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Materials Synthesis & Growth (100%)
University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (Lead Research Organisation)
Pervatech, Netherlands (Project Partner)
IF Sensing Ltd, United Kingdom (Project Partner)
AkzoNobel UK, United Kingdom (Project Partner)
CTech Innovation Ltd, United Kingdom (Project Partner)
Defence Science & Tech Lab DSTL, United Kingdom (Project Partner)
Green Biologics Limited, United Kingdom (Project Partner)
Crown Packaging Plc, United Kingdom (Project Partner)
ITM Power plc, United Kingdom (Project Partner)
ACAL Energy Ltd, United Kingdom (Project Partner)
National Research Council CNR - Italy, Italy (Project Partner)
Syngenta, Switzerland (Project Partner)
Peter Martin Budd (Principal Investigator) http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3606-1158
Flor Rebeca Siperstein (Co-Investigator)
Edward Roberts (Co-Investigator) http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2634-0647
Aravind Vijayaraghavan (Co-Investigator)
Stuart Holmes (Co-Investigator)
Paola Carbone (Co-Investigator)
Cinzia Casiraghi (Co-Investigator)
Sven Lars Schroeder (Co-Investigator)
Ian Anthony Kinloch (Co-Investigator)
Andrey Petrov Jivkov (Co-Investigator) http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3454-7341
Sarah Jane Haigh (Co-Investigator)
Bruce Donaldson Grieve (Co-Investigator)
RAHUL RAVEENDRAN NAIR (Researcher Co-Investigator)
|< < 1 2 3 4 > >|
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) Anomalies in the low frequency vibrational density of states for a polymer with intrinsic microporosity - the Boson peak of PIM-1. in Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP
Software and Technical Products
Engagement Activities
Description Graphene oxide membranes in a hydrated state act as molecular sieves, blocking solutes with a hydrodynamic radius larger than 0.45 nm. (Science, 2014, 343, 752-754)
Multilayer graphitic films, made by chemical reduction of graphene oxide laminates, have exceptional barrier properties, being impermeable to gases, liquids, and aggressive chemicals such as HF. (Nature Commun., 2014, 5, 4843)
The polymer of intrinsic microporosity PIM-1 can interact with graphene sheets and facilitate graphene dispersion. (Micropor. Mesopor. Mater., 2014, 209, 126-134)
Graphene prepared by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) has been deposited on racetrack type silicon cavity resonators, and limits established for the cavity length for optical sensing applications. (Optics Express, 2014, 22, 18625-18632)
Few-layer phosphorene nanosheets can be formed by liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) of black phosphorus. (Chem. Commun., 2014, 50, 13338-13341)
In the plasma hydrogenation of graphene, conditions can be tuned to clean graphene, functionalize graphene, or etch it away layer-by-layer. (Appl. Phys. Lett., 2014, 105, 183104)
The first atomic scale resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy images have been obtained of graphene defect structures induced by ion-irradiation. (Nature Scientific Reports, 2014, 4, Article number 6334)
Advanced transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques show a change from a flat to a three-dimensional structure on passage of an electric current through graphite. (Nanotechnology, 2014, 25, 465601)
For nanocomposites of few-layer graphene in polypropylene, graphene flakes act as nucleation sites for polymer crystallization; large (20 ?m) flakes are more effective than small (5 ?m) flakes for polymer reinforcement. (Faraday Discuss., 2014, 173, 379-390)
A simple computational approach has been developed to represent the pore structures of carbonaceous materials. (Carbon, 2015, 88, 185-195)
n-Octylbenzene acts as a graphene dispersion stabilizing agent in the liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) of graphite (Nature Scientific Reports, 2015, 5, Article number 16684)
Wastewater from membrane fabrication can be treated utilising an adsorbent such as a polymer of intrinsic microporosity, greatly improving the sustainability of membrane manufacture. (Green Chem., 2015, 17, 5196-5205)
Low loadings (0.05 vol.%) of few-layer graphene in the polymer of intrinsic microporosity PIM-1 can give membranes with enhanced gas permeability that maintain good performance on ageing. (Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 2016, 374, 20150031)
Chemical functionalization of coronene by perchloro substitution significantly enhances its propensity to form a self-assembled monolayer on graphene. (Chem. Phys. Chem., 2016, 17, 352-357)
Advanced characterization techniques have been developed to enable graphene to be visualised within an organic polymer. (Carbon, 201 | -0.004706 | 1.999843 | 1.049111 | 1.450649 | [
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6, 102, 357-356)
Smooth, nanometre-sale capillaries can be fabricated utilising two-dimensional crystals as spacers; enhanced water flow is observed in channels that can accommodate only a few layers of water. (Nature, 2016, 538, 222-225)
Superconductivity is observed in Ca-doped graphene laminates. (Sci Rep. 2016, 6, 23254)
The pressure of liquids encapsulated between two graphene sheets can reach 1GPa and induce chemical reactions that would not occur at atmospheric conditions. (Nat. Comm. 2016, 7, 12168)
Graphene oxide membranes could be used for the water treatment of the nuclear industry to selectively separate ions with similar size but different hydration free energies. (Env. Sci. Tech., 2016, 50, 3875)
A novel membrane photo-reactor was made of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets; it was used as both separation layer and catalyst for highly efficient photo-oxidation of organic dyes. (J. Mater. Chem. A, 2016, 4, 11666-11671)
The polymer of intrinsic microporosity PIM-1 shows unusual molecular motions and conductivity at high temperature. (ACS Macro Lett., 2016, 5, 528-532)
The performance of a direct methanol fuel cell at elevated temperature is significantly improved by the addition of a single layer graphene or hexagonal boron nitride layer. (Adv. Energy Mater., 2016, 1601216)
A graphene oxide coating has a beneficial effect in embryonic stem cell differentiation, which opens up possibilities for graphene in biomedical applications. (Scientific Reports, 2016, 6, 25917)
A technique has been developed for the fabrication of pressurized and stable graphene membranes that can hold up to 14 bar and ?2% strain. (Appl. Phys. Lett., 2016, 108, 221907)
MoS2 nanosheets, suitable for applications in catalysis, can be formed on a microporous substrate of diatomaceous earth. (Chem. Mater., 2016, 28, 5582-5586)
Following intravenous administration of graphene oxide sheets to mice there was extensive urinary excretion, with no impairment to kidney function. (ACS Nano, 2016, 10, 10753-10767)
High-resolution imaging techniques offer the potential to visualize the microbe-metal interface during the bioproduction of a range of functional materials. (Part. Part. Syst. Charact., 2016, 33, 833-841)
The addition of graphene-like fillers to the polymer PIM-1 gives membranes with improved separation for biobutanol recovery. (J. Membr. Sci., 2017, 526, 437-449)
Membranes comprising a thin film of PIM-1 on a tailored macroporous PVDF support show excellent performance for biobutanol recovery. (J. Membr. Sci., 2017, 529, 207-214)
The addition of polyhedral oligomeric phenethyl-silsesquioxanes (POSS) to the polymer PIM-1 gives membranes with enhanced performance for gas separation. (J. Membr. Sci., 2017, 529, 274-285)
Ion permeation and selectivity of graphene oxide membranes with sub-nm channels dramatically alters with the change in interlayer distance due to dehydration effects whereas permeation of water molecules remains largely unaffected. (Nature Nanotechnology, | 0.228481 | 2.458244 | 1.033893 | 1.325783 | [
0.1634218775113381,
0.2935410432662204
] | [
2.56568194316794,
2.3508065134107734
] | [
1.1049079001608988,
0.9628784027393797
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1.211323164556904,
1.4402437481631578
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2017, 12, 546-550)
Atomic scale defects in monolayer NbSe2 have been observed. (ACS Nano, 2017, 11, 2894-2904)
A two dimensional form of the mineral franckeite can be produced by mechanical exfoliation. (Nature Communications, 2017, 8, Article No 14410)
In situ analytical transmission electron microscopy has been applied to examine the localised oxidation reactions that occur in a Ni-Cr-Fe alloy. (Ultramicroscopy, 2017, 176, 46-51)
A new experimental platform, which allows real time, nanoscale, elemental and structural changes to be studied at temperatures up to 1000 ?C and pressures up to 1 atm, has been applied to understand complex structural changes occurring during reduction of a bimetallic catalyst. (ChemPhysChem 10.1002/cphc.201700425)
A new model of ion-carbon interaction shows that cations are strongly adsorbed onto a graphene surface with a trend (Li+ < Na+ < K+) opposite to that predicted by previous calculations. (J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2017, 8, 703-708)
Carbon nanotubes act as cages for organic molecules, enabling them to be optimally positioned for Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS). (Faraday Discuss., 2017, 205, 85-103)
Excellent ion sieving properties are achieved for laminar MoS2 membranes functionalised with dyes. (ACS Nano 2017, 11, 11082-11090)
Ultrathin graphene oxide membranes show potential for organic solvent nanofiltration. (Nature Mater., 2017, 16, 1198-1202)
The interaction of phospholipid membranes with graphene derivatives has been studied using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. Lipid monolayers on reduced graphene oxide are of interest for biosensing applications. (Nanoscale, 2018, 10, 2555-2567)
Low-cost, flexible strain gauges can be produced on paper by inkjet printing with a graphene ink. (Carbon, 2018, 129, 462-467)
New methods for analysing Raman data enable the effects of strain and doping in graphene to be evaluated. (2D Mater. 2018, 5, 015016)
Elemental mapping can be performed on liquid samples with high spatial resolution with a new design of graphene-based cell in a scanning transmission electron microscope. (Nano Lett. 2018, 18, 1168-1174)
Atomic resolution imaging in an environmental TEM enables the process of aluminium oxidation to be studied from first oxide nucleation through to complete film formation. (ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 2230-2235)
Inelastic neutron scattering reveals that PIM-1, an ultrapermeable polymer of interest for gas separation membranes, exhibits a Boson peak at lower frequencies than conventional glassy polymers, indicating a higher compressibility at the molecular scale. (Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2018, 20, 1355-1363)
Atomistic simulation gives an insight into the effects of hydration on graphene oxide membranes. (Nanoscale, 2018, 10, 1946-1956)
Design rules have been established for selecting solvents and dispersants for graphene and carbon nanotubes. (ACS Nano, 2018, 12, 1043-1049)
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oxide acts as a performance-enhancing filler in polyethersulfone mixed matrix membranes for ultrafiltration of aqueous solutions. (Chem. Eng. J., 2018, 334, 789-799)
Electrical control of water permeation through a graphene oxide membrane has been demonstrated. (Nature, 2018, 559, 236-240)
Membranes incorporating functionalised graphene oxide show potential for desalination by membrane distillation. (J. Membr. Sci., 2018, 554, 309-323; Desalination, 2019, 452, 196-207)
Graphene laminates form highly effective barriers to acid gases such as CO2 and H2S under extreme conditions (Adv. Mater. Interf., 2018, 5, 1800304)
Exploitation Route Facilities for membrane fabrication, scale-up and testing are being established in Manchester at the Graphene Engineering Innovation Centre and are accessible by industrial partners. Patents have been applied for.
Sectors Chemicals,Energy,Environment,Manufacturing, including Industrial Biotechology
Description Public awareness of the potential of graphene-based membranes: worldwide publicity about graphene-based membranes for seawater desalination, see e.g. https://www.epsrc.ac.uk/newsevents/news/graphenesieve/, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-39482342 A partnership with Lifesaver is seeking to develop enhanced water filtration products, see https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/news/national-graphene-institute-to-develop-graphene-water-filtration-with-lifesaver/
Description Collaborative project with Airbus (R.R. Nair)
Amount £300,000 (GBP)
Funding ID FSIR-AIRBUS-TSB
Organisation Innova UK
Country Unknown
Description EPSRC
Amount £1,675,667 (GBP)
Funding ID EP/P009050/1
Organisation Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)
Sector Academic/University
Description Feasibility project (R.R. Nair)
Organisation Neometals Ltd
Description Marie Curie Fellowship (R.R. Nair - Stable Crosslinked Graphene Membranes for Water and Molecular Separation)
Funding ID 707220
Organisation Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions
Description Newton Fund UK-Gulf Institutional Link
Funding ID 279336045
Organisation British Council
Sector Charity/Non Profit
Description Programme Grant
Funding ID EP/P00119X/1
Description Standard research grant
Funding ID EP/N013670/1
Title REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE BARRIER MATERIALS
Description This invention relates to barrier materials comprising reduced graphene oxide, methods of making said materials and their uses. The reduced graphene oxide is preferably formed from the reduction of graphene oxide by HI, HBr or ascorbic acid.
IP Reference WO2015145155
Protection Patent application published
Year Protection Granted 2015
Licensed Commercial In Confidence
Impact Engagement with industry
Title Separation of water using a membrane
Description This invention relates to the uses of graphene oxide, and in particular graphene oxide on a porous support, and a membrane composed of these materials. This invention also relates to methods of dehydration, which include vapour phase separation and pervaporation.
IP Reference US20180071692
Impact Growth of interest in graphene-based membranes for water treatment applications.
Title Analysis of coupled membrane deformation and mass transport
Description Software developed for analysis of coupled membrane deformation and mass | -0.146125 | 1.634555 | 0.899472 | 1.05264 | [
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Emergency Live - Pre-Hospital Care, Ambulance Services, Fire Safety and Civil Protection Magazine
Japan Coast Guard orders three additional H225 helicopters
By Martina Tesser Last updated May 4, 2018
Tokyo, 21 June 2017 – Airbus Helicopters has been awarded a contract from the Japan Coast Guard (JCG) for the purchase of three additional H225s. This new order will bring the JCG's total H225 fleet to nine units by February 2020. The JCG already placed an order for a sixth H225 in 2016, which will be delivered in 2018.
Under the agreement, the three H225 helicopters will be used for security enforcement, Japanese territorial coastal activities, as well as disaster relief missions.
"The Japan Coast Guard has been operating helicopters from the Super Puma family for 25 years, and this H225 follow-on order illustrates our customer's confidence in our product and the dedicated support we have provided to the team over the years", said Olivier Tillier, Managing Director of Airbus Helicopters in Japan. "The H225 is the perfect choice for JCG's missions including search and rescue, and coastal and islands protection, given its versatility in all weather conditions. The Airbus Helicopters team in Japan will continue to render our utmost support to guarantee the continued availability of our customer's H225 fleet."
Currently operating eight helicopters from the Super Puma family, the JCG first introduced Airbus Helicopters' AS332 L1 into its fleet in 1992, and subsequently welcomed its first H225 in 2008. With this latest order, the JCG's Super Puma fleet will eventually grow to eleven units by 2020.
The H225, the latest member of Airbus Helicopters' Super Puma family, is an 11-ton-category twin-turbine rotorcraft which accommodates up to 19 passengers. Equipped with state-of-the-art electronic instruments and autopilot system, the H225 offers outstanding endurance and fast cruise speed, and may be fitted with various equipment to suit any role.
Specifically in Japan, a total of 25 helicopters from the Super Puma family are currently flown by civil, parapublic operators and Japan Ministry of Defense for various search and rescue missions, offshore operations, VIP, fire-fighting, and passenger and goods transportation.
About Airbus
Airbus is a global leader in aeronautics, space and related services. In 2016, it generated revenues of €67 billion and employed a workforce of around 134,000. Airbus offers the most comprehensive range of passenger airliners from 100 to more than 600 seats. Airbus is also a European leader providing tanker, combat, transport and mission aircraft, as well as Europe's number one space enterprise and the world's second largest space business. In helicopters, Airbus provides the most efficient civil and military rotorcraft solutions worldwide.
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Martina Tesser
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Media|Brian Williams Scandal Shows Power of Social Media
Brian Williams Scandal Shows Power of Social Media
A compilation of Brian Williams's television appearances shows how his accounts of a 2003 episode on military helicopters in Iraq gradually became more perilous.
By Ravi Somaiya
The soldiers who prompted Brian Williams's fall from one of the most powerful jobs in the media had first tried to blow the whistle on him in 2003.
But that was before the Internet became ubiquitous. And so, like most people who had a problem with the news, the soldiers had few options. A clip of Mr. Williams recounting a helicopter attack in Iraq had been broadcast by NBC, then dissipated into the ether.
So Joe Summerlin and some of the other soldiers involved in the incident, frustrated by what they viewed as a disingenuous presentation by Mr. Williams, did the only things they could easily do: They left futile notes of complaint in the news vans of rival networks, and, in a gesture of silent protest, made sure they switched channels when Mr. Williams appeared on their screens again.
Twelve years later, many more options were available, and Mr. Summerlin and his fellow soldiers were able to start a new breed of television scandal — one that began with their Facebook comments, was amplified by Twitter and reached a crescendo as amateur sleuths took to YouTube to fact-check Mr. Williams's reporting.
Once it started, it spread through social media with such heat and ferocity that it surprised many in the media — not least Mr. Williams, who did not seem to immediately grasp the danger he was in, according to a person who was present at NBC when the story broke, and who spoke on the condition of anonymity, describing a confidential discussion.
Twelve years ago, Christopher Simeone and others wanted to expose Brian Williams's exaggerated recounting of a helicopter attack in Iraq. But all they could do was leave notes in the news vans of Mr. Williams's competitors.CreditMeggan Haller/Keyhole Photo for The New York Times
In February, Mr. Williams said he had "conflated" the two helicopters. He was suspended a few days later, and on Thursday was reassigned to a lesser role. On Friday, he appeared on television in a humbling interview with his colleague, Matt Lauer, talking about his misstatements.
Mitchell Stephens, a professor of journalism at New York University, who has studied the history of broadcast news, said that Mr. Williams fell into "an overall move towards a greater truth standard. It is just harder to get away with dissembling now." Social media, he said, "is a great device for catching this stuff."
Great anchors like Walter Cronkite were known for a marked difference between their on- and off-air personas, Mr. Stephens said. But that line has been blurred. "All of what people say gets recorded and therefore can be analyzed," he said. "And these trends play against Brian Williams."
The original clip of Mr. Williams recounting the helicopter episode had been made available online, along with thousands of others, by NBC. A clip of Mr. Williams exaggerating the story on "Late Show With David Letterman" in 2013 was uploaded innocently to YouTube.
Both lay dormant until NBC uploaded a later clip, earlier this year, of Mr. Williams recounting the story again on "NBC Nightly News," to its Facebook page. It was, as the network hoped, a hit with many of those serving in the armed forces, and their families. But it also reached some of the soldiers who knew better and who, more than a decade earlier, had tried to inform the world that Mr. Williams's story was not all it seemed. They commented.
"Sorry dude, I don't remember you being on my aircraft," Lance Reynolds, a flight engineer, wrote on Facebook. "I do remember you walking up about an hour after we had landed to ask me what had happened." Mr. Reynolds and others who were involved said that Mr. Williams was on a trailing helicopter far from the one that was attacked.
A reporter for Stars and Stripes, the military newspaper, heard about the veterans' protests, and Mr. Williams's career as the anchorman of "NBC Nightly News" soon came to a halt.
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Long COVID Leaves Newly Disabled People Facing Old Barriers – A Sociologist Explains
Can you get long COVID after an infection with omicron? (AP Illustration/Peter Hamlin)
(THE CONVERSATION) Up to one-third of COVID-19 survivors will acquire the condition known as long or long-haul COVID-19. The American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation estimates that long COVID will add as many as 22 million individuals to the U.S. population of disabled people.
I am a sociologist and researcher focusing on disability. I am aware of the challenges awaiting newly disabled people living with what scientists call post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, a condition in which someone with COVID-19 continues to have symptoms for weeks or months after infection. One of those challenges is qualifying for Social Security Supplemental Income, the program that provides financial support to disabled people with limited resources.
To receive support, applicants generally must show that they have a condition that greatly limits their ability to work. The program routinely denied the majority of applicants before the pandemic. Between 2009 and 2018, the program denied 66% of applicants.
But the impact of long COVID, a newly discovered condition, is difficult to measure. Its symptoms are difficult to prove, varying in type, intensity and duration, between individuals or over time in the same person.
Survival at a price
While most people recover from their initial acute infection, some survivors experience continued or newly developed symptoms. Long COVID symptoms can include shortness of breath, fatigue and brain problems, such as difficulty concentrating, remembering or making decisions.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines disability as "any condition of the body or mind that makes it more difficult for the person with the condition to do certain activities and interact with the world around them."
Long COVID sufferers report lingering symptoms that are seriously debilitating. They tell researchers that the condition makes it hard to live their lives as they had before the illness. Some patients describe needing hours of extra sleep after standing or walking a short distance. One study showed cognitive deficits, or "brain fog," in patients with long COVID. They had poor recall ability or were slow in processing information. These problems, they told researchers, limited their capacity to work.
A 2021 study of long COVID patients in the UK found that 28% were out of work because of their condition. Another study showed that 46% reduced their work hours because of long COVID symptoms.
Undefined and indeterminate
Although the World Health Organization has issued a definition of long COVID, the U.S. medical community has not defined it, especially the "long" part. In fact, in a study that has not yet been peer-reviewed, researchers estimated that approximately 43% of COVID-19 survivors may experience long COVID, which the study defined as having symptoms lasting 28 days or more. In another study, half of COVID-19 survivors reported symptoms beyond six months.
But since long COVID symptoms involve different systems in the body, and there is no simple way to test for it, getting a diagnosis can be difficult. This adds an extra challenge to qualifying for Social Security.
The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, a nonpartisan research and policy institute, previously noted decades of underinvestment in the Social Security Administration before the pandemic. The institute is now calling for renewed investment to cope with rising numbers of disabled people.
It is also hard to predict which COVID-19 patients will develop long COVID, or predict the long-term outcomes for those who do. Greater likelihood of severe disease has been found to correlate with a higher risk of long COVID. Complicating matters, however, is the fact that long COVID can emerge from relatively mild cases as well.
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predictable and uncertain
Symptoms seen in patients with long COVID look a lot like symptoms of other hard-to-diagnoseand disabling conditions. One reason may be the molecular and physiological similarities researchers recently found between long COVID and diseases like multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.
Long COVID appears to be the newest in a long line of "invisible" or episodic conditions not immediately diagnosed as disabilities. They include fibromyalgia, Lyme disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
People with fibromyalgia, for example, often struggle with symptoms similar to long COVID, including fatigue or thinking difficulties. Despite a history dating back to the 19th century, the criteria for diagnosing fibromyalgia have existed only since 1990. It remains a controversial illness with few accepted treatments, but that began to change as patients shared their experiences with the condition. Nevertheless, people with conditions like these cope with doctors, social workers and others who might assume that their illness isn't real, and they face obstacles obtaining financial support, housing and responsive health care.
Disbelief and denial
Currently, approximately 8 million people receive Social Security Supplemental Income. But surveys show the Social Security Administration still denies many applicants, which studies have linked to stereotypes about disabled people as "conning the system."
A February 2021 study showed that negative attitudes toward people with significant disabilities are common among health care providers, affecting the ability of those with long COVID to get the care they need.Speaking of care, research on long COVID has led to proposed treatment guidelines, which promise to help people live better with the condition.
In another promising development, the Department of Health and Human Services and the Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice recently announced that long COVID can qualify as a disability under the Americans with Disabilities Act.
This means that those with long COVID can qualify for community resources. Those still in the workforce can get employment-related reasonable accommodations, such as flexible work times and remote work. For now, that's all they can count on.
By Laura Mauldin University of Connecticut
(The Conversation is an independent and nonprofit source of news, analysis and commentary from academic experts.)
[Get fascinating science, health and technology news. Sign up for The Conversation's weekly science newsletter.]
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article here: https://theconversation.com/long-covid-leaves-newly-disabled-people-facing-old-barriers-a-sociologist-explains-175424.
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\section{Multiplicity and Transverse Momentum Fluctuations}
The topic of event-by-event fluctuations of the inclusive charged particle multiplicity in relativistic heavy ion collisions has recently received attention due to the observation of non-monotonic behavior in the scaled variance ($\sigma^{2}/\mu$) as a function of system size at SPS energies \cite{na49MF}. PHENIX has surveyed the behavior of inclusive charged particle multiplicity fluctuations as a function of centrality and transverse momentum in $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=62.4 GeV and 200 GeV Au+Au collisions, and in $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=22.5, 62.4, and 200 GeV Cu+Cu collisions.
Since multiplicity fluctuations are well described by Negative Binomial Distributions (NBD) in both elementary \cite{ua5} and heavy ion collisions \cite{e802MF}, the data for a given centrality and $p_{T}$ bin are fit to an NBD from which the mean and variance are determined. Measurements of $\sigma^{2}/\mu$ as a function of azimuthal acceptance confirm that $\sigma^{2}/\mu$ increases linearly with the azimuthal range over which the measurement is made for all species and centralities. Hence, the results presented here are linearly extrapolated to $2\pi$ azimuthal acceptance in order to facilitate direct comparisons to other measurements. Due to the finite width of each centrality bin, there is a non-dynamic component of the observed fluctuations that is present due to fluctuations in the impact parameter within a centrality bin. The magnitude of this component is estimated using the HIJING event generator \cite{HIJING}, which well reproduces the mean multiplicity of RHIC collisions \cite{PPG019}. The estimate is performed by comparing fluctuations from simulated events with a fixed impact parameter to events with a range of impact parameters covering the width of each centrality bin, as determined from Glauber model simulations. The HIJING estimates are confirmed by comparing the HIJING fixed/ranged fluctuation ratios to measured 1\%/5\% bin width ratios. The magnitude of the scaled variance is reduced by this correction. A 15\% systematic error for this estimated is included in the error bars shown. The values of the scaled variance remain significantly above the random (Poisson) expectation of 1.0.
In the Grand Canonical Ensemble, the variance and the mean of the particle number can be directly related to the compressibility, $k_{T}$: $\sigma^{2}/\mu^{2}=k_{B}(T/V)k_{T}$, where $k_{B}$ is Boltzmann's constant, T is the system temperature, and V is its volume \cite{Stanley}. Fig. \ref{fig:fluc} (left) shows the fluctuations in terms of $\sigma^{2}/\mu^{2}$ as a function of the number of participants, $N_{p}$, for all 5 collision systems. In order to emphasize the observed universal power law scaling property, each species has been scaled to match the 200 GeV Au+Au data. The data points for all systems can be best described by the curve $\sigma^{2}/\mu^{2} \propto N_{p}^{-1.40 \pm 0.03}$. The observed scaling is independent of the $p_T$ range over which the measurement is made.
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{minipage}{18pc}
\includegraphics[width=18pc]{mfPt7.eps}
\end{minipage}\hspace{2pc}%
\begin{minipage}{18pc}
\includegraphics[width=18pc]{ptfPt7.eps}
\end{minipage}\hspace{2pc}%
\caption{\label{fig:fluc} Left: Multiplicity fluctuations for inclusive charged hadrons in the transverse momentum range $0.2<p_T<2.0$ GeV/c in terms of $\sigma^{2}/\mu^{2}$ as a function of $N_{p}$. Right: Event-by-event $p_T$ fluctuations for inclusive charged hadrons within the PHENIX acceptance in the transverse momentum range $0.2< | 0.327783 | 1.190479 | 0.904545 | 1.768016 | [
0.3264132535621906,
0.3291526044201881
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1.5629299376344976,
0.8180284478096547
] | [
1.1556327206685844,
0.653456997642499
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1.9397068396677115,
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p_T<2.0$ GeV/c in terms of $\Sigma_{p_T}$ as a function of $N_{p}$.}
\end{figure}
PHENIX has also completed a survey that expands upon previous measurements of event-by-event transverse momentum fluctuations in 200 GeV Au+Au collisions \cite{ppg027}. Here, the magnitude of the $p_{T}$ fluctuations will be quoted using the variable $\Sigma_{p_T}$, as described in \cite{ceresPTF}. $\Sigma_{p_T}$ is the mean of the covariance of all particle pairs in an event, normalized by the inclusive mean $p_T$. $\Sigma_{p_T}$ is related to the inverse of the heat capacity of the system \cite{Korus}.
Fig. \ref{fig:fluc} (right) shows $\Sigma_{p_T}$ as a function of $N_{p}$ for all 5 collision systems measured over the $p_T$ range $0.2<p_T<2.0$ GeV/c. The data is shown within the effective PHENIX azimuthal acceptance of 4.24 radians. Note that the magnitude of $\Sigma_{p_T}$ exhibits little variation for the different collision energies. Since $\Sigma_{p_T}$ does not scale with the jet cross section at different energies, it is evident that hard processes are not the primary contributor to the observed fluctuations. With the exception of the very most peripheral collisions, all systems exhibit a universal power law scaling as a function of $N_{p}$. The data points for all systems are best described by the curve: $\Sigma_{p_T} \propto N_{p}^{-1.02 \pm 0.10}$. The observed scaling is independent of the $p_T$ range over which the measurement is made.
\section{Azimuthal Correlations at Low Transverse Momentum}
The study of fluctuations is important since they provide information on whether or not a system undergoes a phase transition. Correlations can also be used for this purpose. Near a critical point, several properties of a system diverge. The rate of divergence can be described by a set of critical exponents, which should be identical for any system belonging in the same universality class. The critical exponent for the correlation function is $\eta$, which can be directly extracted from the HBT component of azimuthal correlation functions: $C(\Delta \phi) \propto \Delta\phi^{-(d-2+\eta)}$, where d is the dimensionality of the system \cite{Stanley}.
PHENIX has measured azimuthal correlation functions of like-sign pairs at low $p_T$ for several collision systems. The correlations shown will isolate the HBT peak in pseudorapidity by restricting $|\Delta\eta|<0.1$ for each particle pair. Correlations are constructed for low $p_T$ pairs by correlating all particle pairs in an event where both particles lie within the $p_T$ range $0.2<p_{T,1}<0.4$ GeV/c and $0.2<p_{T,2}<0.4$ GeV/c. Note that there is no trigger particle in this analysis. The correlation functions are constructed using mixed events as follows: $C(\Delta\phi) = \frac{dN/d\phi_{data}}{dN/d\phi_{mixed}}\frac{N_{events,mixed}}{N_{events,data}}$. Figure \ref{fig:corr} shows azimuthal correlation functions for Cu+Cu and Au+Au collisions. The dashed lines are the critical exponent function fits. Confirmation of the HBT peak has been made by observing its disappearance in unlike-sign pair correlations and by observing $Q_{invariant}$ peaks when selecting this region.
For all collision systems, including 200 GeV d+Au, the extracted value of the critical exponent $\eta$ shown in Fig. \ref{fig:corr} (bottom right) lies between -0.6 and -0.7 with d=3, independent of centrality. Since $\eta$ is constant in heavy ion collisions, does not differ from the d+Au system, and has a value that significantly differs from expectations from a QCD phase transition (e.g. if QCD belongs in the same universality class as the 3-D Ising model ( | 0.50858 | 1.043648 | 0.942588 | 1.825247 | [
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Live Lives Worthy of Fallen Warriors' Sacrifices
May 31, 2010 - President Barack Obama called on the nation during a Memorial Day address at Joint Base Andrews, Md., to honor the legacy of its fallen warriors and to live lives worthy of their sacrifices.
"At its core, the nobility and majesty of Memorial Day can be found in the story of ordinary Americans who became extraordinary for the most simple of reasons: they loved their country so deeply, so profoundly, that they were willing to give their very lives to keep it safe and free," Obama told an assembly of several dozen servicemembers today after landing in Washington from a weekend in Chicago.
He initially had been slated to deliver his address at the Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery in Illinois, but torrential rains and lightning cancelled that event. Instead, he visited wounded veterans and their families receiving care at the Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital near Chicago.
Obama noted during his address at Andrews tonight the fallen warriors' shared belief in their country throughout its history, and willingness to sacrifice lives of comfort, and ultimately, life itself, to protect its ideals.
"They answered their country's call. They stepped forward. They raised their hand. They took an oath," he said.
As they served their country in uniform throughout its history, they left their loved ones when duty called. In doing so, they liberated countries, ended the Holocaust, rid towns of insurgents and saved villages from the terror of violent extremists, he noted.
They fought for freedom and the flag, the president said. But they also fought for each other, to bring their buddies home and keep their families safe. "And that is what they did, to their last breath," he said.
"This is what we honor today — the lives they led, the service they rendered, the sacrifice they made -- for us," he said.
"In this time of war, we pay special tribute to the thousands of Americans who have given their lives during the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and who have earned their place among the greatest of generations," he said. "And though our hearts ache in their absence, we find comfort in knowing that their legacy shines bright in the people they loved: America's Gold Star families."
The legacy of America's fallen lives on, the president said.
It lives through their parents who instilled the values and virtues that led them to service. It lives through their spouses who gave the nation the person they cherished most. It lives through their children, whose parents gave their lives so they could live theirs. And it lives through those who fought alongside them – veterans and troops still serving in harm's way.
"Just as you keep alive the memory of your fallen friends, America must keep its commitments to you," Obama told the servicemembers. "That means providing the support our troops and families need, and the health care and benefits our veterans deserve. This is our sacred trust to all who serve, and upholding that trust is our moral obligation."
Obama called on all Americans to live lives worthy of the sacrifices its fallen heroes have made, and that the country's men and women in uniform continue to make every day.
"The legacy of these fallen heroes lives on in each of us," he said. "The security that lets us live in peace, the prosperity that allows us to pursue our dreams, the freedoms that we cherish — these were earned by the blood and sacrifice of patriots who went before.
"Now it falls to us to preserve this inheritance for all who follow."
Memorial Day Observed at NMCP Cemetery
By Rebecca A. Perron, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth Public Affairs
PORTSMOUTH, Va. (NNS) -- Naval Medical Center Portsmouth held its 24th annual Memorial Day observance May 31 in the historic Captain Theodore H. Conaway Memorial Naval Cemetery, where more than 850 Soldiers, Sailors and Marines are interred. A light breeze fluttered the flags that Boy Scouts had placed at each grave site, identifying the home nation of the person laid to rest.
The ceremony was conducted and co-sponsored by the Tidewater Area Council of the Fleet Reserve Association and Ladies Auxiliary.
Rear Adm. Alton L. Stocks, NMCP commander, welcomed the guests to the ceremony and officially unveiled a new grave marker for a Medal of Honor recipient. In late 2009, the Medal of Honor Society determined | 1.493377 | 0.592409 | 1.17085 | -0.274059 | [
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that Seaman Hendrick Sharp, who died in 1892, had received the MOH for his participation in the Battle of Mobile Bay on board USS Richmond in 1864. The MOHS commissioned a new grave marker that was installed recently to recognize Sharp for his actions.
Stocks read from Sharp's MOH certificate, saying that he "fought his gun with skill and courage throughout a furious two-hour battle which resulted in the surrender of the rebel ram Tennessee and in the damaging and destruction of the batteries at Fort Morgan." Not much else is known about Sharp, other than that he was born in Spain in 1815, claimed New York as his home and died in 1892.
In addition to the four known MOH recipients, the MOHS believes that as many as 13 others buried in the cemetery received the award, and the society is searching naval records to confirm.
The ceremony's featured speaker was Capt. Sean Mahoney, Incident Management branch chief for the Coast Guard's 5th District. Mahoney recognized the sacrifice of service members across the generations who paid the ultimate price and told the stories of three Coast Guard members killed in action during three different wars.
"When I speak about these three heroes," Mahoney said, "I hope you will reflect on all of the Soldiers, Sailors, Marines and Airmen from all of the services who didn't make it home."
Mahoney told about the heroic actions of Petty Officer Douglas Munro, who served as a landing craft operator on Guadalcanal during World War II, helicopter pilot Lt. Jack Rittichier, who flew rescue missions in Vietnam, and Petty Officer Nathan Bruckenthal, who served with one of the Coast Guard's Tactical Law Enforcement Teams in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom.
As he concluded his remarks, Mahoney said, "The nature of the threats to liberty and our nation have changed throughout our history, but our service members across the generations have always risen to the challenge of defending our nation."
At the end of the ceremony, William and Carolyn Combs of the Fleet Reserve Association and the Ladies Auxiliary placed a wreath on the cairn surmounted by a stone pillar and urn honoring the men lost during the Hampton Roads' battle between USS Cumberland, USS Congress and the ironclad CSS Virginia's maiden voyage.
The cemetery is the final resting place of those who served bravely during our nation's major conflicts and wars, including more than 850 fallen Soldiers, Sailors and Marines from seven countries, as well as Union and Confederate service members. Also laid to rest are victims of the yellow fever epidemic that swept Hampton Roads in 1855.
Labels: coast guard
Obama Visits Troops at New Fisher House
May 31, 2010 - President Barack Obama visited gravestones at the Lincoln Cemetery near Chicago today, but when torrential rains cancelled his prepared Memorial Day remarks, paid a stop at a newly opened Fisher House.
