrounding countryside suffered greatly. Anchialus on the Black Sea was attacked, as were many coastal areas and islands around the Aegean. Crete and Rhodes suffered particularly badly. The coast of Pamphylia was raided, though cities like Side managed to resist the assault. Even Cyprus may have been attacked. The impact of these raids was somewhat mitigated by the fact that the raiders were severely weakened by the effects of the plague. ### The struggle for power When the news of his brother's death reached Quintillus in Italy, the troops that were with him immediately proclaimed him emperor. The senate at Rome must have been fully aware that the most powerful individual in the empire, and the one to whom the Balkan army would be most likely to turn as Claudius' natural successor, was unquestionably Aurelian. A significant lobby within the senate evidently found this prospect alarming as Aurelian had already earned a reputation as a strong-willed individual of stern temperament. More to the point, Quintillus' troops, though numerically and qualitatively inferior to those under Aurelian's command in Thrace, were much closer. Therefore, on receiving the news that Claudius was dead and his ineffectual younger brother elevated in his place, the senate did not hesitate to endorse Quintillus. It was probably at this time that the senate voted to place Claudius among the gods and erect a golden statue of him in the precinct of the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitol. Otherwise, the reign of Quintillus has left very little trace. It lasted barely two months before it was overtaken by events in the Balkans. When the news of Claudius' death reached Aurelian in Thrace, where he was still occupied with the Goths, he knew what the army would expect of him. The outstanding part he had played in the Gothic wars, not least his quick and decisive action at Haemus, had already earned him the greatest respect among his fellow officers and the rank and file. Those officers who had supported Claudius over Gallienus now looked to Claudius' second in command as his natural successor. The precise timing of events is not certain. We do not even know whether they

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determined to act before or after news of Quintillus' coup in Italy reached the Balkans. Either way, they orchestrated the Danubian army to elevate Aurelian to the purple. Zonaras tells us that Claudius, on his deathbed, designated Aurelian as his successor and that the elevation of Aurelian was simultaneous with that of Quintillus. These assertions are best attributed to subsequent Aurelianic propaganda calculated to marginalize the reign of Quintillus. The date of Aurelian's elevation is uncertain, but it must have fallen roughly in the second half of September. He was just 56. When he heard of Aurelian's proclamation, Quintillus mustered his forces at Aquileia, a few kilometres north-west of the Gulf of Triest. As he prepared to meet his rival's advance there must have been many, including in all likelihood Quintillus himself, who doubted his ability to withstand Aurelian's challenge. Of the two rival emperors, Aurelian's military reputation and the strength of his support among the soldiers gave him a distinct advantage. Furthermore, he had at his command the formidable and battle-hardened army which Claudius had assembled to fight the Goths in the Balkans. Against this, Quintillus' only advantage, the relatively insignificant incremental legitimation provided by the senate's recognition of his claim, was no compensation. As Aurelian's army drew nearer, Quintillus must have sensed his cause was hopeless. There was no way he could confidently commit his officers and men to battle against the hero of the Gothic wars. By the time Aurelian reached Aquileia, both Quintillus and his cause were dead. One version says that he was murdered by his troops. It is just as likely that, anticipating the dishonour of defeat, he took his own life. His ephemeral reign was at an end, leaving Aurelian in undisputed control of the central portion of the empire. ## CONSOLIDATION: 270–1 Even with the removal of his immediate rival, Aurelian's position was far from stable. In the east, Palmyrene military expansion seriously threatened Roman interests, while the western provinces were still under the control of Postumus' successors. Nearer to hand, the Gothic problem remained unresolved, and was now compounded by the invasions of other Germanic peoples further up-river. The sources for these events are very confused and no clear consensus has emerged among modern scholars as to how to interpret them. In particular, the identity, order, location and even the number of Germanic invasions during 270–1 remains controversial. What follows is, therefore, only what seems to me the most likely reconstruction. ### The early campaigns At about the beginning of November, Aurelian entered Aquileia to receive the joyous acclamations of the troops that had so recently been sworn to defend Italy against him. The mint at Cyzicus had for some time issued coins in his name and that at Siscia had quickly followed suit. Now at last he also gained control of the Italian mints, at Milan and Rome. Among his first actions was to order these four imperial mints to prepare an issue of coinage to commemorate the deified emperor Claudius. In part this was intended as a genuine act of homage to his predecessor and former companion-at-arms. He also wished thereby to associate himself more closely with his illustrious and popular predecessor, and perhaps to reassure the senate of his intentions towards that body whom Claudius had treated well. Another reason was in order to marginalize still further the reign of Quintillus. When news of Quintillus' death arrived in Rome the senate deftly changed its allegiance. While Aurelian celebrated his bloodless victory, a deputation of senior senators came north to greet their new sovereign lord and reassure him of their unswerving loyalty. Sometime in November Aurelian met them at Ravenna. While he was there, word reached him of trouble brewing on the middle Danube. Aurelian's march on Italy had left the Pannonian frontier vulnerable to attack. Seeing an opportunity, a large army of Asding Vandals were massing across the river in the vicinity of Aquincum (Budapest

