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fect see Howe 1942:81f.
SHA _Gal._ 3.1; Zon. 12.24; _Orac. Sibyl._ XIII 164–9; cf. Potter 1990:53–4, 343–6 (noting possible arrangement between Macrianus and Odenathus). Whether Odenathus acted at the express invitation of Gallienus is unclear and is largely irrelevant.
Some clues as to the forces available to Odenathus are provided in the sources, though they tend to underestimate the extent to which these forces constituted a regular army; see Festus _Brev._ 23; Jerome _Chron_. 221 (Helm); Oros. 7.22.12; Jord. _Rom._ 290.
Sync. 716; Zon. 12.23–4; cf. also the wide-ranging powers in Eutrop. 9.11.1; SHA _Gal._ 1.1, 3.3, 10.1; _Tyr. trig._ 14.1 (see below, n. 32, on _imperator_ ). It must be stressed that neither _dux_ nor _imperator_ are recorded on inscriptions of Odenathus. The reservations on the title _corrector_ expressed by J.Cantineau, 'Un _restitutor Orientis_ dans les inscriptions de Palmyre', _Journal Asiatique_ 222, 1933:217–33, 217–23, and Millar 1971:10, are unwarranted; see now Potter 1990:54, 390–2.
The inscription (see D.Schlumberger, 'L'inscription d'Hérodien: remarques sur l'histoire des princes de Palmyre', _Bull. d'ét. orient._ 1942–3:36–50; cf. _Inv._ III 3; _IGR_ III 1032: relating to the elevation of Herodianus) is now dated to the period of Odenathus' Persian campaigns. The nomenclature of Odenathus' sons has proved problematic: Septimius Hairan may have died sometime between 251 and 262 so that by the latter date Herodianus was Odenathus' eldest surviving son (though it is also possible that they were the same person), see Potter 1990:385–8 (together with the works he cites). On the co-rulership of 'Herodes' (Herodianus) at this time, see also SHA _Tyr. trig._ 15.5; cf. _Gal._ 13.1. The title King of Kings is also given on a posthumous inscription in Aramaic _(mlk mlk'): Inv._ III 19 ( _CIS_ II 3946). See also SHA _Tyr. trig._ 15.1, and Potter 1990:385, 390–3.
The acclamation of Odenathus as _imperator_ is in fact conjectural, based on its use by Vaballathus (see above n. 30 and also Chapter 4). Co-rulership see SHA _Gal._ 12.1.
Almost certainly the first appearance of the Franks see Zon. 12.24; cf. Chapter 1, n. 13.
The date is controversial. Victor _Caes._ 33.2 states it was in the wake of the news of Valerian's disaster, which led Alföldi 1939:184, to postulate 260. J.Fitz, _Ingenuus et Régalien,_ Brussels 1966, among others, preferred a date as early as 258, while still retaining the relationship between this revolt and that of Regalian (see p. 34). The year 260 is to be preferred, though the revolt must have occurred on the news of Shapur's invasion rather | -0.433072 | 0.893235 | -0.631149 | 1.435041 | [
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than of Valerian's disaster.
Zon. 12.24; cf. Zos. 1.37.1–38.1; _AE_ 1993:1231; see also Appendix B.2. On the strategic importance of the Alamannic migration see Drinkwater 1987:226–8 and in this book, Chapter 6.
Valens, the usurper in Macedonia, is attested in Amm. 21.16.10 and _Epit._ 32.4, as well as the largely spurious accounts in SHA _Gal._ 2.2–4, _Tyr. trig._ 19 and _Tyr. trig._ 21.1–3.
Victor _Caes._ 33.3; cf. H.D.Gallwey, 'A hoard of third-century antoniniani from southern Spain', _NC_ 1962:335–406.
Possibly governor of one of the Germanies: see König 1981:53; cf. _PLRE_ I 720, n. 2.
König 1981:41–51.
Drinkwater 1987:116–18 (cf. 27–8). On Raetia also going over to Postumus see _AE_ 1993:1231.
Furthermore, the allegiance of the _legio III Italica_ stationed at Regensburg is not entirely clear in the light of _AE_ 1993:1231; Gallienus would not have wished to denude northern Italy of forces as long as Raetia remained loyal to Postumus.
Cont. Dion. ( _FHG_ IV 194–5) fr. 6.
SHA _Gal._ 4.4–6; cf. _Tyr. trig._ 3.5, 11.3. The date is controversial, but the consensus is for 265; cf. Alföldi 1939:186 (dating to 263). The assertion in Drinkwater 1987:89, that Postumus controlled the Alpine passes, is incorrect; on this and the stand-off, see Chapter 6.
Elmer 1941:28; cf. König 1981:65, suggesting he received _ornamenta consularia;_ followed by Drinkwater 1987:67. The assumption of a suffect consulship in the last part of 260 is much more satisfactory in view of the parallel with the Macriani (see following note).
_P.Oxy._ 34. 2710.8–9 (the iteration for Quietus is restored). The insignificance of this pair of youths (as opposed to their father) before their revolt precludes the idea that they might have been granted the _ornamenta consularia_.
Postumus Junior (SHA _Tyr. trig._ 4) is fictitious.
Among the top generals that Gallienus promoted, Ingenuus, Regalian and Postumus had already openly revolted against him; Aureolus, Heraclianus, Claudius and Aurelian would do so in the sequel.
Mysteries see Alföldi 1939:189; on the VBIQVE PAX coinage and its date (on returning from Athens) see Göbl 1953:11, 16.
## 3 AURELIAN ASCENDANT
Sync. 716–17; cf. SHA _Gal._ 4.7–8, 6.2, 11.1, 12.6; Jord. _Get._ 20.107–8. These sources have clearly elided the events of several raids into one catalogue. See Alföldi 1939:141–50, 721–3; Demougeot 1969:422–5; cf. Potter 1990:44–7, 55–8.
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] | 1,330,869 | 138,240 | Book | -1 | -1 |
._ 13.6 (campaign near Pontus); _Gal._ 13.7 (naval victory); Sync. 717 (general route and sack of Byzantium). The East Goths may have been involved in this invasion, and parhaps split off into Asia Minor, where they were halted by Odenathus (see Chapter 4, n. 9).
Sync. 717; cf. Zos. 1.39–1 (sack of Athens). Book burning see Petr. Patr. 169 (= _'Cont. Dion.'_ fr. 9.1 _FHG_ IV 196); Zon. 12.26 (both erroneously placing the incident under Claudius: see Appendix B.1). On the archaeological evidence for the sack of Athens see H.H.Thompson, 'Athenian Twilight: AD 267–400', _JRS_ 49, 1959:61–72, 62–5.
Sync. 717; SHA _Gal._ 13.8; Dexippus _FGH_ 100, fr. 28.
Sync. 717; SHA _Gal._ 13.8–9, cf. 5.6–6.1 (a generalized introduction to the Gothic troubles in Gallienus' reign: see Appendix B.1); Zos. 1.39.1 (confused chronology); Victor _Caes._ 33.3; Eutrop. 9.8.2.
Date of Aureolus' revolt, see now Bastien 1984. Victor _Caes._ 33.17 (Aureolus held a command in Raetia, only moving to Milan after his revolt); but cf. Zosimus 1.40.1 (specifically locating his command at Milan). Marcianus' command see Zos. 1.40.1; SHA _Gal._ 13.10; _Claud._ 6.1; cf. _RE_ 14, 1511.
Alföldi 1967:1–15; König 1981:125–31; Drinkwater 1987:31–3; Bastien 1984.
Zon. 12.25; Victor _Caes._ 33.18; _Epit._ 33.2.
Heraclianus: _RE_ 13, 361; Howe 1942:82. Claudius as _hipparchos,_ Zon. 12.26. See Syme 1971:210f.
Zon. 12.25; SHA _Gal._ 14; Zos. 1.40.2–3; cf. Victor _Caes._ 33.19–22 (less reliable) and John of Ant. fr. 152.3 ( _FHG_ IV, 599), confusing Heraclianus with Cecropius); see also short notices in _Epit._ 33.2; Eutrop. 9.11.1; Jerome _Chron._ 221 (Helm); Oros. 7.22.13; Jord. _Rom._ 287; Sync. 717. Malalas 12.27 (298 Bonn) is wrong.
Victor _Caes._ 33.21 (stressing Aurelian's popularity with the army, but apparently confusing him with Heraclianus: see _PLRE_ I, Heraclianus (6)). Claudius exonerated see SHA _Gal._ 14.2; _Claud._ 1.3. Both this and the deathbed scene (Victor _Caes._ 33.28; _Epit._ 34.2) as the product of either Claudian or, more likely, Constantinian propaganda see Syme 1971:205–6; Syme 1983:69, 152.
Gallienus | -0.936427 | 0.782216 | -0.87019 | 1.081255 | [
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-1.048740877152565
] | [
1.362379536527809,
0.2020522158391115
] | [
-0.7173812765776986,
-1.022998320136503
] | [
1.3257834563600308,
0.8367258459284886
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29934,
290,
3032,
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29906,
29947,
29955,
29936,
317,
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29955,
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29906,
29955,
313,
29906,
29929,
29947,
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338,
2743,
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13,
12684,
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26270,
267,
3032,
29871,
29941,
29941,
29889,
29906,
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313,
710,
404,
292,
319,
545,
492,
273,
29915,
29879,
5972,
537,
411,
278,
9987,
29892,
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13229,
16051,
1075,
411,
2439,
562,
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29901,
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903,
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1525,
29918,
306,
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562,
492,
24514,
313,
29953,
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261,
630,
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15715,
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29954,
284,
3032,
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29946,
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29906,
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566,
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29941,
29889,
9134,
445,
322,
278,
4892,
2580,
9088,
313,
29963,
919,
272,
903,
26270,
267,
3032,
29871,
29941,
29941,
29889,
29906,
29947,
29936,
903,
29923,
23600,
3032,
29871,
29941,
29946,
29889,
29906,
29897,
408,
278,
3234,
310,
2845,
25886,
713,
470,
29892,
901,
5517,
29892,
23194,
713,
13089,
5863,
1074,
10667,
29872,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29896,
29901,
29906,
29900,
29945,
29994,
29953,
29936,
10667,
29872,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29941,
29901,
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29929,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29945,
29906,
29889,
13,
13,
5208,
492,
264,
375
] | 1,330,869 | 139,264 | Book | -1 | -1 |
' family see SHA _Gal._ 14.9–11; Zon. 12.26; Eutrop. 9.11.1; John of Ant. fr. 152.3 ( _FHG_ IV 599); Victor _Caes._ 33.31–4. Marinianus as consul see A.Alföldi, 'The Numberings of the Victories of Gallienus and the Loyalty of his Legions', _NC_ 1929:218–79, at 266f. Accession donative see H.Huvelin and J.Lafaurie, 'Trésor d'un navire romain trouvé en Méditerranée: Nouvelles découvertes', _RN_ 1980:75–105; cf. SHA _Gal._ 15.
Zon. 12.25; John of Ant. fr. 152.3 ( _FHG_ IV, 599; but cf. n. 10 above).
Aurelian's cavalry command see SHA _Aurel._ 18.1; on which see Homo 1904:38–9; Fisher 1929:130; but see now Paschoud 1996:113–14.
Zos. 1.41; Zon. 12.26; SHA _Claud._ 5.1–3. Aurelian as perpetrator see SHA _Aurel._ 16.2; cf. Magie 1932:222–3, n. 5; Paschoud 1996:109–10 (for the epithet, cf. SHA _Aurel._ 6.2). On Aureolus as emperor see Alföldi 1967:2ff., 9f; _RIC_ V.2, 589; but see now Basrien 1984:133–4, 140; Drinkwater 1987:146, n. 82.
_Epit._ 34.2–3; arguably also SHA _Aurel._ 18.2 (and perhaps even Zos. 1.49.1: on this and the conjectural involvement of the Juthungi see Appendix B.2). See H.Huvelin 'La victoire du lac de Garde de Claude II', _NAC_ 9, 1982:263–9. For the title Germanicus see for example _CIL_ XII 2228 (but cf. Peachin 1990:86).
Prelude see SHA _Gal._ 13.10; _Claud._ 6.1; Zos. 1.42.1. Size and ethnic make-up see SHA _Claud._ 6 ('Greuthungi' equivalent to 'Austrogothi' or East Goths; 'Tervingi' to 'Visigothi' or West Goths); cf. 7–9.2; Zos. 1.42.1 (6,000 ships); Amm. 31.5.15. See Appendix B.1.
Zos. 1.42–43.1; SHA _Claud._ 9.3–4, 9.7–8; cf. Amm. 31.5.16.
Timing inferred from SHA _Claud._ 6.2.
The revolt see Victor _Caes._ 33.8; Eutrop. 9.9.1; _Epit._ 32.4. See König 1981:133–6; H.H.Gilljam, _Antoniniani und Aurei des Ulpius Cornelius Laelianus, Gegenkaiser des Postumus,_ Cologne 1982: esp. 16–18; Schulte 1983:44–8; Besly and Bland 1983:57 (cf. 53–8); Drinkwater 198 | -0.919991 | 0.259352 | -1.181513 | 1.180107 | [
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416,
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682,
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29871,
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29929,
29947
] | 1,330,869 | 140,288 | Book | -1 | -1 |
7:139, 146, 175–7; Bland and Burnett 1988:147.
Eutrop. 9–9.1; Victor _Caes._ 33.8; John of Ant. fr. 152 ( _FHG_ IV 598); cf. SHA _Tyr. trig._ 3.7, 5.1. See König 1981:136.
Zon. 12.26; cf. SHA _Claud._ 6.2–3 (an apology for Claudius being 'occupied elsewhere' at the time of the Gothic invasion). Quintillus in northern Italy see SHA _Aurel._ 37.5; cf. below n. 34 (and see Paschoud 1996:179).
Zos. 1.43.1–2; cf. SHA _Claud._ 9.9. The siege of Thessalonica must have been relieved by the vanguard of the imperial army under Aurelian ( _pace_ Zosimus). On Aurelian and the Dalmatian horse see below, nn. 25, 26 (cf. above n. 14). Claudius probably linked up with Marcianus at this time.
Zos. 1.43.2; cf. 1.45.1 (see Appendix B.1); SHA _Claud._ 9.9. Victor _Caes._ 34.5 (no loss of life on the Roman side) is a post-Constantinian invention.
Zos. 1.45; SHA _Claud._ 11.3–8 (cf. 11.9 on the outstanding role of the Dalmatian horse in the campaign as a whole). The date of 270 in SHA _Claud._ 11.3, though not totally reliable, remains plausible.
Zos. 1.46; cf. SHA _Claud._ 9.4–6; _Aurel._ 16.4 (cf. 17.3–4); see Paschoud 1996:110–113 and see also above, n. 14.
Thus coins: VICTORIAE GOTHIC, _RIC_ V.I, 251, 252. The title Gothicus is attested on inscriptions: e.g. _CIL_ XVII 159; cf. _CIL_ XII 5511 (but see _CIL_ XVII 149 and Peachin 1990:377, n. 11); but there remains some doubt whether he was granted the title in his lifetime: cf. the posthumous DIVO CLAVDIO GOTHICO ( _RIC_ V.I, 263, 264; on which see below, at n. 37); see Peachin 1990:86–7. The golden shield (and a golden statue) see Eutrop. 9.11.2; Oros. 7.23.1; Jerome _Chron._ 222 (Helm); Jord. _Rom._ 288; cf. below, n. 31. Death see Zos. 1.46.2; SHA _Claud._ 12.2; Eutropius, Orosius, Jerome, loc. cit.; Malalas 12.28 (299 Bonn). For the date see Appendix B.3.
Victor _Goes._ 34.3–5; _Epit._ 34.3–4; cf. Amm. 31.5.17.
Zos. 1.46.1; SHA _Claud._ 12.1, 12.4; see also Dexipp. _FGH_ 100, fr. 29 (Side); Amm. 31.5.16 (Pamphylia; Nicopolis; Anchialus); cf. (Anchialus) Jordanes _Get._ 108–9, though reconciling this account with the others is not | -0.915882 | 0.219063 | -1.139665 | 1.008416 | [
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easy.
A military coup (subsequently endorsed by the senate) see Eutrop. 9.12; Oros. 7.23.2; Zon. 12.26; Jerome _Chron._ (222 Helm); Jordanes _Rom._ 289. The stress on the senate is only in contrast to the overwhelming support which Aurelian enjoyed in the army. See also Zos. 1.47; SHA _Claud._ 12.3; John of Ant. fr. 154 ( _FHG_ IV 599). Zonaras almost implies a palace coup, perhaps by the praetorians (cf. the lukewarm support for Quintillus subsequently shown by the troops in northern Italy).
Above, n. 27; also _Epit._ 34.4 (strongly suggesting posthumous honour); cf. SHA _Claud._ 12.3. Deification confirmed by coinage (see below at n. 37), but the statue, and indeed the golden shield, are most likely post-Constantinian propaganda.
On the length of his reign see Appendix B.3.
Deathbed scene see Zon. 12.26; see P.Damerau, _Kaiser Claudius II_. _Gothicus,_ Leipzig 1934:90; Alföldi 1939:193.
Throughout the empire, many of those in positions of authority must have hedged their bets, which may account for the consular dating in Egypt: see Appendix B.3. Quintillus at Aquileia see Jerome _Chron._ (222.6 Helm); Chron. 354 ( _Chron. Min._ I, 148).
Murder: Eutrop. 9.12; _Epit._ 34.5; Jerome _Chron._ (222.6 Helm); Chron. 354 ( _Chron. Min._ I, 148); SHA _Claud._ 12.5 (cf. 12.6, purporting to pass on the neutral verdict of Dexippus). Suicide see Zos. 1.47; Zon. 12.26; SHA _Aurel._ 37.6. For the date see Appendix B.3.
See Appendix B.2.
On the date and purpose of the Divus Claudius issue see Bland and Burnett 1988:144–6. On the supposed connection to senatorial opposition see Chapter 10 (at n. 10). On another measure to marginalize Quintillus' reign, by redating Aurelian's _dies imperii,_ see Appendix B.3 (and also for chronology).
Aurelian at Ravenna see _Cont. Dion._ fr. 10.1 ( _FHG_ IV 197). On the timing (and the fact that Aurelian did not go to Rome at this time) see Appendix B.2.
On Siscia as Aurelian's temporary headquarters at this time and his assumption of the consulship see Manns 1939:19; Estiot 1983:14, n. 26; cf. Estiot 1995a:15. Aurelian's route via Aquileia to Pannonia see Zos. 1.48.1 (cf. Appendix B.2).
Zos. 1.48.1. Groag 1903:1369; Homo 1904:70ff.; cf. Cubelli 1992:32 (in my opinion wrongly suggesting Noricum and north Italy); see also Appendix B.2.
Dexippus _FGH_ 100, fr. 7 ( _FHG_ III 685–6, fr. 24); Petr. Patr. fr. 12 ( _FHG_ IV 188). Note also Zos. 1.48.2 (saying the battle was on the Danube and was inconclusive; both points are questionable, though he may well be referring to an earlier battle. The | -0.676189 | 0.705219 | -0.903161 | 1.216526 | [
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passage is not without its problems: see Saunders 1992:317, and Appendix B.2); cf. SHA _Aurel._ 18.2. See also Mattingly 1939:299; Mócsy 1974:211.
See Map 2. The route is suggested by a number of hoards: see Cubelli 1992:33 (and his map, p. 35; but cf. my reservations on the route and timing of the invasion and the identity of the invaders in Appendix B.2), and by the fact that the region of Milan lay in their direct path (SHA _Aurel._ 18.3). The German army must have crossed the high Alps as soon as they became passable (i.e. probably towards the very end of March). The date of 11 January given in SHA _Aurel._ 19 is worthless (as is the rest of this passage from 18.5–20.8: see below at n. 46).
See Map 2. Dexippus _FGH_ 100, fr. 7.4; the route within Italy is suggested by subsequent events, see nn. 44–5 below.
_Cont. Dion._ fr. 10.3 ( _FHG_ IV 197); the sack of Placentia may be part of what lies behind the 'disaster' mentioned in SHA _Aurel._ 18.3 (cf. the following note).
SHA _Aurel._ 18.3–4, 21.1–3; the scale of the defeat is almost certainly an exaggeration of the author. _Epit._ 35.2, erroneously classes this battle among Aurelian's victories (accepted as such by Alföldy 1966, but is now universally rejected: see Saunders 1992:323–4 and n. 62; cf. n. 46 below); cf. Groag 1903:1371.
SHA _Aurel._ 18.5–21.4. For Alföldy 1966 this passage was an anachronistic commentary wholly influenced by pagan reaction to the burning of the Sibylline Books on the orders of Stilicho during the invasion of Italy by Radagaesus in 405/6. This thesis has now been discredited: see Lippold 1972, who preferred (p. 163) to see the passage as pro-senatorial rather than pro-pagan. See also Saunders 1992:314.
_Epit._ 35.2; Dexippus _FGH_ 100, fr. 6.1 (the battle is said here to have been on the Danube but cf. Appendix B.2). The inscriptions see _CIL_ IX 6308–9 (Pisaurum).
Dexippus _FGH_ 100, fr. 6 ( _FHG_ III 682–5, fr. 24). The size of the Juthungian army given in Dexippus is certainly an exaggeration: see Saunders 1992:324, n. 64 (cf. Appendix A, n. 13). See also Chapter 10, n. 68 and Appendix B.2.
_Epit._ 35.2; SHA _Aurel._ 18.6.
Attested on numerous inscriptions and papyri: see Sotgiu 1961:17ff., 1975:1042; Kettenhoffen 1986:142–3; Peachin 1990:91–2. It is reasonable to suppose that the title also covered the campaign against the Vandals (cf. Appendix B.2).
_Epit._ 35.3; Zos. 1.49.2; cf. _RE_ 2A, 1560, Septiminus (2). He may have been lynched on the news of Aurelian's victory at Ticinum | -0.424854 | 0.832353 | -0.548246 | 1.310175 | [
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.
Zos. 1.49.2 stresses the charge rather than the act of treason (as also with 'Septimius' and a certain Urbanus), however, there is the coinage: _RIC_ V.2, 590; cf. _RN_ 1901:319ff.; _RN_ 1930:7ff. On the hoard, see S.Estiot and M.Amandry, 'Aurélien: trois monnaies d'or inédites de l'atelier de Milan (270 AD)', _BSFN_ 45, 1990:727–32, 728 n. 3.
On Placidianus, see Chapter 10 (at n. 19).
Link to German advance see Cubelli 1992:37. On the scale of the fraud and of the workers' involvement see Mattingly 1939:300; Palmer 1980:219; Cubelli 1992:49. Date, see Appendix B.2; cf. (all probably on the early side): Cubelli 1992:30 (spring 271), 39 (March); Gatti 1961:94f. (end 270/ beginning 271).
On the DIVO CLAVDIO coinage in question see Bland and Burnett 1988:144–6; cf. catalogue, pp. 186–7, nos. 1110–45. On the nature of fraud/crime see Cubelli 1992:43–6, cf. 10–18 (a useful review of earlier hypotheses); cf. Crawford 1975:576 (the mint workers more as scapegoats than genuinely culpable). This Felicissimus ( _RE_ 6, 2162–3) is plausibly to be identified with the 'Aurelius Felicissimus v. e. proc[urator]' of _CIL_ IX 4894 ( _RE_ 2.2, 2491): see _PLRE_ I, Felicissimus (1). On the standing and power of Felicissimus as _rationalis/procurator a rationibus_ see Cubelli 1992:40–3; cf. 44–5.
Polemius Silvius 49 ( _Chron. Min._ I, 151–2) places him alongside Tetricus and Zenobia and Vaballathus as imperial pretenders in opposition to Aurelian; but Eutrop. 9.14 implies he was killed before the revolt got under way. That he was a victim not a protagonist of these events should be rejected, see Fisher 1929:144.
Trouble at Rome early in reign see SHA _Aurel._ 18.4, 21.5; Zos. 1.49.2. Mint workers' revolt see _Epit._ 35.4; SHA _Aurel._ 38.2 (cf. 38.3–4); Victor _Caes._ 35.6; Eutrop. 9.14.1. The _Epitome_ is the only source directly to link the two, though it is highly suggestive that the _HA_ uses the verb _compescere_ to describe Aurelian's retaliation in each case, but nowhere else throughout the entire work (C.Lessing, _Scriptures Historiae Augustae Lexicon,_ p. 82 sv.). On the episode as a whole and its scale see Mattingly 1939:300; Groag 1903:1372–7; Homo 1904:162–4; Palmer 1980:219; Cubelli 1992:49–50 (accepting the numbers given). M.Peachin, 'Johannes Malalas and the Moneyers' Revolt', in C. Deroux (ed.), _Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History III,_ Br | -0.519361 | 0.989929 | -0.772227 | 1.450649 | [
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ussels 1983:325–35, used a reference to unrest among the mint operators at Antioch in Malalas 12.30 (301 Bonn) to relocate the revolt to Antioch; now refuted by Bland and Burnett 1988:146; cf. Cubelli 1992:19–25.
SHA _Aurel._ 21.5–8, 38.2, 39.8; Eutrop. 9.14.1; Zos. 1.49.2; Ammianus 30.8.8; see Chapter 10.
Estiot 1983:33; cf. 25.
Zos. 1.49.2; Victor _Caes._ 35.7; _Epit._ 36.6; Eutrop. 9.15.1; SHA _Aurel._ 39.2; see Chapter 9.
See Chapter 8.
SHA _Aurel._ 22.1–2, cf. 33.3–4, 34.1; cf. Oros. 7.23.4; Eutrop. 9.13.1; Jordanes _Rom._ 290.
The decisiveness of the victory (with respect to earlier victories) is made clear by Ammianus 31.5.17. Groag 1903:1378, ingeniously postulated that the 'Cannabas' of SHA _Aurel._ 22.2 is to be identified with 'Kniva' or 'Cniva', the victor at Abrittus; Barnes 1978:70, suggested rather this man's son of the same name. Gothicus Maximus, _ILS_ 8925 (271–2). cf. VICTORIA GOTHICA ( _RIC_ 339).
See Chapter 9 (at n. 37).
Although the Carpi overran part of Dacia a year later, the Goths appear to have hesitated for a time: Cizek 1994:145–7; cf. Mócsy 1974:211. See more fully, Chapter 9.
Zos. 1.52.3–4. As the headquarters for these operations he apparently used the city of Byzantium: _CJ_ 5.72.2 (cf. Chapter 8, n. 35).
## 4 ZENOBIA AND THE EAST
Petr. Patr. fr. 166, 168 (Biossevain III, 744= _Cont. Dion. FHG_ IV 195, fr. 7). The story is rhetorical and not very credible.
John of Ant. fr. 152.2 ( _FHG_ IV 599).
Malalas 12.27 (298 Bonn); cf. 12.28 (299 Bonn); SHA _Gal._ 13.4–5. Revision of the dates for the death of Odenathus (see Appendix B.3) and the revolt of Aureolus (Chapter 3, n. 6) now virtually preclude Heraclianus' expedition, though Gallienus possibly threatened it. (On the alleged campaign see G.M.Bersanetti, 'Eracliano, prefetto del pretoriodi Gallieno', _Epigraphica_ 4, 1942:169–76, 171–3.)
Zon. 12.24 (neither nephew nor son are named); Sync. 716–17; Zos. 1.39.2.
SHA _Gal._ 13.1; _Tyr. trig._ 15.5, 17. 'Maeonius' might be a corruption of the Aramaic Ma'nai (see Graf 1989:145), but both the name and his elevation are probably fictitious. Zenob | -0.680298 | 0.701638 | -0.830878 | 1.029227 | [
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] | 1,330,869 | 145,408 | Book | -1 | -1 |
ia as the evil stepmother, see SHA _Tyr. trig._ 17.2 (the story is introduced with _dicitur,_ 'it is said'); cf. 16.3. This aspect of Zenobia's character is one of the very few negative traits in the _HA's_ portrait of her: see Wallinger 1990:141.
On Odenathus' sons see Chapter 2, n. 32 and also Alföldi 1939:175–7; Stoneman 1992:114–15 (suggesting 'Timolaus' may be a corruption of Wahballath); cf. n. 8 below.
SHA _Tyr. trig._ 17.2, 27, 28, 30.2; _Gal._ 13.2; but cf. _Aurel._ 38.1. This last is the only mention of Vaballathus in the literature, other than in the bare list of usurpers at the time of Aurelian in Polemius Silvius 49 ( _Chron. Min._ I 521). 'Athenodoros' ('the gift of Athena') is the nearest Greek equivalent.
See Appendix B.3.
Zos. 1.39–2; Sync. 716–17; cf. SHA _Gal._ 12.6–13.1. Odenathus may have repulsed the Goths in Cappadocia (in 267?) and then been killed (at Emesa?) in 267/8.
Vaballathus as King of Kings see _CIS_ II 3971.
Zenobia as regent see SHA _Gal._ 13.2. Queen see _IGR_ III 1028–30.
On Zenobia's advisors see Zos. 1.39–2. Vorodes may have been Odenathus' envoy to Persia in the 250s, if he can be identified with the Vorôd mentioned in _RGDS_ line 67. A key player in the defeat of the Persians, he probably figured prominently in the ceremony on the banks of the Orontes in 262, for he personally dedicated the inscription honouring Herodianus as co-regent (Chapter 2, n. 32). See _CIS_ II 3937–42 (cf. _IGR_ III 1036, 1040–5; the date of the last is problematic). In general, see D.Schlumberger, 'Vorôd l'agoranome', _Syria_ 48, 1972:339–41; Graf 1989:155; Potter 1990:377 n. 30, 383; cf. Alföldi 1939:176–7; Stoneman 1992:117, 122. Zabdas see _RE_ 2A 1575–6.
Zenobia and the Arabs see Graf 1989:150–5; Bowersock 1983:131–7 (cf. Odenathus' title king of Saracens, Chapter 2, n. 20, in this volume. Local support see Graf: 1989:145–59.
Potter 1990:247, cf. 58–9; Isaac 1990:222–3; Graf 1989:143–4. Defeat of Trassus see Malalas 12.28 (299 Bonn); cf. Zos. 1.44.1 (size of army). On the temple see _IGLS_ 1907; cf. J.-P. Rey-Coquais, 'Syrie romaine de Pompée à Dioctétien', _JRS_ 68, 1978:44–73, 56–60; Hanslik 1972:3. | -0.370752 | 1.115273 | -0.796005 | 1.310175 | [
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] | 1,330,869 | 146,432 | Book | -1 | -1 |
Graf 1989:143–4; cf. Isaac 1990:222–3. Some of the epigraphic evidence cited by these authors probably belongs to a slightly later period (perhaps 271–2).
See Graf 1989:146, and the bibliography cited there.
Zos. 1.44.2; Sync. 721; Zon. 12.27; SHA _Claud._ 11.2 ('Probatus'). On the connection with the Gothic raids against, e.g., Cyprus (see Chapter 3, n. 29), see Alföldi 1939:180.
Zos. 1.44.1 (combined army of Palmyrenes and Palmyrene sympathizers amounted to 700,000 men). The loose wording of SHA _Claud._ 11.1 has been used to identify Timagenes as a Palmyrene by origin, but this is doubtful; see Graf 1989:144.
Zos. 1.44.1; SHA _Claud._ 11.1–2; Malalas 12.28 (299 Bonn). For timing see Appendix B.3.
J.Schwartz, 'Les Palmyréniens et l'Egypte', _Bull. Soc. d'Arch. d'Alexandrie_ 40, 1953:63–81, 77; see also Hanslik 1972:3–4; Graf 1989:146.
Zos. 1.44.2–45.1; cf. SHA _Claud._ 11.1–2; Zon. 12.27; Sync. 721; cf. _Prob._ 9.5. The battle for control of the delta took place during November, and Palmyra had gained control of the whole of Egypt by early December: see Appendix B.3.
Alföldi 1939:178–9; Callu 1969:220–1.
Millar 1971: esp. 12–13 (somewhat underplaying the influence of Palmyra in the region under Odenathus); cf. Baldini 1975; J.H. Declerck, 'Deux nouveaux fragments attribués à Paul de Samosate', _Byzantion_ 54, 1984:116–40; Potter 1990:48; Stoneman 1992:148–51. The Palmyrene connection is stressed by later Christian authors, who saw Paul's denial of the full divinity of Christ as very similar to the heresies against which they were writing: in particular Athanasius _Hist. Ar._ 71; cf. John Chrysostum _(Hom. 8 in Joannem)_.
Support at Antioch see Zos. 1.51.3. On coinage see below, n. 38 and also Appendix B.3.
Zos. 1.50.1. On Zabdas and Zabbai see Stoneman 1992:122; their inscriptions: (a) to Odenathus see _CIS_ II 3946 ( _Inv._ III 19; cf. Potter 1990:390–1); (b) to Zenobia see _Inv._ III 20 ( _IGR_ III 1030).
Graf 1989:147–9; Stoneman 1992:151–3.
For the dichotomy see, e.g., F.Altheim and R.Stiehl, 'Odainat und Palmyra', in _Die Araber in der Alten Welt_ 4, Berlin 1965:251–73, 270; I. Shahid, _Rome and the Arabs. A Prolegomenon to the study of Byzantium and the Arabs,_ Washington 1984:152; but c | -0.67071 | 0.868166 | -0.747816 | 1.289364 | [
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] | 1,330,869 | 147,456 | Book | -1 | -1 |
f. Graf: 1989; see also Homo 1904:88–9.
Bowersock 1986.
G.W.Bowersock, 'The Miracle of Memnon', _Bull. Am. Soc. Papyr._ 21, 1984:21–32; Graf 1989:146–7; cf. SHA _Tyr. trig._ 30.19–21; _Aurel._ 27.3; _Prob._ 9–5. On the Cleopatra connections see further, Chapter 5, nn. 41, 72.
On Callinicus see Bowersock 1983:175–6; Graf 1989:146. On Genethlius see Bowersock 1983:135. On 'Nicomachus' (SHA _Aurel._ 27.6) see Syme 1968:111 (not to be confused with the late fourth century Nicomachus Flavianus, of whose works the SHA made extensive use). On Nicostratus see Potter 1990:70–2. On the early career of Longinus see Porph. _V.Plot._ 20; Eunapius _V.Soph._ 4.1.2–3; and at Palmyra see Zos. 1.56.2–3; SHA _Aurel._ 30.3; see also Suidas (Longinus sv); _PLRE_ Longinus (2). Generally, see also Stoneman 1992:129–32.
On Zenobia as an imperial usurper see Bowersock 1986:21; Graf 1989:159.
For example Groag 1903:1365f. (Vaballathus' titles were granted by the senate at Rome on Aurelian's instructions, this even applied to Zenobia's title of Augusta!); Homo 1904:66–9. For Mattingly 1936:101–13 (cf. Mattingly 1939:301), Zenobia reached a concordat with Claudius which Aurelian refused to renew (cf. Graf 1989:145, suggesting the concordat was first reached with Gallienus). In my opinion, there is no evidence for any concordat after the death of Odenathus, merely _de facto_ positioning for power.
Coins (with the titulature _Hupatos Autokrator Strategos Rhomaion,_ usually abbreviated, e.g., VAVTCP?) see Milne 1933:103, nos. 4303–7. The same titles, along with _ho lamprotatos Basileus,_ are recorded in full in the contemporary papyri: first such, _P.Oxy._ XL 2921.6–11; last such, _P. Oxy._ XL2908.ii.20–5.
C.Gallizzi, 'La titolatura di Vaballato come riflesso della politica di Palmira', _NAC_ 4, 1975:249–65.
First papyrus thus see _SB_ XIV 11589.20–3 (mid-March 271); coins see Milne 1933:103, nos. 4308–26; Rathbone 1986:123–4.
Milne 1933:104, nos. 4327–9 (paired obv.; rev. LA L? in a wreath).
Coins see Milne 1933:104, nos. 4330–48; papyri see, e.g., _P.Oxy._ X 1264.20–6.
_RIC_ V.1 (p. 260) 381; Manns 1939:22; Peachin 1990:403, | -0.423484 | 1.07946 | -0.808686 | 1.304972 | [
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] | 1,330,869 | 148,480 | Book | -1 | -1 |
no. 152 (cf. his n. 31), see Plate 3,a. On the Alexandrian titulature, cf. n. 33 above. For interpretation see Mattingly 1936:112–13; Mattingly 1939:301; Alföldi 1939:179. It must be pointed out, however, that these coins are unquestionably intended as antoniniani (radiates), and it is Aurelian who wears the determinative radiate crown, whereas Vaballathus is depicted laureate. While these coins are unfortunately still too rare for die studies to be of any assistance, it is conceivable that future die studies may be able to reveal which side was technically the obverse.