The president laid a wreath and bowed his head in silence at the historic cemetery, and had just stepped to the podium to deliver his speech as driving rain turned to lightning and officials called off the event.
The president had planned to present a speech calling veterans and servicemembers "living memorials" to their fallen comrades, and pledging that a grateful nation will provide them and their families the support they deserve, according to a transcript of the speech provided to reporters in advance.
He had planned to pay special tribute to those killed in the current wars, including 17 buried at the historic cemetery near Chicago. Their legacy, he had planned to say, lives on through their loved ones, their comrades and a nation that enjoys the freedoms for which they sacrificed.
Obama traveled from the cemetery to the newly dedicated Fisher House in Hines, Ill., where he met with servicemembers and veterans receiving medical care at the Edward Hines, Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, as well as their families.
The Hines Fisher House is the first in Illinois and was officially dedicated May 28. It was donated to the VA by the Fisher House Foundation as a home away from home for families of veterans and military members receiving treatment at the VA hospital.
Obama donated $250,000 of the Nobel Peace Prize award he received | 0.827714 | 1.709761 | 0.803095 | -0.056845 | [
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in March to the Fisher House Foundation.
Leaders Salute Fallen Troops at Arlington National Cemetery
By Gerry J. Gilmore
May 31, 2010 - Vice President Joe Biden today hailed the unselfish service and sacrifices of past and present generations of U.S. servicemembers during the annual Memorial Day observance held at Arlington National Cemetery.
"Collectively, the generation of soldiers, sailors, airmen and Marines who have served and sacrificed for us are the heart and soul, and I would say, spine, of this nation," Biden said. "And as a nation, we pause today to remember them; they gave their lives fulfilling their oath to this nation and to us.
"And in doing so," he continued, "they imparted a responsibility on us to recognize, to respect, to honor and to care for those who risked their lives so that we can live our lives."
Biden, the keynote speaker at the observance held in the cemetery's Memorial Amphitheater, was joined by Deputy Defense Secretary William J. Lynn III and Navy Adm. Mike Mullen, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
The vice president previously laid a ceremonial wreath at the cemetery's Tomb of the Unknowns, which contains the remains of unidentified soldiers from World War I, World War II and the Korean War. More than 300,000 people rest in peace at Arlington, including veterans from all of the nation's wars – from the American Revolution through Iraq and Afghanistan.
Biden said he'd met with a group of Gold Star Mothers at the White House earlier today. Gold Star Mothers is an organization of mothers who've lost a son or a daughter in military service to the country.
The Gold Star families "know all too well the price of their loved ones' patriotism," Biden said.
"None," he said, "should be asked to sacrifice that much."
Biden observed that many people in the amphitheater possibly were awaiting the return of loved ones deployed overseas in harm's way. Others, he added, may have waited in vain.
"To those who have lost a loved one in the service of our nation, I recall a famous headstone in Ireland," Biden said. "And the headstone reads as follows: 'Death Leaves a Heartache No One Can Heal; Love Leaves a Memory No One Can Steal.'
"No one can steal the memory from you," Biden continued. And the pain and heartache now felt by the survivors of departed military members, he said, eventually will "be replaced by the joyful memory of the son or daughter, husband, wife, father, mother that you loved so dearly, and lost."
Memorial Day "is a day in which sorrow mixes with incredible pride," Biden said. "We mourn those we've lost and we hold fast to their memories and we take pride – great pride – in the lives they've lived and the service they've provided."
American servicemembers who serve and sacrifice on far-flung battlefields are motivated by love – not hate, Biden said.
"Love is why we're here today," he said, "to show our love for the men and women who died showing their love for this great country and [to] honor their families who share that love even more deeply."
Biden wondered aloud what previous generations of U.S. servicemembers might think of today's world that's been made smaller - and sometimes more turbulent - by globalization.
"And as the world around us shrinks it means trouble halfway around the world can – and will – visit us, no matter how high our walls or how wide our oceans," Biden said. "Our men and women in uniform know full well that the promise and the peril of this time have never been greater; the threats to American security are more widespread, geographically, than ever before."
Current threats to America, Biden said, include the spread of weapons of mass destruction and dangerous disease, economic dislocations, a growing gap between the rich and poor, ethnic animosities in failed states and radical fundamentalism.
Today's generation of U.S. servicemen and women now "stands watch, protecting America's interests against all of these new threats," Biden said, "and it will take - and it has taken - equally great sacrifice as those | 1.137261 | 0.266515 | 0.699109 | -0.330964 | [
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who have gone before them."
America has lost 4,391 servicemembers in Operation Iraqi Freedom and during follow-on operations in Iraq, Biden said, and 1,074 troops have died in Operation Enduring Freedom and follow-on operations in Afghanistan.
These departed servicemembers "were the best of us; they were our blood ... and treasure," Biden said. American force of arms, he said, has protected America's freedoms and way of life since the nation was established. That will not change, he said.
And, as the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan continue, the U.S. government, Biden said, has "a sacred obligation to provide these warriors with everything they need to complete their mission, and everything they need – and I might add, deserve – when they come home."
Today's servicemembers, as were their predecessors, are "bright, educated and committed," Biden said. And the source of America's ultimate strength, he said, emanates from its values.
"In upholding our values, we're made stronger," Biden said, noting radical fundamentalists want "to change what we value, to change how we live our lives, to change what it means to be an American."
However, America is defended by "the finest military the world has ever produced - period," Biden said. And, America's servicemembers at rest at Arlington and elsewhere, he said, have fought and sacrificed for their fellow countrymen.
"They lived with integrity; they served nobly; they gave everything," Biden said. "They fought for what they believed in and maybe most importantly, they believed in something bigger than themselves.
"They believed in all of you, they believed in all of us and they believed in America," the vice president said. "So on this day, this solemn day, let us strive once again to be individuals in a nation worthy of that belief."
Lynn's and Mullen's remarks preceded Biden's.
"We gather today to honor our fallen in a sacred place," Lynn said. "Arlington Cemetery stands as one of our nation's greatest symbols of the sacrifices made for our freedom and our way of life. We have carried our fallen heroes to these fields for 146 years."
Arlington's "rows of marble headstones," Lynn continued, "are a testament to how one generation defends the next; to how our nation is built upon unimaginable heroism and sacrifice; and to how these sacrifices stretch from our forefathers to the present day."
Less visible at Arlington, he said, are the sacrifices made by the surviving loved ones of departed servicemembers.
"For every fallen hero laid to rest there is a mother and father who will not see their child through life's milestones," Lynn said. "For most, there is a spouse who must live without the spouse they chose. And for many there is a child who will not have a parent to guide them."
The sacrifices of war, Lynn said, ripple outward like water splashed by a stone. "So today we honor not only those who made the ultimate sacrifice; we honor all those who have shared the loss," he said.
Servicemembers who've fallen in Iraq or Afghanistan are laid to rest at Arlington in Section 60. The people buried there represent every race and creed, Lynn observed, noting the headstones bear symbols of several religions.
"Their graves are topped by the cross, the crescent moon and star, [and] the Star of David," he said.
Arlington's fallen servicemembers "reflect the more perfect union they died to defend," Lynn said. "In Arlington – like nowhere else – we can see freedom blossom and know its price."
Mullen echoed Lynn's sentiments.
"Every year since Civil War reconstruction Americans have set aside this day to pay tribute to service and to sacrifice," Mullen said. "No place, more than Arlington, reminds me of what we owe them and their families for what they have given to us."
Around the globe -- on the land, on the sea and in the sky -- generations of young Americans "have fought for each other, fought for their families and fought for us," the admiral said. "Now they peacefully rest in cemeteries, unmarked battlefield gra | 1.452286 | 0.961279 | 0.962878 | 0.149964 | [
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ves and in the deepest oceans around the world."
Each servicemember's gravesite "enshrines a unique story and we remember the sacrifice, the humanity and the service each name represents," the admiral said.
Mullen recalled that the famous World War II correspondent Ernie Pyle would often come upon letters from home, blank writing paper, photographs and other personal items belonging to servicemembers that were killed in action.
"I believe each story, each letter, each item they'd carried sends a powerful message," Mullen said. "It's not about how they died, but how they lived and what they cared for."
Times have changed, and the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan are different than past conflicts, the admiral said, noting today's troops may carry fewer physical keepsakes than their forebears did.
"But they will always carry and cherish the love of their family, the respect of their fellow citizens and an abiding hope for a safe return," he said.
The admiral recalled what an Army corporal had written to his family in his final letter before he was killed in Afghanistan.
Mullen said the corporal wrote: "'Know that you all are the reason that I am here and to give my life for that is nothing to me.'"
At Arlington, "centuries guard the stories of those who gave their lives; those who willingly sacrificed all that they carry," Mullen said. "And such stories of courage, love and hope will be our continuous renewal, as grass comes through the freshly turned soil of Section 60.
"Our treasured keepsakes will be the lives we celebrate, every Memorial Day and every day of the year," the admiral said.
Labels: world war I
Mullen: Military Will Continue to Support Spill Effort
By Jim Garamone
May 31, 2010 - The military will continue to support the effort to cap and mitigate the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, but it does not have the technical expertise to take over the operation, the nation's top military officer said on the morning news shows today.
Navy Adm. Mike Mullen, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, also used the opportunity to ask Americans to remember the sacrifices of servicemembers throughout history and today in Afghanistan and Iraq, and to note the progress made in the two wars.
Mullen spoke the day after BP announced the latest effort to stop the leak – "Top Kill" – had failed. The Pentagon has looked at the capabilities the military can provide to the oil companies as they battle the spill, he said.
"There are some limits to the skills that we have to do this," Mullen said on CNN. "We've looked at the technical side of this enormously difficult challenge. The oil industry really has the technical expertise to go after this."
More than 1,000 National Guardsmen already have been called up to help with the spill. The military has provided booms to contain the oil, as well as some aircraft to spray dispersants and some communications capabilities. The Defense Department is clearly in support of the lead agency, the chairman said.
"This is a very difficult problem, and from all I've been able to discern having industry be the technical lead is important," he said on "Good Morning America." "The military doesn't have the capability that could immediately get to eliminating or stopping this leak."
The oil companies have the kind of technology that potentially could get at this leak. The failures speak to the difficulties of the process, Mullen noted.
The Defense Department may provide more personnel for the effort, if called upon, the chairman said. Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates has authorized several thousand more National Guard troops who would be called up by state governors.
"From my understanding there is a great deal of civilian manpower available," Mullen said. "If we are called on we will continue to contribute [personnel]."
Turning to Iraq and Afghanistan, Mullen said American servicemembers have made significant progress in the two wars.
In Iraq, the number of troops is due to fall to about 50,000 by the end of August.
"There are certainly challenges politically in Iraq to stand up this new government, but from all I can see we're on track to do that," he said. Even with the spikes in violence in the country the political process continues to move forward, he added.
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► How to Stay Well | Prevention Resource Center
Expert Studies
IV. Culture-Boundedness in the Definition of Religion
RELIGIOUS EXPERTISES
RELIGIOUS TOLERATION
& RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY
ABOUT PREFACE I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XIXA. XX. XXI. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXI. XXXII. XXXIII. AUTHOR
XIXA.
XXI.
XXII.
XXIII.
XXIV.
XXV.
XXVI.
XXVII.
XXXI.
XXXIII.
Religious Toleration & Religious Diversity
Bryan R. Wilson, Ph.D.
Emeritus Fellow
IV. Culture-Boundedness in the
The range of religious variation to which principles of toleration and nondiscrimination were extended was initially quite narrow, embracing only a limited number of Christian denominations and, less equitably, the Jews. The conception of what constituted a religion was premised on this variety of Judaeo-Christian movements. Religion as such was conceived as being virtually synonymous with Christianity, and the experts in religion were theologians who were themselves committed Christians. It was they who traditionally provided the definitions of what constituted religion, and their concepts were inevitably cast in exclusively Christian terms. Theologians' definitions of religion may be regarded as largely academic, but they have their influence in other more practical spheres, not least in courts of law, sometimes with very unjust results. For example, the absurd result obtained from a legally-adopted narrow, culture-bound definition of religion may be instanced by a case in England as late as 1754, when a judge, Lord Hardwicke, ruled that, although religion was a charitable object, the teaching of Judaism was not, and he ruled that the funds left by a testator for instruction in Judaism should be applied instead to the provision of instruction in Christianity. For the courts at that time, the term "religion" did not include Judaism: it meant only Christianity.
V. Modern Definitions of Religion
Scientology, Social Science and the Definition of Religion
by James A. Beckford, Professor of Sociology, University of Warwick, England
Social Change and New Religious Movements
by Bryan R. Wilson,
Emeritus Fellow in Sociology, Oxford University
The Church of Scientology
by Juha Pentikäinen, Marja Pentikäinen, University of Helsinki, Finland
The Relationship Between Scientology and Other Religions
by Fumio Sawada, Eighth holder of the secrets of Yu-itsu Shinto, the oldest religion in Japan; President, Ahlul-Bait Center
The Religious Nature of Scientology
by Geoffrey Parrinder, Methodist minister, Professor, Comparative Study of Religions, University of London
Religious Philosophy, Religion and Church
by G.C. Oosthuizen, Professor of Science of Religion, University of Durban-Westville, Natal, South Africa
Scientology a New Religion
by M. Darrol Bryant, Department of Religious Studies, Renison College, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Apostates and New Religious Movements
Scientology: An Analysis and Comparison of its Religious Systems and Doctrines
The Reliability of Apostate Testimony About New Religious Movements
by Lonnie D. Kliever Ph.D., Professor of Religious Studies
The Sea Organization and its Role Within the Church of Scientology
by Frank K. Flinn Ph.D. Adjunct Professor in Religious Studies
Brief Analyses of the Religious Nature of Scientology
by J. Gordon Melton, Baylor University, Samuel Hill, Gary Bouma, Irving Hexham
Congregational Services of the Church of Scientology
Is Scientology A Religion?
by Alan W. Black, Associate Professor of Sociology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
by Dean M. Kelley, National Council of Churches
Scientology A Religion In South Africa
by David Chidester, Professor of Comparative Religion, University of Cape Town, South Africa
Scientology | -0.206904 | -0.026253 | 1.08969 | 0.758685 | [
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0.4921340460112859
] | [
1.0237481873486023,
1.1556327206685844
] | [
0.6702381487603041,
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The Rose Garden Pavilion & Lawn is one of our favourite wedding ceremony locations and a hugely popular garden ceremony venue.
The Rose Garden is in bloom from September to May making it ideal if you have a love of beautiful roses. That aside, you'll love this venue for its location and versatility when creating your wedding ceremony setup.
There are so many different directions the wedding ceremony aisle can run on this beautiful lawn. Face north and the aisle runs towards Sydney Harbour with the bride walking down the aisle towards the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Face south and the wedding aisle the guests will be looking back towards the Harbour Bridge as the bride walks towards them. Facing east and the ceremony aisle runs towards the spectacular rose garden.
And that's not all, there's a beautiful old fig tree just to the left of the rose garden pavilion (when facing south) that you can position a ceremony setup under on a hot day for shade. There are just so many variations to this stunning wedding ceremony garden that we highly recommend an onsite consultation when you book so we can walk you through the different setups.
The majority of brides and grooms utilise the Rose Garden Lawn directly in front of the pavilion and run the wedding ceremony aisle south towards the rose garden pavilion with the Sydney Harbour Bridge in the background. The Rose Garden Pavilion & Lawn has heaps of space to add more padded white chairs to the wedding setup. With so much available space our 9m x 1.5m aisle runner is perfectly suited to the location. The length is especially important to ensure the space feels fully utilised.
Once the direction of your wedding ceremony aisle has been chosen and your aisle runner colour is locked in (White, Red or Black) you will need to add in your ceremony decorations to border the aisle. Adorable Wedding Concepts have a range of wedding hire and decoration settings available. All of our wedding ceremony packages come with the low lying floral aisle settings and the Elegance ceremony package, which we have recommended for the Rose Garden & Pavilion, has the added shepherds hooks and decorations with your choice of Crystal Lanterns, Floral Balls or buckets as inclusions, so all you need to do is choose the style you want for your wedding ceremony.
Our floral urns & pedestals, another inclusion in the Elegance ceremony package, can be placed either at the start of the wedding ceremony aisle or at the opposite end where they can border the bride and groom during the ceremony, either way they are great inclusion and make excellent ceremony props for photographers. Adorable Wedding Concepts can customise the floral arrangement of the urns and we have several urns & pedestals available for wedding hire. Discuss your ceremony ideas with our wedding stylist when you enquire and they can advise you on the best urns and pedestals to use at the Rose Garden & Pavilion.
We recommend booking early if you want to secure the Rose Garden & Pavilion at the Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney for your outdoor wedding ceremony. There are alternatives available if the Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney is your chosen wedding ceremony venue. Have a look at the Herb Garden & Pavilion if you have a small ceremony or Bennelong Lawn for larger setups.
Any of the gardens within the Royal Botanic Gardens are suitable so we're sure you won't be disappointed no matter the garden wedding location you go for.
We look forward to hearing from you, either call 0418 624 225 or go to our enquiry page and send us an email for an obligation free quote and consultation. Unsure about the Royal Botanic Gardens Rose Garden & Pavilion as a venue? Contact us to discuss the style of wedding and type of venue you are looking for and we can provide you tips and insights from our 15 years of experience in the wedding ceremony industry.
Guest Access: The Rose Garden Pavilion & Lawn at the Royal Botanic Gardens is accessed from the Palace Garden, Morshead Fountain and Conservatorium gates (all accessible off Macquarie Street).
What you need to know: Royal Botanic Gardens allow 1 hour setup prior to the start of the ceremony booking time and will not allow access prior unless special prior arrangements have been made which involve additional site booking fees. The Rose Garden | 1.009881 | -0.763992 | -0.382122 | -1.124707 | [
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This is not where I live
Rendezvous with Rama, chapters 9-11
March 8, 2019 / Monique
(Previous posts on this re-read are here. Spoilers abound!)
Chapter 9 begins with the Rama Committee listening to a lengthy recorded description of Rama's interior by Norton. From Bose's perspective, the committee discusses what they have heard and Bose's thoughts on the different members act to reveal more backstory (that is mostly concerned with scientific developments and theories).
One thing that Clarke does very well, and I've already alluded to this in previous posts, is integrate actual historical events and ideas and then build on them. Here he talks about the development of the idea of a 'space ark' (what today we would more likely refer to as a generation ship) for interstellar travel. The committee then discusses this in relation to Rama.
There is one weird exchange in this chapter where the only woman in the room makes a suggestion — outside her area of expertise — regarding where Rama came from, that one of the other characters (Perera), immediately identifies as incorrect. But the line:
Perera admired the old archeologist, so he let her down lightly.
just sounds weirdly condescending. There's nothing exactly wrong with it, but why does the one woman have to be the character who makes a stupid suggestion?
Anyway, chapter ten returns to Norton's point of view.
(As an aside, I have an almost-totally-finished novel that has multiple points of view (some closer than others) with one obviously main character and I went back and forth to myself over whether that was 'okay,' so it's nice to see it used — and used well — in this book.)
Norton has chosen the two crew members who will make the initial foray into Rama: his second in command, Karl Mercer, and the navigation officer (Mercer's "inseparable companion") Joe Calvert.
Mercer and Calvert have a relationship that also includes a wife on Earth. It is clear, I think, from the description that today their relationship would be described as polyamorous, although the description is a bit cringey (ie saying the unnamed wife "had borne each of them a child"). I applaud Clarke's attempts at being socially progressive, despite their failures when it comes to women.
Moving on! The third member of the initial exploration team is Willard Myron, a technical sergeant.
The three men enter Rama and descend, first on a recessed ladder and then down a staircase (sliding on the convenient banister). This part is described in typical extreme detail. The men descend about two kilometres and then return to the ship.
And now we turn our attention to chapter 11, which is something.
To begin with, the first paragraph is notorious:
Some women, Commander Norton had decided long ago, should not be allowed aboard ship; weightlessness did things to their breasts that were too damn distracting. It was bad enough when they were motionless; but when they started to move, and sympathetic vibrations set in, it was more than any warm-blooded male should be asked to take. He was quite sure that at least one serious space accident had been caused by acute crew distraction, after the transit of an unholstered lady officer through the control cabin.
So, I have some thoughts about this! (I'm sure you're surprised.) Given that this 'observation' is presented as Norton's, I could be nice and say that it can be attributed solely to him (and not considered to necessarily represent Clarke's belief). But it is what it is and at the time this book was written, this kind of passage was not uncommon in SF. I think they thought they were being edgy or something. Although in Clarke's case, being gay, it might also speak to him wanting a very het character and being awkward about it, as well. It's probably a combination of things.
But regardless of all that, it's gross and it takes away from the story. It makes Norton particularly unlikeable, for me anyway, and in a way that was not intended. It doesn't ruin the book for me, but I wouldn't recommend it as a casual read because of passages like this. For myself, my interest in this, and other books of this period, is more reflective and writing related. These were the books that inspired me as a teenager and young adult and | 0.819496 | 0.404393 | 0.503819 | 0.090133 | [
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By using our Services, you agree to be bound by these Terms. These Terms constitute a legally binding agreement between you (the "Customer," "Individual," "user," "you" or "your") and Shef. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THESE TERMS, PLEASE DO NOT USE THE SERVICES AND EXIT IMMEDIATELY.
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THESE TERMS CONTAIN A MANDATORY AND BINDING CUSTOMER ARBITRATION AND CLASS ACTION/JURY TRIAL WAIVER PROVISION THAT REQUIRES THE USE OF ARBITRATION ON A CUSTOMER BASIS TO RESOLVE DISPUTES, RATHER THAN JURY TRIALS OR CLASS ACTIONS.
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All prepared meal and product pricing, specifications, and offerings are subject to change without notice. The Platform may contain information on prepared meals, services, and products that are not available in every location. A reference to a prepared meal, service, or product on the Platform does not imply that it is or will be available in your location.
Proper Handling Of Food Is Essential To Ensure That Food Is Safe To Eat. It is Customer's responsibility to ensure that the food delivered to them is safe to eat, by ( | -0.752891 | -1.882239 | -0.932011 | -0.683125 | [
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1) using a thermometer to verify that the internal temperature of any meat, poultry or seafood is 40° F or below, and (2) refrigerating all perishable foods as soon as possible at a temperature of 40° F or below. Customers may refer to the Food Safety Guidelines and other Instructions on Food Safety and Refrigeration published by the U.S. Department of Agriculture ("USDA") for more information on best practices or other questions on food safety. Shef may occasionally provide instructions to Customer regarding how best to reheat food; however, these are merely suggestions and Shef claims no responsibility over Customer's handling of the food. Please refer to the aforementioned guidelines to ensure safe handling.
All questions or concerns regarding your order should be sent to [email protected].
Prepared meals and related items offered through the Platform are manufactured, prepared and packaged by home cooks. Shef is not responsible for the accuracy of the information and labeling of prepared meals delivered to Customer. Customers should be advised that prepared meals may be prepared in facilities using the same equipment that's used to prepare other allergens and contaminants even if the allergen is marked as being absent from the food. Shef shall not be liable for any illness, health problem, or other damages that may result from your order or the consumption of any prepared meals and related items purchased through the Platform.
Shef offers its Customers a weekly subscription to our home-cooked meal service ("Subscription"). You can choose any combination of items offered in that week's menu, subject to the number of items in your chosen Subscription plan.
The term of the Subscription will commence on the date the Subscription is purchased and shall continue on a weekly basis ("Subscription Term"). The Subscription will automatically renew each week unless cancelled or paused by Customer. In addition, Shef enables its Customers to temporarily pause the Subscription delivery service and restart, at no charge, for the subsequent Subscription Term, at any time.
Subscriptions are quoted in U.S. dollars. You expressly authorize us to charge the applicable Subscription fees for the weekly Subscription plan chosen by you, plus applicable taxes and delivery fees, and process such payment pursuant to the authorized payment method designated by you on the Platform. Customer shall be responsible for all fees for the entire Subscription Term. Fees will not be prorated upon cancellation and/or termination and all fees paid through the date of termination are nonrefundable.
We reserve the right to adjust Subscription plan prices at any time in our sole and absolute discretion.
Subscriptions are for personal use only and you are strictly prohibited from reselling any prepared meals and related items purchased through the Platform at any time.
THE SUBSCRIPTION CONSISTS OF AN INITIAL CHARGE FOLLOWED BY RECURRING PERIODIC CHARGES IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE SUBSCRIPTION PLAN SELECTED BY YOU ON THE PLATFORM. BY ENTERING INTO THIS AGREEMENT, YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THAT YOUR SUBSCRIPTION HAS AN INITIAL AND RECURRING PAYMENT FEATURE AND YOU ACCEPT RESPONSIBILITY FOR ALL RECURRING CHARGES PRIOR TO CANCELLATION.
PERIODIC CHARGES CONSISTENT WITH YOUR PURCHASED SUBSCRIPTION SHALL BE CHARGED WITHOUT FURTHER NOTICE OR ADDITIONAL AUTHORIZATION FROM YOU, UNTIL YOU CANCEL OR PAUSE YOUR SUBSCRIPTION IN ACCORDANCE WITH THESE TERMS.
TO TERMINATE YOUR AUTHORIZATION OR CHANGE YOUR PAYMENT METHOD, LOG ON TO YOUR ACCOUNT AND FOLLOW THE CANELLATION STEPS OR EMAIL SHEF AT [email protected]. THESE CHANGES WILL BE IN EFFECT ONLY IF YOU COMPLETE CANCELLATION BY THE CUT-OFF TIME DEFINED IN YOUR SUBSCRIPTION PLAN.
BY SIGNING UP FOR OUR SUBSCRIPTION SERVICE YOU ARE AGREEING TO RECURRING PERIODIC PAYMENTS FOR AN INDEFINITE TIME UNTIL CANCELLED BY YOU OR US, ON THE SUBSCRIPTION TER | -0.873422 | -1.561717 | -0.665388 | -0.581346 | [
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MS SET OUT IN THE SUBSCRIPTION SELECTED BY YOU ON THE PLATFORM.
FOLLOWING YOUR INITIAL SUBSCRIPTION PERIOD, YOUR SUBSCRIPTION WILL BE AUTOMATICALLY EXTENDED FOR SUCCESSIVE RENEWAL PERIODS OF THE SAME LENGTH, AT THE THEN-CURRENT, NON-PROMOTIONAL SUBSCRIPTION RATE. YOU CAN LOG ON TO YOUR ACCOUNT TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION OR EMAIL SHEF AT [email protected].
SUBSCRIPTION FEES WILL BE CHARGED AT THE BEGINNING OF YOUR SUBSCRIPTION OR EXPIRATION OF YOUR FREE TRIAL PERIOD, IF ANY. TO AVOID BEING CHARGED AT THE END OF YOUR FREE TRIAL PERIOD,YOU MAY CANCEL PRIOR TO ITS EXPIRATION BY LOGGING ON TO YOUR ACCOUNT TO CANCEL OR BY CONTACTING US VIA EMAIL AT [email protected]. YOU MUST COMPLETE THESE STEPS BY THE CUT-OFF TIME DEFINED IN YOUR SUBSCRIPTION PLAN.
IF YOU CANCEL, YOU MAY USE YOUR SUBSCRIPTION UNTIL THE END OF YOUR THEN-CURRENT SUBSCRIPTION TERM. YOUR SUBSCRIPTION WILL NOT BE RENEWED AFTER YOUR THEN-CURRENT TERM EXPIRES. FEES WILL NOT BE PRORATED UPON CANCELLATION AND/OR TERMINATION AND ALL FEES PAID THROUGH THE DATE OF TERMINATION ARE NONREFUNDABLE.
To access the Services you will be asked to provide certain registration details or other information. It is a condition of your use of the Services that all the information you provide is correct, current and complete.
If you choose, or are provided with, a user name, password or any other piece of information as part of our security procedures, you must treat such information as confidential, and you must not disclose it to any other person or entity. You also acknowledge that your account is personal to you and agree not to provide any other person with access to the Services using your user name, password or other security information. You agree to notify us immediately of any unauthorized access to or use of your user name or password or any other breach of security. We have the right to disable any user name, password or other identifier, whether chosen by you or provided by us, at any time if, in our opinion, you have violated any provision of these Terms.
We reserve the right to withdraw or amend the Services in our sole discretion without notice. We will not be liable if for any reason all or any part of the Services is unavailable at any time or for any period.
Shef grants you a limited, revocable, non-exclusive, non-transferable license to access and use the Services or the information solely for their intended purpose and not to modify all or any portion of the Services. This license does not include any right to authorize third party use of the Services or their contents; any collection and use of any information, descriptions, or any derivative use of the Services or their contents; any downloading or copying of account information; or any use of data mining, robots, or similar data gathering and extraction tools. The Services may not be reproduced, sold, resold, visited or otherwise exploited for any commercial purpose without Shef's express written consent. You will not frame or utilize framing techniques to enclose any trademark, logo or other proprietary information (including images, text, page layout or form) of Shef, its content providers or its affiliates without express written consent. You will not use any meta tags or any other "hidden text" utilizing our name or trademarks without our express written consent. Additionally, you agree that you will not: (i) take any action that imposes, or may impose in our sole discretion an unreasonable or disproportionately large load on our infrastructure; (ii) interfere or attempt to interfere with the proper working of the Services or any activities conducted on the Services; or (iii) bypass any measures we may use to prevent or restrict access to the Services. Any unauthorized use automatically terminates the permissions and/or licenses granted by us to you.
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Services, including our Platform and the Services' entire contents, features and functionality (including but not limited to all information, software, text, displays, images, video and audio, and the design, selection and arrangement thereof), are owned by Shef, its licensors or other providers of such material and are protected by United States and international copyright, trademark, patent, trade secret and other intellectual property or proprietary rights laws. You have no ownership whatsoever with respect to the items set forth herein.
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Such DMCA claim(s) should be sent to us via e-mail at [email protected].
Link from Your own or certain third-party web sites to certain content on Our web site.
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Cause the Site or portions of it to be displayed, or appear to be displayed by, for example, framing, deep linking or in-line linking, on any other web site.
The web site from which You are linking, or on which You make certain content accessible, must comply in all respects with the Content Standards set out in these Terms. You agree to cooperate with us in causing any unauthorized framing or linking immediately to cease. We reserve the right to withdraw linking permission without notice. We may disable all or any social media features and any links at any time without notice in Our discretion.
If the Services contains links to other web sites and resources provided by third parties, these links are provided for Your convenience only. This includes links contained in advertisements, including banner advertisements and sponsored links. We have no control over the contents of those web sites or resources, and accept no responsibility for them or for any loss or damage that may arise from Your use of them. If You decide to access any of the third party web sites linked to Our Services, You do so entirely at Your own risk and subject to the terms and conditions of use for such web sites.
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THE PLATFORM, SERVICES, CONTENT, PRODUCTS, AND/OR THE PURCHASE AND/OR CONSUMPTION OF ANY PREPARED MEALS AND RELATED ITEMS PURCHASED THROUGH THE PLATFORM, INCLUDING ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PERSONAL INJURY, PAIN AND SUFFERING, EMOTIONAL DISTRESS, LOSS OF REVENUE, LOSS OF PROFITS, LOSS OF BUSINESS OR ANTICIPATED SAVINGS, LOSS OF USE, LOSS OF GOODWILL, LOSS OF DATA, AND WHETHER CAUSED BY TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE), BREACH OF CONTRACT OR OTHERWISE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
YOU SPECIFICALLY ACKNOWLEDGE THAT SHEF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR THE DEFAMATORY, OFFENSIVE, OR ILLEGAL CONDUCT OF ANY THIRD PARTY, AND THAT THE RISK OF HARM OR DAMAGE FROM THE FOREGOING RESTS ENTIRELY WITH YOU. THE FOREGOING LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY DO NOT APPLY TO THE EXTENT PROHIBITED BY LAW. PLEASE REFER TO YOUR LOCAL LAWS FOR ANY SUCH PROHIBITIONS.
IN THE EVENT OF ANY PROBLEM WITH THE PLATFORM, SERVICES, PRODUCTS OR CONTENT RELATED THERETO, YOUR SOLE REMEDY IS TO CEASE USING THE SERVICES. IN THE EVENT OF ANY PROBLEM WITH THE PREPARED MEALS OR RELATED ITEMS PURCHASED THROUGH THE PLATFORM, YOU AGREE THAT YOUR SOLE REMEDY, IF ANY, IS TO SEEK A REFUND OF THE MONIES PAID FOR ANY PREPARED MEAL OR RELATED ITEMS PURCHASED ON THE PLATFORM. IN NO EVENT SHALL SHEF'S TOTAL LIABILITY TO YOU FOR ALL DAMAGES, LOSSES, AND CAUSES OF ACTION WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, NEGLIGENCE), OR OTHERWISE EXCEED THE GREATOR OF (A) FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS (US $500.00) OR (B) THE MONIES PAID FOR THE PREPARED MEAL AND/OR RELATED ITEMS GIVING RISE TO YOUR CLAIM.
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USE OF THE SERVICES OR CONTENT OR YOUR USER CONTENT, INCLUDING ANY DATA OR CONTENT TRANSMITTED OR RECEIVED BY YOU (II) CONSUMPTION OF THE PREPARED MEALS OR RELATED ITEMS PURCHASED THROUGH THE PLATFORM, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, FOR BODILY INJURY, WRONGFUL DEATH, EMOTIONAL DISTRESS, OR OTHER DAMAGES OR HARM, WHETHER TO YOU OR TO THIRD PARTIES, WHICH MAY RESULT FROM THE SERVICES, (III) VIOLATION OF THESE TERMS, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, YOUR BREACH OF ANY OF THE REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES CONTAINED HEREIN AND FOR BODILY INJURY, WRONGFUL DEATH, EMOTIONAL DISTRESS, LOSS OF SERVICES OR OTHER DAMAGES OR HARM, WHETHER TO YOU OR TO THIRD PARTIES, WHICH MAY RESULT FROM YOUR USE OF THE SERVICES, (IV) YOUR VIOLATION OF ANY THIRD-PARTY RIGHT, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY RIGHT OF PRIVACY OR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS, (V) YOUR VIOLATION OF ANY APPLICABLE LAW, RULE OR REGULATION, (VIII) YOUR WILLFUL MISCONDUCT; OR (VI) ANY OTHER PARTY'S ACCESS AND USE OF THE SERVICE WITH YOUR UNIQUE USERNAME, PASSWORD OR OTHER APPROPRIATE SECURITY CODE.
By Shef: We may suspend or terminate your account or your use of the Services at any time, for any reason or for no reason. You are personally liable for all Subscription Fees incurred through your account prior to termination. We may also block your access to our Services in the event that (a) you breach these Terms; (b) we are unable to verify or authenticate any information you provide to us; or (c) we believe that your actions may cause financial loss or legal liability for you, our users or us.
By Customer: To cancel or otherwise modify your Subscription, you may either log-onto your account and follow the cancellation process or email Shef at [email protected]. YOU CAN CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AT ANY TIME, PROVIDED THAT YOU DO SO WITHIN THE APPLICABLE CUT-OFF NOTICE PERIOD OR CUT-OFF TIME DEFINED IN YOUR PLAN. YOU WILL NOT BE CHARGED FOR ANY CANCELLATION. YOU CAN RE-SUBSCRIBE AT ANY TIME FOLLOWING YOUR CANCELLATION, BUT WE RESERVE THE RIGHT NOT TO PERMIT RE-SUBSCRIPTION WHERE WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY ELECTED TO TERMINATE A SUBSCRIPTION BY YOU.
Notwithstanding termination or cancellation, Customer will continue to receive marketing communications from Shef until Customer opts out of such marketing communication through the unsubscribe link in emails received.
All matters relating to the Platform, Services and these Terms and any dispute or claim arising therefrom or related thereto (in each case, including non-contractual disputes or claims), shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the internal laws of the State of California without giving effect to any choice or conflict of law provision or rule (whether of the State of California or any other jurisdiction). A printed version of these Terms will be admissible in judicial and administrative proceedings based upon or relating to these Terms to the same extent and subject to the same conditions as other business documents and records originally generated and maintained in printed form.
READ THIS SECTION CAREFULLY BECAUSE IT REQUIRES THE PARTIES TO ARBITRATE THEIR DISPUTES AND LIMITS THE MANNER IN WHICH YOU CAN SEEK RELIEF FROM SHEF.
