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Tag: Pre-registration Resitters: The forgotten pre-registration pharmacist cohort In response to the following article: GPhC announce results of provisionally-registered pharmacist survey Dear PIP editor, I have a family member who has been affected by the delay of the pre-registration exam. He sat the exam last year and failed by only a couple of marks in the calculations part of the exam. The outcome of this exam may have been impacted by unexpected personal issues in his life just before the exam itself. He was very hopeful to be sitting the exam again this year and had invested more time into preparing for this only to find out it had been postponed. Unlike the rest of the pre-registration pharmacists, he was unable to be provisionally registered due to failing a part of the exam by a couple of marks. This has not only set him back but also really affected his mental health knowing many other people is his position were practising and he was unable to with no clear date and answer as to when the exam will be held. It is very upsetting for me to see how people like him and others in his position have been given no extra support or guidance. Most of the information provided is for the pharmacists with the provisional registrations. I find this appalling. Other councils such as the NMC and GMC have supported the students affected by the pandemic and tried to facilitate people of all circumstances. More could be done to help. There should be more clear guidance and regular updates about what is being done to support those who cannot practise as provisional pharmacists. There should also be more regular updates on what is being done to set a clear date for the exam. More support should be given to those who were not able to register provisionally for whatever reason. Despite all this, I still think provisionally registered pharmacists should not be allowed to register this year without sitting an exam. For someone that has previously failed the calculations exam by two marks, this situation needs to be remedied as soon as possible. His career means a lot to him. Therefore, watching people who are now able to practise with a provisional licence yet being unable to do the same himself is very distressing. This has impacted my family member financially, and mentally. He has been set back in many ways. Family life at home has been affected and he is also financially worse off. Yours etc. The author of this letter is a nurse practitioner writing on behalf of a close family member with permission and wishes to remain anonymous. Has your life been impacted by the situation around the provisional registration process? We would really like to hear from you. If you answer the questions below and indicate that you give us permission we will publish your contribution as a letter to the editor. Posted on 27th September 2020 Author PIP editorCategories Letters to the editorTags Covid, Pre-reg, Pre-registration, ProvregLeave a comment on Resitters: The forgotten pre-registration pharmacist cohort Provisionally registered pharmacists to receive 38k salary Following the General Pharmaceutical Council's (GPhC) recent update on provisional registration, LloydsPharmacy has begun to offer over 100 permanent roles across the UK, prioritising those already working in its network. The pharmacy multiple will be paying all pre-regs eligible for provisional registration a salary of £38,000, based on a 40-hour working week, as well as providing a 'structured clinical support programme' to help them deliver safe and effective care. The GPhC has agreed to provisionally register eligible pre-regs after the registration assessments scheduled for June and September 2020 were postponed as a result of the coronavirus outbreak, and the registration assessment is now expected to be held online. To be eligible to join the pharmacist register on a provisional basis, pre-reg pharmacists must successfully meet a number of criteria and the regulator has said that structured support should be provided by their employer of choice, including access to a mentor. The adapted programme will help develop those who are eligible for provisional registration this year through clinical learning and preparation for the assessment. 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, as well as a mock exam. LloydsPharmacy will also be supporting its provisionally registered pharmacists by finding them a suitable mentor, as well as ensuring they have access to a support network. Victoria Steele, deputy superintendent at LloydsPharmacy, said: "We want to find a role for as many of our 150 pre-regs as possible. We'll be matching them with our vacancies first but will also have positions for external pre-regs." "The new provisional registration and postponement of the exam has meant we've had to adapt the programme but the principles at the heart of it are all still important for provisional registration. "When I think back to making that transition from pre-registration to practising pharmacist myself, it was a daunting experience for me and many of my peers, knowing that you are the person that is ultimately responsible for the safety of your patients. "As a newly qualified pharmacist, there is still so much to learn and take in. We want to provide an extra layer of support and help develop our next generation of pharmacists from the very start of their career with us." "We want to set our provisionally registered pharmacists up to be great pharmacists, not just good ones by helping them develop skills such as leadership, decision making and professionalism. The more we can support and develop them, the better the service and expertise they can provide to our customers and patients." "In addition to wanting our new pharmacists to feel supported, we also want them to feel valued, which is why we've made the decision for them to also benefit from our increased minimum rate of pay, of £18.50 per hour, that we announced in April of this year." Posted on 21st June 2020 Author PIP editorCategories NewsTags Pre-reg, Pre-registrationLeave a comment on Provisionally registered pharmacists to receive 38k salary GPhC reveal criteria for pharmacist provisional registration The Council of the GPhC has today agreed on a policy for registering pharmacists on a provisional basis as part of the regulator's response to the pandemic. The policy sets out the criteria that this year's pre-registration pharmacist trainees will have to meet to be eligible to join the pharmacist register on a provisional basis. It also outlines requirements that employers must put in place to support provisionally-registered pharmacists and to protect patient safety. This decision comes after the registration assessments scheduled for June and September 2020 were postponed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Eligibility criteria for provisional registration The policy sets out criteria for applying to provisionally register as a pharmacist apply from 1 July 2020 until 1 July 2021. Trainees can apply from July and begin to join the register from 1 August. The criteria include; successfully completing 52 weeks pre-registration training, not having previously failed the registration assessment and having received a final declaration from their tutor confirming that they have met all the performance standards and are safe to be registered provisionally. All provisionally registered pharmacists will have to be employed directly by the organisation or business in which they are working (and so cannot work as a locum) and must practise under the guidance and direction of a senior pharmacist. The policy confirms they may operate as the Responsible Pharmacist. The GPhC will also issue standards for employers which will set out the framework in which pharmacists who are registered provisionally must operate, after carrying out further engagement with key stakeholders. The standards will include information about the structured support that must be in place and the requirements that must be fulfilled by the employer when considering the location in which they will practise and the responsibilities they will be expected to undertake. The policy states that employers must complete a risk assessment, provide access to a named experienced pharmacist for clinical advice; and enable other support such as access to a mentor. Registration assessment The policy confirms that individuals who are provisionally registered must sit the registration assessment at the first opportunity if they are fit to do so and must pass the registration assessment in order to remain on the register. 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soon as is practicable, taking account of the necessary technical, security, accessibility and content issues. This reflects the current Government requirements in relation to social distancing and large gatherings and takes account of the possibility of such requirements either continuing or being re-imposed later. Further information about the registration assessment will be provided once the procurement is complete and individuals will be given a minimum of two months' notice of the date for the assessment. The GPhC is contacting pre-registration trainees and tutors via email to let them know about the criteria for provisional registration and to advise them that the registration assessment is now expected to be held online. Duncan Rudkin, Chief Executive of the General Pharmaceutical Council commented: "We want to first thank all pre-reg trainees and tutors for their continued hard work and patience while we have been developing this policy. We know this is a very difficult situation for them. "Our approach has been informed by discussions with a wide range of stakeholders, including trainee representatives, professional leadership and representative bodies, employers and education and training bodies across England, Scotland and Wales. "There were lots of complex issues which we have had to carefully consider, and we have had to balance risks and benefits when deciding the approach. The Council's final decisions have been guided by a set of principles, including maintaining standards for entry to the register to protect patient safety and quality of care, and the importance of maintaining the workforce pipeline so that pharmacy can continue to serve the needs of patients. "We will continue to engage with stakeholders as we put this policy into practice, both to help inform our thinking on any particular points where we need to clarify the policy further, and to make sure that professional leadership and representative bodies, education and training organisations and employers are all able to play their part effectively in supporting trainees through this process." Posted on 21st May 2020 Author PIP editorCategories NewsTags GPhC, Pre-reg, Pre-registration1 Comment on GPhC reveal criteria for pharmacist provisional registration Pharmacist registration delay a blow to community pharmacy The body representing community pharmacy in Northern Ireland has warned that if the delay in pharmacy pre-registration students joining the PSNI register is not reversed, then the sector will face another crisis. The warning comes on the back of the news that the pharmacy regulatory body in Northern Ireland plans to delay the pre-registration exams from June until August at the earliest. The exams are for pre-registration pharmacy students who have already completed their pharmacy degree and have been working in practice for around ten months. The delay means that 150 newly registered pharmacists will not now be joining the pharmacy workforce this summer as planned and at a time when extra capacity is needed. Since the onset of the coronavirus pandemic, community pharmacies were one of the first services to witness a steep and immediate increase in demand for medicines. A commitment to keep the service going has seen many pharmacists work longer hours and battle with capacity issues due to self-isolation of staff displaying symptoms of Covid-19. Chief Executive of Community Pharmacy NI, Gerard Greene said: "This news is a blow to our network because every year we rely on this influx of newly registered pharmacists to take up roles in our community pharmacies. This is even more of a problem during this pandemic as our workforce has struggled with the rise in demand for services and are operating at very limited capacity." "The new registrants typically join the workforce over the summer months and the delay in this means we are not likely to see these pharmacists bolster the workforce until the autumn." "This is also very different to what we have seen from our medical and nursing counterparts who immediately agreed to fast-track final year students and get them into the workforce so they could join frontline efforts to fight coronavirus. This is not the time to delay the qualification of key health care workers." "We are calling on the Minister to intervene to get this decision reversed and allow pharmacy pre-registration exams to go ahead in June as normal." 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acists The Pharmaceutical Society of Northern Ireland (PSNI) has said that they will not permit any pre-registration pharmacist to join the register without first meeting the usual requirements of the registration process. This means that there will be no provisional registration process for pre-registration pharmacists in Northern Ireland. It also means that a registration exam will take place in the summer. PSNI has said that this will likely happen in August. They are currently exploring potential venues. The venue must allow for appropriate social distancing and will therefore likely involve the use of multiple venues. The Chief Pharmaceutical Officer in Northern Ireland has confirmed that the funding for the pre-registration scheme in Northern Ireland will continue until the August exam date. The PSNI has said that this will mean that students will have an extended pre-registration year as a result of these measures and that during this period after the 52 week period they would potentially not be the only student under the supervision of a tutor. Students have been urged to use this time to continue their learning in practice. In a statement issued by PSNI Chief Executive Trevor Patterson he said: "The use of the COVID-19 temporary register, with conditions on registration, was considered and is not currently being progressed as it is time-limited and all registrations lapse when the emergency is declared over, which may be before the examination has been taken. "Having taken legal opinion about the use of a "provisional register" and fully researched our options, we are advised that in order to comply with our Regulations, aside from temporary registration on the COVID-19 temporary register, we cannot admit anyone to our register from the pre-registration programme unless they have fulfilled all the conditions set out in Schedule 2 of the Regulations which include having satisfactorily completed 52 weeks of training and having successfully completed the registration examination. "Candidates intending to sit the examination will only be eligible after satisfactory completion of 39 weeks of training confirmed by their tutor, and when they have completed a minimum of 45 weeks training. "Council has considered the available options have determined that an examination will be scheduled in early August, subject to government advice on gatherings at that time. We are currently researching venues with the intention of locating a number of sites which will facilitate adequate social distancing and will make a further announcement later with dates available venues and examination registration procedures. "We would urge as many students and tutors as possible to complete any remaining compulsory aspects of training including 39-week appraisals and ensure that at least 45 weeks of training has been completed by the end of July. "The Chief Pharmaceutical Officer has advised that the Department will ensure pre-registration funding is available until the registration date in August, allowing trainees to remain in post with the agreement of their employer. Consideration is also being given to measures that may be needed to help students to prepare for the exam and to support professional development during the first year in practice. "When 52 weeks of training is complete, trainees will still require pharmacist supervision but need not be the sole pupil of their tutor. This additional period should be used to continue learning in preparation for entering practice and sitting the registration examination. "Should it not be possible for reasons outside our control to run the examination in August, we are developing contingency plans for alternative methods or dates of delivery and will update on these before the end of July." Posted on 2nd May 2020 Author PIP editorCategories NewsTags Pre-registrationLeave a comment on No provisional registration for NI pre-reg pharmacists Provisional pharmacist registration could begin in August The General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) is developing a provisional registration option for current pre-registration trainees who meet certain criteria and have said that they are working on the basis that those who are eligible would be able to join the register at the same time as they usually would, in August this year. The announcement comes after the postponement of this year's GPhC and PSNI registration exam. In a letter to pre-registration students GPhC Chief Executive Duncan Rudkin commented: "We know you are anxious to hear any updates about provisional registration and the postponed registration assessments. Thank you for your patience while we continue to develop a way forward in this challenging situation. 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ment are priority issues for us. Both are complex and we want to make sure that the arrangements we put in place are practicable, fair, and provide the necessary safeguards and reassurance to patients and the public." The letter outlined that on Tuesday 21 April, the GPhC held a virtual meeting with organisations representing students and trainees, universities, employers, education and training bodies and others from across the UK, to discuss the proposals and help everyone involved understand how these might work in practice. The GPhC Council also discussed the issues and options during a virtual workshop on Thursday 23 April. The letter goes on to outline the current thinking on how to proceed with pre-registration activities: "We know many of you are experiencing significant uncertainty and want answers as soon as possible. We are working as quickly as possible to develop the way forward. There are lots of complex issues that need to be worked through carefully, to make sure the final approach works in different practice settings and in each of the three countries." The GPhC has laid out the key principles they are using to help inform the decisions they are making about pre-registration training and the registration assessment. These principles are as follows: Maintain standards for entry to the register to protect patient safety and the quality of care given to patients and the public, both now and over the long term. Support the NHS and community pharmacy by strengthening the workforce at this critical time. Safeguard the welfare of students and trainees whilst also ensuring that their hard work, and that of their tutors, over many years is given suitable recognition at this key stage in their professional lives. Minimise blockages or gaps in the pipeline for qualified new registrants to join the profession in 2020 and in the following years. The letter from Mr Rudkin sought to reassure pre-registration students: "We will make sure all trainees get the information they need to apply for registration as far in advance as possible. "We believe that those entered on the register would need structured support to manage the transition into practice as a pharmacist and we will continue to work with partners on what that would involve and what requirements would need to be in place. "We propose that time spent provisionally registered would count towards the two years of practice needed to become an independent prescriber and towards any Foundation training that provisionally-registered pharmacists may undertake. "We will now continue to work closely with our partners to develop these proposals further. This includes determining the criteria and process to become provisionally registered, and the structured support and requirements that trainees will need to have in place to practise safely. "We will be sharing further details with you as soon as possible and seeking views to make sure the process is practicable, fair, and provides the necessary safeguards and reassurance to patients and the public." Mr Rudkin went on to make comment about the arrangements for the registration assessment: "We are continuing to consider a range of different options for the postponed registration assessments. This includes looking at the format of the assessment, and whether a move to an online sitting would be possible. "We are investigating learning and experience from other healthcare training schemes and university assessments which have been recently adapted as part of this work." "We understand that many trainees are now approaching, or have reached week 39 of their training when they are due to be assessed. We would like to make clear that tutors should carry out the week 39 assessment, whenever this is possible. Make sure you keep a copy for your records – but there's no need to send it to us at the moment. "We would like to reassure you that we will keep you updated regularly on the progress of these proposals as we work to make sure that they are fair, safe and practicable. "Thank you again for your patience and your ongoing work to support patients and the public during the pandemic. The Royal Pharmaceutical Society (RPS) had previously called for pre-registration pharmacists to be registered provisionally without delay and today they have welcomed the update from the GPhC. The RPS made a statement earlier today in support of the proposals to begin provisional registration in August: "Pre-reg pharmacists are understandably worried about their future careers. We're really pleased that the GPhC have today announced that provisional registration of pre-registration pharmacists will begin in August. 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SINDROME DE BRUGADA PDF Brugada syndrome BrS is a genetic disorder in which the electrical activity within the heart is abnormal. About a quarter of those with Brugada syndrome have a family member who also has the condition. There is no cure for Brugada syndrome. The condition affects between 1 and 30 per 10, people. While many of those with Brugada syndrome do not have any symptoms, Brugada syndrome may cause fainting or sudden cardiac death due to serious abnormal heart rhythms such as ventricular fibrillation or polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. If a dangerous heart rhythm does not stop by itself and is left untreated, the person may have a fatal cardiac arrest. Author: Tem Nikozil Country: Mauritania Uploader: Goltizuru Brugada syndrome BrS is a genetic disorder in which the electrical activity within the heart is abnormal. About a quarter of those with Brugada syndrome have a family member who also has the condition. There is no cure for Brugada syndrome. The condition affects between 1 and 30 per 10, people. While many of those with Brugada syndrome do not have any symptoms, Brugada syndrome may cause fainting or sudden cardiac death due to serious abnormal heart rhythms such as ventricular fibrillation or polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. If a dangerous heart rhythm does not stop by itself and is left untreated, the person may have a fatal cardiac arrest. However, blackouts can occur in those with Brugada syndrome despite a normal heart rhythm due to a sudden drop in blood pressure, known as vasovagal syncope. The abnormal heart rhythms seen in Brugada syndrome often occur at rest, following a heavy meal, or even during sleep. Abnormal heart rhythms may also occur during fever or following excessive alcohol. Certain medications may also worsen the tendency to abnormal heart rhythms in patients with Brugada syndrome and should be avoided by these patients. The individual cells of the heart communicate with each other with electrical signals, and these electrical signals are disrupted in those with Brugada syndrome. As a genetic condition , the syndrome is ultimately caused by changes to a person's DNA , known as genetic mutations. The first mutations described in association with Brugada syndrome were in a gene responsible for a protein or ion channel that controls the flow of sodium ions through the cell membrane of heart muscle cells — the cardiac sodium channel. Many of the genetic mutations that have subsequently been described in association with Brugada syndrome influence the sodium current in some way, or affect other ionic currents. A long list of factors that can generate a Brugada ECG pattern have been described, including certain medications, electrolyte disturbances such as a decrease in the levels of potassium in the blood , and a reduction in blood supply to key areas of the heart, specifically the right ventricular outflow tract. The ECG pattern can also be seen following excessive use of alcohol or cocaine. Brugada syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that only one copy of the defective gene is needed to produce the syndrome. However, a person diagnosed with the condition may be the first in their family to have Brugada syndrome if it has arisen as a new mutation. Mutations in SCN5A associated with Brugada syndrome generally cause the flow of sodium ions to decrease. However, the genetics of Brugada syndrome are complex, and it is likely that the condition results from the interactions of many genes. Because of these complex interactions, some members of a family who carry a particular mutation may show evidence of Brugada syndrome while other carrying the same mutation may not, referred to as variable penetrance. Several other genes have been identified in association with Brugada syndrome. Another gene associated with this condition is RRAD. Some mutations associated with Brugada syndrome can also cause other heart conditions. Those who show more than one cardiac conditions at the same time caused by a single mutation are described as having an ' overlap syndrome '. 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. The abnormal heart rhythms seen in those with Brugada syndrome are typically dangerous arrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation or polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, but those with BrS are also more likely to experience rapid heart rates due to less dangerous arrhythmias such as AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia [19] and abnormally slow heart rhythms such as sinus node dysfunction. Some argue that the main reason these arrhythmias arise is due to abnormally slow electrical conduction in areas of the heart, specifically the right ventricle. The sodium current is a major contributor to the characteristic flow of electrical charge across the membrane of heart muscle cells that occurs with each heartbeat known as the action potential. I Na causes the initial rapid upstroke of the action potential phase 0 , and decreasing the early peak current, as occurs in BrS-associated genetic variants, leads to slowing of the electrical conduction through the heart muscle. Given the right circumstances, this wavebreak can allow the waves of electricity to perform a U-turn within the muscle, travelling in the reverse direction before beginning to rapidly circle around a point, referred to as re-entry, and causing an abnormal heart rhythm. Others suggest that the main cause of arrhythmias is a difference in the electrical properties between the inside endocardium and outside epicardium of the heart known as the repolarisation hypothesis. The action potential in cells from the epicardium shows a prominent notch after the initial spike due to a transient inward current. This notch is far less evident in cells from the endocardium, and the difference between the endocardium and epicardium are most clearly seen in the right ventricle. In those with Brugada syndrome, these differences are increased, creating a brief period within each cardiac cycle when current flows from the endocardium to the epicardium creating the characteristic ECG pattern. The differences in electrical properties between the epi- and endocardium are described as a 'transmural dispersion of repolarisation" which if large enough can lead to electrical impulses becoming blocked in some regions but not others. Once again, this wavebreak can allow the waves of electricity which usually travel in only one direction to instead begin circling around a point as a re-entrant circuit, causing an arrhythmia. A further factor promoting arrhythmias in Brugada syndrome is changes to the structure of the heart. As Brugada syndrome can be caused by mutation in many different genes, it is possible that different mechanisms may be responsible for the arrhythmias seen in different patients. Brugada syndrome is diagnosed by identifying characteristic patterns on an electrocardiogram. There may be evidence of a slowing of electrical conduction within the heart, as shown by a prolonged PR interval. These patterns may be present all the time, but may appear only in response to particular drugs see below , when the person has a fever , during exercise, or as a result of other triggers. The ECG pattern may become more obvious by performing an ECG in which some of the electrodes are placed in different positions from usual. Three forms of the Brugada ECG pattern have been described [12]. According to current recommendations, only a Type 1 ECG pattern, occurring either spontaneously or in response to medication, can be used to confirm the diagnosis of Brugada syndrome as Type 2 and 3 patterns are not infrequently seen in persons without the disease. Some medications, particularly antiarrhythmic drugs that block the cardiac sodium current I Na, can reveal a Type 1 Brugada pattern in susceptible people. These drugs can be used to help make a diagnosis in those suspected of having Brugada syndrome e. Genetic testing can be helpful to identify patients with Brugada syndrome, most commonly in family members of a person with Brugada syndrome, but sometimes performed in a person who has died suddenly and unexpectedly. In family members who all carry a particular genetic variant associated with Brugada syndrome, some family members may show evidence of Brugada syndrome on their ECGs while others may not. To further complicate matters, many frequently occurring variations in the SCN5A gene do not cause any problems, and therefore genetic variants are sometimes identified in persons with Brugada syndrome that are not truly causing the disease. 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physiological studies , in which wires are passed through a vein to stimulate and record electrical signals from the heart, can sometimes be used to assess the risk of a person with Brugada syndrome experiencing dangerous abnormal heart rhythms. Type 1 Brugada ECG pattern note non-standard lead position, V 5 is placed one intercostal space above V 1 and V 6 is placed one intercostal space above V 2. The main aim when treating people with Brugada syndrome is to reduce the risk of sudden death due to serious abnormal heart rhythms such as ventricular fibrillation or polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. The first line of treatment, suitable for all people with Brugada syndrome regardless of their risk of arrhythmias, is lifestyle advice. These include avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, avoiding certain medications, [12] and treating fever promptly with paracetamol. Some physicians may therefore advise people with Brugada syndrome that while gentle exercise is helpful, very strenuous exercise should be avoided. In people felt to be at higher risk of sudden cardiac death, an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator ICD may be recommended. If the device detects a potentially life-threatening arrhythmia it can give the heart a small electric shock, stunning the heart back into a normal rhythm. Implanting an ICD is a relatively low-risk procedure and is frequently performed as a day case under local anaesthetic. Quinidine is an antiarrhythmic drug that may reduce the chance of serious abnormal heart rhythms occurring in some people with Brugada syndrome. Isoprenaline , a drug that has similarities with adrenaline , can be used in an emergency for people with Brugada syndrome who are having frequent repeated life-threatening arrhythmias, known as an "electrical storm". A further treatment option for people with Brugada syndrome is radiofrequency catheter ablation. These wires are used to find the area of the heart responsible for initiating the arrhythmias. The tip of one of these wires is used to make a series of tiny burns, intentionally damaging the area of abnormal heart muscle that has been causing the problem. Current recommendations suggest that this treatment should be reserved for those with Brugada syndrome who have had repeated shocks from an ICD. Between 1 and 30 per 10, people are affected by Brugada syndrome. While the rare cases seen in childhood are equally likely to be male or female, in adulthood symptoms occur more frequently in males than females, potentially due to the higher testosterone levels found in men. Brugada syndrome is more common in people of Asian descent and is the most common cause of sudden death in young males without known underlying cardiac disease in Thailand and Laos. Local names vary — in the Philippines the condition has been known as Bangungut meaning "a scream followed by sudden death during sleep", [35] while in Thailand it was known as Lai Tai , and in Japan Pokkuri. Brugada syndrome is named after the Spanish cardiologists Josep and Pedro Brugada who described the condition in , [10] although the association between the characteristic ECG pattern and sudden cardiac death had been reported in From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Genetics Home Reference. March Archived from the original on 28 October Retrieved 28 October European Journal of Internal Medicine. Archived from the original on 11 February Archived from the original on 17 October Genetics in Medicine. Current Problems in Cardiology. Electrical diseases of the heart. Basic foundations and primary electrical diseases. London: Springer. December Heart Rhythm. A multicenter report". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. Journal of Cardiology. January Human Mutation. European Heart Journal. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. Frontiers in Physiology. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology. Current Opinion in Cardiology. February Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. International Journal of Sports Medicine. ETOM TUTORIAL PDF The journal, published since , is the official publication of the Spanish Society of Cardiology and founder of the REC Publications journal family. Articles are published in both English an Spanish in its electronic edition. 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Blue is the Warmest Colour - Film Review Home > Everywhere > Cinema \| Film Reviews \| Gay & Lesbian \| Movie Reviews by Richard Leathem (subscribe) Freelance writer. Melbourne based cinephile. Fond of food. Published February 7th 2014 Love, lust and spaghetti Director: Abdellatif Kechiche Black Venus, The Secret of the Grain, Games of Love and Chance) Cast: Lea Seydoux, Adele Exarchopoulos, Salim Kechiouche So what is all the fuss about Blue is the Warmest Colour? It's been winning awards, creating controversy and a considerable amount of money throughout Europe and America. Not bad for a very long foreign language film. Poker faced Adele (Adele Exarchopoulos) and g.f. Emma (Lea Seydoux) The film is basically three hours of extreme close-ups of a French lesbian eating spaghetti with her mouth open. Okay, it's a bit more than that, but really, why did the director find the need to show his subject eating so much? I counted eight scenes of Adele eating various forms of food (spaghetti in three scenes), always with her mouth open. When she's not eating, she's crying, usually with a very runny nose that she refuses to wipe, even if her nasal juices are flowing into her mouth - which they often do. Most of the talk about the film though is reserved for the rather lengthy and graphic sex scenes between the two female protagonists. Are the scenes pornographic? Is it all in the name of art? Would we be having this conversation if it were a straight couple? One scene in particular leaves nothing to the imagination. For the first few minutes I was thinking about how the two actresses had publicly vocalised their mistreatment by the director, a 53 year old straight man, saying he exploited them and cajoled them into doing things they didn't want to do. Knowing this lends an uncomfortable sense of voyeurism. After the scene went on for a few more minutes I started thinking about what I was going to buy for dinner that night. I know sex is an important part of a story about a sexual relationship, but I felt director Kechiche, had pretty much said all he needed to say in the first few minutes of the scene. Lea Seydoux as Emma is a major asset to the film In its favour, the film is actually pretty involving for the first hour or so. High school student Adele is living the typical life of a French teen, she has her fair share of ups and downs, but nothing out of the ordinary. Lately one of the guys in her class has been showing her a lot of attention. Thomas is an absolute babe - he's hip, he's sexy, and he's persistent. Things quickly get physical between them but Adele feels no real emotion towards Thomas. Eventually she gives him the shove but is vaguely concerned that she can't get enthused about a guy who has everything going for him. A brief hook up with one of her female class mates snaps her out of her ennui and suddenly her curiosity is piqued. She goes to a gay bar with her gay male bestie and there she meets the slightly older Emma, a budding artist. So begins her emotional and sexual awakening. To this point the set up is solid enough. Adele, despite appearing as a bit of a blank page, has just enough going on behind her eyes to suggest the restlessness within her. For me, Emma is the more interesting character. She knows exactly what she wants and her attraction and affection for Adele is what ignites the screen. Once the interminable food and sex scenes start, the pace slackens off. The use of food to signify class difference comes across as laboured and repetitive. Between this heavy symbolism there is still a fair amount of interest in the dynamics of the couple's relationship, particularly Emma's frustration at Adele's lack of ambition to express herself creatively. It's really not enough though to sustain a three hour film. Despite Adele Exarchopoulos' charms (which don't extend to her etiquette at the dining table) her Adele is too gormless in the first part and too hysterical in the second. She's not a particularly endearing character. 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<?php return [ 'dashboard.title' => [ 'system-nodes-now' => "D'un coup d'oeil", 'system-nodes-user-modified' => "Vos dernières modifications" ], 'element.title' => [ 'is_online' => "Inclure ou exclure l'enregistrement du site" ], 'element.description' => [ 'is_online' => "Seuls les enregistrements publiés sont disponibles pour les visiteurs. Cependant, les enregistrements non publiés peuvent être disponibles pour les utilisateurs qui en ont l'autorisation.", 'slug' => "Le <q>slug</q> est la version du titre utilisable dans les URL. Écrit en minuscules, il ne contient que lettres non accentuées, chiffres et traits d'union. S'il est vide lors de l'enregistrement, le <q>slug</q> est automatiquement créé à partir du titre.", 'site_id' => "Parce que vous en avez la permission, vous pouvez choisir le site d'appartenance pour l'enregistrement. Un enregistrement appartenant à un site en hérite la langue et n'est visible que sur ce site.", 'user' => "Parce que vous en avez la permission, vous pouvez choisir l'utilisateur propriétaire de cet enregistrement." ], 'group.legend' => [ 'Admin' => 'Administration', 'Advanced' => 'Options avancées', 'Visibility' => 'Visibilité' ], 'label' => [ 'is_online' => 'Publié', 'site_id' => "Site d'appartenance", 'title' => 'Titre', 'user' => 'Utilisateur' ], 'nodes.manage.column' => [ 'constructor' => 'Constructeur', 'uid' => 'Utilisateur', 'title' => 'Titre', 'translations' => 'Traductions' ], 'module_category.other' => 'Autre', 'module_title.nodes' => 'Nœuds', 'offline.operation' => [ 'title' => "Dépublier des enregistrements", 'short_title' => "Dépublier", 'continue' => "Dépublier", 'cancel' => "Ne pas dépublier", 'confirm' => [ 'one' => "Êtes-vous sûr de vouloir dépublier l'enregistrement sélectionné ?", 'other' => "Êtes-vous sûr de vouloir dépublier les :count enregistrements sélectionnés ?" ] ], 'online.operation' => [ 'title' => "Publier des enregistrements", 'short_title' => "Publier", 'continue' => "Publier", 'cancel' => "Ne pas publier", 'confirm' => [ 'one' => "Êtes-vous sûr de vouloir publier l'enregistrement sélectionné ?", 'other' => "Êtes-vous sûr de vouloir publier les :count enregistrements sélectionnés ?" ] ], 'change_user.operation' => [ 'title' => "Changer l'utilisateur d'enregistrements", 'short_title' => "Changer utilisateur", 'continue' => "Changer", 'cancel' => "Ne pas changer", 'confirm' => [ 'one	-1.063807	-1.681689	-0.930426	-0.812543	[ -0.47073784611508795, -1.6568767676280145 ]	[ -1.6387139657472791, -1.7246641376501457 ]	[ -0.9012587509180581, -0.9595922945018962 ]	[ -0.9061922338009438, -0.7188935744867361 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 6319, 1961, 13, 13, 2457, 518, 13, 13, 12, 29915, 14592, 3377, 29889, 3257, 29915, 1149, 518, 13, 13, 12, 12, 29915, 5205, 29899, 18010, 29899, 3707, 29915, 1149, 376, 29928, 29915, 348, 17103, 270, 29915, 7297, 309, 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(Redirected from Angle brackets) Tall punctuation mark typically used in matched pairs within text, to set apart or interject other text; opening and closing, or left and right symbols This article is about the family of punctuation marks. For other uses, see Bracket (disambiguation). "Parenthesis" and "parenthetical" redirect here. For other uses, see Parenthesis (disambiguation). Round brackets Curly brackets Square brackets This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. A bracket is either of two tall fore- or back-facing punctuation marks commonly used to isolate a segment of text or data from its surroundings. Typically deployed in symmetric pairs, an individual bracket may be identified as a left or right bracket or, alternatively, an opening paired bracket or closing paired bracket,[1] respectively, depending on the directionality of the context. Specific forms of the mark include rounded brackets (also called parentheses), square brackets, curly brackets (also called braces), and angle brackets (also called chevrons), as well as various less common pairs of symbols. As well as signifying the overall class of punctuation, the word bracket is commonly used to refer to a specific form of bracket, which varies from region to region. In North America, an unqualified 'bracket' typically refers to the square bracket; in Britain, the round bracket. 