Several milestones of this kind for Vaballathus are now known from Arabia and Judaea: see T.Bauzou, 'Deux milliares inédits de Vaballath en Jordaine du nord', in Freeman and Kenedy 1986:1–8; Isaac 1990:223 (esp. n. 22); Graf 1989:143–4. It is far from certain that these delineate the route of Zabdas' march in 270, as is claimed by these authors. For Syria see, e.g., _IGR_ III 1028.
_IGR_ III 1030 set up by Zabdas and Zabbai (above, n. 25); the title is found in the epigraphic evidence for Gallienus' consort, Salonina.
_CIG_ 4503b ( _OGIS_ 647; cf. _IGR_ III 1027). The missing emperor is traditionally restored as Claudius, but the titulature for Zenobia and Vaballathus fits far better into the sequence in early 272 (when Aurelian would have borne the title consul restored in the inscription); the absence of victory titles for Aurelian is not conclusive for dating purposes on Greek inscriptions.
_BGU_ III 946 gives Vaballathus the imperial title 'our lord' in March 272; although Oxyrhyncus _P.Oxy_ X 1264.20–6 (March 272) and _P. Oxy_ XL 2904.15–23 (17 April 272) preserve the conventional formula, the latter being the last example to do so.
_O.Mich._ 1006 (dated May/June 271, though it is possibly backdated).
Last joint dating, see above n. 42. Milne 1933:104, nos. 4349–52, and for Zenobia, 4353. Antioch see _RIC_ V.2 (p. 585) nos. 1–8; for Zenobia see _RIC_ V.2 (p. 584) nos. 1–2; cf. Manns 1939:23. The authenticity of the Zenobian coinage has been called into question see, e.g., Mattingly 1936:113.
_AE_ 1904:60: _Im_ [sic] _Caesari L Julio Amelia Septimo_ [sic] _Vaballatho Athenodoro Persico Maximo Arabia Maximo Adiabenico Maximo Pio Felici Invicto Au_ [sic]. On the chronology of this period see Appendix B.3.
## 5 THE PALMYRENE WARS
Zos. 1.50.1.
SHA _Prob._ 9.5 (confused with Tenagino Probus); accepted by Homo 1904:89; cf. more cautiously _PLRE_ Probus 3.
See Appendix B.3.
Zos. 1.50.1–2; SHA _Aurel._ 22.3. For Aurelian's route on this campaign see Map 3. | -0.319218 | 0.911141 | -0.777617 | 1.315378 | [
-0.071819877419199,
-0.5666151261450012
] | [
0.7105907329310716,
1.1116915351444485
] | [
-0.6108591535115592,
-0.9443748483495906
] | [
1.5651095210392962,
1.0656464295347425
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SHA _Aurel._ 22.5–23.3 (stressing the rarity of such effective restraint upon soldiers); _Cont. Dion._ fr. 10.4 ( _FHG_ IV 197). The significance of Tyana is reflected in Zos. 1.50.2. On Heraclammon see SHA _Aurel._ 22.6, 24.1, cf. 23.4–5.
SHA _Aurel._ 24.2–6; see Brandt 1995:111–12; cf. Paschoud 1996:140–1. Reference to the library is particularly suspicious, since he invokes its authority at other untrustworthy points of this biography.
The episode derived from the _Annals_ of Nicomachus Flavianus, who had himself translated Philostratus' biography of Apollonius, see Syme 1968:111. On Apollonius in fourth-century anti-Christian polemics, see Brandt 1995:115–16; N.Horsfall, 'Apuleius, Apollonius of Tyana, Bibliomancy: Some Neglected Dating Criteria', _Historia Augusta Colloquia NS III, Marcerateme,_ Bari 1995:169–77, 170–4; Paschoud 1996:141. See also Appendix A.
Zos. 1.50.1.
Malal. 12.30 (Bonn 300.8–11); Zos. 1.50.2; Downey 1950:68, and n. 18. (For what follows, I largely adopt Downey's reconstruction.)
Downey 1950:62–4; see also Groag 1903:1383–4.
Zos. 1.50.3–51.1; Downey 1950:64–6.
That Immae was pivotal is reflected in the fact that the epitomators tend to cite it rather than the later battle of Emesa see Eutrop. 9.13.2; Fest. _Brev._ 24; Sync. 721.10–12; Jordanes _Rom._ 291; Jerome _Chron._ (222 Helm). For a reconciliation of these texts with Zosimus see Downey 1950:67–8. On the continued numerical superiority of the Palmyrene cavalry see Zos. 1.53.1.
Zos. 1.51.1 (cf. Pisistratus' re-entry into Athens in Herodotus 1.60).
Zos. 1.51.2, 52.1; cf. Downey 1950:57–8.
Zos. 1.51.2. Zos. 1.50.3 states that, before the engagement the previous day, Aurelian had sent his infantry across the river (apparently in order to protect them from the Palmyrene cavalry). For an ingenious, if not entirely satisfactory, attempt to reconcile the difficulties presented by this passage, see Downey 1950:65 and 66, n. 17.
Zos. 1.51.2–52.1; SHA _Aurel._ 25.1.
Zos. 1.52.1. (On Christian schism see Chapter 11, nn. 76–8.)
Zos. 1.52.1–2; cf. SHA _Aurel._ 25.1 (wrongly placing this 'brief confrontation' before Aurelian's entry into Antioch). See Downey 1950:67f. on confusion in some sources between this minor and comparatively easy victory and either Immae or Emesa.
Zos. 1.52.4.
Zos. 1.53; SHA _Aurel | -0.396091 | 0.413346 | -0.82961 | 1.310175 | [
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] | 1,330,869 | 150,528 | Book | -1 | -1 |
._ 25.2–3, suggesting the Roman cavalry was tired. For the size of Zenobia's army see Zos. 1.52.3. (On divine intervention, SHA _Aurel._ 25.3–4.)
Zos. 1.54.1–2; SHA _Aurel._ 25.3–4.
SHA _Aurel._ 26.1. Graf 1989:150–5.
Zos. 1.54.2. Offer of parley see Cont. Dion. fr. 10.5 ( _FHG_ IV 197); SHA _Aurel._ 26.6–27.6 (the letters themselves are naturally fiction), 28.2.
On the possibility of Shapur's support, or at least tacit approval, early on in her ascendancy, see Graf 1989:155ff.
SHA _Aurel._ 28.2; cf. Aurelian's assumption of the title Persicus Maximus.
Zos. 1.54.2–3. We are also told that Aurelian himself was wounded by an arrow during the siege, see SHA _Aurel._ 26.1.
Zos 1.55; SHA _Aurel._ 28.3 (dromedary).
Zos. 1.56.1–2.
Zos. 1.56.2; SHA _Aurel._ 31.2 (600 archers).
Zos. 1.56.2; SHA _Aurel._ 28.5. These reparations may have included treasures from the temple of Bel, possibly offered by the priests to mollify Aurelian.
SHA _Aurel._ 28.5–29: the existence of this parley, though uncorroborated, can safely be inferred.
SHA _Aurel._ 35.4, 41.9, cf. 28.4; Victor _Caes._ 35.1–2. There is no other reference to this victory over the Persians; the absence of any such reference in Festus (24), though not conclusive, is highly suggestive.
Zos. 1.60.1.
Zos. 1.56.2; SHA _Aurel._ 30.3.
Malalas 12.30 (300 Bonn). On her sex being a factor in her treatment see SHA _Aurel._ 30.1–2; cf. below nn. 61ff.
Date of assumption see Estiot 1983:15, esp. n. 41
Zos. 1.59 (saying _all_ the captives except Zenobia's son were drowned; an exaggeration, if not a total fabrication, since many turned up in Aurelian's triumph).
SHA _Aurel._ 30.4, cf. 31.3. For the settlement (Victor _Caes._ 39.43) see Chapter 9.
Zos. 1.60.1–2. Apsaeus may well be identical with the Septimius Apsaeus of _IGR_ III 1049 ( _CIG_ 4487; cf. _RE_ 2.276, 2A.1563).
Zos. 1.61.1.
_IGR_ III 1029; _OGIS_ 650: the wording, dedicated to Zenobia's health/ safety, suggests that the Palmyrenes believed Zenobia was still alive in the spring of 273, or at least that they chose to regard her as such; cf. _OGIS_ 651 and (more dubiously) _IGR_ III 1049. Zenobia apparently claimed descent from (a Seleucid?) Antiochus: _Inv._ III 19 ( _CIS_ II 3946).
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.60.2 (cf. 1.61.1); SHA _Aurel._ 31.1–2 ('Achilleus _[sic]'_ ). Polemius Silvius 49 ( _Chron. Min._ I: 521) is confused between Vaballathus and Antiochus, perhaps supporting the latter's claim to be Zenobia's son. He may have been her nephew.
Zos. 1.61.1. Haddudan see M.Galikowski, 'Inscriptions de Palmyre', _Syria_ 48, 1971:420 ( _Inv._ IX 40). The inscription mentions his priestly duties in 273 and 274, so the help he gave could have been in either 272 or 273; on his probable pedigree see Matthews 1984:168, n. 38.
Zos. 1.61.1. On the exodus see below, n. 46.
SHA _Aurel._ 31.3, cf. 31.4–10, greatly exaggerating both the destruction and Aurelian's alleged cruelty, and suggesting (31.7–9) that the 3rd legion led the destruction of the 'Temple of the Sun' (presumably Bel is meant) which was subsequently reconstructed at Aurelian's command. The involvement of the 3rd legion is temptingly plausible (see Chapter 4, n. 15), but the letter in which all this information is contained is palpably fiction and the temple of Bel (who was not a sun god, see Chapter 11, n. 61) continued to function after the sack (above, n. 43); see Paschoud 1996:156–7. See also E.Will, 'Le Sac de Palmyre', in R.Chevallier (ed.) _Melanges d'archeologie et d'histoire offerts à André Piganiol,_ Paris 1966:1409–16.
Zos. 1.61.1; SHA _Aurel._ 31.3. Matthews 1984:169; see also E.Will, 'Marchands et chefs de caravanes à Palmyre', _Syria_ 34, 1959:262–77. On the relocation of the trade route see Amm. 14.3.3. The city did continue to play a military role in the strategic defence of the eastern frontier, especially from the time of Diocletian.
The connection with Zenobia see SHA _Firm._ 3.1, 5.1; cf. Zos. 1.61.1; Blemmyes see SHA _Firm._ 3.3; cf. SHA _Aurel._ 32.2 (attempting something like Egyptian independence); _firm._ 2.1–3 and 5.1 (seizing imperial power and issuing coins, directly contradicting _Aurel._ 32.2), neither is credible. Whether Amm. 22.16.15 (destruction of Bruchion etc.) refers to these events or to the fighting in 270 when Tenagino Probus and Zabdas struggled for Alexandria, is unclear (see J.Fontaine, _Ammien Marcelin Histoire, III, livres xx–xxii,_ Paris 1996:345, n. 1055; cf. Paschoud 1996:158). Homo 1904:115 and Mattingly 1939:305, both linked this passage in Ammianus to Aurelian's subsequent campaign; but cf. Zos. 1.61.1, implying minimal fighting.
SHA _Firm._ 3.2–4.4 (esp. 4.3–4), 6.2.
Zos. 1.61.1; cf. SHA _Aurel._ 32.1–3 and _Firm._ 5.1 (both apparently alleging that A | -0.748782 | 0.574503 | -1.063578 | 1.221729 | [
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] | 1,330,869 | 152,576 | Book | -1 | -1 |
urelian returned to Thrace between the destruction of Palmyra and the Egyptian campaign, see Fisher 1929:143; Paschoud 1996:158). He may have distributed a donative at this time to encourage the morale of his troops before the extended and probably unforeseen march to Egypt, see Estiot 1995a:17.
SHA _Aurel._ 32.3 (stressing Aurelian's ferocity); Zos. 1.61.1. Firmus' end see SHA _Firm._ 5.2. Mattingly 1939:305, believed in the full involvement of Blemmyes; on their supposed appearance in the triumph see SHA _Aurel._ 33.4; but see Chapter 10, n. 75.
Zos. 1.61.1 (cf. Chapter 10, n. 73). Estiot 1995a:17, places the assumption of the consulship at Antioch and Aurelian returning to Rome in the spring; either chronology is possible.
Zos. 1.59; Zon. 12.27.
Before chariot see Eutrop. 9.13.2; Festus 24. The heavy chains and jewels see SHA _Tyr. trig._ 30.24–26; _Aurel._ 34.3. See also Jerome _Chron._ 222 (ed. Helm); Jordanes _Rom._ 291; and Chapter 10. The silence of Syncellus and Zonaras on the triumph is odd, considering that was why she was brought to Rome.
Malalas 12.30 (300 Bonn).
SHA _Tyr. trig._ 30.27; cf. Stoneman 1992:187–8. Retirement at Rome see Eutrop. 9.13.2; Jerome _Chron._ 223 (ed. Helm); Zon. 12.27; Sync. 721. The account in the _HA_ may have been influenced by certain parallels with Mavia ( _RE_ XIV 2. 2330), a fourth-century Roman woman captured in the east and, because of her beauty, chosen by a Saracen sheikh to be his bride. After his death she declared war on the empire and in 378 made peace with the emperor Valens, travelled to Constantinople and lived there in retirement, her daughter marrying the Magister Militum Victor, see Wallinger 1990:147–8.
Jerome _Chron._ 223 (ed. Helm); Eutrop. 9.13.2; SHA _Tyr. trig._ 27.2.
Sync. 721; Zon. 12.27. SHA _Tyr. trig._ 30.27 (living her retirement _matronae more Romanae_ ) neither supports nor contradicts this tradition.
Zos. 1.59 (linked to the erroneous account of Zenobia's premature death, and therefore untrustworthy).
SHA _Tyr. trig._ 27.2, cf. 30.27. On Vaballathus, Herennianus and Timolaus see Chapter 2, n. 32 and Chapter 4, n. 6.
Zon. 12.27 (allegedly contributing to Zenobia's decision to take her own life). Groag 1903:1355, dismissed this story as fiction; but see Chapter 7, n. 57 in this book. (Note once again a possible parallel with Mavia, above, n. 55.)
Gibbon 1909:325. Our view of Zenobia is very largely coloured by the extravagant fiction of the _HA_. See Wallinger 1990:139–49.
Zos. 1.39.2; John of Ant. fr. 152.2 ( _FHG_ IV 59 | -0.257753 | 0.832353 | -0.885407 | 1.258148 | [
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] | 1,330,869 | 153,600 | Book | -1 | -1 |
9); SHA _Tyr. trig._ 27 1, 30.2–3.
SHA _Tyr. trig._ 15.8, 30.15.
SHA _Tyr. trig._ 30.12. Her attitude is presented as so extreme and unnatural that it suggests one who uses sex as an instrument of power, not unlike a seductress.
Cont. Dion. fr. 10.5 ( _FHG_ IV 197); SHA _Aurel._ 27, cf. 30.3.
SHA _Aurel._ 26.3, 26.5, 30.1–3; Zos. 1.56.2.
SHA _Aurel._ 26.3 (a woman, not a proper adversary); _Tyr. trig._ 30.5, cf. 30.10 (improper to lead a woman in triumph); _Aurel._ 30.2; cf. Zos. 1.56.2 (improper to put a woman to death).
SHA _Gal._ 13.2–3, 16.1; _Tyr. trig._ 12.11, in contrast to 15.8, 30.1, 30.10, 30.23; cf. (together with the spurious 'Victoria') SHA _Claud._ 1.1; _Tyr. trig._ 31.1, 31.7. See now Wallinger 1990:141, 144–5, 147.
SHA _Tyr. trig._ 30.15–16. Wallinger 1990:142–3, noting the parallels with Suetonius' description of Augustus (Suet. _Aug._ 79.2).
SHA _Tyr. trig._ 30.13–18, 15.8, 30.5–6.
SHA _Tyr. trig._ 30.18 (the textual emendation seems safe). Atalanta (like the much later Brunhild in the _Nibelungenlied,_ who like Zenobia became 'tamed') feared the sexual act as it would result in a diminution in her power. Chastity was also strongly associated with Christianity, of which the _HA_ evidently disapproved.
SHA _Tyr. trig._ 27.1, 30.2, 30.19; _Aurel._ 27.3; cf. Zos. 1.59. See also Chapter 4, n. 29.
Dido see SHA _Tyr. trig._ 27.1, 30.2; cf. Gibbon 1909:325.
For example, SHA _Tyr. trig._ 30.13–14, 30.19; _Aurel._ 30.1–3; Zos. 1.56.2; cf. SHA _Tyr. trig._ 16.1–2 (Herodes); _Aurel._ 31.1 (Palmyrenes/ Syrians generally).
SHA _Tyr. trig._ 15.8, cf. 30.2 (Zenobia as 'foreign').
Gibbon 1909:332.
Mattingly 1939:302.
See Chapter 4, nn. 26–8. For the subsequent romanticization of Zenobia see Stoneman 1992:197–200, cf. 111–18, 193–5.
Graf 1989:160.
Zos. 1.57.4.
## 6 WAR IN THE WEST: THE REUNIFICATION OF THE EMPIRE
_CIL_ II 5736; Eutrop. 9–9; Victor _Goes._ 33.12. (SHA _Tyr. trig._ 6.1; _G | -0.61113 | -0.135481 | -1.165028 | 1.102066 | [
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] | 1,330,869 | 154,624 | Book | -1 | -1 |
al._ 7.1, that he was raised to be co-ruler by Postumus, is false.) See König 1981:111, 140, 141–7.
König 1981:140; Drinkwater 1987:120.
P.Le Gentilhomme, 'Le désastre d'Autun en 269', _REA_ 45, 1943:233–40; König 1981:148–55; Drinkwater 1987:36–9.
_Pan. lat._ V (9) 4 (298); VIII (5) 4.2–3 (312). Date/duration see Drinkwater 1987:178–9.
Bordeaux see Eutrop 9–10; cf. Victor _Caes._ 33.14. Victoria see SHA _Tyr. trig._ 5.3, 6.3, 7.1, 24.1, 25.1, 31.1–4 (cf. _Claud._ 4.4); Victor _Caes._ 33.14. See Drinkwater 1987:39, 90, cf. 65–7 (accepting the Victoria story); cf. König 1981:158–60. On thé Victoria myth see Wallinger 1990:149–53. Victorinus II (SHA _Tyr. trig._ 6.3, 7, 24.1, 31.2) is fictitious.
_CIL_ II 2228 (König 1981:208, no. 72; at Grenoble); König 1981:148–50; on Alamanni see Chapter 2, n. 41 in this book.
Drinkwater 1987:89f. (speculation based on a few oblique references in the literary sources), cf. 118–20 (admitting inscriptions offer no help to his hypothesis) 204 (admitting hoard evidence runs counter to it).
Drinkwater 1987:242, cf. 120–1.
The debased 'silver' (billon radiates) was in steep decline from the final year of Postumus, through Victorinus: by the accession of Tetricus they averaged _c._ 2.5g in weight and as little as 1 per cent silver; by summer 273, _c._ 2.25g and less than 0.5 per cent silver: Besly and Bland 1983:63; König 1981:171; Drinkwater 1987:155. The gold coinage also declined in weight: from 6g under Postumus, through 5g under Victorinus, to less than 4g in the early part of Tetricus' reign (but a slight improvement in the winter of 272/3): Drinkwater 1987:156–7; cf. Schulte 1983:32f., nos. 30–42 (group 5).
Lafaurie 1975b: 943; Drinkwater 1987:98f, 106f. (esp. n. 77), 124f., 184–7; cf. Schulte 1983:66–9; König 1981:166–7.
Victor _Caes._ 35.4 (Faustinus a _'praeses'_ who won over some of Tetricus' soldiers with promises of money); Polemius Silvius 49 ( _Chron, Min._ I 521–2, specifying Trier). Polemius' list only implies that Faustinus, and indeed Victorinus, were claiming imperial status at the same time as Aurelian was ruling the rest of the empire, not that either of them first assumed the purple in opposition to him. Tensions between Tetricus and the army | -0.825484 | 0.712381 | -0.908233 | 1.055241 | [
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] | 1,330,869 | 155,648 | Book | -1 | -1 |
at this time see Eutrop. 9.13.1; SHA _Tyr. trig._ 24.2; _Aurel._ 32.3; but cf. König 1981:181; Drinkwater 1987:76–8 (cf. 43, 82).
There is tenuous evidence that at least one of the British provinces switched its allegiance to Aurelian before he entered Gaul: König 1974; but see now Kettenhoffen 1986:140–1; Drinkwater 1987:121–3.
Victor _Caes._ 35.4–5; Eutrop. 9.13.1. On the carnage see _Paneg. lat._ VIII (5) 4.3; Victor _Caes._ 35.3. These passages leave little doubt that the slaughter was fairly one-sided.
_Aeneid_ VI 365: _Eripe me his, invicte, main.;_ Thus Eutrop. 9–13.1; Orosius 7.23.5; SHA _Tyr. trig._ 24.3; cf. _Aurel._ 32.3 and Victor _Caes._ 35.3–4 (without the quote). Victor alone supplies the details of how the surrender was effected.
Drinkwater 1987:42–3.
Barbarian pressure on this frontier was almost constant under Probus and again under Maximian/Constantius. Note _Paneg. lat._ VIII (5) 4.3.
Drinkwater 1987:42, 49–50 (esp. n. 15).
Note esp. SHA _Tyr. trig._ 24.4; the _caesae legiones_ of Victor Caes. 35.3 leaves no room for remorse on Aurelian's part.
Victor _Caes._ 35.1–3 (but see Appendix A, n. 11 and Appendix B.2, n. 23). See Homo 1904:121; Dufraigne 1975:170, n. 3. But note Drinkwater 1987:51–2, amending _Gallia_ (35.3) to _Italia,_ thereby providing a conclusion of the Alamannic invasion of Italy, absent from Victor's text as it stands, and the disappearance of the Germanic invasion of Gaul. Ingenious though the solution is, he is perhaps unduly influenced by a desire to prove Tetricus' standing as a defender of Gaul. On Alamanni, see further Chapter 7.
The archaeological evidence is inconclusive as to the precise dates of this refortification work; but on Dijon see Gregory of Tours, _Hist. Franc._ 3.19.
On the triumph see Chapter 10.
Eutrop. 9.13.2; Victor _Caes._ 35.5; _Epit._ 35.7; SHA _Aurel._ 39.1.
SHA _Tyr. trig._ 24.5. See _RE_ 4:165 If; and Chapter 9, n. 36.
_CIL_ VI 1641; _PLRE_ I 'Anonymous 110'. On the possible implications of his career see König 1981:70f., 181; Drinkwater 1987:127–31; cf. H.-G.Pflaum, _Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain,_ Paris 1960:941–7 (esp. 946f).
On this transfer and Aurelian's mints generally see Chapter 8, esp. p. 135 and n. 39.
Lyon not in Aurelian's control see Lo Cascio 1984:178 (but see now Cubelli 1992:81); political explanation of rejection of reformed coinage see H.Mattingly, 'The Cl | -0.585791 | 0.796541 | -0.757961 | 1.393419 | [
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] | 1,330,869 | 156,672 | Book | -1 | -1 |
ash of the Coinages circa 270–296', _Studies in Roman and Economic History in Honor of A.C.Johnson,_ Princeton 1951:275–89, 285–8 (refuted by Crawford 1975:577, n. 71).
Zon. 12.27 (11). See Groag 1903:1400–1.
SHA _Firm._ 13.1: _qui_ (sc. _Lugdunenses_ ) _et ab Aureliano graviter contusi videbantur._ Mattingly 1939:309 (without citing either text); König 1981:181.
Eutrop. 9.17.1; _Epit._ 37.2; SHA _Prob._ 18.5.
SHA _Firm._ 13.4; _Prob._ 18.7. The entire book on Firmus, Proculus _et al._ is virtually worthless.
As König 1981:181, admitting that Aurelian's relocation of the mint is a problem for this assertion.
On brigandage in Gaul in the late third century see J.F.Drinkwater, 'Peasants and Bagaudae in Roman Gaul', _Classical Views_ 3, 1984:349–71. For another explanation see Chapter 7 in this book.
Based on the phrase 'Galliarum imperium' in Eutrop. 9.9.3, rightly rejected by König 1981; see also R.Bland (review of Drinkwater 1987) in _JRS_ 78, 1988:258; cf. generally on the rejection of separatism, Watson 1991:164–91.
## 7 THE END OF AURELIAN
SHA _Aurel._ 35.4: _ad Gallias profectus Vindelicos obsidione barbarica liberavit,_ cf. 41.8. Groag 1903:1401––2, and Mattingly 1939:308––9, accept this account without hesitation; see now Paschoud 1996:172––3. Zon. 12.27: again **Γάλλουζ** might be a loose term.
Alföldi 1939:157, tried to combine Victor _Caes._ 35.1––3 (on which see Chapter 6, n. 19 in this book) and the _HA;_ Mattingly 1939:308––9, makes no reference to Victor at this point. On Probus' campaigns see Zos. 1.67––8; cf. SHA _Prob._ 13.5––8.
Near Perinthus (which acquired its new name in 286: see Magie 1932:265, n. 5; Paschoud 1996:174). The earliest extant source to mention the place is Lactantius _de mort. pers._ 6.2; cf. Chron. 354 _(Chron. Min._ I 148); Victor _Caes._ 35.8. Mentioning the two major cities: Eutrop. 9.15.2, Jerome _Chron._ 223 (Helm) and _Epit._ 35.8 (who copies Eutropius, but omits the name of the fort) all say Constantinople and Heraclea; SHA _Aurel._ 35.5, Jordanes _Rom._ 291, John of Ant. fr. 156 _(FHG_ IV 599), and Sync. 721 all say Byzantium and Heraclea.
Sync. 721; Zon. 12.27 (the wording is very similar in each case); SHA _Aurel._ 35.4–5.
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] | 1,330,869 | 157,696 | Book | -1 | -1 |
12.30 (301 Bonn).
For example, Groag 1903:1360; Homo 1904:322–3; Mattingly 1939:309; Cizek 1994:193–5; Paschoud 1996:173, 174.
Explicitly: Eutrop. 9.15.2; Oros. 12.23.6 (without more); SHA _Aurel._ 36.6, cf. 35.5; John of Ant. fr. 156 (FHG IV 599); Zos. 1.62.3, cf. 62.1.
Paschoud 1996:173, 174 (noting the _HA's_ use of 'Heraclea and Byzantium'), but he appears to have overlooked John of Antioch and Syncellus (see above, n. 3).
Zos. 1.62.1,62.3 (who alone avoids the anachronism, 'Heraclea'). Zonaras (12.27) says merely that the deed was carried out at Thracian Heraclea.
Lactantius _de mort. pers._ 6.2; Euseb. _HE_ 7.32.6; Jerome _Chron._ 223 (Helm); Oros. 7.23.6; Sync. 721, 722. On persecution see Chapter 11.
Victor _Caes._ 35.7–8, cf. 12; SHA _Aurel._ 36.3–4.
Malalas 12.30 (301 Bonn).
SHA _Aurel._ 6.2, 7.3–8.5. Aurelian had apparently suppressed a military coup at some previous point in his reign (see Chapter 11, n. 18), which might possibly have some bearing.
Zos. 1.62.1; Zon. 12.27; SHA _Aurel._ 36.4. Other sources do not name him, but some preserve his position: John of Ant. fr. 156 ( _FHG_ IV, 599); Victor _Caes._ 35.8; Eutrop. 9.15.2; _Epit._ 35.8. See Hohl 1911:285–8. Paschoud 1996:173–4, suggesting the mistake was already in the KG. This is not wholly convincing, and derives from the editor's thesis that the _HA_ used no Greek source after Dexippus for the _vita Aureliani_ (see Paschoud 1996: xxxix–xliii, 10–12, and his own works there cited; cf. Barnes 1978:125; T.D.Barnes 'The Sources of the Historia Augusta (1967–1992)', _Historia Augusta Colloquia III, Colloquium Maceratense,_ Bari 1995:1–17).
These officers were probably _comites Augusti_. John of Ant. fr. 156 ( _FHG_ IV 599) calls them military tribunes and friends of the emperor; Eutrop. 9.15.2 and _Epit._ 35.8 say _viri militares amid ipsius;_ Victor _Caes._ 35.8 says military tribunes (36.2: the ringleader was a _dux)_ ; _Zos._ 1.62.2, members of the praetorian guard; Zon. 12.27, 'some powerful men'; Lactantius _de mort. pers._ 6.2, the emperor's friends (adding that they acted on false suspicion).
Zos. 1.62.2–3; Zon. 12.27; John of Ant.fr. 156; Victor _Caes._ 3 | -0.757 | 0.364999 | -0.80932 | 1.138485 | [
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] | 1,330,869 | 158,720 | Book | -1 | -1 |
5.8, 36.2; Eutrop. 9.15.2; _Epit._ 35.8; SHA _Aurel._ 36.5–6 (cf. 35.5 on Mucapor).
Following Zosimus, Victor and the _HA;_ rejecting Malalas.
SHA _Aurel._ 37.2 (claiming the execution was depicted on the emperor's tomb); cf. Paschoud 1996:176, 177, pointing out that this form of punishment was appropriate to a slave (implying, perhaps, he was not a freedman).
Zos. 1.62.3; SHA _Aurel._ 37.1.
Contrast the events of 268: see Homo 1904:325.
SHA _Aurel._ 37.3; Victor _Caes._ 35.12.
Good character see Eutrop. 9.16; _Epit._ 36.1; Victor _Caes._ 36.1. His rank see Victor _Caes._ 36.1 (consular); SHA _Tac._ 4.1; _Aurel._ 41.4 (including the right of first speech in the senate; cf. Paschoud 1996:125–6, 194, 259).
Zon. 12.28; SHA _Tac._ 7.5–6; cf. Paschoud 1996:192 (suggesting Zonaras meant Tacitus was elevated by the army in Thrace).
In that order, despite SHA _Tac._ 7.6–8.3 (a fiction on the theme of Tacitus' 'modesty').
His age see Zon. 12.28; supported by Malalas 12.31 (Bonn 301); cf. SHA _Tac._ 4.5ff. (note the possibility of exaggeration: Syme 1971:245). An Illyrian general see Syme 1971:217, 242, 245–7; Keinast 1990:247–8; Paschoud 1996:259–60. But cf. Christol 1986:183–4 (no. 19); Callu 1996:142, n. 39. See Chapter 10, n. 17 in this book.
Eutrop. 9.15.2; SHA _Aurel._ 37.4, 41.3–14 (a spurious and tendentious account, making out that Tacitus was still a _privatus_ ). The fact of the deification is borne out by inscriptions, see Chapter 11, n. 23.
SHA _Tac._ 3.4; _Prob._ 13.5.
Zos. 1.63.1; Zon. 12.28; SHA _Tac._ 13.2–3.
Victor _Caes._ 36.2; SHA _Tac._ 13.1; cf. _Prob._ 13.2. See Paschoud 1996:176f.
Victory see Zos. 1.63.1; Zon. 12.28; SHA _Tac._ 13.2. Murder see Zos. 1.63.1–2 (mentioning the complicity of Aurelian's murderers); Zon. 12.28; SHA _Tac._ 13.5. The murder took place in Asia Minor, possibly in Pontus: Chron 354 ( _Chron Min._ I 148); Jerome _Chron._ 223 (Helm); Jordanes _Rom._ 292; Sync. 722; Malalas 12.31 (Bonn 301); cf. Zos. 1.6 | -1.073395 | 0.493925 | -1.133325 | 1.102066 | [
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] | 1,330,869 | 159,744 | Book | -1 | -1 |
3.1. Victor _Caes._ 36.2, locates the murder at Tyana in Cappadocia; _Epit._ 36.1, at Tarsus (by error, see following note).
Thus _Epit._ 36.1, locating his death at Tarsus, where there was an outbreak of plague after Tacitus' death, and where his successor, Florian, met his end: Zos. 1.64.2–4; cf. Jerome _Chron._ 223 (Helm); Jordanes _Rom._ 292; Sync. 722; Malalas 12.32 (Bonn 302). These facts probably explain the error (see Syme 1971:242). The same version of Tacitus' end is alluded to in SHA _Tac._ 13.5, and rather more ambiguously in _Prob._ 10.1 and _Car._ 3.7 (cf. Mattingly 1939:312, n. 5: disease). For the date ( _c._ June 276) see Appendix B.4.
Zos. 1.63.1, cf. 64.2. SHA _Tac._ 14.1 (full-brother) is certainly incorrect; SHA _Tac._ 17.4 (half-brother) is only marginally more credible: see Syme 1971:246.
Zos 1.64.1; Zon. 12.29, showing the two elevations were more or less simultaneous; the idea of sequence in the Latin sources is due to the reign-by-reign arrangement.
Probus may already have been promoted to commander of the cavalry by Aurelian (as Claudius and Aurelian before him: see Paschoud 1996:113), but at the time of Aurelian's assassination was probably absent from the Balkans, perhaps in the east. This would explain why he was not elevated immediately upon his mentor's death. Certainly he held the senior command in the east under Tacitus, though its precise nature is uncertain. The assertion that Tacitus promoted him to _dux totius orientis_ (SHA _Prob._ 7.4) is as unreliable as all the other statements concerning Probus' pre-imperial career in that biography (but cf. Mattingly 1939:312–14, who accepts the testimony).
Zos. 1.64.2–4; Zon. 12.29; cf. SHA _Prob._ 10.8; _Epit._ 36.2. Florian was killed at Tarsus in Cilicia: see above, n. 33. For the chronology of this power struggle (summer 276) and the dates of Florian's reign see Appendix B.4.
Zos. 1.65; cf. Zon. 12.29.
SHA _Prob._ 13.2–3.
Gibbon 1909:342.
Victor _Caes._ 35.9–36.1.
SHA _Aurel._ 40–1; _Tac._ 2.1–7.4. The _HA_ also spins out the comparison with the interregnum after Romulus: _Tac._ 1. The two passages containing the decrees (SHA _Aurel._ 41.3; _Tac._ 3.2 [cf. 13.6]) were both introduced with very similar spurious formulas; note also the different names of the proposing consul 'Gordianus'. References to six months see _Aurel._ 40.4; _Tac._ 1.1, 2.1, 2.6. See Paschoud 1996:194.
Gibbon 1909:340, 343, accepted both at face value; a recent attempt to resurrect this view (Callu 1995 and 1996) must be rejected as misconceived: see Paschoud 1996:19 | -0.372464 | 0.843097 | -0.719283 | 1.435041 | [
-0.4323869341031227,
-0.3125403340657311
] | [
1.032903877566821,
0.6532906183291606
] | [
-0.684410143247703,
-0.7541567714457704
] | [
1.3778108617250886,
1.4922711535282154
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0–2. Homo 1904:335–9, rejected the early date for the death of Aurelian but accepted 25 September for the elevation of Tacitus; Cizek 1994:205, took the latter as the date of Aurelian's death. Neither date carries any historical weight: see Appendix B.4.
Accepting the full six months see Mattingly 1939:310; cf. also J. Schwartz, 'A propos des donées chronographiques de l'Histoire Auguste', BHAC 1964/1965, Bonn 1966:197–210; recently revived by Callu 1995 and 1996 (see below). A more modest interregnum see Cizek 1994:205–6 (almost 2½ months); Estiot 1995a:18 ( _c._ 2 months); Lafaurie 1975b:990–2 (1–2 months); Chastagnol 1980:76–8 (1 month, 24 days); Groag 1903:1358–9, 1403–4 ( _c._ 1½ months); Polverini 1975:1020 (1 month); Homo 1904:339 and Syme 1971:237–9 (less than a month). See further Appendix B.4.
See Appendix B.4.
_Epit._ 35.10 _(Hoc tempore septem memibus interregni species evenit),_ 36.1 _(Tacitus post hunc suscepit imperium; vir egregie moratus);_ cf. Eutrop. 9.16.1 (the same).
_Victor Goes._ 35.12 _(interregni species obvenit);_ SHA _Tac._ 14.5 _(quasi quidam interreges inter Aurelianum et Probum)_. The repeated reference to the other 'formal' interregnum at this point in the text is spurious and probably an interpolation; it is excised by most editors: see Paschoud 1996:245 and 303.