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ating to these Terms or the breach, violation, use, non-performance, enforcement, or validity of the Services (collectively "Disputes") shall be settled by binding arbitration, except that each party reserves the right to seek injunctive or other equitable relief by a court of competent jurisdiction to prevent the actual or threatened infringement or violation of a party's intellectual property rights. Notwithstanding the preceding sentences with respect to the substantive law, any arbitration conducted pursuant to the terms of these Terms shall be governed by the Federal Arbitration Act (9 U.S.C. §§ 1-16). The application of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods is expressly excluded. You agree to submit to the personal jurisdiction of the federal and state courts located in Santa Clara County, California for any actions for which We retain the right to seek injunctive or other equitable relief in a court of competent jurisdiction to prevent the actual or threatened infringement, misappropriation or violation of Our copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, patents, or other intellectual property or proprietary rights, as set forth in the Arbitration provision below, including any provisional relief required to prevent irreparable harm. You agree that Santa Clara County, California is the proper forum for any appeals of an arbitration award or for trial court proceedings in the event that the arbitration provision below is found to be unenforceable.
For any Dispute with Shef, you agree to first contact us at [email protected] and attempt to resolve the dispute with Us informally, including by scheduling phone calls and meetings between You and Us. In the unlikely event that Shef has not been able to resolve a dispute it has with You after ninety (90) days, We each agree to resolve any claim, dispute, or controversy (excluding any claims for injunctive or other equitable relief) arising out of or in connection with or relating to these Terms, or the breach or alleged breach thereof (collectively, "Claims"), by binding arbitration administered by the American Arbitration Association ("AAA") in accordance with the Commercial Arbitration Rules and the Supplementary Procedures for Consumer Related Disputes (the "AAA Rules") then in effect, except as modified by this "Dispute Resolution" section. The AAA Rules are available at www.adr.org/arb_med or by calling the AAA at 1-800-778-7879. The arbitration will be conducted in Santa Clara County, California, unless You and Shef agree otherwise. Any judgment on the award rendered by the arbitrator may be entered in any court of competent jurisdiction. Nothing in this Section shall be deemed as preventing Shef from seeking injunctive or other equitable relief from the courts as necessary to prevent the actual or threatened infringement, misappropriation, or violation of Our data security, intellectual property rights or other proprietary rights.
All legal notices related to a claim for arbitration may be sent to [email protected].
WITH RESPECT TO ALL PERSONS AND ENTITIES, REGARDLESS OF WHETHER THEY HAVE OBTAINED OR USED THE SERVICE FOR PERSONAL, COMMERCIAL OR OTHER PURPOSES, ALL CLAIMS MUST BE BROUGHT IN THE PARTIES' CUSTOMER CAPACITY, AND NOT AS A PLAINTIFF OR CLASS MEMBER IN ANY PURPORTED CLASS ACTION, COLLECTIVE ACTION, PRIVATE ATTORNEY GENERAL ACTION OR OTHER REPRESENTATIVE PROCEEDING. THIS WAIVER APPLIES TO CLASS ARBITRATION, AND, UNLESS WE AGREE OTHERWISE, THE ARBITRATOR MAY NOT CONSOLIDATE MORE THAN ONE PERSON'S CLAIMS. YOU, AND (IF APPLICABLE) ON BEHALF OF YOUR GUESTS AND YOUR OTHER PERSONS, AGREE THAT, BY ENTERING INTO THESE TERMS, YOU, AND (IF APPLICABLE) YOUR GUESTS AND YOUR OTHER PERSONS, AND TARO ARE | -1.029565 | -2.104277 | -1.350173 | -0.339144 | [
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May is Bike Month, and it's just weeks away. If your bike has been in storage, now is the time to get it ready to ride. A great way to get it road ready is to come to a Fresno Bike Station Fix Your Own Bike event to get expert advice and assistance working on your own bike.
Bike to Work (or Anywhere) Day will be on Friday, May 20. Encourage your friends, family, and coworkers to ride!
Bike Café is on Tuesday, April 12 on community bike shops.
In May, FCBC will be screening The Soul of a Cyclist, an award-winning documentary, and we will be joined by director and filmmaker Nuno Tavares via Zoom on Sunday, May 22 at 3:00 pm.
In our ongoing series on bicycle infrastructure, we discuss Class II bike lanes.
The next Fresno Bike Station Fix Your Own Bike event is on Sunday, April 10 from 11:00 am to 3:00 pm in the Tower District.
The next chapter from the pending book by Juan Flores on bicycling in Fresno describes a ride to Fresno Chinatown and some of its rich history.
The next Board meeting is on Thursday, April 21 at 7:30 pm.
FCBC Bike Café Tuesday April 12, 2022 at 7 PM
The monthly virtual Bike Café allows FCBC members and others to socialize and discuss bike-related topics of interest. For this month's Bike Café, in preparation for Bike Month in May, the topic is "Community Bicycle Shops." FCBC members Julie Congi and Ed Smith will give a brief update onFresno Bicycle Station and will be joined by Glenn Small, veteran volunteer and member of the Core Volunteer team at the Sacramento Bicycle Kitchen. Join us as we discuss how community bike shops get started, how they become sustainable, and what's involved with managing and governing a program like this.
Invite the Community to Bike Month!
We want to register 150 people for FCBC's Bike Month movie screening of The Soul of a Cyclist! To reach that goal, we need your help to get the word out about the screening. Do you have a community newsletter or bulletin board for your HOA, apartment complex, and/or church where you can post the event information? Do you have additional suggestions for good spots to get the word out? Please email [email protected].
You are invited to the 2nd Annual FCBC May is Bike Month Movie Event!
If you have ever dreamed of traveling the world by bicycle, this is the film for you. This year we are excited to be screening The Soul of a Cyclist, an award-winning documentary that celebrates how bicycling brings people together, inspires joy, builds vibrant communities, and leads to a happier, more fulfilled life. Bicycles are amazing!
Bicycle Infrastructure: Class II Bike Lanes
The most common type of bicycle facility is a Class II bike lane, which is a striped bike lane typically placed on the right shoulder of a roadway.
The essential elements of a Class II bike lane are the 6 inch white stripe, bike lane signs, and bike lane pavement markings. Approaching an intersection, the bike lane striping should be broken for a distance of 100 to 200 feet as an indication for motorists to merge into the bike lane as they are making right turns. This helps prevent right hook crashes.
Along a concrete curb and gutter, a Class II bike lane must have a minimum width of 3 feet, not including the gutter pan. At other locations, the minimum width is 4 feet, though the minimum width is recommended to increase to 5 feet where the speed limit is greater than 40 mph. The minimum widths do not provide a high level of comfort and should be increased where practical. Along street parking, a bike lane should have a minimum width of 5 feet. If the street parking has the typical width of 8 feet, a portion of the bike lane could be in the door zone of larger vehicles. Therefore having a wider parking lane or | 0.029194 | 0.375743 | 1.094763 | -0.945213 | [
0.06891427291042364,
-0.010526901971504472
] | [
0.5386903891253386,
0.2127959873269698
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1.1454877565670472,
1.0440381155516765
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-0.945212787824737,
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implementing a buffered bike lane, with a parking-side buffer would enhance safety.
A buffered bike lane can have the buffer on the traffic side and/or the parking side. The picture below shows a buffer on the traffic side:
If a raised element, such as a plastic bollard, is placed in the buffer on the traffic side, the bicycle facility would be considered a Class IV separated bikeway, also known as a cycle track. These types of bicycle facilities will be discussed in a future newsletter.
A bike lane can be easy to implement if there is adequate pavement width and no street parking. If parking must be retained, and there is insufficient width to stripe a bike lane, there are a few options that could be considered: (1) reallocating the pavement by removing through lanes or a center turn lane, (2) widening the roadway by creating parking bays in landscape strips, or (3) placing a Class III bike route with sharrows and "BIKES MAY USE FULL LANE" signs. The bike lane can also be made part-time to allow parking in evening hours, for example. Fresno does have some part-time bike lanes, such as in the area of West and Barstow Avenues, but it is not uncommon to find vehicles parked at those locations during the restricted times.
Green paint can be added to bike lanes to add conspicuity, Because of the high cost of the typically placed composite material called methyl methacrylate, it is normally placed only in conflict areas or mixing zones.
Whenever a roadway is resurfaced or receives some kind of seal coat, that should be taken as an opportunity to add a bicycle facility to collector or arterial roadways.
The next Fresno Bicycle StationFix Your Own Bike event is scheduled for Sunday, April 10 between 11:00 am and 3:00 pm at the Van Ness Village Vendor Fair, located at 1440 N. Van Ness Avenue. The Fresno Bike Station is sponsored by FCBC and allows bike owners to learn how to repair their own bikes with help from experienced mechanics, including FCBC member Julie Congi and Tower Velo owner Chris Eacock.
The California Legislature convenes in January and adjourns at the end of August, and the Governor typically signs or vetoes bills in September. Here are two of the more significant proposed bills related to bicycling:
Assembly Bill (AB) 1713 brings the "Idaho stop" for bicyclists, allowing them to treat stop signs as yield signs. Last year the Governor vetoed the legislation over concerns regarding children being able to judge vehicle speeds or have the necessary caution to yield to traffic. The new bill would not apply to those under 18.
AB 1909 Bicycle Omnibus Bill would allow expanded use of e-bikes on trails, allow bicyclists to follow pedestrian signals at traffic signals, require motorists to move over when passing bicycles, and prevent local jurisdictions from requiring licenses for bicycles.
Proposed laws typically change significantly as they progress through hearings and committees.
Below is the eighth chapter in the book that FCBC Board Member Juan Flores is writing on bicycling in Fresno. The chapter is on bicycling to Chinatown in Fresno and exploring some of the history of the area. Juan welcomes any comments, corrections, and constructive criticism at [email protected]. Previous chapters can be viewed on the FCBC website.
Chinatown Ride
There is a Class II bike lane on Elm Avenue that will get you to Chinatown from the south side of Fresno. The bike lane starts just north of North Avenue, and you can proceed north for two miles. Turn right on Ventura Avenue and proceed for just a block, and then turn left to C Street, which is just before the State Route 99 freeway. Travel three blocks to Kern Street, and then make a right turn and go over the freeway to arrive in Chinatown.
Fresno's original settlers located their new community along a new railroad line in the 1860s that was built by Chinese workers. Many of the Chinese workers were expert brick makers, and they were employed to begin building the | 0.372982 | 1.043648 | 1.475199 | 0.040707 | [
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city. But due to the racist practices back then, they were not allowed to live in the city and were forcibly relocated to the west side of the tracks.
Racially segregated residential enclaves were common in California in the 19th century. There was much racism and discrimination against the Chinese. They were mistreated, but Fresno still needed their reliable labor force in the agricultural fields, so Fresno created Chinatown in 1872, and the Chinese community was relocated there. The Chinese people were allowed to work in the nearby farms, but they were required to return to Chinatown when the work was done. The population of Chinatown increased during the agricultural season and diminished at the end of the season when the harvest was completed. Many immigrant Chinese and Mexican families met in Chinatown early in the morning to be hired by "contratistas" or labor contractors and then trucked off to farms where their labor was needed.
Most of the cultural and ethnic communities in Fresno got their start in Chinatown. West of the tracks was a lively and thriving area that offered goods, services and all kinds of entertainment day and night. The residents were entrepreneurs who ran shops, hotels, theaters, restaurants, and service businesses. They were farmers of figs, grapes, cotton and wheat.
There was a great diversity of immigrants who made Chinatown their home when they first arrived in Fresno. They included Chinese, Japanese, Germans, Armenians, and Mexicans. As they began to earn enough money to have their own homes, they moved to the north side of Fresno, and thus they made room for new immigrants.
Fresno was ruled from the east side of the tracks by a select group of white men who controlled City Hall, the business, and the police. But they traveled to Chinatown with its maze of underground tunnels, built to offer protection from the hot Fresno summer and to house brothels, opium dens, and gambling parlors. This was an underground world that not too many were exposed to.
Chinatown was the place to be from the late 1800s to the mid-1950s. With urban renewal in the 1960s, Chinatown began to lose its businesses and residents, and its historic buildings began to be torn down. Other buildings were abandoned, and vagrants began to congregate. Chinatown suffered decades of neglect. Poorly implemented and inadequately funded attempts for improvement didn't help any.
The arrival of the High Speed Rail construction began to provide much needed attention and potential development monies in Chinatown. Property and business owners in Chinatown began to see an opportunity to benefit from a potential influx of people who will be boarding trains for travel to the rest of the state, as well as people traveling to and through Fresno. But the High Speed Rail construction created a new challenge in that the three primary streets into Chinatown were temporarily shut down.
There are other sites of historical interest in Chinatown. St. Genevieve's, the Chinese Catholic church located at 1127 Tulare Street, was established as a place of worship for Chinese laborers in Fresno. The red brick building has many Chinese design features, and one of St. Genevieve's parish's claims to fame is that it is the smallest parish church in the world.
There is also an historic, three-story Buddhist temple in Fresno's Chinatown, built by the Japanese Buddhist community in Chinatown many years ago, and it is now coming to life again. On the top floor of the Betsuin Buddhist Temple is a large meditation room with antique pendant lights hanging from the high ceiling and intricate woodwork decorating the room. Multi-paned windows let in lots of light.
First generation Japanese immigrants, the Issei, built the temple. They were mostly field workers paid very little, but they still managed to fund the elaborate temple. In 2011, the Japanese-American congregation put the property up for sale and moved to North Fresno. Fresno's small Burmese-American community raised the money to purchase the temple in 2021, and it's now known as Mrauk Oo Dhamma. Their goal is to make it a monastery and a meditation center | 1.022208 | 1.799293 | 1.15056 | 0.204593 | [
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Diet-driven microbial ecology underpins associations between cancer immunotherapy outcomes and the gut microbiome
Nat Med. 2022 Nov;28(11):2344-2352. doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-01965-2. Epub 2022 Sep 22.
Rebecca C Simpson # 1 2 3 , Erin R Shanahan # 3 4 , Marcel Batten # 1 2 5 , Irene L M Reijers 6 , Mark Read 3 7 8 , Ines P Silva 1 9 , Judith M Versluis 6 , Rosilene Ribeiro 3 4 , Alexandra S Angelatos 3 10 , Jian Tan 3 10 , Chandra Adhikari 1 , Alexander M Menzies 1 2 11 , Robyn P M Saw 1 2 12 , Maria Gonzalez 1 , Kerwin F Shannon 1 12 , Andrew J Spillane 1 4 13 , Rebecca Velickovic 1 2 , Alexander J Lazar 14 15 , Ashish V Damania 15 , Aditya K Mishra 15 , Manoj Chelvanambi 16 , Anik Banerjee 17 , Nadim J Ajami 15 , Jennifer A Wargo 15 16 , Laurence Macia 3 10 , Andrew J Holmes 3 4 , James S Wilmott 1 2 3 , Christian U Blank 6 , Richard A Scolyer 1 2 3 18 , Georgina V Long 19 20 21 22
1 Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
2 Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
3 Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
4 School of Life and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
5 Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
6 Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
7 School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
8 The Westmead Initiative, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
9 Westmead and Blacktown Hospitals, Sydney, Australia.
10 School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
11 Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore and Mater Hospitals, Sydney, Australia.
12 Department of Melanoma and Surgical Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
13 Breast and Melanoma Surgery Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Australia.
14 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
15 Platform for Innovative Microbiome and Translational Research, Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
16 Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
17 The University of Texas MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
18 Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia.
19 Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. [email protected].
20 Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. [email protected].
21 Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. [email protected].
22 Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore and Mater Hospitals, Sydney, Australia. [email protected].
The gut microbiota shapes the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in cancer, however dietary and | -0.333085 | 0.563759 | 0.683892 | 0.836726 | [
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Convenient procedures, products and services are those intended to increase ease in accessibility, save resources (such as time, effort and energy) and decrease frustration. A modern convenience is a labor-saving device, service or substance which make a task easier or more efficient than a traditional method. Convenience is a relative concept, and depends on context. For example, automobiles were once considered a convenience, yet today are regarded as a normal part of life.
Because differences in lifestyles around the world, the term is a relative term based upon the conveniences previously available to a person or group. For instance, an American definition of 'modern convenience' is likely different from that of an individual living in a developing country. Most of the time, the term 'modern convenience' is used to express personal lifestyle and home life.
Examples
Service conveniences are those that save shoppers time or effort, and includes variables such as credit availability and extended store hours. Service convenience pertains to the facilitation of selling both goods and services, and combinations of the two.
Convenience goods are widely distributed products that "require minimal time and physical and mental effort to purchase."
Ready meals and convenience cooking spare the consumer effort in preparation of a meal while providing high levels of energy and pronounced, if mostly artificial, flavour.
Filling stations sell items that have nothing to do with refuelling a motor vehicle, (e.g. milk, newspapers, cigarettes) but purchasing at that location can save the consumer time compared to making a separate journey to a supermarket. Conveniences such as direct deposit can save companies and consumers money, though this may or may not be passed along to the consumer.
Some conveniences can become nuisances when they break down or don't function correctly. It costs time and money to fix items of convenience when they break down, and may cause much greater costs if something else that depends on them cannot take place.
History
Late 20th century
Household
In 1911, architect and author Louis. H. Gibson defined modern conveniences as "those arrangements and appliances which make it possible for people to live comfort ably in a larger house, without seriously increasing the cares which they had in a smaller one". The supposition is that at that time if a family lived in a smaller home, they would have less furniture, appliances and other goods to take care of, and as a result the family's lifestyle and housekeeping would be relatively easy. If, on the other hand, a family moved into a larger home the increase area and furnishings would be much more difficult to manage without labor-saving devices.
Examples of modern conveniences at that time included:
Kitchen sinks with tap water hot and cold running water and wastewater drainage
The addition of bathrooms as separate rooms with sinks and toilets, also with waste water and sewage drainage
A furnace, also identified as a significant cost savings
Closets in bedrooms, bathrooms, hallway for linen, broom closets
Gas lighting, stoves and fireplaces, where gas was available
Icebox or refrigerator
20th century
The homes of the 20th century are much bigger than the homes of our family members from the 19th century, both in terms of square footage and number of rooms. Homes built at the beginning of the 21st century have 2-3 times more rooms than homes at the turn of the 20th century. In terms of square footage, new homes built in 2000 are 50% larger than a home built in the 1960s.
The 20th century also enjoyed a proliferation of home appliances like washing machines, dryers, dishwashers, microwave ovens, frost-free refrigerators, water heaters, air conditioning, vacuum cleaners, and irons. Electricity and innovative electronics products including stereo equipment, color television, answering machine, and video cassette recorders also facilitated modern life.
21st century
Comparison of modern conveniences in new housing construction
In his 2011 book America's Ticking Bankruptcy Bomb: How the Looming Debt Crisis Threatens the American Dream—and How We Can Turn the Tide Before It's Too Late, Peter Ferrara says that the resident | 0.531865 | 0.719544 | 1.135343 | -0.088061 | [
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ial access to modern convenience is markedly different in the 21st century compared to the beginning of the 20th century:
Upcoming technological advancements
David Kirkpatrick, author of The Facebook Effect (2010), wrote in an article called Tech Targets the Third World projects that technological advancements in education and health care, mobile computing and broadband will empower the poor and provide economic opportunities that they would not otherwise have access. These technologies are relatively easy and cost-effective to implement because of technological advancements that have driven down the costs and because developing countries do not have expensive and outdated legacy systems to manage emerging technology.
Religious groups
Religious groups that shun modern conveniences include Anabaptists (and their direct descendants, the Amish, Hutterites, and Mennonites) and Judaism.
Anabaptists
Key beliefs that determine an Anabaptist community's position on use of modern conveniences are:
The belief that in order to enter the Kingdom of God, they must live apart from the "world", or the unreformed.
Avoiding "worldly" behaviors that pull their attention and intentions away from their religious community.
Orthodox and Conservative Judaism
For Orthodox and Conservative Jews, Shabbat is the seventh day of the Jewish week and is a day of rest in Judaism. Shabbat is observed from a few minutes before sunset on Friday evening until a few minutes after the appearance of three stars in the sky on Saturday night. On Shabbat, Jews recall the Genesis creation narrative describing God creating the Heavens and the Earth in six days and resting on the seventh. It also recalls the giving of the Torah at Mount Sinai, when God commanded the Israelite nation to observe the seventh day and keep it holy. Shabbat is considered a festive day, when a Jew is freed from the regular labors of everyday life, can contemplate the spiritual aspects of life, and can spend time with family.
Orthodox and some Conservative authorities rule that there are 39 prohibited activities of work (referred to as "melakhot"), such as turning electric devices on or off, driving cars, and more, during the Shabbat, as listed in Mishnah Tractate Shabbat.
Consequences
There are many ramifications of the development of modern conveniences for individuals and their families over the past 150 or more years. The many labor-saving devices have kept pace with growing houses and furnishings and allow for greater leisure. There are also some negative effects, some of which are also as the result of advancements in chemical technology in the food that we eat or products that we use. In these cases there are also conflicting opinions about the extent to which some of the products are harmful. Here are a few examples of positive and negative effects of modern conveniences.
Positive effects
Health care
Some of the major improvements over the past century has been in improved health care. For example, modern medicine has made leaps in preventing infectious diseases in part due to improved water and sewage treatment. This is obvious in the marked rises in life expectancy.
Technological advancement in underdeveloped countries
Some of the most dramatic technological benefits are seen in underdeveloped countries. For instance, cabling for landline telephone service is expensive and requires a lot of time to complete, especially in the most remote areas. Introduction of cellphone service, on the other hand, is much cheaper and dramatically improves individual's ability to be economically productive, often in microbusinesses. It is estimated that 80% of the world's population is now located within range of cellular towers, 1.5 billion cellular phones are in use in developing countries and, in India alone, five million customers sign up for cellular service each week. The Four Asian Tigers—i.e., Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea—are a few of the countries that have leveraged technology to become a presence in the global community.
Another example, led by Nicholas Negroponte of MIT's Media Lab in rural Asia, Latin America and Africa, provides $100 laptop computers to underdeveloped countries.
Negative effects
In 1905, the Journal of the American Medical Association published an article titled "Nervous Strain" about how "modern conveniences" make our lives busier and with less direct contact than the preceding gener | 0.668832 | 1.265686 | 1.607084 | 0.339864 | [
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Apple Silicon chips expected to be refreshed on an 18 month cycle
Malcolm Owen | Dec 20, 2021
Apple reportedly intends to release updates to its Mac and iPad Pro Apple Silicon chips every 18 months, but it isn't clear why this isn't happening at the same speed as Apple's A-series processors.
Apple is in the middle of its two-year schedule to move its Mac lineup away from Intel processors to Apple Silicon. So far, it has brought out three chips under its M1 masthead, including the M1 Pro and M1 Max in its newest MacBook Pro updates, but more are certainly on the way.
In a report from Taiwan's Commercial Times, supply chain sources claim Apple is aiming for an update to its Apple Silicon range every 18 months. This is in stark contrast to the A-series chips, which get a generational jump each fall as part of annual changes to the iPhone.
The report says the "M2" lineup will start off In the first half of 2022, with a chip codenamed "Staten." The "M2 Pro" and "M2 Max" versions will apparently arrive as part of an M2X architecture codenamed "Rhodes" in the first half of 2023.
M2 will allegedly be produced using a 4-nanometer process, which is also allegedly rumored to be used in the "A16" in the 2022 "iPhone 14."
The following "M3" series would arrive 18 months after the M2, it is reckoned, and will apparently employ TSMC's 3-nanometer process.
A leaked roadmap from November detailed the next generation of Apple Silicon processors as having the codenames "Ibiza," "Lobos," and "Palma." Thought to be separate from Rhodes, the chips are said to each contain two dies, produced using a 5-nanometer process.
While "Ibiza" is anticipated to be the low-power version to be used in a MacBook Air and iPad, "Lobos" and "Palma" are expected to be used in the MacBook Pro and other Mac desktops.
dtownwarrior
This is longer than the intel cycle, albeit the Apple silicon processors are better though.
foregoneconclusion
Longer cycle, bigger performance jumps per cycle? That's what I would be expecting.
aderutter
People are more likely to refresh their phone every year than an iPad or Mac - so this makes sense to me.
preclarotipo
To over-use a saying; Comparing Apple's Silicon release cycles to Intel's Release schedule is an 'Apple vs Oranges' comparison....but you can still compare them - Dave Burd...Scanning through the wiki articles about Intel processors...Intel has had many years of 12 month cycles, and an 18 month cycle recently, but the new generation processors offered very incremental improvements in terms of specs. Intel has also been stuck at 14nm for 6 years! If Apple can launch one node improvement (thank you TSMC) and incremental feature or spec bump in 18 months it would be, in my opinion, an improvement over Intel....though I don't expect the CPU alone to drive upgrades for me, personally. In my opinion it took 3 to 4 intel cycles (3 to 5 years) before the node seemed to make an appreciable difference in performance that I would consider 'worth' upgrading to get the new CPU.
Farewell, 14nm: Intel Launches Alder Lake - ExtremeTech
(edit: Grammar)
DuhSesame
M3 will be expected to compete against 14th-gen Intel and Zen 4 (and maybe Nuvia). It takes time to stand out from the competition, but I suspect the progress will be faster by then.
For now, the M1 Pro/Max with 2-die will do, with M2 improving on power efficiency so you'll see less throttle. I still want to see a 2-die configuration on the 16" MacBook Pro, seeing much cooling headroom suggesting it.
New Mac Pro may not support PCI-E GPUs
The forthcoming Mac Pro is reportedly unlikely to add support for GPU PCI-E cards, as well as not allowing user-upgradeable RAM.
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Press Releases Subscribe
Global Climate Action Report from IKEA
More people than ever feel anxiety and fear over climate change, but action stagnates
The global population is becoming more informed and more anxious about climate change, according to a new global climate action report from IKEA(1*). The study of 31,000 people across 30 countries shows that despite recognising the collective need to do more, individuals feel disempowered and action is stagnating. At the same time, people are motivated to take action by positive visions of a better life for future generations (55%).
Along with knowledge increasing, anxiety and fear are also rising, with three quarters (73%) saying they worry a lot or a fair amount about climate change. Levels of concern jumped five percentage points among 14 countries in just two years (66% in 2017(2*) to 71% in 2019). Three in four parents (77%) say their kids are worried about climate change, with half (50%) saying their children worry a lot or a fair amount.
A clear correlation also emerged between knowledge, concern and the will to take action: the more knowledgeable someone is about climate change, the more worried they feel, and the more likely they are to take action. It also shows that there are three key motivators: presenting a positive vision connecting to helping the planet and future generations (both 55%), and benefits such as saving money (45%) and seeing the impact of their personal actions (47%).
Jesper Brodin, CEO, Ingka Group(3*), says: "Together we have a decade to prevent irreversible damage from climate change to the home we all share, the planet. We can see in our research that people expect more from businesses and governments today and as awareness about climate change has increased, the everyday action has stagnated. We will enable and inspire people with thin wallets to live a more sustainable life within the limits of the planet and believe that action speaks louder than words.
"To spark real change, we will hold a positive, proactive and collaborative approach and turn climate challenges into scalable solutions. No one can do everything, but everyone can do something. And together we will solve this."
The study shows that while more people are making small everyday changes like recycling (76%), cutting food waste (60%) and avoiding unsustainable products (49%), climate action more broadly has stagnated due to the perceived lack of support and practical advice and anticipated expense of taking action.
Some of the top facts in the reports shows that:
• Concern in 14 tracker countries across the globe has risen five percentage points to 71%, with the state of the planet for future generations a top concern across all 30 countries
• While 61% of people globally say they are knowledgeable about climate change, and 87% are willing to take action, 37% still don't know how they can help tackle it
• 59% feel they do not get enough support from government, and 51% from business
Key motivators to inspire consumer action are:
• Positive vision – presenting a positive, hopeful vision that connects actions with the potential for a better future for coming generations and the planet itself (both 55%)
• Personal benefits – promoting personal gains including better personal and family health (47%) and saving money (45%), and making life daily easier and more comfortable (29%)
• Enablers – advice, easy solutions, new technology and infrastructure and examples of what others are doing, with seeing the impact of their personal actions the most motivating (47%)
The global study was conducted to understand how people think and feel about climate change, and what they are doing to address it in their daily lives. Get more insights around how people feel about climate change, read the A3 infographic summary.
(1*) This survey was conducted in partnership between Ingka Group and GlobeScan, a global insights and strategy consultancy. This research was conducted online using reputable national consumer research panels to recruit respondents in 30 countries. The total sample size across the 30 countries is 31,428 adults (aged 18+). The 30 countries surveyed are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, | 0.849629 | 1.133179 | 1.662881 | 0.058916 | [
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Fuel prices produce gasps, fumes
Jeffrey Kowalczyk and daughters Taylor and Brittany stop in Bridgeport to buy gas and have lunch on their way to Reno for Thanksgiving. Kowalczyk bought 27 gallons for his truck. (Bob Chamberlin / Los Angeles Times)
Bridgeport restaurant owner Raymond Robles looks out at the Sierra. Both of the gas stations in town are charging more than $4 a gallon for self-serve regular. (Bob Chamberlin / Los Angeles Times)
Albert Pegorare, in his Bridgeport market, talks about the trickle-down effect of high gas prices. He works seven days a week. (Bob Chamberlin / Los Angeles Times)
Melinda Drake walks to the Bridgeport library with her dog, Pepper. (Bob Chamberlin / Los Angeles Times)
An antique Ford tractor sits at the southern end of Bridgeport. (Bob Chamberlin / Los Angeles Times)
Traffic is light at dusk in Bridgeport. (Bob Chamberlin / Los Angeles Times)
By Elizabeth Douglass
Nov. 23, 2007 12 AM PT
Los Angeles Times Staff Writer
BRIDGEPORT, CALIF —
. -- As Californians brace for ever-higher gasoline prices, they can glimpse what might be their future in this tiny Eastern Sierra town, where motorists pay more than $4 a gallon at the two gas stations.
The Shell station in Bridgeport, a tourist town of 850 residents during the summertime peak, is charging $4.09 a gallon for regular. The outlet posted prices above the $4 mark at least four other times this year.
Rosemary Glazier, who works in Bridgeport as Mono County's assistant finance director, is so irritated by the prices that she refuses to fill up at the local stations.
"It makes the whole town look bad," Glazier said of the $4-plus prices. Instead, she drives all the way to Gardnerville in Nevada, 62 miles north of Bridgeport, where gas is substantially cheaper.
Soon, however, there may be no escape.
Driven largely by the soaring cost of crude oil, pump prices across the country are approaching the lofty levels that set records during the summer -- an unprecedented turn of events that will make this Thanksgiving weekend the most expensive ever for millions of travelers. And $4 fuel may become a more common sight, perhaps as early as next year, some gas-watchers predict.
On Wednesday, the cost of U.S. benchmark crude oil reached as high as $99.29 a barrel in New York futures trading, briefly threatening to hit the psychologically daunting $100 mark, but pulled back to close at $97.29, down 74 cents.
Consumers already are getting slapped by the recent run-up in oil. On average, motorists nationwide are paying $3.09 for a gallon of self-serve regular, an increase of more than 86 cents from last Thanksgiving, according to the American Automobile Assn. In California, the average pump price is up 92 cents from last year, to $3.42 a gallon.
Los Angeles resident Jeffrey Kowalczyk got a taste of Bridgeport's gas-price pain as he passed through town Tuesday on a Thanksgiving holiday trip to his grandmother's house in Carson City, Nev.
Kowalczyk, who works for the advertising firm TBWA\Chiat\ Day, visited the Shell station earlier in the day with his two daughters.
"I just needed to top it off because there's nothing much between here and Carson City . . . and it was just 'ching-ching,' " Kowalczyk said as he munched on a sandwich from Albert's Meat Market. Pointing to his Nissan V-8 Titan pickup, he added, "It's going to eat the gas . . . so it's going to be a good $100 to $200 more" than when they made the trip a year ago.
Even so, Kowalczyk figured that driving was still going to be cheaper than buying three airplane tickets, the cost of which has been escalating steadily because the price of jet fuel has jumped too. Plus, with | -0.038263 | -0.149359 | -1.067383 | -1.000817 | [
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U.S. Highway 395 offering beautiful mountain and valley views, he said, "It's a nice drive."
At the county government building a block away, Glazier said tourists like Kowalczyk were the ones pumping most of the gasoline in Bridgeport. "They get stuck buying it . . . because we're in the middle of nowhere," she said.
Glazier said many locals shun Bridgeport's Shell station, as well as the nearby Gas & Go, which is typically priced slightly below the Shell.
John Simpson, who owns both stations, doesn't staff the Gas & Go during the winter, but customers can still pump gas there and pay with a credit card.
Simpson said employees working the counters at the station get a lot of complaints, especially from customers who are accustomed to Nevada fuel costs. And he knows some people in Bridgeport are miffed by his prices.
"They don't like me. They think I'm ripping them off," he said.
Simpson said he had to charge more for fuel because it costs more to bring supplies by tanker truck either from Sacramento -- 170 miles away -- or from San Francisco, a 230-mile trek that includes dangerous mountain passes.
"If there's any kind of hitch in the road . . . or it's snowing, I'm dead in the water" and won't get the fuel on time, Simpson said. In addition, it costs at least $1,000 to summon a technician to fix a gas pump, he said. "So you either go up [in price] or you go broke. It's as simple as that."
The Nevada stations, meanwhile, don't charge customers as much in gas taxes and don't have to comply with the expensive environmental regulations that apply to California stations.
Roy Panigada, a Bridgeport resident and the deputy tax collector for Mono County, is one of the many locals who dodge Simpson's stations: "Everyone I know tries to avoid getting gas here."
Panigada, who landed here after leaving Rancho Cucamonga six years ago, said he and others take advantage of Nevada's cheaper fuel prices by filling up their cars as well as a few 5-gallon gas cans during shopping trips to Gardnerville or Carson City. He fills three of the containers every two weeks or so, to top off the other two family vehicles, with a little left over for his boat.
When he stopped at an Arco station in Gardnerville last week, the cost of regular was $3.13 a gallon, 96 cents a gallon cheaper than Bridgeport's Shell, Panigada said. "It's a substantial savings."
Linda Kaiser, taking orders from the walk-up window at the Barn restaurant on Main Street, is another informal boycotter of local gas.
"I've never purchased gas here because it makes me aggravated," said Kaiser, who travels 35 curvy miles to work from her home in Walker. "I'm cheap, so we work around it."
Bridgeport's business owners are less critical of the gas prices. They know the cost of everything jumps when you settle far from the city lights -- and they charge more for their goods too.
At Buster's Food Market, a gallon of milk costs $5.49. In Los Angeles, Vons charged $4.79 a gallon for its house brand and $3.17 for the Westwood brand, according to its website Wednesday.
Raymond Robles, who owns Casa Michaela, a Mexican restaurant a mile south of Bridgeport's tiny strip of shops, said the higher prices reflected the town's remoteness and the fact that businesses there make the bulk of their money during a summer tourist season that lasts just a few months.
"I'm not upset about the price of gas," Robles said. "It's hard to make a living here. There are days in the winter when I have no customers at all."
Robles said his Farmer Bros. coffee distributor tacks on a fuel surcharge of $3 a week, and a bunch of cilantro -- about 50 cents at a grocery store in Carson City -- costs him up to $1.20. It's the same for everything, he says. "If it's not a fuel | -0.393694 | -0.075943 | -0.911087 | -1.075281 | [
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"Attack of the Moon Zombies" (2011)
By Duane L. Martin
"Attack of the Moon Zombies" is the latest retro style sci-fi b-movie from the mind and talents of writer / director Christopher R. Mihm. This time around, we're on the Jackson Lunar Base, and after a mysterious plant is found on the moon's surface and taken inside the base, the sudden lack of exposure to cosmic rays causes it to come out of hibernation, at which point it sprays their newest crew member in the face with a cloud of spores. He drops like a dead deer and later, as his body is being examined, it comes back to life as a moon zombie and sprays a cloud of spores in the face of the doctor who's examining him, turning her into one as well. What's a moon zombie? Basically, once infected, they come back to life as a plant person that's able to produce the same cloud of spores as the original plant, and their main goal seems to be to turn the humans. There's no brain eating or anything, they just want to change everyone into what they've become. Will any of the crew escape? Will they be able to stop the zombie horde? You'll have to watch to find out!
Like all of Christopher Mihm's films, this one was filled with lots of familiar faces (from his previous films), great costumes, nice effects and some nifty keen b-movie style monsters. The settings were a bit spartan in this one however, but then again, you wouldn't really expect a moon base to look like a disco or an art gallery, would you? He's typically made his films to look like they were shot on the kind of budgets that Ed Wood used to work with, and once again, the look is effective and totally suits the film.