2 Names for various bracket symbols 3 Typography 4 Types and uses 4.1 Parentheses 4.1.1 Usage in writing 4.1.2 Usage in enumerations 4.1.3 Usage in mathematics 4.1.4 Usage in programming languages 4.1.5 Usage in other scientific fields 4.1.6 Usage online 4.2 Square brackets 4.2.1 Usage in published text 4.2.2 Usage in proofreading 4.2.3 Usage in scientific fields 4.2.5 Other uses 4.3 Curly brackets 4.4 Angle brackets 4.5 Lenticular brackets 4.6 Floor and ceiling corners 4.7 Quine corners and half brackets 4.8 Double brackets 4.9 Brackets with quills 5 Specific uses 5.1 Computing 5.2 Mathematics 5.3 Accounting 5.4 Citations 5.5 Law 6 Encoding in digital media Chevrons, ⟨ ⟩, were the earliest type of bracket to appear in written English. Desiderius Erasmus coined the term lunula to refer to the rounded parentheses, (), recalling the shape of the crescent moon.[2] Names for various bracket symbols[edit] Find sources: "Bracket" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Some of the following names are regional or contextual. ( ) – parentheses, brackets (UK, Ireland, Canada, West Indies, New Zealand, South Africa and Australia), parens, round brackets, first brackets, or circle brackets { } – braces are "two connecting marks used in printing"; and in music "to connect staves to be performed at the same time"[3] (UK and US), French brackets, curly brackets, definite brackets, swirly brackets, curly braces, birdie brackets, Scottish brackets, squirrelly brackets, gullwings, seagulls, squiggly brackets, twirly brackets, Tuborg brackets (DK), accolades (NL), pointy brackets, second brackets, fancy brackets, M Brace, moustache brackets. [ ] – square brackets, closed brackets, hard brackets, third brackets, crotchets,[4] or brackets (US) ⟨ ⟩ – pointy brackets, angle brackets, triangular brackets, diamond brackets, tuples, or chevrons < > – guillemets, inequality signs, pointy brackets, or brackets. Sometimes referred to as angle brackets, in such cases as HTML markup. Occasionally known as broken brackets or "brokets".[5] ⸤ ⸥; 「」 – corner brackets ⟦ ⟧ – double square brackets, white square brackets, Scott brackets 〔〕 – tortoise shell brackets Guillemets, ‹ › and « », are sometimes referred to as chevrons or [double] angle brackets,	-0.947385	-0.191886	0.075194	-0.423719	[ -0.9994325617086096, -0.8953372291047038 ]	[ -0.9367875618738696, 0.5530154177758163 ]	[ -0.10741530997278179, 0.25780339768255295 ]	[ -0.5785821656428461, -0.26885651807898714 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 313, 24735, 287, 515, 3218, 280, 20476, 29897, 13, 29911, 497, 6035, 22999, 362, 2791, 12234, 1304, 297, 19228, 11000, 2629, 1426, 29892, 304, 731, 12435, 470, 1006, 622, 916, 1426, 29936, 8718, 322, 14382, 29892, 470, 2175, 322, 1492, 15072, 13, 4013, 4274, 338, 1048, 278, 3942, 310, 6035, 22999, 362, 17997, 29889, 1152, 916, 3913, 29892, 1074, 5032, 3522, 313, 18383, 467, 13, 29908, 2177, 9097, 6656, 29908, 322, 376, 3560, 9188, 936, 29908, 6684, 1244, 29889, 1152, 916, 3913, 29892, 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but are not used as brackets.[6] Typography[edit] The characters ‹ › and « », known as guillemets or angular quote brackets, are actually quotation mark glyphs used in several European languages.[7] Which one of each pair is the opening quote mark and which is the closing quote varies between languages. Similarly, the corner-brackets 「」 are quotation marks used in East Asian languages (see Quotation mark § Chinese, Japanese and Korean quotation marks). In English, typographers mostly prefer not to set brackets in italics, even when the enclosed text is italic.[8] However, in other languages like German, if brackets enclose text in italics, they are usually also set in italics.[9] Types and uses[edit] Parentheses [edit] Various terms redirect here. For other uses, see Parenthesis (disambiguation), Paren (disambiguation), Parens (moth), ( ) (disambiguation), Parenthetical referencing, and Parenthetical Girls. Due to technical restrictions, titles like :) redirect here. For typographical portrayals of faces, see Emoticon. Look up parenthesis or ( ) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Usage in writing[edit] Parentheses /pəˈrɛnθɪsiːz/ (singular, parenthesis /pəˈrɛnθɪsɪs/) (also called simply brackets, or round brackets, curves, curved brackets, oval brackets, stalls or, colloquially, parens /pəˈrɛnz/) contain material that serves to clarify (in the manner of a gloss) or is aside from the main point.[10] A milder effect may be obtained by using a pair of commas as the delimiter, though if the sentence contains commas for other purposes, visual confusion may result. That issue is fixed by using a pair of dashes instead, to bracket the parenthetical. In American usage, parentheses are usually considered separate from other brackets, and calling them "brackets" is unusual. Parentheses may be used in formal writing to add supplementary information, such as "Sen. John McCain (R-Arizona) spoke at length". They can also indicate shorthand for "either singular or plural" for nouns, e.g. "the claim(s)". It can also be used for gender neutral language, especially in languages with grammatical gender, e.g. "(s)he agreed with his/her physician" (the slash in the second instance, as one alternative is replacing the other, not adding to it).[11] Parenthetical phrases have been used extensively in informal writing and stream of consciousness literature. Examples include the southern American author William Faulkner (see Absalom, Absalom! and the Quentin section of The Sound and the Fury) as well as poet E. E. Cummings. Parentheses have historically been used where the dash is currently used in alternatives, such as "parenthesis)(parentheses". Examples of this usage can be seen in editions of Fowler's. Parentheses may be nested (generally with one set (such as this) inside another set). This is not commonly used in formal writing (though sometimes other brackets [especially square brackets] will be used for one or more inner set of parentheses [in other words, secondary {or even tertiary} phrases can be found within the main parenthetical sentence]). Any punctuation inside parentheses or other brackets is independent of the rest of the text: "Mrs. Pennyfarthing (What? Yes, that was her name!) was my landlady." In this usage, the explanatory text in the parentheses is a parenthesis. Parenthesized text is usually short and within a single sentence. Where several sentences of supplemental material are used in parentheses the final full stop would be within the parentheses, or simply omitted. Again, the parenthesis implies that the meaning and flow of the text is supplemental to the rest of the text and the whole would be unchanged were the parenthesized sentences removed. In more formal usage, "parenthesis" may refer to the entire bracketed text, not just to the punctuation marks used (so all the text in this set of round brackets may be said to be "a parenthesis", "a parenthetical", or "a parenthetical phrase").[12] Usage in enumerations[edit] Lower-case Latin letters used as indexes, rather than bullets or numbers, followed by an un	-0.556343	-0.80249	0.034614	-0.400896	[ -0.7748057913528128, -0.33787932950220817 ]	[ -0.7254933892793227, -0.8794874472719585 ]	[ -0.051618007414327864, 0.12084638231180245 ]	[ -0.6031732439599242, -0.1986195208361593 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 541, 526, 451, 1304, 408, 20476, 7226, 29953, 29962, 13, 24933, 5275, 29961, 5628, 29962, 13, 1576, 4890, 29871, 30474, 29871, 30405, 322, 859, 3607, 2998, 408, 1410, 1924, 29885, 1691, 470, 6401, 14978, 20476, 29892, 526, 2869, 13911, 362, 2791, 330, 27026, 29879, 1304, 297, 3196, 7824, 10276, 7226, 29955, 29962, 8449, 697, 310, 1269, 5101, 338, 278, 8718, 14978, 2791, 322, 607, 338, 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paired parenthesis, are used in ordered lists especially in: a) educational testing, b) technical writing and diagrams, c) market research, and d) elections.[citation needed] Usage in mathematics[edit] Parentheses are used in mathematical notation to indicate grouping, often inducing a different order of operations. For example: in the usual order of algebraic operations, 4 × 3 + 2 equals 14, since the multiplication is done before the addition. However, 4 × (3 + 2) equals 20, because the parentheses override normal precedence, causing the addition to be done first. Some authors follow the convention in mathematical equations that, when parentheses have one level of nesting, the inner pair are parentheses and the outer pair are square brackets. Example: [ 4 × ( 3 + 2 ) ] 2 = 400. {\displaystyle [4\times (3+2)]^{2}=400.} A related convention is that when parentheses have two levels of nesting, curly brackets (braces) are the outermost pair. Following this convention, when more than three levels of nesting are needed, often a cycle of parentheses, square brackets, and curly brackets will continue. This helps to distinguish between one such level and the next.[13] Parentheses are also used to set apart the arguments in mathematical functions. For example, f(x) is the function f applied to the variable x. In coordinate systems parentheses are used to denote a set of coordinates; so in the Cartesian coordinate system (4, 7) may represent the point located at 4 on the x-axis and 7 on the y-axis. Parentheses may be used to represent a binomial coefficient, and also matrices. Usage in programming languages[edit] Parentheses are included in the syntaxes of many programming languages. Typically needed to denote an argument; to tell the compiler what data type the Method/Function needs to look for first in order to initialise. In some cases, such as in LISP, parentheses are a fundamental construct of the language. They are also often used for scoping functions and for arrays. In syntax diagrams they are used for grouping eg in Extended Backus–Naur form. Usage in other scientific fields[edit] Parentheses are used in chemistry to denote a repeated substructure within a molecule, e.g. HC(CH3)3 (isobutane) or, similarly, to indicate the stoichiometry of ionic compounds with such substructures: e.g. Ca(NO3)2 (calcium nitrate). They can be used in various fields as notation to indicate the amount of uncertainty in a numerical quantity. For example:[14] 1234.56789(11) 1234.56789 ± 0.00011 e.g. the value of the Boltzmann constant could be quoted as 1.38064852(79)×10−23 J⋅K−1 Usage online[edit] Many online Roleplayers use double parentheses to connotate out-of-character (OOC) messages that one may send another.[citation needed] Square brackets [edit] Look up square bracket in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Usage in published text[edit] Square brackets—also called crotchets or simply brackets (US)—are often used to insert explanatory material or to mark where a [word or] passage was omitted from an original material by someone other than the original author, or to mark modifications in quotations.[15] A bracketed ellipsis, […], is often used to indicate omitted material: "I'd like to thank [several unimportant people] for their tolerance [...]"[16] Bracketed comments inserted into a quote indicate where the original has been modified for clarity: "I appreciate it [the honor], but I must refuse", and "the future of psionics [see definition] is in doubt". Or one can quote the original statement "I hate to do laundry" with a (sometimes grammatical) modification inserted: He "hate[s] to do laundry". Additionally, a small letter can be replaced by a capital one, when the beginning of the original text is omitted for succinctness, for example, when referring to a verbose original: "To the extent that policymakers and elite opinion in general have made use of economic analysis at all, they have, as the saying goes, done so the way a drunk	-0.565245	0.199366	0.77266	0.480338	[ -0.5501790209970161, -0.5803118804349888 ]	[ 0.5780842179141524, -0.17935167197985857 ]	[ 1.409256823207011, 0.13606382846410806 ]	[ 0.649427186614281, 0.311249051741406 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 3274, 2859, 3847, 29882, 6656, 29892, 526, 1304, 297, 10372, 8857, 7148, 297, 29901, 13, 29874, 29897, 28976, 6724, 29892, 13, 29890, 29897, 16905, 5007, 322, 7936, 25402, 29892, 13, 29883, 29897, 9999, 5925, 29892, 322, 13, 29881, 29897, 20209, 7226, 29883, 7018, 4312, 29962, 13, 27573, 297, 23964, 29961, 5628, 29962, 13, 2177, 9097, 21523, 526, 1304, 297, 19475, 12640, 304, 12266, 27270, 29892, 4049, 9013, 3277, 263, 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ard uses a lamppost: for support, not illumination", it can be quoted succinctly as: "[P]olicymakers […] made use of economic analysis […] the way a drunkard uses a lamppost: for support, not illumination." When nested parentheses are needed, brackets are used as a substitute for the inner pair of parentheses within the outer pair.[17] When deeper levels of nesting are needed, convention is to alternate between parentheses and brackets at each level. Alternatively, empty square brackets can also indicate omitted material, usually single letter only. The original "Reading is also a process and it also changes you." can be rewritten in a quote as: It has been suggested that reading can "also change[] you". The bracketed expression "[sic]" is used after a quote or reprinted text to indicate the passage appears exactly as in the original source, where it may otherwise appear that a mistake has been made in reproduction. In translated works, brackets are used to signify the same word or phrase in the original language to avoid ambiguity.[18] For example: He is trained in the way of the open hand [karate]. Usage in proofreading[edit] Brackets (called move-left symbols or move right symbols) are added to the sides of text in proofreading to indicate changes in indentation: [To Fate I sue, of other means bereft, the only refuge for the wretched left. ]Paradise Lost[ Usage in scientific fields[edit] Brackets are used in mathematics in a variety of notations, including standard notations for commutators, the floor function, the Lie bracket, equivalence classes, the Iverson bracket, and matrices. Square brackets may also represent closed intervals; [ 0 , 5 ] {\displaystyle [0,5]} for example, represents the set of real numbers from 0 to 5 inclusive. Square brackets can also be used in chemistry to represent the concentration of a chemical substance in solution and to denote charge a Lewis structure of an ion (particularly distributed charge in a complex ion), repeating chemical units (particularly in polymers) and transition state structures, among other uses. Brackets are used in many computer programming languages, primarily to force the order of evaluation and for parameter lists and array indexing. But they are also used to denote general tuples, sets and other structures, just as in mathematics. There may be several other uses as well, depending on the language at hand. In syntax diagrams they are used for optional eg in Extended Backus–Naur form. In linguistics, phonetic transcriptions are generally enclosed within brackets,[19] often using the International Phonetic Alphabet, whereas phonemic transcriptions typically use paired slashes. Pipes (\| \|) are often used to indicate a morphophonemic rather than phonemic representation. Other conventions are double slashes (// //), double pipes (\|\| \|\|) and curly brackets ({ }). In lexicography, square brackets usually surround the section of a dictionary entry which contains the etymology of the word the entry defines. Brackets are used to denote parts of the text that need to be checked when preparing drafts prior to finalizing a document. They often denote points that have not yet been agreed to in legal drafts and the year in which a report was made for certain case law decisions. Curly brackets[edit] An example of when to use a curly bracket, in this case grouping multiple sentences together. Look up curly bracket in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Curly brackets { and }, also known as curly braces (UK and US), flower brackets (India) and squiggly brackets (colloquially), are rarely used in prose and have no widely accepted use in formal writing, but may be used to mark words or sentences that should be taken as a group, to avoid confusion when other types of brackets are already in use, or for a special purpose specific to the publication (such as in a dictionary).[20] More commonly, they are used to indicate a group of lines that should be taken together, as in when referring to several lines of poetry that should be repeated. In music, they are known as "accolades" or "braces", and connect two or more lines (staves) of music that are played simultaneously.[21] In mathematics they delimit sets, and in writing, they may be used similarly, "Select your animal {goat, sheep, cow, horse} and follow me".[citation needed] Curly brackets are often also used to denote the Poisson bracket between two	-0.440263	-0.08691	0.397297	0.290438	[ -0.27008039576676957, -0.6104447398729616 ]	[ 0.028361243452068793, -0.20218218639155747 ]	[ 0.4150503412563777, 0.37954296690099787 ]	[ 0.3268572733509233, 0.25401890583984255 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 538, 3913, 263, 301, 314, 407, 520, 29901, 363, 2304, 29892, 451, 4486, 398, 3381, 613, 372, 508, 367, 23153, 8348, 5562, 368, 408, 29901, 14704, 29925, 29962, 324, 293, 962, 21079, 518, 30098, 29962, 1754, 671, 310, 17407, 7418, 518, 30098, 29962, 278, 982, 263, 4192, 2960, 538, 3913, 263, 301, 314, 407, 520, 29901, 363, 2304, 29892, 451, 4486, 398, 3381, 1213, 1932, 9322, 29494, 526, 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881, 367, 10324, 29889, 13, 797, 4696, 29892, 896, 526, 2998, 408, 376, 562, 1054, 3076, 29908, 470, 376, 2634, 778, 613, 322, 4511, 1023, 470, 901, 3454, 313, 303, 5989, 29897, 310, 4696, 393, 526, 5318, 21699, 7226, 29906, 29896, 29962, 13, 797, 23964, 896, 628, 13083, 6166, 29892, 322, 297, 5007, 29892, 896, 1122, 367, 1304, 22829, 29892, 376, 3549, 596, 13019, 426, 1484, 271, 29892, 29735, 29892, 21282, 29892, 10435, 29913, 322, 1101, 592, 1642, 29961, 29883, 7018, 4312, 29962, 10837, 368, 20476, 526, 4049, 884, 1304, 304, 13530, 278, 3929, 17387, 4105, 3522, 1546, 1023 ]	2,894	3,072	CommonCrawl	12	5
quantities. In many programming languages, they enclose groups of statements and create a local scope. Such languages (C, C#, C++ and many others) are therefore called curly bracket languages.[22]. They are used for Enumerated type, eg in C. In syntax diagrams they are used for repetition eg in Extended Backus–Naur form. Angle brackets[edit] "Angle bracket" redirects here. For a mechanical part used for joining, see Angle bracket (fastener). Find sources: "Bracket" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Look up angle bracket or chevron in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Chevrons ⟨ ⟩, similar to the commonly used less-than (<) and greater-than sign (>), are often used to enclose highlighted material. In physical sciences, chevrons are used to denote an average over time or over another continuous parameter. For example, ⟨ V ( t ) 2 ⟩ = lim T → ∞ 1 T ∫ − T 2 T 2 V ( t ) 2 d t . {\displaystyle \left\langle V(t)^{2}\right\rangle =\lim _{T\to \infty }{\frac {1}{T}}\int _{-{\frac {T}{2}}}^{\frac {T}{2}}V(t)^{2}\,{\rm {d}}t.} The inner product of two vectors is commonly written as ⟨a,b⟩, but there are other notations used. In mathematical physics, especially quantum mechanics, it is common to write the inner product between elements as ⟨a\|b⟩, as a short version of ⟨a\|·\|b⟩, or ⟨a\|Ô\|b⟩, where Ô is an operator. This is known as Dirac notation or bra–ket notation. In set theory, chevrons or parentheses are used to denote ordered pairs and other tuples, whereas curly brackets are used for unordered sets. In linguistics, chevrons indicate graphemes (i.e., written letters) or orthography, as in "The English word /kæt/ is spelled ⟨cat⟩."[23][24][25] In epigraphy, they may be used for mechanical transliterations of a text into the Latin script.[24] In textual criticism, and hence in many editions of pre-modern works, chevrons denote sections of the text which are illegible or otherwise lost; the editor will often insert their own reconstruction where possible within them.[25] In HTML, chevrons (greater and less than symbols) are used to bracket meta text. For example "<b>" denotes that the following text should be displayed as bold. Pairs of meta text tags are required - much as brackets themselves are usually in pairs. The end of the bold text segment would be indicated by "</b>". This usage is sometimes extended as a mechanism for communicating mood, or tone, in digital formats such as messaging, for example adding "<sighs>" at the end of a sentence. Chevrons are infrequently used to denote words that are thought instead of spoken, such as: ⟨ What an unusual flower! ⟩ The mathematical or logical symbols for greater-than (>) and less-than (<) are inequality symbols; when either symbol is bisected by a vertical line, it represents "not greater than" or "not less than," respectively. These symbols are not punctuation marks when used, as intended, to represent an inequality. However, as true chevrons are not present on computer keyboards, the available less-than and greater-than symbols are often used instead. They are loosely referred to as angle[d] brackets or chevrons in this case, but more properly—and less confusingly—as pointy brackets (see the Names section above).[citation needed] Single and double pairs of comparison operators (<<, >>) (meaning much smaller than and much greater than) are sometimes used as a fallback instead of guillemets («, ») (used as quotation marks in many languages) when the proper characters are not available on the keyboard nor in the input editor. Similarly, early Internet messaging conventions developed to use the greater-than sign (>), available in the ASCII character set, to mark quoted lines. This format, known as Usenet quoting, is used by email clients when operating in plain text mode. In comic books, chevrons are often used to mark dialogue that has been	-0.562506	-0.054231	0.248927	0.251418	[ -0.6597530553169169, -0.46525914439909294 ]	[ -0.33916527286175097, 0.230702273140067 ]	[ 0.4962100540686743, 0.001643054118741791 ]	[ 0.378884678715981, 0.12395039242719835 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 26855, 29889, 13, 797, 1784, 8720, 10276, 29892, 896, 2094, 2226, 6471, 310, 9506, 322, 1653, 263, 1887, 6874, 29889, 10506, 10276, 313, 29907, 29892, 315, 6552, 315, 1817, 322, 1784, 4045, 29897, 526, 5480, 2000, 3151, 368, 4105, 3522, 10276, 7226, 29906, 29906, 1822, 2688, 526, 1304, 363, 1174, 4680, 630, 1134, 29892, 8087, 297, 315, 29889, 512, 5877, 7936, 25402, 896, 526, 1304, 363, 21159, 654, 8087, 297, 7338, 2760, 7437, 375, 29994, 29940, 6698, 883, 29889, 13, 19582, 20476, 29961, 5628, 29962, 13, 29908, 19582, 4105, 3522, 29908, 28937, 1244, 29889, 1152, 263, 28310, 760, 1304, 363, 22960, 29892, 1074, 3218, 280, 4105, 3522, 313, 11255, 759, 467, 13, 12542, 8974, 29901, 376, 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translated notionally from another language; in other words, if a character is speaking another language, instead of writing in the other language and providing a translation, one writes the translated text within chevrons. Since no foreign language is actually written, this is only notionally translated.[citation needed] In continuum mechanics, chevrons may be used as Macaulay brackets. In East Asian punctuation, angle brackets are used as quotation marks. Chevron-like symbols are part of standard Chinese, and Korean punctuation, where they generally enclose the titles of books: ︿ and ﹀ or ︽ and ︾ for traditional vertical printing, and 〈 and 〉 or 《 and 》 for horizontal printing. Lenticular brackets[edit] Look up 【】 in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Some East Asian languages use lenticular brackets 【】, a combination of square brackets and round brackets called 方頭括號 (fāngtóu kuòhào) in Chinese and すみ付き (sumitsuki) in Japanese. They are used for inference in Chinese[clarification needed] and used in titles and headings in Japanese. Floor and ceiling corners[edit] Look up ⌊ ⌋ or ⌈ ⌉ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The floor corner brackets ⌊ and ⌋, the ceiling corner brackets ⌈ and ⌉ are used to denote the integer floor and ceiling functions. Quine corners and half brackets[edit] The Quine corners ⌜ and ⌝ have at least two uses in mathematical logic: either as quasi-quotation, a generalization of quotation marks, or to denote the Gödel number of the enclosed expression. Half brackets are used in English to mark added text, such as in translations: "Bill saw ⸤her⸥". In editions of papyrological texts, half brackets, ⸤ and ⸥ or ⸢ and ⸣, enclose text which is lacking in the papyrus due to damage, but can be restored by virtue of another source, such as an ancient quotation of the text transmitted by the papyrus.[26] For example, Callimachus Iambus 1.2 reads: ἐκ τῶν ὅκου βοῦν κολλύ⸤βου π⸥ιπρήσκουσιν. A hole in the papyrus has obliterated βου π, but these letters are supplied by an ancient commentary on the poem. Second intermittent sources can be between ⸢ and ⸣. Quine corners are sometimes used instead of half brackets.[27] Double brackets[edit] Double brackets (or white square brackets), ⟦ ⟧, are used to indicate the semantic evaluation function in formal semantics for natural language and denotational semantics for programming languages.[28][29] The brackets stand for a function that maps a linguistic expression to its "denotation" or semantic value. In mathematics, double brackets may also be used to denote intervals of integers or, less often, the floor function. Brackets with quills[edit] Known as "spike parentheses" (Swedish: piggparenteser) ⁅ and ⁆ are used in Swedish dictionaries.[30] Specific uses[edit] Computing[edit] The various bracket characters are frequently used in many programming languages as operators or for other syntax markup. For instance, in C-like languages, { and } are often used to delimit a code block, and the parameters of method calls are generally enclosed by ( and ). In C, C++, Java and other C-derived languages—as well as in Scheme-influenced languages that have adopted C/Java syntax, such as JavaScript—the "{}" symbols are referred to as "braces" or "curly braces" and never as brackets. Since the term "brace" is documented in the definitive programming specifications for these languages, it is preferable to use the correct term brace so there is no confusion between the brace (used to denote compound statements) and the bracket, used to denote other concepts, such as array indices.[31][32] Mathematics[edit] Main article: Bracket (mathematics) In	-0.473477	0.193994	0.109433	0.602603	[ -0.5036100564110582, -0.44334433753511276 ]	[ 0.3130711878803141, 0.07491758656612148 ]	[ 0.03207794642335302, 0.18678864897179345 ]	[ 0.47253400837308485, 0.7326710351983733 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 20512, 17837, 635, 515, 1790, 4086, 29936, 297, 916, 3838, 29892, 565, 263, 2931, 338, 13590, 1790, 4086, 29892, 2012, 310, 5007, 297, 278, 916, 4086, 322, 13138, 263, 13962, 29892, 697, 15873, 278, 20512, 1426, 2629, 923, 29894, 12628, 29889, 4001, 694, 9117, 4086, 338, 2869, 3971, 29892, 445, 338, 871, 17837, 635, 20512, 7226, 29883, 7018, 4312, 29962, 13, 797, 3133, 398, 7208, 1199, 29892, 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addition to the use of parentheses to specify the order of operations, both parentheses and brackets are used to denote an interval, also referred to as a half-open range. The notation [a,c) is used to indicate an interval from a to c that is inclusive of a but exclusive of c. That is, [5, 12) would be the set of all real numbers between 5 and 12, including 5 but not 12. The numbers may come as close as they like to 12, including 11.999 and so forth (with any finite number of 9s), but 12.0 is not included. In some European countries, the notation [5, 12[ is also used for this. The endpoint adjoining the bracket is known as closed, whereas the endpoint adjoining the parenthesis is known as open. If both types of brackets are the same, the entire interval may be referred to as closed or open as appropriate. Whenever +∞ or −∞ is used as an endpoint, it is normally considered open and adjoined to a parenthesis. See Interval (mathematics) for a more complete treatment. In quantum mechanics, chevrons are also used as part of Dirac's formalism, bra–ket notation, to note vectors from the dual spaces of the Bra ⟨A\| and the Ket \|B⟩. Mathematicians will also commonly write ⟨a, b⟩ for the inner product of two vectors. In statistical mechanics, chevrons denote ensemble or time average. Chevrons are used in group theory to write group presentations, and to denote the subgroup generated by a collection of elements. Note that obtuse angled chevrons are not always (and even not by all users) distinguished from a pair of less-than and greater-than signs <>, which are sometimes used as a typographic approximation of chevrons. In group theory and ring theory, brackets denote the commutator. In group theory, the commutator [g, h] is commonly defined as g −1 h −1 g h . In ring theory, the commutator [a, b] is defined as a b − b a . Furthermore, in ring theory, braces denote the anticommutator where {a, b} is defined as a b + b a . The bracket is also used to denote the Lie derivative, or more generally the Lie bracket in any Lie algebra. Various notations, like the vinculum have a similar effect to brackets in specifying order of operations, or otherwise grouping several characters together for a common purpose. In the Z formal specification language, braces define a set and chevrons define a sequence. Accounting[edit] Traditionally in accounting, contra amounts are placed in parentheses. A debit balance account in a series of credit balances will have brackets and vice versa. Citations[edit] When quoted material is in any way altered, the alterations are enclosed in square brackets within the quotation. For example: Plaintiff asserts his cause is just, stating, "[m]y causes is [sic] just." Although in the original quoted sentence the word "my" was capitalized, it has been modified in the quotation and the change signalled with brackets. Similarly, where the quotation contained a grammatical error, the quoting author signalled that the error was in the original with "[sic]" (Latin for 'thus'). (California Style Manual, section 4:59 (4th ed.)) Law[edit] Square brackets are used in some countries in the citation of law reports to identify parallel citations to non-official reporters. For example: Chronicle Pub. Co. v. Superior Court, (1998) 54 Cal.2d 548, [7 Cal.Rptr. 109]. In some other countries (such as England and Wales), square brackets are used to indicate that the year is part of the citation and parentheses are used to indicate the year the judgment was given. For example, National Coal Board v England [1954] AC 403, is in the 1954 volume of the Appeal Cases reports although the decision may have been given in 1953 or earlier, whereas (1954) 98 Sol Jo 176 reports a decision from 1954, in volume 98 of the Solicitor's Journal which may be published in 1955 or later. Tournament brackets, the diagrammatic	-0.440263	0.095957	0.634435	0.992808	[ -0.16324571230486626, -0.7172794233348649 ]	[ 0.48497153168604706, -0.2930565868930257 ]	[ 1.1962125770747325, 0.07265780282950132 ]	[ 1.3778108617250886, 0.6078052623222349 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 6124, 304, 278, 671, 310, 29494, 304, 6084, 278, 1797, 310, 6931, 29892, 1716, 29494, 322, 20476, 526, 1304, 304, 13530, 385, 7292, 29892, 884, 12992, 304, 408, 263, 4203, 29899, 3150, 3464, 29889, 450, 12640, 518, 29874, 29892, 29883, 29897, 338, 1304, 304, 12266, 385, 7292, 515, 263, 304, 274, 393, 338, 20978, 573, 310, 263, 541, 29192, 310, 274, 29889, 2193, 338, 29892, 518, 29945, 29892, 30080, 29896, 29906, 29897, 723, 367, 278, 731, 310, 599, 1855, 3694, 1546, 29871, 29945, 322, 29871, 29896, 29906, 29892, 3704, 29871, 29945, 541, 451, 29871, 29896, 29906, 29889, 450, 3694, 1122, 2041, 408, 3802, 408, 896, 763, 304, 29871, 29896, 29906, 29892, 3704, 29871, 29896, 29896, 29889, 29929, 29929, 29929, 322, 577, 11483, 313, 2541, 738, 8093, 1353, 310, 29871, 29929, 29879, 511, 541, 29871, 29896, 29906, 29889, 29900, 338, 451, 5134, 29889, 512, 777, 7824, 10916, 29892, 278, 12640, 518, 29945, 29892, 30080, 29896, 29906, 29961, 338, 884, 1304, 363, 445, 29889, 450, 16248, 594, 2212, 2827, 278, 4105, 3522, 338, 2998, 408, 5764, 29892, 13452, 278, 16248, 594, 2212, 2827, 278, 3847, 29882, 6656, 338, 2998, 408, 1722, 29889, 960, 1716, 4072, 310, 20476, 526, 278, 1021, 29892, 278, 4152, 7292, 1122, 367, 12992, 304, 408, 5764, 470, 1722, 408, 8210, 29889, 1932, 1310, 718, 30306, 470, 13935, 30306, 338, 1304, 408, 385, 16248, 29892, 372, 338, 12891, 5545, 1722, 322, 594, 2212, 1312, 304, 263, 3847, 29882, 6656, 29889, 2823, 4124, 791, 313, 755, 4579, 1199, 29897, 363, 263, 901, 4866, 14502, 29889, 13, 797, 12101, 7208, 1199, 29892, 923, 29894, 12628, 526, 884, 1304, 408, 760, 310, 4671, 945, 29915, 29879, 11595, 1608, 29892, 4105, 29994, 7873, 12640, 29892, 304, 4443, 12047, 515, 278, 14581, 8162, 310, 278, 5032, 29871, 30266, 29909, 29989, 322, 278, 476, 300, 891, 29933, 30261, 29889, 13486, 14722, 674, 884, 15574, 2436, 29871, 30266, 29874, 29892, 30080, 29890, 30261, 363, 278, 6426, 3234, 310, 1023, 12047, 29889, 512, 24148, 7208, 1199, 29892, 923, 29894, 12628, 13530, 21285, 470, 931, 6588, 29889, 6561, 29894, 12628, 526, 1304, 297, 2318, 6368, 304, 2436, 2318, 2198, 800, 29892, 322, 304, 13530, 278, 24410, 5759, 491, 263, 4333, 310, 3161, 29889, 3940, 393, 14403, 1509, 2614, 839, 923, 29894, 12628, 526, 451, 2337, 313, 392, 1584, 451, 491, 599, 4160, 29897, 20660, 515, 263, 5101, 310, 3109, 29899, 27603, 322, 7621, 29899, 27603, 18906, 529, 10202, 607, 526, 6041, 1304, 408, 263, 2393, 12122, 16845, 310, 923, 29894, 12628, 29889, 13, 797, 2318, 6368, 322, 9228, 6368, 29892, 20476, 13530, 278, 26418, 1061, 29889, 512, 2318, 6368, 29892, 278, 26418, 1061, 518, 29887, 29892, 30080, 29882, 29962, 338, 15574, 3342, 408, 330, 30118, 30120, 29896, 30080, 29882, 30118, 30120, 29896, 30080, 29887, 30080, 29882, 30080, 29889, 512, 9228, 6368, 29892, 278, 26418, 1061, 518, 29874, 29892, 30080, 29890, 29962, 338, 3342, 408, 263, 30080, 29890, 13935, 289, 30080, 29874, 30080, 29889, 16478, 29892, 297, 9228, 6368, 29892, 4105, 778, 13530, 278, 3677, 293, 3011, 329, 1061, 988, 426, 29874, 29892, 30080, 29890, 29913, 338, 3342, 408, 263, 30080, 29890, 718, 289, 30080, 29874, 30080, 29889, 450, 4105, 3522, 338, 884, 1304, 304, 13530, 278, 7326, 16291, 29892, 470, 901, 6892, 278, 7326, 4105, 3522, 297, 738, 7326, 9623, 29889, 13, 10444, 681, 451, 800, 29892, 763, 278, 13848, 1810, 398, 505, 263, 2788, 2779, 304, 20476, 297, 22146, 1797, 310, 6931, 29892, 470, 6467, 27270, 3196, 4890, 4208, 363, 263, 3619, 6437, 29889, 13, 797, 278, 796, 11595, 21992, 4086, 29892, 4105, 778, 4529, 263, 731, 322, 923, 29894, 12628, 4529, 263, 5665, 29889, 13, 10601, 292, 29961, 5628, 29962, 13, 2308, 328, 17658, 297, 3633, 292, 29892, 6761, 26999, 526, 7180, 297, 29494, 29889, 319, 2553, 277, 17346, 3633, 297, 263, 3652, 310, 16200, 6411, 2925, 674, 505, 20476, 322, 11289, 1224, 29874, 29889, 13, 29907, 24182, 29961, 5628, 29962, 13, 10401, 23153, 5518, 338, 297, 738, 982, 10551, 287, 29892, 278, 10551, 800, 526, 427, 15603, 297, 6862, 20476, 2629, 278, 13911, 362, 29889, 1152, 1342, 29901, 13494, 524, 2593, 408, 643, 1372, 670, 4556, 338, 925, 29892, 23659, 29892, 14704, 29885, 29962, 29891, 9946, 338, 518, 29879, 293, 29962, 925, 1213, 8512, 297, 278, 2441, 23153, 10541, 278, 1734, 376, 1357, 29908, 471, 7483, 1891, 29892, 372, 756, 1063, 9120, 297, 278, 13911, 362, 322, 278, 1735, 1804, 4212, 411, 20476, 29889, 20175, 29892, 988, 278, 13911, 362, 11122, 263, 14961, 2922, 936, 1059, 29892, 278, 439, 11427, 4148, 1804, 4212, 393, 278, 1059, 471, 297, 278, 2441, 411, 14704, 29879, 293, 18017, 313, 13992, 262, 363, 525, 386, 375, 2824, 313, 7856, 6557, 423, 22135, 2315, 950, 29892, 4004, 29871, 29946, 29901, 29945, 29929, 313, 29946, 386, 1226, 29889, 876, 13, 29931, 1450, 29961, 5628, 29962, 13, 29903, 4718, 20476, 526, 1304, 297, 777, 10916, 297, 278, 274, 7018, 310, 4307, 13676, 304, 12439, 8943, 7537, 800, 304, 1661, 29899, 29877, 7880, 1634, 272, 2153, 29889, 1152, 1342, 29901, 15336, 2512, 8042, 29889, 3189, 29889, 325, 29889, 5670, 1611, 9245, 29892, 313, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29947, 29897, 29871, 29945, 29946, 3037, 29889, 29906, 29881, 29871, 29945, 29946, 29947, 29892, 518, 29955, 3037, 29889, 29934, 7414, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29900, 29929, 1822, 512, 777, 916, 10916, 313, 14565, 408, 5408, 322, 13706, 511, 6862, 20476, 526, 1304, 304, 12266, 393, 278, 1629, 338, 760, 310, 278, 274, 7018, 322, 29494, 526, 1304, 304, 12266, 278, 1629, 278, 24284, 471, 2183, 29889, 1152, 1342, 29892, 3086, 3189, 284, 12590, 325, 5408, 518, 29896, 29929, 29945, 29946, 29962, 14614, 29871, 29946, 29900, 29941, 29892, 338, 297, 278, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29945, 29946, 7977, 310, 278, 2401, 29872, 284, 315, 2129, 13676, 5998, 278, 10608, 1122, 505, 1063, 2183, 297, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29945, 29941, 470, 8859, 29892, 13452, 313, 29896, 29929, 29945, 29946, 29897, 29871, 29929, 29947, 4956, 3650, 29871, 29896, 29955, 29953, 13676, 263, 10608, 515, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29945, 29946, 29892, 297, 7977, 29871, 29929, 29947, 310, 278, 4956, 293, 2105, 29915, 29879, 8237, 607, 1122, 367, 6369, 297, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29945, 29945, 470, 2678, 29889, 13, 29911, 2905, 1166, 20476, 29892, 278, 13722, 29885, 2454 ]	2,894	6,144	CommonCrawl	12	5