_C._ six months see Eutrop. 9.16; SHA _Tac._ 13.5, 14.5; Oros. 7.24.1; Cassiod. _Chron._ ( _Chron. Min._ II) p. 148). Two hundred days see Victor _Caes._ 36.2; _Epit._ 36.1. Seven months see Malalas 12.31 (Bonn 301). Eight months, twelve days see Chron. 354 ( _Chron. Min._ I 148). The interregnum is given as 6 months in Victor and _HA,_ and as 7 months in _Epit._ 35.10. On the chronology of Tacitus' reign see Appendix B.4.
Eusebius _HE_ 7.30.21; Jerome _Chron._ (ed. Helm) 222 (Aurelian), 223 (Tacitus). The figures here are very rounded: Aurelian's reign can only be said to have lasted _5_ ½ years calculating from the summer of 270 to the winter of 275 (at the very beginning of which Tacitus acceded). Jerome's version is repeated elsewhere in the Latin literature: Eutrop. 9.15.2 (though this statement appears in only one manuscript tradition, 71); _Epit._ 35.1; Oros. 7.23.3; Jordanes _Rom._ 290; Cassiod. _Chron._ 984 _(Chron. Min._ II 148); cf. Chron. 354 _(Chron. Min._ I 148), giving Aurelian, 5 years, 4 months and 20 days; Tacitus, 8 months and 12 days.
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] | 1,330,869 | 161,792 | Book | -1 | -1 |
as 12.30 (Bonn 299); John of Ant. fr. 156 _(FHG_ IV 599); Sync. 721; Cedrenus (Bonn) 455; Zon. 12.27. The _HA_ also grants Aurelian a reign of six years less a few days' _(Aurel._ 37.4), the 'few days' in question might reflect the fact that Probus' _dies imperil_ fell rather earlier in the summer than Aurelian's. The attempt to amend this passage to fit in with the Latin tradition (by reading _annis < quinque memibus > sex minus paucis diebus)_ is unnecessary: the _HA_ often fails to reconcile the information derived from different sources.
Florian is accorded 80 days in Eutrop. 9–16; 88 days in both Jerome _Chron._ (Helm) 223 and Chron. 354 _(Chron. Min._ I 148); 2 months in Malal. 12.32 (Bonn 301); scarcely 2 months in SHA _Tac._ 14.2, 14.5. Two months is about right, see Appendix B.4.
Thus Homo 1904:339; Hohl 1911:284. Also Syme 1971:237–9, noting the tendency to exaggerate the gaps between emperors, as that in 264 after the death of Jovian (see Amm. 26.1.4, Zos. 3.36.3, where it is described as ).
Victor _Caes._ 36.1, 37.6; on both subjects, cf. Chapter 1. On the character of Victor's rhetorical prose see Appendix A. On the Tacitean echoes see Callu 1996.
In particular SHA _Tac._ 12, cf. 18–19. This is of course an elaboration of Victor (see preceding note).
See esp. SHA _Tac._ 10–11 (notably 10.3, 11.8). The allusion to Cornelius Tacitus was not only prompted by the coincidence of the _cognomen_ but also by the textual references he found in Victor.
Syme 1971:239–41; Syme 1983:116, 119–20; Polverini 1975:1020–3; Estiot 1995b:53–4.
Doubts on the relationship between the mark, SC, and the exercise of genuine senatorial authority of the senate under the empire see R.Göbl, _Antike Numismatik,_ Munich 1978:79; Millar 1981:70; lack of such a connection in the mid-third century is conclusively proved by its presence on the bronze coinage of Postumus: Watson 1991:178–81, cf. 187–8.
Göbl 1953:10–11, 16; and now conclusively D.Yonge, 'The so-called interregnum coinage', _NC_ 1979:47–60. Interregnum date see Webb 1927:361. For the suggestion that these coins could be dated to 270/ 71 see H.Mattingly, _Roman Coins from the Earliest Times to the Fall of the Western Empire,_ (3rd edn) London 1962:134f.; Cubelli 1992:13, remains undecided.
SHA _Aurel._ 45.5, 50.2; Zon. 12.27. The suggestion that Severina might herself have been the daughter of Zenobia (Callu 1996:145, n. 47) is far-fetched; cf. above, Chapter 5, n. 60 in this book.
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] | 1,330,869 | 162,816 | Book | -1 | -1 |
._ 10.2–15.2, cf. 38.2–3.
Thus Groag 1903:1353; Homo 1904:34–5, 141, n. 4; G.Barbieri, _L'albo senatorio da Settimio Seven a Carino (193–285),_ Rome 1952: no. 1766; Cizek 1994:226. But see Syme 1971:220 (cf. 4, n. 4,100–1,105, on the origin of 'Crinitus' lying in Eutrop. 7.2.1); Estiot 1995a:9–10.
Without the title Augusta see _CIL_ V 3330 Italy]; _AE_ 1894:59 _(pia)_ [Africa Procos]. With the title Augusta alone see _CIL_ IX 2327, XI 2099 [Italy]; _CIL_ III 472 [Asia]; _AE_ 1900:145 [Lydia]; _AE_ 1934:44; _Ins. Lat. Maroc,_ p.25, no. 79 [Mauretania Tingit.] (cf. Sotgiu 1961:92, nos 58–9). For other titulature of Severina see [Chapters 10 and .
Estiot 1983:16. On the date of the reform see Chapter 8 in this book.
_RIC_ V.1 (p.313, Aurelian and Severina) 1–4; cf. Rohde 1881:447–9; Gnecchi 1912: III, 65, nos 1–2.
The bulk of her coinage was issued at Ticinum and Rome; the relative output in her name was rather small at Cyzicus and Siscia (see Estiot 1983:16; and Chapter 8 in this book on the mints). On her portrait style see Bastien 1992–4:610–12, 645.
Some modern accounts are frankly fanciful: see e.g. Cizek 1994:225–8. Göbl 1993:246, n. 71, speculates that she may have been made genuine co-regent in 274 (enabling her the more easily to carry on after her husband's murder): the appearance of the plural AVGG on the reverse of the coinage _may_ indicate more than usual participation by an empress, but this hardly amounts to proof.
Kellner 1978:31, n. 1205 and 35, n. 1536; but cf. now Göbl 1993:28, more convincingly dating these coins to the period following the victorious reintegration of Gaul in the second half of 274. See Plate 3, c–d.
Webb 1927:253, and Mattingly 1939:310, n. 2; Carson 1965:233–5; Göbl 1993:29–30; Cizek 1994:206, 273, n. 14; Estiot 1995a:10, 18, 31, 52, 54, 62, 88, 100–1; Callu 1996:137–41. For iconography see Plate 2, c.
Estiot 1995a: 101; Callu 1996:141. On Severina's symbolic relationship with the army, cf. Chapter 10 in this book.
The argument of Callu 1996:142–5, that Victor deliberately suppressed information he received from the KG on Severina's interregnum is wholly unacceptable, not least | -0.324183 | 0.271887 | -0.636856 | 1.128079 | [
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because the author of the _HA,_ who had access to the KG, would scarcely have done the same.
Estiot 1983:20, 23, 25, could detect no identifiably separate series for Severina at the end of the reign at Siscia, nor at Lyon, which led her to doubt the interregnum explanation. Göbl 1993:41, 50, 56, 65, 68, detected such issues at Ticinum, Rome, Siscia (dated mysteriously to early 275!), Cyzicus and Antioch, respectively. Although Estiot has conceded the main point, see Estiot 1995b:76–7, she still detects no such billon issue at either Siscia or Cyzicus, although she concedes the issue of gold (Estiot 1995b: 80–1, 87). Very recently, two coins have been put forward to prove the existence, after all, of such issues at Lyon and Serdica, see S.Estiot and F.Bonté, 'Aurélien et Séverine: trois raretés et un inédit', _BSFN_ 1, 1997:4–9, 7–9; but it should be noted that the Serdican type (reverse, CONCORDIA AVGG) somewhat undermines one of the strengths of the argument concerning the CONCORDIA AVG type from Antioch mentioned at n. 67. Other doubts were expressed by Lafaurie 1975b:990.
Göbl 1993:30 (cf. 245, n. 69), describes the interregnum issue for Severina as an 'indisputable fact', expressing incredulity at the doubts entertained by Estiot 1983 (above, n. 69); Göbl's view has now been accepted by Estiot 1995a (above, n. 66).
## 8 ECONOMIC REFORMS
On debasement generally see Burnett 1987:48–50; M.H.Crawford, 'Money and Exchange in the Roman World', _JRS_ 60, 1970:40–8.
Jones 1953; Burnett 1987:105–21; Drinkwater 1987:206–11; see also R.A.G.Carson, 'The Inflation of the Third Century and its Monetary Influence in the Near East', in A.Kindler (ed.) _Proceedings of the International Numismatic Convention, Jerusalem 1963,_ Jerusalem 1967:231–50.
Nastor 1987:137–42 (Aurelian), 142–3 (Perge under Tacitus); cf. K.W. Harl, _Civic Coins and Civic Policy in the Roman East, AD 180–275,_ Berkeley 1987:91–4; Burnett 1987:51–65, esp. 63ff; Homo 1904:171–2.
For the revolt of the mint workers see Chapter 3. Another manifestation was the forgery of so-called 'barbarous radiates' in the west, see n. 58 below.
Göbl 1993:79, cf. 80–2, on the various elements involved in these reforms.
_CIL_ X 1214; V 6421 (respectively); _PLRE_ I Sabinus (18); Cubelli 1992:51, cf. 40–3; Crawford 1984:251; Sotgiu 1961:28, n. 55. The strong connection with north Italy might possibly suggest Sabinus was a native of the region. On the imperial mint at Ticinum and its connection with the coinage reform see n. 38 below. On Felicissimus and the riots see Chapter 3.
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] | 1,330,869 | 164,864 | Book | -1 | -1 |
b 1927:248f.; Carson 1965:232; Crawford 1975:575; Cubelli 1992:17f., 51–4. The theory of Homo 1904:163ff, later developed by Gatti 1961, that the revolt was a response rather than a cause of the mini-reform must be rejected.
Estiot 1995b:54; cf. (February 274) Lafaurie 1974; Lafaurie 1975a: 99–107; (early summer 274) Carson 1965:233–5 (but note first issue at Ticinum overlooked by Carson: Estiot 1983:19); (autumn 274) Homo 1904:166; Callu 1969:323. The late date takes Zos. 1.61.3 to indicate precise relative chronology, which is unsound.
Zos. 1.61.3; for the significance of this passage see Cubelli 1992:55, 67, 86–7; Estiot 1995b:55.
V.Picozzi, _La monetazione imperiale romana,_ Rome 1966:19; Lafaurie 1975a:88; Cubelli 1992:56–7.
C.E.King and R.E.M.Hedges, 'An analysis of some third-century Roman coins for surface silvering and silver percentage and their alloy content', _Archaeometry_ 1974:195–8; Callu, Brenot and Barrandon 1979; Cubelli 1992:57 (citing S.Bolin, _State and Currency in the Roman Empire to 300 AD,_ Stockholm 1958:292, n. 1, on the probable original silver content; but cf. Mattingly 1927:221).
Lafaurie 1975a:83; Cubelli 1992:55–6.
Cubelli 1992:67–89.
For example, Crawford 1975:575–7; W.Weiser, 'Die Münzreform des Aurelian, ZPE 53, 1983:279–95; full bibliography in Cubelli 1992:68–70; cf. Callu 1969:324–6.
For example, recently Lafaurie 1975a:81–107; see Cubelli 1992:70–2 for bibliography.
For example, Jones 1953:299f; Carson 1965; Callu 1969:329; see further Cubelli 1992:72–5.
Callu, Brenot and Barrandon 1979: esp. 246ff; cf. also Keinast 1974:553; Bastien 1976:87; Cubelli 1992:78–89; Estiot 1995b:55. Note that the value-mark theory cannot adequately explain the relationship between the Aurelianic and Diocletianic coinage either: Cubelli 1992:82–5.
Absence of reform marks see Cubelli 1993:65, 81. Fineness see C.E. King, 'Denarii and Quinarii, AD 253–295', in R.A.G.Carson and C.M. Kraay (eds) _Scripta Nummaria Romana: Essays Presented to Humphrey Sutherland,_ London 1978:75–104:104, Figures 17a and 17b, citing average weight at 3.55g but fineness at only 2.7 per cent. | -1.01039 | 0.40887 | -0.834048 | 0.998011 | [
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] | 1,330,869 | 165,888 | Book | -1 | -1 |
This differential cannot be quite as simply dismissed as Cubelli 1992:81 suggests.
Bastien 1976:36–8, confirming Rohde 1881:285; Webb 1927:251. See further Cubelli 1992:60–1.
For example, Cubelli 1992:51, 61; cf. Chapter 10 in this book.
The first group (Gnecchi 1912: II, 113, nos 1–3) average 18.73g; the smallest coins (Gnecchi 1912: III, 64, nos 5–18; 65, no. 2; 66, no. 1) average around 8g (Estiot 1988:441, n. 6, gives 8.38g; Cubelli 1992:61, n. 20, gives 7.93g); the double portrait group (Gnecchi 1912: III, 64, no. 4; 65, no.1) average 12.61g.
_RIC_ 71–3; cf. Mattingly 1927; for arrangement, cf. P.Bastien and H.G.Pflaum, 'La trouvaille de monnaies romaines de Thibouville (Eure) II', _Gallia_ 20, 1962:255–315, 277–81.
'Usualis': Mattingly 1927:227; Callu 1969:329. Quinquennalia: Manns 1939:6; Estiot 1983:38. Callu 1969:328, dismisses the quinquennial explanation by saying that no such celebrations were held in the second and third centuries, but this is to overlook Postumus. See further Cubelli 1992:77–8.
It used to be thought that Gallienus' Gallic mint was at Cologne and that Trier was a branch mint set up by Postumus' successors: Elmer 1941:14, 30. For the reversal see now Besly and Bland 1983:44–65, esp. 53–8; Drinkwater 1987:143–6; Bland and Burnett 1988:147–55; Watson 1991:58–60. On Milan see Alföldi 1927:201; Göbl 1953:18–23; on Siscia see A.Alföldi, _Siscia. Vorarbeiten zu einem Corpus der in Siscia geprägten Römermünzen. I: Die Prägungen des Gallienus,_ esp. 7–9; on the Asian mint see Alföldi 1938:59–64; Göbl 1953:30f. The location of the Asian mint at Cyzicus under Claudius is suggested by stylistic affinities with the local civic bronzes and by the presence of dots on the obverse as _officina_ marks (Roger Bland, personal communication); cf. Göbl 1993:62.
Rohde 1881:297f; Groag 1903:1364; cf. (on the first Aurelianic issues) Manns 1939:14–19; Estiot 1983:17, 21, 30, 33; Bland and Burnett 1988:132ff.
A coin from the Normanby hoard pertaining to the first issue at Cyzicus for Aurelian (obv. IMP C DOM AVRELIANVS AVG) which had been overstruck with the Divus Claudius dies is crucial in determining the date and sequence of these issues: Bland and Burnett 1988:145. At Milan, these coins were only issued by the third _ | -0.215293 | 1.290754 | -0.238032 | 1.29977 | [
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] | 1,330,869 | 166,912 | Book | -1 | -1 |
officina_.
Estiot 1983:33–7 (suggesting the number _officinae_ rose from four to ten before finally settling back to six); Göbl 1993:41–50; Estiot 1995b: 71–7. For the re-allocation of several solar types to this mint at this date see Kellner 1978:20. On the closure of the mint at Rome being a motive rather than a result of the moneyers' revolt see Rohde 1881:320; but cf. Estiot 1983:16; Cubelli 1992:14, 17 (Lo Cascio 1984:170, is undecided); on the relocation of some of the workers see n. 34 below.
Estiot 1983:17–19; Estiot 1991; Göbl 1993:34–9; Estiot 1995b: 66–71; cf. Kellner 1978:22–4. On output see n. 38 below.
Estiot 1983:21–5 (cf. 16 for output); Göbl 1993:50–6; Estiot 1995b: 77–81; cf. Kellner 1978:25–31. On the early issues and their importance to Aurelian in his first few months see Estiot 1995a:15.
Estiot 1983:30–2; Göbl 1993:62–5; Estiot 1995b: 84–7; cf. Kellner 1978:36–40. The location of the mint under Aurelian is fixed by certain coins in the middle of the reign which bear a mint mark containing the letter C: Estiot 1983:31; Göbl 1993:62.
Göbl 1993:65–8; Estiot 1995b:87–90. On the arrangement of the post-Palmyrene issues for Aurelian see also Bastien and Huvelin 1969:139–42, cf. 258–67 (the catalogue).
Estiot 1995b:54; cf. Lafaurie 1975a:99ff. For Alexandria in 270–2 see Appendix B.3. The mint at Alexandria continued to mint down to his seventh regnal year (275/6); mysteriously there are some coins dated year VIII, although on any feasible arrangement of Aurelian's dates such a reckoning is impossible.
On the second Gallic mint and its amalgamation with Trier see Drinkwater 1987:144, 146; Bland and Burnett 1988:147–55 (esp. 153–5). See now Göbl 1993:33; cf. Estiot 1995a:40; Estiot 1995b: 66. For the Aurelianic coinage see below n. 39.
Manns 1939:30, 44–7, 56–8; Kellner 1978:33–5; Estiot 1983:25–8 (noting that the workmen were brought with him from Rome); Göbl 1993:56–60; Estiot 1995b:81–2. The first coins issued here bear the mark SERD in the exergue: _RIC_ 258, 265, 267, 272.
Manns 1939:31, 33; Callu 1969:233–4; Estiot 1983:28; Göbl 1993:60 (plausibly suggesting that it was originally a _moneta comitatensis_ which was settled at Byzantium by the end of the year); cf | -0.765218 | 0.871747 | -0.639867 | 1.138485 | [
-0.939166842832664,
-0.5912692838669789
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0.8323534764601325,
0.9111411340377601
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-0.6710948778644356,
-0.608639942614348
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0.8575368080745117,
1.4194327860171347
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29888
] | 1,330,869 | 167,936 | Book | -1 | -1 |
. the caution expressed by Estiot 1995b:83. Byzantium, a logical choice given the circumstances, would seem to be supported by _CJ_ 5.72.2 (1 January of unspecified year, presumably 272) and by SHA _Aurel._ 22.3; but cf. Rohde 1881:405; Webb 1927:309 (both undecided); Kellner 1978:31f., n. 1208 (Viminacium). Estiot 1983:29–30, places the coins marked with a dolphin earlier than either Rohde 1881:408–9, or Manns 1939:42. The personnel were apparently withdrawn from Milan and later returned to Italy, where they reopened the mint at Rome.
Generally, see Göbl 1993:60–2 (wrongly suggesting closure in 272); Estiot 1995b:82–3; cf. Estiot 1983:30 (last issue), 33 (transfer to Rome). On production level see Estiot 1983:28; cf. (much lower estimates) Webb 1927:309, n. 2; Kellner 1978:31f., n. 1208.
The arrangement remains controversial: see Göbl 1993:68; Bastien and Huvelin 1969:143–4, cf. 168–70 (the catalogue); Callu 1969:236; Webb 1927:261. On the date and purpose of the mint's inauguration see Estiot 1995a:106; Estiot 1995b:89–90.
Göbl 1993:40–1; Estiot 1983:19–21, cf. 16 (output); Crawford 1984. The presence of Sabinus, and perhaps the centre of his operations, at Ticinum (see n. 6 above) and before that in northern Italy may partly account for the large output of the north Italian mints.
On Aurelian's Gallic coinage see Bastien 1976:34–9; though Bastien's attribution of certain coins (p. 35 and pl. LXVIII, 1–3) to the second Gallic mint (at Cologne; here called Trier) is in error—on this, the transfer and mint at Lyon generally see Göbl 1993:33–4; Estiot 1995b: 66; cf. also Elmer 1941:93f.; Estiot 1983:16; and for the circumstances, see Chapter 6 in this book; (on amalgamation with Trier see above, n. 33). Septimius Severus closed the mint at Lyon in 197, after his civil war victory over Clodius Albinus.
Callu 1969:286–7, calculated an increase of as much as seven times; cf. Crawford 1975:577. Such an increase would have fuel inflation.
See Estiot 1983; Kellner 1978; Göbl 1993. On thé types mentioned here, see below, Chapters 10 and in this book.
Homo 1904:150–1; Palmer 1980:220; cf. Paschoud 1996:215–17 (more sceptical). SHA _Aurel._ 48.2; cf. _Prob._ 18.8; Victor _Caes._ 37.3; Eutrop. 9–17.2; and cf. _CJ_ 11.58.1 (Constantine). The _HA_ appears to have confused these measures with the subsidized sale of fiscal wine (see p. 128), and then greatly embroidered the story in the usual way. | -0.448823 | 0.701638 | -0.68124 | 1.247742 | [
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] | 1,330,869 | 168,960 | Book | -1 | -1 |
See Chapter 9. This measure also was continued and extended by Probus.
Victor _Caes._ 35.7; SHA _Aurel._ 37.7–38.1, 39.3–4; cf Amm. 24.6.7–8. On the connection with customs and the walls see Palmer 1980:218–20 (cf. Chapter 9 in this book).
SHA _Aurel._ 39.4; which for Palmer 1980:219, is also interconnected with the above reforms to the supply of food and wine; cf. Paschoud 1996:187f. A few other legislative measures of Aurelian's are preserved in the codes, the majority dealing with matters of private law: see Homo 1904:149–50.
SHA _Aurel._ 45.1 (cf. 47.1); Paschoud 1996:208–9, remains highly sceptical.
On the grain supply see _Epit._ 1.6; Joseph. _BI_ 2.382–3, 2.385–6; Plin. _NH_ 18.66–8; Suet. _Claud._ 18–19. On the organization see Wallace 1938:31ff.; G.Rickman, _The Corn Supply of Ancient Rome,_ Oxford 1980: esp. 97, 197, 253–6. On the reforms of the Severan period see F. Coarelli, 'La situazione edilizia di Roma sotto Severo Alessandro', in _L'Urbs. Espace urbain et histoire (I er siècle av. J.-C.–IIIe siècle ap. J.-C.),_ Rome 1987:448–56; Bell 1994:84–7.
Wallace 1938:45–6.
SHA _Aurel._ 35.1, 48.1; Chron. 354 ( _Chron. Min._ I 148); Zos. 1.61.3.
SHA _Aurel._ 47.1.
Proc. _BG_ 1.19; cf. Chapter 9.
Bell 1994. I am extremely grateful to Professor Bell for sharing much more information with me than appears here.
SHA _Aurel._ 48.1; Chron. 354 ( _Chron. Min._ I 148); cf. Septimius, SHA _Sev._ 18.3. The Chronographer alone mentions the salt.
Victor _Caes._ 35.7; SHA _Aurel._ 35.2, 48.1; _CIL_ VI 1156; Homo 1904:181; Richardson 1992:79, 174–5. See further Chapter 9, n. 29.
SHA _Aurel._ 48.1–4; _CIL_ VI 1785. See Palmer 1980; cf. R.E.A.Palmer, 'Silvanus, Silvester and the Chair of St Peter', _Proc. Am.Philosoph. Soc._ 122, 1978:222–47, 228–30; Richardson 1992:81–2 (cf. 363–4); Homo 1904:179–81. On the temple see Chapter 11 in this book.
SHA _Aurel._ 47.3; cf. Paschoud 1996:213–15. These and other measures were quite properly relegated to a footnote by Homo 1904:180f. (n. 3). Another like measure, a new forum at Ostia, may be more credible: see Chapter 9 in this book.
The local civic coinage includes coins depicting Annona with ears of wheat bearing the legend, D | -0.741934 | 0.527947 | -0.697091 | 0.888753 | [
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] | 1,330,869 | 169,984 | Book | -1 | -1 |
ONATIO COL CREMN: their interpretation is not certain, however. See Nastor 1987:139–41.
Drinkwater 1987:192–8, 212–13; see also C.E.King, 'The circulation of coin in the western provinces AD 260–295', in A.King and M. Henig (eds) _The Roman West in the 3rd Century AD_ BAR IS 109], Oxford 1981:89–126; but cf. Crawford 1975:577, stressing the comparative ease of transition across the empire, and explaining the make-up of western hoards in monetary terms: 'The dislocation of supply of money (never in any case more than an accidental consequence of supply of coinage to officials and troops) is hardly surprising in the circumstances.' For the Lyon output see above, nn. 19, 39. For the political explanations, see [Chapter 6 in this book, at n. 26.
On the emperor's participation in such decisions see my lengthy discussion in Watson 1991:37–4, and the works there cited; cf. Chapter 10 in this book, at n. 36.
## 9 PUBLIC WORKS AND ADMINISTRATION
The previous time was in 260/1: see Appendix B.3.
The date and circumstances of commencement are given explicitly in SHA _Aurel._ 21.9 and Zos. 1.49.2; and the date in Malalas 12.30 (Bonn 299) and in the _Consularia Constantinopolitana_ ( _Chron. Min._ I 229). This is compatible with most other accounts: SHA _Aurel._ 39–2; Victor _Caes._ 35.7; _Epit._ 35.6; Eutrop. 9.15.1; Chron. 354 ( _Chron. Min._ I 148). The seventh-century _Chronicon Paschale_ dates the beginning of the work to 273; Jerome _Chron._ 223 (Helm) and the _Chronicle_ of Cassiodorus ( _Chron. Min._ II 148) both suggest the last year of his reign. These dates are certainly too late for the initial stages, but might reflect significant stages in the construction of the walls. On the confirmation of an Aurelianic date from the archaeological evidence see Richmond 1930:15–18.
SHA _Aurel._ 22.1; Malalas 12.30 (Bonn 299).
SHA _Aurel._ 21.9,22.1 (consultation with the senate), is uncorroborated and thus suspect, but it would have been prudent for Aurelian to consult the senate and the policing of the walls was subsequently under the senatorial prefecture of the city.
Malalas 12.30 (Bonn 299–300). See Groag 1903:1375; Richmond 1930:28–9; Todd 1978:43; cf. Homo 1904:222, n. 2.
Zos. 1.49.2; Malalas 12.30 (Bonn 299–300).
_CIL_ VI 1016 a-c, 31227; _CIL_ VI 8594, though not a boundary stone, also sheds some light on the line.
The line of the walls see Richmond 1930:7–9, 13–14, 17–18, cf. 205–17 (and Figure 11, p. 73); Todd 1978:23–4; cf. Homo 1904:222–39. On the strategic considerations on the west bank see Chapter 8, n. 51 in this book. For the thesis that A | -0.028932 | 1.340892 | 0.290775 | 1.58592 | [
-0.1801954457387259,
0.12233161464137529
] | [
0.9899287916153877,
1.6918551954887975
] | [
0.23244098742871028,
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1.3257834563600308,
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] | 1,330,869 | 171,008 | Book | -1 | -1 |
urelian's walls followed the customs line in all but the eastern sectors see Palmer 1980: esp. 217–21, 223–4; he does, however, rather stretch the evidence (esp. his Appendix II.2, III.1–3, V.3, pp.231–3). See also below, n. 27.
The exclusion of the Pons Aelius would have been particularly odd if, as seems likely, the bridge of Nero no longer existed: see Richmond 1930:20–6 (esp. 25f.); cf. Procop. _BG_ 1.22, 3.36, 4.33; see also Homo 1904:259, 270–1. On river walls see Richmond 1930:18–20; cf. Procop. _BG_ 1.19, 2.9; and on their appearance see below n. 24.
Richmond 1930:10, 57–67; cf. Todd 1978:24–31. The galleried sections were constructed either side of Porta Asinaria in the south, and east of Porta Pinciana in the north.
Richmond 1930:62, 76–80; Todd 1978:32–4.
For full descriptions see Richmond 1930:191–200, 121–42, 109–21, 200–5 (respectively), cf. 245–6.
See Richmond 1930:185–90, 93–100, 170–81, 100–9 (respectively), cf. 246.
Richmond 1930:205–17; Todd 1978:38–40; Richardson 1992:306–7. The existence of the two flanking semicircular towers cannot now be proven, but the logic of the design demands it.
The exact location, the form and even the original name (Porta Aurelia?) of this gate is obscure. Strategically, it seems likely that Aurelian's original gate was in the river wall on the left bank; whether a postern was added later, on the right bank, is difficult to say. See Richmond 1930:227–8.
It is not certain whether the original towers were semicircular, but it is difficult to believe this was a third-class gate: see Richmond 1930:221–3. The gateway was distinguished from the foregoing by the name 'Pancratiana' in Procopius.
Richmond 1930:142–59, cf. 254–5 (on Maxentius' restructuring) and 246–7 (on this class of gate generally); Todd 1978:35–6, 53–7.
Richmond 1930:159–69; Todd 1978:59; Richardson 1992:306. The original name is unknown: 'Pinciana' cannot antedate the fourth century. Further improved by Honorius, it was the scene of heavy fighting under Belisarius. For the offset, cf. the originally far more important Porta Tiburtina.
The original names of all three gates are uncertain. See Richmond 1930:181–4, 217–19, 223–7; on Porta Chiusa cf. Todd 1978:64; on Porta Septimiana, postulating that Aurelian incorporated a Severan monumental archway set up to demarcate the customs boundary near the important Cellae Nova et Arruntiana, cf. Palmer 1980:223–4, 232.
Maxentius was apparently responsible for the blocking, at least at Ostiensis West. See Richmond 1930:219–21 (P.Ostiensis W.), 229–35, 24 | 0.059327 | 1.034695 | -0.195153 | 1.211323 | [
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] | 1,330,869 | 172,032 | Book | -1 | -1 |
7 (other posterns and doorways, including one which served the Lateran Palace); Todd 1978:47.
Their precise locations are uncertain: see Richmond 1930:236–9. One probably served the road running in front of the mausoleum of Augustus; one served the quay known as 'the storks' (Ciconiae: on which see Richardson 1992:81–2), probably to be located just south of the modern Ponte Cavour; one probably served the ferry crossing to the Horti Domitiae; if the bridge of Nero still stood (see above, n. 9), then one must be assigned to it, if not then perhaps to a ferry which replaced it; one more further south.
Richmond 1930:61–2, 243–8.
Homo 1904:239–62 (overestimating the proportion), 265–70; Richmond 1930:11–15, 63–4; Todd 1978:26–8. On the mausoleum see above, n. 9.
Procop. _BG_ 2.9; cf. Richmond 1930:19. Procopius' suggestion that the walls were lower along the Tiber may simply reflect the fact that they were not heightened like the rest of the walls by Maxentius. On the possibility that Aurelian repaired the embankments as well see Chapter 8, n. 56 in this book.
Richmond 1930:67, 242–5, 248.
Richmond 1930:67 (whence quotation), 80, 242; Todd 1978:34, 80–2; cf. I.A.Richmond, 'Five town walls in Hispania Citerior', _JRS_ 21, 1931:86–100. Of the contemporary Gallic and Spanish parallels, including Sanlis and Lugo, the closest is certainly Barcelona.
Thus Palmer 1980; the case is, however, somewhat over-argued, and his assertion (p. 219) that there were 37 gates in Aurelian's walls is wholly inaccurate. For evidence of fifth-century collection of customs at the Aurelianic Porta Nomentana see _Lib. Pont._ I 222 D.
This project is only mentioned in Chron. 354 ( _Chron. Min._ I 148). On the possible correlation between some of the extant brickwork at the Baths and that found in the Aurelianic parts of the city walls see Richmond 1930:61.
Chron. 354 ( _Chron. Min._ I 148); cf. Symm. _Ep._ 9.5754]; _CIL_ VI 1156 ( _ILS_ 722); _Not. Se._ 1909:430–1. Water was supplied by the Aquae Virgo and Marcia. See Richardson 1992:79 (castra urbana), 174–5 (forum suarium), both apparently east of the Corso and north of the via Condotti. On the probable connection with the distribution of pork see [Chapter 8, n. 29 in this book.
SHA _Aurel._ 49.2 (portico), 45.2 (baths). On the Gardens of Sallust as an imperial residence in the fourth century, cf. _Pan. Lat._ 12 (IX) 14.4. The portico story (perhaps an imitation of the account of the porticoes of the Golden House in Suet. _Nero_ 31–1: see Domaszewski, _Sitzungsb. der Heidelb. Akad._ 1916:7.A, 13) is believed by some, e.g. Richardson 1992:202.
_CIL_ X 222, XI 556.
SHA _Aurel._ 45.2.
Dijon and Orleans see Homo 19 | -0.311342 | 1.326567 | -0.4143 | 1.050038 | [
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] | 1,330,869 | 173,056 | Book | -1 | -1 |
04:212–13 (cf. Chapter 6, n. 20 in this book); Richborough see Todd 1978:79–80; cf. J.S.Johnson, _The Roman Forts of the Saxon Shore, London_ 1976:34–62. Milestones: note especially _CIL_ VIII 10374; cf. others in Sotgiu 1961:8Iff.; Homo 1904:350ff.
Victor _Caes._ 35.7–8; SHA _Aurel._ 39.5.
_AE_ 1991:1736 note (p. 481); cf. _CIL_ VIII 20836. The most decisive evidence is provided by the procurator of Sardinia, Septimius Necrinus: _Eph. Ep._ VIII 775 _(v.e.),_ 796 _(v.p.)._
On Tetricus see Chapter 6, nn. 22–3. At least two other regions (Venetia and Campania) attest such governors in the reign of Carinus. Correctors of both Italy as a whole and separate regions are still attested under Diocletian. See Homo 1904:144–5 (esp. l44ff., n. 1).
Victor _Caes._ 33.3; Eutrop. 9–8.2; Festus _Brev._ 8; Oros. 7.22.7; Jordanes _Rom._ 217; Alföldi 1939:151–2; Mócsy 1974:209. Dacian legions at Poetovio see V.Hoffiler and B.Saria, _Antike Inschriften aus Juguslavien. Heft I, Noricum und Pannonia Superior,_ Zagreb 1938:144ff. The implication of a partial withdrawal under Gallienus was rejected by Cizek 1994:139–40; but for the suggestion the withdrawal began even under Philip see Potter 1990:233–4.
See Appendix B.1.
SHA _Aurel._ 39.7; Jordanes _Rom._ 217. See Alföldi 1939:152–3; Mócsy 1974:211–12.
Cizek 1994:123–52, esp. 125–7, suggesting a date no earlier than summer 273 for the withdrawal based largely on the evidence of one hoard. The hoard may well have been buried due to the invasion of the Carpi in the autumn of 272. On the reinforcement of bridgeheads on the left bank of the Danube at this time see Cizek 1994:151 (cf. 145).
Thus Homo 1904:314; R.Vulpe, 'Considérations historiques autour de l'évacuation de la Dacie par Aurélien', _Dacorum. Jb. Ost. Lat._ I, 1973:41–51, 49. On the internal arrangement of the sources see Appendix A.
_RIC_ 108 ( _Normanby_ 1258; Manns 1939:13. Homo 1904:314, n. 2, expressly denied the relationship between the coin and the withdrawal; but see Mattingly 1939:301; cf. Cizek 1994:125.
Eutrop. 9.15.1; Festus _Breu._ 8; SHA _Aurel._ 39.7; Jordanes _Rom._ 217; Sync. 722; Malalas 12.30 (301 Bonn). Homo 1904:314–21; Mócsy 1974:211–12; cf. generally H.Vetters, | -0.824114 | 0.606734 | -0.756059 | 1.247742 | [
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] | 1,330,869 | 174,080 | Book | -1 | -1 |
_Dacia Ripensis,_ Vienna 1950. On the continuation of a considerable Daco-Roman presence north of the Danube after this time see Cizek 1994:142–5 (though he goes too far in denying a civilian evacuation altogether).
The literary sources, except Festus _Brev._ 8, suggest a single province: either Festus is anachronistic, or the rest are oversimplifying. _AE_ 1912:200, implies the existence of two Dacian provinces by 283 at the latest; see Syme 1971:223; cf. Mócsy 1974:211–12 (also p. 273, on the later expansion westward of the new Aurelianic province of Dacia under the Tetrarchy); Cizek 1994:150 ( _CIL_ III 12333 and 13715, which he cites here, are probably not Aurelianic: see now Kettenhofen 1986:140f).
Victor _Caes._ 39–43. That the desertion of farmland was a real concern to Aurelian and to the imperial government in general during the later third century, see Chapter 8.