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). Aurelian returned to Aquileia and, without delay, began to organize his army and the necessary supplies. He then marched back out of Italy the way he had come only a short time before, over the Julian Alps. By the time he arrived in Pannonia the year was drawing to a close. He set up his regional headquarters at Siscia, the mint city of the region. It was probably here, or at least while in Pannonia, that Aurelian assumed his first consulship, on New Year's Day 271. This was in accordance with a long-established imperial tradition which reserved the right of assuming the ordinary consulship for a new emperor in the first January of his reign. Foreign and civil wars permitting, this office would normally have been assumed at Rome. It was unusual for an emperor to assume the consulship without even setting foot in the old capital. The circumstances of Aurelian's first consulship are thus a further sign of the diminishing role of Rome in imperial pomp at this time. Meanwhile, the Vandals had crossed the river in force. They encountered little resistance as they looted the villages and countryside of the region. But the season was by now so far advanced that they were finding it difficult to live off the land through which they passed and were beginning to suffer from a shortage of food. Knowing that the enemy was not equipped for siege warfare, Aurelian sent word ahead to withdraw all the livestock and food supplies into the fortified cities. Once he was satisfied that this war of attrition had sufficiently weakened the barbarians and that his own supply lines and troops were in proper order, Aurelian sought out the Vandals. The campaign was long and made particularly arduous by the season. In the initial stages at least, Aurelian was unable to gain a conclusive victory. Finally, however, the Roman army succeeded in inflicting a defeat of sufficient magnitude to halt the barbarians. The Vandals, not wishing to test their mettle against Aurelian's army any further, sued for peace. An idea of the negotiations that followed and their results is preserved in fragments from the works of Dexippus and Petrus. The Vandals were bound over to keep the peace, in pledge of which they handed over hostages and furnished 2,000 horsemen for the Roman army. They also agreed to restrict their trade routes and allow the Romans to monitor their trade. In return, the Romans granted them safe conduct and enough food supplies to reach the Danube frontier. Some rogue bands of Vandals broke away from the main column and returned to pillaging, but were soon eliminated. Aurelian had little respite in which to savour his victory. Even before he could bring the campaign to a satisfactory conclusion, news reached him of a much more serious invasion that had broken across the Danube further upstream. Taking advantage of Aurelian's preoccupation in Pannonia, the Juthungi had cut a swath of destruction through Raetia as far as Lake Constance. They had then turned south over the Alps. Although their exact route is uncertain, it seems likely that they came over the Splügen Pass, since it was the area around Milan that bore the brunt of their attack. For the third time in only eleven years, a barbarian army was on Italian soil and the very heart of the empire was under threat. As soon as he heard of this invasion, Aurelian sent his main army on ahead to Italy, retaining only a few crack troops with him in Pannonia to oversee the Vandal withdrawal and the re-establishment of the frontier. Once he was satisfied he could safely withdraw, he hurried to Italy leaving only the frontier troops behind to secure the defence of Pannonia. He quickly caught up with his main army as it skirted the southern edge of the Dolomites along the Via Postumia. Aurelian was anxious to engage the enemy as soon as possible and pressed on at great speed. As he drew nearer to Milan he discovered that the Juthungi had already moved south-east and sacked the city of Placentia (Piacenza). Whether Aurelian could have prevented this misfortune by diverting his approach further to the south and reaching Placentia before the barbarians is not clear. In any case, he sent word ahead to invite the barbarians to give themselves up and submit to his rule. They haughtily responded that they were a free