representation of the series of games played during a tournament usually leading to a single winner, are so named for their resemblance to brackets or braces. Encoding in digital media[edit] Representations of various kinds of brackets in Unicode and HTML are given below. SGML/HTML/XML entities General purpose[33] U+0028 Left parenthesis ( &lparen; (parentheses) U+0029 Right parenthesis ) &rparen; U+005B Left square bracket [ [sic] U+005D Right square bracket ] Technical/mathematical (common)[33] U+003C Less-than sign < < <HTML> U+003E Greater-than sign > > U+007B Left curly bracket { {round, square, curly} U+007D Right curly bracket } (Western texts)[34][35] U+00AB Left-pointing double angle quotation mark « « French quote » or »German quote« U+00BB Right-pointing double angle quotation mark » U+2039 Single left-pointing angle quotation mark ‹ ‹ x › U+203A Single right-pointing angle quotation mark › U+201C Left double quotation mark “ "English quote" U+201D Right double quotation mark ” U+2018 Left single quotation mark ‘ 'English quote' U+2019 Right single quotation mark ’ U+201A Single low-9 quotation mark ‚ &sbquo; 'German quote' or 'Polish quote' U+201E Double low-9 quotation mark „ &bdquo; "German quote" or "Polish quote" Floor and ceiling functions[27] U+2308 Left ceiling ⌈ ⌈ceiling⌉ U+2309 Right ceiling ⌉ U+230A Left floor ⌊ ⌊floor⌋ U+230B Right floor ⌋ Quine corners[27] U+231C Top left corner ⌜ ⌜quasi-quotation⌝ ⌜editorial notation⌝ U+231D Top right corner ⌝ U+231E Bottom left corner ⌞ ⌞editorial notation⌟ U+231F Bottom right corner ⌟ (specialized)[27][36][37][38] U+207D Superscript left parenthesis ⁽ X⁽²⁾ U+207E Superscript right parenthesis ⁾ U+208D Subscript left parenthesis ₍ X₍₂₎ U+208E Subscript right parenthesis ₎ U+239B Left parenthesis upper hook ⎛ ⎛ ⎜ ⎝ large parentheses ⎞ ⎟ ⎠ U+239C Left parenthesis extension ⎜ U+239D Left parenthesis lower hook ⎝ U+239E Right parenthesis upper hook ⎞ U+239F Right parenthesis extension ⎟ U+23A0 Right parenthesis lower hook ⎠ U+23A1 Left square bracket upper corner ⎡��	-1.404856	-0.850837	-0.867337	-0.380228	[ -1.1418788063244807, -1.6678341710600046 ]	[ -0.48554915938382043, -1.2161256205581856 ]	[ -0.41493453430062444, -1.3197385201064624 ]	[ -0.19601815056790642, -0.5644372148092212 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 8954, 310, 278, 3652, 310, 8090, 5318, 2645, 263, 14743, 5491, 8236, 304, 263, 2323, 19576, 29892, 526, 577, 4257, 363, 1009, 620, 13365, 749, 304, 20476, 470, 4105, 778, 29889, 13, 14934, 297, 13436, 5745, 29961, 5628, 29962, 13, 1123, 6338, 800, 310, 5164, 17690, 310, 20476, 297, 23862, 322, 4544, 526, 2183, 2400, 29889, 13, 26016, 1988, 29914, 7020, 29914, 9165, 16212, 13, 15263, 6437, 29961, 29941, 29941, 29962, 501, 29974, 29900, 29900, 29906, 29947, 19941, 3847, 29882, 6656, 669, 29937, 29946, 29900, 29936, 669, 29880, 862, 264, 29936, 313, 3560, 13244, 267, 29897, 13, 29965, 29974, 29900, 29900, 29906, 29929, 10428, 3847, 29882, 6656, 669, 29937, 29946, 29896, 29936, 669, 29878, 862, 264, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29900, 29900, 29945, 29933, 19941, 6862, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29929, 29896, 29936, 518, 29879, 293, 29962, 13, 29965, 29974, 29900, 29900, 29945, 29928, 10428, 6862, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29929, 29941, 29936, 13, 7141, 3049, 936, 29914, 755, 4579, 936, 13, 29898, 9435, 9601, 29941, 29941, 29962, 501, 29974, 29900, 29900, 29941, 29907, 27898, 29899, 27603, 1804, 669, 29937, 29953, 29900, 29936, 669, 1896, 29936, 529, 7020, 29958, 13, 29965, 29974, 29900, 29900, 29941, 29923, 4122, 1008, 29899, 27603, 1804, 669, 29937, 29953, 29906, 29936, 669, 4141, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29900, 29900, 29955, 29933, 19941, 3151, 368, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29896, 29906, 29941, 29936, 426, 14486, 29892, 6862, 29892, 3151, 368, 29913, 13, 29965, 29974, 29900, 29900, 29955, 29928, 10428, 3151, 368, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29896, 29906, 29945, 29936, 13, 29898, 16128, 824, 26442, 9601, 29941, 29946, 3816, 29941, 29945, 29962, 501, 29974, 29900, 29900, 2882, 19941, 29899, 3149, 292, 3765, 10696, 13911, 362, 2791, 669, 29937, 29896, 29955, 29896, 29936, 859, 30080, 29943, 4615, 14978, 30080, 30007, 470, 2047, 29954, 3504, 14978, 30009, 13, 29965, 29974, 29900, 29900, 14388, 10428, 29899, 3149, 292, 3765, 10696, 13911, 362, 2791, 669, 29937, 29896, 29947, 29955, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29900, 29941, 29929, 16740, 2175, 29899, 3149, 292, 10696, 13911, 362, 2791, 669, 29937, 29947, 29906, 29946, 29929, 29936, 29871, 30474, 30080, 29916, 30080, 30405, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29900, 29941, 29909, 16740, 1492, 29899, 3149, 292, 10696, 13911, 362, 2791, 669, 29937, 29947, 29906, 29945, 29900, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29907, 19941, 3765, 13911, 362, 2791, 669, 29937, 29947, 29906, 29906, 29900, 29936, 376, 24636, 14978, 29908, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29928, 10428, 3765, 13911, 362, 2791, 669, 29937, 29947, 29906, 29906, 29896, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29947, 19941, 2323, 13911, 362, 2791, 669, 29937, 29947, 29906, 29896, 29953, 29936, 525, 24636, 14978, 29915, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29929, 10428, 2323, 13911, 362, 2791, 669, 29937, 29947, 29906, 29896, 29955, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29909, 16740, 4482, 29899, 29929, 13911, 362, 2791, 669, 29937, 29947, 29906, 29896, 29947, 29936, 669, 20778, 339, 29877, 29936, 525, 29954, 3504, 14978, 29915, 470, 525, 7713, 728, 14978, 29915, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29923, 11599, 4482, 29899, 29929, 13911, 362, 2791, 669, 29937, 29947, 29906, 29906, 29906, 29936, 669, 6448, 339, 29877, 29936, 376, 29954, 3504, 14978, 29908, 470, 376, 7713, 728, 14978, 29908, 13, 29943, 10102, 322, 2257, 6504, 3168, 29961, 29906, 29955, 29962, 501, 29974, 29906, 29941, 29900, 29947, 19941, 2257, 6504, 669, 29937, 29947, 29929, 29953, 29947, 29936, 29871, 229, 143, 139, 346, 6504, 229, 143, 140, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29941, 29900, 29929, 10428, 2257, 6504, 669, 29937, 29947, 29929, 29953, 29929, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29941, 29900, 29909, 19941, 11904, 669, 29937, 29947, 29929, 29955, 29900, 29936, 29871, 229, 143, 141, 14939, 229, 143, 142, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29941, 29900, 29933, 10428, 11904, 669, 29937, 29947, 29929, 29955, 29896, 29936, 13, 2182, 457, 26995, 29961, 29906, 29955, 29962, 501, 29974, 29906, 29941, 29896, 29907, 7488, 2175, 11155, 669, 29937, 29947, 29929, 29947, 29947, 29936, 29871, 229, 143, 159, 339, 6840, 29899, 23083, 362, 229, 143, 160, 13, 229, 143, 159, 15204, 616, 12640, 229, 143, 160, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29941, 29896, 29928, 7488, 1492, 11155, 669, 29937, 29947, 29929, 29947, 29929, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29941, 29896, 29923, 350, 3570, 2175, 11155, 669, 29937, 29947, 29929, 29929, 29900, 29936, 29871, 229, 143, 161, 15204, 616, 12640, 229, 143, 162, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29941, 29896, 29943, 350, 3570, 1492, 11155, 669, 29937, 29947, 29929, 29929, 29896, 29936, 13, 29898, 18732, 1891, 9601, 29906, 29955, 3816, 29941, 29953, 3816, 29941, 29955, 3816, 29941, 29947, 29962, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29900, 29955, 29928, 13786, 414, 924, 2175, 3847, 29882, 6656, 669, 29937, 29947, 29941, 29896, 29955, 29936, 1060, 229, 132, 192, 30088, 229, 132, 193, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29900, 29955, 29923, 13786, 414, 924, 1492, 3847, 29882, 6656, 669, 29937, 29947, 29941, 29896, 29947, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29900, 29947, 29928, 3323, 2154, 2175, 3847, 29882, 6656, 669, 29937, 29947, 29941, 29941, 29941, 29936, 1060, 229, 133, 144, 30124, 229, 133, 145, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29900, 29947, 29923, 3323, 2154, 1492, 3847, 29882, 6656, 669, 29937, 29947, 29941, 29941, 29946, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29941, 29929, 29933, 19941, 3847, 29882, 6656, 7568, 12422, 669, 29937, 29929, 29896, 29896, 29945, 29936, 13, 229, 145, 158, 13, 229, 145, 159, 13, 229, 145, 160, 2919, 13, 3560, 13244, 267, 29871, 229, 145, 161, 13, 229, 145, 162, 13, 229, 145, 163, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29941, 29929, 29907, 19941, 3847, 29882, 6656, 6081, 669, 29937, 29929, 29896, 29896, 29953, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29941, 29929, 29928, 19941, 3847, 29882, 6656, 5224, 12422, 669, 29937, 29929, 29896, 29896, 29955, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29941, 29929, 29923, 10428, 3847, 29882, 6656, 7568, 12422, 669, 29937, 29929, 29896, 29896, 29947, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29941, 29929, 29943, 10428, 3847, 29882, 6656, 6081, 669, 29937, 29929, 29896, 29896, 29929, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29941, 29909, 29900, 10428, 3847, 29882, 6656, 5224, 12422, 669, 29937, 29929, 29896, 29906, 29900, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29941, 29909, 29896, 19941, 6862, 4105, 3522, 7568, 11155, 669, 29937, 29929, 29896, 29906, 29896, 29936, 13, 229, 145, 164, 13, 229, 145, 165, 13, 229, 145 ]	2,894	7,168	CommonCrawl	10	8
� large brackets ⎤ ⎥ ⎦ U+23A2 Left square bracket extension ⎢ U+23A3 Left square bracket lower corner ⎣ U+23A4 Right square bracket upper corner ⎤ U+23A5 Right square bracket extension ⎥ U+23A6 Right square bracket lower corner ⎦ U+23A7 Left curly bracket upper hook ⎧ ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ large brackets ⎫ ⎬ ⎭ U+23A8 Left curly bracket middle piece ⎨ U+23A9 Left curly bracket lower hook ⎩ U+23AB Right curly bracket upper hook ⎫ U+23AC Right curly bracket middle piece ⎬ U+23AD Right curly bracket lower hook ⎭ U+23AA Curly bracket extension ⎪ ⎪ U+23B0 Upper left or lower right curly bracket section ⎰ ⎰ ⎱ more curly brackets ⎱ U+23B1 Upper right or lower left curly bracket section ⎱ U+23B4 Top square bracket ⎴ ⎴ horizontal square ⎶ ⎵ U+23B5 Bottom square bracket ⎵ U+23B6 Bottom square bracket over top square bracket ⎶ U+23B8 Left vertical box line ⎸ ⎸boxed text⎹ U+23B9 Right vertical box line ⎹ U+23DC Top parenthesis ⏜ ⏜ horizontal parentheses ⏝ U+23DD Bottom parenthesis ⏝ U+23DE Top curly bracket ⏞ ⏞ horizontal curly brackets ⏟ U+23DF Bottom curly bracket ⏟ U+23E0 Top tortoise shell bracket ⏠ ⏠ tortoise shell brackets ⏡ U+23E1 Bottom tortoise shell bracket ⏡ U+27C5 Left s-shaped bag delimiter ⟅ ⟅…⟆ U+27C6 Right s-shaped bag delimiter ⟆ U+27D3 Lower right corner with dot ⟓ ⟓pullback…pushout⟔ U+27D4 Upper left corner with dot ⟔ U+27E6 Mathematical left white square bracket ⟦ ⟦white square brackets⟧ U+27E7 Mathematical right white square bracket ⟧ U+27E8 Mathematical left angle bracket ⟨ &lang;[e 1] ⟨a, b⟩ U+27E9 Mathematical right angle bracket ⟩ &rang;[e 1] U+27EA Mathematical left double angle bracket ⟪ ⟪A, B⟫ U+27EB Mathematical right double angle bracket ⟫ U+27EC Mathematical left white tortoise shell bracket ⟬ ⟬white tortoise shell brackets⟭ U+27ED Mathematical right white tortoise shell bracket ⟭ U+27EE Mathematical left flattened parenthesis ⟮ ⟮flattened parentheses⟯ U+27EF Mathematical right flattened parenthesis ⟯	-2.067779	-1.395188	-1.072455	-0.605734	[ -2.106130308339608, -2.0294284843156776 ]	[ -1.5097887078929795, -1.2805882494853356 ]	[ -1.0432882483395771, -1.1016217919234153 ]	[ -0.8606682541065184, -0.350799681528953 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 166, 2919, 13, 2634, 9737, 29871, 229, 145, 167, 13, 229, 145, 168, 13, 229, 145, 169, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29941, 29909, 29906, 19941, 6862, 4105, 3522, 6081, 669, 29937, 29929, 29896, 29906, 29906, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29941, 29909, 29941, 19941, 6862, 4105, 3522, 5224, 11155, 669, 29937, 29929, 29896, 29906, 29941, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29941, 29909, 29946, 10428, 6862, 4105, 3522, 7568, 11155, 669, 29937, 29929, 29896, 29906, 29946, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29941, 29909, 29945, 10428, 6862, 4105, 3522, 6081, 669, 29937, 29929, 29896, 29906, 29945, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29941, 29909, 29953, 10428, 6862, 4105, 3522, 5224, 11155, 669, 29937, 29929, 29896, 29906, 29953, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29941, 29909, 29955, 19941, 3151, 368, 4105, 3522, 7568, 12422, 669, 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U+2983 Left white curly bracket ⦃ ⦃white curly brackets⦄ U+2984 Right white curly bracket ⦄ U+2985 Left white parenthesis ⦅ ⦅white/double parentheses⦆ U+2986 Right white parenthesis ⦆ U+2987 Z notation left image bracket ⦇ R⦇S⦈ U+2988 Z notation right image bracket ⦈ U+2989 Z notation left binding bracket ⦉ A⦉B⦊ U+298A Z notation right binding bracket ⦊ U+298B Left square bracket with underbar ⦋ ⦋underlined square brackets⦌ U+298C Right square bracket with underbar ⦌ U+298D Left square bracket with tick in top corner ⦍ ⦍ticked square brackets⦐ U+2990 Right square bracket with tick in top corner ⦐ U+298E Right square bracket with tick in bottom corner ⦎ ⦏ticked square brackets⦎ U+298F Left square bracket with tick in bottom corner ⦏ U+2991 Left angle bracket with dot ⦑ ⦑dotted angle brackets⦒ U+2992 Right angle bracket with dot ⦒ U+2993 Left arc less-than bracket ⦓ ⦓inequality sign brackets⦔ U+2994 Right arc greater-than bracket ⦔ U+2995 Double left arc greater-than bracket ⦕ ⦕inequality sign brackets⦖ U+2996 Double right arc less-than bracket ⦖ U+2997 Left black tortoise shell bracket ⦗ ⦗black tortoise shell brackets⦘ U+2998 Right black tortoise shell bracket ⦘ U+29D8 Left wiggly fence ⧘ ⧘…⧙ U+29D9 Right wiggly fence ⧙ U+29DA Left double wiggly fence ⧚ ⧚…⧛ U+29DB Right double wiggly fence ⧛ U+29FC Left-pointing curved angle bracket ⧼ ⧼…⧽ U+29FD Right-pointing curved angle bracket ⧽ Half brackets[39] U+2E22 Top left half bracket ⸢ ⸢editorial notation⸣ U+2E23 Top right half bracket ⸣ U+2E24 Bottom left half bracket ⸤ ⸤editorial notation⸥ U+2E25 Bottom right half bracket ⸥ Dingbats[40] U+2768 Medium left parenthesis ornament ❨ ❨medium parenthesis ornament❩ U+2769 Medium right parenthesis ornament ❩ U+276A Medium flattened left parenthesis ornament ❪ ❪medium flattened parenthesis ornament❫ U+276B Medium flattened right parenthesis ornament ❫ U+276C Medium left-pointing angle bracket ornament &#10092	-2.243098	-1.164197	-1.499812	-0.716943	[ -2.3033635701154296, -2.1828321323635387 ]	[ -1.1122691628422219, -1.2161256205581856 ]	[ -1.390753268817222, -1.6088699970002691 ]	[ -0.37421201394322895, -1.059673079627864 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29929, 29947, 29941, 19941, 4796, 3151, 368, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29896, 29900, 29953, 29906, 29955, 29936, 29871, 229, 169, 134, 10921, 3151, 368, 20476, 229, 169, 135, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29929, 29947, 29946, 10428, 4796, 3151, 368, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29896, 29900, 29953, 29906, 29947, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29929, 29947, 29945, 19941, 4796, 3847, 29882, 6656, 669, 29937, 29896, 29900, 29953, 29906, 29929, 29936, 29871, 229, 169, 136, 10921, 29914, 8896, 29494, 229, 169, 137, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29929, 29947, 29953, 10428, 4796, 3847, 29882, 6656, 669, 29937, 29896, 29900, 29953, 29941, 29900, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29929, 29947, 29955, 796, 12640, 2175, 1967, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29896, 29900, 29953, 29941, 29896, 29936, 390, 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29961, 29941, 29929, 29962, 501, 29974, 29906, 29923, 29906, 29906, 7488, 2175, 4203, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29896, 29896, 29947, 29896, 29900, 29936, 29871, 229, 187, 165, 15204, 616, 12640, 229, 187, 166, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29923, 29906, 29941, 7488, 1492, 4203, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29896, 29896, 29947, 29896, 29896, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29923, 29906, 29946, 350, 3570, 2175, 4203, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29896, 29896, 29947, 29896, 29906, 29936, 29871, 229, 187, 167, 15204, 616, 12640, 229, 187, 168, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29923, 29906, 29945, 350, 3570, 1492, 4203, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29896, 29896, 29947, 29896, 29941, 29936, 13, 29928, 292, 29890, 1446, 29961, 29946, 29900, 29962, 501, 29974, 29906, 29955, 29953, 29947, 3436, 1974, 2175, 3847, 29882, 6656, 15937, 1166, 669, 29937, 29896, 29900, 29900, 29947, 29947, 29936, 29871, 229, 160, 171, 27891, 3847, 29882, 6656, 15937, 1166, 229, 160, 172, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29955, 29953, 29929, 3436, 1974, 1492, 3847, 29882, 6656, 15937, 1166, 669, 29937, 29896, 29900, 29900, 29947, 29929, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29955, 29953, 29909, 3436, 1974, 1652, 8606, 287, 2175, 3847, 29882, 6656, 15937, 1166, 669, 29937, 29896, 29900, 29900, 29929, 29900, 29936, 29871, 229, 160, 173, 27891, 1652, 8606, 287, 3847, 29882, 6656, 15937, 1166, 229, 160, 174, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29955, 29953, 29933, 3436, 1974, 1652, 8606, 287, 1492, 3847, 29882, 6656, 15937, 1166, 669, 29937, 29896, 29900, 29900, 29929, 29896, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29955, 29953, 29907, 3436, 1974, 2175, 29899, 3149, 292, 10696, 4105, 3522, 15937, 1166, 669, 29937, 29896, 29900, 29900, 29929, 29906 ]	2,894	9,216	CommonCrawl	10	8
; ❬medium angle bracket ornament❭ U+276D Medium right-pointing angle bracket ornament ❭ U+2770 Heavy left-pointing angle bracket ornament ❰ ❰heavy angle bracket ornament❱ U+2771 Heavy right-pointing angle bracket ornament ❱ U+276E Heavy left-pointing angle quotation mark ornament ❮ ❮heavy angle quotation ornament❯ U+276F Heavy right-pointing angle quotation mark ornament ❯ U+2772 Light left tortoise shell bracket ornament ❲ ❲light tortoise shell bracket ornament❳ U+2773 Light right tortoise shell bracket ornament ❳ U+2774 Medium left curly bracket ornament ❴ ❴medium curly bracket ornament❵ U+2775 Medium right curly bracket ornament ❵ Arabic[41] U+FD3E Ornate left parenthesis ﴾ ﴿العربية﴾‎ U+FD3F Ornate right parenthesis ﴿ N'Ko[39] U+2E1C Left low paraphrase bracket ⸜ ⸜ߒߞߏ⸝ U+2E1D Right low paraphrase bracket ⸝ Ogham[42] U+169B Ogham feather mark ᚛ ᚛ᚑᚌᚐᚋ᚜ U+169C Ogham reversed feather mark ᚜ Old Hungarian U+2E42 Double low-reversed-9 quotation mark ⹂ ⹂ Tibetan[43] U+0F3A Tibetan mark gug rtags gyon ༺ ༺དབུ་ཅན་༻ U+0F3B Tibetan mark gug rtags gyas ༻ U+0F3C Tibetan mark ang khang gyon ༼ ༼༡༢༣༽ U+0F3D Tibetan mark ang khang gyas ༽ New Testament editorial marks[39] U+2E02 Left substitution bracket ⸂ ⸂…⸃ U+2E03 Right substitution bracket ⸃ U+2E04 Left dotted substitution bracket ⸄ ⸄…⸅ U+2E05 Right dotted substitution bracket ⸅ U+2E09 Left transposition bracket ⸉ ⸉…⸊ U+2E0A Right transposition bracket ⸊ U+2E0C Left raised omission bracket ⸌ ⸌…⸍ U+2E0D Right raised omission bracket ⸍ Medieval studies[35][39] U+2045 Left square bracket with quill ⁅ ⁅…⁆ U+2046 Right square bracket with quill ⁆ U+2E26 Left sideways u bracket ⸦ ⸦crux⸧ U+2E27 Right sideways u bracket ⸧ U+2E28 Left double parenthesis ⸨ ⸨…⸩ U+2E29 Right double parenthesis &#1181	-1.821238	-1.146291	-1.58858	-0.719544	[ -1.733578591651945, -1.9088970465637864 ]	[ -1.3522133927377242, -0.940368819036489 ]	[ -1.7610444585233254, -1.4161156790710647 ]	[ -0.9660237499707601, -0.4730640841368386 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29936, 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29965, 29974, 29906, 29923, 29906, 29955, 10428, 2625, 1994, 318, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29896, 29896, 29947, 29896, 29945, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29923, 29906, 29947, 19941, 3765, 3847, 29882, 6656, 669, 29937, 29896, 29896, 29947, 29896, 29953, 29936, 29871, 229, 187, 171, 30098, 229, 187, 172, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29923, 29906, 29929, 10428, 3765, 3847, 29882, 6656, 669, 29937, 29896, 29896, 29947, 29896 ]	2,894	10,240	CommonCrawl	10	8
7; (East-Asian texts)[44] U+3014 Left tortoise shell bracket 〔〔…〕 U+3015 Right tortoise shell bracket 〕 U+3016 Left white lenticular bracket 〖〖…〗 U+3017 Right white lenticular bracket 〗 U+3018 Left white tortoise shell bracket 〘〘…〙 U+3019 Right white tortoise shell bracket 〙 U+301A Left white square bracket 〚〚…〛 U+301B Right white square bracket 〛 U+301D Reversed double prime quotation mark 〝〝…〞 U+301E Double prime quotation mark 〞[e 2] (halfwidth East-Asian texts)[27][45] U+2329 Left-pointing angle bracket 〈 &lang;[e 1] 〈deprecated〉 U+232A Right-pointing angle bracket 〉 &rang;[e 1] U+FF62 Halfwidth left corner bracket ｢「カタカナ」 U+FF63 Halfwidth right corner bracket ｣ (fullwidth East-Asian texts)[44] U+3008 Left angle bracket 〈〈한〉 U+3009 Right angle bracket 〉 U+300A Left double angle bracket 《《한》 U+300B Right double angle bracket 》 U+300C Left corner bracket 「「表題」 U+300D Right corner bracket 」 U+300E Left white corner bracket 『『表題』 U+300F Right white corner bracket 』 U+3010 Left black lenticular bracket 【【表題】 U+3011 Right black lenticular bracket 】 (fullwidth East-Asian)[45] U+FF08 Fullwidth left parenthesis （ (Wiki) U+FF09 Fullwidth right parenthesis ） U+FF3B Fullwidth left square bracket ［ [sic] U+FF3D Fullwidth right square bracket ］ (fullwidth East-Asian)[45] U+FF1C Fullwidth less-than sign ＜ <HTML> U+FF1E Fullwidth greater-than sign ＞ U+FF5B Fullwidth left curly bracket ｛ {1、2} U+FF5D Fullwidth right curly bracket ｝ U+FF5F Fullwidth left white parenthesis ｟ ⦅…⦆ U+FF60 Fullwidth right white parenthesis ｠ ^ a b c d &lang; and &rang; were tied to the deprecated symbols U+2329 and U+232A in HTML4 and MathML2, but are being migrated to U+27E8 and U+27E9 for HTML5 and MathML3, as defined in XML Entity Definitions for Characters. ^ This is fullwidth version of U+2033 DOUBLE PRIME. In vertical texts, U+301F LOW DOUBLE PRIME QUOTATION	-2.012992	-1.31282	-1.898001	-0.844735	[ -2.0403858877476675, -1.985598870587717 ]	[ -1.3450508784124853, -1.2805882494853356 ]	[ -1.8980014738940758, -1.8980014738940758 ]	[ -0.6792226778958796, -1.0102470445310592 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29955, 29936, 13, 29898, 29923, 579, 29899, 2887, 713, 26442, 9601, 29946, 29946, 29962, 501, 29974, 29941, 29900, 29896, 29946, 19941, 16263, 29877, 895, 6473, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29896, 29906, 29941, 29900, 29947, 29936, 29871, 230, 131, 151, 30098, 230, 131, 152, 13, 29965, 29974, 29941, 29900, 29896, 29945, 10428, 16263, 29877, 895, 6473, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29896, 29906, 29941, 29900, 29929, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29941, 29900, 29896, 29953, 19941, 4796, 301, 4173, 1070, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29896, 29906, 29941, 29896, 29900, 29936, 29871, 230, 131, 153, 30098, 230, 131, 154, 13, 29965, 29974, 29941, 29900, 29896, 29955, 10428, 4796, 301, 4173, 1070, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29896, 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29936, 29961, 29872, 29871, 29906, 29962, 13, 29898, 24498, 2103, 6932, 29899, 2887, 713, 26442, 9601, 29906, 29955, 3816, 29946, 29945, 29962, 501, 29974, 29906, 29941, 29906, 29929, 19941, 29899, 3149, 292, 10696, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29929, 29900, 29900, 29896, 29936, 669, 3893, 29936, 29961, 29872, 29871, 29896, 29962, 29871, 230, 131, 139, 311, 17990, 630, 230, 131, 140, 13, 29965, 29974, 29906, 29941, 29906, 29909, 10428, 29899, 3149, 292, 10696, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29929, 29900, 29900, 29906, 29936, 669, 29878, 574, 29936, 29961, 29872, 29871, 29896, 29962, 13, 29965, 29974, 4198, 29953, 29906, 28144, 2103, 2175, 11155, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29953, 29945, 29941, 29955, 29947, 29936, 29871, 30481, 30439, 30369, 30439, 30576, 30482, 13, 29965, 29974, 4198, 29953, 29941, 28144, 2103, 1492, 11155, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29953, 29945, 29941, 29955, 29929, 29936, 13, 29898, 8159, 2103, 6932, 29899, 2887, 713, 26442, 9601, 29946, 29946, 29962, 501, 29974, 29941, 29900, 29900, 29947, 19941, 10696, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29896, 29906, 29906, 29929, 29953, 29936, 29871, 230, 131, 139, 30877, 230, 131, 140, 13, 29965, 29974, 29941, 29900, 29900, 29929, 10428, 10696, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29896, 29906, 29906, 29929, 29955, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29941, 29900, 29900, 29909, 19941, 3765, 10696, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29896, 29906, 29906, 29929, 29947, 29936, 29871, 30866, 30877, 30843, 13, 29965, 29974, 29941, 29900, 29900, 29933, 10428, 3765, 10696, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29896, 29906, 29906, 29929, 29929, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29941, 29900, 29900, 29907, 19941, 11155, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29896, 29906, 29941, 29900, 29900, 29936, 29871, 30481, 30746, 236, 164, 143, 30482, 13, 29965, 29974, 29941, 29900, 29900, 29928, 10428, 11155, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29896, 29906, 29941, 29900, 29896, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 29941, 29900, 29900, 29923, 19941, 4796, 11155, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29896, 29906, 29941, 29900, 29906, 29936, 29871, 31007, 30746, 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29974, 4198, 29941, 29928, 14846, 2103, 1492, 6862, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29953, 29945, 29941, 29946, 29896, 29936, 13, 29898, 8159, 2103, 6932, 29899, 2887, 713, 9601, 29946, 29945, 29962, 501, 29974, 4198, 29896, 29907, 14846, 2103, 3109, 29899, 27603, 1804, 669, 29937, 29953, 29945, 29941, 29900, 29947, 29936, 529, 7020, 29958, 13, 29965, 29974, 4198, 29896, 29923, 14846, 2103, 7621, 29899, 27603, 1804, 669, 29937, 29953, 29945, 29941, 29896, 29900, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 4198, 29945, 29933, 14846, 2103, 2175, 3151, 368, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29953, 29945, 29941, 29955, 29896, 29936, 426, 29896, 30330, 29906, 29913, 13, 29965, 29974, 4198, 29945, 29928, 14846, 2103, 1492, 3151, 368, 4105, 3522, 669, 29937, 29953, 29945, 29941, 29955, 29941, 29936, 13, 29965, 29974, 4198, 29945, 29943, 14846, 2103, 2175, 4796, 3847, 29882, 6656, 669, 29937, 29953, 29945, 29941, 29955, 29945, 29936, 29871, 229, 169, 136, 30098, 229, 169, 137, 13, 29965, 29974, 4198, 29953, 29900, 14846, 2103, 1492, 4796, 3847, 29882, 6656, 669, 29937, 29953, 29945, 29941, 29955, 29953, 29936, 13, 29985, 263, 289, 274, 270, 669, 3893, 29936, 322, 669, 29878, 574, 29936, 892, 21351, 304, 278, 18164, 15072, 501, 29974, 29906, 29941, 29906, 29929, 322, 501, 29974, 29906, 29941, 29906, 29909, 297, 4544, 29946, 322, 5792, 1988, 29906, 29892, 541, 526, 1641, 9725, 630, 304, 501, 29974, 29906, 29955, 29923, 29947, 322, 501, 29974, 29906, 29955, 29923, 29929, 363, 4544, 29945, 322, 5792, 1988, 29941, 29892, 408, 3342, 297, 6560, 14945, 897, 4951, 2187, 363, 2896, 21706, 29889, 13, 29985, 910, 338, 2989, 2103, 1873, 310, 501, 29974, 29906, 29900, 29941, 29941, 11662, 7466, 1307, 349, 3960, 2303, 29889, 512, 11408, 26442, 29892, 501, 29974, 29941, 29900, 29896, 29943, 365, 9806, 11662, 7466, 1307, 349, 3960, 2303, 660, 29965, 2891, 8098 ]	2,894	11,264	CommonCrawl	0	3
MARK is preferred. Braces (curly brackets) first became part of a character set with the 8-bit code of the IBM 7030 Stretch.[46] The angle brackets or chevrons at U+27E8 and U+27E9 are for mathematical use and Western languages, whereas U+3008 and U+3009 are for East Asian languages. The chevrons at U+2329 and U+232A are deprecated in favour of the U+3008 and U+3009 East Asian angle brackets. Unicode discourages their use for mathematics and in Western texts,[27] because they are canonically equivalent to the CJK code points U+300x and thus likely to render as double-width symbols. The less-than and greater-than symbols are often used as replacements for chevrons. International variation in quotation marks Japanese typographic symbols ^ "Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm: 3.1.3 Paired Brackets". Unicode Technical Reports. Retrieved 24 April 2018. ^ Truss, Lynne. Eats, Shoots & Leaves, 2003. p. 161. ISBN 1-59240-087-6. ^ Concise Oxford Dictionary, 10th Edition, Oxford University Press, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 2DP, UK ^ Smith, John. The Printer's Grammar p. 84. ^ "broket". Catb.org. Retrieved 13 February 2013. ^ "Terminology Search - Microsoft". Microsoft Language Portal - Terminology Collection. Retrieved 21 November 2016. ^ Merriam-Webster's Manual for Writers and Editors. Merriam-Webster. 1998. p. 149. ISBN 0-87779-622-X – via Google Books. ^ Robert Bringhurst, The Elements of Typographic Style, §5.3.2. ^ Forsmann, Friedrich; DeJong, Ralf (2004). Detailtypografie [Detail Typography] (in German). Mainz: Herrmann Schmidt. p. 263. ISBN 978-3874396424. ^ Straus, Jane. "Parentheses—Punctuation Rules". The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation. grammarbook.com. Retrieved 18 April 2014. ^ Slash (punctuation)#Gender-neutrality in Spanish and Portuguese ^ "The Free Online Dictionary". Thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 13 February 2013. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014. CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Standard Uncertainty and Relative Standard Uncertainty". CODATA reference. NIST. Retrieved 20 July 2018. ^ The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed., The University of Chicago Press, 2003, §6.104 ^ "Bartleby.com: Great Books Online -- Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more". bartleby.com. Archived from the original on 24 May 2008. ^ The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed., The University of Chicago Press, 2003, §6.102 and §6.106 ^ "Are curly braces ever used in normal text? If not, why were they created?". Stack Exchange. Retrieved 24 April 2018. ^ "> U+007B LEFT CURLY BRACKET". Decodeunicode.org. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. ^ "Brace and Indent Styles and Code Convention". riedquat.de. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. ^ Bauer, Laurie (2007). "Notational conventions. Brackets". The Linguistics Student's Handbook. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 99. ^ a b Sampson, Geoffrey (2016). "Writing systems	-1.01176	-0.252767	-0.281465	-0.023027	[ -0.7994599490747906, -1.2240593320644062 ]	[ 0.30232741639245575, -0.8078623040195698 ]	[ -0.3895721240467817, -0.1733575766327728 ]	[ 0.21759972208430217, -0.26365377754248137 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 23851, 29968, 338, 16389, 29889, 13, 28183, 778, 313, 2764, 368, 20476, 29897, 937, 3897, 760, 310, 263, 2931, 731, 411, 278, 29871, 29947, 29899, 2966, 775, 310, 278, 27955, 29871, 29955, 29900, 29941, 29900, 624, 10301, 7226, 29946, 29953, 29962, 13, 1576, 10696, 20476, 470, 923, 29894, 12628, 472, 501, 29974, 29906, 29955, 29923, 29947, 322, 501, 29974, 29906, 29955, 29923, 29929, 526, 363, 19475, 671, 322, 10504, 10276, 29892, 13452, 501, 29974, 29941, 29900, 29900, 29947, 322, 501, 29974, 29941, 29900, 29900, 29929, 526, 363, 6932, 20021, 10276, 29889, 450, 923, 29894, 12628, 472, 501, 29974, 29906, 29941, 29906, 29929, 322, 501, 29974, 29906, 29941, 29906, 29909, 526, 18164, 297, 15381, 310, 278, 501, 29974, 29941, 29900, 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: methods for recording language". In Allan, Keith (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Linguistics. Routledge. p. 60. ^ a b Trask, Robert Lawrence (2000). "Angle brackets". The Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 22. ^ M.L. West (1973) Textual Criticism and Editorial Technique (Stuttgart) 81. ^ a b c d e f "Miscellaneous Technical Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 27 February 2016 ^ Dowty, D., Wall, R. and Peters, S.: 1981, Introduction to Montague semantics, Springer. ^ Scott, D. and Strachey, C.: 1971, Toward a mathematical semantics for computer languages, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, Programming Research Group. ^ See sv:Parentes ^ Brian W. Kernighan, Dennis M. Ritchie. "The C Programming Language", 1988. p. 7. ISBN 0-13-110370-9 ^ Bjarne Stroustrup, "The C++ Programming Language", 2013. p.39. ISBN 0-13-352285-7 ^ a b "C0 Controls and Basic Latin Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 27 February 2016 ^ "C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 27 February 2016 ^ a b "General Punctuation Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 1 March 2016 ^ "Superscripts and Subscripts Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 27 February 2016 ^ "Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 27 February 2016 ^ "Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 27 February 2016 ^ a b c d "Supplemental Punctuation Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 27 February 2016 ^ "Dingbats Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 27 February 2016 ^ "Arabic Presentation Forms-A Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 27 February 2016 ^ "Ogham Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 27 February 2016 ^ "Tibetan Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 27 February 2016 ^ a b "CJK Symbols and Punctuation Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 27 February 2016 ^ a b c "Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 27 February 2016 ^ Bob, Bemer. "The Great Curly Brace Trace Chase". Archived from the original on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2009. Lennard, John (1991). But I Digress: The Exploitation of Parentheses in English Printed Verse. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-811247-5. Turnbull; et al. (1964). The Graphics of Communication. New York: Holt. States that what are depicted as brackets above are called braces and braces are called brackets. This was the terminology in US printing prior to computers. Media related to Brackets at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of bracket at Wiktionary ' ' [ ] ( ) { } ⟨ ⟩ 🄯 † ‡ ⹋ ‒ – — = ⸗ ❧ ‹ › « » ‽ ⸮ º ª ‱ ± ∓ ′ ″ ‴ ' ' " " ' ' " " ℠ ℗ ⁀ \| ¦ Logic symbols Chinese punctuation Hebrew punctuation Japanese punctuation Korean	-1.317197	-0.20733	-0.070957	0.385388	[ -1.2624102440763716, -1.3719842783962723 ]	[ -0.10504058585550524, -0.3096199012701406 ]	[ 0.29331077203793277, -0.43522446250369856 ]	[ 0.7326710351983733, 0.03810517357485317 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29901, 3519, 363, 16867, 4086, 1642, 512, 2178, 273, 29892, 27179, 313, 287, 6250, 450, 20829, 5485, 5166, 2909, 310, 365, 6202, 6765, 29889, 20829, 5485, 29889, 282, 29889, 29871, 29953, 29900, 29889, 13, 29985, 263, 289, 1605, 1278, 29892, 4755, 19520, 313, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29900, 467, 376, 19582, 20476, 1642, 450, 13343, 310, 20315, 322, 28663, 1230, 365, 6202, 6765, 29889, 25200, 29901, 25200, 3014, 5254, 29889, 282, 29889, 29871, 29906, 29906, 29889, 13, 29985, 341, 29889, 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In recent times, communal riots and secularism are the two major points hogging the headlines. Secularism is not a word originated in our country; rather it was a western concept to force the people to live according to the will of the State. But, the so-called fortune-makers of this nation adroitly inherited this term from the British. Yes, it was the best possible tool for the Englishmen i.e. divide and rule. And, later most of the successive Indian government utilized this tool more ambidextrously and wisely than the British Raj. We should not forget that tolerance is the basic feature of Sanatan Dharma and that is why one of the oldest mosques in the world (Cheraman mosque) was constructed by a king of Chera dynasty – after dismantling an old temple there. It's the only mosque in the world – where namaaz is offered in the opposite direction. We have the long tradition of inclusiveness, democratic space for rational debate (shastrarth) and the spirit of reconciliation or accommodation of conflicting views (Charvaka Philosophy). But, ironically – it was seldom reciprocated by the followers of the exclusivist Semitic religions like Islam and Christianity in India. Now, the other issue is of minorities! Friends, I am very sad to inform that Bihar has forgotten one of its worthy sons of the soil. Yes, it was Tajamul Hussain – who during the 1949 debates on the Advisory Committee of the Constituent Assembly on Fundamental Rights and Minorities debating 'communal reservation' for the members of the minority communities headed by Sardar Patel commented thus, "The term minority is a British creation. The British created minorities. The British have gone and minorities have gone with them. I am sorry to say that it is an attempt to come by the backdoor or side windows what is denied by the front door." But, due to political reservations, Hussain was not heard. The question is not about who is minority or majority? It should instead be who is legitimate, just or right! We must not forget that Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, in his crusade against the evils of Hinduism like widow-remarriage, could get signatures of only 987 people in his favour, while conservative Hindu leader Radha Kant Deo got 36,787 signatures in his memorandum against it. But who won finally? Of course, minority! Because truth alone triumphs. Do we want to make this country sovereign and secular? If yes, then we must not take a chance to declare a community minority on the basis of religion. It is because when we begin to see a community as a religio-political group, it spoils the very fabric of secularism. It also leads to competitive vote-bank politics and day-by-day they get involved in mud-slinging on each other. And, not to go far – like the present day situation on corruption, one defends his vice on the name of other's corruption. Not only that, this vote-bank politics also diverts us from the original question and we are forced to debate on communal riots and appeasement, leaving our genuine character. Now, I shall give the example of Sachar Committee reports on minorities. I read all its 40,000 pages, but failed to get even a drop from that ocean. Where do we want to take the hands of the clock? It was only a tool to continue the divisive process of division on pure communal lines. It was followed by Census on the basis of caste or religion – which gave birth to a new query that institutional discrimination does take place in India. I am sorry to inform you that the whole of Sachar Committee report failed to give any substantial evidence to prove any institutional discrimination. In this country of 1000 million people, I agree that some 100 incidents do take place. 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Window Into Our World I have an endless curiosity about our world. I want to explore its natural wonder, meet its people and listen to their stories, and travel to far flung places. This is my education. Cameroon: A Nation in Crisis bumablaise June 12, 2017 August 31, 2017 Africa, Cameroon, Politics Episode 1: Background to the Cameroon Anglophone Crisis "Cameroon" is derived from "Rio dos Cameroes," Portuguese for "River of Prawns." When the first Europeans made contact in the coast of Cameroon in the mid 15th Century, they encountered a river full of prawns and named it Rio dos Cameroes. But if you're planning a trip to Cameroon anytime soon, don't expect to go fishing in Wouri for prawns. The river is known today more for its pollution and lone Bonaberi Bridge (a second bridge has been under construction for years) linking the city of Douala than for its prawns. The name of this Equatorial African nation of about 20 million people is a vestige of one of the earliest attempts at European exploration and colonization of Africa. That legacy of European adventurism in Cameroon laid the foundations for what has become the biggest political crisis that is now bedeviling the country – the Cameroon Anglophone Crisis. In a series of blog posts, I will discuss the crisis, its causes, and my take on what I think is the best way forward. This is a very controversial, even sensitive topic to discuss in Cameroon. Given the crisis that has engulfed the nation over the past several months, I am not unmindful of the monumental challenges we face and the sacrifices that people have made, including laying down their lives, in the quest for freedom and self-determination. Some people will agree of some of the issues raised here. Others will disagree. Wherever your views fall on the broad spectrum of opinions on the subject, please feel free to add your voice to the debate. This is an attempt to widen, and also elevate the level of public discourse on the subject. I have seen other circles of debate on the crisis where passions run so high as to impede any meaningful conversation. At its core, this is a very personal, even emotional issue for some people. By all means, we should bring not just our faculties to bear, but also all that we feel about the subject – so long as we do so in a manner that is courteous and allows room for other views. One more issue of note: This is not an academic exercise. When I make typos and factual errors, please feel free to point them out and thank you in advance. An image that came to symbolise the crisis: Protesters use a makeshift slingshot to fight back at government security forces. Credit: Unknown On the surface, the Anglophone crisis in Cameroon is a struggle for self-determination by a group of English-speaking Cameroonians who feel marginalized by the dominant Francophone majority. The grievances that Anglophones claim to suffer are almost innumerate. The country is ostensibly bilingual, but French dominates throughout the system. The Anglophone minority must learn how to speak French to navigate the cumbersome government bureaucracy; the constitution prescribes one country and two legal systems, but French common law pervades the English customary court system; Anglophones are underrepresented in the government – an Anglophone has never been president; the best cabinet ministries – Finance, Post & Telecommunications, Territorial Administration – historically have always gone to Francophones. Even when it comes to admissions into Cameroon's most prestigious institutions (ENS, IRIC, FMBSes at Universities of Yaoundé, Buea, and Bamenda*) English-speaking students are often at a disadvantage. The vast majority of seats always goes to the Francophone students. The two largest cities in Cameroon are Yaoundé and Douala, both Francophone cities that are the centers of political and economic power respectively. 