## 10 THE EMPEROR, THE SENATE AND THE ARMIES
Nephew see Eutrop. 9.14; _Epit._ 35.9; cf. SHA _Aurel._ 39.9, 36.3. Son-in-law see John of Ant. fr. 155 ( _FHG_ IV 599); cf. SHA _Aurel._ 42.1–2 (mentioning a married daughter; but see Appendix A). More generally see John of Ant.fr. 156 ( _FHG_ IV 599); Eutrop. 9.13.1, 9.14; _Epit._ 35.9; SHA _Aurel._ 21.5–8, 36.3, 38.2, 39.5, 39.8–9, cf. 6.1 ('severitas inmensa'), 40.2 ('severissimus princeps'), 44.1–2 ('ei dementia defuerit', 'nimia ferocitas'). For a detailed analysis of the _HA's_ portrait of Aurelian with regard to cruelty see Mouchová 1972.
Lactantius _de mort, persec._ 6.1; Oros. 7.23.3–12; Zon. 12.27; cf. Julian _Symp._ 313–14 A (ed. Hertlein). On the pervasive influence of the Christian tradition see Mouchová 1972:191–4.
Malalas 12.30 (299 Bonn); cf. Chapters. 5 and in this book. The charges of cruelty in the _HA_ are often encased in fiction.
On Gallienus and on the rhetorical framework generally see Chapter 1; on Claudius see Syme 1971:204–6 (cf. 237–47); Syme 1983:68–70; on the 'interregnum' and Tacitus see Chapter 7 in this book (esp. nn. 51–3). On the sources themselves see Appendix A.
Zos. 1.49.2; SHA _Aurel._ 18.4, 21.6, 38.2, 39.8; Eutrop. 9.14. See Cubelli 1992:46. For all these events, see Chapter 3 in this book. The use of the plural in SHA _Aurel._ 18.4 _(seditiones),_ and 21.5 _(seditionum)_ may suggest that the senators who supported the provincial revolts were not the same as those who joined and perhaps orchestrated the revolt at Rome (which may have centred on one Urbanus: see Zos. | -0.384106 | 0.755356 | -0.549989 | 1.47146 | [
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1.49.2).
Cont. Dion. fr. 10.1 ( _FHG_ IV 197); Zon. 12.27 (not specifying Ravenna).
Amm. 30.8.8 (cf. 31.5.17); Jerome _Chron._ 244 (Helm), apparently one of Jerome's own annotations. Mentioning cruelty only see SHA _Aurel._ 21.5–6, 39.8. See Gilliam 1972:143–4: 'Aurelian's harshness was a commonplace and doubtless a fact, but his exactions from the rich I do not find specifically mentioned in the _vita_. _'_
Groag 1903:1406–7 (cf. 1374–5); Cubelli 1992:46–9; cf. the more balanced view in Lippold 1995.
Cubelli 1992:51, 61, suggesting that Aurelian formally removed the right of minting bronze from the senate and linking this to the rebellion of 271; cf. Homo 1904:79, 163; Gatti 1961; Lo Cascio 1984:170. See Chapter 7, n. 55 in this book.
The link between the mint workers' revolt of 271 and the idea of a hostile senate coining behind Aurelian's back was first mooted by A. Sorlin-Dorigny, 'Aurélien et la guerre des monnayeurs', _RN_ 1891:105–34, the idea has been picked up and elaborated upon in various ways by numerous scholars since. Linked to the GENIVS PR coinage see Turcan 1969; cf. above Chapter 7, n. 56 in this book. Linked to DIVO CLAVDIO coinage see Groag 1903:1372–4; Bernareggi 1974; cf. Estiot 1988:441, quite rightly rejecting the link. Cubelli 1992: 5–25, 30–49, appears prepared to believe either; but see now Estiot 1995b:53–4.
According to _Epit._ 34.4, he was _princeps senatus_ under Claudius, which clearly demonstrates his eminence in the senate around the time of Aurelian's accession. See Christol 1986:100–1, 221–4 (no. 49); Syme 1971:203, n. 1; _PLRE_ I Bassus (17); _CIL_ VI 3836 (31747; _IGR_ 1137); _ILS_ 5056; _AE_ 1906:128. For his pedigree see _PIR 1_ P.525–6.
_PLRE_ I, Antiochianus; Christol 1986:110, 131–2.
Christol 1986:110, 132, 270–1 (nos. 63–4); _PLRE_ I, Orfitus (2).
_CIL_ VI 31775 and XIV 2078 (= _ILS_ 1209–10). The exact chronology of his eastern provincial governorships is not certain, but they must both have fallen between 272 and 277: _PLRE_ I, Lupus (5); Christol 1986:263–70 (no. 62). On the new pontifical college see Chapter 11 in this book.
_CIL_ VI 1417; Christol 1986:193–5 (no. 27). Disgrace is a doubly dangerous deduction, since he may well have served a complete year as successor to rather than predecessor of Bassus.
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986:111, 238–9 (no. 51), 207 (no. 39). Although Veldumianus' _nomen_ has been supplied, it is a fairly safe supposition; he may have become urban prefect at some unknown date ( _CIL_ VI 319). For Suagrus see Christol 1986:132.
For the traditional view see _PLRE_ I, Tacitus (2–3); but see now Christol 1986:111–13, 153–8 (no. 12); cf. Paschoud 1996:259f. Christol takes _PLRE_ I, Tacitus (1) to be the son of this Caecina; but Caecina was _praeses_ of Baetica prior to his consulship, and it is generally accepted that the governors of Baetica were only thus styled after 276, making the consulship in 273 an impossibility (but cf. Chapter 7, n. 25 in this book). The question remains open.
The epithet, used in SHA _Aurel._ 37.3, is not found elsewhere, and is probably the author's own invention.
As _vp praefectus vigilum_ on _CIL_ XII 2228 ( _ILS_ 569; Grenoble 269); as _vc praefectus praetorio on CIL_ XII 1551 (Vaison, date uncertain). See Homo 1904:66, n. 3, 142–3; Howe 1942:82; Christol 1986:199–200 (no. 32).
_PLRE_ I, Marcellinus (1), (2) and (17); Groag 1903:1400; Homo 1904:143; Christol 1986:113–14. On Marcellinus at Verona see _CIL_ V 3329 ( _ILS_ 544, _c._ 265).
Sotgiu 1961:82f, nos. 7–10; cf. (erased) _CIL_ III 7586; see also A.Stein, _Die Legate von Moesien,_ Budapest 1940:106; _PLRE_ I, Sebastianus (4), though the date is here in error and _PLRE_ I, Anon. (113); cf. also _CIL_ III 14460; _PLRE_ I, Anon. (114).
_CIL_ III 15156; Sotgiu 1975:1059; cf. _PLRE_ I, Aper (3) and (2).
See Chapter 7, n. 34.
Jerome _Chron._ 222 (Helm); Alföldi 1939:162; but cf. Barnes 1994:18.
_PLRE_ I, Mucapor.
SHA _Firm._ 3.1; _PLRE_ I, Firmus (2); Barnes 1978:70–1 (governor of Crete and Cyrene).
Tenagino Probus had been governor of Numidia ( _AE_ 1941:33; _CIL_ VIII 2571; _AE_ 1936:58) before becoming prefect of Egypt ( _AE_ 1934:257; SHA _Claud._ 11.2; Zos. 1.44.2; see Barnes 1978:70f). He is not to be confused with M.Aurelius Probus, the future emperor (as unquestionably has happened in SHA _Prob._ 9–1 and possibly 9.5).
_PSI_ X 1101; see _PLRE_ I, Marcellinus (20), cf. (19) and (21). It should be noted | -0.993954 | 0.250399 | -1.153615 | 0.982403 | [
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29929,
29900,
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29901,
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302,
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324,
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29929,
29994,
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1217,
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467,
13,
13,
903,
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1525,
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306,
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1085,
3729,
13419,
313,
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511,
313,
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322,
313,
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6070,
351,
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29929,
29900,
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10730,
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324,
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3032,
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29953,
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13,
13,
317,
327,
3146,
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29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29896,
29901,
29947,
29906,
29888,
29892,
7814,
29889,
29871,
29955,
29994,
29896,
29900,
29936,
274,
29888,
29889,
313,
261,
1463,
29897,
903,
29907,
6227,
29918,
4786,
29871,
29955,
29945,
29947,
29953,
29936,
1074,
884,
319,
29889,
7789,
262,
29892,
903,
16334,
5682,
403,
1005,
4546,
267,
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29918,
16185,
29871,
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29929,
29946,
29900,
29901,
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29900,
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1525,
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26631,
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313,
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2635,
338,
1244,
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29907,
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29918,
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29896,
29946,
29946,
29953,
29900,
29936,
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7390,
1525,
29918,
306,
29892,
530,
265,
29889,
313,
29896,
29896,
29946,
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13,
13,
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4786,
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29896,
29945,
29953,
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317,
327,
3146,
29884,
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29929,
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13,
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11626,
265,
3032,
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29906,
29906,
29906,
313,
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22077,
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29929,
29941,
29929,
29901,
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29953,
29906,
29936,
541,
274,
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29889,
2261,
4515,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29946,
29901,
29896,
29947,
29889,
13,
13,
903,
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1525,
29918,
306,
29892,
341,
1682,
26191,
29889,
13,
13,
317,
15715,
903,
29943,
3568,
3032,
29871,
29941,
29889,
29896,
29936,
903,
7390,
1525,
29918,
306,
29892,
383,
3568,
375,
313,
29906,
416,
2261,
4515,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29947,
29901,
29955,
29900,
29994,
29896,
313,
29887,
6170,
272,
310,
6760,
371,
322,
8045,
28593,
467,
13,
13,
12444,
351,
1789,
1019,
8262,
750,
1063,
20221,
310,
11848,
29697,
313,
903,
16036,
29918,
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29929,
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29901,
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29941,
29936,
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29907,
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15682,
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16036,
29918,
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29896,
29929,
29941,
29953,
29901,
29945,
29947,
29897,
1434,
14171,
758,
3647,
310,
12892,
313,
903,
16036,
29918,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29941,
29946,
29901,
29906,
29945,
29955,
29936,
317,
15715,
903,
20216,
566,
3032,
29871,
29896,
29896,
29889,
29906,
29936,
796,
359,
29889,
29871,
29896,
29889,
29946,
29946,
29889,
29906,
29936,
1074,
2261,
4515,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29947,
29901,
29955,
29900,
29888,
467,
940,
338,
451,
304,
367,
9613,
411,
341,
29889,
29909,
545,
19646,
1019,
8262,
29892,
278,
5434,
953,
13651,
313,
294,
443,
12470,
2197,
756,
9559,
297,
317,
15715,
903,
1184,
29890,
3032,
29871,
29929,
29994,
29896,
322,
10075,
29871,
29929,
29889,
29945,
467,
13,
13,
903,
29925,
5425,
29918,
1060,
29871,
29896,
29896,
29900,
29896,
29936,
1074,
903,
7390,
1525,
29918,
306,
29892,
1085,
3729,
13419,
313,
29906,
29900,
511,
274,
29888,
29889,
313,
29896,
29929,
29897,
322,
313,
29906,
29896,
467,
739,
881,
367,
11682
] | 1,330,869 | 177,152 | Book | -1 | -1 |
that his rulings were still cited some time later, in the sole reign of Aurelian, implying he did not suffer official condemnation for his actions under the Palmyrene regime.
See Rea 1969 and his analysis of _PSI_ X 1102, _PSI_ X 1101 and _P.Wise._ 2 (on dating see Appendix B.3). On the identity of Ammianus see also _P.Oxy._ 2711; cf. _PLRE_ I, Ammianus (1) and (5).
_P.Mert._ 26; _OGIS_ 71; SHA _Firm._ 3.1.
Alföldi 1939:217–18; cf. Eadie 1967:169–72; Luttwak 1976:186–7.
Alföldi 1939:218–19.
_CIL_ III 327 ( _ILS_ 2775); _PLRE_ I, Claudius Dionysius (10) and Claudius Herculanus (2).
SHA _Aurel._ 6.2, 7.3–8.5 (note the gory details supplied in 7.4); on the title _restitutor exerciti,_ see n. 48 below.
_FHG_ IV 188, fr. 12. On the significance of this passage regarding Aurelian's attitude to divine right see Chapter 11 at n. 18.
Campbell 1984:19–156; Nock 1972: II, 736–90; R.W.Davies, 'A Note on Lorictitis', _BJ_ 168, 1968:161–5. On the controversial question of the relationship between symbolism (especially on the coinage) and imperial authority see in particular A.H.M.Jones, 'Numismatics and History', in R.A.G.Carson and C.H.V.Sutherland (eds) _Essays in Roman Coinage Presented to H.Mattingly,_ Oxford 1956:13–33; C.H.V. Sutherland, _The Emperor and the Coinage,_ Oxford 1976; M.H.Crawford, 'Roman Imperial Coin Types and the Formation of Public Opinion', in C.N.L.Brooke _et al._ (eds) _Studies in Numismatic Method Presented to Phil Grierson,_ Cannes 1983:47–64; Watson 1991:18–22, 36–44.
Such vows were taken in anticipation of these special anniversary years _(vota suscepta)_ as well as once they had been achieved _(vota soluta)_. On the interpretation of VSV (on _RIC_ 71–3) as a reference to Aurelian's quinquennalian celebrations see Chapter 8, n. 23.
Bastien 1992–94:640 (pl. 116.6=Bastien 1976:134, no. 2b).
_CIL_ V 29 [Italy]; as _mater castrorum et senatus et patriae_ see _AE_ 1930:150 (Sotgiu 1961:91f, no. 56) [Tarraconensis]. The latter also accords her the titles _domina sanctissima_ and _piissima_.
_RIC_ Severina] 2, 4, 8, 13, 18, 20 (see Plate 2, c; on the possibility of some of these being minted after Aurelian's death see [Chapter 7); cf. _RIC_ [Severina] 1 (CONCORD MILIT, Concordia seated=Bastien 1976: nos. 4, 6, 8, 10).
For example, _ | -0.15674 | 1.183317 | -0.287171 | 1.47146 | [
-0.2789832860552615,
-0.03449622197898278
] | [
1.1904791927220761,
1.1761541640715985
] | [
-0.43902882404177496,
-0.13531396125200873
] | [
1.4922711535282154,
1.4506492292361692
] | 1,024 | [
512,
512
] | [
393,
670,
364,
352,
886,
892,
1603,
274,
1573,
777,
931,
2678,
29892,
297,
278,
14419,
20913,
310,
319,
545,
492,
273,
29892,
2411,
5890,
540,
1258,
451,
8812,
6221,
24905,
29876,
362,
363,
670,
8820,
1090,
278,
3793,
1357,
28593,
22384,
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13,
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322,
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310,
903,
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5425,
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1060,
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265,
270,
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350,
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29900,
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1152,
1342,
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903
] | 1,330,869 | 178,176 | Book | -1 | -1 |
RIC_ 87, 101–3, 166–8, 192–5, 199–202, 216–19 (cf. Watson 1991:269, Table A:5). Types referring to _Concordia Augusti,_ which reflects the support of the general public as well as that of the army, were also produced for both emperor and empress.
FIDES MILITVM (or abbr.), see, for example, _RIC_ 28 ( _Normanby_ 1242); _RIC_ 109 ( _Normanby_ 1257); _RIC_ 328; and the gold types see _RIC_ 93, 90 and 94 (but cf. Manns 1938:15, 17), 91 (but cf. Estiot 1991: nos 2–3). With rev. iconography, 'Emperor between two standards' see _RIC_ 46 ( _Maraveille_ 26).
VIRTVS MILITVM, _RIC_ 408 ( _Maraveille_ 598ff.); for gold, cf. Manns 1939:41; VIRT MILITVM see _RIC_ 407 ( _Maraveille_ 601f., 631); _RIC_ 56 ( _Maraveille_ 23–5).
VIRTVS EQUIT, _RIC_ 115; [aureus] _RIC_ 100 (Estiot 1991: no. 10). VIRTVS ILLVRICI, _RIC_ 388; [aureus] _RIC_ 378–80; cf. Manns 1939:33, 43. GENIVS ILLVR, _RIC_ 204, 223 _(Maraveille_ 398ff.); [aureus] _RIC_ 172–3;—ILLV, _RIC_ 110 ( _Normanby_ 1255f). GENIVS EXERCITI, _RIC_ 345 ( _Maraveille_ 632).
At Milan: VIRTVS or VIRT MILITVM, _RIC_ 147–8 ( _Maraveille_ 137 etc., 282 etc.); VIRTVS AVG, _RIC_ 149 ( _Maraveille_ 132ff.). At Siscia: VIRTVS MILITVM, _RIC_ 242 ( _Sirmium_ 492ff.) (see Plate 2, f-g); VIRTVS AVG, _RIC_ 241 ( _Sirmium_ 495ff); also note [aureus] _RIC_ 184.
At Siscia: VIRTVS MILITVM, _RIC_ 212; VIRTVS AVG, _RIC_ 211. Note also, at Milan: VIRTVS AVG, _RIC_ 116; cf. VIRTVS EQVIT, _RIC_ 115.
_Cohors Pimasensis Aureliana, AE_ 1908:136 ( _Sotgiu_ 1961:93, no. 65); _Legio III Augusta Aureliana, CIL_ VIII 2665 ( _ILS_ 584; set up by the commander M.Aurelius Fortunatus). On Commodus see Dio 72.15.2 (cf. SHA _Comm._ 17.8). See Campbell 1984:88–93 and J.Fitz, _Honorific Titles of Roman Military Units in the Third Century AD,_ Budapest/ Bonn 1983. See also above at n. 33.
_RIC_ 366 ( _Maraveille_ 673) see plate 2 d.
_ | -1.114485 | 0.261143 | -1.423724 | 0.987605 | [
-0.9994325617086096,
-1.2295380337804014
] | [
0.2808398734167391,
0.2414460446279253
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-1.2842311457510827,
-1.5632176585433524
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0.9303751755855925,
1.0448354673887195
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] | 1,330,869 | 179,200 | Book | -1 | -1 |
CIL_ III 12456. Coins see VICTORIA GERN _[sic] RIC_ 355; VICTORIA GOTHIC _RIC_ 339; VICTORIA PARTICA _[sic] RIC_ 240; on the concept _victoria aeterna_ see below n. 51.
The complexities are made worse by apparently impossible combinations of consular and tribunician numberings in the evidence for Aurelian: see Peachin 1990:87–91 (cf. 75–84, on Gallienus).
Peachin 1990:383–405, nos 40–1, 66, 77–9, 110–12, 121, 128; and see now Daguet 1992: esp. 176–7 (cf. 186 and add _AE_ 1992:1847). Note also references to the concept _victoria aeterna:_ Estiot 1983:31 ( _RIC_ -); _CIL_ XI 6309.
_RIC_ 300–3. For inscriptions and papyri see Peachin 1990:383–405. On the history of the title and its wider applications see Berlinger 1935:20–2; Imhof 1957; and S. Weinstock, 'Victor and Invictus', _H.Th.R._ 50, 1957:211–47. On Invictus as a divine epithet, in particular in relation to Sol, see Chapter 11.
_CIL_ VI 1114 [Rome]; _CIL_ XIII 8997 [Lugdunensis]. On interpretation see D.Romano, 'La _Historia Alexandri_ di Giulio Valerio e l'Ideologia Politica di Aureliano', _Ann, delLiceo Classico_ 3–4, 1966/67:218–28; cf. J.Scarborough, 'Aurelian: Questions and Problems', _CJ_ 68, 1972/ 73:334–45, 344; cf. _'magno perpetua imperator: AE_ 1983:696 [Lugdunum].
_Invictissimus_ see Peachin 1990:397–9, nos 113, 116, 127. _Super omn[es pr]incipes Vic[toriosis]simo Imp(eratori): CIL_ XI 3878. [Italy]. Perpetuo Victoriosissimo Indulgentissimo Imp(eratori): _CIL_ VIII 20537 (Sotgiu 1961:89, no. 48) [Mauretania Sitifensis]; _CIL_ VIII 10205 (restored); 10217 _(ILS_ 578); _AE_ 1981:917; _AE_ 1992:1847; Sotgiu 1961:87f., nos 38, 41, 43; _Victorissimo [sic]: CIL_ VIII 10177; Victrisissimo _[sic]:_ Sotgiu 1961:87, no. 37 [Numidia]. _[Fortis]simo et Victoriosissimo Principi: CIL_ VI 1112. [Rome]; cf. _Victorioso Augusta: CIL_ XI 1214. [Italy].
The early issues see _Sirmium_ 1566, 1568 _(RIC_ 351); _Sirmium_ 479 _(Maraveille 405/RIC_ 234); _Sirmium_ 157 _(Maraveille 118/RIC_ | -0.711801 | 0.484972 | -0.942156 | 1.398622 | [
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140). In general see Peachin 1990:383–405, nos 10, 27, 53. Note also his titles _pacator orientis_ (below, n. 64) and _imperator horientis [sic]: AE_ 1936:129.
Peachin 1990:383–405, nos 9, 11, 13, 26, 29–30, 32, 37, 51–2, 55, 57–9, _63_ –4 _,_ 78–9, 101, 111–12, 117, 124, 129, 132. That he took the title in 272 directly after the initial victory over Palmyra, see Estiot 1983:15. For an example of the coin types see Plate 2, e.
_Restitutor patriae: CIL_ III 7586 [Moesia Inf.]. _Conservator orbis: CIL_ V 4319; cf. _CIG_ II 2349n (cf. Homo 1904:358). On Peachin 1990:396, no. 102 _(conservator patriae),_ cf. Kettenhofen 1986:140–1.
_RIC_ 400–2; _RIC_ 235; _RIC 366,_ respectively.
Peachin 1990:398–9, nos 127 and 116 respectively; the restorations are conjectural.
_CIL_ V 4320; VIII 15450; both dating to the first few months of Aurelian's reign.
Peachin 1990:395–400, nos 101, 132; _RIC_ 4, 6–7. The title _pacator orbis_ was first applied to Commodus.
PACATOR ORIENTIS _RIC_ 231 (Manns 1939:39, for date). _Pacatissimus_ see Peachin 1990:385–8, nos 15, 33, 39.
Although fragmentation does not permit of precision, the following breakdown gives an approximate idea of the relative frequency of each title on the corpus of Aurelianic inscriptions: Germanicus, 22; Gothicus, 28; Parthicus/Persicus, 12–14 (7 Parthicus; 5–7 Persicus); Carpicus, 14. On the _cognomina victoriarum_ in general see now Kettenhofen 1986; also Sotgiu 1961:17–27; Peachin 1990:91f On dates, cf. Estiot 1983:14–16. To these lists should be added _AE_ 1991, 944 [Lucitania]. On the victory titles in the papyri see Bureth 1964:123. Orfitus' inscription: _CIL_ VI 1112.
Thus Homo 1904:141; Groag 1903:1356f.; Kettenhofen 1986:146; Peachin 1990:91f; although Sotgiu 1961:26, dissents.
Arabicus see _CIL_ II 4506 ( _ILS_ 576); _AE_ 1936:129; Palmyrenicus see _CIL_ V 4319 ( _ILS_ 579); see Kettenhoffen 1986:138–9, 143–4; cf. Sotgiu 1961:24.
The only certain attestation of Dacicus Maximus for Aurelian | -0.585791 | 0.955907 | -0.836902 | 1.180107 | [
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is _CIL_ XIII 8973 ( _ILS_ 581), on which inscription Carpicus Maximus is also mentioned. _AE_ 1925:57 was accepted by Sotgiu 1961:82, no. 6, but rejected by Kettenhofen 1986:142, 144–5.
Kettenhofen 1986:139–40, 140–1, 144–5; cf. Sotgiu 1961:21f.; Peachin 1990:396, no. 102. Kettenhofen's rigour is to be accepted, given the present state of the evidence; on Britannicus cf. König 1974; on Sarmaticus, cf. Saunders 1992:312–15.
Dexippus ( _FGH_ 100) fr. 6, esp. 6.2–3. For the context of this passage see Chapter 3 and also Appendix B.2. _Adlocutio_ was occasionally advertised on the coinage of the period, though no such coin types are known for Aurelian.
On the historical worth of Dexippus see Appendix A, n. 13; on this passage, cf. Millar 1981:40.
Estiot 1991: nos 9, 25–9 (cf. _RIC_ 9, wrongly placed at Rome. See Plate 3, b. Note also the magnificent reception which awaited Aurelian at Rome on his return from the east at the end of 273: Zos. 1.61.1 (this is usually, but probably wrongly, taken to refer to the triumph, of which Zosimus makes no specific mention). The importance of _adventus_ at a date only slightly posterior to Aurelian's time is reflected in the _panegyrici latini_. See Alföldi 1934:88ff.
The Persians as among the 'vanquished' though it is doubtful Aurelian had any serious military confrontations with them: see Chapter 5, nn. 25, 32.
On the coincidence of imperial consulships and quinquennalian and decennalian celebrations see R.Burgess, 'Quinquennial Vota and Imperial Consulship, 337–511', _NC_ 148, 1988:77–96, 77–81.
Eutrop. 9–13.2. This corresponds more or less exactly to SHA _Aurel._ 32.4: 'Thus Aurelian...directed his journey toward Rome, in order to parade before the eyes of the Romans his triumph over Zenobia and Tetricus, that is over east and west.' Other notices supplied in Jerome _Chron._ (ed. Helm) 222; Oros. 23.5; Zon. 12.27; cf. SHA _Tyr. trig._ 24.4. Zosimus 1.61.1 has conventionally been taken to refer to the triumph, erroneously placed before the defeat of Tetricus (but cf. Kienast 1990:231, postulating on the basis of this passage that Aurelian held two triumphs, one before the defeat of Tetricus and one after): it may rather be that Zosimus is here referring to Aurelian's reception _(adventus)_ at Rome in 273, in which case he makes no reference to the triumph at all.
SHA _Aurel._ 33–4; _Tyr. trig._ 30.24–6. The account is more or less accepted at face value by Homo 1904:122–30 (esp. 123: 'naturellement nombre de détails sont sujets à caution, mais...l'ensemble est authentique'); see also Groag 1903:1392–4; and, more discerningly, Merten 1968; Paschoud 199 | -0.1546 | 0.99351 | -0.387036 | 1.461055 | [
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305,
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29871,
29896,
29929,
29929
] | 1,330,869 | 182,272 | Book | -1 | -1 |
6:160–9.
On captives see Merten 1968:120–2; J.Straub, 'Aurelian und die Axumiten', _BHAC 1972/74,_ 1976:269–89; G.W.Bowersock, 'Arabs and Saracens in the Historia Augusta', _BHAC 1984/85,_ Bonn 1987:71–80, 78–9; Barnes 1994:13. On the stag-chariot (cf. Zon. 12.27: elephants) see Homo 1904:123; Merten 1968:111–16 (noting that Pompey triumphed in an elephant-drawn chariot: Plut. _Pomp._ 14.4); E. Alföldi-Rosenbaum, 'Heliogaballus' and Aurelian's Stag Chariots and the Caesar Contorniates', _Historiae Augustae Colloquia, II Colloquium Genovese,_ Bari 1994:5–10.
On the gradual development of the imperial title _dominus_ see K.J. Neumann 'Dominus', _RE_ 5.1, 1903:1305–9, 1307–9; Alföldi 1935:91–4. On Aurelian's coins see Chapter 11, n. 25 in this book.
Severina see _AE_ 1930:150 (Sotgiu 1961:91f, no. 56) [Tarraconensis]; cf. _CIG_ II 2349° (p. 1069) [Andros, Achaea]. Aurelian see _IGR_ I 591 (Peachin 1990: no. 150), an imperial title first attested in the Severan era.
B.M.Feletti-Maj, _Iconografia romana imperiale da Seven Alessandro a M. Aurelio Carino_ (222–285 d.c), Rome 1958:95, no. 22 (pl. V.12); Alföldi 1935:148. On the diadem in imperial iconography generally see Bastien 1992–4:143–66, esp. 143–6.
Gnecchi 1912: I, pl. 26.7; J.M.C.Toynbee, _Roman Medallions,_ New York 1944: pl. xlvi. 4; Alföldi 1935: l48f.; Bastien 1992–4:145, pl. 102.11, cf. pl. 102.5 (Iconium); and cf. SHA _Gal._ 16.4. N.Hannestad, _Roman Art and Imperial Policy,_ Aarhus 1986:295, argued the lack of clarity is deliberate, but this would have been self-defeating. On Constantine's types see Bastien 1992–4:156–8.
_Epit._ 35.5; Malalas 12.30 (299 Bonn); accepted as an Aurelianic innovation by Groag 1903:1405, among others; but cf. Victor _Caes._ 39.2, making the same claim for Carus.
On Severina and the Stephane (often incorrectly termed a diadem) see Bastien 1992–4:610–12. For examples, see Plate 2, c and Plate 3, c.
## 11 THE EMPEROR AND THE DIVINE
Inscriptions see Homo 1904:350ff; Sotgiu 1961:81ff. Interpretation see Berlinger 1935:1–2 | -0.163931 | 0.868166 | -0.422068 | 1.424636 | [
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] | 1,330,869 | 183,296 | Book | -1 | -1 |
0.
PIETAS AVG, _RIC_ 138 _(Maraveille_ 127, 166, 248); Pontifex Maximus is mentioned on both coins and inscriptions. Severina see _AE_ 1930:150 (Sotgiu 1961:91f, no. 56) [Tarraconensis].
See Nock 1972: II, 653–75.
RESTITVTOR ORBIS, _RIC_ 369 _(Sirmium_ 1802), minted towards the end of the reign at Cyzicus. _AE_ 1927:81 (Sotgiu 1961:92, no. 57). On Victoria as an important goddess in her own right see S.Weinstock, 'Victoria', _RE_ 8.A2, 1958, 2501–42.
Zanker 1988:192–215.
MARTI PACIFERO (etc.), Estiot 1991:469–80, nos 1, 5, 12; _RIC_ 33, 112, 270–1. MARS INVICTVS, _RIC_ 357–8 (Mars and Sol); cf. the parallel contemporary RESTITVTOR EXERCITI in Chapter 10, n. 48. The titular reverses see e.g. PM TBP VI COS II PP and PM TBP VII COS II PP, _RIC_ 186, 16; cf. Manns 1939:54; see Plate 2, j.
VIRTVS AVG, _RIC_ 41, 97–8, 179–83, 341; Bastien 1976: no. 36 (cf. _RIC_ 1); Elmer 1941: no. 887 (cf. _RIC_ 5). VIRTVS AVG (emp. and Mars), _RIC_ 149, 241. VIRTVS ILLVRICI, _RIC_ 378–80, 388. FIDES EXERCITI, _RIC_ 393. Obverse types see _RIC_ 219 (Manns 1939:39, cf. 31, 42); cf. Bastien 1992–4:206, 441. See Plate 2, g, h, i and cf. Plate 2, f; and on this symbolic nexus generally see Watson 1991:127–32.
VIRTVS AVG, _RIC_ 57–8, 316–18; Manns 1939:56 (RIC -). _Herculi Aug(usto) consorti d(omini) n(ostri), CIL_ XI 6308, cf. 6309.
PROVIDENT(ia) AVG, _RIC_ 335 (cf. Manns 1939:18, suggesting Minerva). VENVS VICTRIX, _RIC_ —(S.Estiot, 'Un antoninien inédit d'Ulpia Severina', _BSFN_ 1994:918–21); VENVS FELIX (Venus with Cupid), [Sev] _RIC_ 6. On the temple and its associations see R.Mellor, 'The Goddess Roma', _ANRW_ II. 17.2, Berlin 1981:950–1030, 1020–24. The cult form of Venus most closely associated with the imperial line was Venus Genetrix, which commonly appears on the coinage of empresses in third century, though no such types are known for Severina.
AETERNITAS AVG, _RIC_ 326 (AD 271: | -0.766588 | 0.547644 | -1.192926 | 0.992808 | [
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-0.6597530553169169
] | [
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] | 1,330,869 | 184,320 | Book | -1 | -1 |
Manns 1939:18). ROMAE AETERNAE (etc.), _RIC_ 142 (minted over a number of issues at Milan: _Maraveille_ 138ff., 181ff., 209, 31 1ff.) Plate 3, b; _RIC_ 337; _RIC_ 405; cf. _RIC_ 84–5 (Gnecchi 1912: III 65, nos 15–16; cf. Manns 1939:52, bronze, AD 275).
Chron. 354 ( _Chron. Min._ I 148).
MINERVA AVG, _RIC_ 334 ( _Sirmium_ 1538); PM TRP PP COS (Neptune with dolphin and trident), _RIC_ 324 (Manns 1939:20); both dated to the first six months of his reign.
PROVIDENT(ia) AVG, _RIC_ 336. The statue see _Bull. Arch. Com._ 1882:151, no. 545 (Homo 1904:361). Obv. types see _RIC_ 221, 228 (Rohde 1881: nos 147,190); _RIC_ 394,408 (Rohde 1881: nos 186,401) see Plate 2, m. Manns 1939:29, interpreting these types as relating both the emperor and Mercury to the Germanic god Wodan, is certainly to be rejected. See Groag 1903:1393, 1406; P.Bastien and C.Arnold-Biucchi, 'Busto Monetale come Mercurio (Gallieno, Aureliano)', _RINSA_ 84, 1983:73–85, 75–6, 84–5, and now Bastien 1992–4:391–400. FORTVNA REDVX, _RIC_ 128, 220–1, 331–2 (note: no. 221 has a Mercury obv.).
APOLLINI CONS(ervatori), _RIC_ 22 ( _Normanby_ 1245); _RIC_ 160–2; cf. PM TRP COS (Apollo seated with branch), _RIC_ 157 (Manns 1939:19, both double aureii, doubtless intended as donatives, minted at Siscia in celebration of Aurelian's first consulship). CONSERVATOR AVG (Aesculapius), _RIC_ 258 (AD 271, perhaps implying an illness that summer).
IOVI STATORI, _RIC_ 333 (Manns 1939:18, AD 271); _RIC_ 267–8 (Manns 1939:30; Estiot 1983:27, AD 271). IOVI VICTORI, _RIC_ 49 (Manns 1939:42f., AD 273). _CIL_ III 12456 (restored); _CIL_ VIII 2626.
_RIC_ 48 (Rome); _RIC_ 129, cf. 131 (Milan); _RIC_ 174, 225, 227 (Siscia); _RIC_ 259–66 (Serdica); _RIC_ 346 (Cyzicus); _RIC_ 394, cf. 395 (Byzantium). At Milan and Siscia especially these types were minted over a considerable period: _Maraveille_ 214ff., 217f., 219 | -0.978887 | 0.431253 | -1.438942 | 0.930375 | [
-0.8268534576547657,
-1.1309214028924905
] | [
0.2700961019288808,
0.5924092465646301
] | [
-1.522637802137204,
-1.3552458944618422
] | [
0.9511861377316155,
0.9095642134395694
] | 1,024 | [
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274,
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29945,
313,
2059,
29920,
424,
1974,
467,
2180,
20308,
322,
317,
275,
1512,
7148,
1438,
4072,
892,
20559,
287,
975,
263,
15620,
3785,
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600,
1696,
29871,
29906,
29896,
29955,
29888,
1696,
29871,
29906,
29896,
29929
] | 1,330,869 | 185,344 | Book | -1 | -1 |
ff., 224, 226, 227 (= _RIC_ 129); _Maraveille_ 420ff., 426, 428f, 431, 432ff, 439ff, 452f., 456, 457ff., 461f., 463ff., 467ff. (= _RIC_ 225). See Plate 2,1. On the globe and divine investitute see Bastien 1992–4:502–3.
CONCORD MILITVM, _RIC_ 342 _(Maraveille 636ff);_ FIDES MILITVM, _RIC_ 344 _(Maraveille_ 634f); IOVI CONSER, _RIC_ 346 _(Maraveille_ 639ff.). See Plate 2, k; cf. Plate 2, 1.
Petr. Patr. fr. 6 _(FHG_ IV 197). On the importance of the purple as an element of imperial insignia see W.T.Avery, 'The _Adoratio Purpuriae_ and the Importance of the Imperial Purple in the Fourth Century of the Christian Era', _MAAR_ 17, 1940:66ff.; cf. Alföldi 1935:49f. On the theme of divine pre-ordination see Nock 1972: II, 252–70; Fears 1977. On the obv. type declaring Aurelian born to his destiny to become the divine master of the Roman world, see below n. 25.
P.Bastien, 'Egide, Gorgoneion et buste impérial dans le monnayage romain', _NAC_ 9, 1980:247–83; Bastien 1992–4:341–65, esp. 354, cf. 270.