Speaking of the look of the film, One of the things that really impressed me was the opening scene, where a rocket is flying through space and then lands inside the moon base's docking bay. The look of the scene had a real 50's b-movie look and feel to it and there was even a nice distance shot of the rocket once it had landed, showing the crew exiting it and walking across a platform to enter into the base. It's these little touches that add to the overall look and feel of these films, and getting something so cool looking right off the bat lets you know right away that you're in for some fun.
On the way in, and once we enter the base especially, we get to really experience Captain Herman Frehley (Daniel Sjerven), the rocket jockey who brought them to the base. Now Daniel Sjerven has been in some of Christopher Mihm's other films, but in the past he's typically played the likeable hero. In this one, he gets to play a semi-alcoholic douche nozzle with all the manners of a goat...and you could see that he really enjoyed playing the part, which made it even funnier.
Shannon McDonough plays Dr. Hackett, a botanist and the potential fiance to Dr. Collins (Douglas Sidney). I say potential, because every time he tries to ask her to marry him, someone interrupts them. It becomes a running thing in the film, even to the point where you start to wonder if something's going to happen to prevent it all together. Shannon's character comes off as the type of girl who'd be getting coffee for everyone and fixing dinner rather than a serious scientist. You saw this type of character in a lot of the sci-fi films of the era. Women "scientists" thrown into a group of men on a space ship, only to be mostly relegated to being the love interest for the leader of the mission, getting into trouble, fixing the meals and getting the coffee. Dr. Collins was more of a serious character who genuinely tried to save as many people as possible while holding off the moon zombies. So basically, he was the hero of the film, and a bit more of a serious character. Sid Korpi plays Administrator Ripley. She runs the moon base, and is the only one in the film that actually goes down with a little bit of a fight. She played her role in a more serious manner. Like, she might get you coffee if you asked her for it and she was in the mood, but generally you'd get it yourself. Basically, she was competent and friendly, but there was no question at all that she | 0.492144 | 0.316652 | -0.763668 | -0.815795 | [
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The Best DD-WRT Routers of 2020.
Posted May 21, 2020, 12:32 p.m. by Emil S.
With the mind-numbing array of options available out there, we've rounded up the best DD-WRT routers in 2020 that will make it simpler to find the best that suits your needs. These are handpicked from relevant categories that we hope will help make things a little bit easier for you.
Best Overall Pick: Asus ROG Rapture GT-AC5300
The first thing you'll notice about the Asus AC5300 are the numerous antennas – eight in total – around it. Those aren't just for show but designed to get the best signal quality with up to four devices, including your PC and game console.
It has tri-band support that can reach a throughput as high as 5.33Gbps, and it can cover large homes up to 5,000 sq ft. If that's somehow not enough, you can connect more Asus routers to it and cover a wider area with its AiMesh feature.
However, this doesn't come cheap. With its ROG branding, Asus designed the AC5300 with serious gamers in mind. It includes access to WTFast Gamers Private Network optimized for online gaming traffic. The second 5Ghz bandwidth is dedicated not only to gaming but can handle VR and fast 4K content streaming as well.
It also has an MU-MIMO or Multiple User-Multiple Input, Multiple Output feature that can provide enough bandwidth for up to 4 devices working simultaneously, even older ones, ensuring the optimal speed without bottlenecking your entire network.
For added security, Asus partnered with Trend Micro. They came up with AiProtection that searches for vulnerable spots in your network and keeps hackers from accessing your data.
Best for Mobile Apps: Linksys WRT AC3200
The biggest draw of the WRT AC3200 is its ability to send signals through DFS or Dynamic Frequency Selection channels that are not as congested by traffic from other wireless devices. It results in a much smoother communication between your device and the router that doesn't lag or have connectivity issues.
This advantage becomes more evident when you're using your favorite mobile apps. The support for MU-MIMO allows you to prioritize devices, to ensure trouble-free connections for even older and slower ones, without throttling the newer devices in the network.
For more connectivity, it has various ports such as eSATA, LAN, and USB. This gives you more options to hardwire other devices and to access external storage with ease. It also comes with firmware that lets you test your network speeds, connectivity, and security, among others.
Aside from this, you have a phone app that enables you to monitor who's logged on to your network and allows you to free up some bandwidth if it becomes too clogged up.
Best for Streaming Video: D-Link AC3150
The AC3150 is an excellent gaming router from D-Link that looks the part. Its impressive MU-MIMO implementation allows ample bandwidth for several devices being used simultaneously, even for complex games and viewing 4K media. It's all made possible by its highly optimized 4x4 data streams that are capable of serving even the most demanding household needs.
The AC3150 also offers generous I/O port options and extensive open-source firmware support if you're inclined to do some tinkering. It has a web-based network management console that is accessible through D-Link's QRS smartphone app. It shows the network map clearly along with vital info, such as user IP addresses, type of connections, and provides connection uptime monitoring.
A 1.4GHz dual-processor along with its proprietary 1024-NitroQAM tech gives this 4-stream dual-band router more than a 25% performance boost in both its 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands. It also lets you pick the most optimal band your device can use with the help of its Smart Connect feature. It will prioritize faster devices with larger bandwidth and only allocates enough for slower ones too keep everything running smoothly.
That's why If your household is heavy on 4K streaming, this is still a terrific choice even if it's a bit | 0.279844 | 0.233388 | 0.271753 | -0.328078 | [
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more on the expensive side among mid-range routers.
Best Backup Support: Netgear Nighthawk X4S
The Nighthawk X4S is one of the top-of-the-line routers from Netgear. It has a 1.7GHz dual-core processor that has no problems latching onto 802.11ac networks and reaching up to 2.5-5Gbps speeds.
Netgear had more than a mere router in mind when they gave the X4S the capability to connect to a host of storage devices and printers with its eSATA and two USB 3.0 ports. With its ReadShare Vault app, you can take advantage of these storage devices to backup all your data automatically. While data transfer may be wanting, it's MU-MIMO 4x4 data streaming per band is solid and maximizes throughput speeds with hardly any compromises in bandwidth.
Admittedly, its dual-band will be slower than more expensive tri-band routers. Still, it makes up for this with its fast processor and Dynamic QoS (Quality of Service) feature that prioritizes bandwidth allocation very efficiently.
This ensures that even the most speed demanding applications like movie streaming channels and games will all run without a hitch and won't ruin your experience.
The X4S is packed with security features and even allows parents to filter internet websites. It's a smart router and has a user-friendly Netgear-Genie console that walks you through multiple options and makes managing your network connection a breeze.
Best for Network Extension: Netgear R6700 Nighthawk
The R6700 has a familiar look shared by models from the Netgear's Nighthawk line, although not as expensive as the others. This particular one is a mid-range option that allows easy installation of DD-WRT firmware. Its 1GHz dual-core processor is middling but does an admirable job of maintaining fast performance with either wired or wireless connection.
Netgear designed this as an affordable solution for households that have up to a dozen or more Wi-Fi devices. It has powerful amplifiers and three adjustable and removable external antennas with Beamforming+ that boosts the signal significantly. Coverage extends to the entire home with minimal dead spots.
This dual-band router can deliver speeds up to 1.3GBps on its 5GHz band and up to 450MBps, and can handle 4K streaming without hiccups. Online gaming performance is also impressive, delivering lag-free gameplay. All of this is made possible with its Dynamic QoS that does a stellar job of optimizing the router's bandwidth potential even during heavy loads.
Network-Allocated Storage or NAS, as well as file transfer performance with USB 3.0, are also commendable when transferring data in both NTFS and FAT32 formats. It also has the Genie app shared with other Netgear models. The app allows users total control, monitoring, and troubleshooting of their network without booting up their PC.
Best Green Router: TRENDnet AC1900
What's noticeable with the AC1900 is the lack of hideous antennas rising out from its case, like what you see in tri-band routers. It has a minimalist brick design that won't make it an eyesore inside your home.
With that said, you can't expect blazing speeds offered by more premium products. It can reach up to 1.3Gbps in 803.11ac networks and about 600Mbps in 803.11n. For external storage, it both USB 3.0 and 2.0 ports. Its four Gigabit Ethernet ports should provide ample speed for any use.
Despite that, it still offers above-average mid-range performance. The AC1900 is a very affordable dual-band AC router that boasts of a 50% reduction in energy consumption over previous models. It's capable of Targeted Beamforming that boosts the signal and improves the performance of a specific location for even more efficient use of power.
It allows you to put up an isolated guest network as well as a secure one to protect your sensitive data from any intrusion. This router can handle up to 8 Wi-Fi networks simultaneously, and data transfer is pre-encrypted for added security. There are also parent | 0.241493 | -0.040578 | 0.024469 | -0.457456 | [
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] | 1,329,077 | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 12 | 5 |
al controls to prevent unwanted sites from appearing in any device connected to the network.
It sports both USB 2.0 and 3.0 for storage devices as well as printing support. There are also 4 Gigabit Ethernet LAN ports to hardwire your devices. All of this, combined with its robust dual-band Wi-Fi performance, will provide a dependable network in your home.
Best Smart Features: Netgear Nighthawk X6 AC3000
The X6 AC3000 is a tri-band router that has all bells and whistles you'd come to expect from a premium product of its type. It has the fastest dual-core processor we've tested on this list at 1.8GHz. With its ability to send signals on a 2.4GHz band and two 5GHz bands, this router offers superior performance over any dual-band model in the market.
Its smart features are what separates it from other tri-bands. Most notable is its smart, Dynamic QoS that works in conjunction with a processor able to deliver up to 3.0Gbps Wi-Fi speeds. It takes bandwidth prioritization to a whole new level by ensuring that all devices connected are allocated with optimal bandwidth to match their capabilities. Bandwidth won't be wasted on slower devices so that newer and faster ones won't end up throttling.
A dedicated amplifier for each of the six antennas boosts signal strength. You can also monitor and manage your internet access easily from any smart mobile device. What you get is an advanced all-around performer that's easy to set up and can provide uninterrupted streaming and lag-free gaming.
Best Budget Router: GL.iNet GL-MT300N-V2
For those on a tight budget, look no further than the GL-MT300N from GL.iNet. Don't let its small size and bright mango color fool you. This portable, smart mini router is worth a serious look. You will be surprised at what GL.iNet has managed to fit into this capable pocket-sized product that's no bigger than a bar of soap.
It has 128MB RAM, 16MB flash ROM, and can deliver up to 300Mbps in a single 2.4GHz band only. There are also micro USB and dual Ethernet ports that allow for better extendability.
It also comes preinstalled with both programmable OpenWrt as well as client OpenVPN offering a good amount of flexibility and customizability. There's even an app provided that makes it easier to tinker with the OpenWrt. If you're a more advanced user and have no need for such a convenience, it can be flashed with native code.
Sure, it's not the fastest solution that gives you the strongest Wi-Fi range, but clearly, it wasn't meant for that. Its design is for portability and to let you set up and customize a network on the spot. That, coupled with its very affordable price, is a hard combination to beat.
Keep in mind that a lot of routers offer just DD-WRT compatibility and that you would have to take care of installing it yourself. If this is your first time to use this more advanced tech, buying one preinstalled with DD-WRT will save you a lot of headaches later on.
While data security is one of the most indispensable considerations in a router purchase, that usually comes with some compromise in performance. That's doesn't have to be the case, especially with the selection we've made here.
These routers will do an excellent job of keeping your data safe without sacrificing file transfer speeds and let you enjoy the benefits of both worlds.
You also have to make sure that the router will have enough ports for your most used Ethernet devices. Lastly, a single-band router won't cut it for even the barest wireless requirements these days. For some extra cash, you're better off buying a dual-band or even an MU-MIMO router.
Related: Router Reviews DD-WRT
Emil S.
Emil is a Data & Design Specialist with a degree in BS Information System, specializes in Admin Support & Creative Design.
Show all articles by Emil
8 Best VPN Service Providers of 2020. Top 10 Wireless Travel Routers of 2020 Top 7 NAS (Network Attached Storage) | 0.04991 | 0.020975 | 0.113238 | -0.444286 | [
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La encefalomielitis ovina, llamada también Louping ill, es una enfermedad vírica aguda y febril, propia del ovino y caprino y capaz de afectar al ser humano y otras especies, transmitida por garrapatas y caracterizada por cuadros meningoencefalomielíticos.
Epidemiología
La oveja es el principal reservorio y animal sensible. Este reservorio garantiza la supervivencia del virus debido a sus altas y persistentes viremias. Otras especies que también pueden actuar como reservorios domésticos y que padecen la enfermedad son las vacas, caballos, cabras, cerdos y perros, mientras que entre los animales salvajes se encuentran aves como la perdiz y mamíferos como el ciervo, las musarañas, ratones y liebres. La alta letalidad de estas especies unido a su baja viremia dificulta que estas especies puedan tener alguna importancia desde el punto de vista epidemiológico. El hombre también puede ser infectado cuando la garrapata le pica, aunque es un evento infrecuente.
La transmisión se verifica prioritariamente mediante la picadura de garrapatas de género Ixodes, siendo Ixodes ricinus el vector principal de la enfermedad. La presencia de este vector en un determinado hábitat está condicionada por la temperatura y el grado de humedad, por lo que la enfermedad se desarrollará preferentemente en aquellas épocas en que la garrapata desarrolla una mayor actividad, esto es, entre primavera y verano. Ixodes ricinus es una típica garrapata de 3 hospedadores con un ciclo vital de unos 3 años, presentando transmisión vírica transestadial pero no transovárica. Otras especies de garrapatas que también pueden estar involucradas en la transmisión de la enfermedad son Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Ixodes persulcatus y Haemaphysalis anatolicum.
Además de la transmisión indirectas vehiculada por vectores, el virus del LI puede ser eliminado en la leche de ovejas y cabras, habiéndose constatado la infección en cabritos pero no así en corderos. Se ha constatado que el virus también puede ser transmitido mediante aerosoles y parenteralmente.
En cuanto a su distribución, el Louping-Ill es endémico en amplias zonas de Escocia, Norte de Inglaterra, Gales e Irlanda. Asimismo ha sido constatada su presencia en Bulgaria, Turquía, Norte de España y Noruega.
Etiología
El virus responsable del Louping-Ill (LIV) pertenece al Género Flavivirus, Familia Flaviviridae, que es la misma familia donde están los géneros Pestivirus, agentes de la peste porcina clásica y la diarrea vírica bovina; y Hepacivirus, que incluye al agente de la hepatitis C humana. En el mismo género del vírus Louping Ill se hallan el agente de la fiebre amarilla, del dengue o fiebre rompehuesos y los de las encefalomielitis japonesa y de San Luis (enfermedades zoonóticas todas ellas), y otras arbovirosis (arthropod borne virosis).
Virión esférico de 40-70 nm, con nucleocápside icosaédrico, ARN monocatenario y envoltura lipoproteica con peplómeros pequeños y numerosos.
Posee escasa resistencia ambiental, al calor, desinfectantes y ácidos. Es cultivable en embrión de pollo y por inoculación intracraneal en ratón, y también en cultivo celular, líneas BHK, de riñón porcino y de riñón ovino, en los que produce ECP distintivo.
Patogenia
La penetración es parenteral, rara vez inhalatoria u oral. Vehiculado en leucocitos alcanza | -0.659753 | 0.416928 | -0.061763 | 0.675441 | [
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los ganglios linfáticos regionales donde sufre una 1ª replicación. El período de incubación viene a ser de 6 a 11 días. Difunde por vía linfohemática, provocando viremia febril. Como resultado se produce una respuesta humoral que neutraliza el virus circulante.
Los sobrevivientes se localizan en SNC, vehiculados en células y/o por vía axónica desde los bulbos olfatorios, a los que llegan a través de epitelio respiratorio. En él sufren una 2ª replicación, y originan una encefalomielitis no purulenta con infiltración de linfocitos B; la producción local de anticuerpos puede entonces (o no) controlar a tiempo la infección.
Se produce neuronolisis por la replicación del virus en los centros motores de médula, cerebelo, tallo y puente, lo que ocasiona incoordinación y alteraciones motoras desde ataxia ligera, reversible, hasta coma profundo irreversible.
Clínica
El periodo de incubación oscila entre 6 y 11 días. En la oveja se produce un cuadro febril bifásico caracterizado por hipertermia, depresión, anorexia y en ocasiones estreñimiento. Esta primera fase de la enfermedad puede ser muy ligera e incluso inaparente y coincide con la fase virémica del virus.
Si la respuesta inmune es adecuada se produce la esterilización de la infección y el proceso no evoluciona. Si no es así el virus consigue penetrar en el SNC desarrollando una muy evidente y característica sintomatología nerviosa que se produce conjuntamente con el segundo pico febril. Esto ocurre unos 5 días después de la infección. Los síntomas incluyen salivación, protrusión de la lengua, movimientos masticatorios, temblores musculares, incoordinación, ataxia, hiperestesia, sintomatología que se alterna con los famosos brincos que dan nombre a la enfermedad. En esta fase los animales se muestran hipersensibles a los ruidos y manipulaciones exteriores que pueden originar convulsiones, opistótonos, coma y muerte en un plazo de entre 7 y 12 días desde la infección.
Los animales que sobreviven presentan secuelas neurológicas importantes. La enfermedad que se desarrolla en vacas y cerdos es muy similar a la desarrollada en ovejas. La enfermedad en caballos es infrecuente y la infección suele ser subclínica. Tanto la morbilidad como la mortalidad varían en función del estatus inmunitario individual. En las zonas endémicas la morbilidad y la mortalidad son bajas en ovejas adultas (10-15%), pudiendo ascender hasta el 60% en animales recientemente introducidos. Las muertes se producen en los corderos más jóvenes.
Diagnóstico
Clínico-epidemiológico, presuntivo, basado en síntomas nerviosos, brinco, y en la parasitación por Ixodes ricinus.
Lesional, microscópico, presuntivo. No se producen lesiones características desarrollándose exclusivamente una ligera congestión de los vasos meníngeos y edema cerebral.
Virológico: inoculación de macerados de SNC intracraneales en ratón y aparición de parálisis o coma. :También por inoculación en cultivo celular, con o sin suero inmune, asertivo. ELISA de captura de antígeno.
Serológico, por hemaglutinación e inhibición de la hemaglutinación, asertivo. También se puede usar la Fijación de Complemento. ELISA.
Microscópicamente puede constarse la presencia de una meningoencefalomielitis no supurativa, con neuronolisis y neuronofagia en centros motores, gliosis | -0.591954 | -0.087582 | 0.155086 | 0.831523 | [
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Сере́днє (, , , , , ) — селище міського типу, лежить на підгір'ї Вулканічних Карпат (Маковиці) між Ужгородом і Мукачевом на річці В'єла, за адміністративним поділом відноситься до Ужгородського району, Закарпатської області. Розташоване на трасі за 21 кілометр від обласного центру. Біля Середнього до 1976р. проходила вузькоколійна залізниця Ужгород— Анталовці.
Селище міського типу Середнє— адміністративний центр Середнянської селищної ради, до якої, крім того, відноситься село Вовкове́.
Перша згадка про Середнє належить до 1407 p., а виникло поселення поряд із замком романського стилю, збудованим у XII ст. монахами ордену тамплієрів.
Назва
Назва Середнє відповідає розташуванню села відносно двох найбільших міст Закарпаття— між Ужгородом і Мукачевом. Багато хто з місцевих жителів і дослідників пов'язує його назву з таким місцезнаходженням. Щоправда дехто резонно звертає увагу, що в назві поселення відображене «середнє» розташування Середнього могло бути не відносно міст, а відносно центру долини в якій розташоване село.
А ще існує давній переказ, що жителі тричі переселялися з місця на місце поки не осіли там де й зараз живуть їх нащадки.
Місцевими жителями в живій розмовній мові використовується назва— Серидньово (Середньово).
Населення
У період з 1919 по 1939 в Середньому проживало 2000—2550 осіб. Русини складали біля 1200 осіб, чехи і словаки— 600 осіб, решта була євреями та представниками інших національностей.
За даними туристичного довідника-путівника «ПІДКАРПАТСЬКА РУСЬ» (1936р.) вчителя, редактора, письменника, відомого краєзнавця Ярослава Достала (Jaroslav Dostal) (1884—1950р.р., Чехія), яке переклав та по новому упорядкував, систематизував і доповнив текстовим і ілюстративним матеріалом палкий шанувальник історії і культури рідного краю, відомий закарпатський лікар-хірург, канд. мед наук, доцент УжНУ Юрій Михайлович Фатула у книзі путівник-довідник «ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКЕ КОРІННЯ» (м. Ужгород, 2016р.) населення Середнього складало 2279 жителів.
Національний склад: русинів — 1053, євреїв -560, чехів і словаків— 390, угорців— 169, німців— 11, інших— 37, іноземців— 59.
Релігійні громади: 1051 греко-католик, 591 римо-католик.
Державні установи: нотаріат, пошта, телеграф, телефон, жандармський відділ. Навчальні заклади: школи— українська (4 класи), чеська (4 класи).
Церковні установи: Римсько-католицький кам'яний костел (Св. Луки, 1806р.), | -0.778915 | -0.512409 | -0.803613 | -0.633699 | [
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] | 1,329,083 | 0 | Wikipedia | -1 | -1 |
греко-католицька кам'яна церква (Успіння Пр. Богородиці, 1810р.), Синагога.
Промислові і господарські об'єкти: бензозаправна станція. Осередок виноробного господарства: великі винниці, винні склепи, філіал берегівських державних винних склепів.
Транспортні об'єкти: залізнична станція, зупинка державного автобуса.
Готелі і ресторації: готель Шуцбергера: 5 кімнат на 8 ліжок, сад і гараж, кегельбан. (сторінка 288—289)
Станом на 01.01.2017 року тут проживає 81,11% українців 13,55% ромів 3,17% словаків.
Мова
Розподіл населення за рідною мовою за даними Всеукраїнського перепису населення 2001 року:
Історія
Місцевість, де нині знаходиться Середнє, була заселена ще в давнину. Під час археологічних досліджень були виявлені предмети доби неоліту (IV тисячоліття до н.е.) та доби бронзи (ІІ тисячоліття до н.е.).
Перша письмова згадка про Середнє, за «Історією міст та сіл Закарпатської області УРСР», відноситься до XIV століття.
Однак, Замок у Середньому був побудований ще в XII столітті. Напівзруйнований, він зберігся до наших часів і поправу вважається однією з головних цікавих історичних пам'яток Закарпаття.
Завдяки благодатному клімату тут значного розвитку набуло виноградарство. Про це є письмова згадка датована 1417 роком. Кількість населення зростала, адже через Середнє проходив ще й торговий шлях Львів— Ужгород.
У середині XIV століття Середньому надаються міські привілеї, а король Карл І Роберт дарує містечко магнатам Другетам. Основну масу жителів складали кріпаки, які протягом XIV—XVст. втратили свою незалежність, а в подальшому були повністю закабалені феодалами. Закабалення набуло особливо жорсткого характеру після поразки у повстанні 1514 року. Скориставшись цим, магнати та дворяни домоглися у державі повної влади поміщиків-кріпосників над закріпаченими селянами, поклавши на них непосильну панщину. Палочі, після довготривалого протистояння на початку XV століття закріплюють Середнє за своїм родом.
1526 року після Битви під Могачем замок перейшов під владу дворянського роду Добо. Починається нова доба в історії села, пов'язана з родом Добо. Нові володарі зміцнюють замок і розвивають виноробство в Середньому.
У XVII—XVIII ст.ст.— багаторазова зміна господарів Середнянського замку. А в 1703-11 роках замку було завдано великої шкоди під час національно-визвольного повстання під керівництвом Ференца ІІ Ракоці.
Після придушення повстання Ракоці, габсбурзькі війська влаштовували каральний терор в закарпатських селах, так як багато місцевих (русинських) се | -0.538537 | -0.319245 | -0.819465 | -0.385268 | [
-0.728236826766855,
-0.34883673293419826
] | [
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лян брало активну участь у повстанні на боці мадяр. Наслідком терору стало масове знелюднення сіл та містечок Закарпаття. В 1720 році в Середньому проживало лише 2 корінні родини, 19 родин переселенців та 11 родин дворян. У 1805 році війська наполеонівської Франції зайняли столицю Австрії- м. Відень, виникла загроза окупації території Угорщини. Політичне керівництво, усвідомлюючи небезпеку, яка нависла над державою, приймає рішення заздалегідь вивезти з палацу графа Бутлера національні символи угорського народу у безпечне місце. Найбільше підходив тоді для цього Мукачівський замок, розташований далеко від військових дій. Угорська національна рада намісництва у рішеннях від 19 та 30 листопада 1805 року вимагала від керівництва Ужанської жупи забезпечити перевезення коронаційних реліквій та Святої корони через їх терени. Святу корону Іштвана планувалося доставити у Мукачівський замок, зокрема й у Середнє. 25 листопада 1805 року адміністратор комітату Унг барон Перені написав з Ужгорода листа віце-ішпану комітату Берег Паулу Морваї, у
якому говорилось, що «на кордоні комітату у Середньому Свята Корона буде передана вершникам з комітату Берег». 1 грудня 1805 року група дворян під керівництвом барона Йожефа Шплені виїхала з королівського замку в Буді з реліквіями угорського народу. Корону Св. Іштвана перевозили в ящику, обв'язаному міцними ременями і опломбованому 13-ма печатками.
Поступово Середнє поверталося до життя. В 1839 році в селі проживало вже 1578 чоловік. На той час становище кріпаків ще більше погіршилося, про що говорять численні скарги на свавілля поміщиків, адресування їх у судові органи Ужанського комітату. Офіційно кожен кріпак повинен відпрацювати в господарстві поміщика 104 дні без тягла або 52 дні з волами, але поміщики прибігали до різних хитрощів, щоб збільшити кількість людей на панщині. У скарзі 14 січня 1839 кріпаки писали, що за кожні відроблені ними 20 днів поміщик И. Палфі зараховував їм по 5-6 днів, а якщо хтось насмілювався виражати своє незадоволення— той підгялав жорстокому побиттю, покаранню. Все це посилювало зростання невдоволення з боку поневолених селянських мас. Хвиля революційної боротьби, яка почалася у 1848—1849р.р. в Угорщині, докотилася і до Середнього. У складі революційних загонів Лайоша Кошута боролися десятки місцевих жителів. Сім'я Бордаш до наших днів зберегла свідоцтва про участь одного з їхніх предків у цій революції. Угорські правителі формально повинні були скасувати кріпацтво, але селяни, як і раніше залишалися в економічній залежності від поміщиків і церкви, які | -0.551549 | -0.475365 | -0.951984 | 0.040707 | [
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навіть збільшили свої володіння. Тільки сільський священик отримав за рахунок селян 32 Хольда орної землі. Становище селян, особливо безземельних, було надзвичайно важким, вони часто голодували. Їм припадала харчуватися вівсяними коржами і картоплею, якої теж бракувало.У XIX столітті Середнє мало статус «торгового містечка» і печатку з гербом: на срібному щиті— Божий Агнець із червоною корогвою, що стоїть на зеленій землі. 1904 року цей герб з незначною зміною (колір тла став блакитним) було підтверджено Міністерством внутрішніх справ Королівства Угорщини. В 1906 році населення досягло 1729 чоловік.
В кінці XIX ст більшість селян мали борги або великі недоїмки. На початку XX століття було утворено Середнянський повіт (округ) у складі Ужанського комітату. Коли у Російській імперії у 1917 році відбулася Жовтнева революція, селяни активізували боротьбу проти влади. Так А.І.Ясенівський вступив в загін червоної армії, і воював проти білогвардійців Врангеля. У рідне село він повернувся тільки в 1922 році. 7 квітня 1919 року в селі були проведені вибори сільської ради. Але радянська влада проіснувала в селі недовго. В кінці квітня 1919 року в Середнє увійшли війська Чехословацької республіки. Почалися арешти— багато активістів і ініціаторів радянської влади було зарештовано. Згодом Середнє, як і уся "територія русинів на південь від Карпат" увійшли до складу Чехословацької республіки під назвою— Подкарпатська Русь, згідно умов мирного Сен-Жерменського договору (10.09.1919р.). У період перебування у складі Чехословацької республіки (1919—1939) у Середньому, як і у цілому у Закарпатті, основна маса селян залишилася безземельними або малоземельними.
У 1920-21 р.р. почалося навчання русинів у загальноосвітній школі (в 1930-і роки були вчителі Подружжя Дорош, А. Слукова, А. Чейка, Г. Чорниці М. С. загальної школи (в той же час тут працювали викладачі Л. Чвойка, Л. Нємцова, Х. Весела, J. Škalda). Пізніше був відкритий філіал Русинської буржуазної школи (директор Ш.Федор, вчителя В. Захаріаш, Е., Т. Зима, Е. Ревачкова).
У 1924 року комуністи Середнього організовали в окрузі великий страйк виноградних робочих, підтримавши тим самим страйк у м. Мукачеві та м. Берегові. Страйкуючі вимагали підвищення щоденної заробітної плати з 10 крон до 15 (16 квітня 1924р.).
15 березня 1939 року в Середнє вступила армія Угорщини. Під час угорської окупації жителі села були позбавлені політичних прав і свобод, мали місце випадки жорстокого поводження «жандарів» з місце | -0.861095 | -0.563442 | -0.91394 | 0.017294 | [
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] | 1,329,083 | 3,072 | Wikipedia | -1 | -1 |
вим населенням. Особливо посилився терор тоді коли Радянська армія почала наближатися до Карпат. 26 жовтня 1944 року у Середнє увійшла Радянська Армія з приходом якої змінилася влада. В перші роки радянської влади в селі почалося відновлення зруйнованих громадських будівель. Комуністична влада, здійснюючи колективізацію, масово почали відбирати землю, худобу, зерно та різні сільскогоподарські речі у заможних і середніх селян. В квітні 1947 року був створений колгосп. Першим керівником колгоспу був Ф.Шингляк. У 1952—1953 роках був переданий на баланс радгоспу колишній завод з виробництва шампанських вин і перебудований у винний завод. Середнянський колгосп посівши перше місце зі збору врожаю, а по валовому збору друге в Закарпатті. Наприкінці 1959 до колгоспу «Середнянський» був приєднаний колгосп «Україна» (село Ірлява) з розвиненим тваринництвом.
Навесні 1949 року більшість селян Середнього стали членами колгоспу. В кінці того ж року партійна організація рапортувала про завершення суцільної колективізації села. В 1950 році обидва колгоспи об'єдналися в сільськогосподарську артіль ім. Кірова, до якої трохи згодом приєднався колгосп ім. Щорса із села Вовкове. Укрупнений колгосп мав у своєму розпорядженні 659 га орної землі, 100 коней, 427 голів великої рогатої худоби, 210 свиней, 300 овець. У 1959 році з колгоспом ім. Кірова об'єдналися ще дві невеликі артілі : ім. Кутузова (село Чертеж) і «30 років Радянської Армії» (село Дубрівка). Колгосп став великим, багатогалузевим господарством, у розпорядженні якого знаходиться 4372 га землі й міцна матеріальна база. В 1968 році тут нараховувалося 21 трактор, 15 вантажних автомашин, 8 комбайнів та багато іншої техніки.
Артіль має допоміжні промислові підприємства (два млини, лісопилку, каменоломню), займається виноробством. Парторганізація і правління колгоспу велику увагу звернули на розстановку кадрів. Тепер основна частина комуністів зайнята безпосередньо в сфері матеріального виробництва: на тваринницькій фермі працюють 25, у рільництві— 6, механізаторами і трактористами— 14 комуністів.
Артіль рік у рік зростала. В 1964 році у колгоспі зібрано по 17 цнт зернових з га, 120 цнт картоплі, 45 цнт кукурудзи, 17 цнт тютюну, 45 цнт винограду. В колгоспі є 428 га виноградників. Новим п'ятирічним планом намічено боло довести їх загальну площу в 1970 році до 700 га.
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що в 1965 році колгосп виплатив на трудодні 290,6 тис. крб., то в 1966 році— 308 тис. карбованців.
Заслуженою пошаною в Середньому користувався колишній батрак, а потім кращий їздовий В.А.Біланич, знатний виноградар Ю.К.Мучичко, І.Й.Бакош, В.М.Олеан та інші. Всі вони були внесені у районну «Книгу пошани ветеранів праці». В 1967 році загальні збори колгоспу присвоїли їм звання почесного колгоспника. Орденом Трудового Червоного Прапора були нагороджені: О. Федорняк, К. Ваш, В. Шпонтак, Р. Шпонтак, Є. Андрейчик.
У Середньому був також садовинрадгосп— велике спеціалізоване господарство, утворене в 1946 році на базі 28 га поміщицьких виноградників та 33 га виноградників підсобного господарства в с. Геївцях.
У 1947 році радгосп мав лише одну автомашину, 2 пари волів і 1 пару коней. Всього в радгоспі працювало 55 робітників.
У наступні роки радгосп розширив своє господарство. В 1950 році він мав уже 98 га плодоносних виноградників, на яких зібрав по 41,3 цнт винограду з кожного га. За високі врожаї 12 кращих робітників радгоспу дістали урядові нагороди: О.В.Онуфер була удостоєна ордена Леніна, М.І.Бобок, А.І.Сабовчик, І.Ю.Сембер— ордена Трудового Червоного Прапора.
На кінець п'ятої п'ятирічки Середнянський винрадгосп зайняв перше місце по врожайності, а по валовому збору— друге у Закарпатському винтресті. Особливо відзначилася бригада І.Ю.Сембера, яка виростила по 80 цнт. винограду з кожного гектара.
В наступні роки винрадгосп швидкими темпами розширював площі виноградників, і тепер став провідним господарством у районі. Площа виноградників і садів перевершує тут 1000 гектарів.
Винрадгосп має свій завод первинної переробки вин, кілька виноробок та підвали для доведення до кондицій і зберігання витриманих вин. В урожайні роки завод переробляв по 3,5 тис. тонн винограду.
ГРАБИНИ
Грабини - колишнє село в Україні, в Закарпатській області.
Об'єднане з с.Середнє рішенням облвиконкому Закарпатської області №155 від 15.04.1967
Перша згадка у другій половині ХІХ ст.
Сучасність
Виробництво
Державне підприємство "Агропромислова фірма "ЛЕАНКА" (угорською- "дівчинка")— підприємство з виноробства, виробництва та переробки сільськогосподарської продукції (винограду, зерна, молока, фруктів).
Туризм
Середнє має вже 2 туристичні марки: | -0.903555 | -0.149806 | -0.903795 | -0.809779 | [
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ТМ №3— руїни Середнянського замку тамплієрів
ТМ №11— історичні винні підвали.
Релігійні конфесії
У Середньому є 3 діючі храми.
Перший храм - Греко-католицький (Успіння Пресвятої Богородиці), розташований у центральній частині селища.
Також є Православний храм (Успіння Пресвятої Богородиці (збудований 1810 р.). Це типова базилічна, однонавна церква стоїть на пагорбі в центрі селища біля римо-католицького костелу. Іконостас походить з часу спорудження церкви. Перед церквою два хрести. Один поставив Михайло Молнар у 1911 p., інший з 1897 р. перенесли до церкви зі старого кладовища "Валник" у 1977 р.
Поряд Православного храму розташований третій храм— Римо-католицький костел (Св. Луки, євангеліста, 1805 р.). Біля костелу похований його перший парох Андрій Цімбак.
У ніч з п'ятниці на суботу (20.05.2016р.) у греко-католицькому храмі Успіння Пресвятої Богородиці замироточила ікона Пресвятої Богородиці з маленьким Ісусом на руках.
Цікавою є каплиця біля греко-католицької церкви. Ця невелика, вишуканих пропорцій споруда нагадує в зменшеному вигляді муровані готичні храми, зберігаючи гострий шпиль, стрілчасті арки і навіть мініатюрні контрфорси. В селищі планують споруджувати новий храм, проект якого розробив ужгородський архітектор А. Медвецький.
У 1950 р. пароха Середнього Йосипа Уйгелі засудили і він перебував у концтаборі до 1956 р. Після легалізації греко-католицької церкви знову працює в єпархії. З Середнього походив організатор місцевої "Просвіти", посол Сойму Карпатської України І. Перевузник.