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These are only a few of the "injustices" that Anglophone Cameroonians have long complained against. These grievances are only symptoms of a long-simmering tension that has been building up for decades since the dawn of independence in October 1961. During much of this period, Cameroon enjoyed a stable political climate, compared to many other African countries. However, this stability was underpinned by the strong hand of the state – in other words, it was more so an absence of conflict rather than the peaceful coexistence of Africans of different ethnic stripes. Fast-forward to today and the grievances suffered by Anglophones has reached a boiling point. In September 2016 a peaceful strike action by Anglophone lawyers against the predominance of French common law and the appointment of French-speaking judges who adjudicate in French in Anglophone courts quickly gathered momentum and morphed into "region-wide" protests. Taxi drivers, day laborers, traders, teachers, students, doctors, and government civil servants all joined the protests to register their discontent. University students led protest marches, an action punishable in Cameroon with a jail term. In footage that appeared online, students brought caskets to protest marches – a symbolic gesture indicating that they were willing to die for their cause. Scenes like these had never before been seen on the streets of Cameroon. This time, they said, was different. The government responded how any despotic government best knows how. The authorities sent in heavily armed security forces to crush the protests. Confrontations between protesters and police turned violent. Armed forces used live ammunition against unarmed protesters. Dozens of people died. Scores were wounded. Hundreds beaten. And thousands rounded up and taken to "Nkondengue," Cameroon's most notorious prison in Yaoundé. The government employed all tools of repression in its toolkit. Before long, Internet access to all English-speaking regions was cut off. This seemed like an attempt to stifle dissent as protest organizers used Whatsapp, Facebook and other social media platforms to organize for action as well as share with the Diaspora and the international community the atrocities that were being perpetrated by government forces. The state-controlled media narrated a purified version of what was happening, yet the young people were always ten steps ahead of the authorities. Information continued to filter out. The international press, from powerhouses such as BBC, The Economist, and the New York Times all covered the crisis. Cameroonians in the diaspora sprung to action, protesting at Cameroon embassies in Europe, America, and elsewhere. At the UN, journalists and friends of Cameroon started putting pressure on members of the international community to address the crisis. Under the weight of severe international pressure, the government of Cameroon restored Internet access to the English-speaking region, after about three months of a complete blackout. Cameroon stands at a crossroads. The stakes for the future of the country are high: to understand and defuse this crisis is of paramount importance. Echoes of Rwandan 1994 genocide loom large. Even more recent history is portentous. In 2011 Cote d'Ivoire, once one of Africa's greatest economic success stories, plunged into civil war over post-election sectarian strife that pitted the Christian South against the Muslim North. In Burundi in 2016, post-election protests flared into violence that left hundreds of people dead. Even more relevant to Cameroon, the lessons of the Arab Spring are a startling reminder of what is at stake if the current crisis continues to build up without a satisfactory resolution. In the wake of the Arab Spring Libya was plunged into a civil war that still rages on today. In Egypt, government protests against Hosni Mubarak led to the deaths of hundreds of civilians and plunged the nation into a constitutional crisis, leading to a coup d'état by the military before a tumultuous return to civilian government. Post-Mubarak Egypt is not the beacon of freedom that the revolutionaries hoped for. Cameroon has the potential to be one of Africa's best success stories. It has an abundance of resources. Its economic indicators are amongst the best in the sub-region. 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Our Biography SOSM Youtube Swords of Saint Michael YouTube Channel www.virgopotens.org Formerly The Demonology Today Radio Show Prayers and Solutions NEW! Saint Michael Long form, Pope Leo XIII New! Deliverance Prayers For Our Children Breaking Curses Against Freemasonry Protection Prayers (for Laity) Children who See Ghosts Stop Sleep Paralysis Human Ghosts Binding/Rebuke Three Kings Blessing The Four Corners Blessing For Purity Tools for Solutions Exorcised Holy Oil Blessed Candles Frankincense & Myrrh St. Benedict Medal Exorcised Salt The Miraculous Medal Books/Resources Books For Spiritual Warfare Study SOSM Merch Prayers by the Bead ABOUT – DEMONOLOGY TODAY RADIO SHOW Hosted By Br. Kenneth Deel & Sr. Farah Rose Deel, OFS, Franciscans, 40+ years of studies, research and experience in their field in Demonology, and Spiritual Warfare counseling. DEMONOLOGY TODAY is a radio show designed to provide an educational resource for those who want to learn and understand "Hauntings", and Demonic Infestation, Oppression, and possession, as well as Spiritual Warfare. Our topics of discussion, as well as our special guests in this area of study, will help to provide a valued resource of information in understanding and dealing with Ghosts, Demons, and Hauntings in general. The Goal of "Demonology Today" is to help pass on our knowledge to the listener as to provide for many a better knowledge and understanding of "demonic hauntings" and "hauntings" in general. A "Demonology 101" if you will, where we will try to keep it as comprehensive from everyone, regardless of faith, to a certain extent, universal, however much of the topics, theories, theology, provided are primarily of that Christian-Judeo perspective, do not adhere to any philosophy, ideal, and theory that is against the Catholic faith. Demonology Today Radio Show began in 2007 as a mainstream radio broadcast, the goal was to reach the rest of the world with topics and to educate the truth and ideas more so shared by those of the Catholic/Christian faith. Rather than would-be ghost hunters, self-proclaimed "parapsychologist" and others. Some of the guests were selected to share their story, and experiences, this was to help spread the awareness that these extreme case exist, and are a concern to today society. And not merely ones, imagination, or "digested piece of beef…". During the interview, Ken and co-host would add in facts relating t the experiences. For example, the guest would tell how they were so afraid during an encounter, Ken might say something like. "They thrive on fear and often the experience for children may be more to draw fear, in part also to dissipate faith". Some variations of this format were the Swords of Saint Michael roundtable discussions. Which was a typical format that you might expect from the name, where the host brings forth a topic and let everyone shed their thoughts on it? This show was unique for its time, and is still unmatched today, in how it kept the TRUE FACTS in the light to avoid confusing and misguided "opinions" that could come from some guest, as some guest were in the least controversial. In later Years, when Kenneth Wife Farah Rose Joined the show, the show continued this format, but in the last days before moving to their, video tv show. It became more of a "roundtable" discussion, with Ken and Farah hosting. The show also played on FM radio and spanned across several networks over time, finally settling on their own network they set up. WHY THE NAME "DEMONOLOGY TODAY"? In an attempt to speak in the terminology of the mainstream, the word "Demonologist" is a buzzword for who would be called a "Spiritual Warfare Counselor" in the Christian world for example. Even today, people keyword search "Demonologist" and are able to find us before a Ghost Hunter team, "Psychic-Medium". Because it is a very familiar title, that the mainstream public is familiar with. 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Do Hedge Funds and Insiders Love ZIOPHARM Oncology Inc. (ZIOP)? ZIOPHARM Oncology Inc. (NASDAQ:ZIOP) was in 6 hedge funds' portfolio at the end of December. ZIOP investors should pay attention to a decrease in activity from the world's largest hedge funds in recent months. There were 9 hedge funds in our database with ZIOP holdings at the end of the previous quarter. In the eyes of most shareholders, hedge funds are viewed as slow, outdated investment vehicles of the past. While there are more than 8000 funds in operation at the moment, we at Insider Monkey look at the leaders of this group, around 450 funds. It is estimated that this group oversees the majority of the smart money's total asset base, and by paying attention to their best stock picks, we have formulated a number of investment strategies that have historically outpaced Mr. Market. Our small-cap hedge fund strategy outpaced the S&P 500 index by 18 percentage points per year for a decade in our back tests, and since we've started sharing our picks with our subscribers at the end of August 2012, we have outpaced the S&P 500 index by 24 percentage points in 7 months (see all of our picks from August). Just as integral, positive insider trading sentiment is another way to parse down the stock market universe. There are plenty of incentives for an upper level exec to cut shares of his or her company, but just one, very simple reason why they would behave bullishly. Many empirical studies have demonstrated the impressive potential of this strategy if you know where to look (learn more here). Consequently, it's important to take a look at the latest action encompassing ZIOPHARM Oncology Inc. (NASDAQ:ZIOP). What does the smart money think about ZIOPHARM Oncology Inc. (NASDAQ:ZIOP)? At the end of the fourth quarter, a total of 6 of the hedge funds we track were bullish in this stock, a change of -33% from the third quarter. With hedge funds' positions undergoing their usual ebb and flow, there exists a select group of noteworthy hedge fund managers who were boosting their stakes meaningfully. According to our comprehensive database, Jacob Gottlieb's Visium Asset Management had the largest position in ZIOPHARM Oncology Inc. (NASDAQ:ZIOP), worth close to $3.4 million, comprising 0.1% of its total 13F portfolio. On Visium Asset Management's heels is Julian Baker and Felix Baker of Baker Bros. Advisors, with a $1.1 million position; the fund has less than 0.1%% of its 13F portfolio invested in the stock. Other hedge funds that hold long positions include Jim Simons's Renaissance Technologies, and Cliff Asness's AQR Capital Management. Since ZIOPHARM Oncology Inc. (NASDAQ:ZIOP) has witnessed a declination in interest from the entirety of the hedge funds we track, it's easy to see that there lies a certain "tier" of fund managers who were dropping their positions entirely heading into 2013. Interestingly, Jay Venkatesen's Ayer Capital Management dumped the largest position of all the hedgies we track, totaling an estimated $4.4 million in stock.. Richard Driehaus's fund, Driehaus Capital, also said goodbye to its stock, about $1.9 million worth. These moves are interesting, as total hedge fund interest dropped by 3 funds heading into 2013. How are insiders trading ZIOPHARM Oncology Inc. (NASDAQ:ZIOP)? Insider trading activity, especially when it's bullish, is most useful when the primary stock in question has experienced transactions within the past half-year. Over the last 180-day time period, ZIOPHARM Oncology Inc. (NASDAQ:ZIOP) has seen 1 unique insiders buying, and zero insider sales (see the details of insider trades here). 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Browse: Home / Television / Stargate SG-1 / Season Seven / Fallen / Transcript Summary \| Production \| Transcript \| Review SG-1 discovers Daniel Jackson alive and living on an alien world, with no memory of who he is. The team hatches a plan to lure Anubis into a trap and destroy his new super-weapon. ORIGINAL AIR DATE: 06.13.03 SYNDICATION AIR DATE: 09.20.04 DVD DISC: Season 7, Disc 1 WRITTEN BY: Robert C. Cooper DIRECTED BY: Martin Wood Transcript by Sarae, with special help from Rosemary Edited by Deanna Moll-Landry Scene: Alien Planet Four unknown people are walking and talking. SHAMDA: "The new animal took a look around and immediately went and chose a place next to the laziest, greediest beast in the stable. When the master saw this, he put a yoke on him at once and took him back to the merchant." NATIVE: "We've heard this one already." SHAMDA: "Has it lost it's meaning?" NATIVE: "I mean you told it just now on the way down to the water hole." Suddenly they see a bright flash of light and they all turn to look in the direction of the flash. We see, from above, a naked figure lying on it's side on the ground. The four who had been walking and talking approach the figure. We see blue eyes open and look around. One of the inhabitants of the planet bends over to peer at the naked man. NATIVE: "Who are you?" We now see clearly that the naked man is Daniel. JACKSON: "I don't know." Scene: S.G.C. We see Jonas sitting at a desk in his lab, looking at some papers and the tablet from Abydos. He gets up and goes to a book on one of the shelves. He opens it and looks at something. Then, he gets an "ah-ha" look on his face. QUINN: "I got it." (We see him running down an S.G.C. corridor. Teal'c is up ahead.) "I got it. Teal'c! Teal'c! I got it." (He taps Teal'c on the shoulder with the book and continues on his way. Teal'c raises his brow and looks after him, but does not follow. We see Jonas round another corner ... ) "I got it. I got it." (He runs into Siler from behind while trying to avoid oncoming traffic on his way to the elevator.) "Oh, sorry, uh, Tyler ... Siler ... Master Sergeant Siler, Siler." (He walks rapidly onto the elevator, some what out of breath. There is someone already on the elevator. Jonas points to the controls.) "28, please." (He clears his throat as he stands at the back of the elevator and looks at the book again. Then he closes the book and walks up to the other person on the elevator. He puts his hands out and pushes against the man's shoulders.) "It's not the lost city. See, there's a subtle difference in meaning when you use Asgard translations of early Ancient. Remember that." (The man looks bewilderedly at Jonas. Then the elevator stops, the doors open and Jonas continues on his way.) "Excuse me." (He continues his way down the corridor, side stepping a particularly bustling S.G.C..) "Watch it, watch it." (He runs into the control room and addresses Sgt. Davis.) "Hey, where's Major Carter?" DAVIS: "Uh, sh-she's in, uh, Hammond's office." Jonas heads up the stairs to Hammond's office and in the background we can hear Sam. CARTER: "According to intelligence provided by the Tok'ra, Anubis is quickly decimating the forces of the remaining system lords." Jonas steps into Hammond's doorway. He is quite out of breath and stops in the doorway to catch his breath. QUINN: "I got it." CARTER: "Hopefully, it's not contagious." 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ha. The lost city ..." (Hammond sits and looks quizzically at Jonas as he walks around to the front of the General's desk.) "... on the tablet." CARTER: "You found it?" QUINN: "Yeah, only it's not the lost city. That never made sense to me anyway. I mean, t-t-the tablet is written in ancient. How could they lose one of their own cities? And even if they did, why would they call it the lost city? They wouldn't. They would call it by it's name, right?" HAMMOND: "Mr. Quinn ..." QUINN: "It's not the lost city. It's the city of the lost." CARTER: "Do you have a gate address?" QUINN: "There's a reference in some partial translations that Dr. Jackson was working on from the library of the four races. It talks about a city of the Ancients called Vis Uban as being a place where the plague began. This was going to be the crown jewel in the entire ancient domain. Only it was still under construction when the plague broke out." CARTER: "Two words ... gate address." QUINN: "Four years ago, when Colonel O'Neill h-had the ancient repository of knowledge downloaded into his mind, one of the things that he did was to put a bunch of new gate addresses into the S.G.C. computer. How many did he put in there?" CARTER: "Well, we've been sending probes and cataloguing them as fast as we can." HAMMOND: "Any possibly relevant planet goes on the mission list." QUINN: "Yeah, well how many have actually had probes sent to them?" CARTER: "Less than a quarter." QUINN: "And do you think that he came up with these, uh, gate addresses randomly or could there be some sort of order?" CARTER: "Yeah, I suppose ..." QUINN: "If Vis Uban wasn't finished being built at the time the entire Ancient civilization fell ..." CARTER (nodding): "You're saying the Ancient city we're looking for is the last one on the list." QUINN: "Well, we've been going in order from first to last, right?" HAMMOND (to Carter): "Send a probe." CARTER: "Yes, sir." Sam leaves and Jonas nods at Hammond. We see SG-1 and other S.G.C. personnel walking away from the Stargate. O'NEILL: "We're not talking about a common cold here, Carter. It was the plague." CARTER: "Sir, we don't wear a Haz-Mat every time we step through the gate. There's always a chance we could be exposing ourselves to something dangerous." O'NEILL: "Well, the place is called the City of the Dead." QUINN: "The City of the Lost, actually, sir." O'NEILL: "Not for lack of a sense of direction." Then we see that this is the same planet on which Daniel appeared naked. Next we see a "village square". SG-1 walks into a gathering of people. O'NEILL: "Well, these folks don't look lost ... nor dead." QUINN: "I don't think that these are the Ancients. I mean, anything's possible, but, uh, they look like some sort of, uh, nomadic tribe that's just taken up residence." NATIVE (the same guy who found Daniel): "Greetings." QUINN: "Greetings. We're ... travelers from a planet called Earth." NATIVE: "You came through the Chappa'ai?" QUINN: "The Stargate ... Chappa'ai." NATIVE (pointing toward Teal'c): "He is Jaffa." O'NEILL: "No, but he plays one on T.V." QUINN: (As Sam tries very hard to keep a straight face) "This is Teal'c. He's no longer allied with the Goa'uld. He's a friend, as are we." NATIVE: "We too are travelers. 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we have been here for some time now. If you wish to lay claim ..." QUINN: "No. No, no, nothing like that. We just want the opportunity to learn more about your people and, uh, take a really good look around these ruins." We see several S.G.C. personnel setting up a base near the alien Stargate. We can overhear a conversation in the background: FEMALE: "We need to sweep the area, sir." MALE: "Maintain a secure perimeter, 50 meters radius from the gate." FEMALE: "Yes, sir." SECOND MALE: "Sir ..." Suddenly, they all turn to see Daniel approaching from the woods. He is wearing a blue gown that rally brings out the blue in his eyes. They raise their guns defensively at first. Then they recognize him and lower their weapons. We are back at the "village square". NATIVE: "They are travelers like us. They say that they are friends." SHAMDA (as they approach SG-1): "No one can be a friend if you know not whether to trust them." O'NEILL: "Don't judge a book by its cover." SHAMDA: "Enemies promises were made to be broken." O'NEILL: "And yet, honesty is the best policy." SHAMDA: "He that has too many friends has none." O'NEILL: "Ah, but ... birds of a feather ..." SHAMDA: "I'm unfamiliar with that story. What lesson does it teach?" O'NEILL: "It has to do with flocking ... and togetherness ... and ... to be honest, I'm not that familiar with the particulars myself. The point is, we're not your enemy. Give us a chance to prove it." PIERCE (at least I think it's Pierce): "Colonel," (Jack turns to see Pierce coming down the stairs behind SG-1.) "we found something you might want to see." The rest of Pierces team accompanies Daniel down the stairs. Jack, Sam and then Teal'c walk toward Daniel. O'NEILL: "Daniel?" NATIVE: "Arrom." O'NEILL: "Arrom?" NATIVE: "It's what we call him." SHAMDA: "It means naked one." NATIVE: "That's how we found him in the forest, two moons ago." PIERCE: "Seems he doesn't remember who he is." CARTER (approaching Daniel): "Daniel?" (She smiles and reaches her hand out to touch his shoulder.) "It's okay. It's me, Sa ..." (Daniel puts his hand up to block her touch. They stand there for a moment, frozen.) TEAL'C: "Do you not recognize us, Daniel Jackson?" JACKSON (slight shake of his head in the negative): "I'm sorry." He walks away. They all turn to watch him. O'NEILL: "Not even me?" We see Daniel sitting in a tent. Jack walks in. JACKSON: "Please leave me alone." O'NEILL (ignoring him and continuing into the tent to sit in front of him): "I'm Jack O'Neill. And, barring some freakish similarity, you are Dr. Daniel Jackson." JACKSON: "This tent is all I know. These people, they're all I know. Before I woke up in the forest, I don't remember anything. I've tried, I've tried to remember who I was before. Sometimes I think it's right there, floating in front of me, and all I have to do is reach out and grab it. I try ... and it's gone." O'NEILL: "You were a member of my team, SG-1. You're a friend of mine. Last year, you died." JACKSON: "I'm dead?" O'NEILL: "Obviously not. You just sort of died. Actually, you ... ascended to a higher plain of existence. Last time I saw you, you were helping us fight Anubis." JACKSON: "Anubis?" O'NEILL: "Yeah, kind of an over-the-top, cliché bad guy. 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skin, kind of spooky. Anyway, obviously since then, you've retaken human form, somehow. I ..." (He stops and shakes his head.) "Actually, I can how this might sound a bit unusual ..." JACKSON: "A bit? Why am I here?" O'NEILL: "Hey, why are any of us here? Honestly, I don't know, but you've gotta trust me. You are Daniel Jackson. Think of it this way: out of all the planets in the galaxy, why this one if not for us to find you?" JACKSON: "So you're saying a higher power had a hand in putting me here?" O'NEILL: "I don't know. That was generally your department." We see Sam back out with the people, conversing. CARTER: "Thanks very much." NATIVE: "You're welcome." Sam walks toward Jack who is emerging from the tent. CARTER: "Jonas and Teal'c are helping SG-3 and -5 begin the preliminary sweep." O'NEILL: "Remember when I said it was like talking to a wall?" CARTER: "Sir, we know someone who's ascended can chose to retake human form." O'NEILL: "You think he also chose to forget everything?" CARTER: "Maybe the part about his memory isn't voluntary. Who knows? Maybe the whole thing is punishment for trying to help us. He did say he was breaking some pretty big rules." O'NEILL: "So ... what?" CARTER: "It's gonna take some time to search the entire extent of the ruins. There could be weapons or a power source hidden just about anywhere. In the mean time, we try to help Daniel remember ... if that's even possible." O'NEILL: "Tag ... you're it." Back in the tent, Sam walks in to try her hand and communicating with Daniel. CARTER: "Can I come in?" JACKSON: "Sure." CARTER (as she sits down): "So ..." JACKSON: "What did you say your name was again?" CARTER: "Samantha Carter. You used to call me Sam." JACKSON: "Yeah, well, like I already told Jim ..." CARTER: "Uh, Jack." JACKSON: "Jack? Yeah, I told him." CARTER: "I guess what I don't understand is why you aren't dying to know all about who you are." JACKSON: "I am ... and I'm not." CARTER: "See, it's the not part ..." JACKSON: "What if I don't like who I was? What if I don't want to be that person? What if I don't have it in me to make up for something I've done wrong?" CARTER: "I have to admit, that never occurred to me. Look, we all thought we'd lost you at one point. It was one of the hardest things I have ever been through. You were ... you are ... brilliant. One of the most caring, passionate ... you're the type of person who would give his own life for someone he doesn't even know." JACKSON: "Well, that doesn't sound so bad." CARTER: "If you had one fault, it was that you wanted to save people so badly, y-you wanted to help people so much, that it tore you apart when you couldn't make a difference." JACKSON: "That actually sounds kind of hard to live up to." CARTER: "All I know is that if I were you, I would definitely want to get to know me ... you." JACKSON: "I get it." CARTER: "Come back with us. Let us show you who you are instead of just telling you." JACKSON: "I'll think about it." CARTER: "Okay." She gets up to leave. JACKSON: "Samantha Carter?" Sam stops at the tent entrance and turns back to Daniel. CARTER: "Yeah?" JACKSON: "Was there ever anything ... between us?" CARTER: "Us, uh ... no, no, not in that way. We - we were really, really good friends." 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aking his head): "Okay." Sam leaves the tent and joins up with O'Neill and Shamda in the village square. O'NEILL: "Carter ... Shamda here was just telling me a story about ... a dog and some dancing monkeys." SHAMDA: "The moral of which is appearances can be deceptive." O'NEILL (putting a hand on Shamda's shoulder): "I got that. Very good story, wonderful. Full of nuances, I like that." Just them, Teal'c and Jonas approach. QUINN: "We, uh, we sent up a UAV." TEAL'C: "The ruins are quite extensive." QUINN: "Yeah, it's gonna take us weeks to scour this place properly." TEAL'C: "What of Daniel Jackson?" JACKSON (coming out of the tent behind them): "He's going home." General Hammond is waiting at the end of the ramp and the wormhole is active. SG-1 - all five members - steps through the even horizon. HAMMOND: "Welcome back, Dr. Jackson." JACKSON: "Thank you. Thank you very much." He looks around the Gate Room as though he's never seen it before. HAMMOND: "You have no memory of who I am?" JACKSON: "None whatsoever." O'NEILL: "Neither do I, sir." (Hammond gives Jack a look. Jack looks toward the exit and gestures to Daniel) "Uh, that way." (Both Daniel and Jack head toward the exit) "Did I mention you owe me 50 bucks? Scene: S.G.C. Infirmary Janet is finishing up an examination of Daniel, who is now wearing green fatigues. Jack walks in. FRASIER: "Well, I'm happy to say, sir, that he's in perfect health, except for one small exception ..." (she hands Daniel a pair of glasses and he puts them on.) JACKSON (looking through the glasses): "Wow, that's different." O'NEILL (getting Daniel to look at him through the glasses): "You recognize me now?" JACKSON (after some scrutiny): "Has your hair always been that way?" O'NEILL: "What way?" JACKSON: "Never mind." Scene: S.G.C. Guest Quarters Jack opens the door and ushers Daniel in. O'NEILL: "Not exactly home, but ... we unpacked some of your stuff." JACKSON: "You kept all this even though you thought I was dead?" O'NEILL: "To be honest, we tossed out a ton of junk." (Then seeing the look Daniel gave him) "A lot of which seemed to be very valuable." Daniel puts down the item he had picked up and looked at. Then he walks around the room to the other side of the bed. He notices a picture of Sha're on the nightstand and picks it up. O'NEILL: "I ... kept a few of your ... personal things alive there." Daniel examines the photo. JACKSON: "I know her." O'NEILL: "Really?" JACKSON: "I mean, I must, right?" O'NEILL: "Yeah ..." JACKSON: "Who is she? What's her name?" O'NEILL: "You tell me." Jack leaves and closes the door behind him. Then we see Daniel sleeping on the bed. He wakes up and looks at the picture of Sha're again. Next, we see Teal'c trying to Kel-no-reem in his room. There are lots of lit candles in the room and he is sitting on the floor. There is a knock at the door and Daniel walks in. JACKSON: "Oh, sorry. Am I interrupting?" TEAL'C: "You are not. I am unable to Kelnorim as I once did since I began using Tretonin." JACKSON: "Well, that sounds complicated." TEAL'C: "Indeed. Enter." Daniel walks in and takes a seat as Teal'c rises and sits on his bed. Daniel holds up the photo of Sha're so that Teal'c can see it. 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: "Her name is Sha're." TEAL'C: "Yes." JACKSON: "No one told me that. I remembered that by myself. I dreamed about her and when I woke up, I knew her name." TEAL'C: "That is good news, Daniel Jackson." JACKSON: "Yeah, it's the first time I've believed I might have a chance. You know? If I can remember a name, then ... there's a chance it's all in there somewhere, right?" TEAL'C: "Indeed." JACKSON: "So ... so where is she?" (The look on Teal'c's face says it all.) "She's dead." (Teal'c nods once.) "I loved her very much." (Teal'c says nothing. Daniel takes the photo of Sha're and places it face down on a table near the chair. He takes a deep breath and clasps his hands together. ) "This being, Oma Desala, is supposedly very powerful, right?" TEAL'C: "That is correct." JACKSON: "Why would she do this? I mean, if she wanted me to forget ..." TEAL'C: "You often spoke of the rules to which you were subjugated as one of the Ascended. Perhaps she was required to erase your memories by laws of the Others, but as your friend and mentor, she wished you one day to regain it." JACKSON: "You think she cheated? You think she found a way around the rules?" TEAL'C: "You do not agree?" JACKSON: "Tell me about this Anubis. Why did I break the rules to fight him?" TEAL'C: "Do you not believe it wise to remember on your own accord?" JACKSON: "No. I need to know why this is happening to me." Teal'c nods in understanding. SG-1 (minus Daniel) and Hammond are in the Briefing Room and Jonas is presenting information. All but Jonas are seated around the table. Jonas is standing in front of the computer presentation screen. QUINN: "At this point, uh, we believe that we've mapped the full extent of the ruins." O'NEILL: "No ... fancy guns or anything cool?" QUINN: "Well, we've only completed a preliminary investigation ..." Daniel and another descend into the Briefing Room (via the stairs). JACKSON: "I'm sorry I'm late I, uh," (he looks at his watch) "forgot what time the meeting was ..." (he half-laughs, then continue when all look at him in silence) "It's a little joke there. It's the memory thing ..." HAMMOND: "Dr. Jackson, this briefing is classified." JACKSON: "Yeah, Jonas mentioned that, but, uh, you all said that I used to be a part of this, so ... look, I can't really give you a good reason, I just ... feel like I should be here." HAMMOND: "Good enough." Daniel walks over and takes a seat next to Sam at the table. JACKSON: "Beside, who am I gonna tell? I mean, I don't, uh, I don't remember anybody, right?" O'NEILL: "Good one." JACKSON: "Thanks, Jim." QUINN: "Oh, so, uh ... there are extensive writings. All of them are in the oldest known Ancient dialects. All of them have yet to be translated, but, uh, so far, we haven't found any signs of any advanced weapons or power sources. I mean, the original name of the city is Vis Uban which does translate as "place of great power", but there's no indication that we're gonna find any means of defeating Anubis there." JACKSON: "You're not. It's not the lost city." O'NEILL: "How do you know?" JACKSON: "Uh, because Jonas translated "Lacun" to mean "of the lost"." QUINN: "Yeah, but that's how we found ..." JACKSON: "... the wrong place." QUINN: "The translations in your notes ..." 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"also wrong ... if these are the ones you mean. I was ... way off." QUINN: "Well, how do you know that?" JACKSON: "I don't know? I-I just ... I know what the tablet says." O'NEILL: "How?" JACKSON: "I don't know! I just looked at it and understood it." CARTER: "Wait a minute ... are you saying the Ancients actually lost one of their own cities?" JACKSON: "No, no ... they didn't lose it. They - they made it lost ... to other people that might try to find it. I'm guessing that they camouflaged it ... and removed all reference to it from the written history." O'NEILL: "So ... the lost city is ... still lost?" JACKSON: "I'm pretty sure." O'NEILL: "You know, you told me to give Anubis that eye." CARTER: "According to reports from our allies, Anubis is quickly conquering the other system lords." TEAL'C: "He will dominate the galaxy in a very short time." O'NEILL: "I only did it because you said we could whup his ass with what we find in this lost city." JACKSON: "Wa-if I said that, then I-I hope it's ... true, but ... but all I know is that the place you're searching right now is not it." O'NEILL: "Then ... where is "it"?" JACKSON: "Did I just say "all I know"?" O'NEILL: "Everyone turn away. I want no witnesses." We see Jonas approaching Daniel's quarters and knocking on the door. JACKSON (through the door): "Yeah." (Then as Jonas enters) "Hey." QUINN: "Sorry to bother you ..." JACKSON: "No ... no you're not, I was just, uh ... uh, reading about us, actually." QUINN: "You said that Anubis was part-Ascended. That the Ancients tried to send him back to our level of existence, but failed, and now he's trapped somewhere in between." JACKSON: "Yeah, so I've heard." QUINN: "Anubis wouldn't know know everything there is to know about the Ancients, then, right? Otherwise, he would have already found the lost city ..." JACKSON: "Look, I know I was able to read that tablet ..." QUINN: "I-I'm just thinking out loud here ... If Anubis were to accidently find the tablet, chances are that he's not gonna make the same mistake I did." QUINN: "But if we were to make a replica of the tablet ... You know, change what it says ..." JACKSON: "Why?" Scene: S.G.C. Gate Room Teal'c is standing at the bottom of the ramp as the gate is dialing. Teal'c is wearing full Jaffa garb. He heads through the gate alone. Then we see Daniel and Jonas in the lab. Jonas is sitting, looking through books. Daniel is writing on the chalk board. Then we see Sam and some Tok'ra working in her lab. They are looking at a holographic map of Anubis' ship. Next we see Daniel back on the planet where SG-1 found him. We see one of the native's scraping dirt away from what looks like part of a ring transport platform. Finally, we see Teal'c approach and kneel before Yu, on Yu's ship. Back at the S.G.C. - a meeting in the Briefing Room. Sam is making a presentation. Jack, Jonas, Daniel, Hammond, several Tok'ra and others are present. 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, re-emerge inside it, but let's not go there right now." O'NEILL: "Of course, let's not dwell." CARTER (smiles and clears throat): "Now, uh, uh, according to intelligence provided by the Tok'ra, the power core of Anubis' new weapon must be cooled by a ventilation shaft on the exterior of the ship. If that can be targeted and destroyed just as the weapon is powering up, the crystals will over heat and be destroyed." O'NEILL (raises hand, slightly - waits to be recognized): "Where is the shaft, exactly?" CARTER: "As Colonel O'Neill is well aware, we don't know exactly where the shaft is" TOK'RA FEMALE: "Our operative in Anubis' ranks has been unable to get aboard the new ship, and has only been able to glean a very limited working knowledge of it. Anubis protects his computer systems with elaborate ciphers coded in the oldest known Ancient dialect. We have been unable to translate them." CARTER: "Which is where Jonas Quinn and Daniel Jackson come in. They'll sneak onto Anubis' ship and access the computer." TOK'RA FEMALE: "We have devised an injectable radioactive isotope that will allow them to move freely on Anubis' ship, undetected by his sensors, for eight hours." CARTER: "They'll decipher the codes and relay the location of the target to Colonel O'Neill and myself, who will be flying the F-302." O'NEILL: "No problem, right?" QUINN: "Hey, sounds easy to me." Daniel gives a thumb-up. O'NEILL: "Good. Anubis' ship is destroyed and we all live to save another day." CARTER (again smiles): "Again, as the Colonel is well aware, we have reason to believe that eliminating the crystal power core of the ship's main weapon won't destroy the entire ship. It's defenses and auxiliary weapons will remain intact." O'NEILL: "Why don't we dwell on that for just a minute?" CARTER: "Our goal is to take out Anubis' new super weapon. It's what gives him a clear advantage over the rest of the Goa'uld mother ships. Now, we've received word from Teal'c that Yu has pledged to bring the full force of the remaining system lords' fleet down on Anubis once we've succeeded." O'NEILL: "Okay. Everyone who thinks this is absolutely an insane idea, raise your hand. Come on, be honest." (Everyone, including Sam, eventually raises their hand.) HAMMOND: "Keep your hands up, people, because the next question is who is going to make this happen?" QUINN: "Well, uh, it's going to take us at least a week to relocate the inhabitants of the ruins ..." CARTER: "Which will give us more than enough time to build a makeshift runway and get the 302 through the gate and reassembled." QUINN: "Once everything is established." (Jonas gives a thumb-up and looks around.) "The Tok'ra will plant our fake tablet and, with any luck, we'll lure Anubis to the planet." HAMMOND: "Let's move." Those in the room begin to depart, leaving Sam, Jack, Jonas and Daniel alone in the room. O'NEILL: "Look, I realize I wasn't the most positive voice in the room ..." CARTER: "We all know it's an extreme long-shot, sir." O'NEILL: "Well, my big problem with it is that all this depends on us trusting a Goa'uld to back us up." CARTER: "This is our only chance to take Anubis completely out of the picture and Yu has come through for us in the past." O'NEILL: "All I'm saying ... just for the record ... this is the wackiest plan we've ever come up with." CARTER: "Wackier than strapping an active Stargate to the bottom of the X-302?" 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): "Oh, yeah." CARTER: "Wackier than-than blowing up a sun?" O'NEILL (as he walks out the door): "Yep!" CARTER (to Jonas and Daniel): "He's probably right." Scene: Yu's Ship or Planet Yu's first prime is coming to talk to him just as Yu is preparing to enter his sarcophagus. FIRST PRIME: "My Lord, the fleet is ready." YU: "I say when the fleet is ready." FIRST PRIME: "Of, course, my Lord. It is time we move them in to position to prepare for the ambush of Anubis ... as you agreed, my Lord." YU: "Speak to me as if I am a fool again and you will not take another breath." FIRST PRIME: "Yes, my Lord." Yu climbs into the sarcophagus. YU: "Move the fleet into position." The sarcophagus closes. Scene: S.G.C. - Locker Room Jack and Daniel are gearing up. Jack has his locker open and Daniel walks up and opens his own locker. He notices a photo taped to Jack's locker door. JACKSON: "That's your son." O'NEILL: "Yeah." JACKSON: "Charlie ... he's why I know you. You took that first mission to Abydos because you thought it'd be ... suicide." O'NEILL: "Things change." JACKSON: "Yeah, sorry." O'NEILL: "You sure you're ready for this?" JACKSON: "Yeah, well, despite what you say ... I don't think you'd be doing this if it wasn't worth doing." O'NEILL: "Well, you obviously don't remember everything. You never used to follow my lead." JACKSON: "I didn't?" (then as Jack gets up and begins to walk out) "Hey, um, I may not remember everything, but, uh ... I remember enough." O'NEILL (smiles): "Good." We see that an S.G.C. base camp has been established. Sam is dressed in her flight suit (though not the really tight striped one from last season). She walks around a canopy to greet General Hammond, Sgt. Davis and others who are just arriving. CARTER (salutes): "Sir, welcome to base camp." HAMMOND (as he and Davis return the salute): "Thank you, Major." CARTER: "I have to admit, it's a little strange to see you off-world." HAMMOND: "Well, this is not your usual, run of the mill, alien planet operation, is it, Major?" CARTER: "No, sir." HAMMOND: "What's our status?" CARTER: "We're ready to go, sir." HAMMOND: "You'd better get yourself out to the F-302, then." CARTER (saluting again): "Yes, sir." He returns the salute and she leaves. Scene: Outer Space We see six mother ships flying in close formation. Then, inside one of the mother ships we see Teal'c being led to Yu's First Prime. FIRST PRIME: "We have just received word that Abubis' ship will be arriving in the system momentarily." Teal'c bows slightly. We see the F-302 on the makeshift runway that was recently constructed. Then we see inside the cockpit from above as the camera pans from rear to front. DAVIS (over the speaker): "Airstrike, this is command base. You are a go for take off." O'NEILL: "Yeah, I thought we were going with "Red Leader" on this one." CARTER: "All systems go, sir." O'NEILL: "Uh, command? There is one more thing ..." HAMMOND: "Colonel ... Major ... Godspeed." O'NEILL: "All right ... that's better." CARTER: "Thank you, sir." 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space. We see Anubis' ship emerge from hyperspace near the planet. The "petal" doors of his super weapon area already opening. Then we see five Jaffa ring down to the village square, which is deserted. Two guards take up stance at the ring transport platform as three others move away. Then we see Daniel hiding behind a column as we hear the rings activate again. Daniel is holding a zat. Next we see all but the two guard Jaffa leaving the square. Suddenly, one of the guard Jaffa is hit with a zat pulse. Then the second one is hit. We see Pierce come out of his hiding place. He has hit both of the Jaffa. Daniel and Jonas come out of hiding as well and approach the downed Jaffa. Pierce motions for his team to follow him into the square to stand guared. Jonas takes the ring transport control off one of the Jaffa's wrists. QUINN (as he joins Daniel in the center of the ring transport platform): "Thanks, guys." PIERCE: "Good luck." Jonas and Daniel stand back to back, zats at the ready as Jonas activates the rings and they are transported to the ship. Scene: Space We see the F-302 approaching Anubis' mother ship. O'NEILL (pulling up his visor slightly): "Holy crap! Look at that thing. It's huge." CARTER: "I think they know we're coming, sir. Tally four gliders, nose, 400 kilometers." We see four blips on Sam's RADAR screen. Scene: Anubis' Ship We see Jaffa walking down a corridor. Daniel and Jonas are skulking in the shadows. After the Jaffa pass, they continue down the corridor the Jaffa had just come up. They approach a door and Daniel lays on floor preparing to fire as Jonas moves to the controls. Jonas opens the door and Daniel zats the two unsuspecting Jaffa stationed at the console. The dynamic duo moves into the room and Jonas closes the door as Daniel takes a seat at the console and begins bringing up readouts on the holographic screen. Scene: Ship Exterior The F-302 is getting closer. O'NEILL: "Extending ... max burn." CARTER: "You're heading right for them, sir." O'NEILL: "I wanna see what this thing's made of." CARTER: "I could tell you exactly, sir." O'NEILL: "Another time, maybe ... please." (Jack sees the four gliders approaching. He waits ... he waits ... Carter watches closely ... he waits ... and then fires.) "Fox 4, 2." (Two gliders vanish in matching fireballs as his missiles hit them. The 302 soars through the fire.) "Pitching back, left, 1, 3, 5." The F-302 does a loop to avoid glider fire. CARTER (over comms): "Daniel, Jonas, we are under attack. We need that intel." JACKSON (into his radio): "We're close." CARTER: "We can't hold these guys off for long." Scene: Ship Interior We hear clanking and shouting outside the door that Daniel and Jonas just closed. QUINN: "Great ... we got company." He heads back to the door controls to try and ensure that it stays closed. We see the system lord fleet flying in formation. Yu's First Prime receives a transmission from Yu. FIRST PRIME: "My Lord." YU (on the big screen): "Take the fleet to Chodawa." FIRST PRIME: "My Lord, that is across the galaxy. We are in position to ambush Anubis according to the ..." YU (as Teal'c approaches the console at which the First Prime is standing): "Do not question me! I am your god! Do as I say!" The transmission ends. TEAL'C: "You cannot." FIRST PRIME: "I have no choice." (Then to a Jaffa behind him) "Take him to a holding cell." 