JVNO REGINA (Juno with peacock) [Severina], _RIC 7_ (Gnecchi 1912: III, _66,_ no. 1); _RIC_ 14 (cf. 15, rejected by Rohde).
On the imperial cult and its political, social, cultural and religious significance see Price 1984. On the DIVO CLAVDIO coinage see Chapter 3, n. 37.
As see Peachin 1990:402, no. 141, cf. 144 (μέγιστoζ alone); note also the formula _P.Oxy._ LI 3613.5 (Peachin 1990:401, no. 135). _Sanctissimus, CIL_ XI 3878; _sanctissima, AE_ 1930:150 (Sotgiu 1961:91f, no. 56).
_CIL_ VIII 11318 [Africa Procos.] (originally reading _L.Domiti Aureliani,_ later amended to _divi Aureliani). Divo Aureliano, CIL_ VIII 25820 [Africa Procos.]; _CIL_ VIII 10961, Sotgiu 1961:86–88, nos. 28, 39, 44 [Numidia]; _CIL_ III 9758 [Dalmatia]. SHA _Tac._ 9.2 (not reliable).
_Deo Aureliano, CIL_ XI 556 _(ILS_ 5687) [Italy], _CIL_ II 3832; _AE_ 1938:24 (Sotgiu 1961:81, no. 1; cf. _AE_ 1972:284) [Tarraconensis]. _CIL_ VIII 4877 _(ILS_ | -0.844659 | 0.347988 | -1.329883 | 0.998011 | [
-0.7391942301988451,
-0.9501242462646542
] | [
0.18593655860732403,
0.5100403318243831
] | [
-1.269013699598777,
-1.390753268817222
] | [
1.0240245052426962,
0.9719970998776386
] | 1,024 | [
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29955,
29955,
903,
29898,
6227,
29903,
29918
] | 1,330,869 | 186,368 | Book | -1 | -1 |
585) [Numidia]. Sotgiu 1961:84, no. 15 [Africa Procos.]. Greek see _CIG_ II 2349n (p. 1069); for Severina see above, n. 4.
Radiate obverses: IMP DEO ET DOMINO AVRELIANO AVG, _RIC_ 305; DEO ET DOMINO NATO AVRELIANO AVG, _RIC_ 306. (In both cases the reverse is the standard RETITVT(or) ORBIS type.) On interpretation see Groag 1903:1406; Homo 1904:191–3; Sotgiu 1975:1043f.
Suet. _Dom._ 13; Dio67.4.7; Victor _Caes._ 11.2. On _dominus,_ cf. Chapter 10.
Zanker 1988:50–1, 144, 183–92. (To commemorate the triumph over the orient, Augustus dedicated two obelisks, at the Circus Maximus and his new horologium: _CIL_ VI 701, 702.)
On light and solar imagery in the representation of imperial authority see Alföldi 1934:111–18; Alföldi 1935:107f., 139–4; Kantorowicz 1963: esp. 131ff.; Fears 1977:326ff.; Bastien 1992–4:103ff.; cf. SHA _Gall._ 16.4, 18.2–4 (probably apocryphal).
AETENIT AVG (Sol), _RIC_ 20 (AD 270). PM TRP/COS, _RIC_ 325; PM TRP COS PP [aureii], _RIC_ 158–9 (Manns 1939:19, January 271); cf. above, n. 14.
ORIENS AVG (Sol with globe), _RIC_ 397 (for date, Estiot 1983:29); (Sol with whip), _RIC_ 230 (for date, Estiot 1983:24). (An early Solar type from Cyzicus, RESTITVTOR ORIENTIS, cited by Manns 1939:37, lacks confirmation.)
The dates are drawn from the catalogues in Estiot 1983 and Göbl 1993.
The subtle variations have made classification very difficult, especially among the numerous billon radiate types. For the arrangements see Kellner 1978; Estiot 1983; Göbl 1993; and cf. Watson 1991:282–6 (Tables A15–16), 354, n. 123. For examples of the standard iconography see Plate 3, h and i. Unusual types include: ORIENS AVG (Sol with the attributes of Apollo, laurel branch and bow), _RIC_ 64 (see Plate 3, g); SOLI INVICTO (Sol driving quadriga), Gnecchi 1912: II, 113, nos 2–3 (Manns 1939:44).
_Soli Invicto Sacr(um) pro salute et incoluminate Perpetui Imp(eratori), CIL_ VIII 5143 ( _ILS_ 580) [Numidia]; cf. _CIL_ VIII 23924 (restored) [Africa Procos.].
CONSERVAT AVG, _RIC_ 383–5; and aureii, _RIC_ 371–3; cf. PM TRP VI COS II PP (Sol) [aureus], _RIC_ 185. Solar investiture types: SOLI CONSERVATORI, | -0.693995 | 0.312176 | -1.074991 | 1.081255 | [
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-0.6515350027429243
] | [
0.5064590746617637,
0.11789267251755473
] | [
-1.0838681047457255,
-1.0661144175680355
] | [
1.1592957591918462,
1.003213543096673
] | 1,024 | [
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] | 1,330,869 | 187,392 | Book | -1 | -1 |
_RIC_ 353 (Rohde 1881:349–50); ORIENS AVG, _RIC_ 282–3; SOLI INVICTO, _RIC_ 312–15; RESTITVTOR ORBIS, _RIC_ 367; cf. RESTITVTOR ORIENTIS [aureii], Manns 1939:54; VIRTVS AVG, _RIC_ 316–17; cf. also APOL CONS AVG, with same iconography, Rohde 1881:67 (Estiot 1995a:83, and note f.)
VIRTVS AVG (Hercules and Sol), _RIC_ 318; MARS INVICTVS (Mars and Sol), _RIC_ 357–8; MARTI INVICTO, _RIC_ 359. See Plate 3, j, k. The solar type, IOVI CONSER(VATORI) (Emperor receiving globe from Sol holding whip) [Serdica], _RIC_ 274–5 (Rohde 1881:189), lacks recent confirmation: it may have been a die cutter's error or an error of Rohde's decipherment (i.e. that 'SOLI CONSERVATORI' was the intended or actual legend).
_RIC_ 152–3, 189, 256, 284–5; _RIC_ [Severina] 9, 10; see Plate 3, c and d. This continues the theme of the earlier Jovian coins see above, n. 17.
PACATOR ORBIS (Sol with whip), _RIC_ 6 (minted at Lyon, see Bastien 1976: nos 1, 3, 5, 7, 9; cf. earlier type for Postumus, Elmer 1941: no. 599, itself based on a Severan prototype).
Manns 1939:52 (cf. _RIC_ 75–6, 79–81); Plate 3, e.
Sol and Luna on breastplate see _Sirmium_ 1431 ( _RIC_ 260: rev. IOVI CONSER, _c._ end 272). On the lunar affiliation in Severina's portraits see Bastien 1992–4:645 (pl. 116.1; [Severina], _RIC_ 16). Raised hand see Plate 3, f (the reverse of which is as Plate 3, e); Bastien 1992–4:562, 568, in general 559–72; cf. Alföldi 1935:107–8.
_RIC_ 319–22 (Ronde 1881:444–6; Manns 1939:45); Plate 3, 1, m. These coins are usually attributed to Serdica: thus Rohde 1881; Webb 1927; Manns 1939; and also Homo 1904:372; Bastien 1992–4:568; Estiot 1995a:78, 83 (classified as double radiates on the basis of the analysis in Callu, Brenot and Barrandon 1979); but Göbl 1993:49–50, reallocates them to Rome and classifies them as sesterces (but cf. Estiot 1995b:75–6, 82). For the restoration 'consul' see Homo 1904:184, 372; Halsberghe 1972:139–40.
For an over-interpretaion of the coins, relating them to a mythical imperial edict, see Homo 1904:184–5; Halsberghe 1 | -0.829593 | 0.390068 | -1.237311 | 1.050038 | [
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] | [
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972:139.
The text of Zos. 1.61 implies that the temple was begun at this date, before Aurelian left to reclaim the western provinces in 274.
Philocalus _Fast. 354_ ( _CIL_ I2 p. 278; cf. 338f.); Julian _Or._ 4.156B, C. On the significance of the winter solstice as the date of the consecration see J.Noiville, 'Les origines du Natalis Invicti', _REA_ 38,1936:144–76; cf. H.Kähler, 'Zum Sonnentempel des Aurelians', _RM_ 52, 1937:94–105. Jerome _Chron._ 223 (Helm), reflects the belief that 274 was the date of consecration.
Chron. 354 ( _Chron. Min._ I 148); _Notitia reg._ VII (referring to it as a temple of Sol and Luna). Richardson 1992:363–4, cf. (81–2); Halsberghe 1972:142–3; Palmer 1980:220; on the fiscal wine see SHA _Aurel._ 48.4; cf. _CIL_ VI 1785; and on Ciconiae and S.Silvestro, cf. Chapter 8, n. 42.
Eutrop. 9.15.1; Victor _Caes._ 35.7; SHA _Aurel._ 28.5, 35.3, 39.6; Zos. 1.61.2; Sync. 721 (Bonn); cf. Jerome _Chron._ 223 (Helm). SHA _Aurel_. 10.2, adds the spurious detail that there was a painting depicting the glorious martial exploits of Aurelian and his 'father', Ulpius Crinitus, displayed in the temple.
Codin. _De Antiq. Const._ I 4 (66, ed. Banduri), following Belisarius' recapture of Rome from the Goths.
Chron. 354 ( _Chron. Min._ I 148); Jerome _Chron._ 223b (Helm); Julian _Or._ 4.155 B (201, ed. Hertlein); Philocalus (loc. cit., n. 43 above), writing on the festivals of 354, eighty years or exactly twenty cycles after 274, notes games in honour of Sol on this day.
SHA _Aurel_. 35.3: the reading _pontifices_ is not certain, but see Paschoud 1996:172.
Cf. Halsberghe 1972:145–6, avoiding the obvious inference.
Homo 1904:184–8; cf. for example Halsberghe 1972:138–48; Cizek 1994:178–82.
_CIL_ VI 31775 [Rome].
It was this Sol to whom Augustus dedicated his obelisks (above, n. 27): see generally, Richardson 1992:364–5.
The conclusion, or rather the premise, of Halsberghe 1972: esp. 140, 149, 156, 158; reiterated in G.H.Halsberghe, 'Le culte de Deus Sol Invictus à Rome au 3e siècle après J.C,', _ANRW_ II.17.4, Berlin 1984:2181–201.
Halsberghe 1972:120, rightly points out the danger of such an assumption with regard to Mithras, but fails to apply the same logic to Elahgabal. This renders the argument of his book, in large measure, | -0.245512 | 0.864585 | -0.613712 | 1.20612 | [
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invalid. On the widespread use of Invictus see Imhof 1957:199–215; Richter 1909–15:1141–50. The deities who sported the epithet Invictus included Jupiter, Hercules and Mars, all of whom became associated with deities of eastern origin.
The most famous example is the black stone in the Kaaba in Mecca, an ancient Semitic cult which later became the central focus of Islam. The black stone was represented on the coinage of Elagabalus. The Baal and Baalat (equated with Helios/Sol and Selene/Luna, respectively) at Hierapolis were also aniconic, the point being emphasized by the presence of empty thrones in the temple: Lucian _De Dea Syria_ 34 (cf. Halsberghe 1972:128–9; the _sigillum_ he notes at 126, n. 10, means a 'sign' or 'mark', i.e. something aniconic, not a 'little image'). On association with Jupiter see below, n. 61.
SHA _Aurel._ 25.3–6; on which Paschoud 1996:143–5; and on the mischief, Richter 1909–15:1147. By the late fourth century, when syncretism had progressed far further down the road to a pagan solar monotheism, such a link would seem only natural.
Halsberghe 1972:157–8, citing _CIL_ VI 2151. On Mithras and other Dei Invicti see Richter 1909–15:1143ff; Imhof 1957:213ff.
See above, nn. 32 and 34.
Zos. 1.61.2. In such a context the term can only mean cult statues: see Price 1984:176–9. For Halsberghe 1972:141–2, this showed that 'images of other gods' were set up in the temple as an expression of the syncretic lengths to which the emperor was willing to go to accommodate Roman views. On two cults sharing the same cultic space see Nock 1972: I, 202–51.
Teixidor 1979:1–46. On Yarhibol see also the entry by P.Linant de Bellefonds in _LIMC_ V.I, 1990:624–6; and on Aglibol see that by M. Le Glay in _LIMC_ I.1, 1981:298–302.
SHA _Firm._ 3.4 _(Iuppiter consul vel consulens)._ See K.Winkler, 'Iuppiter Consul vel Consulens (zu Hist. Aug. _quad. tyr._ III 4–6)', _Philologus_ 102, 1958:117–26; E.Will, 'Une figure du culte solaire d'Aurélien— _Iuppiter consul vel cosulens', Syria_ 36, 1959:193–201; but cf. the scepticism expressed by J.Straub, 'Iuppiter Consul', _Chiron_ 2, 1972:545–62. Note also SHA _Aurel._ 31.7–9 (Halsberghe 1972:133, 141, 157, strains this evidence unduly; see Chapter 5, n. 45 in this book). Various forms of Baal were identified with Jupiter (e.g. Heliopolitanus, Damascensus, Dolichenus) and at Rome there was confusion as to whether these cults (including Elahgabal) were to be seen as Jovian or Solar (Teixidor 1979:50). In general see H.Seyrig, 'Le culte du soleil en Syrie à l'époque romaine', _Syria_ 48, 1 | 0.110347 | 0.895025 | -0.516384 | 1.330986 | [
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971:337–73.
Rome, e.g., _CIL_ VI 2185 (= 31034), 710, 712, 31036; for inscriptions in Numidia and thé Danube (e.g. _CIL_ III Suppl. 7956, [Dacia]) see Richter 1909–15:1150; H.Seyrig, 'Antiquités Syriennes, 22: Iconographies de Malakbêl', _Syria_ 18, 1937:198–209, 200–206; cf. above, n. 22, for Aurelian and Severina. More generally, see Teixidor 1979:13, 47–52.
_Notitia regio._ VII; cf. also, on the prevalence of such twin cults in the Near East, Teixidor 1979:42ff.
See above, nn. 32 and 34, for Sol types with Apollonian associations.
Groag 1903:1398–1400, postulating that the new religion drew upon and incorporated elements from a number of different solar cults, particularly those of oriental origin, transcending them in a way which allowed their original, largely Semitic, identities to be left behind. See also G.Wissowa, _Religion undKultus der Römer_ (2nd edn), 1912:366–8.
SHA _Aurel._ 4.2, 5.5, 35.3; cf. Sextus Pompeius Festus, _De verborum signif._ 18 (Teubner, p.22). Believed by Homo 1904:28; Halsberghe 1972:130–1, cf. 138, 140, 148; Cizek 1994:12–14; but cf. Paschoud 1996:73. On solar cults, including Mithras and Malakbêl, in the Balkans and among the troops stationed there, see above, nn. 57 and 62.
Bastien 1992–4:465, citing _Consularia Comtantinopolitana_ ( _Chron. Min._ I 228) which applies the term _levatus_ to designate an accession first to Aurelian. For the ritual in its developed form see Corippus _de laud lust_. II 137–58; for its origin and development see Alföldi 1935:54; Kantorowicz 1963; Bastien 1992–4:464–5.
Julian _Caes._ 313–14 A (ed. Hertlein); see Homo 1904:188f., rightly dismissing the idea of fanaticism but overplaying the political motivation.
The general thesis can be seen in Groag 1903:1404–5; Homo 1904:184–95; Halsberghe 1972:134–55, esp 134–6, 149–50, 152–3; Cizek 1994:16 ('absolutisme théocratique'). For a contrary (and in my opinion more sustainable) view see Wardman 1982:121–3.
N.H.Baynes, _JRS_ 25, 1935:83–4; cf. Nock 1972: II, 252–70; Fears 1977. For the idea of Sol on earth see Homo 1904:191–3; Halsberghe 1972:153–5.
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] | 1,330,869 | 191,488 | Book | -1 | -1 |
of the 'slide into despotism' see Chapter 10 of this book, and Watson 1991.
Particularly guilty here is Halsberghe, whose work on this subject (1972, and that cited in n. 53 above) is still, regrettably, regarded by many as seminal. On the Judeo-Christian outlook as a serious impediment to our understanding of paganism see Price 1984: esp. 11–15; and in this specific context, Wardman 1982:122.
Halsberghe 1972:137, 154; also Homo 1904:195; but cf. Wardman 1982:122–3. On the persecutions see Chapter 1 of this book and on Aurelian's persecution see pp. 200–1.
Election see Jerome _Chron._ 220 (Helm). First synod see Euseb. _HE_ 7.27.2, 28.3, cf. 30.3. Second synod/excommunication see Euseb. _HE_ 7.28.4–29.1; Jerome _Chron._ 221 (Helm); Zon. 12.25. Activities see Euseb. _HE_ 7.30.7–12. Overall, see Millar 1971:11–12.
On his defiance see Euseb. _HE_ 7.30.19. On the widespread appeal of Paul's theology see Friend 1965:443–4 (with reference to the near contemporary _Acts of Archelaus_ ); and for the Palmyrene connection see Chapter 4.
Euseb. _HE_ 7.30.19; see Baldini 1975.
Euseb. _HE_ 7.32.6; Lactantius _de mort, persec._ 6. See Friend 1965:444. His principal motivation, as with Decius, Valerian and Diocletian, was almost certainly his extreme conservatism in all matters.
Homo 1904:375–7; Friend 1965:444–5.
Kantorowicz 1963: esp. 120ff.
## APPENDIX A: EXCURSION ON SOURCES
For a full discussion of the literary sources, still of value today, see Homo 1904:3–20.
Of numerous articles and books, the work of Sir Ronald Syme has been particularly trenchant (Syme 1968, 1971, 1983); in addition there have been a number of colloquia devoted to this source.
The hoax was first exposed by H.Dessau, 'Über Zeit und Persönlichkeit der _Scriptures Historiae Augustae', Hermes_ 24, 1889:337–92; and Dessau, 'Über die _Scriptores Historiae Augustae', Hermes_ 27, 1892:561–605. The single authorship is now fairly widely accepted, as is a date of composition around 395–7. See now Paschoud 1996: esp. x–xxxvii, and bibliography there cited.
Syme 1968:138–9; Syme 1983:125–6.
See now Paschoud 1996: xii-xviii; cf. Fisher 1929:142, 147; Syme 1968:197f., 207f. (on the possibility that the author was a _grammaticus_ in the circle of the Symmachi-Nichomachi). Also see generally Mouchová 1972; Lippold 1972; Lippold 1995.
On early life/career see Paschoud 1996:70–106; cf. (somewhat generously) Homo 1904:2 | -0.09596 | 0.483181 | -0.13785 | 1.393419 | [
0.015496931179471976,
-0.20741774489007625
] | [
0.29874615922983633,
0.6676156469796384
] | [
-0.011038151008179554,
-0.2646622535466065
] | [
1.4922711535282154,
1.2945670131409963
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] | 1,330,869 | 192,512 | Book | -1 | -1 |
7–35. Among the inventions are both 'Ulpius Crinitus' and a great-grandson named 'Aurelianus', said to have served as 'proconsul' of Cilicia (Aurel. 42.1–2) whose existence must be deemed as improbable as his title: see Magie 1932:278f., n.1; Syme 1968:164, n.1. On the _vita Aureliani_ and its fictions in general see Fisher 1929; Paschoud 1996.
On the lost books of Ammianus and the references to this period in the extant portion of the work see Gilliam 1972.
A.Enmann, 'Eine verlorene Geschichte der römischen Kaiser und das Buch _de viris illustribus urbis Romae_. Quellenstudien', _Philologus_ Suppl. 4, 1984:335–501. On the _Annales_ and the KG being the only sources used by the author of the HA for the _vita Aureliani,_ see Paschoud 1996:10–12.
Examples include the revolt of the mint workers and the evacuation of Dacia (see Chapters 3 and respectively).
Notoriously in his account of the aftermath of Aurelian's assassination (see Syme 1983:160; and Chapter 7 in this book).
The lacuna see Dufraigne 1975:168f., n. 6, 169, n. 1; cf. Callu 1996. See Chapter 6, n. 19 and Appendix B.2.
See Millar 1969; for a more sceptical view, cf. Potter 1990:73–90.
Zosimus' fairly full, if somewhat confused, account of the Gothic Wars must derive from Dexippus; his lengthy description of Aurelian's Palmyrene Wars from Eunapius. Whether Eunapius was also a source for the account of these and other events in the _HA_ is a matter of some debate: see Barnes 1978:112–23; but cf. Paschoud 1996 (above, n. 8); see also G.Zecchini, 'La storiografia Greca dopo Dexippo e 1'Historia Augusta', _Historia Augusta Colloquia, III Colloquium Maceratense,_ Bari 1995:297–309 (note esp. bibliography cited in n. 8, p. 298).
The identity of the 'Continuator', his relationship to Peter and the attribution of the extant fragments between them remain doubtful: see Potter 1990:70–94, 356–69, 395–7.
On the Sibylline Oracle see A.T.Olmstead, 'The Mid-Third Century of the Christian Era', _CP_ 37, 1942:241–62, 398–420; and now esp. Potter 1990.
See esp. Graf 1989; de Blois 1975.
For example Lafaurie 1975a; Estiot 1991; Cubelli 1992; Göbl 1993; cf. Estiot 1995b (a review of these last two). Works on individual hoards see Kellner 1978; Estiot 1983; Estiot 1995a; and more generally Besly and Bland 1983; Bland and Burnett 1988. Of the older works, Rohde 1881, Webb 1927 and Manns 1939, are still useful, though much has been superseded by subsequent research.
A.Blanchet, _Les trésors de monnaies romaines et les invasions germaniques en Gaule,_ Paris 1900; more recently, Cubelli 19 | -0.162732 | 1.161829 | -0.212669 | 1.518285 | [
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] | 1,330,869 | 193,536 | Book | -1 | -1 |
92:33ff. But note the caveat in S.Estiot, 'Le troisième siècle et la monnaie: crise et mutations', in J.-L. Fiches (ed.) _Le IIIe siècle en Gaule Narbonnaise. Donnees regionales sur la crise de l'Empire,_ Sophia Antipolis 1996:33–70, 56–63.
Note especially: (coin analysis) Callu, Brenot and Barrandon 1979 (and see also Chapter 8 in this book); (typology) Bastien 1992–4.
On Aurelian see Sotgiu 1961; Kettenhofen 1986; Daguet 1992. On the period as a whole see Peachin 1990.
In addition to _PIR_ and _PLRE,_ see in particular Christol 1986 and the numerous contributions in this field of H.-G.Pflaum.
On the imperial mint at Alexandria see Vogt 1924; Milne 1933.
Thus especially: (on chronology) Rea 1972; Rathbone 1986; (on titulature) Bureth 1964; Peachin 1990.
## APPENDIX B: PROBLEMS OF CHRONOLOGY
Alföldi 1939:721–3 (=Alföldi 1967:436–9).
Potter 1990:57f., prefers Claudius, both because of Claudius' reputation and because Aureolus would have been unlikely to rise in revolt after such a great victory. The earlier date of Aureolus' revolt (see Bastien 1984) removes the second objection; the first only implies that Claudius _did_ win a significant victory over the Goths, not that Gallienus did _not_ do so.
SHA _Gal._ 13.6, 13.7; cf. Sync. 717 (general route/sack of Byzantium).
Zon. 12.26.
Zon. 12.26; Petr. Patr. fr. 169 (= _FHG_ IV 196 _'Cont. Dion.'_ 9.1); cf. Cedrenus, I 454, 12ff. But note Sync. 717; SHA _Gal._ 13.8; Zos. 1.39.1 (placed rather too early in the narrative of Gallienus' reign); Victor _Caes._ 33.3; Eutrop. 9.8.2.
SHA _Gal._ 5.6–6.1 (possibly confused with the Claudian invasion).
Sync. 717; cf. SHA _Gal._ 13.9; Zos. 1.39.1 (both without place name).
Zos. 1.43.2 (note that the battle is not described as a triumphant victory), 1.45.1 (mentioning Naissus); cf. (without place name) SHA _Claud._ 9–9; Victor _Caes._ 34.5; Sync. 720 passes over Claudius' campaign very briefly.
Amm. 31.5.15–17 (cf. Zos. 1.44.1).
_FGH_ 100, fr. 6–7 ( _FHG_ III 682–6, fr. 24).
_FHG_ IV 188, fr. 12.
_FHG_ IV 197, fr. 10.3; _Epit.,_ 35.2 (on his mistaken belief that Placentia was a victory see Chapter 3, n. 45).
Zos. 1.49.2; _Epit.,_ 35.3–4; SHA _Aurel._ 18.4, 21.5–6.
Thus, e.g., Gro | -0.742618 | 0.386487 | -0.695823 | 1.310175 | [
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-1.1418788063244807
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-0.19364750483584695,
-1.1979989508880176
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1.5547040399662846,
1.0656464295347425
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6549,
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321,
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29887,
1696,
6070
] | 1,330,869 | 194,560 | Book | -1 | -1 |
ag 1903:1368; Homo 1904:60ff.; Magie 1932:226f, nn. 3–6; Mattingly 1939:298–9.
Alföldi 1967:427–30 (=A.Alföldi 'Über die Juthungeneinfälle unter Aurelian', _BIAB_ 16, 1950:214); the thesis was partially prefigured in Alföldi 1939:156–7.
Saunders 1992 (accepted by Paschoud 1996). Another eminent scholar not to follow Alföldi is Demougeot 1969:510–15.
Saunders 1992:320–1: surely correct on the former point, though rather too sceptical on the latter.
Zos. 1.48.1: see, e.g., Magie 1932:227, n. 5; Mattingly 1939:298–9. Zosimus may possibly have misunderstood his source and thereby unwittingly confused Rome and Ravenna, which in the fifth century was the capital of the western empire and which Aurelian did visit at the outset of his reign (see Chapter 3). On Zosimus in this context see Saunders 1992:316–17.
Saunders 1992:321–4, though I do not entirely agree with his reasoning (see below at n. 22).
Saunders 1992:319.
Cubelli 1992:36–7.
Dexippus _FGH_ 100, fr. 6.1 (introduction), 6.4 (the Juthungi boast of having captured cities on the Danube). The principal problem left unsolved by the proposed solution is how to explain Zos. 1.49.1. Part of the explanation may lie in Zosimus' conflation of two invasions: see Appendix B, pp. 200–1.
Zos. 1.49.1. Groag 1903:1370; Homo 1904:73; Alföldi 1939:156f; also Cubelli 1992:33ff. (using the evidence of coin hoards to trace two simultaneous invasion paths; but this is not wholly convincing; cf. Appendix A, n. 18). Victor _Caes._ 35.2 (an invasion of Italy by the Alamanni, apparently in 273–4) is often cited as referring to the events of 270/1 (Homo 1904:73ff.; Mattingly 1939:299; Dufraigne 1975:169f, n. 2), but this is plainly wrong, since the earlier invasion would have been described by Victor in a section of the work that is now lost (on the textual lacuna see Appendix A, n. 11).
Saunders 1992:317–18, suggests that Zosimus confused the campaign against the Vandals with the Gothic campaign of the following year (which Zosimus otherwise fails to mention). Although not impossible, such an explanation is unnecessary and on the whole unlikely.
_AE_ 1993:1231 (not available to Saunders).
L.Bakker, 'Raetien unter Postumus—Das Seigesdenkmal einer Juthungenschlact im Jahre 260 n. Chr. aus Augsburg', _Germania_ 71, 1993:369–86, 378. It is not clear when (prior to 11 September 261) Raetia went over to Postumus, nor when it reverted to central imperial control (though Bakker, pp. 381–2, rightly observes it was certainly before the final defeat of Tetricus in 274). In all probability it was before Gallienus' campaign in Gaul (see Chapter 2 | -0.688516 | 0.771472 | -0.50719 | 1.450649 | [
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] | 1,330,869 | 195,584 | Book | -1 | -1 |
, nn. 41, 43).
Syme 1983:147–8, 154–5. The Augsburg inscription specifically refers to the Juthungi as 'Semnones'; cf. Saunders 1992:315f. (esp. n. 20).
SHA _Aurel._ 18.1 refers explicitly to Aurelian's achievements under Claudius and 18.2 is introduced with the phrase _iisdem temporibus,_ 'at this same time'.
Alföldi 1967:428, postulated that the Quadi (a Suebian people living east of the Marcomanni) assisted the Vandals (here wrongly called Sarmatians); cf. Saunders 1993:315–16. On the evidence for Sarmaticus Maximus (including SHA _Aurel._ 30.5) and on the triumph see Chapter 10 in this book.
On the significance of the Egyptian material see Appendix A.
Last for Claudius from the Arsinoite, _P.Stras._ I.7.21 (20 September 270); last from Oxyrhynchus, _P.Oxy._ XIV 1646.32–4 (Phaophi, year III: 28 September-27 October 270; cf. J.Rea, 'The date clause of _P. Oxy._ XIV 1632–34', _ZPE_ 26, 1977:227–9). On date of Claudius' death see also Rea 1972:12–26; Rathbone 1986:120–4.
Rea 1972:23–4; Price 1973:81–5. The coinage for Quintillus at this mint was slight, Milne 1933: nos. 4296–8; cf. Vogt 1924: I, 212.
Seventy-seven days see Chron. 354 ( _Chron. Min._ 1 148). 'A few months' see Zos. 1.47. Twenty days see SHA _Aurel._ 37.6. seventeen days: Eutrop. 9.12; Zon. 12.26; SHA _Claud._ 12.5; Jerome _Chron._ 222 (Helm); Oros. 7.23.2; cf. Jordanes _Rom._ 289. 'A few days' see _Epit._ 34.5. The Egyptian dating makes 77 days impossible.
Quintillus was proclaimed between two and six weeks before Aurelian and probably lasted for about three weeks after, allowing for the quantity of his coinage. See H.Huvelin and P.Bastien, 'Emissions de l'atelier de Rome et chronologie des règnes de Claude II, Quintille et Aurélien', _BSFN_ 1974:534–9.
Mattingly 1936:111–12.
Earliest known consular-dated papyrus is _P.Stras,_ gr. 255c (12 October); the earliest joint naming for Aurelian and Vaballathus is _P. Oxy._ XL 2921.6–11 (second week in December): see Rathbone 1986:123; and the other works mentioned in n. 31 above.
Peachin 1990:43. On the travel times involved see Rathbone 1986:102; Peachin 1990:26 (esp. n. 5; cf. his caveat: 20, n. 48). Rathbone 1986:122, doubts the Palmyrene invasion had anything to do with the consular dating.
Aurelian year I see Milne 1933:103, nos. 4299–302; only one _officina_ was apparently working at this time.
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] | 1,330,869 | 196,608 | Book | -1 | -1 |
Earliest joint issues from the mint see Milne 1933:103, nos. 4303–7. For the subtle variations and the change in regnal years at about this time and for the papyri see Chapter 4.
Alföldi 1939:176–7, set Odenathus' murder (in Cappadocia) in April 267. In spite of the re-dating (for which see below, n. 43), others still continue to follow the old dating: e.g. Isaac 1990:222 (266/7 in Emesa).
See Chapter 4.
Last joint see _P.Oxy._ XL 2904.15–23. First for Aurelian alone see _P. Oxy._ XL 2902.16–18.
Rea 1972:20–5; Price 1973; Rathbone 1986:122–4; Peachin 1990:43–4.
Aurelian year II see Milne 1933:105, nos 4354–7 (the error being due to ignorance coupled with inertia).
Among the most useful recent studies may be cited: Polverini 1975:1018–23; Chastagnol 1980:76–7; Rathbone 1986:125; Keinast 1990:231; Peachin 1990:44, 46–7. See also Paschoud 1996:190–4 (cf. 252–3).
Milne 1933: nos 4466–87; _P.Oxy._ XII 1455.20–6; cf. Peachin 1990:44.
Consul see _P.Cair. Isid._ 108.17–19 (= _SB_ V 7677); Peachin 1990:44, 92. The existence of an aureus type referring to 'consul designatus II' ( _RIC_ V.1 [Tacitus] no. 1) also suggests he reigned for a period of more than just a few days before the end of the year. For a different, but in my opinion erroneous, view of Tacitus' tribunician renewal see I.F. Kramer and T.B.Jones, '"Tribunicia Potestate" AD 270–275', _AJP_ 64, 1943:80–6, 83. Tacitus' tribunician years and consulships remain controversial.
_C._ six months see Eutrop. 9.16; SHA _Tac._ 13.5, 14.5; Oros. 7.24.1; Cassiod. _Chron_. (ed. Mommsen) p. 148. Two hundred days see Victor 36.2; _Epit_. 36.1. Seven months see Malalas 12.31 (Bonn 301). One source, Chron. 354 ( _Chron_. _Min_. 148), even grants him as much as 8 months and 12 days. See Rathbone 1986:125; Peachin 1990:46.
The output of the Alexandrian mint for Probus in his year I (275/6) was sufficiently large to occupy some time, though the estimate of over three months in Milne 1933: xxiv, is surely an exaggeration. Note also _O.Mich_. I 157.1 (year I). See Rathbone 1986:125; Peachin 1990:46–7: 'Tacitus must have survived into (roughly) June 276.'
_CIL_ XIII 8973 (cf. XVII 498; _ILS_ 581), which gives Aurelian a seventh tribunician year, may indicate | -0.436496 | 1.272848 | -0.362942 | 1.403825 | [
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] | 1,330,869 | 197,632 | Book | -1 | -1 |
that news of his death had still not reached as far as Orleans by 10 December. Furthermore, the length of Aurelian's reign in the literary sources suggests a later date for his death (though this length might well include the interval between his death and Tacitus' proclamation).
_Consularia Constantinopolitana_ (ed. Mommsen, _Chron. Min._ I 229).
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0.3921576741541311,
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] | [
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Mattingly, H. 1927 'Sestertius and denarius under Aure | -0.389927 | 0.914722 | -0.39623 | 1.377811 | [
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Richter, F. 1909–15 'Sol' in | -0.472792 | 0.96486 | -0.215523 | 1.159296 | [
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] | 1,330,869 | 202,752 | Book | -1 | -1 |
Construction and operation of a Surface Coal Mine and Reclamation Project, and associated works, at or near Point Aconi, Cape Breton County, in the Province of Nova Scotia.
Tab 2 an addendum to Schedule A - Figure 1-2 titled "Existing Site Features"
Tab 17 Industrial Approval Application Supporting Document Figure 11-1 titled "Mining Sequence"
Tab 2 An addendum to Schedule A - Figure 1-2 titled "Existing Site Features".
a) "Abandonment" means cessation of mining of coal for a period of twelve (12) months.
b) "Act" means the Environment Act S.N.S. 1994-1995, c.1 and includes all regulations made pursuant to the Act.
c) "Active Area" means the area required to operate the site and includes the working face and associated works.
d) "Associated works" means any building, structure, processing facility, pollution abatement system or stockpiles .
f) "Facility" means the Surface Coal Mine & Reclamation Project and associated works.
landfill effluent, an industrial building, infrastructure or construction, a hospital, and a nursing home, etc.
a) This Approval (the "Approval") relates to the Proponent and their application to construct and operate the Facility, situated at or near Point Aconi, Cape Breton Regional Municipality (the "Site").
b) The Facility shall be constructed and operated as outlined in the application for industrial approval dated May 11, 2006 , and supporting documentation and such other documentation that may be submitted from time to time in accordance with this approval.
The Site shall not exceed the area as outlined in the application and supporting documentation and such other documentation that may be submitted from time to time in accordance with this approval.
d) If the work authorized by this Approval is not commenced within a year of the effective date of issuance, this Approval shall automatically be null and void, unless extended in writing by an Administrator.
ensure that such a contravention does not occur. The Proponent shall provide, to the Department, proof of such control or ownership upon expiry of any relevant lease or agreement. Failure to retain said authorization will result in this Approval being null and void.
c) If there is a discrepancy between the reference documents and the terms and conditions of this Approval, the terms and conditions of this Approval shall apply.
The Proponent shall notify the Department prior to any proposed extensions or modifications of the Facility, including the active area, process changes or waste disposal practices which are not granted under this Approval. An Approval will be required before implementing any change. Extensions or modifications to the Facility may be subject to the Environmental Assessment Regulations.
The Proponent shall immediately notify the Department of any incidents of non-compliance with this Approval.
The Proponent shall bear all expenses incurred in carrying out the environmental monitoring required under the terms and conditions of this Approval.