Школа
У селищі Середнє працює загальноосвітня школа І-ІІІ ступенів, в якій працює 70 вчителів і навчається 885 учнів. В школі є 2 спортзали— для учнів початкових класів та учнів 5-11-х класів, а також спортивний майданчики та футбольний майданчик зі штучним покриттям. Обладнано 2 комп'ютерні класи, кабінети початкового навчання, англійської мови, фізики, хімії, математики, української мови. В школі є великий актовий зал, шкільна бібліотека, майстерні з технічної та обслуговуючої праці. Учні старшої школи (10— 11 класи) навчаються за двома профілями: фізико-математичним та історичним. При школі працюють спортивні секції, хорові, танцювальні, образотворчо-мистецькі та туристично-краєзнавчі гуртки. Проводяться факультативні та індивідуальні заняття, учні вивчають словацьку мову.
Окрім цього діє дитяча школа мистецтв, в якій займається близько 200 ді | -0.739194 | -0.648049 | -0.513214 | -0.787444 | [
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-0.796720598216793
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] | 1,329,083 | 6,144 | Wikipedia | -1 | -1 |
тей з Середнього та, навколишніх сіл. Дошкільним вихованням займаються вихователі дитячого садка, який було збудовано в 1988 році.
Культура
При греко-католицькому храмі створено Молодіжний центр у 2007 році. Перші основи центру заклав парох храму о. Іван Ісайович. За його ініціативи було залучено перших членів центру, організовано перші спільні акції, поїздки, катехитичний гурток, церковний хор. З 2012 року носить назву МО «Голос Серця». 2010 року вихованці центру зайняли друге місце у районних змаганнях з футболу; 2012 року— перше місце у районних змаганнях та Кубок з футболу імені Теодора Ромжі. 2012 року МО «Голос Серця» зайняв перше місце на Фестивалі духовної пісні. Початок 2013 року— виступ МО «Голос Серця» у філармонії м. Ужгород.
У 2012 році МО «Голос Серця» перемогла у пісенному конкурсі «Духовна Пісня». За правилами конкурсу переможець організовує наступний фестиваль. Тому з 26.07.2013 по 28.07.2013 року «Духовна Пісня» пройшла в смт Середнє.
Відомі особистості
Добо Іштван— угорський національний герой.
Скакандій Василь Юлійович— русинський живописець, графік, ілюстратор. Заслужений художник Української РСР.
Тівадар Чонтварі Костка— угорський художник-самоук словацько-русинського походження.
Перевузник Юрій Юрійович— український громадський і політичний діяч, міністр внутрішніх справ Карпатської України.
Пам'ятки та цікаві туристичні місця
руїни Середнянського замку
Винні підвали ДП АПФ «ЛЕАНКА»
Храм Успіння Пресвятої Богородиці Мукачівської греко-католицької Єпархії
Православний храм (Успіння Пресвятої Богородиці)
Храм Св.Луки, євангеліста (Римо-католицької церкви)
Палац барона Гіланьї Шандора
Каплиця Всіх Святих
Галерея
Населені пункти— побратими
Бене (Берегівський район)
Примітки
Посилання
Сайт Селищної ради смт Середенє
Середнє— Інформаційно-пізнавальний портал | Закарпатська область у складі УРСР (На основі матеріалів енциклопедичного видання про історію міст та сіл України, том — Історія міст і сіл Української РСР. Закарпатська область. — К.: Головна редакція УРЕ АН УРСР.)
Замки Підкарпатської Русі, Дмитро Поп та Іван Поп
Середнє. Замок тамплієрів
Середнянський замок на zamki-kreposti.com.ua
Середнянський замок
Сайт МО «Голос Серця»
Середнянська загальноосвітня школа І-ІІІ ступенів
Путівник-довідник «ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКЕ КОРІННЯ», Ярослав Достал, переклад, упорядкування та доповнення Ю | -1.004911 | -0.809653 | -0.895869 | -1.24307 | [
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-1.0870917891645302
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Q: Loop JSON objects may not always exist I have a complex JSON object I'm having difficulty with. The problem is that sometimes, a sub list of items within the JSON model may not exist for each element. Ie. completely missing.
The JSON objects vary, for the few elements returning everything, I can often get 2 or 3 complete returned items so I know my object model for at least some part, works but for example Name1 from the below model will return successfully. But then errors parsing Name2. So I can't seem to loop through the entire list without an Exception.
"Object reference not set to an instance of an object"
I tried to wrap the outputs within Try Catch blocks however I am still returning an error.
Sample JSON with all use cases
[
{
"name": "Name1",
"description": "",
"location": "ANY",
"inputs": [
{
"name": "input1",
"required": true,
"description": "some short description"
},
{
"name": "input2",
"required": true,
"description": "another short description"
}
],
"outputs": [
{
"name": "output1",
"required": false
},
{
"name": "outpu2",
"required": false
}
]
},
{
"name": "Name2",
"description": "some long description",
"location": "ANY",
"inputs": [ {
"name": "input1",
"required": false,
"description" : "some short description of the input"
}]
},
{
"name": "Name3",
"description": "",
"location": "ANY"
}
]
My C# Definitions work for the first reference for this JSON object, however for "Name2 and "Name3" I am getting this "object reference not set to an instance of an object" error.
My C# Json Definitions
public class inputParameters
{
[JsonProperty("name")]
public string inputName { get; set; }
[JsonProperty("required")]
public bool inputRequired {get; set;}
[JsonProperty("description")]
public string inputDescription {get; set;}
}
public class outputParameters
{
public string outputName { get; set; }
public bool outputRequired { get; set; }
}
public class JsonObject
{
[JsonProperty("name")]
public string ProcessName { get; set; }
[JsonProperty("description")]
public string ProcessDescription { get; set; }
[JsonProperty("peerLocation")]
public string PeerLocation { get; set; }
public List<inputParameters> InputParameters { get; set; }
public List<outputParameters> OutputParameters{ get; set; }
}
And my Deserializing object and loops
var Object = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject <List<JsonObject>>(txt);
foreach (JsonObject JsonObject in Object)
{
Console.WriteLine("Process Name: " + JsonObject.ProcessName);
Console.WriteLine("PeerLoacatoin: " + JsonObject.PeerLocation);
Console.WriteLine("Process Description: " +JsonObject.ProcessDescription);
foreach (var InputParams in JsonObject.InputParameters)
{
try
{
Console.WriteLine("Input Name: " + InputParams.inputName);
Console.WriteLine("Input Required: " + InputParams.inputRequired);
Console.WriteLine("Input Description: " + InputParams.inputDescription);
}
catch(Exception)
{
InputParams.inputName = "";
InputParams.inputRequired = false;
InputParams.inputDescription = "";
}
}
foreach (var OutputParams in JsonObject.OutputParameters)
{
try
{
Console.WriteLine("Output Name: " + OutputParams.outputName);
Console.WriteLine("Output Required: " + OutputParams.outputRequired);
}
catch (Exception)
{
OutputParams.outputName = ""; | -1.560999 | -1.045121 | -0.258956 | -0.063999 | [
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-1.7993230122438857
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0.21215105922563612,
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] | 1,329,088 | 0 | StackExchange | -1 | -1 |
Many people are somewhat misinformed about which foods need refrigeration and which don't. Food scientist Karin Allen warns, "Raw cut-up vegetables and fruit can be some of the most hazardous foods." Don't put them in a lunch that won't be refrigerated. Instead, pack a whole banana, an apple, or one of those handy individual-portion sealed cups of cut-up fruit in juice.
You can also pack most deli meats in school lunches that will sit at room temperature all morning, says Dr. Regenstein. Any cured meat will last unrefrigerated a half day.
Sealed substitute milk beverages--such as soy or rice milk--don't need refrigeration, and neither do prepackaged condiments such as mustard, mayo, and relish. Supermarkets also sell shelf-stable puddings in a variety of flavors. Even though these nonperishable foods don't require refrigeration, a cold pack in the lunchbox will make them taste better.
Many kids (and adults, too) enjoy the shelf-stable individual packages of Starkist or Bumble Bee tuna and crackers. Says Dr. Allen, "These don't need to be refrigerated or kept chilled because the tuna in the foil pouch has gone through the same kind of heat processing that canned tuna does." However, before packing these in a child's lunchbox, be sure the child is capable of opening the packaging easily and with reasonable speed.
It's much easier to keep a perishable portable meal cold than to keep it hot. You may be able to keep solid perishables cool all morning by inserting a cold pack or frozen juice box or by freezing the food itself. You can freeze many types of perishable sandwiches—those made with leftover chicken, beef, and so on--and pack them for lunch right before you or your children leave the house in the morning. The sandwiches are likely to be defrosted but still cold by lunchtime. Dr. Allen advises against freezing a tuna sandwich, but hard and semi-hard cheeses taste fine after they've been frozen and defrosted.
If your children get tired of sandwiches for lunch, consider baking up a batch of "meal muffins," muffins with some veggies inside. Like sandwiches, these can be frozen and then put in lunchboxes in the morning. To find a recipe for meal muffins from The TV show "Good Morning, America," consult http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/recipe?id=7238926. You can also find many other muffin recipes online. Dr. Regenstein points out that the muffin is shelf stable and the veggies inside, if fully baked are protected from contamination by the muffin surrounding them. Therefore, it isn't necessary to freeze them to keep them cold until lunchtime.
The bigger challenge is keeping food hot for half a day. Soup, chili, stew, or something else liquid or semi-liquid should stay hot (or at least warm) in a good thermos. A thermos with a stainless steel or glass lining will keep foods hotter (or colder) longer than plastic will. Be sure that it's clean! Pour in some hot water to warm it up, spill that out, and then add the hot food. If it's really hot and is kept closed, it has no source of contamination, says Dr. Regenstein.
What's the best type of lunchbox or bag to buy? Some parents prefer a metal box because it's easy to clean and more durable. However, an insulated plastic or cloth model will do a better job of keeping food hot or cold. But eventually it's likely to tear. All things considered, including the carelessness of kids, be grateful if it survives the academic year. Don't buy a lunch container that's so bulky and/or heavy that your child won't want to lug it around, nor one so small that it can't hold sufficient food and drink plus a cold pack (if you expect to use that). Remember this: the size of the container, the amount of food you insert, and the temperatures that the lunchbox is exposed to will affect how long the edible items will stay hot or | 0.151437 | 0.213691 | 1.21143 | -0.776124 | [
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This article helps you know how to change the interface language of PDFelement for Mac. PDFelement – Edit, Annotate, Fill and Sign PDF Documents. Get from App Store. Get. PDFelement – Read, Annotate and Sign PDF. FAQ For Mac. This page is dedicated to helping you quickly find the answers you need. At the same time, it also contains the.
Click "Language and Text," then the "Input Sources" tab. 3. Check the language or languages you want to be available for keyboard layouts. If you check multiple check boxes, click "Show Input Menu in Menu Bar" to make all selected languages available when you click the.
You can change Siri's accent without having to change her language. The language settings in both iOS. for example starting an email on your iPad and finishing on your Mac. You can turn off this.
Join Percona's, CTO, Vadim Tkachenko as he presents Gain a MongoDB Advantage with the Percona Memory Engine on Wednesday, December 6, 2017, at 11:00 am PST / 2:00 pm EST (UTC-8). Experience: Entry Level to Intermediate. Tags: Developer, DBAs, Operations. Looking for the performance of Redis or Memcache, the expressiveness of the MongoDB query language and simple.
Geekbench also lets you measure the peformance of a computer at OpenCL tasks, which is an open language that lets you do traditionally CPU-bound tests on the GPU. Running on the discrete graphics of.
Change the Normal Style. Go to Tools>Language, select a Language, and click Default. Word will automatically add that language tag to your Normal style, which is the default style for text in a new blank document. Be sure the "do not check spelling or grammar" box is NOT checked.
"It helped me cope with all the change that was happening. I didn't really have a language for it yet, but I knew I was.
Want to change your Facebook language to English or something else? Follow these steps to pick from over 100 different languages. Follow these steps to pick from over 100 different languages. Menu. Lifewire Learn How to Properly Change Your Facebook Language. Search. Search the site GO. Social Media. Click one and confirm it with the.
And that's because the language and the rhetoric. So begins Ryan Mac's chilling tale of falling for a prank and getting.
Juno Mac and Molly Smith, Revolting Prostitutes. 19 There is far more inclusion of prison- and police-abolitionist.
In each case, Apple wasn't the first to develop a new technology, but it was usually the first to get the timing right: Apple would seize upon a confluence of consumer electronics trends to make a.
Step 2. The next step is selecting the language you want to use for the check spelling functionality. The menu shows the "Default" language in the top, and the list of available language bellow. If you execute Step 2 only selecting some "Text Boxes" in your presentation. The Proofing language will only be set to those TextBoxes.
Click here: to return to the 'Set the language for a single application' hint The following comments are owned by whoever posted them. This site is not responsible for what they say.
To add to what gentmatt said, in the case you need to keep "Automatic by Language" because you happen to write in different languages, click on "Set Up…" in the list shown for the Spelling option. On the dialog box that appears, you can change the order for the languages.
Where you are heading, you won't find the ingredients for comforting family recipes like mac and cheese or meatloaf. Now, imagine heading to a country where they don't speak your language and where.
It's clear to me from Apple's language and sheer focus. I can't bring myself to leave Mac at work yet, because I'm not convinced there's a good enough Windows laptop yet… but maybe that will change.
PHP remains the most widespread and popular server-side programming language on the web. PHP installation as a module within the Windows version of Apache 2.2. Mac and Linux users will probably.
How can I switch the interface language of netbeans (my version is 6.9.1) on Mac OS X? I would like to use English. How can I switch the interface language of Netbeans on Mac OS X? Ask Question 1. how to change @author. 0. | -1.51717 | -1.889402 | -0.882514 | -1.293796 | [
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#915 – 1943 Overrun Countries: 5c Flag of France
U.S. #915
5¢ Flag of France
Overrun Countries Series
Printed by: American Bank Note Company
Printing Method: Flat-Plate
Color: Blue violet, deep blue, dark rose, and black
U.S. #915 is part of the Overrun Countries Series, which honors each of the nations invaded by Axis powers during World War II. It pictures the flag of France, which features red, white, and blue vertical bars. Red and blue are the traditional colors of Paris, and white, the "ancient French colour," was added to make it a tricolor. The flag was adopted in 1794.
France – History
In the century before Christ, France was known as Gaul. Julius Caesar invaded Gaul around 53 B.C. The Franks were among the Germanic tribes who began invading in the second century, taking power from the Romans. Charlemagne (Charles the Great) was a powerful Frankish king who was crowned Emperor in 800 A.D. Many ruling dynasties have come and gone during the centuries that followed.
After the French Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte became dictator and then Emperor of France. He did much to modernize it by centralizing the government and reforming the tax and civil laws.
During World War I, a small part of northern France was taken over by Germany. France mobilized its small army after World War II began and Poland was invaded. For eight months nothing happened. Inactivity led to boredom, and when the Germans did invade, the collapse of France was swift. This resulted in a divided France – consisting of a German-occupied zone in the North and a French "free-zone" in the South, which collaborated with Germany in some respects. After the war, France was unable to keep its dominating political status but did enjoy great economic growth.
These Stamps Brought Hope to Overrun Countries of WW II
After receiving several designs from artists who felt the current U.S. postage stamps were unattractive, President Franklin Roosevelt began to consider the types of stamps he wanted to issue. He sought to show the world that America was in this war to achieve world peace, not military dominance. With this in mind, the President suggested the U.S. issue a series of stamps picturing the flags of all the overrun nations in Europe.
In the border surrounding each flag, Roosevelt suggested picturing the Phoenix – an ancient symbol of rebirth. He believed "It might tell those suffering victims in Europe that we are struggling for their own regeneration." The other side of each flag pictured a kneeling woman "breaking the shackles of oppression."
When the time came to print the stamps, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing was unable to print the multiple colors needed for each flag, so the American Bank Note Company received a special contract for this series.
Additionally, a 5¢ denomination – the foreign rate for first class postage – was chosen so the stamps could be used on overseas mail. The stamps were printed in relatively small quantities and were in high demand as soon as they were issued, with stocks across the country running out almost as soon as they were released.
FDR – The Stamp-Collecting President
President Franklin Roosevelt was instrumental in the design and issuance of U.S. #915. Introduced to stamp collecting at a young age by his mother, Franklin Delano Roosevelt turned to his collection throughout his life to relax and unwind.
Elected President four times, Roosevelt served in the nation's highest office longer than any other chief executive – 12 years. During those 12 years, Roosevelt shared his love of stamps with the nation, personally approving each of more than 200 stamp designs. He suggested topics, rejected others, and even designed some himself. It was his aim to use stamps not just to send mail but also to educate Americans about our history. And as he reluctantly entered America into World War II, he saw these stamps as an outlet to raise spirits and bring hope.
First Battle of the Marne
US #2154 pictures US troops at the Second battle of the Marne in 1918.
The First Battle of the Marne began on September 6, 1914. An important Allied victory, it was one of the most decisive battles in history | 0.751697 | 1.9891 | 0.740957 | -0.064649 | [
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and inaugurated the start of trench warfare that would last for much of the war.
US #915 – The battle occurred along the Marne River, near Brasles, east of Paris, France.
In August 1914, the Germans invaded neutral Belgium and marched toward Paris, France. Along the way, they defeated French armies at the Battles of the Frontiers at Lorraine, Ardennes, Charleroi, and Mons. The French government grew anxious that the German army would reach and take the capital city of Paris by September 5. The city's military governor, General Joseph-Simon Gallieni, convinced the French commander in chief to save the 6th Army from the front and allow them to defend the city.
US #2906 – This battle marked the first use of motorized transport in any war.
By September 1914, the Germans had pushed the French and British forces to within 30 miles of Paris. But as a consequence of advancing rapidly, the Germans had outrun their supply lines and heavy artillery. The Allies took advantage of their enemy's troubles.
The French had used air reconnaissance and intercepted German radio transmissions to determine the location and state of their opponents. They realized the German 1st Army had crossed the Marne River, disobeying orders from chief of the German general staff, Helmuth von Moltke. This separated the unit from the rest of the army.
Item #M12327 – Mint souvenir sheet picturing generals and a scene from the First Battle of the Marne.
Gallieni saw this as an opportunity for his newly formed Army of Paris to attack. The French Army was additionally supported by members of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). The battle began on September 6, with 150,000 French soldiers in the 6th Army attacking the German 1st Army's right flank. The 1st German Army had turned to meet the attack, leaving a 30-mile gap between them and the 2nd Army. The combined French and British assault filled the gap and attacked the German 2nd Army.
Item #M11509 – Four-stamp sheet picturing scenes from the battle.
Heavy fighting occurred in the marshes of Saint Gond, when the Germans repeatedly attacked the French 9th Army. On September 7, a force of more than 6,000 reinforcements were rushed to the front lines using Paris's taxis and buses. This was the first use of motorized transports during any war, and the cabs were later called the "taxis of the Marne."
Item #MFN029 features scenes of trench warfare.
The reinforcements helped turn the tide of the battle. On the 10th, von Moltke ordered his forces to regroup to the northwest, but the French pursued them toward the Aisne River. This time, the Germans built defenses the Allies could not penetrate. Each side tried to outflank its opponents in a series of maneuvers known as the "race to the sea." This was the beginning of the trench warfare that would continue for four more years.
MFN030 – Souvenir sheet of two stamps picturing trench warfare.
The Battle of the Marne was a decisive victory for the Allies. It stopped the German advance and led to the end of their two-front war strategy. It also changed the opinion of many people on both sides of the conflict about the length of the war. When World War I began, the popular belief was it would be a short war. This battle and the subsequent development into trench warfare proved otherwise. Political leaders and military commanders now realized this would be an extended struggle.
#909-21
Complete Set, 1943-44 Overrun Countries Issue
1943 Overrun Countries: 5c Flag of Poland
1943 Overrun Countries: 5c Flag of Czechoslovakia
1943 Overrun Countries: 5c Flag of Norway
1943 Overrun Countries: 5c Flag of Luxembourg
1943 Overrun Countries: 5c Flag of Netherlands
1943 Overrun Countries: 5c Flag of Belgium
1943 Overrun Countries: 5c Flag of Greece
1943 Overrun Countries: 5c Flag of Yugoslavia
1943 Over | 0.249711 | 2.529869 | 0.59766 | 0.302144 | [
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Derek Michael Besant (born 1950) is a Canadian artist living in Calgary, Alberta who, since the 1980s, has created prints, watercolours and large-scale art, shown in exhibitions and as public art projects in Canada and abroad. Since the mid-1990s, he has developed working with the new technology available in photographic imaging to create experimental prints and print installations.
Career
Besant studied at University of Calgary, where he received a BFA Honours in 1973 and continued with Graduate Studies in 1974. He was the Exhibitions Designer for the Glenbow Museum between 1973–1977. He designed exhibitions throughout the art gallery and museum spaces, along with catalogues and travelling exhibitions. The Alberta University of Art and Design invited him to teach in the Drawing and Fine Arts Department in 1977. He taught there for forty years and retired from teaching in 2017. He was the Head of the Drawing Department between 1979–1993. Since 1980, he has also been a lecturer at Texas State University in San Marcos.
Some of his public commissions include: The Flatiron Mural in 1980 behind Toronto's landmark Gooderham flatiron building on Front Street, Waterfall at 15 storeys high inside the atrium of Scotia Plaza at King & Bay in 1989, two murals for Worldwide Centre at 58th and 8th Manhattan Cineplex New York City in 1989, and Train of Thought, a series of portraits at the uOttawa station of the Ottawa O-Train in 2018.
Besant's exhibitions have included: representing Canada in the Sharjah Biennial in 2003, United Arab Emirates, University of London Goldsmiths College, Tokyo Media-Art Festival, Metropolitan Museum of Photography in Japan, the 2004 SIGGRAPH International Conference on Computer Imaging + Interactive Technologies, Los Angeles in 2004, and in many other international exhibitions since then, including one-person shows such as 15 Restless Nights (2008), Body Of Water (2008), and The End Of Language (2011) which have been shown in various galleries in Canada, and in Edinburgh, Madrid, Tokyo and Cambridge, UK, among other places.
In 2018, for the exhibition The Dark Woods (Revisited), curated by Lubos Culen for the Vernon Public Art Gallery, Vernon, British Columbia, he created large scale (though deliberately slightly out-of-focus) images using UV thermal transfer printing which contained embedded fragments of text from a book by Alberto Pérez-Gómez, accompanied by a video projection of dark woods environments. In 2020, his exhibition Drawing Conclusions in which he used lenticular and latex UV ink technologies to record architectural construction sites was shown at the International Duoro Printmaking Biennial held at the Côa Museum in northern Portugal. He has continued, despite Covid, to participate in international projects such as, in 2021, developing five large-scale shaped engraved images that echoed his earlier work from unmade hotel beds as landscape which were installed at La Boverie Musée, Liège, Belgium in its Engraving Triennial exhibition. In 2022, The 3rd International Müvészeti Digital Triennial premiered his new video production Faultline in Budapest, Hungary and he was among 16 international artists commissioned
to produce new in-situ art installations on the theme of Das Paradies liegt vors Uns (Paradise in front of us) for the "125th Anniversary of The Bruerei Clemens Härle" at Bodensee on Lac Constance in Southern Bavaria, Germany.
Critical response
Besnat's Flatiron Mural (1980) on Toronto's Gooderham Building has been called "a symbol of the liveliness of Toronto's contemporary art scene" (Boston Globe) and along with the building itself, "a landmark in its own right" (Toronto Star). Writing about its unveiling in the Globe and Mail, John Bentley Mays called it an "engineering | 1.630344 | 1.641718 | 0.57737 | 0.276131 | [
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Why Snap's Spectacles Are Going to (Finally) Make Life Logging Cool
They're so simple, even a Gen-Xer can use them.
by Jamie Condliffe
The human desire to log the realities of everyday life is something that technology companies have been trying to turn into a successful product for years. With a new pair of smart glasses on offer, the company behind Snapchat hopes that the answer lies in simplicity.
Some of the strongest proponents of the life-logging movement have recently retired from the pursuit. But those early adopters sought to record everything, from sleep and steps to calorie intake and mood. Ultimately, they found the process difficult and unrewarding.
Google's attempt to capitalize on the phenomenon with its Glass project struggled to take off. First announced in April 2013, the device later became available as part of the Explorer Program for the princely sum of $1,500. It was ultimately scrapped as a commercial product last year, sidelined instead to research and workplace use.
Glass had many problems. Certainly, its price made it an exclusive item. Privacy advocates worried ceaselessly about people snapping images without permission, coining the fabulous term "Glasshole" along the way. But perhaps its biggest failing was Google's attempt to shoehorn a small computer, display, camera, microphone, and more into a diminutive frame. This was Google trying to invent the future, and failing.
Now Snap—the new name of Snapchat—thinks it can do better.
Where Glass was an exercise in speculative future-gazing, Snap's new Spectacles are a study in pragmatism. The new sunglasses, which are styled like Ray-Bans, allow the wearer to record first-person video at the press of a button, shooting up to 30 seconds of circular video with a 115-degree field of view. The clips can then be transferred to a smartphone via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, to be added to Snapchat.
That's it. Nothing else to it.
Their simplicity—the very decision not to even attempt to break new technological ground—could be the very thing that cements their place in the future. Perhaps their most compelling feature is that they have a clear and distinct purpose: you can wear them, acquire first-person images and video of what you have done, and then quickly upload that material to the Web.
Snap does give Spectacles one particularly innovative touch: the circular video that the device shoots. In a stroke, that's solved—for Snapchat, at least—the annoying problem of video appearing in the wrong orientation if people hold their phone in landscape view.
Snapchat just solved the portrait vs landscape video argument forever pic.twitter.com/iOsKeaeXkb
— Owen Williams⚡️ (@ow) September 24, 2016
At $130, the glasses are also easy on the wallet. Snap's CEO, Evan Spiegel, referred to them as a "toy" in the Wall Street Journal interview in which they were announced, and he's right. At that price, it's a piece of hardware that can be purchased for good old-fashioned fun, or given to a teenager as a treat. Like any other toy, they'll become their own advertising if they do sell well: while smartphones are inherently private devices, wearing a pair of Snap's glasses alerts the world to what a person is doing, which may appeal to people looking to make a statement.
But that brings us to one of the major questions facing the device: who, exactly, is going to buy them?
The styling is undeniably youthful, and it's easy enough to imagine a teenager lusting after a pair. But earlier this year, Snapchat's vice president of content, Nick Bell, pointed out that two-thirds of its users are over 18, and 50 percent of new daily users are over 25. Those folks are more attractive to advertise to, because unlike teens, they tend to have money. But it's not clear if Spectacles are the product to drive that adoption.
There's also the pesky question of privacy. Glass suffered an onslaught of criticism for the ways in which it enabled snooping, and Snap will undoubtedly be seeking to avoid the same. It's | 1.126304 | 0.029704 | 0.232441 | -0.42945 | [
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Mission Impossible: South-East Asia
In Chiang Mai we went to the local multiplex to watch the preposterous but highly entertaining Mission Impossible: Ghost Protocol, in which Tom Cruise saves the world from a madman bent on starting a nuclear war. It seems likely that a fifth film in the series will be made, and our experiences in South East Asia have given me a few ideas for the producers....
Scene 1:
The movie opens in Hanoi, Vietnam, where IMF agent Ethan Hunt (Cruise) is being chased through the Old Quarter by the communist police. Suddenly he comes to the main highway on the edge of the district, and is confronted by a moving wall of cars, buses, mopeds, tuk-tuks, trucks and bicycles. His mission? Cross the road. Cruise sets off at a run but sees a bus on collision course and makes a fatal mistake - he changes direction. Confused drivers screech to a halt on all sides, blocking his escape. Meanwhile, the commies march purposefully into the moving traffic, and like Moses crossing the Red Sea, it parts around them. Ethan Hunt is captured.
Cruise is in custody in Sapa, a Vietnamese town near the Chinese border. An American agent is valuable property, and the Viets want to do a deal with the Chinese military. When his captors are distracted by the 5:30am tai chi public service broadcast, he makes a daring escape. But he hasn't reckoned with the local Hmong ladies who lie in wait and chase him down the road, sweeping him up in a chorus of "You buy from meee?", "You come to my village?" and "I follow you all day!" Resistance is futile, and Cruise is marched down to the 'ethnic' hilltribe village to purchase some hand-woven garments from an old crone in a funny hat.
Smiling with our Hmong kidnappers at Sapa
Ethan Hunt has made it to the Vietnam-Laos border, but the police are still on his tail. His new mission? To secure a Laos visa in less than 3 hours. But what's this? The border guards have closed the visa office and gone for a mid-morning 'lunch'. Not even IMF can pull strings here, leaving Cruise high and dry. His only option is to retire to the adjacent cafe and order some coffee and snacks while he waits nervously. But little does he know the cafe is owned by the visa officials, and as soon as he hands over his money the border reopens, and he is swept through in a wave of euphoria.
Form filling at the Vietnam-Laos border
Cruise is in Laos and is safe for the time being. IMF pages him with another mission - he's being redeployed to the town of Vang Vieng to save it from rampant British backpackers. This being Laos, the usual IMF sign-off has been modified to "This message will self-destruct when it feels like it." He leaps aboard the nearest vehicle to race to the scene, but unfortunately it's a squeaking, creaking Laotian bicycle. Moreover, because Cruise is only 4 foot 3, he has to stand on the pedals and ride in the manner of the local kids. (This scene should provide some much-needed light relief).
Ethan Hunt spots a crowd of backpackers on the river and ditches the bike. There follows a high-octane, fast and furious chase scene down river, showcasing the latest extreme sport, tubing. (The tubes drift lazily with the current, so some bombastic music and clever editing will be required here.) But what's this? Cruise has been lassooed by a riverside bar and hauled to the bank. He is forced to down several bottles of lao lao, smoke strange substances and bop along to bad Eurodance in his bermuda shorts. He blacks out.
Cruise suddenly comes to his senses. His GPS phone pinpoints his location as Chiang Mai, Thailand. The backpackers must have brought him here. He needs IMF to pull him out of here sharpish. But it's Christmas Day, the Night Market is in full swing and 15 million Thais are here to part with their baht. He's hemmed in on all sides, forced to file past the same handful | 0.34011 | 0.168254 | -0.881524 | -0.453879 | [
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] | 1,329,114 | 0 | CommonCrawl | 1 | 6 |
Rottmannshagen ist ein Ortsteil der Gemeinde Jürgenstorf bei Stavenhagen in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Der Ort gehörte jahrhundertelang zu einer pommerschen Exklave in Mecklenburg.
Geographie
Rottmannshagen liegt etwa sieben Kilometer südwestlich von Reuterstadt Stavenhagen an der Straße zwischen dem etwa 1,5 Kilometer westlich gelegenen Zettemin und dem etwa drei Kilometer östlich befindlichen Jürgenstorf. Südlich der Straße liegt das ehemalige Gut.
Geschichte
Rottmannshagen wurde ursprünglich unter dem slawischen Namen Rathenow urkundlich erwähnt. Seit Anfang des 14. Jahrhunderts ist die Endung -hagen erwähnt, der Name wurde im Verlauf der Jahrhunderte weiter eingedeutscht.
1482 erhielt Hartwig von Moltzahn das Gut und leitete damit eine jahrhundertelange Zeit ein, in der die Familie von Maltzahn den Besitz über den Ort hatte. Es war eine Pertinenz zum Maltzahnschen Gut Kummerow. Es wechselte aber innerhalb der Familie. Im Dreißigjährigen Krieg wurde Rottmannshagen zerstört. Von 1728 bis 1732 wurde das barocke Gutshaus im Auftrag von Axel Albrecht von Maltzahn errichtet. 1840 wurde Peter Joseph Lenné mit der Gestaltung des Schlossparkes beauftragt. 1862 musste Hellmuth von Maltzahn das Gut wegen wirtschaftlicher Schwierigkeiten verkaufen; die Familie Wahnschaffe übernahm es und bewirtschaftete es bis zur Enteignung 1945.
Mit anderen Besitzungen der Maltzahns in der Umgebung, wie Zettemin oder Duckow, bildete Rottmannshagen jahrhundertelang eine pommersche Exklave in Mecklenburg, dei säben Dörper genannt. Erst 1937 wurde diese Exklave aufgelöst, und die Orte wechselten vom Kreis Demmin in den mecklenburgischen Kreis Malchin. 1928/29 wurden die Gutsbezirke im Kreis Demmin aufgelöst, Rottmannshagen wurde eine Landgemeinde mit dem Ortsteil Rützenfelde.
Von 1913 bis 1945 hatte Rottmannshagen Anschluss an eine schmalspurige Strecke der Demminer Kreisbahnen West von Demmin über Stavenhagen nach Bredenfelde. Sie diente vorrangig dem Transport von landwirtschaftlichen Erzeugnissen. Auf dem einstigen Bahndamm zwischen Rottmannshagen und Zettemin befindet sich heute ein Wanderweg.
Kurz nach Kriegsende 1945 brannte das Schloss ab. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde das Gut in ein Volkseigenes Gut umgewandelt und diente vor allem der Tierproduktion. Ein großer Schweinemastbetrieb entstand. Am 1. Januar 1951 kam der bis dahin eigenständige Ort zur Gemeinde Zettemin. 1972 wurde er aus der Gemeinde Zettemin ausgemeindet und zum Ortsteil von Stavenhagen. Rützenfelde verblieb in der Gemeinde Zettemin. Zum 1. Januar 1983 wechselte Rottmannshagen zur Gemeinde Jürgenstorf. Nach der Wende in der DDR wurde ein Großteil der früheren Infrastruktur geschlossen, so der Laden, der Kindergarten und die Post. 1997 wurde das Gut verkauft, der Inhaber richtete dort eine Baumschule ein.
Sehenswürdigkeiten
Vom Ensemble des Gutshauses sind die Kavalierhäuser und einige Wirtschaftsgebäude erhalten geblieben. Die Kavalierhäuser mit Mansardwalmdächern wurden in den 2000er Jahren saniert. Die Anlage ist wieder in Privatbesitz. Auch der Park wurde wieder neu angelegt.
Die Kapelle mit Friedhof am Rande des Ortes stammt aus der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts und diente zunächst als Begräbnisstätte. Später wurde sie auch für Gottesdienste genutzt. Zum Ensemble gehört eine Glocke aus der Erbauungszeit der Kapelle in einem erneuerten Glockenstuhl.
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SUV Bucket Seat Covers - Pair by Disney 0 Sold by Rialto Deals Jack Skellington is a character and the main protagonist of the 1993 film The Nightmare Before Christmas.
Jack is the" Pumpkin King" of Halloween Town, a fantasy world based solely on the Halloween holiday. Shop for nightmare before christmas online at Target. Free shipping on purchases over $35 and save 5% every day with your Target REDcard. the night before christmas; Jack Skellington is the" Pumpkin King" of Halloween Town, and the protagonist of Tim Burton's 1993 stop-motion Disney film, The Nightmare Before Christmas.
Uhomate Jack Sally Jack and Sally Nightmare Before Christmas Vincent Van Gogh Starry Night Posters Home Canvas Wall Art Anniversary Gifts Baby Gift Nursery Decor Living Room Wall Decor A005 (11X14) The Nightmare Before Christmas (also known as Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas) is a 1993 American stop-motion animated musical dark fantasy film directed by Henry Selick, and produced and conceived by Tim Burton. Uhomate Jack Sally Jack and Sally Nightmare Before Christmas Vincent Van Gogh Starry Night Posters Home Canvas Wall Art Anniversary Gifts Baby Gift Nursery Decor Living Room Wall Decor A016 (11X14) Jack Skellington's House - Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas Village by Dept.
56 $119. 95 Zero Light-Up Costume for Kids by Disguise - The Nightmare Before Christmas The Night Before Christmas has 98, 990 ratings and 1, 706 reviews. karen said: AND NOW IS THE TIME OF YEAR I FLOAT OLD CHRISTMAS REVIEWS TO COUNTDOWN TO BI.
The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. IMDb. Jack Skellington. Nightmare Before Christmas Collection. NIGHTMARE BEFORE CHRISTMAS. Ski Mask - Nightmare Before Christmas Jack Beanie Hat New Anime sk151wnbc. Product - Nightmare. The Nightmare Before Christmas mixes light and dark with jolly and macabre with great success. Even if this holiday mash-up movie is part of your regular Yuletide tradition, we'd roll Oogie Boogie.
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Jack's Lament from Tim Burton's Nightmare Before Christmas Please watch in HD (720p) Critics Consensus: The Nightmare Before Christmas is a stunningly original and visually delightful work of stop-motion animation. 96 %. which is sung by Jack when discovers Christmas Town. I. Shop for night before christmas online at Target. Free shipping on purchases over $35 and save 5% every day with your Target REDcard. Printed Nightmare Before Christmas Character details Uhomate Jack Sally Jack and Sally Nightmare Before Christmas Vincent Van Gogh Starry Night Posters Home Canvas Wall Art Anniversary Gifts Baby Gift Nursery Decor Living Room Wall Decor A005 (8X10) Jack Skellington: [chuckles] That's not my Christmas, my Christmas is filled with laughter and joy, and this!