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FIRST PRIME: "I must do as my God commands." Herak, Anubis' First Prime, approaches. HERAK: "My Lord," (he bows) "our ground troops have confirmed that there is a human base on the planet." ANUBIS: "The search of the city?" HERAK: "No energy signatures." Meanwhile, Jonas has opened the cover to the door control panel and is trying to keep the door separating them from the Jaffa closed. QUINN: "All right ... that'll hold 'em off for ... a while ... a little while." JACKSON (back at the console): "That's it ... I'm in." (we see readouts start to appear on the holographic screen) "Uh ... this may take longer than a little while." QUINN: "Well, can't you do some kind of a ... keyword search?" JACKSON: "Yeah? For what? "Achilles"?" QUINN: "Well, that's good. I'm glad to see that your ... your memory's finally coming back. Not to mention your razor-sharp wit, but why don't we try something like, uh ... uh, "power core venting"?" (Daniel inputs something and the readout changes) "That' it, that's it." JACKSON (into his radio): "Jack, Sam, we got it. Transmitting data ..." Meanwhile, back on the 302, things are getting hectic. O'NEILL: "We gotta go, Carter." CARTER: "Sir, I've got the target data, but we need Anubis to power the weapon." HAMMOND (down at the base camp): "Airborne, we have not heard from Teal'c. The Goa'uld fleet is long overdue." O'NEILL (over comms): "Gee ... I had a problem with this plan ..." On Anubis' ship: HERAK: "My Lord, the attack vessel continues to elude our gliders." ANUBIS: "Send in another squadron." HERAK: "I do not believe what you are searching for is here." ANUBIS: "I agree." HERAK: "Shall I target their base, my Lord?" ANUBIS: "No. Recall the ground troops." HERAK: "Yes, my Lord." In the room with Daniel and Jonas: The Jaffa continue to work at the door. QUINN: "I don't think that we're going to get back to the ring room that way." JACKSON (noticing something on the screen): "What's that?" QUINN: "They're targeting the planet." (He pulls out his radio) "Base camp, this is Jonas, come in." DAVIS: "Go ahead." QUINN (over comms): "Your position's been compromised. The Stargate is being targeted. Repeat, the Stargate is being targeted. The naquadah will amplify the blast." HAMMOND: "Roger that. Evacuate all personnel." And back in the 302: O'NEILL: "We can go at it now, right?" CARTER: "We need the Goa'uld mother ships here to finish the job. Sir, we've got four more gliders headed this way." O'NEILL: "Can we go at it now?" CARTER: "Activating hyper-drive." O'NEILL: "Extending straight up." The new view out the 302 cockpit is reminiscent of the view Luke Skywalker had when he zipped the trench on the first Death Star in his X-wing in the original Star Wars movie. Jack manages to avoid all ship outcroppings and get the 302 under control. O'NEILL: "Damn ... that was close." CARTER: "Transferring target data to your terminal, sir." On the Mothership: HERAK: "My Lord, the human attack vessel has breached our shields." And with Jonas and Daniel, sparks are beginning to fly. JACKSON: "Let's get outta here." QUINN: "Yeah." They pick up their zats and head to a ventilation shaft. 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The grizzly stories behind 9 of London's most notorious gangsters We reckon that these are some of the most shocking criminals to have walked the streets in days gone by Tom Matthews Deborah MorrisWhat's on writer London's instantly recognisable gangsters: Ronnie and Reggie Kray (Image: Terry Disney/Express/Getty Images) Gang life in London is nothing new - but while we are shocked by crimes in our modern city, we can't help but be fascinated by those from the past. If you picture an image of gangsters in London during the 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s and 60s it probably plays out in your mind like a Film Noir - black and white images, sinister shadows, men in macs and trilby hats, a dark alleyway, a dingy pub and a glistening gun or flash of a blade. Possibly the first names to spring to mind are the Kray twins who ruled the street of South East London during the 50s and 60s. For more news and features about London directly to your inbox sign up to our newsletter here . But there are many more gangsters who held a reign of terror over the city throughout history. Many of the most notorious are long since dead but the grisly and dark tales of how they treated their victims live on as legendary. Still, we have to remember they were still dangerous criminals and no one would have wanted to have been caught up in their webs of violence, intimidation, terror and murders, however much of a morbid fascination we might have with them. In no particular order, we list 9 of most notorious gangsters to have ever walked London's streets. 1. The Kray twins London East End gangster twins Ronnie (right) and Reggie Kray pictured after spending 36 hours helping the police with their inquiry into the murder of George Cornell (Image: William Lovelace/Daily Express/Hulton Archive/Getty Images) Ronnie and Reggie Kray, born on October 23 1933, are possibly the most notorious of London's gangster history. The twins terrorised London in the 50s and 60s with their gang, "The Firm". Murder, armed robbery, arson, protection rackets, assaults - they were involved in it all. But despite being criminals they assumed some kind of celebrity status - the pair were West End nightclub owners mixing with politicians and entertainers of their time, were interviewed on TV and photographed by David Bailey. The Kray twins, who grew up in Bethnal Green, were among the last people to be held prisoner at the Tower of London - we bet you thought no one had been held prisoner there for centuries. The Krays were convicted in 1969 and each sentenced to life imprisonment. Ronnie was in Broadmoor Hospital until he died on March 17 1995 from a heart attack. Reggie was released from prison on compassionate grounds in August 2000, and died from bladder cancer nearly nine weeks later. 2. Jack "Spot" Comer Jack "Spot" Comer was the "King of Aldgate". (Image: Daily Mirror/Mirrorpix.com) Before the Kray twins came on the scene, Spot Comer was the man at the centre of gangland London between the 30s and 50s, styling himself as the "King of Aldgate". He grew up in a Jewish neighbourhood in Whitechapel and was said to have joined his first gang when he was just seven. At 15, he got a job as a runner for a bookies and a year later the teenager started working the protection rackets on Petticoat Lane. The brutal story behind the name of the busiest London Underground station London's Titanic: The tragic day 650 Londoners drowned in a river full of poo Some of his closest comrades in the protection racket underworld of the 1930s included the likes of Morris Goldstein aka "Moisha Blueball" and Bernard Schack aka "Sonny the Yank" - now they are some gangster names. 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so they say - if Comer realised he wasn't going to do well at the races he would make off before punters came to collect their winnings. He also ran a con game called Take your Pick where people paid to pull a straw - but rarely won. Comer saw himself as a protector for Jewish shopkeepers but charged them for the privilege. Having raked in the money, Comer had a large flat in Marylebone, sharp suits, was driven in a Cadillac convertible - and a cut throat razor was his trademark weapon. He eventually "retired" from a life of crime and died in 1996. 3. Jack "the Hat" McVitie This is the man who is said to have led to the downfall of the Kray twins and their ending up in prison. He was a hitman, enforcer and drug trafficker with links to the Kray's gang, The Firm, which paid him to commit crimes on its behalf. McVitie was murdered by Reggie Kray in 1967 but this didn't go quite to plan - the gun jammed and Reggie ended up stabbing him to death in a violent struggle. Reggie was sent to prison for life. 4. Billy Hill Billy Hill pictured in 1955 (Image: Mirrorpix) This infamous name in the London underworld from the 1920s to the 1960s was involved with smuggling, protection rackets and, of course, extreme violence. Hill grew up in a criminal family and committed his first stabbing when he was 14. Starting out as a house burglar, he worked his way up the criminal career ladder to smash and grab raids and was involved in West End protection rackets with fellow gangster Jack Comer. Hill was behind the the Eastcastle Street postal van robbery worth £287,000 - about £7.58 million in today's money - and in 1954 he organised a £40,000 bullion heist - but no one was ever convicted for these robberies. The Crown series 4: Who was Michael Fagan who broke into Buckingham Palace while The Queen was asleep? The abandoned tunnel network under London built in secret by the Post Office, BT and the MoD He even fleeced millions from the rich at the casino tables in a clever scam. Hill retired from his life of crime in the 1970s and died in 1984. 5. Charlie and Eddie Richardson This pair of brothers headed The Richardson Gang, which were also apparently known as the "Torture Gang" - its members had a reputation as some of London's most sadistic gangsters. Rivals of the Kray twins, the brothers and their gang were based in south London in the 1960s. They used a scrap metal business and fruit machine company as fronts for a criminal empire. The Richardson gang were known to have held mock trials to punish and intimidate - the trial and resulting torture was known as "taking a shirt from Charlie" - it was said that Charlie Richardson would give the victim a clean shirt to go home in because the other would inevitably be covered in blood. Like something from a Quentin Tarantino film, this grisly gang between them were alleged to have pulled teeth out with pliers, cut off toes with bolt cutters, nail victims to the floor using six inch nails and give electric shocks until the victim was unconscious. Charlie Richardson died in December 2012. His brother Eddie Richardson is still alive and will be 84 on January 21, 2019. 6. "Mad" Frankie Fraser "Mad" Frankie Fraser in his later years at the funeral of Charlie Richardson in 2012 (Image: Daily Mirror) A bodyguard for Billy Hill and then later a member of the Richardson gang, "Mad" Frankie Fraser spent 42 years in prison for his many violent crimes - and it was clear why he was considered "mad". For it was he whose preferred method of torture, on behalf of the Richardson gang, was allegedly pulling victims teeth out with a pair of pliers. 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are MI5 and MI6 so famous and what happened to the other secret Military Intelligence departments But he was actually certified "insane" on two occasions and spend time in Cane Hill Hospital and Broadmoor Hospital. In his later life, Fraser became a bit of a celebrity - he appeared on TV shows Operation Good Guys, Shooting Stars and Brass Eye. He wrote his autobiography, had a documentary made about him and even gave gangland tours around London. He died in November 2014. 7. George Cornell Police outside the Blind Beggar pub, Whitechapel Road, London after the shooting of George Cornell on March 9, 1966 (Image: Mirrorpix) George Cornell met his maker when he was shot by Ronnie Kray at the Blind Begger pub in Whitechapel. His murder got the Kray twin sentenced to life in prison. Before his death, Stepney-born gangster Cornell was a tough enforcer for the Richardson gang - with a reputation known for being absolutely fearless. It is said he was actually a childhood friend of the Krays but joined up with their rival gang who used him for talks with the brothers. The story goes that Ronnie Kray calmly shot Cornell in the top of his forehead above his right eye. The bullet passed right through him and he was taken to hospital where he died. Kray and his associate meanwhile, got into a waiting car outside. 8. Bernie Silver Prostitution, pornography and criminal rackets were Bernie Silver's speciality as a Dom in the London underworld between the 1950s and 1970s. Together with "Big Frank" Mifsud, Silver headed up "The Syndicate". Starting off with one strip club in Bower Street, by the late 60s they controlled 19 of the 24 strip clubs in Soho. In 1956, Silver was charged for living off immoral earnings but let off because the judge decided there was no case to answer. Then in 1973, Silver was again arrested and charged for living off immoral earnings after renting out a room above a strip club to dancers who also worked as prostitutes. He was sentenced to six years in prison. He has had a film character based on him - Lew Vogel in the film The Bank Job. Silver died in 2002. Des on ITV: The chilling letters Dennis Nilsen sent to police and TV producers from prison The man who was the 'real' Robin Hood and the amazing thing that happened to him in London 9. Charles "Derby" Sabini Charles Sabini was known as "king of the racecourse gangs" and his Clerkenwell-based gang ruled over the south east's racecourses in the early part of the 20th Century. Sabini, the son of an immigrant Italian father and an English mother and born in Saffron Hill - then known as London's Little Italy - became the south's top gangster of the time. He controlled the best pitches at each horse race and had his men guarding the bookies under his power - the bookies were allowed to only half of each pound they made. As well as making money from racecourse protection rackets Sabini's firm was also associated with other criminal activities and ran several nightclubs. His organisation was said to have used Sicilian gunmen and razor attacks to terrorise. One policeman apparently stated that he and his thugs used to "stand sideways on to let the bookmakers see the hammers in their pockets". Eventually, Sabini became a bookie himself when he settled in Hove. He died there in 1950. 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TV is a booming business for writers with one-hour dramas and dramedies, half hour semi-comedic series and animation. Even reality TV relies on writers to come up with hours of new, different and compelling material. This panel will discuss what it takes to get into TV writing – and what it takes to stay there. What do those jobs entail? Do you need a spec script to get into the game – and which one(s). How scripts are constructed, and re-constructed, in the writers' rooms and the executive suites. How writers deal with networks – and vice versa. How to use the highly-structured TV formats to strengthen your writing. How to break a story – and put it back together. GAYE HIRSCH serves as Co-Head/Senior Vice President of Scripted Development at The CW Network, where she oversees development and production of scripted pilots for the network. Ms. Hirsch originally joined The CW as Vice President of Current Programming. Previously, she served as a Senior Executive at Cruise/Wagner Productions, where she managed the development slate and was a producer on Shattered Glass and Suspect Zero. Prior to Cruise/Wagner, she was Vice President of Production for HBO Films, supervising development and production of Emmy and Golden Globe Award-winning films including Gia and Introducing Dorothy Dandridge. Before HBO, Ms. Hirsch served as Vice President, Production at Robert Lawrence Productions. She began her career at Touchstone Pictures as a Creative Executive, ultimately becoming Vice President, Production. Gaye is sorry but Legal Affairs will not permit her to accept any scripts or hear any pitches. ALEX METCALF is currently a Writer/Producer on the Peabody Award winning series UnREAL (Lifetime). He has written for Kingdom (DirectTV), Mercy Street (PBS) and the short-lived Lucky 7 (ABC). His features include God's Pocket with Phillip Seymour Hoffman and An American Affair with Gretchen Mol and he is also the author of the hardboiled novel, Where the Sun Don't Shine. He has taught screenwriting at UCLA, LMU and the Stark Program at USC. STEVE CUDEN has written nearly ninety teleplays for many familiar TV series, such as X-Men, The Batman, Iron Man, Beetlejuice, Pink Panther, RoboCop, Stargate Infinity, ExoSquad, and Mummies Alive. He directed and co-produced the cult-favorite horror-comedy feature Lucky, winning the award for Best Director at the Nodance Film Festival. Lucky also won awards for Best Feature at the New York City Horror Film Festival, Shriekfest in Los Angeles, MicroCineFest in Baltimore, and The Weekend of Fear in Nuremberg, Germany. Steve also authored Beating Broadway: How to Create Stories for Musicals That Get Standing Ovations. His new book is Beating Hollywood, but he is perhaps best known for co-creating the hit Broadway and international musical Jekyll & Hyde with composer Frank Wildhorn. MARC WEINGARTEN is a writer, editor and filmmaker. He is a producer for the shows The Bachelor, The Bachelorette, and Bachelor in Paradise. As a journalist, Weingarten's work has appeared in countless publications, including GQ, Details, New York Times, Wired, GQ, Esquire, Los Angeles Times, Salon and Slate. His 2009 Salon story "The Lear Jet Repo Man" was purchased by Paramount pictures and will soon be a feature film. GREG MILLER is the author of How To Be A Writer Who Writes and the new reference e-book, Miller's Compendium of Timeless Tools for the Modern Writer. Greg has written and produced feature film and TV projects for Fox, Disney, Dino De Laurentiis, Oxygen, MTV, HBO and Comedy Central. LOCATION: Veterans Memorial Building, 4117 Overland Avenue, Culver City 90230 (corner of Culver Boulevard. Parking entrance on Culver) Map of location. Free parking! Enter on Culver. E-MAIL RESERVATIONS REQUIRED — Email [email protected] to make your reservation for this event. 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Names Xanax is the brand name for the prescription drug alprazolam. It belongs in a group of prescription medications known as benzodiazepines, which are frequently used for the treatment of anxiety and insomnia. Also referred to as "minor tranquilizers", Xanax and similar benzodiazepine medications are very sedating. Xanax is a controlled substance due to its high risk for abuse and addiction. Other drugs in this category include Ativan (lorazepam), Valium (diazepam), and Klonopin (clonazepam). Like similar medications, Xanax works in the brain by enhancing the function of GABA. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is a brain chemical that helps to slow down excitement that may be occurring in the brain. Since experts believe that anxiety may be the result of this excessive activity, Xanax helps to bring about a calming effect. Xanax and other medications in this category are also referred to as CNS (central nervous system) depressants, sedatives, and mild tranquilizers because of this calming property. Initially developed by the drug company Upjohn, Xanax was released back in the early 1980s. Dr. David Sheehan, a psychiatrist, suggested that the company market alprazolam for the treatment of panic disorder rather than for anxiety disorder. Although at the time benzodiazepines were considered an ineffective drug for panic disorder, Dr. Sheehan knew otherwise. Upjohn followed his recommendation and alprazolam quickly became a very popular medication. Xanax later became the first medication to be FDA approved specifically for the treatment of panic disorder. It is approved only for short term treatment – up to 8 weeks. While studies showed that it was a powerful treatment for 8 weeks, they also found that after that time frame it was no longer effective. Studies also revealed that the medication had potentially serious withdrawal effects, including seizures and psychoses. Individuals who discontinue Xanax after regular use may also experience rebound anxiety. Xanax is primarily prescribed to treat panic disorder as well as other types of anxiety disorders, including anxiety due to depression. The symptoms of anxiety include excessive worry and / or fearfulness, fatigue, restlessness, problems with sleep, irritability, and poor concentration. Panic attacks involve sudden episodes of intense fear or anxiety combined with other symptoms such as a tightness or heaviness in the chest, shortness of breath, pounding heart, sweating, lightheadedness, nausea, trembling, chills or feeling flushed, and a sense that one is going crazy. The effects of Xanax are typically felt very quickly, as it reaches its highest levels in the body within 1 to 2 hours after taken. The mean half life of Xanax is approximately 11 hours. Xanax, like other medications in its category, has a calming and sedating effect when taken in low doses. People who take it usually become drowsy. It works to decrease feelings of anxiety and relaxes muscles tension. Xanax can also cause short-term loss of memory. It can also stop seizures. In high doses it can cause excitement, extreme drowsiness, disinhibition, decreased respiration, irregular heart beat, dizziness or fainting, confusion, coordination problems, decreased mobility, and coma. Combining Xanax with other sedating drugs or street drugs can potentially be fatal. Xanax is available in a regular tablet, an extended release tablet (Xanax XR), an orally disintegrating tablet, and a concentrated solution. For most patients, the initial dose of Xanax is between .25 mg and .5 mg, three times per day. It may be slowly increased up to 4 mg. per day, taken in small doses throughout the day. For panic disorder the dose often starts higher, at .5 mg three times per day. Depending on the severity of the disorder, this dose may be slowly increased to 10 mg. per day. In general, the dose is 5 mg to 6 mg per day. Xanax is not usually taken in one larger dose once a day; rather the dose is divided and taken several times a day. 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Duration: 06 April - 04 May 2013 Written by: Nina Raine Directed by: Ross Jolly WINNER New York Critics Circle Theatre Award 2012 for Best Play WINNER Outstanding Play, Drama Desk Award NY WINNER Alliance Award New York for Best Play Nominated Best Play Laurence Olivier Awards London 2011 A smart, highly original and funny new play, Tribes has wowed critics and audiences alike, enjoying smash hit seasons in London and New York, and winning a swathe of awards. Billy's ferociously intelligent and proudly idiosyncratic family are their own tiny empire. Dinner conversation is a no-holds-barred mayhem, where opinions, jokes and insults fly. But Billy, who is deaf, is the only one who really listens. Meeting Sylvia transforms his life, and makes him finally want to be heard. But can he get a word in edgeways? "The best-written, best-plotted, deepest, most daring – and funniest – new play in recent years" – The Wall Street Journal "As good as theatre gets. Don't miss it" – The Australian "At once funny and piercingly painful – four stars" – Charles Spencer, Daily Telegraph Jeffrey Thomas Paul Waggott Erin Banks Nathan Meister Emma Kinane Jessica Robinson 06 April − 04 May Tuesday and Wednesday 6.30pm Thursday to Saturday 8pm Sunday 4pm Adults $46 Concessions $38 Friends of Circa (until 21 April) $33 Groups 6+ $39 Groups 20+ $36 Under 25s $25 $25 Preview Friday, 5 April and $25 Special Sunday, 7 April Tribes demands attention BY LAURIE ATKINSON, THE DOMINION POST, 08 MARCH 2013 At the start of Nina Raine's absorbing and moving play Tribes I thought I was watching an updated comedy about an eccentric, self-absorbed, foul-mouthed, argumentative bohemian family like the Bliss family in Noel Coward's Hay Fever, except Raine's family are given no surname and it is set in North London rather than Berkshire. Christopher is a writer and retired academic, his wife Beth is a novelist, and their three children, all in their twenties, are still living at home. Daniel has completed a thesis on the relationship between language and meaning. One of his first pronouncements is 'Language is worthless.' His sister Ruth is a would-be opera singer, singing in languages, which Daniel pointedly remarks, no one can understand. The youngest member of this tribe is Billy who says little and seems to be largely ignored as the verbal missiles ricochet across the dining table. Billy is deaf which his family seem to disregard, unaware of his loneliness, and he survives with a hearing aid and being an expert lip-reader. The outsider from another tribe who upsets the cosy imbalance of the family is Sylvia whom Billy has fallen in love with. She is the daughter of deaf parents and she herself is going deaf. We learn from her about the hierarchies of the deaf: to be born deaf is 'superior' to be slowly losing one's hearing. Then Billy strikes out on his own, determined to use only sign language, much to his father's disgust who always wanted Billy to be part of the mainstream. Though Tribes may appear contrived, what with Daniel's interest in language and the recurrence of his mental and physical problems which dovetail a little too neatly with the play's themes about isolation, empathy, and the ways language in all its forms can impede communication, the play still holds the audience in an iron grip. It is finely acted by Jeffrey Thomas as the determinedly non-PC father, Emma Kinane as his more reasonable if argumentative wife, Jessica Robinson as the daughter Ruth, and Nathan Meister in the 'showier' role of Daniel which he balances brilliantly on the fine edge between comedy and tragedy. 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We've been selling radiator covers for months now, and it's been an incredibly successful move. Radiator cabinetry have only gotten more and more popular in the past few months and we've made many a happy customer manufacturing & supplying it all around Dublin and the island of Ireland. Now again we've decided to move into manufacturing and supplying another highly-coveted wooden furniture piece for a homeowner. Wall panelling has been rising in popularity recently and we've finally decided to start cutting, manufacturing and supplying wall panelling for experienced homeowners or carpenters. Now you can order four different styles of wall panelling from our new website, wallpanelling.ie. Storage Heater Covers, Low cost, reliable solutions. Storage heaters are fitted oil filled electric heaters than can cost a lot less than running cheaper plug in electric heaters, saving you money in the long run. 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However, that doesn't mean they are a simple fad. Ever since we built Radcover.ie in late March, we have been out the door with orders for Radiator Covers and Radiator Cabinets. They have shot up in popularity because of all the benefits they provide, for such a cheap cost. Radiator covers are excellent for heat retention, which keeps your house warm and cosy. This extra insulation is incredibly noticeable once you have installed a radiator cover. They also offer protection from old overheating radiators, that are dangerous for any homeowner that has pets or small children. Uncovered radiators can and have been the cause of many deaths in recent years, and this is partially why homeowners are purchasing radiator cabinets, for the safety features. Radiator cabinets also offer a place to hold family portraits and items of that nature. With the removal or absence of fireplaces in most homes, such as apartments or newer houses, homes need a new centre to place these items. Many homeowners are choosing to place these items on their quality wooden radiator cabinetry. Radiator Covers Ireland are the number 1 supplier of affordable, stylish furniture pieces. Nowhere else can you find furniture delivered straight to your door for cheaper. We pride ourselves on our ability to satisfy our client's needs. Whether you need a new bunk bed for the little ones, or a dining table that fits the whole family for the upcoming holidays, Radcover.ie are here to help. When you order a piece from us, you will be put into contact with one of our Irish customer service officers. They will detail exactly what you need in your order, how long it will take, the delivery options. You will have full assistance throughout the entire process to make it as easy as possible. We pride ourselves on our extensive customer service skills and customer satisfaction. From there we can decide how to receive your bunk beds. Optimally, you can collect it from our factory here in Kylemore, Park North. This is the most cost-effective for both of us, as we don't have to pay a courier to deliver the furniture to your doorstep, but of course it is always an option. This courier fee is why there is an extra delivery charge. Radiator Cabinets are quality wooden furniture pieces that surround your radiator. They are the perfect place for pictures, flowers and other household items. Many people live in homes that have no fireplace or the fireplace has been removed. This means they don't have a mantelpiece to place family pictures, statuettes and such. 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iator Cabinet allows you to have a place to display these items in a home. How can you offer so many designs? We offer a multitude of designs for our radiator cabinets because we manufacture every single radiator cabinet in our factory on our cutting machine. This means we can cut any design you like, we offer a variety of predetermined designs, but custom designs are possible if needed. We've built radiator cabinets with company logos and custom designs. Radiator cabinets are an excellent addition to any home. They can provide additional storage for small items, such as plants and family pictures. They also provide protection from hot and ugly radiators that are probably older than any of the furniture in your home. Our Radiator Cabinets come in so many different styles and designs. We have creative, intricate designs for those who are interested in styling their homes with a modern aesthetic. For those who want a more traditional, classic look, we have the traditional striped pattern in both horizontal and vertical alignments. The more traditional design is the vertical stripes, however the horizontal is also a popular choice. Radiator Cabinets also come in a variety of different colours and finishes. We can produce them in a plain white colour if you want, but we think the radcover should become a part of your home. It should match the colour and style of your home. And if you ever want the colour changed in a few years, we can take them back to our factory and repaint them for you. If you are interested in purchasing a quality radiator cabinet, or have any cabinetry/carpentry work done, such as a new dining table or bunk bed be sure to give us a shout! Radiator covers for children's rooms. We manufacture and supply radiator covers for all different types of homes, we build them to ensure that they can fit any home. When people ask about how safe it is to fit a radiator cabinet to their radiators, we want them to know that fitting a rad cover is more safe, not less. We manufacture many different types of furniture pieces for our customers, Such as bunk beds and Dining tables. Radiator covers for children's rooms are even more encouraged because they make sure your children can't burn themselves on the boiling hot radiators. Having exposed radiators are a thing of the past, they look ugly, they're dangerous, and they're full of sharp edges. Whether they be in your living room, kids' bedroom or in your walk in wardrobes, if you have small kids in the house you need adequate furniture. The first thing anyone improving their home and upgrading it to be more modern should consider is a radiator cabinet. The benefits of a Radcover. Any home that uses radiators for heat could benefit from installing a radcover. This is especially true for older houses where the fitted radiators might not be appealing. Replacing old radiators with new, cleaner ones would do nothing for heating performance and would cost thousands. Instead you can improve the look of your radiators with some radcovers. radcovers need to be large enough to fit around the entire unit without touching it. radcovers should have multiple holes to allow for heat to transfer through the unit, while still keeping its stylish appeal. The most important reason to install some radcovers is safety. Radiators can get extremely hot, If your home has small children or pets who may brush up against them, radiators can be quite hazardous. Additionally, If a radiator malfunctions and beings leaking, large amounts of hot steam can be produced. radcovers will prevent this steam from shooting out into the room. With a radcover, a radiator can distribute heat better then without one. Since the heat is being pushed away from the wall, heat that would otherwise go into the ceiling goes straight into the middle of the room. Studies have shown the difference in the heat of a room can be as much as four and a half degrees. How is a radcover built? We manufacture our radcovers, Bunk beds dublin, & Dining tables in our Dublin-based factory in kylemore, park north. When we get the order for a new radcover, we immediately load up our cnc router cutting machine and begin cutting out the design the customer requested. From there we continue to cut all the individual pieces of the unit. Afterwards they are spray painted by our in-house spray painting team and left to dry. Finally, the pieces are put together and ready to be delivered straight to your home. 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Criminal Lawyers for Indecent Assault – s 61L Crimes Act 1900 Indecent assault occurs where one person touches another person in a sexual manner without the other person's consent. The maximum penalty for the offence is 5 years in prison if the case proceeds to the District Court, or 2 years if it remains in the Local Court. The offence of indecent assault was superseded by 'sexual touching' in December 2018, but incidents which allegedly occurred before the commencement of the new offence are charged under the old section. Your Options in Court Pleading Not Guilty Before you can be found guilty of indecent assault, the prosecution must prove four elements beyond a reasonable doubt: That an assault took place That the assault was 'indecent' That consent was not given That you knew that consent was not given, or you were reckless as to whether consent was given If the prosecution is unable to prove each of these four elements, you will be found 'not guilty.' There are a number of ways to defend indecent assault charges, including raising the fact that: The prosecution cannot prove there was touching, The prosecution cannot prove you were the person who undertook the act, The prosecution cannot prove the act was undertaken intentionally or recklessly, The prosecution cannot prove the act was indecent, The prosecution cannot disprove that there was in fact consent; The touching was for a proper medical purpose, or You were coerced or threatened into committing the act. If any of these facts prevail, you will be found not guilty. Where the evidence is strong, you may wish to plead guilty to the charge. If this is the case, your lawyer may be able to negotiate the police 'facts' ie to make the matters set-out in your court attendance notice more accurately reflect what actually occurred. Your lawyer can also guide you to obtain materials that are relevant to your sentencing – including a letter of apology and character reference. This can significantly reduce the penalty actually obtained. By pleading guilty at an early stage, you will be entitled to a 'discount' on sentence of up to 25% – which can lead to the imposition of a less serious penalty type. You will also be spared the time, expense and stress of a defended hearing or trial.. Indecent assault carries a maximum penalty of 5 years imprisonment if the case is committed up to the District Court, or 2 years where it remains in the Local Court. However, it is important to be aware that these are maximum penalties and a good lawyer will seek to keep the case in the Local Court and fight for the most lenient outcome. The court may impose any of the following penalties for indecent assault: Section 10 Dismissal Conditional Release Order Community Correction Order Intensive Correction Order Why Choose Sydney Criminal Lawyers®? Going to court can be nerve-racking, but having a strong and compassionate legal team behind you can make the experience significantly easier to deal with. Here are 12 reasons to choose our multi-award winning legal team: Proven Track Record of Exceptional Results Sydney Criminal Lawyers® consistently achieves outcomes which are in the highest percentile of the Judicial Commission's sentencing statistics for criminal cases. Our legal team devises effective case-strategies and fights hard to have cases dropped entirely or charges downgraded – saving clients the time, expense and stress of a defended hearing or jury trial. Where cases nevertheless proceed, our lawyers have an outstanding track record of winning defended Local Court hearings, and complex jury trials in the District and Supreme Courts. We also consistently win appeals in the District and Supreme Courts (including the NSWCCA) after clients have received unsatisfactory results with other law firms in the lower courts.We are one of the few firms to achieve successful criminal law appeals in the High Court of Australia. Where our clients wish to plead guilty, we frequently achieve 'dismissals' and 'non convictions' in cases where other lawyers have advised there is no chance of doing so. Highest Level of Client Satisfaction We have the best and most comprehensive client review record of any law firm in Australia. Regular communication, accessibility and quality service are our team's highest priorities. 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explaining all steps involved in the criminal law process, providing regular updates throughout the proceedings, and making ourselves accessible and responsive. We are passionate about providing an exceptional level of service to our clients, and we fight hard to achieve optimal results in the shortest period of time. Australia's Most Awarded Criminal Law Firm We have received more awards and accolades than any other criminal law firm in Australia. Our team has been awarded "Criminal Defence Firm of the Year in Australia" in a number of prestigious and competitive awards programs for several years running. The awards recognise our exceptional track record of results, our outstanding client service, the high level of satisfaction we achieve, the affordability of our services and our overall excellence. We want our clients to know exactly how much their cases will cost from the very start. That's why we were the first criminal law firm in Australia to publish 'fixed fees', back in 2004. We offer fixed fees for most types of criminal cases and services.Our fixed fees apply to a range of Local Court cases such as drink driving, drug possession, fraud, common assault and AVOs, and also specific services such as prison visits, bail applications, appeals and defended hearings. Unlike many other law firms, our fixed fees are published on our website – which ensures transparency and certainty. For those who are going to court, we offer a free first conference of up to an hour with one of our Senior Criminal Defence Lawyers. We also offer a free first conference to those who have received an unsatisfactory result after being represented in court by another law firm, or after representing themselves, and wish to appeal. We guarantee that only lawyers with substantial criminal defence experience will work on your case and appear for you in court. This ensures our clients receive the highest quality representation from an experienced, specialist criminal lawyer. All NSW Courts From Bombala to Broken Hill, our lawyers appear in courts throughout New South Wales – and across Australia for Commonwealth cases. And we offer fixed fees for most criminal and traffic law cases throughout the state. Our entire firm is exclusively dedicated to criminal law – which makes us true specialists. All of our lawyers have years of experience representing clients in criminal cases, and our principal has been certified by the Law Society of NSW as an Accredited Criminal Law Specialist since 2005. An 'Accredited Specialist' is a lawyer who has practised for at least 5 years in a particular field of law (such as criminal law), has passed a rigorous assessment process conducted by the Law Society of NSW, and has been selected by the Specialist Accreditation Committee of the Law Society as an expert in the field. Accredited Specialists are required to undertake more training each year than other lawyers and must be successful in having their accreditation renewed every year. Specialist Accreditation is the mark of a true specialist. Our firm's specialist experience ensures you receive the best possible result, whatever your criminal law case may be. Results-Focused Law Firm Our team is passionate about achieving results, and unlike many other law firms, our lawyers do not have monthly financial 'budgets' to meet. The absence of budgets means our lawyers are entirely focused on achieving optimal results in the shortest space of time; whether by getting charges dropped or downgraded at an early stage or having cases 'thrown out of court'. Not having budgets also means our lawyers are not under pressure to engage in unscrupulous practices such as unnecessarily adjourning cases or 'overcharging' clients – which, sadly, is a common complaint against many other lawyers and law firms. No budgets encourages regular consultation between lawyers within the firm – promoting an 'open door', team environment where lawyers bounce ideas off one another, formulate case strategy together and benefit from each other's specialised experience, methods, techniques and insights. The result is a firm which delivers optimal outcomes in the shortest time periods, at the least expense and stress to our clients. Team of Lawyers Behind You Our clients benefit from the pool of knowledge that only an extensive team of experienced criminal defence lawyers can provide. 