Unless specified otherwise in this Approval, all samples required to be collected by this Approval shall be collected, preserved and analysed, by qualified personnel, in accordance with recognized industry standards and procedures.
i) The Proponent shall ensure that this Approval, or a copy, is kept on Site at all times and that personnel directly involved in the Facility operation are made fully aware of the terms and conditions which pertain to this Approval.
The Proponent shall ensure that the Terms & Conditions of the Environmental Assessment Approval issued December 28, 2005 under Part IV of the Environment Act are adhered to.
The Nova Scotia Environment and Labour "Erosion and Sedimentation Control Handbook For Construction Sites" shall serve as the reference document for all erosion control measures.
All erosion and sedimentation controls shall be maintained and remain in place until the disturbed areas are stabilized.
Tab 17- "Industrial Approval Application Supporting Document" - section 4 - figure 4-1.
e) The proponent shall monitor the rise of the water levels in the underground mine workings and provide a copy of the monitoring results to the Department on an annual basis from the effective date of the Approval.
f) When the water level in the mine workings reach an elevation of 300 feet below sea level, the proponent shall notify NSEL in writing and submit a contingency plan for acceptance by | -1.065177 | 0.039777 | -0.281782 | 0.678042 | [
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NSEL. The contingency plan shall be submitted within 90 days of written notice to the Department. The contingency plan shall describe operational procedures for the control and treatment of site and mine water and such other items as required by the Department.
Coal extraction activities shall not commence until the baseline data for surface water, groundwater, blasting and wetlands have been submitted, in writing, to the Department and deemed to be satisfactory to the Department.
h) The proponent shall provide reports on the status and or results of the programs as offered in (b) and (c) of this Schedule at a frequency to be established by the Department once the operational phase commences.
i) Appropriate signage including the hours of operation, emergency telephone numbers and contacts shall be posted and maintained at the entrance to the Facility.
a) Particulate emissions shall not exceed the limits set out in the Air Quality Regulations made under Section 112 of the Environment Act S.N.S. 1994-95, c.1., O.I.C. 95-294 (April 11, 1995), N.S. Reg.55/95.
b) The generation of fugitive dust from the site shall be suppressed by the application of water sprays, or the application of other suitable dust suppressants approved by the Department.
c) Site access road(s) shall be maintained to minimize dust generation. The use of used oil is not permitted.
e) The proponent shall provide an annual report to the Department from the effective date of the Approval and make available the sampling results to the Department upon request.
Tab 17 - "Industrial Approval Application Supporting Document" - section 8 and Appendix B - Environmental Protection Plan - section 2.5, 3.1 and Figure 3 -1.
c) The proponent shall provide an annual report to the Department from the effective date of the Approval and make available the sampling results to the Department upon request.
a) The Proponent shall have a technical blast design prepared by a qualified person.
b) The proponent shall have the blast design for each blast event reviewed by an independent third party. The results of the independent third party review shall be provided to the Department prior to proceeding with each blast event.
information available to the NSEL upon request.
d) The Proponent shall call the nearest weather office to assess the climatic conditions prior to conducting any blasting. No blasting will be permitted if a thermal inversion is anticipated by Environment Canada at the time of the proposed blast.
e) No blasting shall occur on a Sunday or on a statutory holiday prescribed by the Province, or on any day between 1800 and 0800 hours without prior written approval of the Department.
f) The Proponent shall submit to the Department a procedure to ensure all residents within the pre-blast survey area are notified prior to each blast.
h) The proponent shall monitor all blasts for the parameters in (g) at the closest residential structure to the blast site.
A summary of results of monitoring shall be provided to the Department within 24 hours following each blast event.
a) The proponent shall follow the groundwater monitoring program in accordance with the attached addendum to this Schedule I - titled "Groundwater".
b) The proponent shall ensure all work completed regarding the domestic well survey conforms to the Domestic Well Survey Plan and form attached as an addendum to this Schedule ( - titled "Domestic Well Water Survey Form"
c) The proponent shall handle complaints as described in the attached addendum to this Schedule I - titled "Pioneer Coal Water Supply Policy".
d) The proponent shall record all complaints received and document the response to each complaint. These records shall be provided to the Department in summary form on a quarterly basis from the effective date of the Approval. In addition, the proponent shall provide a copy of any requested record(s) upon request by an inspector of the Department.
results as prepared by Professional Engineer or Professional Geo-scientist.
b) The proponent shall ensure all trucks transporting coal are fitted with tarpaulins for mitigating release of fugitive coal fines from the trucks.
c) The transportation of coal from the site shall be limited to the time between 0700 hours and 1800 hours, Monday to Saturday unless prior written approval is first obtained by the proponent from the Department | -1.229538 | 0.354256 | 0.300919 | 0.805509 | [
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So far in 2020, four farmer leaders have been murdered, and another one is missing. The organization also denounced the extrajudicial eviction of indigenous communities. Guatemala`s government withdrew several institutions that enforced and veiled over land rights, such as the | -0.021142 | 0.73566 | 0.285702 | 0.061518 | [
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Secretariat for Agrarian Affairs (SAA), the Presidential Commission for the Coordination
Brazil: Largo de São Francisco Eviction amid COVID
By: Jaqueline Suarez, RioOnWatch
Families that Took Shelter from Pandemic in Central Rio Occupation Evicted The pile of furniture on the sidewalk started to form around 8:30am, when the Military Police arrived to carry out a repossession of a second floor space near Largo de São Francisco, in Rio de Janeiro's downtown Centro. While families
US War on Terror Displaced 37 million+
By: John Ismay, The New York Times Magazine
A new report calculates the number of people who fled because of wars fought by the United States since At least 37 million people have been displaced as a direct result of the wars fought by the United States since Sept. 11, 2001, according to a new report from Brown
Lebanon: World Bank Ends Bisri Dam Project
By: Reuters/Arab News/The New York Times
This entry combines the Reuters/Arab News report on 05 September of the World Bank's official announcement and The New York Times article of 02 September 2020 providing background. At the end of the entry, please find the link to the World Bank's 04 September factsheet of questions and answers. World
Indonesia: Mapping Policy Losses
By: A. Muh. Ibnu Aqil, Jakarta Post
Concerns of transparency, inclusivity raised as One Map nears completion Jakarta—Indonesia`s highly anticipated One Map Policy is inching toward completion with most datasets successfully compiled by the government, but observers are wary of the project`s lack of transparency and inclusiveness and whether the rights of indigenous communities are honored. Initiated in
USA: Eviction-Public health-Election
By: Jacob Passy, Market Watch
Renters in U.S. cannot be evicted through the end of the year due to coronavirus, CDC order states Unpublished order provides declaration for renters to sign stating they are unable to pay rent, have sought government assistance The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is implementing a temporary eviction moratorium through the
Farmers' Panel Decries Eviction of Growers
By: Dawn
LAHORE: The Pakistan Kissan Rabita Committee has criticised 'forced' eviction of peasants from the federal government's Jaranwala lands. In a statement issued here on Wednesday, a PKRC office-bearer said many peasants, including women and children, have been injured in the police operation continuing for the last three days to evict the
Court to Cape Town: "redress apartheid legacy"
By: Murray Williams, news24
High Court sets aside R135m Sea Point school sale, frees land to address apartheid legacy · The Tafelberg school property case has been running for five years. · Finally, the High Court has ruled, upholding the legal challenge by two not-for-profit organisations. · The sale of the land has now been reversed – much to
Kenya: New Alternative Justice System Policy
By: Moses Muoki, Capital News
Maraga Launches Alternative Justice System to Reduce Case Backlog NAIROBI—Chief Justice David Maraga has launched the Alternative Justice System (AJS) Policy which is aimed at enhancing access to justice and supporting expeditious delivery of justice to citizens. Speaking at the Supreme Court on Thursday when he presided over the launch of the
Land Reform Leads to Eviction
By: Anna Majavu, Newfarm.com
An 88-year-old woman has been threatened with the culturally taboo removal of her family's ancestral graves after being evicted from the farm she worked on for decades. ight decades of hard labour on a white-owned commercial farm did not pay off for an elderly Eastern Cape woman, who was promptly evicted
Palestine: Join Al-Haq Law School Program (10/2020)
By: Al Haq
Al-Haq International Law School Program, 12–22 October 2020 The Al-Haq Center for Applied International Law is pleased to announce its Sixth International Law Summer School Program for professionals, legal researchers, post-graduates and academics in the fields of | -0.562506 | -0.00443 | -0.116926 | -0.506882 | [
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It's less than a week since the US Presidential Inauguration and how does it feel? Metaphors and images come readily to mind, mostly involving cliff edges and falling off them. In the Oval Office, we see daily pictures of the Trump-creature (I can't bring myself to see him as human) signing executive order after executive order. It's like all my worst nightmares rolled into one awful horror story. The dominant image is of the USA in freefall.
All countries have their national myths: they are part of the glue that binds nations together. A powerful and enduring US myth is of the "shining beacon on the hill": America as leader of the free world. American setting an example in terms of freedom of speech, equality before the law, peaceful handover of power following a free and fair election. To a considerable degree, all of these things are true. America's clifftop is all of these things, a moral high ground of sorts. There have been a few landslides and rockfalls, mainly, in recent times, during the Richard Nixon and George W Bush eras. But the cliff is still there, discernible.
At the foot of the cliff, I see horror: a moral cesspit. There appears to be no moral compass to any of Trump's decisions. All you see is personal self-interest, projected into a twisted notion of national self-interest. And right now, I see a country just starting its freefall from the moral clifftop to the cesspit. Most Americans don't seem to appreciate the degree of resentment and hatred there is around the world against the USA. 9/11 was a sharp reminder of the most extreme example of such hatred. It may take months, it may take years, but the collapse in the US's moral standing will have consequences, sooner or later.
At the risk of trying to stretch the "falling off a cliff" analogy too far, Britain has two clifftops to consider, one economic and one of social policy and ethics. We haven't jumped off the economic cliff yet: we're still arguing over the size of the cliff and what's at the bottom. So far, Theresa May's comments suggest see sees quite a high cliff and a hard landing. But all this will be the subject of acrimonious debate over the next two years.
We've already jumped off the ethical cliff by the referendum result last June. Despite the other EU members granting the UK a number of concessions and opt-out deals over the years, a small majority of voters still said we'd had enough and to hell with the lot of them. I must have been naïve to think that we British now considered ourselves quite European in our outlook on the main social issues. But we've always been the most Atlanticist in our values, and that's got nothing to do with our geographical position. Our moral standing in the EU and the rest of the world has taken a great fall, except perhaps in the eyes of a sociopath like Donald J Trump.
Which brings us to Theresa May's impending visit to Washington. I squirmed with embarrassment and disgust when I read published extracts from a speech May plans to deliver to a Republican gathering today. It contains the usual British delusion of the "special relationship": nothing new there. But, worryingly, she also speaks of "shared values" and "common interests". I hope May's shared values don't include support for torture, undermining NATO and the UN and disdain for basic women's rights such as abortion. There's not too much evidence of common interests, on free trade in particular.
As to a bilateral trade agreement, Trump's idea of a deal is one in which he wins hands down and his "opponent" is crushed and humiliated. And one of Trump's sidekicks spoke of the meeting for the UK in its "time of need". The new US administration clearly sees us as subservient, a supplicant. That's another reason why it is stupid for Britain the leave the relative protection of the EU.
May also spoke of the opportunity for the USA and UK to "lead together, again". To lead where, exactly? It would scare me witless to think of May leading the UK in any direction that Trump wanted to go.
I spoke at the beginning about the USA being in moral freefall. If May is planning to try to hold Trump's hand, metaphorically speaking, as he drags his country down, we | 1.35367 | -0.120037 | -0.273539 | 0.358074 | [
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're truly in for a Plummet Meeting.
The scene: President's Inaugural Ball, Washington DC, 20 January 2017. The new US president and first lady take to the dance floor.
To darkest times – at least *that rhymes!
I said "unite", that all was shite, just do it my way.
The world watches on anxiously as the Americans are about to embark on a highly dangerous experiment. They are about to hand over the keys of the White House to a "grotesque man-baby*". With the keys come the world's largest economy and by far the world's largest military operation and the codes to a huge arsenal of nuclear weapons. It feels like the onward progress of humankind, the "march of civilization" has been thrown into a terrifying reverse.
What do we mean by civilization? My dictionary defines it as follows: "an advanced stage or system of human social development". This is fine as far as it goes, but begs the question about the word "advanced". I think it is easier to spot which societies are civilized and which are not, rather than come up with a precise definition. But bound up in the idea is the sense of advancement, of moving forward, of progress. My own world view is strongly bound up in this notion of advancement: the "march of civilization", if you like. As we learn and discover more, as we spread our knowledge and improve our skills in education, we become more "civilized".
At the 1908 London Olympics, the gold medallist in the men's high jump cleared 1.90m. The current Olympic record is 2.39m (world record 2.45m). Better training, fitness and innovative techniques have literally "raised the bar". So it is with civilization.
It's generally accepted by historians that civilizations arose independently in several parts of the world: the Middle East, Asia, China and Meso- and South America. The earliest were in Mesopotamia (roughly modern Iraq and parts of neighbouring countries), the east coast of the Mediterranean and in Egypt, beginning around 3500BCE. And of course, classical Greece is seen as the foundation for Western democratic civilization.
If we were transported back in time, clearly we would be shocked by many aspects of what we would see. None of these early "civilizations" would feel "civilized" to a 21st century western eye. Slavery, random acts of violence, arbitrary rule with little or no concept of equality before the law would be just for starters. A total lack of status for women, early death from violence or disease and near-100% illiteracy would be commonplace, too. What we call "civilized" today has been a long time in the making. Like the high jump, successive generations have raised the bar when it comes to defining civilization.
No one is naïve enough to believe that progress has been smooth and steady. To give a random example, the good intentions of the French Revolution were followed by a bloodbath before some new order prevailed. Nevertheless, in the longer term, progress has been in a forward direction.
But two key events in 2016 have given the onward march a violent kick backwards. In June, the Brits stuck two fingers up at our closest neighbours – closest geographically and culturally. And in November, the Americans voted a grotesque caricature of a human being as their next president.
It has no comprehensive healthcare system (despite Obama's attempts) to look after all its citizens when they fall ill, regardless of their ability to pay.
The third, which comes close to the previous two, is the lack of state control on gun ownership, a basic failure of a duty of care for its citizens.
But the United States is about to get a whole lot further from my definition of a civilized nation. Sunday's Observer doesn't mince words: "His [i.e. Trump's] often-demonstrated ignorance, racial bigotry, misogyny, untruthfulness, hostility to free speech, crude bullying and dangerous, rabble-rousing nationalism utterly disqualify him. […]Even if all Trump's numerous inadequacies and sordid personal baggage were set to one side, his egregious lack of coherent, fact-based, rational and cooperative policy platforms, especially internationally | 1.246835 | 0.79296 | 0.666138 | 0.514156 | [
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, is potentially disastrous." Quite.
Well, here we are in 2017, in the worst mess politically in my lifetime. Hatred, xenophobia and bigotry on the rise again, the highest levels of inequality for a century and the prospects of matters getting even worse. It's worth tracing how we got to this position – and I want to explain the fundamental contradiction at the heart of the thinking of those who got us here.
13 years Hayek's junior, Milton Friedman was also at Chicago between 1946 and 1977. The "Chicago school" developed further the ideas which were to form the basis of FMF.
Hayek and Friedman acted as advisers to various right-wing politicians in the USA and elsewhere, including Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan. A key moment came in 1975, shortly after Margaret Thatcher had become leader of the Conservative Party. At a Tory policy conference, Thatcher produced a copy of Hayek's book The Constitution of Liberty, stating "This is what we believe". Reagan in the USA stated he was much influenced by Hayek. Thatcher and Reagan both appointed ardent Hayek followers to key government posts in their respective governments.
But the first to put Hayekian ideas into practice was Chilean dictator Augosto Pinochet. In 1975, when he wasn't busy "disappearing" his political opponents, Pinochet implemented free-market reforms which rescued Chile's economy from some of its ills, at the expense of rapidly rising inequality and poverty. Thatcher and Pinochet remained friends until the latter's death in 2006. Thatcher lobbied for his release from house arrest in 1999 where he was held pending a request for extradition for alleged human rights abuses.
One defining strand of FMF thought in the early 1980s was monetarism. There was much talk of the "velocity of circulation" of money and much debate as to what actually counted as money. The resulting policy implementation led to two devastating recessions, in 1980 and 1984, which saw off much of British manufacturing industry, never to return.
As virtually all of the economic growth was hoovered up by the richest 1% of the population, money flowed secretly into the coffers of various right-wing "think tanks". Hayek himself had been instrumental in the founding of one of these notorious bodies: the Institute of Economic Affairs. Another think tank, the Centre for Policy Studies, was co-founded by Keith Joseph, Thatcher's Secretary of State and propagated Hayekian ideas. A third, Policy Exchange, co-founded in 2002 by Tory ex-Ministers Michael Gove and Francis Maude, pursues the same propaganda war. Common features of these organisations are their bland, neutral-sounding names, their extreme right-wing agenda and the lack of transparency in their funding sources. More information can be found at the Transparify and WhoFundsYou websites and my earlier blog post Think Tanks? More Like the Thought Police!
A key problem for the proponents of Free Market Fundamentalism is when rigorous pursuit of their policies for over 30 years fails to deliver us all to the promised land. Thorns in their side are those intellectuals and independent-minded people who point out the failure of this policy – most spectacularly in the 2007-8 economic crash, but also in low economic growth, massive tax avoidance, chronic underfunding of public services and rampant rises in inequality and poverty. For Chilean dictator Pinochet, the solution was simple: lock up and kill your political opponents.
But in liberal democracies such as the UK and USA, a more subtle approach is needed. For right-wing politicians, this has mainly taken the form of the consistent application of propaganda (i.e. lies) to deflect criticism away from their policies which have caused the problems. The best two examples of this since 2010 in the UK are the vilification of the poor (including highly misleading distortions about benefit fraud) and putting the blame for the 2008 global recession on the then Labour Government.
Such propaganda has been highly successful and has led to a distinct rise in intolerance and hatred. But the politicians have been | 1.079735 | 1.154667 | 0.529181 | 1.070849 | [
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] | 1,330,883 | 2,048 | C4 | 6 | 2 |
Q: How to place random numbers without overlapping? Java Applet. Simple but new to coding
User enters his/her name and lucky number. Color background, the numbers and each sentence in different colors. Use different size font style for text and numbers. All random numbers should be placed randomly on the screen
I want to place the numbers randomly on the screen in different places but have them not go on top (overlap) the sentences placed such as use your intuition, excellent guess etc. I tried adding numbers to the math.random but it only restricts it for that number. A number in that area will always be that one color. i.e. for a in my code, it will always be green in that space. I'm new to coding, i dont know what i would do. Any advice would be greatly appriciated.
I commentd some parts because i was checking for a and b.
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.util.*;
public class luckynumbers extends Applet{
Calendar now = Calendar.getInstance();
int year = now.get(Calendar.YEAR);
int month = now.get(Calendar.MONTH) + 1;
int day = now.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH);
int name;
double lucky;
int a = (int)(0+Math.random() * 99);
int b = (int)(Math.random() * 99);
// int c = (int)(Math.random() * 99);
// int d = (int)(Math.random() * 99);
// int e = (int)(Math.random() * 99);
// int f = (int)(Math.random() * 99);
int w1 = (int)(0+Math.random() * 100);
int h1 = (int)(0+Math.random() * 200+200);
int w2 = (int)(Math.random() * 300+100);
int h2 = (int)(Math.random() * 400+200);
// int w3 = (int)(Math.random() * 300);
// int h3 = (int)(Math.random() * 300);
// int w4 = (int)(Math.random() * 300);
// int h4 = (int)(Math.random() * 300);
// int w5 = (int)(Math.random() * 300);
// int h5 = (int)(Math.random() * 300);
// int w6 = (int)(Math.random() * 300);
// int h6 = (int)(Math.random() * 300);
public void init(){
String name;
String input1 = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Please, enter your name");
name = input1;
String input2 = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Please, enter your lucky number?");
lucky = Integer.parseInt(input2);
}
public void paint(Graphics g){
Color blue2 = new Color(156, 207, 222);
Color pink = new Color(212, 84, 129);
Color bg = new Color(200, 150, 204); //RGB
setBackground(bg);
Font z = new Font("ComicSans", Font.BOLD, 45);
g.setFont(z);
g.setColor(Color.blue);
g.drawString("LUCKY NUMBERS GAME", 50,55); //Text starts at that point
g.drawString(" by " + name,750,55);
z = new Font("ComicSans", Font.BOLD, 16);
g.setColor(Color.red);
g.drawString("Lucky Number: " + (Math.round(lucky)), 750,350);
g.setColor(Color.green);
z = new Font("Impact", Font.ITALIC, 50);
g.setFont(z | -1.870546 | -1.781964 | -0.936766 | -1.379642 | [
-1.5692175401720938,
-2.1718747289315483
] | [
-1.4453260789658295,
-2.118602425538284
] | [
-0.19364750483584695,
-1.6798847457110286
] | [
-1.1403155579437034,
-1.618967687302234
] | 1,024 | [
512,
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Cease-fire between Israel and Gaza militants holds overnight
A fragile ceasefire agreement ended nearly three days of fighting between Israeli and Palestinian militants in the Gaza Strip that lasted through the night into Monday morning – a sign that the latest round of violence appears to have subsided.
The outbreak is the worst fighting between Israel and Gaza militant groups since Israel and Gaza's Hamas rulers fought an 11-day war last year, adding to the devastation and suffering that has plagued the blockaded Gaza Strip for years. .
Israeli planes have attacked targets in the Gaza Strip since Friday, while the Iranian-backed Palestinian jihadist group has fired hundreds of rockets into Israel.
During the three days of fighting, 43 Palestinians, including 15 children and four women, were killed and 311 wounded, the Palestinian Ministry of Health said. Israel said some of the dead were killed by blazing rockets.
Israel said on Monday it was partially reopening border crossings into Gaza out of humanitarian needs, and would fully reopen them if calm remained.
The lives of hundreds of thousands of Israelis have been disrupted by the violence. Security precautions imposed on residents of southern Israel in recent days are being gradually lifted, the military said.
The violence had the potential to turn into another full-scale war, but was eventually contained as Gaza's ruling Hamas group stayed on the sidelines, possibly because it feared Israeli retaliation and undermined economic understanding with Israel, including Israel for thousands of Gaza residents were given work permits, which strengthened its control over the coastal strip.
Israel and Hamas have fought four wars since the group occupied the territory in 2007.
Israel launched a strike on Friday against an Islamic Jihad leader, saying Israelis were under a "specific threat" of anti-tank missile attacks following the arrest of another senior Islamic Jihad member in the West Bank last week. That arrest comes after months of Israeli raids in the West Bank to round up suspects in a spate of Palestinian attacks on Israel.
It killed another Islamic Jihad leader in a strike on Saturday.
Israel said some of the deaths in this round were caused by erroneous rocket launches, including an incident Saturday in the Jabaliya refugee camp in northern Gaza in which six Palestinians were killed. On Sunday, a projectile hit a home in the same area of Jabaliya, killing two men. Palestinians hold Israel responsible, while Israel has said it is investigating whether the area was hit by an errant rocket.
The outbreak of violence is a key test for Israeli caretaker Prime Minister Yair Rapide, who lacks experience leading military operations. Still, he went on the offensive less than three months before the election, and he is campaigning to keep the job.
President Joe Biden said he welcomed the ceasefire between Israel and Gaza militants.
"Over the past 72 hours, the United States has worked with officials from Israel, the Palestinian Authority, Egypt, Qatar, Jordan and other countries in the region to encourage a speedy resolution to the conflict," he said in a statement on Sunday.
The UN Security Council will hold an emergency meeting on Monday over the violence. China, which holds the rotating presidency of the Security Council this month, arranged the meeting at the request of the United Arab Emirates and representatives of China, France, Ireland and Norway.
"We stress that we will do everything in our power to end the ongoing escalation, ensure the safety and security of civilians, and follow up on Palestinian prisoner files," Tor Winsland, the UN's special coordinator for the Middle East peace process, said in a statement.
The Israeli military said militants in the Gaza Strip fired around 580 rockets at Israel. The military said its air defenses intercepted many of them, two of whom were shot down, and opened fire on Jerusalem. Islamic Jihad has fewer fighters and supporters than Hamas.
Islamic Jihad has fewer fighters and supporters than Hamas, and little is known about its arsenal. Both groups have called for the destruction of Israel but have different priorities, with Hamas being limited by the demands of power.
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The Dec 18th Static Quiz Ancient (Buddhism and Jainism) Part 1
Home » The Dec 18th Static Quiz Ancient (Buddhism and Jainism) Part 1
Static Quiz December 2020, Uncategorized
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Among which of the following languages were patronized by the Jains to preach their doctrines?
a) Pali
b) Prakrit
c) Sanskrit
d) Dravidian
Ans;- b) Prakrit
• The Jainism made the first serious attempt to alleviate the evils of the varna older and the ritualistic Vedic religion.
• The early Jains discarded the Sanskrit language mainly patronized by the Brahmanas.
• They adopted Prakrit language of the common people to preach their doctrines.
• Though religious literature was written in Ardhamagadhi, and the texts were finally compiled in the sixth century A.D in Gujarat at a place called Valabhi, a great centre of education.
• The adoption of Prakrit by the Jains helped the growth of this language and its literature.
• Many regional languages developed out of Prakrit languages, particularly Sauraseni, out of which grew the Marathi language.
With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements:
1. Sautrantika and Sammitiya were the sects of Jainism.
2. Sarvastivadin held that the constituents of phenomena were not wholly momentary, but existed forever in a latent form.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (UPSC 2017)
a) Only 1
b) Only 2
c) Both 1 and 2
d) None of the above
Ans;- b) 2 Only
Explanation;-
• The Sautrantikas and Sammtiyas are Buddhism sects.
• The Sautrāntika or Sutravadin were an early Buddhist school generally believed to be descended from the Sthavira nikāya by way of their immediate parent school, the Sarvāstivādins.
• While they are identified as a unique doctrinal tendency, they were part of the Sarvāstivāda Vinaya lineage of monastic ordination.
• The Saṃmitīya were one of the eighteen or twenty early Buddhist schools in India, and were an offshoot of the Vātsīputrīya sect.
• The Sarvastivadins this sect of Buddhism believes that all things exist, and exist continuously, in the past and the future as well as in the present.
The Anekantavada and Syadvada is a core theory and philosophy of which one of the following?
a) Sikhism
b) Jainism
c) Buddhism
d) Vaishnavism
Ans;- b) Jainism
About Anekantavada
• The Anekāntavāda is the Jain doctrine about metaphysical truths that emerged in ancient India.
• It emphasizes that the ultimate truth and reality is complex, and has multiple-aspects i.e theory of plurality.
• It refers to the simultaneous acceptance of multiple, diverse, even contradictory viewpoints.
About Syadvada
• All judgments are conditional, holding good only in certain conditions, circumstances, or senses.
• The Syadavada literally means the 'method of examining different probabilities'.
• The basic difference between them is that Anekantavada is the knowledge of all differing but opposite attributes whereas Syadavada is a process of the relative description of a particular attribute of an object or an event.
The Jain philosophy holds that the world is created and maintained by (UPSC 2011)
a) Universal Law
b) Universal Truth
c) Universal Faith
d) Universal Soul
Ans;- a) Universal Law
• According to the Jain doctrine, the universe and its constituents (soul, matter, space, time, and motion) have always existed.
• All the constituents and actions are governed by universal natural laws.
• The Jainism does not support belief in a creator deity.
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Home /Sassafrass, Cypress & Indigo: A Novel (Paperback)
Sassafrass, Cypress & Indigo: A Novel (Paperback)
By Ntozake Shange
(Save: $2.00 10%)
Ntozake Shange's beloved Sassafrass, Cypress & Indigo is the story of three sisters and their mother from Charleston, South Carolina. Sassafrass, the oldest, is a poet and a weaver like her mother before her. Having gone north to college, she is now living with other artists in Los Angeles and trying to weave a life out of her work, her man, her memories and dreams. Cypress, the dancer, leaves home to find new ways of moving in the world. Indigo, the youngest, is still a child of Charleston-"too much of the south in her"-who lives in poetry and has the supreme gift of seeing the obvious magic of the world. Shange's rich and wondrous story of womanhood, art, and passionately-lived lives is written "with such exquisite care and beauty that anybody can relate to her message" (The New York Times).
Ntozake Shange (1948-2018) was a renowned playwright, poet, and novelist. Her works include the Tony Award-nominated and Obie Award-winning for colored girls who have considered suicide/when the rainbow is enuf, as well as Some Sing, Some Cry (written with her sister Ifa Bayeza), Sassafrass, Cypress & Indigo and Liliane.
Among her honors and awards are fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation and the Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund and a Pushcart Prize. She was a graduate of Barnard and recipient of a Masters in American Studies from University of Southern California.
"Shange's wit, lyricism and fierceness are marvelous." —The New York Times
"A jubilant celebration of womanhood as moving as the moon...pure magic." —Kansas City Star
"A marvel... Languages--colloquial, established, lyric play together like the most lush chamber music, the coolest jazz, the brassiest marches, the hippest jug band... It leaves us filled with joy and yearning for more." —Philadelphia Inquirer
"Possessed of poetry, motion, and light… Shange's tale is poignant, surprising, and deep as she looks as the different worlds of women and their special places therein." —Publishers Weekly
Publisher: St. Martin's Griffin
Publication Date: September 28th, 2010
Fiction / African American
Kobo eBook (September 28th, 2010): $7.99
Compact Disc (October 2010): $76.00
Audio Cassette (October 2010): $5 | 1.404348 | 0.118788 | 0.79295 | -0.288367 | [
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Local radio personality Mark van Cuylenburg, who's mostly known as The Flying Dutchman, talks about pens with so much ardour it's as if his life depends on them. As a matter of fact, they actually do (and interestingly enough, you won't be able to say this for many people). To date, van Cuylenburg has amassed a collection of 29 Montblanc writing instruments, and each of them has served him like how a good, trusty timepiece would serve its owner.
All except for one: the Great Characters The Beatles Limited Edition 1969 Fountain Pen. This particular piece is in mint condition — preciously wrapped and housed in a case that bears an iconic image of the Beatles crossing Abbey Road. Van Cuylenburg admits that many things excite him, and it's as clear as day that this particular writing instrument is one of them.
"The Great Characters The Beatles Limited Edition 1969 Fountain Pen is my favourite amongst all, and it's extra special because of its serial number, 1969 — the year the Abbey Road album was released. Chloe, my daughter has decided that she will sign her marriage certificate with it, and that will be the first time it gets used," beams van Cuylenburg.
But more sentimental anecdotes lie behind this treasure trove of writing instruments, which surprisingly, are still religiously used on a rotating basis and not simply stashed away as displays. Van Cuylenburg shares how his deep-rooted affinity for writing has strengthened his marriage and the relationships with his daughters, and how Montblanc has motivated him to bring back the lost art of penmanship in his family.
How and when did you start amassing your own collection of writing instruments, and have they always been Montblanc?
I started collecting the writing instruments approximately seven years ago with the intention to hand the collection down to my children. I was first intrigued by the Montblanc Patron of Art series, which was created to pay tribute to some of the world's most iconic individuals.
Before that, I wasn't a pen collector, not until I bought my very first Montblanc writing instrument and realised how comfortable it is to work with a tool that's so brilliantly well-crafted. You don't end up with tired wrists or fingers. The ink flows seamlessly. This exact experience is something that the young are missing out on now with the presence of smartphones.
Montblanc writing instruments are more than just about the design, but the story behind each instrument. Could you share some anecdotes behind the models you collected?
I bought the Luciano Pavarotti Limited Edition 4810 Fountain Pen because it was inspired by a bent nail — a good luck charm that Pavarotti carried every time he performed. That, on its own, awed me. It's like having a part of Pavarotti in my hands. There has to be an element that tugs at the heartstrings, that's how I decide which writing instrument to purchase.
Most of writing has gone digital. Nearly everything's done on the computer or phone. Is there a need to rekindle a love for writing, and putting pen to paper, and how do you think we can go about this?
Yes, absolutely. It all starts from the education system. Now in school, penmanship is no longer important as everyone is trying to achieve academically. It needs to start at the beginning of primary education. The love for writing can't be developed overnight. And without writing, how does one gain creativity? Furthermore, it's been scientifically proven that you remember better when you write.
Montblanc writing instruments, which are manufactured in Germany, are synonymous with the romantic notion of writing. How does this resonate with you?
The romantic notion of writing resonates well with me and my wife. We're still very much the leaving-notes-on-the-pillow kind of couple. This practice actually helps to strengthen a marriage, though some people don't see it. I've always believed in going the extra mile for the people you love. When you care about someone, you will put in that extra effort to write the message down for him or her.
How do you impart the knowledge of writing instruments to your children and encourage them to pass on this 'legacy' to future generations?
I've instilled the passion for writing in my children since they were 10. I encouraged them to put | 1.882365 | 0.400812 | 0.494942 | -0.563949 | [
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P. Pressler of Metaire, LA writes: "Jefferson Davis was a gifted and noble American statesman and president…The statue should remain to educate students about an American president – is not UT a place of higher learning?
"Democrats believe every Texan should feel welcome when they visit their State Capitol. These Confederate symbols belong in museums, where they can be placed in the proper historical context.
I want to thank our Democratic champions for bringing attention to this important issue. It is disappointing to see the silence of Republicans to a reasonable request.
A GoFundMe page comparing UT students to ISIS is trying to raise $50,000 for "Southern Heritage Legal Research." The page was started by Kirk Lyons a UT alum and the attorney for Sons of the Confederate Veterans. According to the comparison he is attempting to draw in his meme, it seems he forgot about that time US troops helped Iraqi civilians pull down a statue of Saddam Hussein?
Lyons claims to have found the "SMOKING GUN" to keep the statue of Confederate President Jefferson Davis in place on the Main Mall of the University of Texas. But he also claims, "the statue is being removed and will be put in storage," which is untrue, because last week UT President Greg Fenves decided to relocate the statue to the Briscoe Center museum as a part of a larger Confederate collection.
I initially thought the page was a parody, but apparently Lyons has been accused of trying to swindle paranoid racists out of their money before. His all caps tirade begging for supporters to "PLEASE GIVE & GIVE GENEROUSLY" reads as if it were preached by a televangelist Archie Bunker.
But Lyons has been successful in delaying the inevitable (like father like Sons I guess?). It appears he will get his day in court on August 27th in Travis County. But what good is a courtroom to someone who refuses to admit they've lost?
The attorneys for Sons of the Confederate Veterans are claiming (under Tex. Gov. Code 2166.5011) that President Fenves can not "unilaterally" decide to permanently relocate the statues. They say that act would require approval of the legislature, the Texas Historical Commission or the State Preservation Board. Well then, SCV should join in the call for Governor Greg Abbott to weigh in.
Gov. Abbott has a seat on the State Preservation Board, and is a UT alum, but So far has been silent on the issue, even though he spoke on campus just days after President Fenves made the announcement. Abbott has also ignored calls from Senator Rodney Ellis and other Democrats to appoint a task force to decide the fate of Confederate statues that litter the state capitol grounds.
Even the grandchild of Jefferson Davis says it's time for him to come down.
Interestingly, Attorney General Ken Paxton celebrated his first win in office with Democrats. Earlier this year the Supreme Court's liberal justices, plus Clarence Thomas (the only black Supreme Court justice), ruled in favor of states' rights (lolz), that license plates are government speech and the SCV did not have their rights violated when Texas refused to allow Confederate license plates. Paxton hasn't said much since, but who could really blame him for trying to keep a low profile right at the moment?
The South Poverty Law Center dedicates an entire web page to describing Lyons as a "white supremacist" who "has effectively become the legal arm of the neo-Confederate movement." He has various connections to the Aryan Brotherhood, Neo-Nazis and the modern day Ku Klux Klan.
He claims that he is not racist but that, "anybody in Southern heritage is going to have to face that they're going to be called a racist." In other words he is just keeping it 100. He says he hasn't "surrendered," he is tired of being treated as a second class citizen, and blames Hollywood for perpetrating negative stereotypes.