Jack Skellington: [ Jack shows Sally a sketching of himself in a replica of Santa's suit ] My Sandy Claws outfit; I want you to make it! The main characters in The Nightmare Before Christmas from left to right Doctor Finklestein, the Mayor, Sally, Jack, Barrel, Santa. Aug 29, 2011 · Jack's Lament from Tim Burton's Nightmare Before Christmas Please watch in HD (720p) Jack Skellington, also known as the" Pumpkin King"is the main protagonist of | -1.237756 | -1.359376 | -1.728073 | -1.824476 | [
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Order / Shipment / Payment
Preface Authors
New in November 2021
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Stubbs, Mike
All new Works for orchestra Orchestra Keyboard & Orchestra Violin & Orchestra Solo Instrument(s) & Orchestra Choir/Voice & Orchestra String Orchestra Wind Orchestra Overture Ballet Opera Vocal Score Chamber Music Choir/Voice & Instrument(s) A Cappella Solo Instrument Miscellaneous Piano Reduction Performance materials Orchestral Works String Orchestra / String Chamber Music Wind Orchestra / Wind Chamber Ensembles Solo Instrument(s) & Orchestra/Chamber Group Vocal Music & Orchestra/Chamber Music Group/Keyboard Chamber Music with Piano Mixed Chamber Music without Piano Choir a cappella Solo Works Special Editions The Flemish Music Collection The Phillip Brookes Collection Foulds Edition Amethyst Edition Gourzi Edition The Romanian Music Collection Turcanu Edition Cantarco Edition Book Educational Method Books Repertory Beyond the Waves Mixed instruments Piano Duo Solo String Instrument(s) Strings with piano Voice(s) & Instrument(s) Wind Instrument(s) Winds with piano
Doric Star for chorus and orchestra (first print)
SKU: 1802 Categories: Choir/Voice & Orchestra, Performance materials, Special Editions, The Phillip Brookes Collection, Vocal Music & Orchestra/Chamber Music Group/Keyboard, Works for orchestra
Stubbs, Mike quantity
Mike Stubbs
Doric Star
For chorus and orchestra
(b: Liverpool, 1 January 1971)
Mike Stubbs studied composition with John Moseley at St. Edward's College, and later with Simon Holt at The City University in London. His work covers a wide range of genres from solo instrumental works (particularly for Church Organ) through a number of works for chamber ensembles to orchestral works such as Doric Star. He has also written a variety of church music, reflecting his involvement with both his local parish and the Cantata Choir of Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral.
Since 1995, he has worked as a primary school teacher, in the process writing several works for children, including a fully staged musical, 'The Curious Case Of La Fleur Perdue' (2000). In this area, he now works with his wife Gail, looking to produce music for children to sing that is as sophisticated as the commercial music that they are accustomed to listening (and singing along) to.
In 2011, a recording of his 'Fanfare: Once Around, Anticlockwise' for organ (2010) received excellent reviews from the music press: 'Mike Stubbs's fanfare…strikes a note of originality' (Choir & Organ Magazine, March/April 2011); 'The album's most illuminating track…electrifying' (Organists' Review, May 2011).
Composer's notes on Doric Star
Doric Star was written to commemorate the 75th anniversary of my Grandfather's involvement in one of the early successes in the struggle to keep open the supply routes to Britain during the Second World War. British merchant navy ships were being picked off by the pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee, which would then vanish before any counter attack could be mustered. On 2 December 1939, the ship Doric Star, captained by my Grandfather, William Stubbs, was | 0.275393 | -0.322602 | 0.213419 | -0.188214 | [
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Turtle Beach News
Follow HEAR
Top YouTubers Ali-A And Clare Siobhan Team-Up With ROCCAT For PC Gaming Accessories Partnership
June 10 2020 - 08:30AM
PR Newswire (US)
SAN DIEGO, June 10, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- ROCCAT, Turtle Beach's Hamburg, Germany-based PC brand, today announced it has partnered with top YouTubers, Ali-A and Clare Siobhan. Already fans of Turtle Beach (Nasdaq: HEAR) gaming headsets, the two UK-based influencers – with over 24 million combined subscribers – are now fully equipped with the latest award-winning gear from ROCCAT for their PC gaming stations.
"Ali-A and Clare are two gamers who clearly recognize the importance of using quality PC accessories, and we're thrilled to welcome them to the ROCCAT family," said René Korte, General Manager for PC Products at Turtle Beach. "Clare's passion for the Sims 4 is unrivalled and speaks to a large element of our community, and Ali-A is a YouTube legend who resonates with a wide variety of gamers. It's fantastic to have these two major talents join us."
Clare's YouTube channel currently has over 1.7 million subscribers and is rapidly growing. Ali-A has over 23 million subscribers and is globally famous for his Call of Duty and Fortnite videos.
"Everything about ROCCAT's PC gear, from the design and look to the feel and performance, has been wonderful," said Clare Siobhan. "I'm also having fun with the AIMO lighting system since it offers a lot of options and I've always loved customizing characters and environments in my PC games. Now I also get to do it with my mouse, keyboard, and more."
Ali-A added, "Having used Turtle Beach headsets since my early days of gaming, it's really exciting to now add ROCCAT to my PC setup. I've been playing more and more on PC recently and found that the Vulcan keyboard and Kone Pure Ultra mouse give me a competitive advantage because the feedback from the keys and mouse buttons feel great to the touch, and deliver precise, lightning-fast responses."
Both Ali-A and Clare are using ROCCAT's acclaimed Vulcan keyboard and the latest Kone Pure Ultra mouse. For more on their growing success, visit Clare's channel at https://www.youtube.com/user/claresiobhan, and Ali-A's gameplays can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/user/Matroix. For more information on ROCCAT's line-up of high-quality, German-engineered PC gaming accessories, visit https://roccat.org.
About Turtle Beach Corporation
Turtle Beach (www.turtlebeach.com) is a leading gaming audio and accessory brand, offering a wide selection of cutting-edge, award-winning gaming headsets. Whether you're a professional esports athlete, hardcore gamer, casual player, or just starting out, Turtle Beach has the gaming headset to help you truly master your skills. Innovative and advanced technology, amazing high-quality gaming audio, crystal-clear communication, lightweight and comfortable designs, and ease-of-use are just a few features that make Turtle Beach a fan-favorite brand and market leader in console audio for 10 years running. In 2019 Turtle Beach acquired ROCCAT, a leading PC accessories brand that combines detail-loving German innovation with a genuine passion for designing the best PC gaming products. Under the ROCCAT brand, Turtle Beach provides award-winning keyboards and mice for PC gamers. Turtle Beach's shares are traded on the Nasdaq Exchange under the symbol: HEAR.
This press release includes forward-looking information and statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. Except for historical information contained in this release, statements in this release may constitute forward-looking statements regarding assumptions, projections, expectations, targets, intentions or beliefs about future events. Statements containing the words "may", "could", "would", "should", "bel | -0.244399 | -0.578214 | -1.111767 | -1.206 | [
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A Bobo in Cloud-Cuckoo Land
Bret Stephens, one of the tame "conservatives" at The New York Times, has an op-ed to which my attention was drawn this morning: "Why Aren't Democrats Walking Away With the Mid-Terms?".
Stephens touches upon a thesis that has been enunciated by many. I will come to it by way of Arnold Kling — an unusually sensible economist (e.g., he calls standard macroeconomics "hydraulic economics" and derides the implicit assumption that the economy is single unit — a big GDP factory). Kling has written a book (now in second edition) called The Three Languages of Politics: Talking Across the Political Divide. Here are some relevant passages:
In politics, I claim that progressives, conservatives, and libertarians are like tribes speaking different languages. The language that resonates with one tribe does not connect with the others. As a result, political discussions do not lead to agreement. Instead, most political commentary serves to increase polarization. The points that people make do not open the minds of people on the other side. They serve to close the minds of the people on one's own side.
Which political language do you speak? Of course, your own views are carefully nuanced, and you would never limit yourself to speaking in a limited language. So think of one of your favorite political commentators, an insightful individual with whom you generally agree. Which of the following statements would that commentator most likely make?
(P) [Progressive] My heroes are people who have stood up for the underprivileged. The people I cannot stand are the people who are indifferent to the oppression of women, minorities, and the poor.
(C) [Conservative] My heroes are people who have stood up for Western values. The people I cannot stand are the people who are indifferent to the assault on the moral virtues and traditions that are the foundation for our civilization.
(L) [Libertarian] My heroes are people who have stood up for individual rights. The people I cannot stand are the people who are indifferent to government taking away people's ability to make their own choices….
I call this the three-axes model of political communication. A progressive will communicate along the oppressor-oppressed axis, framing issues in terms of the (P) dichotomy. A conservative will communicate along the civilization-barbarism axis, framing issues in terms of the (C) dichotomy. A libertarian will communicate along the liberty-coercion axis, framing issues in terms of the (L) dichotomy….
I do not believe that the three-axes model serves to explain or to describe the different political ideologies. I am not trying to say that political beliefs are caused by one's choice of axis. Nor am I saying that people think exclusively in terms of their preferred axis. What I am saying is that when we communicate about issues, we tend to fall back on one of the three axes. By doing so, we engage in political tribalism. We signal to members of our tribe that we agree with them, and we enhance our status in the tribe. However, even though it appears that we are arguing against people from other tribes, those people pay no heed to what we say. It is as if we are speaking a foreign language….
The three axes allow each tribe to assert moral superiority. The progressive asserts moral superiority by denouncing oppression and accusing others of failing to do so. The conservative asserts moral superiority by denouncing barbarism and accusing others of failing to do so. The libertarian asserts moral superiority by denouncing coercion and accusing others of failing to do so….
In 2016, Donald Trump surprised many people— including me— by emerging as a powerful political force and prevailing in the presidential election. Trump's success confounded many analytical frameworks that had worked well in the past, and the three-axes model is not particularly helpful, either.
Progressives certainly viewed Trump through the oppressor-oppressed axis, seeing his pronouncements and his supporters as tinged with racism and threats toward other victim classes. Libertarians viewed Trump through the liberty-coercion axis, seeing him as authoritarian and a danger to liberty.
Conservatives, however, were divided. One faction, represented by a number of writers at the conservative publication National Review, viewed Trump negatively along the civilization- | 0.778406 | -0.280522 | 0.81324 | 0.888753 | [
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barbarism axis. They saw Trump as scornful of important traditional institutions, including civil discourse, the U.S. Constitution, the Republican Party, and the principle of free trade.
The other conservative faction saw Trump's opponent in the general election, Hillary Clinton, as a greater threat to civilization. Writing under the pseudonym, Publius Decius Mus, an essayist on the Claremont Institute website described voting against Clinton as analogous to the passengers on one of the planes hijacked on 9/ 11 who managed to storm the cockpit and keep the hijackers from hitting their intended target.
In my view, Trump opened up a new axis. He accomplished that by appealing to people who differ from those with whom I am most acquainted. Some have termed this new axis populist versus elite, or outsider versus insider….
Perhaps the main dividing line is best described in terms of cosmopolitanism. The sections of the country that most strongly supported Hillary Clinton were large cities located along the coasts, where affluent people are used to engaging with foreign cultures, either locally or by traveling abroad. The sections of the country that most strongly supported Donald Trump were rural and small-town areas located away from the coast, where interaction with foreign cultures is much less frequent.
To describe the cosmopolitan outlook, recall the expression "bourgeois bohemians," coined by journalist David Brooks almost two decades ago. Brooks was describing a cosmopolitan elite, one that enjoys foreign travel and celebrates cultural diversity. The Bobos, as Brooks dubbed them, probably feel more comfortable in Prague than in Peoria.
As I see it, Donald Trump's supporters were the anti-Bobos. They distrusted foreign people and cultures. But above all, they distrusted and resented the Bobos, and the feeling was mutual. Thus, the axis that I believe best fits the Trump phenomenon is Bobo versus anti-Bobo.
I think this is right. Bret Stephens is a Bobo who believes that "the real threat of the Trump presidency isn't economic or political catastrophe. It's moral and institutional corrosion — the debasement of our discourse and the fracturing of our civic bonds."
Stephens seems not to understand that — in the view of anti-Bobos — civic bonds were fractured long ago by the Bobos who championed school busing, affirmative action, and all that followed under the heading of identity politics, including "open borders". The anti-Bobos of the North were taken for granted as reliable Democrat voters, largely ignored (by both parties), and then sneered at by Democrats. Hillary Clinton's characterization of the anti-Bobos (of all regions) as "deplorables" was merely confirmatory, and probably enabled Trump's victory by putting him over the top in Iowa, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. Trump's genius has been to speak the language of anti-Bobos and make them feel as if they are valued.
It is unclear to me what "deeper threat [Trump's] his presidency represents", as Stephens puts it. Trump, as I argue above, is not divisive. Bobo policies — shared by "establishment" politicians of both parties — have been divisive. Stephens and his ilk (of all parties) simply want the anti-Bobos to shut up, get back in the fold, and accept the crumbs that fall from the Bobos' table. The "deeper threat", in other words, is an end to the Bobos' long reign of error in Washington.
Stephens's Bobo-ism is fully on display in the final paragraph of his op-ed, where he writes that "The tragedy of Pittsburgh illustrates, among other things, that the president cannot unite us, even in our grief." What I saw was an immediate attack on Trump for having created an "atmosphere of hate" (shades of Dallas 1963). Trump's personal behavior — which reflects his long-standing pro-Jewish sympathies — was exemplary, as was the behavior of Rabbi Myers. How, precisely, was Trump supposed to "unite us" when there are tens of millions of Americans — goaded on by the mainstream media — who despise him for the sheer enjoyment of it?
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Former UK Ambassador to Syria – update January 2020
Peter Ford writes..
Even though the US withdrawal from North East Syria has only been partial, events overall have continued to move inexorably towards a painful final victory for the Syrian government and a return to the status quo ante-bellum.
US redeployment
For the second time in a year, Trump was persuaded to put off full withdrawal of US forces from Syria, this time on the blatantly spurious grounds that only the US could keep Syria's oil out of ISIS's hands.
The humbled ISIS, having lost all its territorial bases, is manifestly in no position to grab the oil-bearing areas of Eastern Syria, and even if it was, a combination of the local forces, the Syrian Army and Russia would be more than capable of snuffing out any new ISIS threat, if only US forces would get out of the way.
It is clear that the real purposes of keeping US forces in Syria are to foster Kurdish separatism and deny to the Syrian government access to a crucial resource, oil, which could alleviate the dire economic condition of the heavily sanctioned country.
The thinking in Western capitals appears to be that if sufficient hardship can be inflicted on the Syrian people Assad will have no choice but to surrender power at the negotiating table.
So intent is the US on this policy that it apparently used its illegally occupied enclave at Al Tanf to mount drone attacks on the Homs refinery. At the same time the US and other Western powers including the UK have castigated Russia and China for causing suffering by vetoing a UN proposal to send cross border humanitarian assistance to areas in the North controlled by jihadis.
The US regrouping is likely, in fact, to favour a re-emergence of ISIS. The oil rich area of Deir Ez Zor is Arab, not Kurdish. To control the area the Kurdish-dominated US proxy Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) are having to recruit from villages which were hotbeds of ISIS and even from prison camps where ISIS fighters were kept.
Not that ISIS fighters would have any interest in harming the Americans. On the contrary, the oil revenue goes to pay the salaries of the SDF, and besides anything which leads to the weakening of Assad can only be seen by ISIS as Providence paving the way for a new caliphate.
Even when the US appears to strike blows at ISIS and Al Qaida the net results are rarely negative for these organisations. The much hyped killing in November of the already marginalised Al Baghdadi merely created a job vacancy and pleased his ISIS rivals, while strikes on certain factions' leaders in Idlib have removed thorns in the side of the main group, Hayat Tahrir Ash Sham, whose own leaders appear to lead charmed lives.
(An effort appears to be under way in Qatari-funded Washington think tanks to condition Western opinion to accept HTS as 'good rebels' not really opposed to the West. To launder its image HTS has set up a front organisation calling itself the Syrian Salvation Government which purports to govern Idlib.)
The US withdrawal may have been only partial but it has led to significant gains for Assad. The Syrian Army is now deployed in multiple locations of Hasaka, Deir Ez Zor and Raqqa provinces including Hasaka city (see picture), which like other parts of secular government-controlled Syria, but not rebel areas, has been marking Christmas with celebrations.
The government has control of important water, electricity and grain resources of which it could only dream a few months ago. It sought to engage with the Kurds for their eventual return to the bosom of the state, but these efforts have been subverted by the US, partly with Saudi money.
The state has had more success with the Arab tribes of the region, and there are reports of a predominantly Russian-sponsored militia being formed to rival the predominantly Kurdish SDF.
The price of all these gains for the Syrian government has been some skirmishing with Turkey's proxy forces along the border as the Syrian Arab Army deployed to fill gaps left by the US .
By and large, however, the deal brokered by Russia with Turkey in the aftermath of the US scuttle is holding up well, contrary to the predictions of most experts. (Rule of thumb: in the | 0.67568 | 1.036485 | -0.234227 | 0.782097 | [
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Syrian conflict it fairly safe to assume that most 'expert' opinion will be wrong, yet the same oracles will be consulted time and again.)
Over 100,000 Kurdish civilians may have been displaced but many are trickling back. Erdogan keeps promising to relocate many Syrian refugees from Turkey to the border strip Turkey now controls but how serious he is must be doubtful given that there are no homes or jobs for them to go to.
Meanwhile Turkey now faces an influx of possibly 100,000 refugees as a result of the December push by Syrian forces backed by Russian air power into southern Idlib. Turkey, having failed to bring to heel Hayat Tahrir Ash Sham, the former Al Qaida affiliate which dominates Idlib, as required by successive agreements with Russia on creating a de-escalation zone, may now be close to abandoning or re-tasking its proxies and concentrating instead on digesting its gains from its success in forcing the US out of the border strip and creating the 'safe zone'.
Almost unnoticed, one of the main results of the US withdrawal has been to put the Syrian army in control over a section of the strategic M4 highway linking Idlib with the East. The army has very quickly put a stop to the smuggling of oil, under the benevolent eye of US forces, from Hasaka to Idlib, causing power and fuel shortages in Idlib even more dire than those in government-controlled areas.
The gains the Syrian Arab Army has made in Idlib put it in sight of establishing control over the highway linking Aleppo and Damascus. This would give a much needed boost to trade and thus the economy, just as the opening of the border with Iraq at Abu Kamal/Al Qaim has paved the way for more trade between Syria and Iraq.
The media constantly cite a figure of 3 million for the number of people in Idlib, repeating a pattern seen earlier in Aleppo, Eastern Ghouta and the South where an exaggerated statistic is plucked out of the air to dramatise the issue of civilian suffering.
More reliable estimates suggest that the population is less than 1 million. Where will the people go when government control is re-established?
Nowhere, just as the majority of inhabitants of other pacified areas went nowhere or trickled back once hostilities were over.
The estimated 50-80,000 jihadi fighters will fold themselves into the Turkish mercenary forces policing the northern border, drop back into Turkey itself, return to the Central Asian republics whence many of them came, or melt back into the civilian population.
The economic front of the Syrian conflict looms larger as the military fronts shrink. In December the US Congress approved new legislation termed the 'Caesar Act ' (so-called after a CIA informant who provided photographs of thousands of war dead framed to look like torture victims) which has the express aim of making reconstruction impossible.
Ordinary Syrians, reeling from the impact of existing sanctions, especially on oil products, await the imposition of Caesar sanctions with dread, while 'friends of Syria' in Washington and London exult.
As more and more whistleblowers and leaks surfaced out of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Warfare (OPCW) the official narrative that Assad used gas in Douma in 2018 looked less and less credible.
With the creditable exceptions of the Mail, Fox News and the Independent this extremely important story has been ignored by governments and the main media organisations, which invested so heavily in the narrative in order to justify bombing Syria, sanctions and support for the opposition.
The discrediting of the Douma claims and the loss of credibility on the part of the OPCW also cast doubt on the whole string of other alleged uses of chemical weapons.
Douma was the only case where inspectors were able to visit a site; all the rest depended on the testimony of pro-jihadi sources now shown to have almost certainly fabricated the Douma evidence.
Just as talks between the government and the Kurds have hit the buffers so also with the UN-sponsored talks between government and opposition.
After a promising opening session in October, the newly formed Constitutional Committee comprising delegates from government, opposition and civil society, at a second meeting in November quickly reached deadlock over setting an agenda. The | 0.460641 | 1.143923 | -0.005966 | 0.888753 | [
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] | 1,329,141 | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 8 | 11 |
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The First Bond Continuation Novel: 'Colonel Sun'
009 / March 28, 2015
The legacy of the 'Bond continuation novel' began in 1968 with Kingsley Amis' 'Colonel Sun', published by Jonathan Cape on this day – March 28th.
Kingsley had been a Bond fan "ever since he discovered the first paperback, 'Casino Royale', on a railway bookstall" (The Times Educational Supplement) and had already written the seminal The James Bond Dossier, and The Book of Bond (under the name of Lt Col William 'Bill' Tanner) and naturally was in the running as Ian Fleming's successor.
Some expressed reservations about the leftie author of Lucky Jim taking on the project, including Ian's widow Ann Fleming:
"Amis will slip Lucky Jim into Bond's clothing, we shall have a petit bourgeois red-brick Bond, he will resent the authority of M., then the discipline of the Secret Service, and end as Philby Bond selling his country to SPECTRE.'" (The Letters of Ann Fleming)
As Amis stated in 1970 in 'What Became of Jane Austen':
"fears were expressed in some quarters that I might produce a sort of Lucky Jim Bond, rampaging through the back streets of Wigan with a packet of fish and chips in one hand and broken beer bottle in the other. Not a chance. […] Some sort of valid continuation, neither parody nor radical new departure nor mere rechauffage of fleming ingredients, had to be worked for."
Kingsley Amis – Photo by Raymond Benson
Despite Ann's reservations, Glidrose chose Amis, but took the decision to use Robert Markham as pseudonym, so that other authors could write Bond novels under the same pseudonym. Amis agreed with Glidrose's decision and in an interview with Raymond Benson in August 1982, said that it was "less confusing to the public and more convenient to market the books".
Ann attacked the use of a pseudonym, remarking with acidity:
'I think Amis should publish under his own name and show the world his left-wing intellectual pretensions were easily turned to money-grubbing – like everyone else.'
Ann failed to recognize that Amis was a true admirer of her late husband and of his creation. He had met Ian a couple of times in fact and been to lunch with him to vet the typescript of his The James Bond Dossier before sending it to the publishers. According to Amis, Fleming had nothing to say about any of his critical comments, only pointing out factual inaccuracies in areas such as golf and noting, "Oddjob was sucked out of the cabin and not blown out".
In 1970 Amis fondly looked back on the job of continuing Bond's adventures, with deference to Fleming:
Like any other writing it was great fun and a great grind. […] But a little more often, came the realization that he would have been so much neater, quicker, more inventive. I am in a unique position to appreciate that.
The novel begins with the kidnapping of M from his house, 'Quarterdeck' and the murder of his servants, ex-Chief Petty Officer Hammond and his wife. Bond travels Greece and teams up with a Greek Communist agent, Ariadne Alexandrou. Arriving at the Aegean island of Vrakonisi (meaning Dragon Island), they discover that the villainous Colonel Sun plans to sabotage a Middle-Eastern détente conference being held on the island, and frame Britain for it. Bond attempts not only | 1.049602 | 1.083041 | 0.086607 | 0.254019 | [
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1.0472289062172986,
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to thwart the Colonel's plans, but also to rescue M.
Colonel Sun was lower-tech and lower-scale than most of Fleming's novels. This was no accident; Amis admitted in his 1970 essay A New James Bond, that he was not the man to take Bond inside Casinos or advance him down a ski run, but he could still offer something to the consumer to "justify resuscitating Bond in more than just name." His first-hand knowledge of WWII weaponrywas "easily supplemented by research […] No gadgets, rockets, hovercrafts, no helicopters and no lumps of caviar."
Amis' Bond went back to basics and eschewed the ever increasing absurdity of the Bond movies, which were moving further away from the books, to the point of using the title and nothing much else (as was the case in You Only Live Twice). Fleming's Bond was still a gun and fists man, which grounded him as a believable hero – someone that the reader (with a little training) could stretch their imagination to believe they could emulate.
Amis retained some classic Bond tropes: he sets the opening of the novel within the familiar context of a round of golf at Sunningdale and Bond drives a Bentley. The geographical locations were well chosen, providing some similarities to Moonraker, with the Home Counties as the backdrop, along with Windsor Park. Greece was chosen as a primary location, providing the requisite amount of exoticism without re-treading Fleming's old haunts. Amis had a good friend who lived there, and Greece provided geo-political subtext, being "one of Russia's areas of interest."
A young Martin Amis provided notes on his father's draft for 'Dragon Island' (Colonel Sun), pointing out timeframe inconsistencies and discrepancies in the plot and character motivations, but otherwise endorsing it:
"Just a couple of points, Dad." (The Daily Telegraph)
Just a couple of points, Dad.
Apart from the odd repetition or slightly inept term, the style is excellent. Just like Fleming. All the little philosophies are very well timed and the 'Ionides' bit about his girl and her parents apart from being interesting, is a good break in the action and a very Fleming-esque turn.
Last point. M's harsh treatment of Bond just before the torturing is a bit too much. A stern old shit as he undoubtedly is, there's a nice atmosphere at the very beginning of that scene which would be in-expensive to maintain.
Otherwise faultless and bloody good for all concerned.
Amis brought back familiar characters, making heavy use of Bill Tanner and M, who gets drugged and kidnapped. For thevillain, he created a Chinese mastermind with a penchant for torture. Ring any bells?
Amis was on record as admiring Dr. No, both for its setting and antagonist. In The James Bond Dossier, critical analysis of Fleming's Bond, Amis complains that outcry from critics forced Fleming to drop bravura torture scenes from his novels. So in Colonel Sun Amis devised a torture scene worthy of the ball-busting Casino Royale, one that makes the reader squirm with not only pain but also sexual discomfort. Part of the reason Colonel Sunis still considered the best James Bond continuation novel is that it dates from Fleming'sera, being written in 1968. Times changed greatly between Fleming's last novel in 1964 and 1968, but Amis stayed true to the pre-free-love era.
Amis had Bond team up with a tough female Russian agent, but Amis did not goeasy on the Soviets, who are portrayed in harsh light. They maim and kill the Greeks that Bond traded boats with, while Ariadne's boss is presented as not merely incompetent, but also a pederast! However, Amis was perhaps naive in thinking the Anglos and Russians might team up against the Chinese.
The Soviets are portrayed in extremely harsh light. They maim and kill the Greeks that Bond traded boats with, and Ariadne's boss is presented as not merely incompetent, but also a pederast! True, Amis was naive in thinking the Ang | 1.053711 | 0.839516 | -0.232959 | 0.303445 | [
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los and Soviets might team up to combat the Chinese, but that prospect might still come to pass…
The 1st edition cover by Tom Adams departed from the Trompe l'oeil style of Richard Chopping and paid homage to Salvador Dali. Ann Fleming was asked to review the book in 1968 for the Sunday Telegraph, but her draft was rejected, due to fear of libel. The reviews of the day were varied; but perhaps Alexander Muir, from the Daily Mirror of all papers, put it best: "an exciting, violent, sadistic and sexy piece of reading matter", although, partly because of Amis' abilities as a writer, Colonel Sun "is altogether too meticulous and well written – Fleming was a hypnotic but slapdash writer. And, at times, I sensed parody. This could be fatal."
1st edition cover art for 'Colonel Sun' by Tom Adams
47 years after publication, Colonel Sun remains the most convincing of the James Bond continuation novels, having been written by a master novelist, student of Fleming, and Bond fan. As the old devil himself put it:
"I consider it an honor to have been selected to follow in the footsteps of Ian Fleming."
Incidental Intelligence
Sex, Sun and Sadism
The Forgotten James Bond Novel – 'Colonel Sun'
March 28, 2015 in Between the Covers, Book Reviews. Tags: ann fleming, colonel sun, Dragon Island, Ian Fleming, kingsley amis, Martin Amis, Raymond Benson, Revelator, Richard Chopping, Robert Markham, Salvador Dali
Lucky Jim Bond! – Kingsley Amis' Mark on 007
The Letters of Ann Fleming
← The Re-Boot of PER FINE OUNCE: A Continuation Novel That Isn't What You Think
Armed for Her Majesty: James Bond and Sherlock Holmes' Weaponry →
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] | 1,329,143 | 2,048 | CommonCrawl | 13 | 14 |
references made throughout the Bond series.
From Sweden with Love One of the World's most comprehensive websites (5000+ pages) on Ian Fleming's James Bond. Established 2004.
Gerald Wadsworth Bond Art A tribute in watercolour to the books and films about James Bond – originally created by Ian Fleming
Ian Fleming Publications The official website for Ian Fleming.
Illustrated 007 – The Art of James Bond Long time Bond collector, specialising in books and artwork
James Bond Memes History, comment and analysis about all things Bondian from our guest contributor Edward Biddulph
Jeremy Duns Official website of the author of the Paul Dark spy novels and new non-fiction Dead Drop
John Gardner Official The official site of the crime author John Gardner.
John McLusky Original Artwork By John McLusky – From The Daily Express Series – 1958 onwards
Mi6 The Home of James Bond Literary 007 – The James Bond Books & Spin-Offs
Piz Gloria Website dedicated to collecting paperback/softback novels
Queen Anne Press Queen Anne Press publish high quality, limited edition books by Ian Fleming, Ian Flemming, James bond novels, books, Peter Fleming, Mervyn Peake
Sophie Harley Jewellery Bespoke jewellery featured in James Bond movies 'Casino Royale' and 'Quantum of Solace'.
Spies of London Premium spy tours in London
Spy Vibe 1960s STYLE IN ACTION
Spybrary Spybrary is a Spy Podcast for fans of Spy Books and Spy Movies We interview spy authors, intelligence experts and spy fans!
The Bondologist Blog Dedicated to the study of all aspects of Bondology.
The Book Bond New Books. First Looks. Pure BOND.
The James Bond Dossier News and Views on the World of 007
The Teeritz Agenda 'Cos I had to put all this somewhere.
The Trebuchet Home of our guest contributor Benjamin Welton
Trevor Scobie, Artist Trevor is a professional Illustrator and also designed and painted book covers for London publishers for over 30 years.
007 In New York Andrew Lycett ann fleming Anthony Horowitz Benjamin Welton Bentley Cambridge Spies casino royale Charles Cumming colonel sun David Salter Denis Wirth-Miller Diamonds Are Forever Dr. No edward Biddulph Eric Ambler Ernie Cuneo Fay Dalton Felix Leiter Fergus Fleming For Your Eyes Only Frieda Toth From A View To A Kill From Russia With Love Geoffrey Jenkins George Almond Gerald Wadsworth Glidrose goldeneye Goldfinger Graham Greene Graham M. Thomas Ian Fleming Ivar Bryce jamaica jeremy duns John Gardner John Le Carre John Pearson Jon Gilbert kingsley amis len deighton Live and Let Die Matt Sherman moonraker Noel Coward O.F. Snelling Octopussy Oliver Buckton On Her Majesty's Secret Service Patrick Leigh Fermor Per Fine Ounce Peter Fleming Quantum of Solace Raymond Benson Raymond Chandler raymond hawkey Revelator Richard Chopping Richard Hughes Roald Dahl SMERSH SOE SPECTRE The Hildebrand Rarity The Living Daylights The Man With The Golden Gun The Spy Who Loved Me Thrilling Cities Thunderball Trigger Mortis Trompe l'oeil William Boyd william plomer You Only Live Twice
Archives Select Month January 2021 (1) December 2020 (2) November 2020 (3) October 2020 (3) September 2020 (2) August 2020 (1) July 2020 (2) June 2020 (3) May 2020 (3) April 2020 (4) March 2020 (5) February 2020 (1) January 2020 (2) November 2019 (1) October 2019 (2) September 2019 (2) August 2019 (2) June 2019 (5) May 2019 (4) April 20 | -0.212097 | 0.563759 | -0.80932 | -0.803438 | [
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1.2262917643482705,
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Godzilla challenged by new monster... Angilas!
Nothing like it ever before!
The fantastic war of the giant fire monsters!
Born to destroy each other... but first they'll destroy the world!
Godzilla Raids Again (ゴジラの逆襲, Gojira no Gyakushū, lit. Godzilla's Counterattack) is a 1955 tokusatsu kaiju film produced by Toho, and the second installment in the Godzilla series as well as the Showa series. The film was released to Japanese theaters on April 24, 1955, and to American theaters on May 21, 1959.
Pilots Shoichi Tsukioka and Kojikawa Kobayashi are scouting the ocean for schools of fish for a tuna cannery company located in Osaka. Suddenly, the engine for Kobayashi's plane malfunctions and he makes an emergency landing on the remote Iwato Island. Hidemi Yajima, Tsukioka's lover and the daughter of the company's owner, informs him of the situation, and he immediately flies to the island to rescue his friend. Tsukioka sees Kobayashi's plane sitting atop the water near the island, with Kobayashi himself waving at Tsukioka's plane from the island. Tsukioka lands and reunites with Kobayashi, who has only suffered a sprained wrist in the incident. The two men hear strange noises coming from the cliffs on the island, then look to find two huge monsters battling on the island. Tsukioka immediately recognizes one of the monsters as Godzilla, but cannot identify the other. The grappling monsters tumble off the island into the ocean below, after which they both disappear.
Upon returning to Osaka, Tsukioka and Kobayashi report their story to the authorities. A conference with the JSDF, several scientists, including Kyohei Yamane, and the two pilots is held in Osaka, where they determine that the monster Godzilla was fighting is a creature called Anguirus. According to a report from a Polish scientist, Anguirus is a vicious dinosaur that lived during the same time as Godzilla, and harbored an intense hatred of violent creatures like Godzilla. Like Godzilla, Anguirus had been living deep underground only to be disturbed and awakened by recent nuclear testing. When asked how they can hope to stop Godzilla, Dr. Yamane shows footage recorded of the first Godzilla's raid on Tokyo the previous year, then regretfully states that there is no conceivable way to defeat this Godzilla. Yamane mentions that the first Godzilla was killed by the Oxygen Destroyer, a chemical weapon invented by Daisuke Serizawa, but unfortunately Serizawa had taken his own life to ensure the weapon could never be used again. Yamane offers one piece of advice: Godzilla harbors a strange instinct towards lights, possibly due to their reminding him of the atomic bomb that awakened him. If a blackout is enforced and flares are dropped offshore, Yamane believes Godzilla can be lured away from the mainland.
When Godzilla unexpectedly surfaces in Osaka Bay, a blackout is immediately enforced on the city as citizens are evacuated. Fighter jets fly over the bay and begin dropping flares, which successfully lure Godzilla away from the city. Meanwhile, a group of prisoners stage an escape from the truck transporting them, beginning a lengthy chase with the police across the port area. After the prisoners hijack a fuel truck, two pursuing officers get into a car driven by Tsukioka and ask him to follow the truck. Eventually, the truck flies off a ramp and crashes into a refinery, starting a raging fire that quickly consumes the port area. The fire soon draws Godzilla's attention, and he approaches Osaka once again. Anguirus also comes ashore, and resumes his battle with Godzilla. The JSDF opens fire on the kaiju, but their weapons have no effect as Godzilla and Anguirus begin tearing the city apart. Their battle destroys countless buildings, including the tuna cannery that Tsukioka and Kobayashi work for. Eventually, the two monsters reach Osaka Castle, which is destroyed as Godzilla tackles | -0.12284 | 1.548605 | -0.421909 | 0.135006 | [
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Anguirus into it. Godzilla then bites down onto Anguirus' neck, causing him to bleed profusely before falling into the moat below. Godzilla fires his atomic breath at his foe, burning him to death and leaving Godzilla the victor. He leaves Osaka ablaze and in ruins.