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Fun and Cute The page cannot be found Possible causes: Baptist explanation: There must be sin in your life. Everyone else opened it fine. Presbyterian explanation: It's not God's will for you to open this link. Word of Faith explanation: You lack the faith to open this link. Your negative words have prevented you from realizing this link's fulfillment. Charismatic explanation: Thou art loosed! Be commanded to OPEN! Unitarian explanation: All links are equal, so if this link doesn't work for you, feel free to experiment with other links that might bring you joy and fulfillment. Buddhist explanation: ......................... Episcopalian explanation: Are you saying you have something against homosexuals? Christian Science explanation: There really is no link. Atheist explanation: The only reason you think this link exists is because you needed to invent it. Church counselor's explanation: And what did you feel when the link would not open? Snow Leopards Discovered Flourishing in Afghanistan Image Credit Flickr User Tambako the Jaguar The Snow Leopard is known for its elusive nature and wildlife groups have been concerned for decades about their dwindling numbers. Yet there is some good news – the species is, it seems, flourishing in one remote part of Afghanistan. The war torn country is home to a vigorous population of snow leopards. The World Conservation Society recently laid a number of camera traps in the Wakhan Corridor. This mountainous area is a long panhandle in the north east of the country and the camera traps captured snow leopards on film in sixteen places. Image Credit Flickr User Land Rover Our Planet This is a remarkable turn out of events as it has been estimated that there are only around seven thousand snow leopards in the world, scattered across a dozen countries in Central Asia. Their habitat is usually over 10,000 feet above sea level but even at these heights snow leopards are often killed by shepherds for harrying their flocks. That isn't the last of their worries either. Many of these fuzzy-tailed felines are caught and sold by the illegal pet trade. Then there is the Chinese problem. Their bones and penises are in high demand by the bourgeoning middle classes of China. It is believed that ingestion of their body parts increase sexual performance in humans. Panthera uncial is considered one of the most endangered of the big cats. Their numbers have fallen by twenty percent over the last twenty years. You do not need to be Einstein to calculate that the species does not have long unless something is done. The goal of the World Conservation Society is to make sure that these wonderful beasts have are protected and have a future in Afghanistan. A reservation has been proposed by the society so that the snow leopards of the Wakhan Corridor, which has borders on Tajikistan, Pakistan and – oh dear – China, can be legally and forcefully protected. Although it has always been known that snow leopards inhabit this remote part of Afghanistan there was concern that the population had been severely depleted. As the wars of the last thirty years have impoverished the population it was thought that their patience with a predatory big cat, however endangered, would precipitate wider hunting. This it seems has not been the case. Fortunately the Wakhan Corridor is one of the few places in Afghanistan which has been troubled by insurgency and civil unrest. Yet there is a lot of work to be done. At the moment the society is doing its best to train rangers and provide education around conservation. Other help has been to provide locals with corrals which are predator-proof and to start up a compensation scheme to reimburse farmers whose stock is predated by the leopards. The society has not put an exact number on the amount of snow leopards in the corridor but maintain that their status still remains highly endangered. After all, a world population which only numbers in the thousands cannot be considered safe if a new enclave of the species is discovered. It would be a shame if the dramatic peaks of the wild and desolate Wakhan Corridor, this thin strip of land just over two hundred miles in length, turned out to be the last refuge of one of the planet's animal marvels. 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This hope had but short duration though the utmost prudence was exercised, evil 070-466 Exam symptoms http://www.it	-1.424032	-2.304828	-1.565754	-1.444676	[ -1.465122207568188, -1.3829416818282625 ]	[ -2.3191528266449724, -2.290502769344017 ]	[ -1.6139424790510377, -1.5175653200864354 ]	[ -1.462885471207061, -1.4264662874515206 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29871, 29945, 29900, 29995, 5947, 29871, 29900, 29955, 29900, 29899, 29946, 29953, 29953, 3185, 950, 894, 29879, 1222, 314, 25553, 21397, 3730, 9388, 287, 948, 29889, 13, 7301, 935, 519, 825, 263, 1353, 310, 4486, 504, 374, 681, 19726, 545, 526, 2675, 1048, 29889, 13, 7058, 2444, 304, 592, 2278, 728, 29889, 13, 1888, 2037, 292, 3630, 3382, 1379, 322, 830, 4011, 411, 7783, 3758, 5656, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29906, 29892, 29248, 7783, 29871, 29900, 29955, 29900, 29899, 29946, 29953, 29953, 1222, 314, 349, 7202, 5032, 513, 17204, 9388, 287, 948, 29889, 13, 29909, 5497, 6568, 373, 278, 1591, 29889, 13, 3596, 590, 8277, 6866, 593, 350, 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Winter Cycling Blog Cycling Enthusiast News Do e-bikes belong on hiking-mountain biking trails? – Ruidoso News Posted on October 29, 2019 Author Winter Cycling Comments Off on Do e-bikes belong on hiking-mountain biking trails? – Ruidoso News E-bikes are divided into three classifications Can pedal-assisted e-bikes harmoniously share trails with hikers, equestrians and mountain bikers? A more accommodating trail use policy for pedal-assisted e-bikes is being developed by the Bureau of Land Management and managers of some other federal land. Kratom Powder for Sale Left Coast Kratom is here to help you experience the freshest highest quality kratom powders and extracts at competitive prices. Last week, officials with the U.S. Department of the Interior announced guidance to implement Order 3376, "Increasing Recreational Opportunities Through the Use of Electric Bikes," which will allow the use of low-speed electric bicycles at national wildlife refuges and other DOI-managed public lands where traditional biking occurs. A mountain bike rider navigates a trail at Grindstone Lake in Ruidoso. (Photo: Courtesy Photo/Mark Stambaugh) The move will expand recreational opportunities and access to millions of Americans, according to a release from the DOI. Support local journalism: Subscribe to the Ruidoso News The National Park Service previously issued guidance to allow for e-bikes to be used on most bike paths in national parks. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Forest Service is not included in the directive and currently, e-bikes are limited to trails only where motorized vehicles are permitted. Secretary's Order 3376, signed by U.S. Secretary of the Interior David Bernhardt on Aug. 29, directs DOI bureaus to create a clear and consistent e-bike policy for the land.they manage. The policy also supports Secretary's Order 3366 to increase recreational opportunities on public lands, the release stated. The majority of states have adopted e-bike policies, which primarily have followed model legislation allowing for three classes of e-bikes to have access to bicycle trails. The DOI e-bike guidance seeks to provide consistency with the state and local rules where possible, according to the release. What are e-bikes? The three classes of e-bike are defined as: Class 1: Bicycle equipped with a motor that provides assistance only when the rider is pedaling, and that ceases to provide assistance when the e-bike reaches 20 mph. Class 2: Bicycle equipped with a throttle-actuated motor, that ceases to provide assistance when the e-bike reaches 20 mph. The Fish and Wildlife Service policy allows Class 1, 2 and 3 e-bike riding (without the use of a throttle) on National Wildlife Refuge roads, trails and designated areas where traditional bikes are allowed. The policy does not allow e-bikes in designated wilderness areas and most back-country trails, according to information from peopleforbikes.org. The year began with 11 states using the model three-class e-bike definitions. But as of June 19, peopleforbikes.org reported that 22 states define e-bikes within the three classes,.The eleven new states include Oklahoma and Texas. New Mexico is not on the list and is shown as "problematic" on the advocacy group's map of states with either "model legislation," "acceptable" or "problematic" legislation. The New Mexico Motor Vehicle Division defines electric bikes as regular bicycles and they are subject to the same laws as traditional bicycles. The state does not require license or registration of electric bicycles. Helmets are required for all riders under 14 years of age when riding on roadways. Electric bicycles may be ridden on roadways, in bike lanes and on bike paths. 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consistent with other federal and state laws. More: What happened to electric scooters at NMSU? Here's what we know Local reaction Leroy Cockrell, a Ruidoso resident who has been active in Lincoln National Forest issues, including a proposal to create trails for off-highway vehicles in the Hale Lake area of the forest east of Ruidoso, said while he never has ridden an e-bike, he can see why it would be useful, especially for an aging population that enjoys being outdoors, but no longer can hike great distances. Leroy Cockrell (Photo: Courtesy Photo/Tim Keithley) "I think anything that can help a person, especially older people like myself is worthwhile," he said Monday. "That's why a lot of these side-by-sides and all terrain vehicles are getting so popular, We can't walk way back in there like we used to. "I kind of see it as nice way to help out. I think I would like it. It's just a little help." He distinguished between the pedal-assisted e-bike and one with a throttle, saying the former would create little impact.. As for his friends who are mountain bikers, Cockrell said, "It depends on who you talk to. The purest mountain bikers are really into the physical part and I think they kind of resent a motorized bike of any kind on their trails." Under the current village ordinance, no motorized vehicle of any kind is allowed on municipal trails, said Rodney Griego, director of the Parks and Recreation Department. "So black and white, if you looked at our ordinance, motorized vehicles are not allowed on our trails," he said. "But I know that other people in the past have even driven electric golf carts on our trails." The village council likely would back an exception for the pedal-assisted e-bike, as distinguished from one with a throttle, he said. "I guess (an e-bike) is a way for someone to still enjoy the outside without busting a lung or busting their legs." Dale Moebus, mountain biker "I believe the village would support that," he said. "It would just need a little updating of our ordinance. We're definitely on board. That's the trend you're seeing in the United States with those bikes and we would like to stay on top of that to provide people with recreational opportunities.". Shane Barnett, owner of Club Gas, rents and sells e-bikes at his location at the intersection of White Mountain Drive and New Mexico Highway 48, also known as Mechem Drive. "I know e-bikes are the wave of the future," he said. "It's just a pedal-assisted bike, so it's not like a motorcycle. You still have to pedal the bike. There is not going to be any more damage done to the trails." More: Hoodooos and hiking in fairy tale woods: 48 hours in Banff National park in the Canadian Rockies If damaged occurred, it probably would be from having more people on the trail, not from the e-bikes, he said. Several different areas are open to e-bikes in the Lincoln National Forest, the same areas that allowed motorized vehicles, he said. He would favor opening up municipal and USFS trails around the village on Moon Mountain, Cedar Greek and Grindstone, Barnett said. "There are not many areas where BLM doesn't allow them," Barnett said. "They are more motor friendly than others. There are a lot of dirt roads on BLM land where they can be ridden, but the average tourist wants to ride the trails around town where others are mountain biking." Mountain biker view "I'm kind of speaking for other mountain bikers who have been talking about e-bikes, it's great that they developed it," said Dale Moebus, former bike shop owner and member of Bicycle Ruidoso. "We were talking and If we are 70 years old and need one, (an e-bike would be helpful). But being out there riding bikes and all of a sudden an e-bike comes up behind you (is disconcerting). The Forest Service doesn't allow them in the forest except on trails for motorized vehicles. 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on paved trails. II's a great way for people not to have to work so hard and still get out and get a little exercise. but I personally believe they do not belong on the trails other than motorized trails. I can see where they could be therapeutic. When I need head therapy, I get on my bike. "I guess it is a way for someone to still enjoy the outside without busting a lung or busting their legs," he said. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Forest Service is not included in the DOI directive and currently e-bikes are limited to trails only where motorized vehicles are permitted. "The USFS has not weighed into it," said Smokey Bear District Ranger Jodie Canfield from the Lincoln National Forest that surrounds Ruidoso. "The only thing I have is the briefing paper from 2017, which says "e-bikes do not meet either exception to the definition of a motor vehicle in the (Travel Management Review)." The paper also says e-bikes may be ridden wherever motorized vehicles are allowed, including all national forest system roads, national forest system trails open to all vehicles, those designated for motorcycles and those with a special e-bike designation. "That's a good segue into what we're doing over n Hale Lake, that we will make special designations where e-bikes can operate," she said. As for any changes in regulations, Canfield said the USFS would only be looking at the lowest classifications, the pedal assist, "because with the other, you start getting up to 28 mph and that could cause problems. It almost is a mini motorcycle.". She expects the USDA to be under some pressure to review the e-bike rules, she said. Ruidoso Police Chief Darren Hooker said, "As far as the village is concerned, unless the ordinance changes, because they are fairly new, we would treat them like a regular bicycle. They do not require a license and the driver must obey the rules of the road." The guidance to superintendents and field managers will enable visitors to use e-bikes with a small electric motor (less than 1 horsepower) power assist in the same manner as traditional bicycles. The operator of an e-bike may only use the small electric motor to assist pedal propulsion. The motor may not be used to propel an e-bike without the rider also pedaling, except in locations open to public motor vehicle traffic. Similar to traditional bicycles, e-bikes are not allowed in designated wilderness areas and may not be appropriate for back-country trails, according to the guidance. The focus of the guidance is on expanding the traditional bicycling experience to those who could benefit from the reduction of effort provided by this new e-bike technology. Since the NPS issued the guidance, superintendents and park staff have engaged with stakeholders and visitors to better understand potential impacts to resources and visitors, and other potential issues with allowing e-bikes where traditional bikes are allowed., according to the DOI release E-bikes make bicycle travel easier and more efficient because they allow bicyclists to travel farther with less effort. This is especially true for those with physical limitations, the DOI noted. "When used as an alternative to gasoline- or diesel-powered modes of transportation, e-bikes can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel consumption, improve air quality, and support active modes of transportation for visitors," the release stated. "Similar to traditional bicycles, e-bikes can decrease traffic congestion, reduce the demand for vehicle parking spaces, and increase the number and visibility of cyclists on the road.". Reporter Dianne Stallings can be contacted at [email protected] More: Madera Road limited to hiker and biker access to Moon Mountain More: Future OHV access in national forest being decided Read or Share this story: https://www.ruidosonews.com/story/news/2019/10/29/department-interior-e-bikes-federal-us-blm-outdoor-recreation-hiking/2488069001/ Winter Cycling NC Wildlife Commission proposes restrictions on Sandy Mush, Pisgah game lands – Citizen Times Posted on December 22, 2019 Author Winter Cycling	-0.317334	0.142066	0.590051	-0.468512	[ -0.7638483879208228, 0.1291799917863691 ]	[ -0.3834833302491665, 0.6676156469796384 ]	[ -0.02625559716048517, 1.2063575411762697 ]	[ -0.8502627730335067, -0.08676059930128527 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 373, 282, 10511, 1020, 2719, 29889, 1944, 29915, 29879, 263, 2107, 982, 363, 2305, 451, 304, 505, 304, 664, 577, 2898, 322, 1603, 679, 714, 322, 679, 263, 2217, 15058, 29889, 541, 306, 22345, 4658, 896, 437, 451, 6852, 373, 278, 1020, 2719, 916, 1135, 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In our previous blogs, we have discussed tax basics and guidelines, your filing status and its importance, all about your W-2 form, and tax deductions and its types. We sincerely hope our attempt in bringing you critical information in a simple form is helping you understand them better. For our last blog of the series, we bring you details on tax credits and their complex rules for qualification. We all want to save money and give less in taxes, and there are many ways to make that happen. The IRS offers various tax breaks that can be availed, but only if you qualify for them. The rules for qualification can be complicated to understand, so make sure it applies to you before filing the tax return. Do not file your taxes if you are not sure, consult with a tax professional before sending your application because you do not want to get into trouble with the IRS. What are tax credits? How are they different from tax deductions? There is a simple difference between tax credits and tax deductions. Even though both are beneficial for you, a tax credit is better. A tax deduction is subtracted from your gross income, and then the taxes you owe are calculated on that subtracted amount. A tax credit directly reduces your taxes. For example, you owe $1,500 in taxes, but you qualify for a $1,000 tax credit. Subtracting the tax credit from tax owed, now you need to pay only $500 in taxes. A tax credit is simply reduced from the taxes you calculated, giving you instant relief. If your taxes owed and tax credit are equal, the difference is zero and you don't need to pay Uncle Same anymore. But if your credit is more than the amount you owe, you may or may not get the difference in a cheque from the IRS. That depends on whether the tax credit you applied is refundable or non-refundable. What are refundable and non-refundable tax credits? As the name suggests, a refundable credit means the IRS pays you if your tax credits exceed your tax amount. A non-refundable credit means your taxes owed will be erased but you will not receive any cash back, and it will not be carried forward to the next year either. Refundable credits are more beneficial, but there are only a few of them. Most tax credits are non-refundable. Let us study a few common tax credits and their qualification rules. This credit was introduced to help low-income and a few middle-income individuals and families. Also, this is a refundable credit. To qualify for this you must have an earned income, but not much. Your credit amount depends on your earned income and AGI (Adjusted Gross Income), and the number of dependents you have. The table below may clear things up. *You cannot claim this tax credit if you are Married and Filing Separately. In the case that you are separated and your spouse did not live with you in the last six months, you can file as Head of Household status to claim this credit. If you are into investments, your invested income should not be more than $3,500. These are different than claiming your child as a dependent. – The child must be related by birth, adoption, marriage or foster arrangement. Adopted children are treated the same as children by birth. The child can be your son or daughter, a stepchild, brother or sister, niece or nephew, or a foster child placed in your care by an authentic agency. – The child must be 18 years old or less on the last day of the tax year, or 24 years old or less and a full-time student (at least 5 months in the year). If disabled, the child can be claimed as a dependent at all ages. In all cases, the child must be younger than you or your spouse (when married and filing jointly). – The child must live with you in the US for more than 6 months of the year. They must also have a Social Security Number and other proofs of identification. If you claim this tax credit, you will have to attach Schedule EIC with your Form 1040 to claim qualifying child(ren). This tax credit was non-refundable till 2017, now it is partially refundable. The TCJA has increased the maximum credit to $2,000 per child (previously $1,000). 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"""Load dataset for the multitask CTC model. In this class, all data will be loaded at each step. You can use the multi-GPU version. """ from __future__ import absolute_import from __future__ import division from __future__ import print_function from os.path import basename import random import numpy as np from utils.dataset.base import Base from utils.io.inputs.frame_stacking import stack_frame from utils.io.inputs.splicing import do_splice class DatasetBase(Base): def __init__(self, args, kwargs): super(DatasetBase, self).__init__(args, **kwargs) def __getitem__(self, index): input_i = np.array(self.input_paths[index]) label_main_i = np.array(self.label_main_paths[index]) label_sub_i = np.array(self.label_sub_paths[index]) return (input_i, label_main_i, label_sub_i) def __next__(self, batch_size=None): """Generate each mini-batch. Args: batch_size (int, optional): the size of mini-batch Returns: A tuple of `(inputs, labels_main, labels_sub, inputs_seq_len, input_names)` inputs: list of input data of size `[num_gpu, B, T_in, input_size]` labels_main: list of target labels in the main task, of size `[num_gpu, B, T_in]` labels_sub: list of target labels in the sub task, of size `[num_gpu, B, T_in]` inputs_seq_len: list of length of inputs of size `[num_gpu, B]` input_names: list of file name of input data of size `[num_gpu, B]` is_new_epoch (bool): If true, 1 epoch is finished """ if self.max_epoch is not None and self.epoch >= self.max_epoch: raise StopIteration # NOTE: max_epoch = None means infinite loop if batch_size is None: batch_size = self.batch_size # reset if self.is_new_epoch: self.is_new_epoch = False if not self.is_test: self.padded_value = -1 else: self.padded_value = None # TODO(hirofumi): move this if self.sort_utt: # Sort all uttrances by length if len(self.rest) > batch_size: data_indices = sorted(list(self.rest))[:batch_size] self.rest -= set(data_indices) # NOTE: rest is uttrance length order else: # Last mini-batch data_indices = list(self.rest) self.reset() self.is_new_epoch = True self.epoch += 1 if self.epoch == self.sort_stop_epoch: self.sort_utt = False self.shuffle = True # Shuffle data in the mini-batch random.shuffle(data_indices) elif self.shuffle: # Randomly sample uttrances if len(self.rest) > batch_size: data_indices = random.sample(list(self.rest), batch_size) self.rest -= set(data_indices) else: # Last mini-batch data_indices = list(self.rest) self.reset() self.is_new_epoch = True self.epoch += 1 # Shuffle selected mini-batch random.shuffle(data_indices) else: if len(self.rest) > batch_size: data_indices = sorted(list(self.	-1.09668	-0.976181	0.059343	0.367179	[ -0.7227581250508599, -1.4706009092841832 ]	[ -0.5356867596604926, -1.4166760216648742 ]	[ 0.587514730982508, -0.4688296560900401 ]	[ 0.940780656658604, -0.20642363164091795 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 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rest))[:batch_size] self.rest -= set(data_indices) # NOTE: rest is in name order else: # Last mini-batch data_indices = list(self.rest) self.reset() self.is_new_epoch = True self.epoch += 1 # Load dataset in mini-batch input_list = np.array(list( map(lambda path: np.load(path), np.take(self.input_paths, data_indices, axis=0)))) label_main_list = np.array(list( map(lambda path: np.load(path), np.take(self.label_main_paths, data_indices, axis=0)))) label_sub_list = np.array(list( map(lambda path: np.load(path), np.take(self.label_sub_paths, data_indices, axis=0)))) if not hasattr(self, 'input_size'): self.input_size = input_list[0].shape[1] if self.num_stack is not None and self.num_skip is not None: self.input_size = self.num_stack # Frame stacking input_list = stack_frame(input_list, self.num_stack, self.num_skip, progressbar=False) # Compute max frame num in mini-batch max_frame_num = max(map(lambda x: x.shape[0], input_list)) # Compute max target label length in mini-batch max_seq_len_main = max(map(len, label_main_list)) max_seq_len_sub = max(map(len, label_sub_list)) # Initialization inputs = np.zeros( (len(data_indices), max_frame_num, self.input_size self.splice), dtype=np.float32) labels_main = np.array( [[self.padded_value] * max_seq_len_main] * len(data_indices)) labels_sub = np.array( [[self.padded_value] * max_seq_len_sub] * len(data_indices)) inputs_seq_len = np.zeros((len(data_indices),), dtype=np.int32) input_names = list( map(lambda path: basename(path).split('.')[0], np.take(self.input_paths, data_indices, axis=0))) # Set values of each data in mini-batch for i_batch in range(len(data_indices)): data_i = input_list[i_batch] frame_num, input_size = data_i.shape # Splicing data_i = data_i.reshape(1, frame_num, input_size) data_i = do_splice(data_i, splice=self.splice, batch_size=1, num_stack=self.num_stack) data_i = data_i.reshape(frame_num, -1) inputs[i_batch, :frame_num, :] = data_i if self.is_test: labels_main[i_batch, 0] = 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Crazy ideas: Storybricks In another kind of cray idea, I wanted to write a bit about Storybricks and what we wanted to do with it. It's a concept I think still has a place in game development, but it was perhaps a little ahead of its time. Lets jump in the Wayback Machine! Differences in different types of RP Usually in games we try to compare one thing to what we already know. Genres are a great example of this: both DOOM and Bioshock 2 are FPSes, but they are different from each other in many ways. So when it comes to RP in MMOs, we might try to compare it to other forms. Let's take a look at how it's different. Better tools for RPers in MMOs Okay, a few days ago we looked at RP in MMOs and why people RP. Now let's take a look at how MMO designers can make games that are ready for RP. These ideas are based on my own experience RPing in FFXIV through the eyes of a developer. So how can we give players better tools to help facilitate better RP in the game? I'll give examples from FFXIV, but many of these could apply to just about any game. Why people RP in MMOs I think it's important to think about why people RP when we look at role-playing. Of course, it gets a little dangerous to make too many ground pronouncements without data, but sometimes observation and experience can help make sense of things. So, let me share some of my observations about why people RP in MMOs. Looking at RP in MMOs Role-playing in MMOs is an interesting thing. Despite the "RP" in MMORPG standing or role-playing, the origin of this comes from computer RPGs where the focus was more on mechanics than collaborative storytelling. MMOs adopted this, taking the mechanics and world building but not leaving much room for structure storytelling between players. But this has been tried before. UO was notorious for expecting players to clean up and bring justice to those who broke social norms. Eventually the developers realized this wasn't going to work, because the cost to create mischief was much lower than the cost to enforce social norms. And some players exploited the system to take advantage of mechanics to let them create mischief while remaining untouchable by the enforcers. So, let's take a look at RP options in MMOs, with an eye to how a designer could improve the experience. How MMOs can do stories better The past two days I've talked about how MMOs do stories wrong, and why they do stories wrong. And there have been some great comments I'll reply to soon. So, let's talk some solutions to the problems I've brought up the last few days. How can we go from stories that feel like more of a chore or a diversion to stories that are a meaningful to the player? Why MMOs get story wrong Yesterday we talked about how they get story wrong, but why do they get it wrong? Although the favorite answer may be "because developers are stupid", there are actually some very good reasons why developers create the type of stories I pointed out yesterday. Let's take a look at some development realities when creating stories for MMOs. How MMOs get story wrong Most of the recent MMOs have had a strong story component, a central narrative told by the developers. FFXVI has it's Main Scenario Quests (MSQ) that gate progress through the game as a quite obvious example. WoW has story told through quests, environment, and dungeons. GW2 has story that is the main focus of your progression through the world as well. But these games tend to get the stories wrong. Let's take a look at how these go wrong. It's Blaugust Okay, so… it's Blaugust. And I've neglected this poor site quite severely. So, here's an excuse for a flurry of posts for the month! Let's catch up a bit, shall we? It's been… let's ignore that stat for now, shall we? Old year bad, new year good I guess it's time to look at the old year in review and the new year in anticipation since I remembered I have a blog! 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Local entrepreneurs are underrated Opinion / 3 March 2017, 07:55am / Andile Masuku Andile Masuku I was privileged to address delegates at the FCB Africa Conference 2017 - a gathering hosted by one of South Africa's well-respected advertising agencies, FCB Africa, this week. The event brought together the group's agency partners from no less than 30 African countries. Most of the deliberations centred around the importance of changing individual and organisational outlook and practice-- with an emphasis on the need to invest heavily in proactive digital transformation initiatives to ensure we all remain competitive in this increasingly digitally-driven global economy. At the forum, I shared an argument I've posed before, that Africa is home to the truest form of innovation because its brand of innovation is born of two things: a keen survival instinct, and a desire to progress and thrive despite circumstances. While the correlation between staying on top of digital transformation trends and remaining commercially viable appears decidedly clear to advertising and media agencies, Africa's investment community does not seem to possess a similarly progressive mindset. This needs to be addressed if promising tech ventures on the continent are to get the resources and support they need to significantly improve the lives of the average African. I believe a mix of counter- productive attitudes held by the continent's investors is leading to an unhealthy fixation on traditional big ticket investment plays in the tech space. African investors tend to favour deals that either appear too big to fail or business opportunities that are led by precedent. Ignorance, a fear of the unknown, greed, an unwillingness to delay gratification and even laziness - all contribute to sustaining a deeply-ingrained disinterest in funding early-stage tech start-ups. Two venture capital interests, the Netherlands-based Velocity Capital and the US-based Quona Capital (manager of Accion Frontier Inclusion Fund), have led a Series-A investment round in the South African mobile payments start-up, Yoco. It's telling that Yoco had to cross the oceans to find suitable partners to support its bid to build on the success of enabling 6500 South African merchants to accept card payments totalling more than R1 billion per year. It certainly appears that Quona and Velocity Capital have snapped up a peach from right under the noses of Africa's venture capital (VC) and institutional investment community. Given Yoco's ambitions to grow nationally, regionally and internationally, its decision to go with foreign, fintech-focused VCs with solid track records was partly strategic. Yoco co-founder and chief executive, Katlego Maphai, said as much when I asked him what criteria they used when courting investment. This certainly isn't the first time that a stellar South African fintech start-up has had to impress foreign suitors to land a big deal. Yoco CEO Katlego Maphai. Picture: Supplied Dominique Collett is a senior investment executive at Rand Merchant Insurance Holdings. Previously she was a co-founder of a mobile money start-up called Tyme (take your money everywhere). Tyme's mission was to provide affordable yet commercially viable financial solutions for the unbanked, low-income market. In February 2015, Tyme was acquired by the Commercial Bank of Australia (CBA) for a rumoured $40 million (R523.2 million) - the deal came together after Collett and her co-founders had pitched their business to various big-name VC and institutional investment interests on the continent, but were not taken seriously. Since CBA's acquisition of Tyme, significant time and effort have been spent on cementing key strategic relationships in South Africa, China, Vietnam, Indonesia and India, as well as overhauling the firm's technology. It's unfortunate that it took all that for Patrice Motsepe's African Rainbow Capital to finally see value in acquiring a 10 percent stake in Tyme. A deal that CBA probably only finds necessary for the sake of enlisting black shareholders to improve its prospects in South Africa. Better late than never, I suppose. Andile Masuku is an entrepreneur and broadcaster based in Johannesburg. 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We start sorting things as kids: Hot Wheels, pencils, the cutest boys in class. We organize our rooms just so, and get mad when our parents mess them up. And we develop new sorting habits as we grow up, some useful (chronological tax documents) and some embarrassing (alphabetized bottles of hot sauce). As a kid I had a precise taxonomy for everything in my life, but adult life broke that habit, and now I just sort my books and coffee mugs. I asked the Lifehacker staff what they sort, and got a wide range of answers and the surprising reasons behind them. In case you couldn't tell, I'm a fan of organizing and rearranging my software, files, and apps. I usually spend an hour or two every weekend renaming, tagging, and sorting through photos I take or find online. My smartphone's homescreen is pretty sparsely populated. I've got folders full of GIFs, impeccably tagged family photos encompassing the past decade or so, and a few zip files serving as archives of all my time spent tediously batch editing metadata. I sort the books in my bookshelf by color, which I admit is something I learned on Pinterest, but I've been doing it for years and it works for me. I believe it reduces the visual "noise" and makes the living room feel less cluttered. Also it is pretty, and I enjoy pretty things. I'm rather messy TBH, but I do organize my books into multiple small stacks all around my house, in order of importance to read next. They only go on a bookshelf when they're finished or already reread. I obsessively organize my laundry. Not my clothes in my closet— specifically my clean laundry as I fold it. There's a pile for pillowcases, one for dress socks, one for exercise socks, one for undershirts, one for T-shirts I can wear out, etc ... It makes putting everything away much faster, and then it all gets disorganized again as I pull stuff out throughout the week. I mostly store all of my stuff in loosely themed piles and clusters, but I do enjoy curating very specific playlists. I also sort my records by genre, and then alphabetically within each genre, rather than alphabetizing the whole collection. I don't really sort anything obsessively either (I don't feel like I have enough stuff to sort). I guess I try to keep my Spotify playlists in order of "most often listened" to "least often listened" for convenience: daily listening at the top down to seasonal stuff at the bottom. The closest thing I do to organizing happens in my notebooks. I may own several dozen, but I dedicate just one at a time to being my main planner/journal/scratch pad. (This already takes a lot of discipline and restraint.) I number the pages. Most of what I write is ephemeral and/or garbage, but on the rare occasion I'll want to refer to something later, I add a line to my table of contents in the front. I keep at least half a dozen different to-do lists at any time: my work to-dos; apartment to-dos; 'life' to-dos (anything from "renew passport" to "set up a password manager"); etc. Working in tandem to these are various running lists of things I need to buy, from clothes to groceries to home goods. There's probably a tidier way to do it, but I like having lists for different categories, and a place to dump ideas or necessities that occur to me on the fly so I don't lose them, but also don't have to keep thinking about them. Living in a tiny apartment means I don't have a ton of stuff, but I am particular about what I have. I sort my books in the order I read them, and my unread books in the order I would like to read them. My closet is color-coordinated (following the rainbow), and then ordered by sleeve-length within each color, with skirts and dresses at the "end." I also get frustrated when people don't load the dishwasher how I like it; luckily, my current apartment is dishwasher-free so I can spare my roommates that headache. 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Full Text Archive — Free Classic E-books The Letters of the Younger Pliny The Letters of Pliny the Younger by Pliny the Younger Its easy to link to paragraphs in the Full Text Archive If this page contains some material that you want to link to but you don't want your visitors to have to scroll down the whole page just hover your mouse over the relevent paragraph and click the bookmark icon that appears to the left of it. The address of that paragraph will appear in the address bar of your browser. For further details about how you can link to the Full Text Archive please refer to our linking page. Part 3 out of 3 Index of The Letters of the Younger Pliny The Letters of Pliny the Younger Previous part (2) Download The Letters of the Younger Pliny The Letters of Pliny the Younger pdf What's this? Many people prefer to read off-line or to print out text and read from the real printed page. Others want to carry documents around with them on their mobile phones and read while they are on the move. We have created .pdf files of all out documents to accommodate all these groups of people. We recommend that you download .pdfs onto your mobile phone when it is connected to a WiFi connection for reading off-line. the Greeks say, "Ignorance makes a man bold; calculation gives him pause," and just in the same way modesty cripples the force of an upright mind, while unblushing confidence is a source of strength to a man without conscience. Regulus is a case in point. He has weak lungs, he never looks you straight in the face, he stammers, he has no imaginative power, absolutely no memory, no quality at all, in short, except a wild, frantic genius, and yet, thanks to his effrontery, and even just to this frenzy of his, he has got people to regard him as an orator. Herennius Senecio very neatly turned against him Cato's well- known definition of an orator by saying, "An orator is a bad man who knows nothing of the art of speaking," and I really think that he thereby gave a better definition of Regulus than Cato did of the really true orator. Have you any equivalent to send me for a letter like this? Yes, indeed, you have, if you will write and say whether any one of my friends in your township, or whether you yourself have read this pitiful production of Regulus in the Forum, like a Cheap Jack, pitching your voice high, as Demosthenes says, shouting with delight, and straining every muscle in your throat. For it is so absurd that it will make you laugh rather than sigh, and you would think it was written not about a boy but by a boy. Farewell. 4.VIII.--TO MATURUS ARRIANUS. You congratulate me on accepting the office of augur. You are right in so doing, first, because it is a proper thing to obey the wishes of an emperor with a character like ours, and, secondly, because the priestly office is in itself an ancient and sacred one, and inspires respect and dignity from the very fact that it is held for life. For other offices, though almost equal in point of dignity to this, may be bestowed one day and taken away the next, while with the augurship the element of chance only enters into the bestowal of it. I think too that I have special reasons for congratulating myself in that I have succeeded Julius Frontinus, one of the leading men of his day, who for many years running used to bring forward my name, whenever the nomination day for the priesthoods came round, as though he wished to coopt me to fill his place. Now events have turned out in such a way that my election does not seem to have been the work of chance. I can only hope that as I have attained to the priesthood and the consulship at a much earlier age than he did, I may, when I am old, at least in some degree acquire his serenity of mind. But all that man can give has fallen to my lot and to many another; the other thing, which can only be bestowed by the gods, is as difficult to attain to as it is presumptuous to hope for it. 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ORNELIUS URSUS. For some days past Julius Bassus has been on his defence. He is a much harassed man whose misfortunes have made him famous. An accusation was lodged against him in Vespasian's reign by two private individuals; the case was referred to the Senate, and for a long time he has been on the tenter-hooks, but at last he has been acquitted and his character cleared. He was afraid of Titus because he had been a friend of Domitian, yet he had been banished by the latter, was recalled by Nerva, and, after being appointed by lot to the governorship of Bithynia, returned from the province to stand his trial. The case against him was keenly pressed, but he was no less loyally defended. Pomponius Rufus, a ready and impetuous speaker, opened against him and was followed by Theophanes, one of the deputation from the province, who was the very life and soul of the prosecution, and indeed the originator of it. I replied on Bassus' behalf, for he had instructed me to lay the foundations of his whole defence, to give an account of his distinctions, which were very considerable--as he was a man of good family, and had been in many tight places--to dilate upon the conspiracy of the informers and the gains they counted upon, and to explain how it was that Bassus had roused the resentment of all the restless spirits of the province, and notably of Theophanes himself. He had expressed a wish that I too should controvert the charge which was damaging him most. For as to the others, though they sounded to be even more serious, he deserved not only acquittal but approbation, and the only thing that troubled him was that, in an unguarded moment and in perfect innocence, he had received certain presents from the provincials as a token of friendship, for he had served in the same province previously as quaestor. His accusers stigmatised these gifts as thefts and plunder: he called them presents, but the law forbids even presents to be accepted by a governor. In such a case what was I to do, what line of defence was I to take up? If I denied them in toto, I was afraid that people would immediately regard as a theft the presents which I was afraid to confess had been received. Moreover, to deny the obvious truth would have been to aggravate and not lessen the gravity of the charge, especially as the accused himself had cut the ground away from under the feet of his counsel. For he had told many people, and even the Emperor, that he had accepted, but only on his birthday or at the feast of the Saturnalia, some few trifling presents, and had also sent similar gifts to some of his friends. Was I then to acknowledge this and plead for clemency? Had I done so, I should have put a knife to my client's throat by confessing that he had committed offences and could only be acquitted by an act of clemency. Was I to defend his conduct and justify it? That would have done him no good, and would have stamped me as an unblushing In this difficult position I resolved to take a middle course, and I think I succeeded in so doing. Night interrupted my pleading, as it so often interrupts battles. I had been speaking for three hours and a half, and I had another hour and a half still left me. The law allowed the accuser six hours and the defendant nine, and Bassus had arranged the time at his disposal by giving me five hours, and the remainder to the advocate who was to speak after me. The success of my pleading persuaded me to say no more and make an end, for it is rash not to rest content when things are going well. Besides, I was afraid I might break down physically if I went over the ground again, as it is more difficult to pick up the threads of a speech than to go straight on. There was also the risk of the remainer of my speech meeting with a chilly reception, owing to the threads being dropped, or of it boring the judges if I gathered them up anew. 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278, 1652, 420, 310 ]	2,969	1,024	CommonCrawl	10	8