There is an unbroken timeline of the Confederate battle flag protecting and representing white supremacists ideals, alongside continued racial strife in our country. How can we expect our elected officials will fight for criminal justice reform, and other historic racial inequalities when they can't even | -0.036551 | 0.504668 | -0.361039 | 0.135657 | [
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Tagged under: Braun Strowman vs Brock Lesnar vs Roman Reigns vs Samoa Joe, Fatal Four Way, Roman Reigns, Samoa Joe, SummerSlam, Summerslam Main Event
Eyes on the Ring 2:19 AM 1 comment
With the Summerslam PPV approaching very quickly, it's time to discuss the biggest match on the show. No, it won't be John Cena vs Jinder Mahal, and it damn sure won't be Bayley vs Alexa Bliss or Naomi vs Natalya, but RAW has done something right lately surprisingly. In addition to the Seth Rollins and Dean Ambrose hinted reunion, there is the Finn Balor vs Bray Wyatt feud which could be fun, but the biggest match on the card of the summer is the Fatal Four Way match for the Universal Championship that was just announced on Monday. It'll be a huge battle between Brock Lesnar, Samoa Joe, Braun Strowman, and Roman Reigns. As of now, it seems like it'll be the premier match of the show and could end up being a classic. Braun is improving, Reigns is a solid worker, and Samoa Joe is... well he's Samoa Joe. With that said, who has the best chance to win this match and walk out of Brooklyn as the Universal Champion? Let's examine.
*Roman Reigns
-First things first, Reigns should NOT win this match. He should NOT win the title for some time. He should NOT. Why? Look, I get it. He's a main eventer and he will continue to be. Fine. Boo him or cheer him, it doesn't matter. Vince is in love with this man and he will continue to push him as a big time star. He will likely end up defeating Cena at Mania to add to his already inflated and overblown legacy and that's alright. It was bound to happen. The sad fact remains, Reigns is not really the guy to be your top champion and while his reaction is more negative than positive, he's not a heel. He's not THE GUY no matter how much they force him. It's not organic. With that said, let's keep him away from the title. He doesn't need it. He can compete for it, but he should not win it.
*Brock Lesnar
-Literally, the two opponents that were scheduled to do battle one on one in Brock and Reigns are the two that shouldn't win it. Brock has had a 5 month reign almost now for nothing. Absolutely nothing. He defended the title once since he won it and that match was 7 minutes long. It was a fun match, but that's a shorter main event match than Diesel put on in 1995 as WWF Champ. The reigning but not really defending Universal Champ has wore out his WWE welcome after 5 and a half years and while he's fine as a non title holding special attraction, it's time for him to lose this belt. Brock should lose and I honestly think he should be pinned in this match. Brock might be leaving for UFC, so hopefully, he loses this match.
*Samoa Joe
-The right man to win. No one has been on as fire as Joe since the summer began. When a guy is on a roll, you shouldn't kill his momentum. Even a loss to Brock didn't slow his momentum down, so it's time to pull the trigger. Joe is a full time star who seemingly can stay healthy, put on great matches weekly, and can lead the RAW brand as a top tier heel or tweener. If Joe wins the match and the title, there's money in a Brock rematch, money in a Bray Wyatt feud, money in a Finn Balor feud, even money in another Seth or Ambrose feud, and of course Braun or Reigns. I want Joe to win this match, but I don't think he will because WWE isn't smart. However....
*Braun Strowman
-The only man with as much momentum as Joe in the WWE right now is Braun. If Joe can't get it, then Braun needs to win. He's been the most over star on RAW since 2017 began surprisingly and his momentum keeps growing. If there is one man who could win and the crowd could go home completely happy? It's Braun. He's a monster | -0.659753 | -0.620742 | -1.400898 | -0.842784 | [
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Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an essential part of the healthcare system in China. TCM diagnosis and treatment are formed based on a comprehensive analysis of the clinical manifestations obtained through four main procedures: observation, listening, questioning, and pulse analysis . Patients with different diseases would often manifest different symptoms and signs, such as anorexia and pain, which are the evidences to be considered by physicians for clinical diagnoses in TCM .
Although symptoms play important role in modern biomedical diagnosis and disease classification, most modern biomedical research attempts to gain understanding of the molecular mechanism of disease phenotypes , including investigating the genotypes of disease/disease categories. Likewise, in the TCM field, attempt has also been made to investigate the genotypes or molecular mechanisms of the diagnosis (i.e., TCM syndrome) [4, 5].
A recent research showed that there exist metabolic biomarkers of clinical manifestations like symptoms and syndromes in different types of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) diseases . However, there is no clear understanding of the underlying molecular mechanism of symptoms and the principle of TCM syndrome in TCM field.
Large-scale diagnosis and phenotype-genotype association data, including both published literature and manually curated databases, have been gathered in the last decades . PubMed, which is a public-available biomedical bibliographic database, provides a significant resource for studying the associations between diseases and clinical manifestations . The phenotype-genotype association database like OMIM contains high-quality data on relationships between diseases and genes. In addition, large-scale molecular network data are available [10–12], such as protein-protein interaction data, metabolic pathway data, and gene regulation data. Those provide important resources to explore the molecular correlations of symptoms.
In this paper, we first extracted the symptom-disease relationships from PubMed bibliographic records. We used the cosine similarities to evaluate the association between symptoms and diseases. We then integrated the symptom-disease relationships with disease-gene associations and protein-protein interactions (PPI) to construct a new database recording the associations between symptoms and genes. We finally used the PRINCE algorithm to rank the potential genes of symptoms. We evaluate the results of the prediction by using manually curated symptom-gene data set and PubMed literature searching. The evaluation shows that the results suggest medical meaningful insight.
Using network-based approaches to gain insights into human disease has found multiple potential biological and clinical applications . Further understanding of the effects of cellular interconnectedness on disease progression leads to the identification of disease biomarker genes and the pathways causing the associated diseases , which, in turn, offer effective targets for new drug development. Many human genetic diseases are caused by multiple genes. For genes that are associated with the same or similar phenotypes, the genes are likely to be functionally related. Such relations can be exploited to aid in searching for novel disease genes. Computational approaches have recently been proposed to predict associations between genes and diseases [15–17]. Vanunu et al. developed a network-based approach, which is known as PRINCE algorithm, for predicting causal genes and protein complexes involved in a disease of interest . The availability of large-scale data of phenotype-genotype associations like OMIM, CTD , and PharmGKB provides valuable resources for studying disease-gene associations.
Recently increasing interest on the study of molecular mechanism of symptoms was found. The underlying molecular mechanisms of several symptoms, such as depression, pain, and high blood pressure, have been discussed previously [21–23]. However, no work has been done to investigate systematically the mechanism of symptoms in the literature. Until recently, Zhou et al. used large-scale biomedical literature database to construct a symptom-based human disease network and investigate the associations between clinical manifestations of diseases and the underlying molecular interactions . Their results showed that symptom-based similarity of diseases correlates strongly with the number of shared genetic associations and the extent to which their associated proteins interact. This indicates that symptoms would have their underlying molecular mechanisms needed to be further explored. In this paper, we attempt to develop a new data mining framework to explore the relationships between symptoms and genes, which may provide scientific evidences to traditional Chinese medicine in individualized diagnosis and treatment because symptoms are | 0.772927 | 2.021331 | 2.403463 | 1.856463 | [
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the main clinical manifestations captured by TCM physicians for both diagnosis and treatment.
In this study, we integrated three public available disease-gene databases (OMIM, CTD, and PharmGKB) and five protein-protein interactions databases (HPRD, BioGrid, IntAct, MINT, and DIP) into database (Figure 1). Based on these data sets a heterogeneous network is constructed with nodes representing symptoms, diseases, and proteins, respectively, and the links representing symptom-disease relationships, disease-gene associations, and protein-protein interactions.
Figure 1: The integration of phenotype-genotype data. Symptom-disease associations are extracted based on the fact that the symptom and disease appeared in same bibliographic record (including title, abstract, and MeSH) of PubMed. Three disease gene association databases (i.e., OMIM, CTD, and PharmGKB) and five human PPI databases (i.e., HPRD, BioGrid, IntAct, MINT, and DIP) are integarted in this study. The relationships among symptoms (denoted s1–s4), diseases (denoted d1–d7), and proteins (denoted p1–p14) are then extracted.
The network-based disease gene prediction approach, PRINCE, is used for predicting the genes with respect to symptom. The initialization of the parameters in PRINCE algorithm is the symptom-disease correlations, disease-gene associations, and protein-protein interactions. It uses a propagation-based algorithm to infer a scoring function for estimating the strength of an association. A score is defined for each gene, which reflects the prior information of the genes on the related disease. The score is then used in combination with a PPI network for the identification of proteins involved in the given symptom, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: The approach for predicting the genes with respect to symptom using PRINCE algorithm. For a query symptom S, it has varying degrees of relationship with other diseases, denoted by d1–d5 (where the thickness of lines represents degree of correlation between symptom and diseases). p1–p9 comprise the protein set of a protein-protein interaction network, where interactions are denoted by lines with different thickness (confidence). PRINCE uses an iterative propagation method to assign a score of each protein. The protein with higher score is considered to be the causal gene candidate for symptom S.
The prioritization of genes for a query symptom () is performed based on the given symptom-disease associations (denoted by A), disease-gene associations (B), and a protein-protein interaction network , where is a set of proteins and is a set of interactions between proteins. The goal of the algorithm is to prioritize all the proteins in with respect to .
Let represent a prioritization function; reflects the relevance of to . represent a prior knowledge function, where 1 is assigned to a protein that is known to be related to the disease with respect to , and 0 otherwise. In other words, is the vector of genes which are known to be causal gene of diseases with respect to symptom. To obtain , we first analyzed the distribution of similarity between symptom and disease and found that the symptom may have high possibility of relating to a disease when their similarity is above 0.1. Here, we want to choose the diseases which have high possibility to associate with a symptom, so that we could get the related genes to build . The 10% top ranked disease-symptom relationships with similarities larger than 0.1 are chosen (in our experiment the threshold is 0.57). At last, we selected the ten most related diseases as the diseases corresponding to symptom and its causal genes to build .
By iterative procedures, the information is transferred between their neighbors, as defined by where is a matrix which is a normalized form of (described below) and and are viewed here as vectors of size . The details on the inference of in PRINCE algorithm could be found . The parameter weighs the relative importance of these constraints with respect to one another. Here is set to be 0.9 as suggested in the PRINCE algorithm that the appropriate values of could be above 0.5 with fast convergence and 0.9 gets the comparative highest performance .
We use Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) as the benchmark data to evaluate the results. HPO was manually curated from OMIM | -0.194384 | 1.333729 | 1.835345 | 2.038559 | [
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records and constructed with the goal of covering all phenotypic abnormalities that are commonly encountered in human monogenic diseases . In this study we use the T184 (Sign or Symptom) semantic type of UMLS to filter the phenotype terms and construct a subset of HPO phenotypes (349 records), after filtering the phenotype-genotype associations with focusing on symptoms results in 7,262 symptom-gene records and 1,275 related genes. To deal with the issue of HPO having different symptom terms from MeSH, we used UMLS to map HPO symptom terms to MeSH. We finally obtained 3,418 symptom-gene records with 139 symptoms and 937 genes, which were used for evaluation. Although HPO contains high-quality data on phenotype ontology and genotype-phenotype (mainly on diseases and disorders) associations, the data is rather incomplete and still lack many well-known symptom-gene associations. We evaluated the symptom-gene prediction results by three approaches: (1) compare our rank list with the genes in HPO and calculated recall and AUC , (2) compare our result with random case, and (3) evaluate the random chosen results by recent published literatures.
We extracted 125,226 symptom-disease associations with 322 symptoms and 4,219 diseases from PubMed bibliographic records and calculated the cosine similarity between symptoms and diseases. We constructed 94,536 protein-protein interactions with 14,221 proteins and integrated 28,336 disease-gene associations (shown in Table 1).
Table 1: The result of phenotype-genotype data integration.
The protein-protein interactions were assigned 1 if they are correlated. We used these scores to construct the adjacency matrix . As a result, we obtained totally 4,211,956 symptom-gene associations between 290 symptoms and 14,221 genes with correlation values bigger than zero. The distribution of correlation between symptoms and genes is depicted in Figure 3. It is noted that 83% of the correlations are <0.001, and only about 0.24% are distributed on the range of bigger than 0.01. We consider that the genes with correlation scores bigger than 0.01 have higher possibility than most of the genes (i.e., 83% genes). Therefore, these genes with correlation scores higher than 0.01 are considered to be the potential genes related to symptoms in this study.
Figure 3: The distribution of correlation between symptom and genes.
Using the HPO benchmark data, we quantify the accuracy of the prediction by comparing the predicted gene list of symptoms with that of the benchmark data. The area under the ROC curves (AUC) of the proposed method is 0.616 (Figure 4).
Figure 4: ROC curve to assess prediction performance.
In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the gene ranking, we also compared the result with random prediction case. We calculate the quantity of genes contained in HPO on the top of our gene list () by comparing with the average quantity of randomly selected the same number of genes. It is noted that the number of true positive candidate genes is 10-fold of the random prediction, with the best case being 249-fold of the random prediction. We take symptom Muscle Cramp as an example to compare our result with random case. Given 27 genes in HPO, there are 10 genes included in the top 251 genes () of our candidate genes list. Randomly choosing 251 genes among all the genes (14,221 genes), the possibility of each gene being causing gene is 0.0018986 (27/14,221, we have the hypothesis that the genes in HPO are all causing genes). The expected number of genes in HPO is 0.477 (0.0018986251); that is, there is on average 0.477 true causing genes in HPO gene list if 251 genes are randomly selected. So the number of true positive candidate genes is approximately 20-fold (10/0.477) over | -0.536482 | 1.276429 | 1.165778 | 1.466257 | [
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] | 1,330,919 | 2,048 | C4 | 22 | 21 |
the random prediction.
To demonstrate the effectiveness of this method, we listed the suggested genes of headache and hemiplegia for instance. Through the analysis of the distribution of all the scores of symptom related genes, we found that most scores (95% in average) are in very low values (i.e., 0.01) with some exceptions of having much larger scores than these row values. Table 2 shows the top 46 ranked genes of the 13,966 genes whose correlation scores are greater than 0.01 with respect to the symptom of headache. We found that TNF and EDNRA are the causing genes for headache as listed in HPO. (the Italic font in Table 2, recall is 6.25% of the 32 genes). Several other genes related to headache in HPO including ENG (rank 52th), ACVRL1 (rank 65th), TGFB1 (rank 74th), VHL (rank 269th), COL4A1 (rank 563th), NF2 (rank 1520th), TTR (rank 2270th), MSX2 (rank 2622th), FGFR2 (rank 2636th), PGK1 (rank 2773th), FAM123B (rank 3002th), SH2B3 (rank 3994th), LRP5 (rank 4286th), NOTCH3 (rank 4386th), SDHB (rank 5618th), and CACNA1A (rank 5855th) are ranked in the top 50%.
Table 2: The top 46 rank list of genes predicted with respect to headache.
We were aware that the HPO is an incomplete database. To have a more comprehensive evaluation on the prediction result, we manually searched the literature in PubMed for the symptom-gene associations. Among the top 10 genes of our list, we found that five additional genes CALCA, TGFBR2, ESR1, KCNK18, and MTHFR (bold font in Table 2) are all considered to be related to headache in recent published literatures [31–34], although they are not recognized in the HPO database. As a result, we recognized totally 7 possible causing genes (CALCA, TGFBR2, TNF, ESR1, EDNRA, KCNK18, and MTHFR) of headache in the top 10 genes.
The relationship between symptoms and diseases is complicated. Some symptoms would be more particularly manifested in several diseases than others. This kind of clinical association would have its underlying molecular mechanisms. To explore the interactions of the related genes of symptoms and diseases in the context of PPI network, we show a subset of protein-protein interactions with respect to headache in Figure 5, which is constructed by the genes connected with 6 diseases related to headache directly. In Figure 5, genes connected with the same diseases are marked in the same colors. We found that 15 genes of 32 genes in HPO (marked in box) in our subnet are the causal genes of diseases or locate on their shortest path. It is possible that the causal genes of a disease, which holds the symptom as particular phenotype, would be the related genes for symptom (marked in pink box), or the candidate genes for symptom would possibly locate on the shortest paths of these genes of the diseases, which have the related symptoms as general phenotypes (marked in red box). To have more clear view of the relationships between the candidate genes of symptoms and the casual genes of the diseases holding the corresponding symptoms as particular manifestations, we also constructed a network to show the direct relationships among the causing genes of diseases related to headache and the genes in HPO (Figure 6, genes in HPO are marked in red and genes connected with different diseases are marked with different colors). The genes, CALCA, TGFBR2, TNF, ESR1, EDNRA, MTHFR, and so forth, of our top 10 rank list (mentioned above) are marked with underline. We found that the candidate genes with high scores of headache symptom are the causal genes of the | -0.580312 | 1.186898 | 0.805631 | 1.195715 | [
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-0.48717395126307306
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1.4053546224792424,
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0.851283797622472,
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diseases, which regard headache as distinct symptom, such as migraine. It is possible that the causing genes of diseases with respect to the distinct symptoms would also be related to their corresponding symptoms.
Figure 5: The subset of protein-protein interaction with respect to headache.
Figure 6: The direct relationship among genes connected with diseases relevant to headache symptom and genes in HPO.
Table 3 lists the 83 top ranked genes with respect to hemiplegia with correlation greater than 0.01. In the causing genes of hemiplegia in HPO, four genes, namely, COL4A1, CACNA1A, ATP1A2, and SCN1A, are all found in the top 83 candidate genes (recall is 66.7%) except for the gene DOCK8 which is ranked 6667th in whole list of 14,221 genes. However, we found no related publications on indicating the relationships between the 8 genes (except for the 2 genes included in HPO) of the top 10 genes and hemiplegia after manually searching the PubMed literatures.
Table 3: The rank of candidate genes with respect to hemiplegia.
As a kind of established clinical manifestations in TCM clinical, symptoms provide key information for the classification of the state of human disease and personalized herb treatment. Symptoms are essentially objective although the observation and description of symptoms incorporate subjective factors like human sense and language. Therefore, investigation of the underlying molecular mechanisms of symptoms is more feasible than TCM syndrome. Through integrating disease-symptom associations and multiple phenotype-genotype data sources, this paper proposes a network inference method to predict the candidate gene list for symptoms. Like similar work for disease gene predictions [35, 36], the rank list of symptom-related candidate genes can promote the discovery of molecular mechanisms of symptoms and thereafter draw the picture of connection between symptoms and genes with respect to diseases. Evaluation shows the effectiveness of the method in identifying genes related to symptoms. Like the predicted genes of headache, more predicted genes could be further investigated to understand the medical insights, which would ultimately support the researchers to confirm the causal genes of symptoms in laboratory study.
It is necessary to mention that this paper is intended to introduce the proposed integrated network framework for predicting the symptom candidate genes. Several aspects related to the method could be improved in future work. Firstly, a carefully curated and evaluated database needs to be established for benchmark data set. Currently, although HPO provides a start point, more effects are needed to obtain high quality symptom-gene databases. While this database is curated, it would offer reliable benchmark platform to evaluations and possible supervision for machine learning methods. On the other hand, due to the complicated confounders involved in symptom-disease relation detection from biomedical literatures, a comprehensive database on disease-symptom relationships would be also very helpful. Secondly, because the similarities between diseases and symptoms indicate different degree of correlations, the similarities between symptoms and diseases could be systematically utilized to improve the iterative computing procedures of random walk related network inference methods. Thirdly, it is highly valuable to investigate the molecular correlations between symptoms and diseases to detect the molecular patterns connecting these two phenotype entities. When some network characteristics underlying the connection are discovered, it would give guideline framework for the development of symptom-gene prediction methods.
This work was partially supported by NSFC Project (61105055, 81230086), China 973 Program (2014CB542903), The National Key Technology R&D Program (2013BAI02B01, 2013BAI13B04), the National S&T Major Special Project on Major New Drug Innovation (2012ZX09503-001-003), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
Z. Wu, X. Zhou, B. Liu, and J. Chen, "Text mining for finding functional community of related genes using TCM knowledge," in Proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases, pp. 459–470, Springer, 2004.
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THE 2019 LIQUOR.COM NATIONAL LEGACY COCKTAIL COMPETITION SPONSORED BY BACARDI ® ANNOUNCES THE U.S. EAST & WEST COAST FINALISTS
Posted by Submitted Content | Feb 19, 2019 | Industry Update | 0 |
THE 2019 LIQUOR.COM NATIONAL LEGACY COCKTAIL COMPETITION SPONSORED BY BACARDI ® ANNOUNCES THE U.S. EAST & WEST COAST FINALISTS:
Will Isaza & Melina Meza Are Headed to the Global Finals in Amsterdam
Hamilton, Bermuda, Feb. 13, 2019 —After months of unwavering dedication, and endless passion, Liquor.com is excited to announce that Will Isaza & Melina Meza will go on to represent the U.S. and compete at the Global Legacy Competition sponsored by BACARDI in Amsterdam. Challenged to create more than just a great cocktail, the contestants had to craft a recipe that will stand the test of time and become a part of BACARDí history.
"In its 11th year, the 2019 Liquor.com Legacy Cocktail Competition, presented by BACARDí, has evolved both with quantity and quality of submissions," says Juan Coronado, National Brand Ambassador for BACARDí Rums. "The Legacy cocktail competition is the type of event that bartenders win with their hearts, not just their cocktail shakers. The journey is something they will never forget, bringing with them the network of industry professionals they now call friends and forever linking them to La Gran Familia de BACARDI."
Will Isaza of Massachusetts and Melina Meza of Los Angeles competed against 24 semifinalists before going head to head with the final eight at the February 7th U.S. Finals in Puerto Rico. Vying for the title of creating the next timeless classic rum cocktail, Will Isaza took his spot with his "Gloria" recipe, and Melina Meza with her "Nueva Sol" cocktail, both using BACARDí Añejo Cuatro Rum, one of BACARDI's new premium variants. The two U.S. Finalists will make their way to Amsterdam in May 2019 to present their innovative creations on the global stage and face the challenge with competitors from around the world.
Presented by BACARDí, The Liquor.com Legacy Cocktail Competition showcases the best drink innovations in the cocktail industry, providing a platform for bartenders to share their original creations and stories to become a part of the Legacy heritage. Tasked with creating the next generation of classic rum cocktails that will stand the test of time, contestants are to use BACARDÍ Carta Blanca, BACARDÍ Carta Oro, BACARDÍ Añejo 4, or BACARDÍ Reserva 8 rums in their cocktails and should contain no more than six ingredients. Each cocktail is judged on the recipe concept, how easy it is to replicate; and the inspirational story behind it. Balance, flavor, quality of ingredients and aesthetic appeal, are also strongly considered.
The Winning Recipes are:
Gloria: Will Isaza of Brookline, Massachusetts
1.25 parts BACARDí Añejo Cuatro rum
.75 parts Passion Fruit Cinnamon Syrup
.75 parts Lime Juice
.25 parts coffee liqueur
1 barspoon Mascarpone Cheese
Garnish with a mint sprig
Preparation: Add all ingredients into cocktail shaker and shake for 12-15 seconds. Strain into zombie glass and fill with crushed/pebble ice. Garnish and serve.
Nuevo Sol: Melina Meza of Los Angeles, California
1.5 parts BACARDí Anejo Cuatro rum
.25 parts Amontillado Sherry
.25 parts French Dry Curacao
.75 parts Grapefruit Oleo Saccharum
.75 parts Fresh Lime Juice
Garnish with Nutmeg Dust
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There are a lot of things I was concerned about when my mother told me we would be going wedding dress shopping on her next visit. I was afraid that she would say some part of my body was too fat and that comment would swish around in my brain like a spin cycle. I was worried she would find dresses I hated and we'd have to argue about why I didn't want the traditional wedding dress. I was also really worried about ruining the dresses I would try on because I'm clumsy like that.
What I didn't anticipate, was not being able to try on any of the dresses at all because they didn't carry my size and this making of a nightmare turning out to be such a blessing.
The first store we went to boasted their, ironically, sizable collection and variety. We descended on the store like vultures and found a few dresses for me to try on. The largest being a 14. I have the back of linebacker and couldn't close any of the dresses. I've spent a lot of time in the past year and half focusing on loving my body and thankfully, this was but a small deterrent for me. I was past the days of trying to have a quiet panic attack in the dressing room while simultaneously trying not to cry all over the clothes.
I walked out of the fitting room and unabashedly asked the attendant where her larger sizes were. She said they were on the other side of the store in the corner and that they would have a "Plus Size" sign. I skipped over there merrily with my already distraught mother in tow to find the magical "Plus Size" section.
Here's where things could have really gone either way.
What we found was unlike the rest of the store. There were approximately two styles of dresses in various colors labeled "Plus Size." The sizable collection and variety the store promised apparently didn't apply if you weren't "Regular Size." The look on my mother's face was pain. I wanted to join her in her disappointment and frustration. This was outrageous when the average women in America is 166 pounds. Not to mention the women's size chart is at best, a bad joke.
But suddenly, I was off the hook! I didn't have to worry about ruining dresses or arguing with my mother or being pressured into buying a ridiculously overpriced dress. I was ecstatic for myself, but also deeply sadden for all the women who want to look fabulous at prom or a special event and are reduced to two choices.
Nevertheless, we continued on to the next store which only carried sizes S-XXL. We managed to locate an XXL dress only to find XXL looked more like a medium.
"Is this a store for ants???" I thought to myself and laughed while my mother mumbled how ridiculous this was and scurried out.
I don't say this often, but I was downright giddy. All of my worries and concerns out the window all because I wasn't "Regular Size" and society didn't value my money the same. Huzzah! But anyone who knows my mother knows she is a determined woman especially when it comes to finding the perfect outfit for me. We made our way over to the Walmart of wedding dresses – David's Bridal. They'd have to have something for me there.
David's Bridal was everything I've seen in movies down to the unimpressed dress helpers. The first mistake we made was walking into the store like it was, well a store. We found some dresses for me to try on and went up to the receptionist (yes, this place has a receptionist) for assistance.
We made an appointment for later that day and were assigned a helper. The first question she asked me was what size pants I wear. I chortled, because I really thought she understood the ridiculousness of the question, but looking her over I realized she probably was always a size 4.
I explained to her that I had pants in sizes ranging from 6 – 16 so maybe my waist size would make more sense. She shrugged me off and suggested I try an 8. This time, I laughed HARD. This person really had no sense of sizes or bodies for that matter. I knew it wasn't her fault and she was just trying her best, but the least you can do is carry a size chart. I digress.
We found dresses and she prepared a fitting room for me.
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] | 1,330,924 | 0 | C4 | 10 | 8 |
"An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure." "A stitch in time saves nine." And other such phrases. Absolutely they are valuable and make sense. They wouldn't be sayings if they weren't worth their salt. They just aren't for me.
For me, there are two types of activities: things I know I can do well, no matter the amount of preparation, and things I know I can't do well, no matter the amount of preparation. Regarding the latter, these are things that I know that, no matter how much I think about them, no matter how much brainpower I use, my hands and muscles aren't trained well enough to do what my brain says. Imagine a surgeon on his first day. So I don't have patience. I lack it. I know that no matter how much I prepare, I will still mess up whatever I'm doing and have to do it one more time. I don't want to prepare; I want to get in there and get my hands dirty. I don't want to wait. I want to do.
This may seem silly, like a waste. Everyone knows you should prepare. It saves a lot of time, effort, frustration, and money. I know this. I know this and despite this, I still want to get in there and mess up. I learn by mistakes when I don't know better. I'll do something hastily the first time and learn where all my mistakes would have been anyway, no matter the amount of preparation I had put into something. So I jump in, make my mistakes, and do it right the second time.
I suppose an example would be useful. I am terrible. No, wait, let me underline it. I am terrible at doing work with my hands, things around the house. I mean typically wood work. Like working with putty and bondo. Fixing a hole in a door. Putting down new flooring or quarter round. So if I know I am going to do something that I'm not good at, I hardly prepare. I know it won't make any difference, I'm still going to mess it up. No matter how careful I am. But by doing it once and messing it up, I get a feel for how to do something.
Once I needed to replace a piece of wood on the threshold of my front door. Termites, you see. Taking it up is not hard, of course. Use a hammer or a crowbar and pull it up. Be careful not to scratch the door, framing, or other parts of the wood floor. You can see the caulk come up with it. A lesson on entropy here. That's how easy it is to pull up. To put down, you have to find the same type of wood, the same style, get it cut exactly the same length, maybe one or both of the end needs to be a 45° angle. You then need to nail it down with finishing nails. Paint it. Then caulk it. And you've needed to buy all this stuff, along with the paintbrush and caulk gun if you didn't have them already. It's a lot of more time and effort. So I do it twice. I know I'm going to mess this up somewhere. The cutting of the wood (the length and/or the angles). Of course, if you cut it too short, you need more wood. It may be a good idea to get extra on your run to Home Depot. I would mess up the nails. The painting. The caulk. Something, somewhere. So I do it once, get in some practice, and do it again much better the second time.
That is my whole point. Do it once to learn from your mistakes without the heavy investment of proper preparation.
I do this at work as well. When I'm in a situation I haven't been in before or don't know how to handle, I do my best, make my best decision given the information in front of me. I know it's good but it never feels quite right. But I pay very close attention to what I do, what others do, including their reaction to my actions, and I learn from it. I do it better the next time. What else can I do?
This is my point about perfection. It's not about getting it right the first time. I play the long game. I get it right the second time, or at least eventually. But you don't stop until it's right. And you'll never get it perfect. Humans aren't robots. There is something to be said for perfection and I'm not suggesting you stop | 0.14904 | -1.14271 | 0.279361 | -0.684913 | [
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at pretty good. But you have to adjust your expectations to fit reality. It doesn't have to be perfect. Just humanly perfect.
Welcome back to our series called "Why we stay stuck." It's an exploration of the barriers to being mentally healthy. There is a great deal of literature out there/ We've covered what our brains do and how we think. Now to talk about the interpersonal level ie how we interact with other and the impact it has on our ability to change.
At the interpersonal level, mental disorders arise because of maladaptive interpersonal behaviors1. In therapy terms, the face we present to the world is called an affect. It reflects our mood, what we think of a situation, and what we think about the other person. When a person is treated poorly or does not have her emotional needs met over a period of time, she will develop the negative affective constellation, namely anger, sadness and shame.
Anger is part of the first affective constellation1. It is a defense, meaning it protects the person from painful feelings and other damages to the sense of self. As part of an affective constellation, anger is tied to sadness and shame. Emotional needs not being met or damage to the send of self produces sadness and anger protects against that hurt. However, shame arises when a person's sense of self has been damaged so severely, she starts to believe their is something intrinsically wrong with her.Shame is critical to understand because it is a rejection of the self. It is all encompassing and totally pervasive.
The negative affective constellation drives behaviors that may initially serve to protect a person emotionally, but ultimately prove to be counterproductive in interpersonal relationships1. Behaviors driven by anger, sadness and shame tend to be damaging to others or allow for more damage to the sense of self. We've all seen it happen. Maybe you've stayed in an abusive relationship because you believe you deserve it. He only says those mean things because they are true, right? Or maybe, you've gotten in a fight with a friend because you hurt her feelings, even though it wasn't what you mean to do. Her anger is protecting her but it's hurting the relationships.
We get trapped in a cycle of unhealthy interpersonal relationships as actions that protect the self actually alienate others. It's similar to the cycle we saw at the cognitive level. We seem to play out the same things over and over in our thoughts and our relationships, making change that much more difficult and staying stuck seem that much more likely.
1Teyber, E. (2006). Interpersonal process in therapy: An integrative approach (5th Edition). Belmont: Brooks/Cole.
We've been reviewing the basic literature surrounding why people "stay stuck." There is more information than ever out there now, but we're organizing it into several different levels. Having explored the biology that affects our ability to change, we'll now move on to the cognitive level.
The cognitive level of a person is the way a person interprets inputs, sensory information, interpersonal interactions, and how that influences outputs, emotional states and interpersonal interactions. At this level, mental disorders arise because the person engages in faulty thinking and makes incorrect inferences on inadequate or incorrect information1. Faulty thinking arises because of depressogenic assumptions and a triad of negative thoughts. Depressogenic assumptions are the unarticulated rules by which the individual attempts to integrate and assign value to the raw data of experience. Maladaptive assumptions differ from adaptive ones in that they tend to be rigid, excessive, and inappropriate.
The cognitive triad is the individual's view of self, the outside world, and the future1. Those with mental disorders see themselves as defective, inadequate, diseased or deprived. They attribute negative experiences to psychological, moral, or physical defect in themselves and believe that because of these defects they are undesirable and worthless. In the second part of the triad, they tend to view the world in a negative way, interpreting ongoing experiences in a negative way even when more plausible, alternative explanations are available. In the third part of the triad, they assume that current difficulties will continue indefinitely. They tend to feel helpless and hopeless.
In other, what keeps a person from healing from a mental disorder is | 0.483926 | -1.008413 | 1.302735 | 0.335962 | [
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\section{INTRODUCTION}
The first evidence of the Central Production of $f_0(1500)$ in the reaction
\begin{equation}
p p \rightarrow p_s (K_s K_s) p_f, \hspace{5mm}
K_s \rightarrow \pi^+ \pi^-
\label{eq:reaction}
\end{equation}
is presented here. The $f_0(1500)$ was first observed in
$K^- p$~\cite{Asto88} interactions and beautifully confirmed in low energy
$\overline{p} p$ annihilations by the Crystal Barrel
Collaboration~\cite{Amsl95}. Its properties are of current interest because
it is considered a candidate to be the lowest lying glueball
state~\cite{AmCl96}.
One of the advantages of the final state selected is that only states
with quantum numbers $J^{PC}=(even)^{++}$ are allowed to decay into
$K_s K_s$. This not only greatly simplifies the analysis but eliminates
confusion coming from all the other states. The results presented here
are based on 10\% of the 5 x $10^9$ events recorded by FNAL E690 during
Fermilab's 1991 Fixed Target run.
\section{DATA SELECTION}
\subsection{The detector}
The data was taken at Fermilab with an 800 GeV proton beam on a liquid
hydrogen ($LH_2$) target, and the E690 spectrometer. The spectrometer is
composed of two parts: a) the Main Spectrometer (MS), and b) the Beam
Spectrometer (BS). The MS has an approximately conical geometrical acceptance
with an average 700 mrad radius, good momentum resolution from about 0.2 to 15
GeV/$c$, a Freon 114 threshold Cherenkov counter with a pion threshold of 2.6
GeV/$c$, a time of flight system (TOF) with $\pi/p$ separation up to 1.5
GeV/$c$, and a target veto system. Neither the TOF nor the Cherenkov counter
were used in the work presented here.
The BS, used to measure the incoming and outgoing protons, has an
approximately conical geometrical acceptance with an average radius of about
1 mrad, a $p_t$ resolution of 6 MeV/$c$, and a longitudinal momentum
resolution of 425 MeV/$c$. The longitudinal momentum acceptance of the BS for
the interacted beam ranges from approximately 650 to 800 GeV/$c$.
The trigger required an equal number on incoming and outgoing tracks in the BS
and at least one additional track in the MS.
\subsection{Event selection}
Final state (\ref{eq:reaction}) was selected by requiring a primary vertex in
the $LH_2$ target with two $K_s$, an incoming beam track, and a fast forward
proton. No direct measurement was made of the slow proton $p_s$. The target
veto system was used to reject events with more than a missing proton. The
events were accepted when either no veto counter was on, or only one veto
counter was on with the missing $p_t$ pointing to it. About 12\% of the
selected events were rejected with the veto system. The missing mass squared
seen in Figure~\ref{fig:mass}.a shows a clear proton peak with little
background; the arrows indicate the cuts used in the event selection.
The MS has essentially no acceptance for \mbox{$x_F > 0$}, which insures a gap
of at least 3.5 units of rapidity between $p_f$ and the central products.
The average rapidity gap between the $K_s K_s$ system and $p_s$ is 2.5
units. Figure~\ref{fig:mass}.b shows the uncorrected $x_F$ distribution
for the $K_s K_s$ system, the arrows indicate the cuts used in the
event selection.
The $\pi^+ \pi^-$ invariant mass for the $K_s$'s has a width of
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] | 1,330,931 | 0 | ArXiv | -1 | -1 |
= 2$ MeV/$c^2$. No direct particle ID (Cherenkov or TOF) was
used to identify the $K_s$ decay products. In about 7\% of the events a
$K_s$ is compatible with a $\Lambda$; these events were kept, to avoid any
biases in the angular distributions.