In the aftermath of the devastation, Tsukioka and Kobayashi find the cannery in ruins. Their boss informs Kobayashi that he will be transferred to the company's Hokkaido branch while he and his daughter clean up in Osaka. After he has been working in Hokkaido for some time, Kobayashi is informed that Mr. Tajima, Hidemi, and Tsukioka will be arriving in Hokkaido soon, and meets them one night at a company party. While Tsukioka and Kobayashi are catching up, they learn that one of the company's ships has just been sunk somewhere off the coast. Knowing Godzilla must be responsible, Tsukioka gets into his plane and begins scouring the surrounding waters despite Hidemi's protests. Tsukioka eventually finds Godzilla coming ashore on a remote icy island, and alerts the JSDF. Kobayashi switches shifts with Tsukioka to keep an eye on Godzilla while he flies to a JSDF base. As the military begins arriving on the island to attack Godzilla, Kobayashi notices the monster beginning to leave the island. He dive-bombs Godzilla with his plane, only to be blasted by his atomic breath and killed upon impact with the slopes of the island. As Tsukioka grieves for his friend, he notices an avalanche of ice falling from the area Kobayashi's plane struck, giving him the idea to bury Godzilla under ice. Tsukioka tells his plan to the JSDF, which begins an operation to blast the slopes of the island using fighter jets. After a few minutes, Godzilla is buried in snow up to his waist, as the JASDF pilots return to base to refuel and reload.
To prevent Godzilla from escaping the island, the JSDF lines the shore of the island with gasoline barrels and lights them on fire. Soon, the fighter jets return, with Tsukioka flying one. The jets open fire on the slopes again, and although some are shot down by Godzilla's atomic breath, Tsukioka and the JASDF are successful in completely burying Godzilla under the ice. With the menace finally halted, Tsukioka solemnly looks to the sky and says, "Kobayashi, we buried Godzilla for you."
Main article: Godzilla Raids Again/Credits.
Main article: Godzilla Raids Again/Gallery.
Main article: Godzilla Raids Again (Soundtrack).
Following the successful U.S. release of Godzilla, King of the Monsters!, Toho sold the American distribution rights to Godzilla Raids Again to Harry Rybnick and Edward Barison. Their idea was to create a new film for AB-PT Pictures Corporation using the special effects sequences from Godzilla Raids Again. Ib Melchior and Edwin Watson drafted a screenplay, titled The Volcano Monsters, in which Godzilla and Anguirus, now respectively referred to as a Tyrannosaurus and an Ankylosaurus, are discovered in a volcanic cave. Toho shipped the Godzilla and Anguirus suits to Hollywood to allow the producers to film new footage of the monsters. Ultimately, AB-PT Pictures Corp. closed down in 1957 before production started on The Volcano Monsters. The monster suits were eventually lost.
The English dubbing, also supervised and directed by Grimaldi, was recorded at Ryder Sound Service, Inc. in Hollywood. The voice cast featured veteran performers Keye Luke, Marvin Miller, and Paul Frees, as well as a very young George Takei, of Star Trek fame. Luke was cast as Tsukioka, whose character now narrated the events of the film. In addition to voicing Kobayashi, Miller narrated a pre-credit stock footage montage detailing man's scientific progress.
After completing the Americanization of the film, Paul Schreibman sold the theatrical rights to Warner Bros., which released the film on May 21, | -0.196974 | 1.129598 | -0.766838 | 0.082328 | [
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1959. Gigantis, the Fire Monster was presented on a double bill with Teenagers from Outer Space, which Warner also purchased from Schreibman.
Gigantis, the Fire Monster did not enter standard television syndication after its theatrical run. The film remained obscure in the U.S. until its reappearance on cable TV in 1984, followed by a VHS release via Video Treasures in 1989. A video generated title card restoring Toho's English title, Godzilla Raids Again, accompanied the film in syndication in the late 1980's and early 1990's. This version was released on DVD alongside the Japanese version by Classic Media on November 7, 2006. The North American distribution rights to Godzilla Raids Again are currently held by Janus Films, who has labeled it and the other Godzilla films it has acquired as part of the Criterion Collection despite not yet making them available on Blu-ray or DVD.
The film sold approximately 8,340,000 tickets in Japan, making it the third most-attended Godzilla film in Japan. It grossed around 1,700,000 yen, or $1,670,080. It was Toho's fourth-highest earner in 1955, and tenth among Japanese films overall.
The film was generally poorly received by fans and critics, who criticized it as a rushed sequel. It is, however, notable for being the first Godzilla film to introduce the formula of Godzilla battling other monsters, which would become a staple of the franchise.
The poor response to the film briefly put the series on hiatus until 1962's King Kong vs. Godzilla.
Notes: The American version of the film has a video-generated Godzilla Raids Again title card in place of the original Gigantis, the Fire Monster title card. Reissued in 2012, both releases are out of print.
The HD version of Godzilla Raids Again available to stream on Starz uses a new English subtitle translation by Kerim Yasar.
Godzilla Raids Again was the first Godzilla film to feature two monsters.
The Godzilla suit used for this film, the GyakushuGoji, was slimmer and lighter than the previous ShodaiGoji suit used in 1954, putting less pressure on the actor, and making every fight scene with Anguirus easier.
The JSDF's tactic of enforcing a blackout in Osaka to protect it from Godzilla is the same tactic used by Japan during World War II to protect cities from Allied bombing raids.
In the American version of Godzilla Raids Again, Godzilla's roar was altered to sound like Anguirus' roar, due to this version establishing that "Gigantis" and Anguirus are related. His normal roar is still heard in many instances, though, and the roars are interchanged erratically.
Godzilla Raids Again is the only Godzilla film to date where Godzilla's dorsal plates consistently do not glow prior to him releasing his atomic breath. Later films would only occasionally not show the discharge, often by mistake.
This is the first film in which Godzilla is defeated by the JSDF. However, Godzilla Raids Again is the only Showa era film wherein the JSDF wins out over Godzilla with a coordinated tactical strike, and with no aid from another monster or some sophisticated form of technology.
There are no scenes which feature Godzilla using his heat ray from the full suit-view. Every time he does, the hand-operated puppet head is used. This is due to the fact that the suit's mouth could not open wide enough.
Gigantis, the Fire Monster was distributed in the United States by Warner Bros., who would distribute Legendary Pictures' Godzilla and its sequels over 55 years later.
After this film's release, Toho took a seven-year break from making Godzilla films. However, during these seven years they continued to make kaiju films, and introduced two of the other most recognizable monsters from the Showa era: Rodan and Mothra.
In the Kaiju Guide for Bandai Namco's Godzilla, An | -0.334113 | 2.286344 | -0.595642 | -0.113425 | [
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guirus' bio states that he once battled a monster called "Gigantis," who has since been banished from this plane of existence, an inside joke relating to the American version of Godzilla Raids Again.
Godzilla Raids Again is the last Godzilla film to be filmed in black and white and the academy aspect ratio.
Two shots of newspaper place the events of Godzilla Raids Again in January of 1955, possibly stretching into February.
That's only in the American version, and it was done to make it seem like "Gigantis" and Anguirus were related.
BWA HAHAHAHAHAHAHA! That's hilarious! I can't believe that's even a thing (I knew about the whole "Gigantis" thing, but not the other one)! It worse than "The Volcano Monsters"! HAHAHAHAHA!
I didn't particularly enjoy this movie. Godzilla and Anguirus look pretty cheap and their fight look like a cat fight from Real Housewives. The characters didn't really interest me either. But still, I don't think think this is one of the worst Godzilla movies. 2/5.
What's up with Anguirus' back opening up in some pictures?
It was originally supposed to split in half but due to it constantly breaking during filming they sealed it shut, but it can be seen jumping up and down in some scenes.
Watched Godzilla Raids Again for the first time in my life, here are my thoughts.
Um, I thought this was supposed to be inferior to Godzilla 1954? I found it more enjoyable. The beginning like 15 minutes of the movie was a bit boring but afterward it became pretty good. I appreciated the more, err, somber? tone the movie had. Maybe it's because this movie is treated as being a definite step down from G54 I had low expectations which made GRA better for me, but I never really enjoyed G54 as like a super entertaining movie to begin with, which is why I'm not looking forward to Godzilla 1984--I think it's gonna bore me personally.
I really liked the monster fights, seeing Anguirus was pretty kawaii. Godzilla's roars being him trying to vomit was distracting though and I made fun of it every time and I was like "finally!" whenever he did use the real Godzilla roar. I liked Keichi and Kobayashi. The ending was drawn out and then ended abruptly. Like it was 10 minutes of bombing the ice and the second Godzilla was buried, the movie just ended, which was pretty weird. I liked the light bomb thing, it reminded me of Varan, but it kind of muddled why Godzilla came to attack cities in the first place. If you just go off G54 it was for revenge, but then in here it's because he's attracted to the city lights? By the way the whole criminals escaping and chase scene in the dark Osaka was amazing, I loved it, and I really loved the atmosphere and feel of the movie.
I definitely loved it more than G54. GRA doesn't have a deep message or anything, and the effects might not really be as good as the previous movie (highlighted by the hideous Godzilla and Anguirus puppets though the suits are neat-o burrito) but it was a more enjoyable movie. Maybe it's just the overexposure to G54's message and how highly it's regarded that bog it down for me, which make GRA so much more enjoyable in comparison.
One of the weaker films of the Showa era, and an example of why sequels shouldn't be rushed.
The human characters are rather dull and often cause the film to drag. Granted, they're a bit more engaging in the original Japanese version, but not by much.
The introduction of another monster in the form of Anguirus was a good call; making the first film all over again would likely have sunk any chance of more sequels. The fight scenes are by far the most entertaining aspects of the movie, even if they don't live up to Goji's battles in later installments.
Overall, it's not the best entry in the franchise. I'd say it's excusable considering it's so early in Godzilla's career if | -0.733716 | 0.119683 | -1.324811 | -0.910094 | [
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本发明涉及到基于码分多址(以后简写为CDMA)的移动通信系统中控制一个基站发射功率的方法和设备。 The present invention relates to a control code division multiple access (hereinafter abbreviated CDMA) mobile communication system based on transmission power of a base station apparatus and method.
在一个CDMA系统中,传输是由在正常信息调制后采用高速传输率的扩频编码进行扩频调制来实现的。 In a CDMA system, transmission is spread spectrum modulated by a spreading code with high-speed transmission rate after normal information modulation is achieved. 在接收方,正常的解调制是通过用与解扩频发射方同样的扩频编码调制在恢复原始信息带宽后来实现的。 On the receiving side, normal demodulation is obtained by using the same spreading code and despreading modulation at the transmitting side then restores the original information bandwidth is achieved. 一个对于每个使用者的正交扩频编码序列的排列允许多用户在同一频带同时通信。 That allows multiple users to simultaneously communicate on the same frequency band are arranged orthogonal spreading codes for each user sequence.
在一个采用CDMA的蜂窝移动通信系统中,一组移动台分享同一频带。 In a cellular mobile communication system using the CDMA, a group of mobile stations share the same frequency band. 在从基站到移动台的通信中,期望的波形信号分量和包含在信号内的干扰信号分量经过相同的传播路径从同一基站全部到达移动台。 In the communication from the base station to the mobile station, a desired wave signal component and interference signal component included in the signal propagation through the same path from the same base station to all mobile stations. 例如,当一个呼叫移动台A和一个呼叫移动台B是同时由同一个基站发出时,移动台A接收到所期望呼叫它的波形信号SA同时接收到给移动台B的作为干扰波形信号SB的发送信号。 For example, when a calling mobile station A and a call to the mobile station B is at the same time the time of issue the same base station, the mobile station A to receive the desired call its wave signal SA is received while the mobile station B as interference wave signal SB send a signal. 然而,这些接收的信号分量SA和SB有同样的振幅特性,因为它们都是经过同一个从基站到移动台A的传输路径接收的,结果,在移动台的信号与干扰功率比(所需波形接收功率与干扰波形接收功率的比,后面简称"SIR")不管移动台处于何处都是固定的常数。 However, these received signal components SA and SB have the same amplitude characteristic, because they are received through the same transmission path from the base station to the mobile station A, as a result, the power of the mobile station signal to interference ratio (desired wave ratio of the received power to interference wave received power, henceforth abbreviated "SIR") regardless of where the mobile station is fixed at a constant.
然而,当移动台从一个特定的基站X接收一个所需波形信号以及从另一个基站Y接收一个干扰波形信号时,从基站X发送来的信号分量与从基站Y发送来的信号分量经过不同的传播路径到达移动台。 | -1.755493 | -1.928796 | -1.241115 | 0.35027 | [
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However, when the mobile station receives a desired wave signal from a particular base station X and receives an interference wave signal time from another base station Y, the signal transmitted from the base station X to the Y component and the signal component transmitted from a base station through different propagation path to the mobile station. 因此,这些信号分量的振幅特性也是不同的,所以位于蜂窝边界的移动台是大大地受来自另一个基站干扰波形信号的影响。 Accordingly, the amplitude characteristics of these signal components are different, the mobile station is located in cell boundary is greatly influenced by interference from another base waveform signal.
在这些情况下,对位于蜂窝边界的移动台通话质量的降低可以在基准功率上通过提高基站的发射功率来避免。 In these cases, reducing the call quality of the mobile station is located in cell boundary can be avoided by increasing the transmit power on the base station reference power. 类似地,对位于许多强信号多路可达到地点的移动台通话质量的降低还可以在基准功率上通过增加基站发射功率来避免。 Similarly, reducing a number of strong signals located multiplexer achievable quality of the mobile station places a call can also be avoided by increasing the transmit power on the base station reference power. 另一方面,基站发射功率必须减少到低于其它已有较好通话质量的移动台的基准发射功率,因为被其他正在与基站通信的移动台接收的干扰波形功率必须减少。 On the other hand, the base station transmit power must be reduced to below the reference transmit power of other existing better speech quality of the mobile station, because the power of other interference wave is received by the base station communicating with the mobile station must be reduced. 这些对基站发射功率控制的要求是为了在一个服务区内获得一致的通话质量。 These are in order to obtain uniform communication quality in a service area of the base station transmission power control requirements.
一个根据已有技术用于控制发射功率的方法例子公开在1991年IEEEVCT(57-62页),由A.萨尔梅斯(Salmasi)KS基尔郝森(Gilhousen)发表的论文"应用到数字蜂窝和个人通信系统网络的码分多址(CDMA)方面的系统设计"(On the System Design Aspects of Code DivisionMultiple Access Applied to Digital Cellular and PersonalCommunication Networks)。 An example of a method for controlling the transmission power according to the prior art disclosed in 1991 IEEEVCT (57-62 pages), published by Sal A. Metz (Salmasi) KS Kiel Hao Sen (Gilhousen) paper, "applied to the digital system CDMA cellular and personal communications system network (CDMA) terms "(On the system design aspects of Code DivisionMultiple Access Applied to Digital cellular and PersonalCommunication networks).
图1显示了一个上述论文中描述的用来控制基站发射功率的设备示意图。 Figure 1 shows a schematic view of a device for controlling the above paper base station transmission power as described. 这个设备包括一台发射机、一台接收机、和天线分支滤波器108。 This device comprises a transmitter, a receiver, and antenna branching filter 108. 该发射机由 | -1.815759 | -1.978933 | -1.284231 | 0.157768 | [
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] | 1,329,146 | 1,024 | C4 | 12 | 5 |
对通信信道1-N来讲的N个通信信道发射机101、导频信道发射机102、发射功率确定单元106、以及放大器107组成。 The transmitter by a communication channel in terms of 1-N N communication channel transmitters 101, pilot channel transmitter 102, transmitting power decision unit 106, and amplifier 107 components.
发射到移动台113的信号(前向发射信号)当该信号是语音信号时被输入到通信信道发射机101,而当该信号是导频信号时被输入到导频信道发射机102。 The signal transmitted to the mobile station 113 (forward transmission signals) when the signal is a speech signal is input to the communication channel transmitter 101, and when the signal is a pilot signal is input to the pilot channel transmitter 102. 在执行信息调制和频率变换到射频频率带宽后,每个各自的信道发射机101和102对应于目标移动台采用扩频编码扩频调制该频率变换的信号,并且输出这个结果。 After performing the information modulation and frequency conversion to a radio frequency bandwidth, each respective channel 102 and the transmitter 101 corresponding to the target mobile station to use the frequency conversion signal spreading-coded spread-spectrum modulation, and outputs the result. 这个由附加所有信道的输出信号而产生的信号然后输出到放大器107。 The output signal from the signal adding all the channels generated is then output to amplifier 107. 由放大器107放大的信号然后通过天线分支滤波器108发送到移动台113。 It is then transmitted to the mobile station 113 the signal amplified by the amplifier 107 through the antenna branching filter 108. 通信信道发射机101基于来自发射功率确定单元106(将在下面描述)报告的信息设置通信发射功率。 A communication channel transmitters 101 based on the transmission power determination unit 106 from the information provided in the communication transmission power reports (to be described below).
接收机由放大器109、对通信信道1-N来讲的N个通信信道接收机110、导频信道接收机111、以及质量判定单元112组成。 The receiver consists of amplifier 109, the communication of the N communication channels 1-N in terms of channel receivers 110, pilot channel receiver 111, and quality judging unit 112 components.
放大器109放大通过天线和天线分支滤波器接收来自移动台113的扩频调制射频信号。 Amplifier 109 amplifies the received spread spectrum modulated radio frequency signal from the mobile station 113 via the antenna and antenna branching filter. 通信信道接收机110和导频信道接收机111首先对由放大器109放大的射频信号进行解调扩频调制并且提取一个射频频带信号,然后变换该射频频率信号到基带信号,通过解调产生一个模拟信号并输出结果。 Communication channel receiver 110 and pilot channel receiver 111 | -2.144481 | -2.16874 | -1.715392 | -0.158298 | [
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-2.106130308339608
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] | 1,329,146 | 2,048 | C4 | 12 | 5 |
first pilot channel on a radio frequency amplified by the amplifier 109 and demodulates the signal and extracts a spread spectrum modulated radio frequency band signal, and then converts the radio frequency signal to a baseband signal, generated by demodulating an analog signal and outputs the result. 此外,通信信道接收机110解码附加到接收来自移动台113的射频信号的每个解码质量信息(信息表示从基站传输到移动台113的信号质量,即在移动台113测量的SIR),并且输出到质量判定单元112。 Furthermore, the communication channel to a receiver 110 receives the decoded additional information decoding quality for each mobile station 113 is a radio frequency signal (information indicating the quality of the signal transmitted from the base station to the mobile station 113, i.e., the SIR at the mobile station 113 measured), and the output from the the quality determination unit 112. 质量判定单元112根据此质量信息鉴别从基站传输到移动台113的信号质量并且通知发射功率确定单元106。 Quality judging unit 112 is transmitted from the base station 113 to the signal quality of the mobile station according to this identification information and the quality determination unit 106 notifies the transmission power. 发射功率确定单元106根据质量判定单元112报告的质量为移动台设置通信信道发射功率并且将每一个发射机设置到这个发射功率。 Transmitting power decision unit 106 based on the quality determination unit 112 reports the quality of the communication channel is provided for the mobile station and the transmission power of each transmitter arranged to transmit the power.
在一个依据这种结构的用来控制基站发射功率的设备中,一个基站的发射功率是基于移动台测量的SIR来控制的。 In a base station apparatus for controlling transmission power in accordance with such a configuration, a base station transmit power based on the measured SIR mobile station controlled. 当移动台测量的SIR低于一个参考值时,一个要增加发射功率的请求信号发送到基站。 When the mobile station measures SIR is lower than a reference value, a request to increase signal transmission power to the base station. 当所测量的SIR大于参考值时,一个要减少发射功率的请求信号发送到基站。 When the measured SIR is greater than the reference value, a request to decrease signal transmission power to the base station. 基站接收到这些请求信号并且由一个规定的控制步进功率或者增加或者减少发射功率,一个较小的值如0.5dB被作为控制步进功率。 The base station receives these request signals and a predetermined control by a stepping power or increase or decrease the transmission power, such as a smaller value as the control step power is 0.5dB. 控制被限制在一定的范围,例如相对参考功率的±6dB。 Control is limited to a certain range, for example ± 6dB relative to the reference power.
在该基站的总发射功率增加并达到一个上述已有技术控制基站发射功率的设备中的预定最大发射功率情况下,尽管来自移动台请求要�� | -1.89794 | -2.05414 | -1.416116 | 0.254019 | [
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�加发射功率的信号已发送,基站也不能根据移动台的要求增加功率,因为总发射功率将超出最大发射功率。 Increases and reaches a predetermined maximum transmit power of a case where the above-described prior art devices controlling base station transmission power in the total transmit power of the base station, although the request from the mobile station to increase the transmitting power of the signal has been sent, the mobile station nor the base station the request for additional power, because the total transmit power would exceed the maximum transmit power. 在发射功率不足的这样一种情况下,存在一个基站的发射信号波形被破坏的问题,因此,妨碍移动台信号正常解调并且引起通话质量的下降。 In such a case the transmission power is insufficient, there is a problem of the base station transmitting a signal waveform is destroyed, and thus interfere with the normal mobile station demodulates the signal and cause a decline in voice quality. 这些基站发射功率不足的情况趋向于发生在例如具有增加通信量的基站。 These base stations transmit power shortage tends to occur, for example, a base station with an increased traffic.
本发明的一个目的就是提供一个CDMA蜂窝系统中控制基站的发射功率的方法和设备,其能够在那些总基站发射功率增加而该基站不能发射移动台所需发射功率的情况下减少前向通话质量的降低。 An object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for CDMA transmission power control in a base station of a cellular system, which can increase call quality and to decrease if the base station before transmitting the mobile station is not required that the total transmission power in the base station transmission power reduced.
要达到上面期望的目标,在根据本发明的一个CDMA通信系统控制基站发射功率的方法中,从一组通信信道选取的一发射功率控制目标信道i的所需发射功率Pa(i)被算出。 To achieve the desired above objectives, the method of controlling base station transmission power in accordance with a CDMA communication system according to the present invention, selected from a group of the communication channel a transmission power control required transmission power of the target channel i Pa (i) is calculated. 这个期望的发射功率Pa(i)然后加到现行设置为通信信道j的发射功率Ptx(j),它们是与这个发射功率控制目标信道i不同的通信信道,并且这个和被作为总基站发射功率Ptotal。 This desired transmitting power Pa (i) and then added to the current set of communication channels j transmit power of Ptx (j), which is the transmission power control different object channel i a communication channel, and this, and is used as total base station transmitting power Ptotal.
总基站发射功率Ptotal然后与一个预定的最大总基站发射功率P max比较,并且当总基站发射功率Ptotal比最大总基站发射功率Pmax大时,总基站发射功率Ptotal被最大总基站发射功率Pmax除来计算不足发射功率的比值而找出一个功率减少比率Dt。 Total base station transmitting power | -1.974641 | -2.476728 | -1.545464 | 0.029 | [
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Ptotal is then P max is compared with a predetermined maximum total base station transmit power, and when the total base station power Ptotal Pmax greater than the maximum total transmitting power transmission, the total base station transmitting power Ptotal by the maximum total transmitting power Pmax in addition to calculating a ratio of insufficient transmission power and find a power reduction rate Dt.
用通过功率减少比率Dt来降低期望的发射功率Pa(i)所获得的值作为发射功率控制目标信道i的新的发射功率,并且通过采用功率减少比率Dt降低现行设置为每个现行通信信道j的每个发射功率Ptx(j)所获得的值作为每个通信信道j的新的发射功率。 Value by the power reduction rate Dt to reduce the desired transmitting power Pa (i) obtained as transmitting power control object channel i a new transmit power and the reduction rate Dt to reduce the current provided by a power of each active communication channel j for each value of the new transmit power of each communication channel j as the transmitting power of Ptx (j) obtained.
本发明允许总基站发射功率Ptotal通过用这个功率减少比率Dt减少每个通信信道j的发射功率而被控制以便不超过最大总发射功率Pmax。 The present invention allows the total base station transmitting power Ptotal by using the power reduction rate Dt to reduce each communication channel j of the transmit power is controlled so as not to exceed the maximum total transmitting power Pmax.
此外,在本发明的一个CDMA移动通信系统中,控制基站发射功率的另一种方法中,一信道从一组常规间隔的通信信道中被选为发射功率控制目标信道i;并且,在发射功率控制过程中更新每个通信信道发射功率的设置以致该发射功率控制目标信道i满足一规定的通话质量,用在先前处理过程中总发射功率的功率减少率存储为预先减少率Dt-1。 Further, in a CDMA mobile communication system according to the present invention, the base station transmits the control power of another method, a channel from a set of communication channels at regular intervals is selected as transmitting power control object channel I; and, in the transmission power update each communication channel control procedure in the transmission power is set such that the transmitting power control object channel i satisfies the call quality a predetermined, with the previous processing power reduction rate stored in the total transmitted power for the pre-reduction rate Dt-1.
对于通信信道j而不是发射功率控制目标信道i,通过将现行设置给每个通信信道的发射功率Ptx(j)作为先前发射功率控制过程的结果乘上先前减少率Dt-1获得的值作为这些通信信道j的先前发射功率输出。 For communication channels j rather than transmitting power control object channel i, by the current provided by the value of the previous reduction rate obtained Dt-1 to each communication channel transmitting power of Ptx (j) as a result of previously transmitted power control process as the j communication channel previously transmitted power output.
对于该发射功率控制目标信道i,当由先前减少率Dt-1的一个规定函数乘以所需发射功率获 | -2.002035 | -2.290503 | -1.545464 | 0.27483 | [
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] | 1,329,146 | 5,120 | C4 | 12 | 5 |
得值等于或小于每个信道特定最大发射功率Pmax-1ch时,这功率就是该信道i的暂时发射功率;当由先前减少率Dt-1的一个规定函数乘以所需发射功率获得值大于每个信道特定最大发射功率Pmax-1ch时,一个将每个信道特定最大发射功率Pmax-1ch用规定函数除所获得的值就是该信道i的暂时发射功率。 For the transmitting power control object channel i, when the previous reduction rate Dt-1 a predetermined function by multiplying desired transmitting power to obtain a value equal to or less per channel specified maximum transmitting power Pmax-1ch, that power is the channel i temporary transmit power; when the transmission power by the previous reduction rate Dt-1 is multiplied by a predetermined function of the desired value is obtained for each channel is greater than a specified maximum transmitting power Pmax-1ch, each channel is a specified maximum transmitting power Pmax-1ch provisional transmitting power by a predetermined function other obtained values is the channel i.
然后通过加上每个信道暂时的发射功率来计算总基站发射功率Ptotal,而功率减少比率Dt(它是基站总发射功率减少的比例)通过用特定最大发射功率Ptotal除以总基站发射功率Pmax来计算。 Then by adding the provisional transmitting power of each channel to calculate the total base station transmitting power Ptotal, and the power reduction rate Dt (which is the total base station transmit power reduction ratio) by dividing the total base station transmitting power Pmax by transmitting power Ptotal by a specified maximum calculation.
当总基站发射功率Ptotal比最大总发射功率Pmax大时,每个信道暂时的发射功率被功率减少比率Dt除,并且这个除过的发射功率设置为每个通信信道的新的发射功率。 When the total base station transmitting power Ptotal is greater than the maximum total transmitting power Pmax of, each channel transmit power is temporary power reduction rate Dt other, and this in addition to transmitting power through the new transmitting power of each communication channel. 当总基站发射功率Ptotal等于或小于最大总发射功率Pmax时,每个暂时的发射功率被先前的功率减少比率Dt-1除,并且这个除过的发射功率设置为每个通信信道新的发射功率。 When the total base station transmitting power Ptotal is equal to or less than the maximum total transmitting power Pmax, each provisional transmitting power of the previous power reduction rate Dt-1 in addition to, and this in addition to transmitting power through the new transmitting power of each communication channel .
在本发明的控制基站发射功率的方法中,已经由先前发射功率控制过程减少的每个各自通信信道的发射功率通过对发射功率在控制目标信道i用先前的功率减少比率Dt-1的规定函数来乘并且对通信信道j用先前的功率减少比率Dt-1来乘之前返回到减少前的发射功率 | -2.040386 | -2.362128 | -1.555609 | 0.165572 | [
-2.106130308339608,
-1.974641467155727
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-2.46240311314975,
-2.2618527120430616
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-1.6291599252033433,
-1.4820579457310556
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0.2280052031573137,
0.10313943028117528
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;然后这些发射功率形成暂时的发射功率;且这些暂时的发射功率用于实现发射功率的控制。 Transmit power for each respective communication channel in the control station transmission power of the method of the present invention, the power control process has been emitted by the previously reduced by a transmission power control object channel i reduce the use of previous power a predetermined function of the ratio Dt-1 is multiplies and communication channel j reduce return rate Dt-1 before is multiplied to the transmission power before the reduction with the previous power; then the transmission power of forming a temporary transmit power; and these provisional transmitting power for realizing the transmission power control .
从而,当总基站发射功率Ptotal不再超过最大总发射功率Pmax时,通过控制从而使每个通信信道的发射功率返回到它的原始值。 Thus, when the total base station transmitting power Ptotal no longer exceeds the maximum total transmitting power Pmax of, such that by controlling the transmission power of each communication channel is returned to its original value.
此外,根据本发明的一个CDMA移动通信系统中控制基站发射功率的另一种方法,先前的功率减少比率Dt-1的规定函数是一个通过先前的功率减少比率Dt-1自乘α幂的函数。 Further, another method of controlling base station transmission power in accordance with the present invention a CDMA mobile communication system, the prescribed function of the previous power reduction rate Dt-1 is a reduction rate Dt-1 raised to the α power of the power function by the previous .
在根据本发明的一个CDMA移动通信系统中控制基站发射功率的另一种方法中,计算出从一组通信信道中选择的发射功率控制目标信道i的所需发射功率Pa(i)被计算。 In another method of controlling transmission power of a base station in accordance with the present invention a CDMA mobile communication system, the computed control object channel i from the transmission power of the selected set of communication channels required for transmitting power Pa (i) is calculated.
然后通过所需发射功率Pa(i)加上现行设置给通信信道j的发射功率Ptx(j)计算总基站发射功率Ptotal,这些通信信道j不是发射功率控制目标信道i。 Then through the desired transmitting power Pa (i) plus the currently set to communication channels j of the transmit power of Ptx (j) calculating total base station transmitting power Ptotal, these communication channels j is not transmitting power control object channel i.
然后功率变换率Ct是一个通过用总基站发射功率Ptotal除以最大总发射功率Pmax而得出。 And power conversion rate Ct is derived by using a total base station transmitting power Ptotal by the maximum total transmitting power Pmax.
采用功率转换率Ct来变换所需的发射功率Pa(i)获得的值作为发射功率控制目标信道i的新的发射功率,并且用功率转换率Ct来变换现行设置为每个现行通信信道j的每个发射功率Ptx(j)获得的值作为每个通信信道j的新的发射功率。 Using power conversion rate Ct to transform the values required for transmitting power Pa (i) obtained as the transmission power control new transmit power of the target channel i, and with the power conversion rate C | -2.221183 | -2.519703 | -1.753436 | 0.129153 | [
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t to transform the current to each current communication channel j is each value of the transmission power of Ptx (j) obtained in each communication channel j as the new transmitting power.
在本发明控制基站发射功率的该方法中,总基站发射功率Ptotal的值总是等于用功率变换率乘设置发射功率得到的最大总发射功率Pmax。 In the method of the present invention to control the transmission power of the base station, the value of the total base station transmitting power Ptotal is always equal to the maximum total transmitting power Pmax by setting the transmission power obtained by the power conversion rate.
从而,来自基站的干扰量不再取决于传输量,因为总基站发射功率Ptotal总是常数,所以简化了基站设备的设计。 Thus, the amount of interference from the base station no longer depends on the amount of transmission, because the total base station transmitting power Ptotal is always constant, thus simplifying the design of the base station apparatus.
如上所述,当每个信道的所需发射功率被发射时,本发明具有避免基站的总发射功率超过利用总发射功率计算的最大发射功率的作用,并且具有当该总发射功率等于或大于基站的最大总发射功率时然后减少发射功率的作用。 As described above, when the required transmit power per channel is transmitted, the present invention has the effect of avoiding a total base station transmit power exceeds the maximum transmit power using the calculated total transmit power, and when the total transmit power with equal or greater than the base station then reduce the role of transmit power at maximum total transmit power.
图8为图解图7中用于控制一个基站发射功率的设备的工作流程图。 8 is a control flowchart illustrating a view of the working power of the base station transmitting device 7 for.
第一实施例首先描述的是参照附图根据本发明的第一实施例提出的关于一个CDMA移动通信系统中控制基站发射功率的一种方法。 First, a first embodiment is described about the embodiment is a method for a CDMA mobile communication system controls transmission power of a base station made in reference to the drawings according to a first embodiment of the present invention. 与图1中所示等效的组成元件用同样的参考编号表示。 Represented by the same reference numerals with the equivalent constituent elements shown in FIG.
这个实施例的发射功率控制器件包括一个发射机、一个接收机、和天线分支滤波器108。 This transmission power control device of this embodiment comprises a transmitter, a receiver, and antenna branching filter 108.
发射机包括一组通信信道发射机101、导频信道发射机102、总发射功率计算器103、比较器104、减少比率计算器105、发射功率确定单元106、以及放大器107。 The transmitter includes a set of communication channel transmitters 101, pilot channel transmitter 102, total transmitting power calculator 103, comparator 104, reduction rate calculator 105, transmitting power decision unit 106, and an amplifier 107. 接收机包括放大器109、 | -1.98012 | -2.233203 | -1.355246 | -0.038635 | [
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一组通信信道接收机110、导频信道接收机111、以及质量判定单元112。 The receiver includes an amplifier 109, a plurality of communication channel receivers 110, pilot channel receiver 111, and quality judging unit 112. 该发射机和接收机经由天线分支滤波器108和天线能够与一组移动台113通信。 The transmitter and receiver can communicate with a group of mobile stations 113 via an antenna 108 and antenna branching filter.
在本实施例的用于控制基站发射功率的设备与图1中已有技术用于控制基站发射功率的设备之间的不同点是具有总发射功率计算器103、比较器104、和减少比率计算器105等的结构,以及由发射功率确定单元106根据质量判定单元112的判定结果和减少比率计算器105的输出来确定通信信道发射功率。 In the apparatus for controlling transmission power of a base station in a prior art device for the differences between the base station transmission power control having a total transmitting power calculator 103 according to the present embodiment, comparator 104, and reduction rate computing structure 105 and the like, as well as determined by the transmission power determination unit 106 according to the result of the quality determination unit 112 and reduce the output ratio calculator 105 determines the communication channel transmission power.
总发射功率计算器103计算通信信道1-N的总发射功率。 Total transmitting power calculator 103 calculates the total transmitting power of communication channels 1-N is. 比较器104比较总发射功率计算器103计算的总发射功率与一个预先规定的值来确定基站发射功率是否足够(是否总发射功率大于预先规定的值)。 Total transmit power comparator 104 compares the total transmitting power calculator 103 calculates the value of a predetermined determining a base station transmission power is sufficient (whether or not the total transmitting power is greater than a predetermined value). 如果在比较器104确定为基站发射功率不够,减少比率计算器105就计算减少比率,减少比率是发射功率被减少的比例。 If the comparator 104 determines the base station transmit power is insufficient, reduction rate calculator 105 calculates a reduction ratio, the reduction rate is the ratio of the transmit power is reduced. 发射功率确定单元106利用减少比率计算器105计算的减少比率确定发射功率并复位所有通信信道发射机101的发射功率。 A transmission power determination unit 106 determines the transmission power and resets all communication channel transmitters 101 by transmitting power reduction rate calculated by reduction rate calculator 105.
接着描述的是根据本发明关于一个CDMA移动通信系统中用于控制基站发射功率的设备的操作。 Next described is based on the present invention a CDMA mobile communication system for controlling operation of the base station apparatus transmission | -2.084216 | -2.086371 | -1.431333 | 0.00949 | [
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] | 1,329,146 | 9,216 | C4 | 12 | 5 |
power.
在这些前向发射信号中,通信信号被输出到通信信道发射机101而导频信号被输出到导频信道发射机102。 In these forward transmission signals, communication signals are outputted to communication channel transmitters 101 and pilot signals are outputted to pilot channel transmitter 102. 在通信信道发射机101中,发射功率根据来自发射功率确定单元106的报告信息而被设置。 In the transmitter 101 in a communication channel, the information reporting unit 106 determines transmission power is set according to from the transmit power. 在每个信道发射机101和102进行模拟信号的调制、频率变换到射频频率带宽、以及扩频调制,一个由相加所有信道信号产生的信号输出到放大器107。 Analog signal at each channel transmitter 101 and modulation 102, frequency conversion to a radio frequency bandwidth, and spread-spectrum modulation, and outputs a signal generated by adding signals of all channels to the amplifier 107. 放大器107放大的信号经由天线分支滤波器108发送到移动台113。 An amplifier 107 amplifying a signal transmitted to the mobile station 113 via the antenna branching filter 108.