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people and if he wished to challenge them they would show him how free men could fight. The invaders withdrew with their spoils towards the south-east. Without being able to rest his army, Aurelian was immediately obliged to give chase. Had he taken a more southerly route earlier it is possible he would have been able to lie in wait for the enemy. As it was, his men were exhausted after their long series of forced marches from the Balkans. At dusk, in a wooded area just beyond Placentia, the advancing Roman army was ambushed and suffered significant losses. It was a humiliating set-back. As a direct result, the Germans were able to press on down the Via Aemilia in the direction of Rome. When the news of these disasters reached Rome an understandable panic gripped the city, for no significant force stood between the invaders and the metropolis. Rome had long since outgrown and built over its ancient city walls; the vast empire and its legions had long been an ample buffer to protect the city from external enemies. Now, with the approach of the Juthungi, the defenceless city seemed at the mercy of the forces of a foreign enemy. According to the _Historia Augusta,_ the Sibylline Books were consulted and the religious observances they dictated were what eventually saved the city from the Germans. A more mundane view suggests that Aurelian managed to regroup his battered army and follow the trail of devastation that marked the enemy's route down the side of the Appenines towards the Adriatic. Aware that the Roman army was at their heels, the Juthungi did not pause to sack the defenceless coastal towns of Pisaurum (Pesaro) and Fanum Fortunae (Fano). Instead they began to turn inward along the Via Flaminia, which led over the Appenines towards central Italy and Rome itself. Here, on the banks of the Metaurus just inland from Fanum, Aurelian finally caught up with them. This time it was a pitched battle and Aurelian was victorious. The decisive moment came when a large section of the Juthungi found itself pinned against the river: as the barbarian line gave way, a great number were swept away in the river and drowned. The victory was commemorated on a pair of inscriptions from nearby Pisaurum, just to the north. The Juthungi sued for peace. They remained sufficiently confident to feel they could negotiate from a position of strength. Even though they had lost the battle, they still represented a formidable fighting force. A fragment from Dexippus' _Scythica_ recounts the parley. Although the account is highly rhetorical and its reliability is not entirely above suspicion, it gives a flavour of the confrontation. After describing the display that Aurelian assembled to intimidate the enemy, Dexippus has the German envoys boast of the size and prowess of their fighting force and of how far they had managed to penetrate into the empire. Aurelian for his part was unimpressed. He was aware of the size of their army, but made it clear he was not about to let so considerable an enemy force roam unchecked through Roman territory on their way home laden with Italian spoils. The Juthungi were therefore denied the safe passage they sought and were sent away empty-handed. The Roman victory, though not conclusive, had been enough to ensure that the Juthungi could not continue their advance. In the circumstances, they had no option but to turn around and head back the way they had come up the Via Aemilia. Aurelian pursued them, waiting for the optimum moment to strike. He needed to be sure of a decisive victory, not only to avenge and expunge the memory of his earlier set-back but also to seize the booty the Juthungi were carrying. When the Juthungi reached the open plains near Ticinum (Pavia) Aurelian attacked. This time the victory was conclusive and the Juthungi were utterly routed. A few survivors formed into small bands, but these were easily run down and neutralized. Thus, Aurelian was able to turn a campaign that had begun so badly into a complete triumph. In recognition of this he assumed the title Germanicus Maximus. After a reign that had already lasted almost nine months, the emperor was at last

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in a position to head for Rome; but it was not to be the triumphant reception he could reasonably have expected. ### Civil strife While Aurelian was thus occupied in military activities in northern Italy, intrigue and civil strife once more reared their ugly heads. A revolt sprang up in Dalmatia, perhaps sparked off by the news of Aurelian's difficulties in Italy. The troops stationed there proclaimed Septiminus (or Septimius), who was perhaps their military governor, as emperor. The revolt was short-lived, and Septiminus was killed by his own soldiers. A potentially more serious revolt at about the same time centred upon the figure of Domitianus, Gallienus' former general who had assisted Aureolus in destroying the Macriani a decade earlier. The location of the revolt is unknown. An apparently genuine coin issued in the name of Domitianus as emperor was found in France, implying that he revolted in south-eastern Gaul. A hoard deposited at Samoëns, south of Lake Geneva, suggests there may have been trouble in the area at this time. If the revolt did take place in that region, it may have been sparked off by the Juthungian invasion to the east and it was probably suppressed by Julius Placidianus. With the death of Domitianus, Aurelian was left as the last of Gallienus' great generals, the final victor in a power struggle played out over a dozen years. Meanwhile, at Rome, where the German advance had caused general panic and unrest, a still more serious sedition erupted. The mint workers there had begun to defraud the government on a massive scale by issuing coinage which was markedly debased and underweight even by the poor standards of the day. The effect of part