a torch is kept alight if you wave it continually up and down, but is difficult to resuscitate when it has been allowed to go out, so the warmth of a speaker and the attention of his audience are kept alive if he goes on speaking, but cool off at any interruption which causes interest to flag. But Bassus begged and prayed of me, almost with tears in his eyes, to take my full time. I gave way, and preferred his interests to my own. It turned out well, for I found that the senators were so attentive and so fresh that, instead of having had quite enough of my speech of the day before, it seemed to have only whetted their appetites Lucceius Albinus followed me and spoke so much to the point that our speeches were considered to have all the diversity of two addresses but the cohesion of one. Herennius Pollio replied with force and dignity, and then Theophanes again rose. He showed his usual effrontery in demanding a more liberal allowance of time than is usually granted--even after two advocates of ability and consular rank had concluded--and he went on speaking until nightfall, an actually continued after that, when lights had been brought into court. On the following day Titius Homullus and Fronto made a splendid effort on behalf of Bassus, and the hearing of the evidence took up the fourth day. Baebius Macer, the consul-designate, proposed that Bassus should be dealt with under the law relating to extortion, while Caepio Hispo was in favour of appointing judges to hear the case, but urged that Bassus should retain his place in the Senate. Both were in the right. How can that be? you may ask. For this reason, because Macer, looking at the letter of the law, was justified in condemning a man who had broken the law by receiving presents; while Caepio, acting on the assumption that the Senate has the right--which it certainly has--both to mitigate the severity of the laws and to rigorously put them in force, was not unreasonably desirous of excusing an offence which, though illegal, is very often committed. Caepio's proposal carried the day; indeed, when he rose to speak he was greeted with the applause which is usually reserved for speakers upon resuming their seats. This will enable you to judge how unanimously the motion was received while he was speaking, when it met with such a reception on his rising to put However, just as there was difference of opinion in the Senate, so there is the same with the general public. Those who approved the proposal of Caepio find fault with that of Macer as being vindictive and severe; those who agree with Macer condemn Caepio's motion as lax and even inconsistent, for they say it is incongruous to allow a man to keep his place in the Senate when judges have been allotted to try him. There was also a third proposal. Valerius Paulinus, who agreed in the main with Caepio, proposed that an inquiry should be instituted into the case of Theophanes, as soon as he had concluded his work on the deputation. It was urged that during his conduct of the prosecution he had committed a number of offences which came within the scope of the law under which he had accused Bassus. However, the consuls did not approve this proposal, though it found great favour with a large proportion of the Senate. None the less, Paulinus gained a reputation thereby for justice and consistency. When the Senate rose, Bassus came in for an ovation; crowds gathered round him and greeted him with a remarkable demonstration of their joy. Public sympathy had been aroused in his favour by the old story of the hazards he had gone through being told over again, by the association of his name with grave perils, by his tall physique and the sadness and poverty of his old age. You must consider this letter as the forerunner of another: you will be looking out for my speech in full and with every detail, and you will have to look out for it for some time to come, because, owing to the importance of the subject, it will require more than a mere brief and cursory	0.907156	-0.185507	0.189325	0.436115	[ 1.0879527920855014, 0.7263584788298286 ]	[ -0.16144538616676138, -0.20956852928946007 ]	[ 0.2070785771748676, 0.17157120281948782 ]	[ 0.5193586732016368, 0.35287097603345213 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 263, 4842, 305, 338, 13, 446, 415, 394, 523, 565, 366, 10742, 372, 2145, 1474, 701, 322, 1623, 29892, 541, 338, 5189, 304, 13, 690, 22142, 10388, 746, 372, 756, 1063, 6068, 304, 748, 714, 29892, 577, 278, 14294, 386, 310, 263, 13, 5965, 5790, 322, 278, 8570, 310, 670, 20026, 526, 8126, 18758, 565, 540, 5771, 373, 13, 5965, 5086, 29892, 541, 12528, 1283, 472, 738, 1006, 18953, 607, 9946, 4066, 304, 13, 15581, 29889, 1205, 17328, 375, 25945, 287, 322, 12475, 287, 310, 592, 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revision. Farewell. 4.X.--TO STATIUS SABINUS. You tell me that Sabina, who left us her heirs, never gave any instructions that her slave Modestus was to be granted his freedom, though she left him a legacy in these words: "I give...to Modestus, whom I have ordered to receive his liberty." You ask me what I think of the matter. I have consulted some eminent lawyers and they all agree that Modestus need not be given his freedom, because it was not expressly granted by Sabina, nor his legacy, because she left it to him as a slave. But the mistake is obvious to me, and so I think that we ought to act as though Sabina had ordered him to be freed in express terms, since she certainly was under the impression that she had ordered it. I am sure that you will be of my way of thinking, for you are most punctilious in carrying out the intentions of a dead person, which are, with honourable heirs, tantamount to legal obligations. For with us honour has as much weight as necessity has with others. So I propose that we should allow Modestus to have his liberty and enjoy his legacy, as if Sabina had taken all proper precautions to ensure that he should. For a lady who has made a good choice of her heirs has surely taken all the precautions necessary. Farewell. 4.XI.--TO CORNELIUS MINICIANUS. Have you heard that Valerius Licinianus is teaching rhetoric in Sicily? I do not think you can have done, for the news is quite fresh. He is of praetorian rank, and he used at one time to be considered one of our most eloquent pleaders at the bar, but now he has fallen so low that he is an exile instead of being a senator, and a mere teacher of rhetoric instead of being a prominent advocate. Consequently in his opening remarks he exclaimed, sorrowfully and solemnly: "O Fortune, what sport you make to amuse yourself! For you turn senators into professors, and professors into senators." There is so much gall and bitterness in that expression that it seems to me that he became a professor merely to have the opportunity of uttering it. Again, when he entered the hall wearing a Greek pallium--for those who have been banished with the fire-and- water formula are not allowed to wear the toga--he first pulled himself together and then, glancing at his dress, he said, "I shall speak my declamations in Latin." You will say that this is all very sad and pitiful, but that a man who defiled his profession of letters by the guilt of incest deserves to suffer. It is true that he confessed his guilt, but it is an open question whether he did so because he was guilty or because he feared an even heavier punishment if he denied it. For Domitian was in a great rage and was boiling over with fury because his witnesses had left him in the lurch. His mind was set upon burying alive Cornelia, the chief of the Vestal Virgins, as he thought to make his age memorable by such an example of severity, and, using his authority as Chief Pontiff, or rather exercising the cruelty of a tyrant and the wanton caprice of a ruler, he summoned the rest of the pontiffs not to the Palace but to his Villa at Alba. There, with a wickedness just as monstrous as the crime which he pretended to be punishing, he declared her guilty of incest, without summoning her before him and giving her a hearing, though he himself had not only committed incest with his brother's daughter but had even caused her death, for she died of abortion during her widowhood. He immediately despatched some of the pontiffs to see that his victim was buried alive and put to death. Cornelia invoked in turns the aid of Vesta and of the rest of the deities, and amid her many cries this was repeated most frequently: "How can Caesar think me guilty of incest, when he has conquered and triumphed after my hands have performed the sacred rites?" 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was to soften Caesar's heart or to deride him, whether she spoke the words to show her confidence in herself or her contempt of the Emperor. Yet she continued to utter them until she was led to the place of execution, and whether she was innocent or not, she certainly appeared to be so. Nay, even when she was being let down into the dreadful pit and her dress caught as she was being lowered, she turned and readjusted it, and when the executioner offered her his hand she declined it and drew back, as though she put away from her with horror the idea of having her chaste and pure body defiled by his loathsome touch. Thus she preserved her sanctity to the last and displayed all the tokens of a chaste woman, like Hecuba, "taking care that she might fall in seemly wise." Moreover, when Celer, the Roman knight who was accused of having intrigued with Cornelia, was being scourged with rods in the Forum, he did nothing but cry out, "What have I done? I have done nothing." Consequently Domitian's evil reputation for cruelty and injustice blazed up on all hands. He fastened upon Licinianus for hiding a freedwoman of Cornelia on one of his farms. Licinianus was advised by his friends who interested themselves on his behalf to take refuge in making a confession and beg for pardon, if he wished to escape being flogged in the Forum, and he did so. Herennius Senecio spoke for him in his absence very much in the words of Homer, "Patroclus is fallen," for he said, "Instead of being an advocate, I am the bearer of news: Licinianus has removed himself." This so pleased Domitian that he allowed his gratification to betray him into exclaiming, "Licinianus has cleared us." He even went on to say that it would not do to press a man who admitted his fault too hard, and gave him permission to get together what he could of his belongings before his goods were confiscated, and granted him a pleasant place of exile as a reward for his consideration. Subsequently, by the clemency of the Emperor Nerva, he was removed to Sicily, where he now is a Professor of Rhetoric and takes his revenge upon Fortune in his prefatory remarks. You see how careful I am to obey your wishes, as I not only give you the news of the town, but news from abroad, and minutely trace a story from its very beginning. I took for granted that, as you were away from Rome at the time, all you heard of Licinianus was that he had been banished for incest. For rumour only gives one the gist of the matter, not the various stages through which it passes. Surely I deserve that you should return the compliment and write and tell me what is going on in your town and neighbourhood, for something worthy of note is always happening. But say what you will, provided you give me the news in as long a letter as I have written to you. I shall count up not only the pages, but the lines and the syllables. Farewell. 4.XII.--TO MATURUS ARRIANUS. You have a regard for Egnatius Marcellinus and you often commend him to my notice; you will love him and commend him the more when you hear what he has recently done. After setting out as quaestor for his province, he lost by death a secretary, who was allotted to him, before the day when the man's salary fell due, and he made up his mind and resolved that he ought not to keep the money which had been paid over to him to give to the secretary. So when he returned he consulted first Caesar and then the Senate, on Caesar's recommendation, as to what was to be done with the money. It was a trifling question, but, after all, it was a question. The secretary's heirs claimed it should pass to them; the prefects of the treasury claimed it for the people. The case was heard, and counsel for the heirs and for the people pleaded in turn, and both spoke well to the point. 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paid over to the treasury; Baebius Macer that it should be given to the man's heirs; Strabo carried the day. I hope you will praise Marcellinus for his conduct, as I did on the spot, for, although he thinks it more than enough to have been congratulated by the Emperor and the Senate, he will be glad to have your commendation as well. All who are anxious for glory and reputation are wonderfully pleased with the approbation and praise even of men of no particular account, while Marcellinus has such regard for you that he attaches the greatest importance to your opinion. Besides, if he knows that the fame of his action has penetrated so far, he cannot but be pleased at the ground his praises have covered and the rapidity and distance they have travelled. For it somehow happens that men prefer a wide even to a well-grounded reputation. Farewell. 4.XIII.--TO TACITUS. I am delighted that you have returned to Rome, for though your arrival is always welcome, it is especially so to me at the present moment. I shall be spending a few more days at my Tusculan villa in order to finish a small work which I have in hand, for I am afraid that if I do not carry it right through now that it is nearly completed I shall find it irksome to start on it again. In the meanwhile, that I may lose no time, I am sending this letter as a sort of forerunner to make a request which, when I am in town, I shall ask you to grant. But first of all, let me tell you my reasons for asking it. When I was last in my native district a son of a fellow townsman of mine, a youth under age, came to pay his respects to me. I said to him, "Do you keep up your studies?" "Yes," said he. "Where?" I asked. "At Mediolanum," he replied. "But why not here?" I queried. Then the lad's father, who was with him, and indeed had brought him, replied, "Because we have no teachers here." "How is that?" I asked. "It is a matter of urgent importance to you who are fathers"--and it so happened, luckily, that a number of fathers were listening to me--"that your children should get their schooling here on the spot. For where can they pass the time so pleasantly as in their native place; where can they be brought up so virtuously as under their parents' eyes; where so inexpensively as at home? If you put your money together you could hire teachers at a trifling cost, and you could add to their stipends the sums you now spend upon your sons' lodgings and travelling money, which are no light amounts. I have no children of my own, but still, in the interest of the State, which I may consider as my child or my parent, I am prepared to contribute a third part of the amount which you may decide to club together. I would even promise the whole sum, if I were not afraid that if I did so my generosity would be corrupted to serve private interests, as I see is the case in many places where teachers are employed at the public charge. There is but one way of preventing this evil, and that is by leaving the right of employing the teachers to the parents alone, who will be careful to make a right choice if they are required to find the money. For those who perhaps would be careless in dealing with other people's money will assuredly be careful in spending their own, and they will take care that the teacher who gets my money will be worth his salt when he will also get money from them as well. So put your heads together, make up your minds, and let my example inspire you, for I can assure you that the greater the contribution you lay upon me the better I shall be pleased. You cannot make your children a more handsome present than this, nor can you do your native place a better turn. Let those who are born here be brought up here, and from their earliest days accustom them to love and know every foot of their native soil. 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, so in the future other people's children may flock hither." I thought it best to repeat this conversation in detail and from the very beginning, to convince you how glad I shall be if you will undertake my commission. As the subject is one of such importance, I beg and implore you to look out for some teachers from among the throng of learned people who gather round you in admiration of your genius, whom we can sound on the matter, but in such a way that we do not pledge ourselves to employ any one of them. For I wish to give the parents a perfectly free hand. They must judge and choose for themselves; my responsibilities go no further than a sympathetic interest and the payment of my share of the cost. So if you find any one who is confident in his own abilities, let him go to Comum, but on the express understanding that he builds upon no certainty beyond his own confidence in himself. Farewell. 4.XIV.--TO PATERNUS. Perhaps you are asking and looking out for a speech of mine, as you usually do, but I am sending you some wares of another sort, exotic trifles, the fruit of my playtime. You will receive with this letter some hendecasyllabics of mine with which I pass my leisure hours pleasantly when driving, or in the bath, or at dinner. They contain my jests, my sportive fancies, my loves, sorrows, displeasures and wrath, described sometimes in a humble, sometimes in a lofty strain. My object has been to please different tastes by this variety of treatment, and I hope that certain pieces will be liked by every one. Some of them will possibly strike you as being rather wanton, but a man of your scholarship will bear in mind that the very greatest and gravest authors who have handled such subjects have not only dealt with lascivious themes, but have treated them in the plainest language. I have not done that, not because I have greater austerity than they--by no means, but because I am not quite so daring. Otherwise, I am aware that Catullus has laid down the best and truest regulations governing this style of poetry in his lines: "For it becomes a pious bard to be chaste himself, though there is no need for his verses to be so. Nay, if they are to have wit and charm, they must be voluptuous and not too modest." You may guess from this what store I set on your critical judgment when I say that I prefer you should weigh the whole in the balance rather than pick out a few for your special praise. Yet pieces, perfect in themselves, cease to appear so the moment they are all on a dead level of perfection. Besides, a reader of judgment and acumen ought not to compare different pieces with one another, but to weigh each on its own merits and not to think one inferior to another, if it is perfect of its kind. But why say more? What more foolish than to excuse or commend mere trifles with a long preface? Still there is one thing of which I think I should advise you, and it is that I am thinking of calling these trifles "Hendecasyllables," a title which simply refers to the single metre employed. So, whether you prefer to call them epigrams, or idylls, or eclogues, or little poems, as many do, or any other name, remember that I only offer you "Hendecasyllables." I appeal to your candour to speak to me frankly about my tiny volume as you would to a third person, and this is no hard request. For if this trifling work of mind were my chef d'oeuvre, or my one solitary composition, it might perhaps seem harsh to say, "Seek out some other employment for your talent," but it is perfectly gentle and kindly criticism to say, "You have another sphere in which you show to greater advantage." Farewell. 4.XV.--TO FUNDANUS. If I have ever been guided by judgment, it has been in the strength of regard I have for Asinius Rufus. 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He is on the very closest of terms of friendship with Cornelius Tacitus, and you know what an honourable man Tacitus is. So if you have any high opinion of both Tacitus and myself, you must also think as highly of Rufus as you do of us, since similarity of character is perhaps the strongest bond for cementing friendships. Rufus has a number of children. Even in this respect he has acted the part of a good citizen, in that he was willing to freely undertake the responsibilities entailed upon him by the fruitfulness of his wife, in an age when the advantages of being childless are such that many people consider even one son to be a burden. He has scorned all those advantages, and has also become a grandfather. For a grandfather he is, thanks to Saturius Firmus, whom you will love as I do when you know him as intimately. I mention these particulars to show you what a large and numerous household you can oblige by a single favour, and I am induced to ask it from you, in the first place, because I wish to do so, and in the second, owing to a good omen. For we hope and prophesy that next year you will be consul, and we are led to make that forecast by your own good qualities, and by the opinion that the Emperor has of you. But it also happens that Asinius Bassus, the eldest son of Rufus, will be quaestor in the same year, and he is a young man even more worthy than his father, though I don't know whether I ought to mention such a fact, which the modesty of the young fellow would deny, but which his father desires me to think and openly declare. Though you always repose confidence in what I say, it is difficult, I know, for you to credit my account of an absent man when I say that he possesses splendid industry, probity, learning, wit, application, and powers of memory, as you will discover for yourself when you have tried him. I only wish that our age was so productive of men of high character that there were others to whom you ought to give preference over Bassus; if it did, I should be the first to advise and exhort you to take a good look round, and consider long and carefully on whom your choice should fall. But as it is--yet no, I do not wish to boast about my friend, I will merely say that he is a young man well deserving of adoption by you as a son in the old-fashioned way. For prudent men, like yourself, ought to receive as children from the State children such as we are accustomed to hope that Nature will bestow upon us. When you are consul it will become you to have as quaestor a man whose father was praetor, and whose relatives are of consular rank, especially as he, although still young, is in his turn already in their judgment an honour to them and their family. So I hope you will grant my request and take my advice. Above all, pardon me if you think I am acting prematurely, first, because in a State where to get a thing done depends on the earliness of the application, those who wait for the proper time find the fruit not only ripe but plucked, and, secondly, when one is anxious to get a favour it is very pleasant to enjoy in advance the certainty of obtaining it. Give Bassus the opportunity of respecting you even now as consul, and do you entertain a friendly regard for him as your quaestor, and let us who are devoted to both of you have the enjoyment of this double satisfaction. For while our regard for you and Bassus is such that we shall use all our resources, energy, and influence to obtain the advancement of Bassus, no matter to what consul he is assigned as quaestor--as well as the advancement of any quaestor that may be allotted to you--it would be immensely gratifying to us if we could at one and the same time prove our friendship and advance your interests as consul by helping the cause of our young friend, and if you of all people, whose wishes the Senate is so ready to gratify, and in whose recommendations they place such implicit trust, were to stand forth as	1.591993	-0.585377	-0.05669	0.261823	[ 1.4878980173531393, 1.696088682560951 ]	[ -0.14443441464431905, -1.0263189909393555 ]	[ -0.005965668957411016, -0.10741530997278179 ]	[ 0.2123969815477964, 0.311249051741406 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 940, 338, 13, 265, 278, 1407, 21438, 310, 4958, 310, 27994, 411, 11655, 295, 2482, 323, 562, 277, 375, 29892, 322, 13, 6293, 1073, 825, 385, 4207, 283, 18104, 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the seconder of my desires. Farewell. 4.XVI.--TO VALERIUS PAULINUS. Rejoice, rejoice, rejoice, on my account, on your own, and on that of the public. The student still has his meed of recompense. Just recently, when I had to speak in the Court of the Hundred, I could find no way in except by crossing the tribunal and passing through the judges, all the other places were so crowded and thronged. Moreover, a certain young man of fashion who had his tunic torn to pieces--as often happens in a crowd--kept his ground for seven long hours with only his toga thrown round him. For my speech lasted all that time; and though it cost me a great effort, the results were more than worth it. Let us therefore prosecute our studies, and not allow the idleness of other people to be an excuse for laziness on our part. We can still find an audience and readers, provided only that our compositions are worth hearing, and worth the paper they are written on. Farewell. 4.XVII.--TO ASINIUS GALLUS. You recommend and press me to take up the case of Corellia, in her absence, against Caius Caecilius, the consul-designate. I thank you for the recommendation, but I am a little hurt at your pressing me; it was right of you to recommend me to do so, and so inform me of the case, but I needed no pressing to do what it would have been scandalous for me to leave undone. Am I the man to hesitate a second about protecting the rights of a daughter of Corellius? It is true that I am not only an acquaintance, but also a close friend of him whom you ask me to oppose. Moreover, he is a man of position and the office for which he has been chosen is a great one, one indeed for which I cannot but feel all the greater respect, inasmuch as I recently held it myself. It is natural that a man should desire the dignities to which he has himself attained to be held in the very highest esteem. However, all those considerations seem unimportant and trifling when I consider that I am about to champion the daughter of Corellius. I picture to myself that worthy gentleman, a man second to none in our age for gravity, uprightness of life, and quickness of judgment. I began to love him because I admired him so much, and the better I learned to know him the more my admiration grew--a result that rarely happens. Yes, and I knew his character thoroughly; he had no secrets from me, I knew him in his sportive and serious moods, in his moments both of sorrow and joy. I was but a young man, yet, young as I was, he held me in honour, and I will make bold to say that he paid me the respect he would have paid to one of his own years. When I sought advancement, it was he who canvassed and spoke for me; when I entered upon an office he introduced me and stood by my side; in all administrative work he gave me counsel and kept me straight; in short, in all my public duties, despite his weakness and his years, he showed himself to have the energy and fire of youth. How he helped to build up my reputation at home and in public, and even with the Emperor himself! For when it so happened that the conversation in the presence of the Emperor Nerva turned upon the subject of the promising young men of the day, and several speakers sang my praises, Corellius kept silence for a little while--a fact which added material weight to his remarks--and then he said in that grave manner you knew so well, "I must be careful how I praise Secundus, for he never does anything without taking my advice." The words were a tribute such as it would have been unreasonable for me to ask for or expect, for they amounted to this, that I never acted except in the most prudent manner, since I invariably acted on the advice of a man of his consummate prudence. 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even had I lived longer, I could hardly have got you more, but best of all I have won you the friendship of Secundus and Cornutus." When I think of those words, I feel that it is my duty to work hard, that I may not seem to have fallen short in any particular of the confidence reposed in me by such an excellent judge of men. So I will take up Corellia's case without loss of time, nor will I mind giving offence to others by the course I adopt. Yet I think that I shall not only be excused, but receive the praises even of him who, as you say, is bringing this new action against Corellia, possibly because she is a woman, if during the hearing I explain my motives, more fully and amply than I can in the narrow limits of a letter, either in order to justify or even to win approval of my conduct. Farewell. 4.XVIII.--TO ARRIUS ANTONINUS. How can I better prove to you how greatly I admire your Greek epigrams than by the fact that I have tried to imitate some of them and turn them into Latin? I grant they have lost in the translation, and this is due in the first place to the poorness of my wits, and in the second place-- and even more--to what Lucretius calls the poverty of our native tongue. But if these verses, writ in Latin and by me, seem to you to possess any grace, you may guess how charming the originals are which were written in Greek and by you. Farewell. 4.XIX.--TO CALPURNIA HISPULLA. As you yourself are a model of the family virtues, as you returned the affection of your brother, who was the best of men and devoted to you, and as you love his daughter as though she were your own child, and show her not only the affection of an aunt but even that of the father she has lost, I feel sure you will be delighted to know that she is proving herself worthy of her father, worthy of you, and worthy of her grandfather. She has a sharp wit, she is wonderfully economical, and she loves me--which is a guarantee of her purity. Moreover, owing to her fondness for me she has developed a taste for study. She collects all my speeches, she reads them, and learns them by heart. When I am about to plead, what anxiety she shows; when the pleading is over, how pleased she is! She has relays of people to bring her news as to the reception I get, the applause I excite, and the verdicts I win from the judges. Whenever I recite, she sits near me screened from the audience by a curtain, and her ears greedily drink in what people say to my credit. She even sings my verses and sets them to music, though she has no master to teach her but love, which is the best instructor of all. Hence I feel perfectly assured that our mutual happiness will be lasting, and will continue to grow day by day. For she loves in me not my youth nor my person--both of which are subject to gradual decay and age--but my reputation. Nor would other feelings become one who had been brought up at your knee, who had been trained by your precepts, who had seen in your house nothing that was not pure and honourable, and, in short, had been taught to love me at your recommendation. For as you loved and venerated my mother as a daughter, so even when I was a boy you used to shape my character, and encourage me, and prophesy that I should develop into the man that my wife now believes me to be. Consequently my wife and I try to see who can thank you best, I because you have given her to me, and she because you gave me to her, as though you chose us the one for the other. Farewell. 4.XX.--TO MAXIMUS. You know my opinion of your volumes singly, for I have written to tell you as I finished each one; now let me give my broad view of the whole work. 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comprehensive and covers an amount of ground that does you great credit. You have been carried far by the sweeping sails of your genius and your resentment, both of which have been a great help to you; for your genius has lent a lofty magnificence to your resentment, which in turn has added power and sharpness to your genius. 4.XXI.--TO VELIUS CEREALIS. What a terribly sad fate has overtaken those two sisters, the Helvidiae! Both to have given birth to daughters, and both to have died in childbirth! I am very, very sorry, yet I keep my grief within bounds. What seems to me so lamentable is that two honourable ladies should in the very spring-time of life have been carried off at the moment of becoming mothers. I am grieved for the infants who are left motherless at their birth; I am grieved for their excellent husbands, and grieved also on my own account. For even now I retain the warmest affection for their dead father, as I have shown in my pleading and my books. Now but one of his three children is alive, and only one remains to support a house which a little time ago had so many props to sustain it. But my grief will be greatly relieved should Fortune preserve him at least to robust and vigorous health, and make him as good a man as his father and grandfather were before him. I am the more anxious for his health and character now that he is the only one left. You know the tenderness of my mind where my affections are engaged and how nervous I am, so you must not be surprised if I show most anxiety on behalf of those of whom I have formed the greatest hopes. Farewell. 4.XXII.--TO SEMPRONIUS RUFUS. I have been called in by our excellent Emperor to take part and advise upon the following case. Under the will of a certain person, it has been the custom at Vienne to hold a gymnastic contest. Trebonius Rufus, a man of high principle and a personal friend of mine, in his capacity of duumvir, discontinued and abolished the custom, and it was objected that he had no legal authority to do so. He pleaded his case not only with eloquence but to good effect, and what lent force to his pleading was that he spoke with discretion and dignity, as a Roman and a good citizen should, in a matter that concerned himself. When the opinion of the Council was taken, Junius Mauricus, who stands second to none for strength of will and devotion to truth, was against restoring the contest to the people of Vienne, and he added, "I wish the games could be abolished at Rome as well." That is a bold consistent line, you will say. So it is, but that is no new thing with Mauricus. He spoke just as frankly before the Emperor Nerva. Nerva was dining with a few friends; Veiento was sitting next to him and was leaning on his shoulder--I need say no more after mentioning the man's name. The conversation turned upon Catullus Messalinus, who was blind, and had that curse to bear in addition to his savage disposition. He was void of fear, shame, and pity, and on that account Domitian often used him as a tool for the destruction of the best men in the State, just as though he were a dart urging on its blind and sightless course. All at table were speaking of this man's villainy and bloody counsels, when the Emperor himself said: "I wonder what his fate would be if he were alive to-day," to which Mauricus replied, "He would be dining with us." I have made a long digression, but willingly. The Council resolved that the contest should be abolished, because it had corrupted the morals of Vienne, just as our contests have corrupted the whole world. For the vices of Vienne go no further than their own walls, but ours spread far and wide. As in the body corporal, so in the body of the State, the most dangerous diseases are those that spread from the head. Farewell. 4.XXIII.--TO POMPONIUS BASSUS. 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to hear from our mutual friends that you map out and bear your retirement in a way that is worthy of your ripe wisdom, that you live in a charming spot, that you take exercise on both sea and land, that you have plenty of good conversation, that you read a great deal and listen to others reading, and that, though your stock of knowledge is vast, you yet add thereto every day. That is just the way a man should spend his later years after filling the highest magistracies, after commanding armies, and devoting himself wholly to the service of the State for as long as it became him to do so. For we owe our early and middle manhood to our country, our last years are due to ourselves--as indeed the laws direct which enforce retirement when we reach a certain age. When will that appointed time come to me? When shall I attain the age at which I may honourably retire and imitate the example of beautiful and perfect peace that you set me? When shall I be able to enjoy calm retreat without people calling it not peaceful tranquillity but laziness and sloth? Farewell. 4.XXIV.