关于在每个通信信道发射机101设置的信息输出到总发射功率计算器103。 About 101 provided at each communication channel transmitter output to total transmitting power calculator 103. 总发射功率计算器103计算通信信道1-N的总发射功率,接下来这个已经由总发射功率计算器103计算的总发射功率输出到比较器104。 Total transmitting power calculator 103 calculates the total transmitting power of communication channels 1-N, followed by the total transmit power has been calculated by total transmitting power calculator 103 is output to the comparator 104. 比较器104将总发射功率与一个预先规定的基站最大总发射功率比较,并且通知该比较结果给减少比率计算器105。 Comparator 104 is compared with the total transmit power of the base station maximum total transmitting power of a predetermined, and notifies the comparison result to reduction rate calculator 105. 基于来自比较器104的比较结果,减少比率计算器105从总发射功率计算器103计算的总发射功率和预先规定的基站最大总发射功率中计算功率减少比率。 Based on the comparison result from the comparator 104, reduction rate calculator 105 calculates the total transmission power from the total base station transmitting power calculator 103 and the maximum total transmitting power of a predetermined power reduction rate calculated. 这个功率减少比率通知给发射功率确定单元106。 This power reduction rate is notified to transmitting power decision unit 106.
另一方面,经过天线分支滤波器108和放大器109从移动台113接收的信号输出到每个信道接收机 | -2.177353 | -2.297665 | -1.723001 | -0.269507 | [
-2.237619149523489,
-2.1170877117715983
] | [
-2.419428027198317,
-2.175902540140195
] | [
-1.7052471559648714,
-1.7407545303202512
] | [
-0.32998871938292995,
-0.20902500190917084
] | 1,024 | [
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110和111,并且进行解扩频调制、频率变换到基带信号、以及解调制。 On the other hand, via an antenna branching filter 108 and amplifier 109 outputs a signal received from the mobile station 113 to each channel receiver 110 and 111, and de-spread modulation, frequency conversion to a baseband signal, and demodulation. 在质量判定单元112,前向通信信道的质量信息从已经在每个接收机110解调的信号中提取,并且该结果通知给发射功率确定单元106。 In the quality judging unit 112, quality information of a communication channel to the front has been extracted from the demodulated signal in each receiver 110, and the result is notified to the transmission power determination unit 106. 发射功率确定单元106利用来自减少比率计算器105报告的功率减少比率和来自质量判定单元112报告的质量信息一起计算发射功率,并且通知每个通信信道发射机101。 A transmission power determination unit 106 using the power reduction rate from the reduction rate calculator 105 and reported from transmission power calculated with the quality judging unit 112 reports the quality information, and notifies each communication channel transmitter 101. 通信信道发射机的发射功率能够根据来自发射功率确定单元106的报告信息上下变化。 Information reporting unit 106 changes transmission power of down communication channel from the transmitter can be determined in accordance with transmission power.
本发明第一实施例的工作过程将参照图3在下面进行描述。 The working process of the first embodiment of the present invention 3 will be described below with reference to FIG.
在基站的发射功率确定单元106中,通信信道1-N的一个通信信道在固定的时间间隔被选择,并且该通信信道i的所需发射功率Pa(i)被确定(步骤A1)。 In the base station transmit power determination unit 106, a communication channel is a communication channel 1-N interval is selected at a fixed time, and the required transmit power of the communication channel i Pa (i) is determined (step A1). 这个所需发射功率被确定以致由质量判定单元112确定的前向通信信道的通话质量满足预定的通话质量。 This desired transmitting power is determined such that the speech quality unit 112 determines the current communication channel to meet the predetermined quality judging speech quality. 图3所示本实施例的过程是在一个固定时间间隔t上用于复位确定通信信道i的所需发射功率Pa(i)的发射功率的过程。 Procedure shown in FIG. 3 of the present embodiment is fixed at a time t determine the processes needed for resetting transmitting power of communication channel i Pa (i) of the transmit power interval. 每个通信信道j而不是信道i的发射功率Ptx(j)被通知给功率计算器103。 Each communication channel j in channel i rather than transmit power of Ptx (j) is notified to the power calculator 103. 并通知通信信道i的所需发射功率Pa(i)。 And notifies the communication channel i is | -2.095173 | -2.354965 | -1.578435 | -0.121879 | [
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desired transmitting power Pa (i). 总发射功率计算器103相加这些报告的发射功率并且计算总发射功率Ptotal(步骤A2)。 Total transmitting power calculator 103 by adding these reports transmission power and calculates the total transmitting power Ptotal is (step A2). 总发射功率Ptotal然后与基站通信信道的预定最大总发射功率Pmax在比较器104进行比较(步骤A3)。 Then the total transmit power Ptotal with a predetermined maximum total transmitting power Pmax of the communication channels the base station (Step A3) in the comparator 104. 当比较的结果满足下面方程式(1)时,即当由于基站的发射功率不足通信信道i的发射功率不能够设置到所需发射功率Pa(i)时,则减少比率计算器105计算减少率,它是发射功率不足的比例。 When the result of comparison satisfies the following equation (1), i.e. when the desired transmitting power Pa (i) because of insufficient transmission power of the base station transmitting power of communication channel i can not be set to, reduction rate calculator 105 calculates the reduction rate, it is a ratio of less transmit power.
通过这个不足功率比例来减少所有通信信道发射功率使总发射功率可控制在等于或低于最大值同时保持移动台113接收的信号-噪声功率比在同样的水平。 With this power ratio is insufficient to reduce the transmitting power of all communication channels can be controlled so that the total transmission power at or below the maximum value while maintaining the mobile station 113 receives the signal - noise power ratio at the same level. 该发射功率减少比率Dt可以用下面方程式(2)得出(步骤A4):Dt=Ptotal/Pmax..................(2)此外,在基站发射功率满足下面方程式(3)的情况下,该功率减少比率Dt就变成1并且发射功率不需要减少(步骤A5)。 The transmitting power reduction rate Dt can use the following equation (2) yields (Step A4): Dt = Ptotal / Pmax .................. (2) Further, in the base station a case where the transmission power satisfies the following equation (3), the power reduction rate Dt becomes 1 and need not reduce the transmission power (step A5).
Ptotal<Pmax.....................(3)在减少比率计算器105计算的功率减少比率Dt通知给发射功率确定单元106。 Ptotal <Pmax ..................... (3) reduction rate Dt notification determination unit 106 to the transmission power reduction rate calculator 105 calculates power. 发射功率确定单元106计算每个通信信道的发射功率(步骤A6)。 A transmission power determination unit calculates each communication channel transmission power (step A6) 106. 如下面方程式(4)所示,通信信道i的发射功率Ptx(i)被确定为一个由用所需发射功率Pa(i)除以功率减少比率Dt获得的值。 The following equation (4), the transmitting | -2.062301 | -2.193809 | -1.370463 | 0.157768 | [
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] | 1,329,146 | 12,288 | C4 | 12 | 5 |
power of communication channel i of Ptx (i) is a value determined transmit power Pa (i) divided by the power reduction rate Dt obtained by the desired use.
Ptx(i)=Pa(i)/Dt..................(4)如果j表示所有通信信道而不是通信信道i,通信信道j的发射功率P tx(j)被确定为一个由用发射功率Pa(j)除以功率减少比率Dt获得的值,如下面方程式(5)所示:Ptx(j)=Pa(j)/Dt..................(5)在每个通信信道发射机101设定的发射功率被更新为发射功率确定单元106确定的值。 Ptx (i) = Pa (i) / Dt .................. (4) If j represents all communication channels instead of communication channel i, j is a communication channel transmit power P tx (j) is determined as a value reduced by the ratio of emitter power Pa (j) divided by the power Dt obtained as the following equation (5): Ptx (j) = Pa (j) / Dt ... ............... (5) at each communication channel transmitter 101 is updated transmit power set value determination unit 106 determines to transmit power.
利用上述的过程,所有通信信道的发射功率都能够以等于发射功率不足的比例的比率相等地减少,从而保证减少从一个具有不足功率基站发射的前向发送信号通话质量的降低。 The ratio of the above-described process, the transmitting power of all communication channels can be equal to the rate of low emission power equally reduced, thereby ensuring to reduce the forward transmission signal reducing the speech quality from a base station having insufficient power transmitted.
下面用一个实际例子的数值对这个实施例的工作进行描述。 The following working examples describe embodiments of this numerical example of a practical.
图4显示出基站和移动台结构的例子。 4 shows an example of a configuration of the base station and the mobile station. 参看图4,这个实施例的CDMA移动通信系统包括基站201和202以及移动台203、204、205、206、和207。 Referring to Figure 4, the CDMA mobile communication system of an embodiment comprises a base station 201 and mobile stations 203,204,205,206 and 202, and 207. 基站201与移动台203、204、205和206相连,并且假设基站201与每个移动台利用通信信道208,209,210和211通信。 Connected to base station 201 and the mobile station 203, 204 and 206, 211 and assume the base station 201 using the communication channels 208, 209, and a communication with each mobile station. 基站202与移动台207相连并且利用通信信道212通信。 The base station 202 and the mobile station 207 is connected to the communication using the communication channel 212.
现在描述的是关于一种通信信道208的所需发射功率Pa(i)设置在发射功率控制所进行的有规律隔开的时间点上的情况。 There is now described the case where the time points spaced law relates to a communications channel 208 to the desired transmitting power Pa (i) is provided in the transmission power control is performed.
紧 | -1.952727 | -2.011165 | -1.217021 | 0.043308 | [
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接通信信道208的发射功率控制的通信信道208-211的发射功率值如下表所示,而基站201的最大总通信信道发射功率是100.0毫瓦。 Immediately after the communication channel transmission power 208 of the communication control channel transmission power values 208-211 in the table below, and the base station communication channel maximum total transmitting power of 201 mW was 100.0.
在这种情况下,当通信信道208的满足目标通话质量时的所需发射功率是20.00毫瓦(图3,步骤A1),于是在总发射功率计算器103获得的通信信道总发射功率是110.0毫瓦(步骤A2),因此总发射功率超过基站201的100.0毫瓦最大总发射功率(步骤A3)。 In this case, when the communication channel 208 satisfies the target speech quality of the transmit power required is 20.00 mW (FIG. 3, Step A1), then the total transmit power of the communication channel total transmitting power calculator 103 is obtained 110.0 mW (step A2), so that the total emission maximum total transmitting power 100.0 mw (step A3) exceeds the power of the base station 201. 功率减少比率是在减少比率计算器105计算(步骤A4),并且算出功率减少比率Dt=110/100=1.1。 Power reduction rate is calculated at reduction rate calculator 105 (Step A4), and calculates the power reduction rate Dt = 110/100 = 1.1. 在发射功率确定单元106复位的每个通信信道的新发射功率显示在表2中(步骤A6)。 Display new transmission power in transmission power determining unit 106 of each communication channel reset in Table 2 (Step A6).
在假定所需发射功率Pa(i)被设置为发射功率控制目标信道i的发射功率时这实施例计算总基站发射功率Ptotal,然后如果这个值超过了最大总发射功率Pmax就用一个采用功率减少率Dt的固定比例减少所有通信信道的发射功率,因此防止基站发射功率超过最大总发射功率Pmax。 When assumed that the desired transmitting power Pa (i) is provided to transmit power control object channel i a transmission power which embodiment calculates the total base station transmitting power Ptotal, and if the value exceeds the maximum total transmitting power Pmax to use a use a power reduction fixed ratio Dt proportionally reduced transmitting power of all communication channels, thus preventing the base station transmit power exceeds the maximum total transmitting power Pmax.
而且在这实施例中,尽管对于发射功率控制目标信道i的发射功率设置是一个低于所需发射功率Pa(i)的值,来自同一区内的干扰量还是减少了,因为其它通信信道的发射功�� | -2.182832 | -2.269015 | -1.596189 | 0.021196 | [
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] | 1,329,146 | 14,336 | C4 | 12 | 5 |
�是用同样比例减少的。 Also in this embodiment, although the transmit power for the transmission power control object channel i is provided is lower than a desired value of the transmission power Pa (i), the amount of interference from the same region or decreased, because of other communication channels the transmission power is reduced by the same proportion. 因此,信号-干扰功率比(SIR)的降低是不重要的。 Thus, the signal - to reduce interference power ratio (SIR) is not significant. 第二实施例下面参考相应附图描述本发明的第二实施例。 Second Embodiment Next a second embodiment described with reference to the accompanying drawings of the present invention.
图5是一个本发明第二实施例的方框图。 FIG 5 is a block diagram of a second embodiment of the present invention. 用于控制图5中基站发射功率的设备与图2中第一实施例的不同点是附加一组提供给每个通信信道1-N的功率乘法器301、一些分别连接到每个功率乘法器301的比较器302、减少比率计算器303、以及减少比率存储单元304;而用发射功率确定单元305代替了发射功率确定单元106。 5 differs from the control apparatus and a base station for transmitting power in FIG. 2 of the first embodiment is additionally provided to set the power of each communication channel multipliers 301 1-N, the number of multipliers respectively connected to each of the power 301, comparator 302, reduction rate calculator 303, and reduction rate storage unit 304; and a transmission power determining unit 305 in place of a transmission power determination unit 106. 发射功率确定单元305不同于发射功率确定单元106,即在发射功率确定中根据质量判定单元112、减少比率计算器303、减少比率存储单元304、以及比较器302的输出来确定发射功率。 A transmission power determination unit 305 is different from the transmission power determination unit 106, i.e., the quality determination unit 112 determines the transmission power, reduction rate calculator 303, the output reduction ratio storage unit 304, and a comparator 302 to determine the transmit power.
在这个实施例中,减少比率存储单元304被提供用于存储由减少比率计算器303计算的功率减少比率用于计算在下一个通信信道的功率减少比率。 In this embodiment, reduction rate storage unit 304 is provided for storing the power reduction calculator 303 calculates a reduction ratio of a next communication channels used to calculate the power ratio reduction rate.
功率乘法器301接收设置在通信信道发射机101的发射功率信息并且用来自减少比率存储单元304的先前功率减少率乘这些值。 The multiplier 301 receives power is provided a communication channel transmission power information transmitter 101 and the passenger from the previous power reduction rate storage unit 304 to reduce the rate of these values. 该乘完的功率输出到比� | -2.188311 | -2.440916 | -1.766117 | -0.224633 | [
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] | 1,329,146 | 15,360 | C4 | 12 | 5 |
��器302。 After the power output by the comparator 302. 比较器302比较这乘过的功率与现行每个通信信道的预定最大发射功率。 Comparator 302 compare the multiplied power with a predetermined current maximum transmission power of each communication channel. 这些对应通信信道从每个比较器302输出的功率在总发射功率计算器103相加来计算总发射功率。 These correspond to the communication channels to calculate the total transmit power of each power output by the comparator 302 are added at total transmitting power calculator 103.
比较器104比较这个总发射功率与基站的现行最大发射功率,并且将比较的结果通知给减少比率计算器303。 Comparator 104 compares this total transmitting power with the current maximum transmit power of the base station, and the comparison result to reduction rate calculator 303. 减少比率计算器303计算通信信道的功率减少率,并且这功率减少率通知给发射功率确定单元305及减少比率存储单元304。 Reducing the power ratio calculator 303 calculates the reduction rate of the communication channel, and this power reduction rate is notified to transmitting power decision unit 305 and reduction rate storage unit 304. 发射功率确定单元305利用来自减少比率计算器303的功率减少率与来自质量判定单元112的质量信息、来自减少比率存储单元304的先前功率减少率、以及从比较器302输出的功率一起计算发射功率,并且通知每个通信信道发射机101。 A transmission power determination unit 305 from the reduction rate calculator using the power reduction rate storage unit 303 and the ratio of the previous power reduction rate, and a calculation with the power from the comparator 302 outputs the transmission power information from the mass determination by mass unit 112, 304 is reduced from , and notifies each communication channel transmitter 101.
下面参考图6对本实施例的工作过程进行描述。 Referring to FIG. 6 operation of this embodiment will be described.
基站的发射功率确定单元305在有规律的时间间隔上确定通信信道的所需发射功率Pa(i)(步骤A1)。 Base station transmit power determination unit 305 determines a communication channel at regular time intervals desired transmitting power Pa (i) (step A1). 这个所需发射功率Pa(i)是被作为根据质量判定单元112判定的通信信道通话质量用以满足前向通信信道的现行目标通话质量的功率来计算的。 This desired transmitting power Pa (i) is as according to the quality determination unit 112 determines a communication channel for the current call quality speech quality target power forward communication channel satisfies calculated.
图6所示的工作过程是在一个有规律时间间隔t上确定通信信道i的所需发射功率Pa(i)的发射功率控制过程。 Working process shown in | -2.144481 | -2.261853 | -1.542928 | -0.114075 | [
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] | 1,329,146 | 16,384 | C4 | 12 | 5 |
FIG. 6 is a determining required transmit power of communication channel i Pa (i) of the transmit power control procedure on the law of the time interval t.
每个通信信道发射机101报告有关发射功率信息给对应的功率乘法器301。 Each communication channel transmitter 101 to report information about the transmission power corresponding to a power multiplier 301. 功率乘法器301用在时刻t-1计算出和来自减少比率存储单元304的减少比率Dt-1乘在现行时刻t来自每个发射机101的发射功率Pt。 Power multiplier 301 for use in calculating the time t-1 and t transmit power Pt 101 from reduction rate storage unit 304 of the reduction rate Dt-1 at the current time by from each transmitter. 在这种情况下,时刻t-1是被先前执行的发射功率控制过程的时间。 In this case, time t-1 is the time of the transmission power control process is previously performed. 对于通信信道i和通信信道j(j表示除i之外的任何通信信道),用先前减少比率Dt-1乘发射功率Pt的过程在分开的程序中执行。 For communication channel i and communication channel j (j represents any communication channel other than i), and with the previous reduction rate Dt-1 the process of multiplying transmitting power Pt is performed in a separate program.
如下面方程式(6)所示,对于通信信道i,在功率倍乘器301,所需发射功率Pa(i)用先前减少比率Dt-1的α幂乘,即Dt-1α。 The following equation (6), for communication channel i, the power multiplier 301, the desired transmitting power Pa (i) by the previous reduction rate Dt-1 is a power of α, i.e., Dt-1α.
Pa(i)×Dt-1α.......................(6)其中α是范围0≤α≤1的值,因此,当α是0时Dt-1α变成为1,而当α是1时Dt-1α变成为Dt-1。 Pa (i) × Dt-1α ....................... (6) where α is a value in the range 0≤α≤1, so when α Dt-1α is 0 becomes 1, and when α is 1 Dt-1α becomes Dt-1. 所以Dt-1α是一个范围1≤Dt-1α≤Dt-1的值。 Therefore Dt-1α is a range of values of 1≤Dt-1α≤Dt-1.
对于通信信道i在比较器302,功率乘法器301的计算结果与每信道最大发射功率Pmax-1ch相比较(步骤B1)。 For communication channel i in the comparator 302, the calculation result of power multiplier 301 and the maximum channel transmission power per channel Pmax-1ch compared (step B1). 当功率乘法器301的计算结果大时,对于通信信道i比较器302改变所需发射功率Pa(i)到下面方程式(7)所示的值(步骤B2):Pa(i)=Pmax-1ch/Dt-1α............(7)对于通信信道i比较器302然后输出一个用Dt-1α乘Pa(i)所得的值到总发 | -2.155439 | -2.057721 | -1.340028 | 0.339864 | [
-2.139002518635578,
-2.1718747289315483
] | [
-1.9825146533587454,
-2.1329274541887617
] | [
-1.2639412175480085,
-1.4161156790710647
] | [
0.2592216463763483,
0.42050660300802717
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] | 1,329,146 | 17,408 | C4 | 12 | 5 |
射功率计算器103作为暂时的发射功率。 When a large power calculation result of the multiplier 301 for communication channel i comparator 302 changes the value of the desired transmitting power Pa (i) to the following equation (7) (Step B2): Pa (i) = Pmax-1ch /Dt-1α............(7) for communication channel i then comparator 302 outputs a value obtained by multiplying Pa (i) by Dt-1α to total transmitting power calculator 103 as a temporary It transmits power. 当功率乘法器301的计算结果小时,对于通信信道i比较器302对于通信信道i的功率乘法器301的计算结果输出到总发射功率计算器103,即Pa(i)×Dt-1α,作为暂时的没有改变的发射功率。 When the calculation result of power multiplier 301 hours, for communication channel i comparator 302 outputs the calculation result of power multiplier for communication channel i 301 to the total transmitting power calculator 103, i.e., Pa (i) × Dt-1α, as a temporary It does not change the transmission power.
至于通信信道j,对于通信信道j功率乘法器301用如下方程式(8)所示的先前减少率Dt-1乘上Ptx(j),Ptx(j)是通信信道j的发射功率,并且使此暂时发射功率成为:Ptx(j)×Dt-1..........................(8)对于通信信道j比较器302输出没有改变的由功率倍乘器301计算的功率到总发射功率计算器103作为暂时的发射功率。 As to communication channels j, for communication channels j power multiplier 301 by the following equation (8) of the previous reduction rate Dt-1 is multiplied by Ptx (j), Ptx (j) is a communication channel j of the transmit power, and so this be the provisional transmitting power: Ptx (j) × (8) output Dt-1 .......................... for communication channels j comparator 302 not changed by the power multiplied times 301 calculates the total transmitting power to the power calculator 103 as the provisional transmitting power.
总发射功率计算器103通过对所有通信信道的暂时发射功率求和计算总发射功率Ptotal(步骤B3),并且总发射功率Ptotal在比较器104与预定基站通信信道最大总发射功率Pmax比较(步骤A3)。 Total transmitting power calculator 103 by the provisional transmitting power of all communication channels are summed to calculate the total transmitting power Ptotal (Step B3), and total transmitting power Ptotal in comparator 104 with a predetermined base station communication channel maximum total transmitting power Pmax (Step A3 ). 当比较器104的比较结果符合下面方程式(9)所示的关系时,即,当基站的发射功率不足时,功率不足比率的发射功率减少率Dt被在减少比率计算器303计算出(步骤A4)。 When the comparison result of the comparator 104 shown in compliance with the following equation (9) relationship, i | -2.314321 | -2.304828 | -1.786407 | 0.053713 | [
-2.2704913598194594,
-2.35815058727538
] | [
-2.2475276833925837,
-2.3621279125964056
] | [
-1.7813343867263993,
-1.7914793508279365
] | [
0.07192298706214066,
0.03550380330660029
] | 1,024 | [
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29929,
29897,
9443,
29892,
474
] | 1,329,146 | 18,432 | C4 | 12 | 5 |
.e., when there is insufficient transmission power of the base station, transmitting power reduction rate Dt is the power ratio is less than the calculated reduction rate calculator 303 (Step A4 ). 用于计算通信信道的发射功率减少率Dt的方程式显示在方程式(10)中。 The equation for calculating the communication channel transmitting power reduction rate Dt is shown in Equation (10).
Ptotal>Pmax....................(9)Dt=Ptotal/Pmax.................(10)此外,当比较器104的比较结果符合下面方程式(11)所示的关系时,即,当基站的发射功率足够时,发射功率减少率Dt由先前时刻t-1时功率减少率Dt-1代替,如方程式(12)所示(步骤B4)。 Ptotal> Pmax .................... (9) Dt = Ptotal / Pmax ................. (10 when) Further, when the comparison result of the comparator 104 satisfies the relationship shown in equation (11) below, i.e., the base station when the transmission power is sufficient, transmitting power reduction rate Dt by the time of the previous time t-1 the power reduction rate Dt-1 instead of, as in equation (12) shown in (step B4).
这个在减少比率计算器303计算的功率减少率然后存储在减少率存储单元304。 The reduction rate calculator 303 calculates the power reduction rate and the reduction rate stored in the storage unit 304. 发射功率确定单元106计算每个通信信道的发射功率(步骤A6)。 A transmission power determination unit calculates each communication channel transmission power (step A6) 106. 通信信道i的发射功率Ptx(i)首先用先前t-1时刻的功率减少比率Dt-1自乘α幂再乘上所需发射功率Pa(i)然后再除以功率减少比率Dt得出,如下面方程式(13)所示:Ptx(i)=Pa(i)×Dt-1α/Dt..........(13)通信信道j的发射功率Ptx(j)首先用先前t-1时刻的功率减少比率Dt-1乘上发射功率Ptx(j)然后再除以功率减少比率Dt得出,如下面方程式(14)所示(步骤B5)。 Transmitting power of communication channel i of Ptx (i) first with a previous time t-1 the power reduction rate Dt-1 is raised to the α power and then multiplying the desired transmitting power Pa (i) and then divided by power reduction rate Dt stars, the following equation (13): Ptx (i) = Pa (i) × Dt-1α / Dt .......... (13) j communication channel transmitting power of Ptx (j) first with previously t-1 the power reduction rate Dt-1 the time multiplied by the transmitting power Ptx (j) and then divided by power reduction rate Dt derived as the following equation (14) (step B5).
Ptx(j)×Dt-1/Dt.....................................(14)本实施例的特点是在t时刻功率减少率Dt的计算中采用先前t-1时刻的功率减少率Dt-1。 Ptx (j) × Dt-1 / D | -2.078737 | -2.057721 | -1.19039 | 0.293039 | [
-2.139002518635578,
-2.018471080883687
] | [
-2.0254897393101787,
-2.0899523682373284
] | [
-1.0661144175680355,
-1.3146660380556938
] | [
0.311249051741406,
0.2748298679858656
] | 1,024 | [
512,
512
] | [
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] | 1,329,146 | 19,456 | C4 | 12 | 5 |
t ..................................... (14) features of the present embodiment is employed in the calculation of the power reduction rate Dt previously at time t t-1 the power reduction rate of the time Dt-1. 在上面第一实施例描述中,通信信道j(而不是所需发射功率计算的目标通信信道)的发射功率每次在基站的发射功率不足时重复降低,并且即使当总基站发射功率Ptotal不超过最大Pmax时该发射功率也不回到原始水平。 Transmit power in the first embodiment described above, the communication channel j (instead of the desired target communication channel transmission power calculation) decreases at each repetition of the base station transmission power is insufficient, and even when the total base station transmitting power Ptotal does not exceed Pmax the maximum transmission power is not back to the original level. 通信信道j的发射功率连续减少直到这个通信信道变成所需发射功率计算的目标为止(步骤A1),所以该发射功率在该通信信道变成目标信道之前立即达到一个最小值。 J is a communication channel transmitting power continuously decreases until the communication channel becomes a target of the desired transmitting power calculation (step A1), so that the transmitting power of the communication channel becomes a minimum is reached immediately before the target channel.
作为一个例子,通信信道i的发射功率在先前t-1时刻点受到控制后是最小。 As an example, the transmitting power of communication channel i at the previous time point t 1-under control is minimal. 这个现象造成基于通话质量的每个通信信道的所需发射功率的计算的固定时间间隔周期的延长,即发射功率控制周期。 This phenomenon has created a fixed extension of the calculated time required for transmission power of each communication channel quality of the call based on the interval period, i.e., transmission power control period. 然而在这个实施例中,在所需发射功率的计算中,通过用先前t-1时刻点的功率减少率Dt-1乘上通信信道j的发射功率Ptx(j)所获得的值能够在当总基站发射功率减少到比先前t-1时刻少时控制每个通信信道的发射功率在减少前回到原始发射功率。 However, in this embodiment, the required transmission power calculation, the value obtained by Dt-1 is multiplied by the communication channel j of the transmit power of Ptx (j) with previously t 1-time point power reduction rate obtained possible when to reduce the total base station transmitting power than the previous time t-1 is small controls each communication channel transmitting power back to the original transmitting power before reduction.
然而,利用一个通过发射功率Ptx(j)乘上先前功率减少率Dt-1获得的值,导致一个对通信信道i采用其中干扰波形功率增加的值的计算,结果通信信道i的所需发射功率Pa(i)必须以干扰波形功率增加的比例增加。 However, the use of a multiplied value of the previous power reduction rate Dt-1 obtained by the transmitting power Ptx (j), resulting in a use of the calculated value wherein the interference wave power is increased for communication channel i, desired | -1.892461 | -2.326315 | -1.563218 | 0.162971 | [
-1.843152625971846,
-1.9417692568597567
] | [
-2.161577511489717,
-2.4910531704507055
] | [
-1.3552458944618422,
-1.7711894226248623
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0.18638327886526757,
0.13955861403671566
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] | 1,329,146 | 20,480 | C4 | 12 | 5 |
result transmitting power of communication channel i Pa (i) must be increased to increase interference wave power ratio. 对通信信道i的Dt是用Dt-1α乘上所需发射功率Pa(i)来计算。 Dt communication channel i is multiplied by the desired transmitting power Pa (i) is calculated with Dt-1α. 系数α没有限制为一个固定值,而是一个能够适应于环境或服务时间传输量而变化的值。 Coefficient α is not limited to a fixed value, but a value can be adapted to the environment or the amount of service time transmission varies.
下面描述的是关于采用一个实际例子值的本实施例的工作。 Described below is a practical example of using the work on the value of the present embodiment. 在这个描述中,参照同样用于第一实施例的图4。 In this description, reference is also used for the first embodiment of FIG. 4.
下面将对这样一种情况进行解释,即在执行均匀间隔的发射功率控制时来确定通信信道208的所需发射功率Pa(i)。 The following will explain a case, i.e., when performing the transmission power control is determined uniformly spaced communication channel 208 is desired transmitting power Pa (i).
假设,紧接先前通信信道208发射功率控制的通信信道208-211的每个发射功率是下表3显示的值,基站201的最大总通信信道发射功率是100.0毫瓦,而每通信信道最大发射功率是50.0毫瓦,以及系数α是0.5。 Suppose, a communication channel immediately previous communication channel 208 per transmission power control of the transmission power value is 208-211 shown in Table 3, the base station communication channel maximum total transmitting power 100.0 201 milliwatts, while the emission maximum for each communication channel power is 50.0 mW, and the coefficient α is 0.5. 此外,在先前时刻t-1的功率减少率Dt-1是假设为1.20。 Further, in the previous time t-1 the power reduction rate Dt-1 is assumed to be 1.20.
允许通信信道208满足目标质量的所需发射功率假设是15.0毫瓦(步骤A1)。 It allows communication channel 208 satisfies the target quality of transmit power required is 15.0 mW assuming (step A1). 因为用先前时刻的功率减少比率1.20自乘α幂乘上所需发射功率获得值16.4是小于50毫瓦的每信道最大发射功率(步骤B1),基站201的总通信信道发射功率接下来被计算(步骤B3)。 Since the previous power reduction rate with time is raised to the α power of 1.20 multiplying desired transmitting power to obtain maximum transmitting power per channel (step B1) is less than the value of 16.4 is 50 mW, the base station 201 of the communication channel total transmitting power is next calculated (step B3). 在总发射功率计算器103获得的总通信信道发射功率是1 | -2.171875 | -2.11144 | -1.52137 | 0.134356 | [
-1.974641467155727,
-2.36910799070737
] | [
-1.8607519098296845,
-2.3621279125964056
] | [
-1.154882853456485,
-1.8878565097925388
] | [
0.3840874192524868,
-0.11537567225206699
] | 1,024 | [
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12.43毫瓦,它超过了基站201的最大总发射功率,既100.0毫瓦(步骤A3)。 The total transmit power a communication channel total transmitting power calculator 103 is 112.43 mw obtained, which exceeds the maximum total transmitting power of base station 201, both 100.0 mw (Step A3). 然后减少比率计算器303计算功率减少率Dt(步骤A4)并且获得一个1.12的功率减少率。 Reduction rate calculator 303 then calculates the power reduction rate Dt (Step A4) and obtains a power reduction rate of 1.12. 每个通信信道的新发射功率由发射功率确定单元305复位变成表4显示的值(步骤B5)。 The new transmitting power of each communication channel determined by the transmission power becomes the reset unit 305 (step B5) shown in Table 4.
如在上面第一实施例所述,本实施例通过用一致的功率减少率Dt减少所有通信信道的发射功率防止基站发射功率超过最大总发射功率Pmax。 As in the first embodiment above, the present embodiment prevents the base station transmit power exceeds the maximum total transmitting power Pmax by using the same transmission power reduction rate Dt to reduce the power of all communication channels. 此外,本实施例用先前功率减少率Dt-1自乘α幂乘上发射功率控制目标信道i的发射功率以及用先前功率减少率Dt-1乘上通信信道j的发射功率来实现发射功率控制,因此已经由前述发射功率控制减少的每个通信信道发射功率返回到减少以前的值,使这些值为暂时发射功率,然后使用这些暂时发射功率。 Furthermore, this embodiment with the previous power reduction rate Dt-1 raised to the α power multiplied by the transmission power control transmit power target channel i and Dt-1 transmit power multiplied by a communication channel j by the previous power reduction rate to achieve the transmission power control each communication channel, and therefore has been controlled by the transmit power is reduced to reduce the transmission power is returned to the previous value, so that these values the provisional transmitting power, and then using these provisional transmitting power. 本实施例因此通过返回每个通信信道的发射功率到它在总基站发射功率Ptotal不会超过最大总发射功率Pmax情况下的原始值来实现控制。 The present embodiments are therefore to its total base station transmitting power Ptotal in each communication channel through a return to the original transmit power does not exceed the maximum value of total transmitting power Pmax case to achieve control. 第三实施例接下来描述的是参照附图关于本发明的第三实施例。 Third Embodiment Next is described a third embodiment of the present invention on reference to the drawings. 图7是一个显示根据本发明第三实施例用于控制一个基站发射功率的设备的方框图。 FIG 7 is a display device | -2.23214 | -2.390778 | -1.928436 | -0.049041 | [
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according to a third embodiment of the present invention is a block diagram of a base station transmitting device for controlling the power. 等效于图2的组成元件用同样参考编号表示。 FIG 2 is equivalent to the constituent elements represented by the same reference numerals.
本实施例的发射功率控制装置与图2所示根据第一实施例的发射功率控制装置之间的差别在于去除了比较器104和用变换率计算器401替代了减少比率计算器105。 A transmission power control apparatus according to the present embodiment and the embodiment shown in Figure 2 in that in addition to the comparator 104 and a calculator 401 instead of the conversion rate of reduction rate calculator 105 in accordance with a transmission power difference between the means of control of the first embodiment.
总发射功率计算器103计算通信信道的总发射功率Ptotal和输出这个计算结果给变换率计算器401。 Total transmitting power calculator 103 calculates the total transmitting power Ptotal of the communication channels and outputs the calculation result to the conversion rate calculator 401. 变换率计算器401计算通信信道的功率变换率Ct并且将该计算的功率变换率Ct通知给发射功率确定单元106。 Power conversion rate conversion rate calculator 401 calculates the communication channel and the power conversion rate Ct is Ct calculated notified to transmitting power decision unit 106.
下面参照图8描述本实施例的工作过程。 Figure 8 depicts the operation of this embodiment below with reference to embodiments.
Ct=Ptotal/Pmax...............(15)当总发射功率Ptotal比最大总发射功率Pmax大时功率变换率Ct变成比1大或者等于1的一个值,而当总发射功率Ptotal比最大总发射功率Pmax小时功率变换率Ct变成比1小或者等于1的一个值。 Ct = Ptotal / Pmax ............... (15) when the total transmit power Ptotal is greater than the maximum total transmitting power Pmax power conversion rate Ct becomes greater than or equal to a 1 1 value, and when the ratio of the total transmit power Ptotal becomes the maximum total transmitting power Pmax hour power conversion rate Ct is equal to or smaller than a value of 11. 在功率变换率Ct比1大的情况下每个通信信道的功率因此设置为一个比暂时功率小的值,而在功率变换率Ct比1小的情况下每个通信信道的功率因此设置为一个比暂时功率大的值。 In large power conversion rate Ct than a case where each communication channel power thus set to a smaller than the provisional power value, and in power conversion rate Ct ratio of each communication channel at a small, the power thus set to a a value greater than the temporary power.
在变换率计算器401计算的功率变换率Ct通知给发射功率确定单元106。 In the conversion rate calculator 401 calculates power conversion rate Ct is notified to transmitting power decision unit 106. 发射功率确定单元106用下面方程式(15)计算来确定通信信道i的发射功率Ptx(i)(步 | -2.19379 | -2.154415 | -1.441478 | 0.075825 | [
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7508,
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29875,
5033,
233,
176,
168
] | 1,329,146 | 23,552 | C4 | 12 | 5 |
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