The proton mass was assigned to the missing particle in the events that
passed the cuts, then the three momenta of $p_s$ and the longitudinal momentum
of $p_f$ were calculated using energy and momentum conservation.
Figure~\ref{fig:mass}.c shows the $K_s K_s$ invariant mass for the 11182
events that passed the previous cuts and were used in the analysis.
The analysis was not continued beyond 2 GeV/$c^2$ because the number of events
is very low. But for $-0.22<x_F<-0.02$ the $K_s K_s$ invariant mass beyond 2
GeV/$c^2$ is smooth, with no evidence of the $\xi(2230)$ state seen by the BES
Collaboration~\cite{BES2pp}.
\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace{-1.5cm}
\begin{minipage}[t]{7.5cm}
\hspace*{-.8cm}
\psfig{figure=fig1.ps,height=19cm,width=17.5cm}
\end{minipage}
\vspace*{-10cm}
\caption{a) Missing mass squared for \mbox{$1.4<M(K_s K_s)<1.8$ GeV/$c^2$}.
b) Uncorrected $x_F$ distribution.
c) Measured $K_s K_s$ invariant mass.
d) Acceptance corrected and background subtracted $K_s K_s$
invariant mass.}
\label{fig:mass}
\end{figure}
\section{DATA ANALYSIS}
\subsection{Angular distributions}
The reaction studied here was analyzed as a two step process: the
production step in which an $(X)$ system is formed by the collision of
two objects (from now on referred to as ``pomerons") emitted by each of the
scattered protons, and the decay step in which the object $(X)$ decays into
$K_s K_s$. The production coordinate system was defined in the
CM of the $(X)$ system, with the y-axis perpendicular to the plane of the two
``pomerons" in the overall CM, and the z-axis in the direction of the ``beam
pomeron" in the $(X)$ CM. The two variables needed to specify the decay
process were taken as the polar and azimuthal angles $(\theta,\phi)$ of one of
the $K_s$ (taken at random) in the production coordinate system. The
acceptance corrected $\cos\theta$ and $\phi$ distributions are shown in
Figures~\ref{fig:cost} and ~\ref{fig:phi}. The acceptance is flat in $\phi$,
and dips near $\cos\theta=\pm 1$. On average the correction at $\cos\theta=\pm
1$, relative to the correction at 0, is 65\%.
\begin{figure}[!bt]
\vspace{-1.5cm}
\begin{minipage}[t]{7.5cm}
\hspace*{-1cm}
\psfig{figure=fig2.ps,height=18.5cm,width=17.5cm}
\end{minipage}
\vspace*{-1.8cm}
\caption{Acceptance corrected $\cos\theta$ angular distributions in bins
of the $K_s K_s$ invariant mass, starting at 1.36 GeV/$c^2$ in
steps of 60 MeV/$c^2$.}
\label{fig:cost}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[!bt]
\vspace{-1.5cm}
\begin{minipage}[t]{7.5cm}
\hspace*{-1cm}
\psfig{figure=fig3.ps,height=18.5cm,width=17.5cm}
\end{minipage}
\vspace*{-1.8 | -0.311855 | 0.357767 | 0.160158 | 1.403825 | [
-0.24885042661728876,
-0.3748605660851747
] | [
0.9684412486396711,
-0.25290733667147186
] | [
0.2628758797333215,
0.057440356677195714
] | [
1.3569998995790655,
1.4506492292361692
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] | 1,330,931 | 1,024 | ArXiv | -1 | -1 |
cm}
\caption{Acceptance corrected $\phi$ angular distributions in bins of the
$K_s K_s$ invariant mass, starting at 1.36 GeV/$c^2$ in steps of
60 MeV/$c^2$.}
\label{fig:phi}
\end{figure}
The five variables used to specify the production process were the transverse
momenta of the slow and fast protons ($p_{t,s}^2, p_{t,f}^2$), the $x_F$ and
invariant mass of the $K_s K_s$ system, and $\delta$, the angle between the
planes of the scattered protons in the $K_s K_s$ CM. Although our 11182
events constitute a large sample, it is not large enough to bin the data in
all five production variables. The present analysis was done in bins of the
$K_s K_s$ invariant mass for the $x_F$ selected region, and integrating over
$p_{t,s}^2$, $p_{t,f}^2$ and $\delta$.
\subsection{Partial wave analysis}
The acceptance corrected moments, defined as
\begin{equation}
I(\Omega)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{4\pi}}\{\sum_{l}t_{l0}Y_l^0+
2\sum_{l,m>0}t_{lm}Re(Y_l^m)\}
\end{equation}
are shown in Figure~\ref{fig:moments}. The odd moments (not shown) are
consistent with zero, as expected for a system of two identical bosons. The
acceptance corrected mass distribution ($t_{00}$ moment) is shown in
Figure~\ref{fig:mass}.d. The error bars are statistical errors only.
In the two step process considered here the $(X)$ system is formed
by the interchange of two ``pomerons" and it decays afterwards independently
of the two final state protons. The two ``pomerons" form a plane; parity
in the strong interactions implies that reflection in this plane should
be a symmetry of the system~\cite{SUrefl}. Therefore the amplitudes used for
the Partial Wave Analysis (PWA) were defined in the reflectivity
basis~\cite{SU&Tru}. Since the $t_{43}$ and $t_{44}$ moments are consistent
with zero (see Fig~\ref{fig:moments}), only spherical harmonics with $l=0,2$
and $m=0,\pm1$ were considered. The waves used were $L_m^\epsilon$, with
$L=S,D$, $m\ge0$ and $\epsilon=\pm1$:
\begin{equation}
S_0^-=Y_0^0=\frac{1}{\sqrt{4\pi}}
\label{eq:s0}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
D_0^-=Y_2^0=\sqrt{\frac{5}{16\pi}}~(3\;\cos^2\theta - 1)
\label{eq:d0}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
D_1^-=\frac{Y_2^1-Y_2^{-1}}{\sqrt{2}}=-\sqrt{\frac{15}{16\pi}}~\sin2\theta
~\cos\phi
\label{eq:d-}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
D_1^+=\frac{Y_2^1+Y_2^{-1}}{\sqrt{2}}=-i\sqrt{\frac{15}{16\pi}}~\sin2\theta
~\sin\phi
\label{eq:d+}
\end{equation}
Waves with different reflectivity $\epsilon$ do not interfere.
\begin{figure}[!bt]
\vspace{-1.5cm}
\begin{minipage}[t]{7.5cm}
\hspace*{-.8cm}
\psfig{figure=fig4.ps,height=18.5cm,width=17.5cm}
\end{minipage}
\vspace*{-1.8cm}
\caption{Acceptance corrected moments as a function of the $K_s K_s$
invariant mass.}
\label{fig:moments} | -0.008686 | -0.073285 | 0.087875 | 1.47146 | [
-0.1246379861499637,
0.10726518492238893
] | [
0.12147392968017416,
-0.26804374389785557
] | [
0.19186113102256197,
-0.016110633058948092
] | [
1.409027304944123,
1.5338930778202615
] | 1,024 | [
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\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[!bt]
\vspace{-1.5cm}
\begin{minipage}[t]{7.5cm}
\hspace*{-.8cm}
\psfig{figure=fig5.ps,height=18.5cm,width=17.5cm}
\end{minipage}
\vspace*{-1.8cm}
\caption{Waves as a function of $K_s K_s$ invariant mass for solution one.
a) $S$ and b) total $D$ waves, c) to e) individual $D$ wave, and
f) and g) phases relative to the $S$ wave.}
\label{fig:sol1}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[!bt]
\vspace{-1.5cm}
\begin{minipage}[t]{7.5cm}
\hspace*{-.8cm}
\psfig{figure=fig6.ps,height=18.5cm,width=17.5cm}
\end{minipage}
\vspace*{-1.8cm}
\caption{Waves as a function of $K_s K_s$ invariant mass for solution two.
a) $S$ and b) total $D$ waves, c) to e) individual $D$ wave, and
f) and g) phases relative to the $S$ wave.}
\label{fig:sol2}
\end{figure}
The PWA analysis was done in two different ways. First since the $\phi$
angular distributions are fairly flat only $S_0^-$ and $D_0^-$ waves were
used: a) by fitting to the $\cos\theta$ angular distributions, and b)
by using the extended maximum likelihood method. The results of the fit to
the $\cos\theta$ angular distributions are shown in Figure~\ref{fig:cost}.
Within errors the results were the same in both cases, giving a solution that,
except for two small $D$ wave contributions at $\sim$1.3 GeV/$c^2$ and
$\sim$1.6 GeV/$c^2$, was all $S$ wave. Second, all four waves
(\ref{eq:s0}-\ref{eq:d+}) were used. The amplitudes were extracted both a)
from the moments shown in Figure~\ref{fig:moments}, and b) by maximizing the
extended likelihood with respect to the four wave moduli and the two relative
phases $\varphi(D_{0,1}^-)-\varphi(S_0^-)$. Within errors both analyses gave
the same answer.
When using the four waves (\ref{eq:s0}-\ref{eq:d+}) the inherent ambiguities
of a two body system are such that there are two solutions for each mass
bin~\cite{SU&Tru,Barrel}. Both solutions give identical moments or identical
values of the Likelihood. In order to continue the solutions from one mass bin
to the next, one follows the Barrelet zeros. In general these zeros are
complex and one lies above the real axis and the other lies below it. When
the zeros cross the real axis the solutions bifurcate~\cite{SU&Tru,Barrel}.
In the analysis presented here, there is a bifurcation point at 1.58
GeV/$c^2$. Before this bifurcation point there are only two solutions, one
which is mostly $S$ wave, and another that is mostly $D$ wave. Since at
threshold the $K_s K_s$ cross section is dominated by the presence of the
$f_0(980)$~\cite{Morgan} it is possible to eliminate the solution that has a
very small $S$ wave contribution at threshold. The remaining solution
bifurcates at 1.58 GeV/$c^2$ into a solution that has a large $S$ wave
contribution (solution one), and another that has a large $D$ wave component
(solution two). The solutions obtained using maximum likelihood are shown in
Figures~\ref{fig:sol1} and~\ref{fig:sol2}. Solution one is shown in
Figure~\ref{fig:sol1}, and solution two in Figure~\ref{fig:sol2}. The errors
shown are statistical errors only.
A striking feature of both solutions is the large $ | -0.031072 | -0.286789 | 0.095999 | 1.320581 | [
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Adjournment (Christmas)
Motion made, and Question proposed,
"That this House at its rising this day do adjourn until Tuesday, 2nd February next; provided always that, if it appears to the satisfaction of Mr. Speaker, after consultation with His Majesty's Government, that the public interest requires that the House should meet at any earlier time during the Adjournment, Mr. Speaker may give notice that he is so satisfied, and thereupon the House shall meet at the time stated in such notice and shall transact its business as if it had been duly adjourned to that time, and any Government Orders of the Day and Notices of Motion that may stand on the Order Book for the 2nd day of February or any subsequent day shall be appointed for the day on which the House shall so meet."—[Captain Margesson.]
Mr. AMERY
I wish to voice what I believe is a widespread regret that this House should be dismissed for some two months without even an indication of the Government policy on any of those issues which were treated as so urgent at the time of the General Election. We rise in ignorance of what policy the Government mean to Pursue in order to correct the gravely adverse balance of trade. The great staple industries of the country, notably iron and steel, are not merely being refused the assistance of which they are so urgently in need; they have not even been vouchsafed any assurance as to the ultimate intention of the Government to afford help which might enable them to carry on the struggle. Apart from the wheat quota, the farmer is left in the unhappy position of not knowing whether he is to throw good money after bad by getting his land ready for cultivation. The Empire is left in complete uncertainty as to whether the Government really mean business or not when they talk about Empire economic co-operation. Everything is to be left to drift, while the Government are to sit down and resume the process of trying to make up their mind as to a policy. I say "resume", because we all remember the curious ten days at the end of the last Parliament when the formula hunt was in progress—a formula which was left unfound. In the end, the Government, incapable of finding even a formula, let alone a policy, decided to go to the country on a slogan—the word "national". They got away with it, largely because the mass of the electors had it in their minds that the word "national" implied a national policy and a policy of action. They really cannot get away with this now. You cannot govern with slogans, or even with formulas. You must have a policy.
The Prime Minister now assures us that the Government are going to spend the Christmas holiday in looking for a policy. As a parent, I am rather suspicious of holiday tasks, especially with a pupil who in the past has shown himself so reluctant in facing any serious problem. I do not feel at all certain that, when the House meets again, we shall discover that a policy has been found, or that in the urgent day by day routine before Easter we shall not have one excuse after another for postponing either the announcement or the execution of any policy until the hands of the Government are forced. That is not a satisfactory state of affairs. That is not what the country and the House asked for. The House wants guidance. It wants to feel the hand of a master. It is tired of wondering what is going to arise from the scuffling behind the curtain before the curtain is next drawn up. If I may use a parallel from our earlier experiences, they are wondering how long they have to guess in this game of hunt the slipper with which member of the Cabinet is the elusive slipper of policy finally going to be found.
All this would be very entertaining if things were not so serious. That is the real issue. A great many of us feel that the Government are taking a grave risk and a grave responsibility in dismissing the House with so meagre a record of work achieved, with the avowed declaration that they have not at present a policy, and with no certain assurance that when we do meet again there will be a policy or any action to put it into effect. I do not wish to carry my protest any further, but I feel bound to register it in the hope that it may have proved unnecessary and that nothing very serious will happen in the next two or three months, but also with a feeling that things are more serious than the Government are prepared, in their actions at any rate, to admit.
Colonel GRETTON
I rise to call attention to the position in which we stand. The House | 0.582543 | -0.692367 | 0.082803 | 0.280033 | [
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has on occasion sat even up to Christmas when there has been an emergency, and I think that, if the Government had been ready with further proposals to deal with the critical situation which exists in many directions, every indication shows that the House would have been ready and willing to sit to any time in order to do the national business. But we are adjourning long before Christmas, on the 11th December, and the date proposed for the reassembly of Parliament is the 2nd February, although I am relieved to see that in the Motion power is invested in you, Mr. Speaker, after consultation with the Government to call Parliament together at an earlier date should the necessity arise. The 2nd February is putting us perilously near Easter if any business of an important character is to be carried through before that date. Those of us who have experience of Parliamentary practice are well aware of the considerable amount of financial business which must be transacted before the end of the financial year, and that takes time. There is no more important matter to which this House can give attention than financial business at the present time, and ample opportunity should be given to the House to carry out its duty in that respect.
We see upon the Order Paper for the re-assembly many little things, minor Bills. No doubt they might be swept away, but indications are not favourable, looking at those minor Measures, that the Government are at all anxious and eager to carry out the pledges to deal with major questions which were given by the Government at the general election. It is true that time might be saved when the House meets if private Members were persuaded to give up their Wednesday evenings and their Fridays. That might obtain if there were emergency measures to be taken. Although the House has always been willing, since I have had the honour of being a Member of this Assembly, to give opportunities to private Members, one might expect confidently in a national emergency that sacrifices would be made. So little has been done and what has to be faced and dealt with is so vast that it causes great anxiety to many of us.
There is a strong feeling in many of the constituencies that Parliament is not getting on with the business which it was elected to carry out. We have done nothing effective to deal with the adverse balance of trade which is all the time mounting up against us. We have done little of nothing to relieve the great and distressful load of unemployment which has come to so many of our people. Today an announcement has been made already of a decision which threatens to add to the unemployed in very large numbers. We have done nothing to deal with the cognate question, and I regret,—and I know that there are others in the House who also regret—that that subject has not received the attention of Parliament during the period of the Session which is drawing to a close. Undoubtedly, if the national situation is to be improved, if the pound is to be balanced, and if the burdens of taxation are to be eased as they so urgently need to be on the broad shoulders of the taxpayer, large economies must be made in public expenditure. I will not develop this subject because there are other matters waiting to be considered, but my voice alone is raised to-day to press economy upon the attention of the Government.
I wish to voice the very grave anxiety which is felt both in this Chamber and in the constituencies that the House is adjourning for the Christmas Recess, having done so little. We have passed the Statute of Westminster Act which was not before the electorate, and which has caused the gravest misgivings among many of us, and we have passed Measures for dealing with abnormal importations of manufactured goods, but I hope and trust that no one will imagine that we have done anything to establish a tariff. Under that Measure as it has been applied, it has merely been prohibition of certain imported goods by means of very high duties. As many of us expected, it has caused considerable alarm already among the various nations with whom we deal and from whom we buy. The Horticultural Measure, apparently to deal with market gardening and horticulture, suffers in the same way. The whole question of whether the country is to be relieved by tariffs, by quotas or by prohibitions is still not solved. I hope and trust—and I know that I am speaking for many here and many outside—that on occasion the Government will be ready long before the 2nd February and will come to you, Mr. Speaker, to exercise those powers which are to be given to you by the Motion now before the House.
Mr. TINKER
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unexpected assistance from various quarters, but I wonder, if we pressed the Motion to a division, whether we should get their support or not. I want to ask you, Mr. Speaker, whether the following points would be included as a matter of public interest requiring that the House should meet at an earlier date than the 2nd February. I put a question to the Prime Minister the other day as to whether, if there were a rise in the cost of living, he would consider raising unemployment pay to its former level. The Prime Minister said that it was a hypothetical question and could not be dealt with. But we are suspending operations for two months and in that time it is expected that something may happen. If the point which I have raised does happen, will the Government call Parliament together to consider it? The next point relates to unemployment. Yesterday, the Minister of Health said that they were considering with the local authorities and the public assistance committees various points arising in regard to the payment of unemployment benefit under the transitional period clause. If it is considered that some alteration should take place in the method of dealing with that matter, not taking into account pensions and compensation, will that be one of the causes to bring Parliament together a little earlier? These two matters are of far greater importance to us than the points raised by the right hon. Member for Sparkbrook (Mr. Amery) and the right hon. and gallant Member for Burton (Colonel Gretton). I am prepartd to leave those matters in the hands of the so-called National Government, hut if the points which I have mentioned arise, I want the Government to call Parliament together a little earlier to deal with them.
Mr. LAMBERT
The very impressive majority with which the Government were supported last night showed that the country was alive to the crisis in October. I cannot help expressing a considerable amount of anxiety as to whether the Government realise the seriousness of the crisis. We are a densely populated country, with a high standard of living, and we are importing five-sixths of our daily bread, our export trade is declining, our currency has been forcibly depreciated by 30 per cent., and to my amazement yesterday the Prime Minister indicated that the business for the 2nd February was the Town and Country Planning Bill; Wednesday, 3rd February, Private Members' Day; Thursday, Children Bill; Friday, Merchant Shipping (Safety and Load Line Conventions) Bill. Could not those matters be postponed, when we have very serious questions to deal with?
I went away yesterday very much cheered by the speech of the Chancellor of the Exchequer. He told us that there would be no serious deficit in the Budget, but I read this morning in a company report that the increased Beer Duty, for instance, will not bring in anything like the amount of revenue that was estimated by the late Chancellor of the Exchequer. I think the estimate was that it would bring in £4,500,000 up to 1st April next. I understand, however, that instead of the revenue being £4,500,000 from the Beer Duty it is almost resulting in a loss. Then there is the Income Tax. That tax is easy to impose but it is very difficult to collect, as the Government will find out. Unemployment showed signs of decreasing a week or two ago, but that decline has been checked. The last figures are not encouraging, I am very sorry to say. Then there is the matter raised by the hon. Member for Dumbarton Burghs (Mr. Kirkwood), the suspension of the work on the Cunard ship. The Cunard Company is a splendidly managed company, as the President of the Board of Trade showed to-day. It has a wonderful fleet, but it has suspended the construction of this ship. That is an extremely serious step to take. Three thousand men will be directly affected and many more will be indirectly affected, even going so far, I understand, as the docks at Southampton. I would not like to say how many men will be affected, but the effect on the ancillary trades must be very great. In their statement this morning the company say:
"It is the practice of the company to finance the construction of such a ship as 534 by making use of the bill market."
That is the question which I put to the President of the Board of Trade to-day. The bank rate in this country is very high. I saw a notice in the "Times" this morning to this effect:
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is scarce and dear, but in New York it is cheap and in Paris it is cheaper still. The discount rates in Paris are 2 per cent., in New York 3½ per cent. and in London nearly 6 per cent."
Why should that be. Why should our bank rate be so much higher than the bank rate in New York and Paris. A year or two ago no one would have had the presumption to criticise those eminent and mysterious gentlemen who control our finances, but they have not been so successful of late, and I am fortified in that expression of opinion by the Midland Bank Review. It is well for the Government to take that into consideration—
The right hon. Gentleman is now going beyond giving reasons why we should meet earlier.
I thought those were good reasons, in that we are very near a crisis coming. If you do not wish me to proceed, I will not do so, but I do assure you, the Government and the House that we are approaching a very serious moment, I wanted to impress upon the Government the necessity of taking some steps to obviate the difficulties in which the country will find itself, but I will not pursue that point if you think it is out of Order. If I must found my argument upon an earlier meeting of Parliament, I will do so by saying that it is essential that we should meet earlier, in January, in order that we may have an agricultural policy put before us. The agricultural policy of the Government seems to be extremely nebulous at the present time. We were told that we should have a quota for wheat. I should like the farmers to know what they are to have; what price they are to have. If the Government could give us earlier some idea as to the price the farmers will get for their wheat, there might be a chance of more wheat being cultivated this year. We are in the position of being suspended in mid-air. As I understand it, there is a quota proposal which has not been approved by the millers. I do not see how you can work it without the millers, I hope the Government will give us some idea of the price we are to get for our wheat. It is all a question of price. I do not care whether you have it by a quota or any other system, but if it is to be adopted we must know the price. To the farmer it is the price that is of real importance.
I have risen with a deep sense of responsibility. I think the country is drifting to a more serious crisis than it realises. I do not want to criticise the Government, I want to help them because upon the success of this Government will depend the success of the country. I only make these observations with a view to helping the Government and the country in a time which is extremely serious.
Mr. LANSBURY
I beg to move, in line 2 to leave out the words "Tuesday, 2nd February" and to insert instead thereof the words "Monday, 4th January".
I have just handed this Amendment in.
Mr. BUCHANAN
I want to raise a serious point of Order. When the Prime Minister gave notice of this Motion last night I at once proceeded to the Table of the House and gave notice that I would raise this point. The moment the House assembled I gave a copy of the Amendment, in writing, to the Clerks at the Table, in the name of the hon. Member for Shettleston (Mr. McGovern) and myself, which we intended to move to-day. I want to ask you, Mr. Speaker, whether it is quite fair after we had given this notice for hon. Members, who had not given notice in writing, to get preference over other hon. Members who, have been at some trouble and had shown you all the courtesy to which you are entitled. Are we not entitled to ask that we should get the same courtesy in return?
I understand that the hon. Member for Gorbals (Mr. Buchanan) is complaining that I have given preference to the Leader of the Opposition.
Mr. MAXTON
We will put it that way.
I got a notice this morning from the hon. Member in writing saying that he proposed to move an Amendment. Shortly afterwards I had a similar Motion in writing from the Leader of the Opposition. It is customary in this House to give preference to the Leader of the Official Opposition.
I would have given notice last night if I could. I went to the Clerks at the Table and they said they could not take it until the Prime Minister's motion appeared on the Order Paper. | 0.013442 | -1.133757 | -0.579156 | -0.198294 | [
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Our notice was in before any other notice. We took deliberate care to consult people to see if any Motion would be put, and one of the most active Members of the Opposition gave no indication in his speech that such a Motion was to be put down. When we come down here and one of our members is standing in his place in order to move the Amendment and is not called it is not giving us that courtesy which ought to be observed either by you, Sir, or anyone else. [Interruption.] It is not fair.
The hon. Member for Gorbals is deliberately accusing me of discourtesy to the House. If he has any grievance against me, he will kindly put a Motion down on the Order Paper.
I will take that remedy.
Mr. McGOVERN
I want your guidance, Mr. Speaker, as to whether it is in Order for you to call upon a right hon. Gentleman who made no attempt to rise while I and other hon. Members on this Bench have been continually on our feet in order to move our Amendment.
All that can be put in the Motion to be put on the Paper. Mr. Lansbury—
I want to be as orderly as possible. Further to that point of Order, I want for my own benefit to understand the Rules of the House, and I want your guidance. I want to know whether it is in order for you, as Speaker of this House, to call upon a right hon. Gentleman when he is seated and has made no attempt to rise when other Members are on their feet?
That is perfectly in order.
On that point—
12 n.
I do not propose to argue this question with hon. Members. They must put their Motion on the Order Paper.
May I say—
On a point of Order. I want to ask you, Sir—I am not repeating charges against you at all, but to put this point to you very directly—whether, after having sounded the House in the ordinary way as to whether any other section were proposing to put an Amendment of this kind on the Order Paper; if it had been put down by any other section of the House we should not have put it down because they would be better supported than ourselves—but after having sounded the House and found that no other section, either Government back benchers or the Official Opposition, were taking such steps, we took the appropriate steps that are necessary under the rules of the House to Table our Amendment, then when it comes to the point of moving such an Amendment, our spokesman, who is on his feet, is not called while the right hon. Gentleman the Leader of the Opposition, who is not on his feet—
Order, order. The hon. Member is not in order in arguing the matter. He must put a Motion on the Order Paper.
You misunderstand me, Mr. Speaker.
The hon. Member is putting a point of Order.
Further to the point of Order. I am not seeking to argue with you or question your right, but surely I am entitled to be guided by you, as Speaker of this House and as the custodian of the Rules of the House. I have asked you a plain question and up to now you have not answered it. I want to know whether it is in order, and whether your duty allows you to call upon a right hon. Member who is not on his feet and who has shown no indication in that manner that he wants to speak, while I am not called although I am on my feet.
I should like to say that the Whips of the Opposition have had no communication with anybody in regard to this Motion for the Adjournment, and the hon. Member for Bridgeton (Mr. Maxton) has no right to say that he consulted all sections of the House on the matter.
I did not say that.
The OTTIOIAL REPORT will indicate what the hon. Member did say.
I said "sounded."
I do not know what "sounded" may mean, but I want the House to understand that so far as we are concerned we were not consulted by anyone on this matter. I would also like to say that on the first occasion that I spoke as Leader of the small group which sits here, I said that I would safeguard the rights of the Opposition in this House; and the rights of the Opposition in this House are that they take precedence on an occasion of this kind, as Mr. Speaker has already laid down—[Interruption.] We intend to maintain that | -0.517992 | -1.77122 | -0.926621 | -0.194717 | [
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Managing payroll is an important part of running your business – especially during the holidays. Your employees may get bonuses or be paid overtime, or you may need to take on extra staff to keep up with demand. Find out how to manage your payroll properly and avoid unexpected surprises.
Some aspects of payroll management can be complicated, including managing payroll deductions. Most business owners understand that deductions are necessary, but calculating them can involve many variables.
You need to take special care that the right deductions are made and transferred to the right government agency at the right time. If you don't calculate the right employee deductions you could be breaking the law.
It's vital that your payroll software works out the right deductions to make over the holidays, and it's equally important to keep your staff informed.
Common payroll deductions can be automated with the right payroll software. This includes things like ACC and KiwiSaver payments.
Showing employees' deduction information on their payslips (printed or electronic) can reduce questions and keep your employees happy. It also means you can show your employees how much you as the employer contribute for them. Without showing this information, your employees may not know the value of these extra benefits.
Overtime is extra pay for hours worked by your employees over the amount they would normally work. This is often forty hours per week if they are full-time employees, but it depends on factors like the country you're based in and local employment law.
Employee overtime can be a big additional cost in your operating expenses over the holidays. So make sure you check that your overtime payments will be covered by a corresponding increase in sales.
How much overtime does your business currently incur?
What is the total cost of the overtime?
Where does the overtime come from and why does it happen?
When does the overtime occur?
Is there a trend, or is it seasonal?
Having the right data is critical to managing your costs. It's worth spending the time and effort to collect and analyse it.
Make sure you understand the rules and regulations for overtime pay and that your payroll system can cope with them. Talk to your tax agent, payroll specialist or accountant if you need more advice.
Make it easy to process leave requests. Employees should be able to apply via email or an app, and managers should be able to approve with a mouse-click. There doesn't have to be a whole ton of paperwork. Find software that does all the admin for you.
Can you quickly and easily produce reports showing what annual leave has been paid and when? You may be asked to provide this information by government agencies, unions, or other relevant compliance bodies.
Do your employee payslips or notifications clearly show when annual leave has been paid?
If you provide annual leave for some employees but not others, can your system identify and group them?
The right payroll software will automatically generate standard holidays based on your profile, circumstances and employee information. It can give you the flexibility to manually enter holidays or override auto-generated holidays.
If the day you normally pay an employee falls on a holiday, make sure you indicate this in your system and let your employees know when they'll be paid. If you want to pay them before the holiday, adjust the payment date to allow time for the money to be transferred to their bank account. Check public holiday dates online if you're not sure when they occur.
Employee overtime can quickly add up. It's a good idea to get an accountant or bookkeeper to take a look at your overtime costs.
With the right payroll system, it's easy to track your employees' holidays or sick leave.
Well-designed payroll software needs to allow for unlimited and flexible earning amounts, deductions and reimbursements. This is regardless of whether your employees are full-time or part-time.
Have you considered the benefits of customised pay calendars for both your business and your staff? In addition to you being able to view their leave history and balances, and submitting requests, your employees will be able to complete these tasks online – from anywhere.
Bonuses are often given out around the holidays. If you plan to give your employees bonuses, you need to consider the tax implications – for both full-time and part-time employees. Your government tax agency will specify the rate at which bonuses must be taxed. In your payroll system, you might have to manually adjust these rates for your employees depending on your business.
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] | 1,330,934 | 0 | C4 | 3 | 13 |
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
In order to fulfil its physics programme the TOTEM experiment~\cite{Totem_TDR} has to
cope with the challenge of triggering and recording events in the very forward region with
a good acceptance for particles produced at very small angles with respect to the beam.
The evaluation of the total cross section with an error down to 1$\div$2\,$\%$ will
in particular require the simultaneous measurement of the elastic scattering at low values
for the squared four-momentum transfer ($|t| \sim (p\theta)^2$) as well as of the inelastic
interaction rate with losses reduced to few per-cents.
This involves the detection of scattered protons at a location very close
to the beam, together with efficient forward particle detection in inelastic events.
A flexible trigger provided by its detectors will allow to take data under all
LHC running scenarios.
The combination of the CMS~\cite{CMS} and TOTEM experiments, representing the largest
acceptance detector
ever built at a hadron collider, will also allow the study of a wide range of diffractive
processes with an unprecedented coverage in rapidity. For this purpose the
TOTEM trigger and data acquisition (DAQ) systems are designed to be compatible with the CMS
ones, in order to allow common data taking periods foreseen at a later stage~\cite{CMS_TOTEM_TDR}.
In the following, after a general overview of the experimental apparatus, the main
features of the TOTEM physics programme will be described.
\section{Detector Components}\label{sec:detec}
\begin{figure}[htb!]
\epsfig{figure=fig/TotemT1T2Det.eps,height=1.8in,width=10.0cm}
\vskip -4.5cm
\hskip 6.0cm
\epsfig{figure=fig/RP_location.eps,height=0.8in,width=10.0cm}
\vspace{1.5cm}
\caption{Right: Roman Pots location along the LHC beam-line. Left: T1/T2 location in the forward
region of the CMS detector. All TOTEM detectors are located on both sides of IP5.}
\label{fig:totem_exp}
\end{figure}
Located on both sides of the interaction point IP5 (the same as for CMS)
the TOTEM experimental apparatus comprises ``Roman Pots'' (RPs) detectors and the T1 and T2
inelastic telescopes (Fig.~\ref{fig:totem_exp}).
The RPs, placed on the beam-pipe of the outgoing beam in two stations at about 147 m and 220
m from IP5, are special movable beam-pipe insertions designed
to detect ``leading'' protons with a scattering angle down to few $\mu$rad.
T1 and T2, embedded inside the forward region of CMS, provide charged track reconstruction
for 3.1 $<$ $|\eta|$ $<$ 6.5 ($\eta = -ln(tan\frac{\theta}{2})$) with a 2$\pi$ coverage and
with a very good efficiency. These detectors, providing trigger signals with acceptance
grater than 95$\%$ for all inelastic events, will allow the measurement of inelastic
rates with small losses and will be also used for the reconstruction of the event
interaction vertex, so to reject background events~\cite{CMS_TOTEM_TDR}.
The read-out of all TOTEM sub-detectors is based on the digital VFAT chip~\cite{Totem_JNST},
specifically designed for TOTEM and characterized by trigger capabilities.
The RPs host silicon detectors which are moved very close to the beam when it is
in stable conditions.
Each RP station is composed of two units in order to have
a lever harm for local track reconstruction and trigger selections by track angle.
Each unit consists of three pots, two vertical and one horizontal completing the
acceptance for diffractively scattered protons.
Each pot contains a stack of 10 planes | 0.645548 | 1.104529 | 1.13027 | 1.429838 | [
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] | 1,330,936 | 0 | ArXiv | -1 | -1 |
of silicon strip detectors
(Fig.~\ref{fig:totem_det}, left). Each plane has 512 strips (pitch of
66 $\mu$m) allowing a single hit resolution of about 20 $\mu$m.
As the detection of protons elastically scattered at angles down to few
$\mu$rads requires a detector active area as close to the beam as $\sim$ 1 mm,
a novel ``edgeless planar silicon'' detector technology has been developed
for TOTEM RPs in order to have an edge dead zone minimized to only about
50 $\mu$m~\cite{RP_Silicon}.
Each T1 telescope arm, covering the range 3.1 $<$ $|\eta|$ $<$ 4.7 and located
at $\sim$ 9 m from IP5, consists of five planes
formed by six trapezoidal ``Cathode Strip Chambers'' (CSC)~\cite{Totem_TDR}
(Fig.~\ref{fig:totem_det}, centre). These CSCs, with 10 mm thick gas gap and a gas mixture
of Ar/CO$_2$/CF$_4$ ($40\%/50\%/10\%$), give three measurements of the charged particle
coordinates with a spatial resolution of about 1 mm: anode wires (pitch of 3 mm), also giving
level-1 trigger information, are parallel to the trapezoid base;
cathode strips (pitch of 5 mm) are rotated by $\pm$ $60^o$ with respect to the wires.
\begin{figure}[htb!]
\psfig{figure=fig/RP_telescope.ps,height=1.5in,width=0.32\linewidth}
\epsfig{figure=fig/T1_quarter.eps,height=1.5in,width=0.32\linewidth }
\epsfig{figure=fig/T2_quarter.eps,height=1.5in,width=0.32\linewidth}
\vspace{-0.2cm}
\caption{Left: silicon detectors hosted in one pot. Centre (right):
one half-arm of the T1 (T2) telescope.}
\label{fig:totem_det}
\end{figure}
The T2 telescope, based on ``Gas Electron Multiplier'' (GEM) technology~\cite{GEM},
extends charged track reconstruction to the range 5.3 $<$ $|\eta|$ $<$ 6.5~\cite{Totem_TDR}.
Ten aligned detectors planes, having an almost semicircular shape, are combined to form one
of the half-arms located at $\sim$ 13.5 m from IP5 (Fig.~\ref{fig:totem_det}, right).
This novel gas detector technology is optimal for the T2 telescope
thanks to its good spatial resolution, excellent rate capability and good
resistance to radiation. The T2 GEMs are characterized by
a triple-GEM structure and a gas mixture of Ar/CO$_2$ (70$\%$/30$\%$)~\cite{Totem_TDR}.
The read-out board has two separate layers with different patterns: one with 256x2 concentric
circular strips (80\,$\mu$m wide, pitch of 400\,$\mu$m), allowing track radial coordinate
reconstruction with a resolution of about 100\,$\mu$m; the other with a matrix of 24x65 pads
(from 2x2\,mm$^2$ to 7x7\,mm$^2$ in size) providing level-1 trigger information and
track azimuthal coordinate reconstruction.
\section{Physics Programme}\label{sec:phys}
The physics goals of the TOTEM experiment are the measurement of the total $pp$ cross section
($\sigma_{tot}$) with a precision down to 1$\div$2\,$\%$, the study of the nuclear elastic
$pp$ differential cross section ($d{\sigma}_{el} / dt$) over a wide range of
$|t|$ ($\sim 10^{-3} < | 0.527756 | 1.305079 | 0.795486 | 1.372608 | [
0.5674761290659724,
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] | 1,330,936 | 1,024 | ArXiv | -1 | -1 |
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