of this fraudulent behaviour has recently been detected in much of the Divus Claudius coinage issued from this mint. The precise nature of this fraud is a matter of some debate, and the culpability of the moneyers may not have been as great as Aurelian later maintained. Certainly, however, the corruption went right to the top. The man responsible for the operation of the mint and the control of the supply of precious metals was the chief financial minister, or _rationalis,_ Felicissimus. It is clear that he was fully implicated, and it seems likely that his actions so far abused the responsibilities of his office that they amounted to treason. When he was challenged he incited the mint workers to open revolt, but apparently was almost immediately killed. He may even have been executed. In any case, his death, far from being the end of the affair, was the signal for some of the most appalling scenes of violence the city had witnessed since the last decades of the republic. Realizing the game was up, and fearing retribution, the mint workers took to the streets. The tensions of the preceding weeks had raised the stakes. Furthermore, Palmyrene aggression had recently led to troubles in Egypt (see Chapter 4), and it is more than likely that these had disrupted the grain supply for the city. Disaffection was widespread, and the situation quickly developed into a general uprising. A number of senators, perhaps those who had most strongly urged the elevation of Quintillus and thus had most to fear from Aurelian, seized the opportunity to conspire against the emperor. Perhaps emboldened by the news of the revolts in the provinces they began openly to incite the rabble. A full-scale and bloody riot ensued, ending in a pitched battle on the Caelian hill between the mob and the urban cohorts reinforced by regular troops from the imperial army. The carnage was certainly horrific, though the fatality figures given in the sources (a figure of 7,000 is mentioned) are dubious. Once order was restored, Aurelian dealt severely with the offenders. A large number, and not just the ringleaders, he immediately put to death. Several senators were among those rounded up and summarily executed, though the extent of their culpability is questioned by our pro-senatorial sources. He then took the somewhat drastic measure of closing down the mint at Rome altogether. Some of the workers, those whom he had pardoned, he later took with him on campaign. The immediate perpetrators of the upheavals were thus dealt with, but the

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dangerous combination of underlying factors which had led to the dangerous collapse of order at Rome had now to be addressed if a similar disaster were to be avoided in future. The first such measure that Aurelian undertook turned out to be one of his most lasting legacies. To prevent, or at least mitigate, a repeat of the panic which had seized Rome as the Germans advanced, a panic which had been a spark to ignite the tinder of the other ills, Aurelian ordered the construction of the massive defensive walls around Rome that are still associated with his name to this day. He also undertook to reform both the debased imperial monetary system and the arrangements for the urban food dole. With regard to the latter, there remained the outstanding problem of Palmyrene interference in Egypt. Even if the supplies were by this time restored to normal, the threat that still hung over one of Rome's most vital lifelines was obviously intolerable. Aurelian therefore resolved to take on Palmyra. For the time being, however, he kept his intentions in this regard to himself. There was much preparation that would be needed for such a campaign and more pressing work awaited his attention in the Balkans. He did not delay any longer in Rome than was strictly necessary to ensure the restoration of his full authority in the city and to supervise the beginning of the construction of the walls. During the summer he set out from Rome, gathered his field army and headed for the Balkans. ### The Gothic wars concluded The efforts of Gallienus, Claudius and Aurelian to rid the Balkans of the Gothic menace had been only partially successful. Although Aurelian had managed to expel the Goths from Moesia during the previous summer, his elevation to the purple and the resulting contest with Quintillus had taken him away from the region before he could ensure a lasting solution. News of Aurelian's difficulties in Italy was the only invitation the Goths needed to renew their offensive against Moesia and Thrace. When Aurelian arrived in the area in the early autumn of 271, the Goths had already inflicted considerable damage. Aurelian defeated them and drove them back across the Danube, but was not content to leave it at that. Taking his army across the river he carried the war over into enemy territory. There he inflicted on them a crushing defeat, killing their king, Cannabas (or Cannabaudes), sacking their settlements and deporting the women who attempted to defend them. Years later, at his triumph in Rome, Aurelian is reported to have exhibited these captive women, dressed as Amazons, together with numerous other captives and Cannabas' royal chariot. It was the most decisive victory a Roman army had won in that region throughout the entire troubled century. A sweet revenge for Abrittus, exactly two decades earlier, it earned Aurelian the title Gothicus Maximus. The resounding victory restored not only the Danube frontier, but the flagging morale of the region's defence forces. But that was not enough. The situation in Dacia was still tenuous, following the partial withdrawal of Roman forces from the province under Gallienus. Aurelian could not spare the men and matériel that would be required to restore the transdanubian bulwark and the Dacian _limes_. He knew that, if he was to defeat the Palmyrenes, he needed to take with him to the east a sizeable army, one much larger than he had brought with him from Italy. He fully intended to levy more troops while in the Balkans, but raw recruits would be insufficiently reliable for the task in hand. But to deplete the already over-extended Danube army could be costly. For two decades the armies of Rome had been forced to defend the eastern Balkans from almost constant Gothic invasions. Aurelian himself had personally witnessed these bloody conflicts over the last four years. Nothing short of a drastic rethink of regional strategy would do. Aurelian's solution was as radical as it was bold. He ordered the complete withdrawal of all the legionary forces stationed in Dacia and redrew the defensive line along the Danube, thereby greatly reducing the length of the frontier to be guarded. Furthermore, he evacuated from Dacia a sizeable proportion of its more important citizens and resettled them south of the river in a newly constituted province of Dacia Ripensis

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. As for the remaining population, Aurelian was in a position to impose terms on the Goths, and at the very least bound them over not to attack, possibly even engaged them to help defend, the territory north of the river, which thus retained some of its former function as a buffer. With the onset of winter, Aurelian began to make the necessary preparations for the confrontation with Palmyra: recruitment, training and logistical arrangements. The army he assembled was one of the most impressive of the century. In addition to the Dalmatian cavalry corps that had distinguished itself under his command in the Gothic wars, he had a troop of Mauritanian horse and he had legionary forces drawn from the full length of the Danube frontier, from Raetia and Noricum as well as the formidable regiments from Pannonia and Moesia. In addition to these, he had with him an elite corps of legionary vexillations, which probably represented the crack troops that had been with him since his first march on Italy, now augmented by units carefully selected for their outstanding ability from the legions and auxiliaries at his disposal. With the approach of spring, his plans and preparations completed, Aurelian took this great army across the narrow neck of water that separates Europe from Asia, to Chalcedon. The game was afoot. # 4 ZENOBIA AND THE EAST In order to comprehend Aurelian's strategy in the east, we must first consider the situation from an eastern perspective. The rise of the fabulously wealthy city of Palmyra, the extraordinary career of its ruler Odenathus, and the dynamic enterprise of his shrewd and beautiful queen Zenobia, are tales that lend themselves easily to legend. We must discern the historical facts that lie behind these tales, for they are integral to the story of Aurelian's reign, just as his own career was to prove decisive in their conclusion. ## THE MURDER OF ODENATHUS The death of Odenathus of Palmyra is cloaked in sinister mystery. There is almost universal agreement that his sudden end was the work of an assassin; but who the assassin was and who may have put him up to it, how it came about, where and when, remain unresolved. Conflicting clues in the literary evidence tend to suggest either some political intrigue involving Rome, even implicating the emperor himself, or a family quarrel, possibly tinged with dynastic ambition. In one version, a Roman official called Rufinus had Odenathus murdered on suspicion of plotting to rebel against Rome. When the victim's son, also called Odenathus, appealed to Gallienus, Rufinus not only defended his action but even persuaded the reluctant emperor to let him remove the son also. Another version also reports a plot involving Gallienus, adding that Odenathus' widow Zenobia took up her husband's position and avenged his death. Other clues lend fragile support to the allegation of antagonism between Rome and Palmyra around the time of Odenathus' death. Malalas records that Gallienus defeated the Persians and then fought against Odenathus for control of Arabia, defeating and killing him. He mentions no plot, but agrees that Zenobia's subsequent hostility to Rome was motivated by revenge. The _Historia Augusta_ relates that when Gallienus heard of Odenathus' assassination he sent a large army to the east under his praetorian prefect Heraclianus, ostensibly to secure the Persian border. Zenobia, not trusting Gallienus' intentions, intercepted and repelled Heraclianus, destroying much of his army. Alas, neither of these accounts is very trustworthy. Malalas is very confused about the reign of Gallienus and, given Gallienus' preoccupation with the Goths, the story of Heraclianus should also be discounted. Another tradition paints a quite different picture. Zonaras tells how Odenathus' nephew, publicly humiliated by his uncle for failing to observe due protocol during a hunt, killed both the Palmyrene prince and his eldest son, and was then himself put to death. In Syncellus there is no mention of a murdered son and the murderer bears the same name as the victim. Though

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