--TO FABIUS VALENS. Just recently, after pleading before the Centumviri in the fourfold Court, I happened to remember that in my younger days I had also pleaded in the same court. My thoughts, as usual, began to take a wider range, and I commenced to recall to my memory those whom I had worked with in this court and in that. I found I was the only one left who had practised in both, so sweeping were the changes effected by the slenderness of human life and the fickleness of fortune. Some of those who used to plead in my young days are dead, others are in exile; age and ill health have convinced others that their speaking days are over; some are enjoying of their own free will the pleasures of retirement, or are in command of armies, or have been withdrawn from civil employments by becoming the personal friends of the Emperor. Even in my own case how many changes I have gone through! I first owed my promotion to my literary studies; then they brought me into danger, and then again won me still further advancement. My friendships with worthy citizens likewise first helped me, then stood in my way, and now again they assist me. If you count the years, the time seems but short; but count the changes and the ups and downs, and it seems an age. This may be taken by us as a lesson never to despair of anything, and never to impose a blind trust in anything, when we see so many vicissitudes brought about by this inconstant world of ours. I deem it a mark of friendship on my part to make you the confidant of my thoughts, and to admonish you by the precepts and examples with which I admonish myself. That is the raison d'etre of this letter. Farewell. 4.XXV.--TO MESSIUS MAXIMUS. I wrote and told you that there was a danger of the ballot leading to abuses. Events have confirmed my view. At the last election a number of flippant jests were written on some of the voting cards and even obscenities, while on one of them were found, not the names of the candidates, but those of the voters. The Senate was furious, and loudly called upon the offended Emperor to punish the writer. But the guilty person was not discovered and lay close, and he possibly was one of those who professed the greatest indignation. Yet what conduct may we not consider him capable of at home when he plays such disgraceful jokes in a matter of such importance and at such a serious moment, and yet in the Senate is an incisive, courteous, and pretty speaker? However, people of no principle are encouraged to act in this shameful way when they feel they can safely say, "Who will find me out?" Such a man asks for a voting card, takes a pen in his hand, bends his head, has no fear of any one, and holds himself cheap. That is the origin of scurrilities only worthy of the stage and the platform. But where can one turn, and where is one to look for a cure? 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ful than the remedies. Yet "all these things will be seen to by one above us," whose daily working hours are lengthened and whose labours are considerably increased by this lumpish, yet unbridled, perversity. 4.XXVI.--TO NEPOS. You ask me to be sure to look over and correct my speeches, which you have taken the greatest pains to get together. I will with pleasure, for what duty is there that I ought to be better pleased to undertake, especially as it is you who ask me? When a man of your weight, scholarship, and learning, and, above all, one who is never idle for a moment, and is about to be governor of an important province, sets such store on having my writings to take with him on his travels, surely I ought to do my best to prevent this part of his luggage from appearing useless in his eyes. So I will do what I can, first, to make those companions of your voyage as agreeable as possible, and, secondly, to enable you to find on your return others that you may like to add to their number. Believe me, the fact that you read what I write is no small incentive to me to produce new works. Farewell. 4.XXVII.--TO POMPEIUS FALCO. This is the third day that I have been attending the recitals of Sentius Augurinus, which I have not only enjoyed immensely, but admired as well. He calls his work "Poetical Pieces." Many are airy trifles; many deal with noble themes, and they abound in wit, tenderness, sweetness, and sting. Unless it is that my affection for him, or the fact that he has lavished praises upon me, warps my judgment, I must say that for some years past there have been no such finished poems of their class produced. Augurinus took as his theme the fact that I occasionally amuse myself with writing verses. I will enable you to act the critic of my criticism if I can recall the second line of the piece. I remember the others, and now I think I have them all. "I sing songs in trifling measures, which Catullus, Calvus, and the poets of old have employed before me. But what matters that to me? Pliny alone I count my senior. When he quits the Forum, his taste is for light verses; he seeks an object for his love, and thinks that he is loved in return. What a man is Pliny, worth how many Catos! Go now, you who love, and love no more." You see how smart, how apposite, how clear-cut the verses are, and I can promise you that the whole book is equally good. I will send you a copy as soon as it is published. Meanwhile, give the young man your regard and congratulate the age on producing such genius, which he enhances by the beauty of his morals. He passes his time with Spurinna and Antoninus; he is related to the one, and shares the same house with the other. You may guess from this that he is a youth of finished parts, when he is thus loved by men of their years and worth. For the old adage is wonderfully true, "You may tell a man by the company he keeps." 4.XXVIII.--TO VIBIUS SEVERUS. Herennius Severus, a man of great learning, is anxious to place in his library portraits of your fellow-townsmen, Cornelius Nepos and Titus Catius, and he asks me to get them copied and painted if there are any such portraits in their native place, as there probably are. I am laying this commission upon you rather than on any one else, first, because you are always kind enough to grant any favour I ask; secondly, because I know your reverence for literary studies and your love of literary men; and, lastly, because you love and reverence your native place, and entertain the same feelings for those who have helped to make its name famous. So I beg you to find as careful a painter as you can, for while it is hard to paint a portrait from an original, it is far more difficult to make a good imitation of an imitation. 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his copy, even though they are for the better. Farewell. 4.XXIX.--TO ROMATIUS FIRMUS. Do be careful, my dear friend, and the next time there is business afoot, see to it that you come into court, whatever happens. It is no good your putting your confidence in me and so continuing your slumber; if you stay away, you will have to smart for it. For look you, Licinius Nepos, who is making a sharp and resolute praetor, has levied a fine even on a senator. The latter pleaded his cause in the Senate, but he did so in the form of suing for forgiveness. The fine was remitted, yet he had an uneasy time; he had to ask for pardon, and he was obliged to sue for forgiveness. You will say, "Oh, but all praetors are not so strict." Don't make any mistake! For though it is only a strict praetor who would make or revive such a precedent, when once it has been made or revived even the most lenient officials can put it into execution. Farewell. 4.XXX.--TO LICINIUS SURA. I have brought you as a present from my native district a problem which is fully worthy even of your profound learning. A spring rises in the mountain-side; it flows down a rocky course, and is caught in a little artificial banqueting house. After the water has been retained there for a time it falls into the Larian lake. There is a wonderful phenomenon connected with it, for thrice every day it rises and falls with fixed regularity of volume. Close by it you may recline and take a meal, and drink from the spring itself, for the water is very cool, and meanwhile it ebbs and flows at regular and stated intervals. If you place a ring or anything else on a dry spot by the edge, the water gradually rises to it and at last covers it, and then just as gradually recedes and leaves it bare; while if you watch it for any length of time, you may see both processes twice or thrice repeated. Is there any unseen air which first distends and then tightens the orifice and mouth of the spring, resisting its onset and yielding at its withdrawal? We observe something of this sort in jars and other similar vessels which have not a direct and free opening, for these, when held either perpendicularly or aslant, pour out their contents with a sort of gulp, as though there were some obstruction to a free passage. Or is this spring like the ocean, and is its volume enlarged and lessened alternately by the same laws that govern the ebb and flow of the tide? Or again, just as rivers on their way to the sea are driven back on themselves by contrary winds and the opposing tide, is there anything that can drive back the outflow of this spring? Or is there some latent reservoir which diminishes and retards the flow while it is gradually collecting the water that has been drained off, and increases and quickens the flow when the process of collection is complete? Or is there some curiously hidden and unseen balance which, when emptied, raises and thrusts forth the spring, and, when filled, checks and stifles its flow? Please investigate the causes which bring about this wonderful result, for you have the ability to do so; it is more than enough for me if I have described the phenomenon with accuracy. BOOK V. 5.I.--TO ANNIUS SEVERUS. I have come in for a legacy, inconsiderable in amount, yet more gratifying than even the handsomest one could be. Why so? I will tell you. Pomponia Galla, who had disinherited her son Asudius Curianus, had left me her heir and had given me as co-heirs Sertorius Severus, a man of praetorian rank, and other Roman knights of distinction. Curianus begged me to make my portion over to him, and so strengthen his position with the court by declaring in his favour beforehand, promising at the same time to make the amount good to me by a secret compact. 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and in another in private, and I further urged that it would not be a proper thing to make over sums of money to a wealthy and childless man. In short, my argument was that I should not benefit him by making over the amount, but that I should benefit him if I renounced my legacy, and that this I was perfectly willing to do, if he could satisfy me that he had been unjustly disinherited. His reply to this was to ask me to investigate the case judicially. After some hesitation I said, "I will, for I do not see why I should appear less honourable in my own eyes than I do in yours. But remember even now that I shall not hesitate to pronounce in favour of your mother if I feel honourably bound to do so." "Do as you will," he replied, "for what you will is sure to be just and right." I called in to assist me two of the most thoroughly honourable men that the State could boast of possessing, Corellius and Frontinus. With these by my side I sat in my private room. Curianus then laid his case before us; I replied briefly, for there was no one else present to defend the motives of the deceased. Then I withdrew, and, in accordance with the views of Corellius and Frontinus, I said, "Curianus, we think that your mother had just grounds for resentment against you." Subsequently, he lodged an appeal before the centumvirs against the other heirs but not against me. The day for the hearing approached, and my co-heirs were disposed to agree to a compromise and come to terms, not because they doubted their legal position, but owing to the troubled state of the times. They were afraid that what had happened to many others might happen to them, and that they might leave the Centumvirs' Court with some capital charge against them. Moreover, there were some among their number who were open to the charge of having been friends of Gratilla and Rusticus, so they begged me to speak with Curianus. We met in the Temple of Concord, and I addressed him there in the following terms: "If your mother had left you heir to a fourth of her estate, could you complain? But what if she had left you heir to the whole, and yet had so encumbered it with legacies that not more than a fourth of the whole remained? I think you ought to be satisfied if, after being disinherited by your mother, you receive a fourth from her heirs, and this sum I will myself increase. You know that you did not lodge any appeal against me, that two years have passed, and that I have established my title to my share. But in order that my co-heirs may find you more tractable, and that you may lose nothing by the consideration you have shown me, I offer you of my own free will the amount that I have received." I have reaped the reward not only of my scrupulously fair dealing, but also of my reputation. Curianus left me a legacy, and, unless I flatter myself unduly, he has given signal distinction to the honest course of action I pursued. I have written to tell you this because it is my custom to discuss with you any matters which give me pain or pleasure, as freely as though I were talking to myself. Besides, I thought it would be unkind to defraud you, who have such a great regard for me, of the pleasure which I have received therefrom. For I am not such a perfect philosopher as to think it makes no difference whether I receive or not the approbation of others--which is itself a kind of reward--when I think that I have acted in an honourable manner. Farewell. 5.II.--TO CALPURNIUS FLACCUS. I received the very fine sea-carp which you sent me. The weather is so stormy that I cannot return you like for like, either from the market here at Laurentinum or from the sea. So all you will get is a barren letter, which frankly makes no return and does not even imitate Diomede's clever device in exchanging gifts. 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that I do not deserve it. Farewell. 5.III.--TO TITIUS ARISTO. While I gratefully acknowledge your many acts of kindness to me, I must especially thank you for not concealing from me the fact that my verses have formed the subject of many long discussions at your house, that such discussions have been lengthened owing to the different views expressed, and that some people, while finding no fault with the writings themselves, blamed me in a perfectly friendly and candid way for having written on such themes and for having read them in public. Well, in order to aggravate my misdeeds, here is my reply to them: "Yes, I do occasionally compose verses which are far from being couched in a serious vein. I don't deny it. I also listen to comedies, and attend the performances of mimes. I read lyrics, and I understand the poems of Sotades. Moreover, I now and then laugh, jest, and amuse myself; in short, to sum up in a word every kind of harmless recreation, I may say 'I am a man.'" Nor does it annoy me that people should form such opinions about my character, when it is plain that those who are surprised that I should compose such poems are unaware that the most learned of men and the gravest and purest livers have regularly done the same thing. But I feel sure that I shall easily obtain permission from those who know the character and calibre of the authors in whose footsteps I am treading, to stray in company with men whom it is an honour to follow, not only in their serious but in their lightest moods. I will not mention the names of those still living for fear of seeming to flatter, but is a person like myself to be afraid that it will be unbecoming for him to do what well became Marcus Tullius, Caius Calvus, Asinius Pollio, Marcus Messalla, Quintus Hortensius, M. Brutus, Lucius Sulla, Quintus Catulus, Quintus Scaevola, Servius Sulpicius, Varro, Torquatus--or rather the Torquati,--Caius Memmius, Lentulus, Gaetulicus, Annaeus Seneca, Lucan, and, last of all, Verginius Rufus? If the names of these private individuals are not enough, I may add those of the divine Julius, Augustus and Nerva, and that of Tiberius Caesar. I pass by the name of Nero, though I am aware that a practice does not become any the worse because it is sometimes followed by men of bad character, while a practice usually followed by men of good character retains its honesty. Among the latter class of men one must give a pre-eminent place to Publius Vergilius, Cornelius Nepos, and to Attius and Ennius, who should perhaps come first. These men were not senators, but purity of character is the same in all ranks. But, you say, I recite my compositions and I cannot be sure that they did. Granted, but they may have been content with their own judgment, whereas I am too modest to think that any composition of mine is sufficiently perfect when it has no other approbation but my own. Consequently, these are the reasons why I recite in public, first, because a man who recites becomes a keener critic of his own writings out of deference to his audience, and, secondly, because, where he is in doubt, he can decide by referring the point to his auditors. Moreover, he constantly meets with criticism from many quarters, and even if it is not openly expressed, he can tell what each person thinks by watching the expression and eyes of his hearers, or by a nod, a motion of the hand, a murmur, or dead silence. All these things are tolerably clear indications which enable one to distinguish judgment from complaisance. And so, if any one who was present at my reading takes the trouble to look through the same compositions, he will find that I have either altered or omitted certain passages, in compliance perhaps with his judgment, though he never uttered a word to me. 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I invited the whole populace to my reading room and not merely a few friends to my private chamber, while the possession of a large circle of friends has been a source of pride to many men and a reproach to none. Farewell. 5.IV.--TO JULIUS VALERIANUS. The incident is trifling in itself, but it is leading up to important consequences. Sollers, a man of praetorian rank, asked permission of the Senate to establish a market on his property. The delegates of the people of Vicetia opposed it: Tuscilius Nominatus appeared as their counsel, and the hearing was postponed. At a later meeting of the Senate, the Vicetini entered without their counsel and said that they had been tricked,--I cannot say whether it was merely a hasty expression, or whether they really thought they had been. When they were asked by the praetor Nepos whom they had instructed to appear for them, they said, "We have the same counsel as before." To the question whether on the previous occasion he had appeared for them gratuitously, they said they had given him 6000 sesterces, and on being asked whether they paid him a further fee, they replied, "Yes, a thousand denarii." Nepos demanded that Nominatus should be called, and matters went no further on that day. But, I fancy, the case has gone to much greater lengths than that, for it often happens that a mere touch is sufficient to set things in commotion, and then they spread far and wide. I have made you prick up your ears, so now you will have to ask in your very nicest manner for me to tell you the rest of the story, unless you decide to come to Rome for the sequel, and prefer to see it for yourself rather than read about it. Farewell. 5.V.--TO NONIUS MAXIMUS. I have been told that Caius Fannius is dead, and the news has greatly upset me, in the first place, because I loved him for his taste and learning, and, secondly, because I used to avail myself of his judgment. He was naturally keen-witted; experience had sharpened his acumen, and he could detect the truth without hesitation. I am troubled, too, owing to the circumstances in which he died, for he has died without revoking an old will which contains no mention of those for whom he had the greatest affection, and is in favour of those with whom he has been on bad terms. However, this might have been got over--what is most serious is that he has left unfinished his finest work. Although his time was taken up with his profession as a pleader, he was engaged in writing the lives of those who were put to death or banished by Nero. He had already finished three books, in an unadorned, accurate style and in the Latin language. They are something between narrative and history, and the eagerness which people displayed to read them made him all the more desirous to finish the remaining volumes. It always seems to me hard and untimely when people die who are engaged upon some immortal work. For those who are devoted to their pleasures and live a sort of day-to-day existence exhaust every day the reasons why they should go on living, whereas when people think of posterity and keep alive their memory by their works, their death, come as it may, is always sudden, inasmuch as it cuts short something that is still unfinished. However, Caius Fannius had had for a long time a presentiment of what was to befall him. He dreamt in the quiet of the night that he was lying on his bed dressed for study and that he had a writing desk before him, as was his wont. Then he thought that Nero came to him, sat down on the couch, and after producing the first volume which Fannius had written about his crimes, turned over the pages to the end. He did the same with the second and third volumes, and then departed. Fannius was much alarmed, and interpreted the dream to mean that he would leave off writing just where Nero had left off reading, and so the event proved. 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how much labour Fannius toiled through in vain. I see before me my own mortality and my own writings. Nor do I doubt that you have the same thought and anxiety for the work which is still on your hands. Let us do our best, therefore, while life lasts, that death may find as few works of ours as possible for him to destroy. Farewell. 5.VI.--TO DOMITIUS APOLLINARIS. I was charmed with the kind consideration which led you, when you heard that I was about to visit my Tuscan villa in the summer, to advise me not to do so during the season that you consider the district unhealthy. Undoubtedly, the region along the coast of Tuscany is trying and dangerous to the health, but my property lies well back from the sea; indeed, it is just under the Apennines, which are the healthiest of our mountain ranges. However, that you may not have the slightest anxiety on my account, let me tell you all about the climatic conditions, the lie of the land, and the charms of my villa. It will be as pleasant reading for you as it is pleasant writing for me. In winter the air is cold and frosty: myrtles, olives and all other trees which require constant warmth for them to do well, the climate rejects and spurns, though it allows laurel to grow, and even brings it to a luxuriant leaf. Occasionally, however, it kills it, but that does not happen more frequently than in the neighbourhood of Rome. In summer, the heat is marvellously tempered: there is always a breath of air stirring, and breezes are more common than winds. Hence the number of old people to be found there: you find the grandfathers and great- grandfathers of the young people still living; you are constantly hearing old stories and tales of the past, so that, when you set foot there, you may fancy that you have been born in another century. The contour of the district is most beautiful. Picture to yourself an immense amphitheatre, such as only Nature can create, with a wide- spreading plain ringed with hills, and the summits of the hills themselves covered with tall and ancient forests. There is plentiful and varied hunting to be had. Down the mountain slopes there are stretches of underwoods, and among these are rich, deep-soiled hillocks- -where if you look for a stone you will have hard work to find one-- which are just as fertile as the most level plains, and ripen just as rich harvests, though later in the season. Below these, along the whole hillsides, stretch the vineyards which present an unbroken line far and wide, on the borders and lowest level of which comes a fringe of trees. Then you reach the meadows and the fields--fields which only the most powerful oxen and the stoutest ploughs can turn. The soil is so tough and composed of such thick clods that when it is first broken up it has to be furrowed nine times before it is subdued. The meadows are jewelled with flowers, and produce trefoil and other herbs, always tender and soft, and looking as though they were always fresh. For all parts are well nourished by never-failing streams, and even where there is most water there are no swamps, for the declivity of the land drains off into the Tiber all the moisture that it receives and cannot itself absorb. The Tiber runs through the middle of the plain; it is navigable for ships, and all the grain is carried down stream to the city, at least in winter and spring. In summer the volume of water dwindles away, leaving but the name of a great river to the dried-up bed, but in the autumn it recovers its flood. You would be delighted if you could obtain a view of the district from the mountain height, for you would think you were looking not so much at earth and fields as at a beautiful landscape picture of wonderful loveliness. Such is the variety, such the arrangement of the scene, that wherever the eyes fall they are sure to be refreshed. 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fine a prospect as though it stood on the summit; the ascent is so gentle and easy, and the gradient so unnoticeable, that you find yourself at the top without feeling that you are ascending. The Apennines lie behind it, but at a considerable distance, and even on a cloudless and still day it gets a breeze from this range, never boisterous and rough, for its strength is broken and lost in the distance it has to travel. Most of the house faces south; in summer it gets the sun from the sixth hour, and in winter considerably earlier, inviting it as it were into the portico, which is broad and long to correspond, and contains a number of apartments and an old-fashioned hall. In front, there is a terrace laid out in different patterns and bounded with an edging of box; then comes a sloping ridge with figures of animals on both sides cut out of the box-trees, while on the level ground stands an acanthus-tree, with leaves so soft that I might almost call them liquid. Round this is a walk bordered by evergreens pressed and trimmed into various shapes; then comes an exercise ground, round like a circus, which surrounds the box-trees that are cut into different forms, and the dwarf shrubs that are kept clipped. Everything is protected by an enclosure, which is hidden and withdrawn from sight by the tiers of box-trees. Beyond is a meadow, as well worth seeing for its natural charm as the features just described are for their artificial beauty, and beyond that there stretches an expanse of fields and a number of other meadows and thickets. At the head of the portico there runs out the dining-room, from the doors of which can be seen the end of the terrace with the meadow and a good expanse of country beyond it, while from the windows the view on the one hand commands one side of the terrace and the part of the villa which juts out, and on the other the grove and foliage of the adjoining riding-school. Almost opposite to the middle of the portico is a summer-house standing back a little, with a small open space in the middle shaded by four plane-trees. Among them is a marble fountain, from which the water plays upon and lightly sprinkles the roots of the plane-trees and the grass plot beneath them. In this summer-house there is a bed-chamber which excludes all light, noise, and sound, and adjoining it is a dining-room for my friends, which faces upon the small court and the other portico, and commands the view enjoyed by the latter. There is another bed-chamber, which is leafy and shaded by the nearest plane-tree and built of marble up to the balcony; above is a picture of a tree with birds perched in the branches equally beautiful with the marble. Here there is a small fountain with a basin around the latter, and the water runs into it from a number of small pipes, which produce a most agreeable sound. In the corner of the portico is a spacious bed-chamber leading out of the dining-room, some of its windows looking out upon the terrace, others upon the meadow, while the windows in front face the fish-pond which lies just beneath them, and is pleasant both to eye and ear, as the water falls from a considerable elevation and glistens white as it is caught in the marble basin. This bed-chamber is beautifully warm even in winter, for it is flooded with an abundance of sunshine. The heating chamber for the bath adjoins it, and on a cloudy day we turn in steam to take the place of the sun's warmth. Next comes a roomy and cheerful undressing room for the bath, from which you pass into a cool chamber containing a large and shady swimming bath. If you prefer more room or warmer water to swim in, there is a pond in the court with a well adjoining it, from which you can make the water colder when you are tired of the warm. 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which is built farther out. There are three sets of steps leading to it, two exposed to the sun, and the third out of the sun though quite as light. Above the dressing-room is a ball court where various kinds of exercise can be taken, and a number of games can be played at once. Not far from the bath-room is a staircase leading to a covered passage, at the head of which are three rooms, one looking out upon the courtyard with the four plane-trees, the second upon the meadow, and the third upon the vineyards, so each therefore enjoys a different view. At the end of the passage is a bed-chamber constructed out of the passage itself, which looks out upon the riding-course, the vineyards, and the mountains. Connected with it is another bed-chamber open to the sun, and especially so in winter time. Leading out of this is an apartment which adjoins the riding-course of the villa. Such is the appearance and the use to which the front of my house is put. At the side is a raised covered gallery, which seems not so much to look out upon the vineyards as to touch them; in the middle is a dining-room which gets the invigorating breezes from the valleys of the Apennines, while at the other side, through the spacious windows and the folding doors, you seem to be close upon the vineyards again with the gallery between. On the side of the room where there are no windows is a private winding staircase by which the servants bring up the requisites for a meal. At the end of the gallery is a bed-chamber, and the gallery itself affords as pleasant a prospect therefrom as the vineyards. Underneath runs a sort of subterranean gallery, which in summer time remains perfectly cool, and as it has sufficient air within it, it neither admits any from without nor needs any. Next to both these galleries the portico commences where the dining-room ends, and this is cold before mid-day, and summery when the sun has reached his zenith. This gives the approach to two apartments, one of which contains four beds and the other three, and they are bathed in sunshine or steeped in shadow, according to the position of the sun. But though the arrangements of the house itself are charming, they are far and away surpassed by the riding-course. It is quite open in the centre, and the moment you enter your eye ranges over the whole of it. Around its borders are plane-trees clothed with ivy, and so while the foliage at the top belongs to the trees themselves, that on the lower parts belongs to the ivy, which creeps along the trunk and branches, and spreading across to the neighbouring trees, joins them together. Between the plane-trees are box shrubs, and on the farther side of the shrubs is a ring of laurels which mingle their shade with that of the plane-trees. At the far end, the straight boundary of the riding-course is curved into semicircular form, which quite changes its appearance. It is enclosed and covered with cypress-trees, the deeper shade of which makes it darker and gloomier than at the sides, but the inner circles-- for there are more than one--are quite open to the sunshine. Even roses grow there, and the warmth of the sun is delightful as a change from the cool of the shade. When you come to the end of these various winding alleys, the boundary again runs straight, or should I say boundaries, for there are a number of paths with box shrubs between them. In places there are grass plots intervening, in others box shrubs, which are trimmed to a great variety of patterns, some of them being cut into letters forming my name as owner and that of the gardener. Here and there are small pyramids and apple-trees, and now and then in the midst of all this graceful artificial work you suddenly come upon what looks like a real bit of the country planted there. The intervening space is beautified on both sides with dwarf plane-trees; beyond these is the acanthus-tree that is supple and flexible to	1.964545	-0.405195	-0.104879	-0.179109	[ 1.6522590688329906, 2.2768310644564256 ]	[ -0.45510847350155526, -0.3552809300935384 ]	[ -0.1632126125312357, -0.046545525363559326 ]	[ -0.16480170734887178, -0.19341678029965353 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 13, 4716, 338, 4240, 26645, 714, 29889, 1670, 526, 2211, 6166, 310, 6576, 8236, 304, 13, 277, 29892, 1023, 19884, 304, 278, 6575, 29892, 322, 278, 4654, 714, 310, 278, 6575, 2466, 3755, 408, 13, 4366, 29889, 319, 29205, 278, 10714, 292, 29899, 8345, 338, 263, 8287, 8973, 988, 5164, 17690, 310, 13, 735, 6269, 895, 508, 367, 4586, 29892, 322, 263, 1353, 310, 8090, 508, 367, 5318, 472, 2748, 29889, 2216, 13, 15641, 515, 278, 27683, 29899, 8345, 338, 263, 380, 1466, 4878, 8236, 304, 263, 10664, 13382, 29892, 472, 13, 1552, 2343, 310, 607, 526, 2211, 19600, 29892, 697, 3063, 714, 2501, 278, 2085, 1017, 538, 13, 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the hand, and there are more boxwood figures and names. At the upper end is a couch of white marble covered with a vine, the latter being supported by four small pillars of Carystian marble. Jets of water flow from the couch through small pipes and look as if they were forced out by the weight of persons reclining thereon, and the water is caught in a stone cistern and then retained in a graceful marble basin, regulated by pipes out of sight, so that the basin, while always full, never overflows. The heavier dishes and plates are placed at the side of the basin when I dine there, but the lighter ones, formed into the shapes of little boats and birds, float on the surface and travel round and round. Facing this is a fountain which receives back the water it expels, for the water is thrown up to a considerable height and then falls down again, and the pipes that perform the two processes are connected. Directly opposite the couch is a bed-chamber, and each lends a grace to the other. It is formed of glistening marble, and through the projecting folding doors you pass at once among the foliage, while both from the upper and lower windows you look out upon the same green picture. Within is a little cabinet which seems to belong at once to the same and yet another bed-chamber. This contains a bed and it has windows on every side, yet the shade is so thick without that but little light enters, for a wonderfully luxuriant vine has climbed up to the roof and covers the whole building. You can fancy you are in a grove as you lie there, only that you do not feel the rain as you do among trees. Here too a fountain rises and immediately loses itself underground. There are a number of marble chairs placed up and down, which are as restful for persons tired with walking as the bed-chamber itself. Near these chairs are little fountains, and throughout the whole riding- course you hear the murmur of tiny streams carried through pipes, which run wherever you please to direct them. These are used to water the shrubs, sometimes in one part, sometimes in another, and at other times all are watered together. I should long since have been afraid of boring you, had I not set out in this letter to take you with me round every corner of my estate. For I am not at all apprehensive that you will find it tedious to read about a place which certainly would not tire you to look at, especially as you can get a little rest whenever you desire, and can sit down, so to speak, by laying down the letter. Moreover, I have been indulging my affection for the place, for I am greatly attached to anything that is mainly the work of my own hands or that some one else has begun and I have taken up. In short--for there is no reason is there? why I should not be frank with you, whether my judgments are sound or unsound--I consider that it is the first duty of a writer to select the title of his work and constantly ask himself what he has begun to write about. He may be sure that so long as he keeps to his subject-matter he will not be tedious, but that he will bore his readers to distraction if he starts dragging in extraneous matter to make weight. Observe the length with which Homer describes the arms of Achilles, and Virgil the arms of Aeneas--yet in both cases the description seems short, because the author only carries out what he intended to. Observe how Aratus hunts up and brings together even the tiniest stars--yet he does not exceed due limits. For his description is not an excursus, but the end and aim of the whole work. It is the same with myself, if I may compare my lowly efforts with their great ones. I have been trying to give you a bird's eye view of the whole of my villa, and if I have introduced no extraneous matter and have never wandered off my subject, it is not the letter containing the description which is to be considered of excessive size, but rather the villa which has been described. 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ning me by my own law, by not pursuing this digression any farther. I have explained to you why I prefer my Tuscan house to my other places at Tusculum, Tibur and Praeneste. For in addition to all the beauties I have described above, my repose here is more profound and more comfortable, and therefore all the freer from anxiety. There is no necessity to don the toga, no neighbour ever calls to drag me out; everything is placid and quiet; and this peace adds to the healthiness of the place, by giving it, so to speak, a purer sky and a more liquid air. I enjoy better health both in mind and body here than anywhere else, for I exercise the former by study and the latter by hunting. Besides, there is no place where my household keep in better trim, and up to the present I have not lost a single one of all whom I brought with me. I hope Heaven will forgive the boast, and that the gods will continue my happiness to me and preserve this place in all its beauty. Farewell. 5.VII.--TO CALVISIUS. It is beyond question that a community cannot be appointed heir and cannot take a share of an inheritance before the general distribution of the estate. None the less, Saturninus, who left us his heirs, bequeathed a fourth share to our community of Comum, and then, in lieu of that fourth share, assigned them permission to take 400,000 sesterces before the division of the estate. As a matter of strict law, this is null and void, but if you only look at the intentions of the deceased, it is quite sound and valid. I don't know what the lawyers will think of what I am going to say, but to me the wishes of the deceased seem worthy of more consideration than the letter of the law, especially as regards the sum which he wished to go to our common birthplace. Moreover, I, who gave 1,600,000 sesterces our of my own money to my native place, am not the man to refuse it a little more than a third part of 400,000 sesterces which have come to me by a lucky windfall. I know that you too will not refuse to fall in with my views, as your affection for the same community is that of a thoroughly loyal citizen. I shall be glad, therefore, if at the next meeting of the decurions, you will lay before them the state of the law, and I hope you will do so briefly and modestly. Then add that we make them an offer of the 400,000 sesterces, in accordance with the wishes of Saturninus. But be sure to point out that the munificence and generosity are his, and that all we are doing is to obey his wishes. I have refrained from writing in a public manner on this business, firstly, because I knew very well that our friendship was such, and that your judgment was so ripe, that you could and ought to act for me as well as for yourself, and then again I was afraid that I might not preserve in a letter that exact mean which you will have no difficulty in preserving in a speech. For a man's expression, his gestures, and even the tones of his voice help to indicate the precise meaning of his words, while a letter, which is deprived of all these advantages, is exposed to the malignity of those who put upon it what interpretation they choose. Farewell. 5.VIII.--TO TITINIUS CAPITO. You urge me to write history, nor are you the first to do so. Many others have often given me the same advice, and I am quite willing to follow it, not because I feel confident that I should succeed in so doing--for it would be presumption to think so until one had tried--but because it seems to me a very proper thing not to let people be forgotten whose fame ought never to die, and to perpetuate the glories of others together with one's own. Personally, I confess that there is nothing on which I have set my heart so much as to win a lasting reputation, and the ambition is a worthy one for any man, especially for one who is not conscious of having committed any	1.619387	-0.823978	-0.264028	0.157768	[ 1.7618331031528915, 1.4769406139211494 ]	[ -0.7577247037428977, -0.8902312187598168 ]	[ -0.3496263278969795, -0.1784300586835413 ]	[ 0.20199150047478487, 0.11354491135418682 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 1076, 592, 491, 590, 1914, 4307, 29892, 491, 451, 12359, 26420, 445, 13, 29881, 4481, 1211, 738, 26645, 29889, 306, 505, 10824, 304, 366, 2020, 306, 5821, 590, 323, 375, 3068, 13, 8697, 304, 590, 916, 7600, 472, 323, 375, 1810, 398, 29892, 19429, 332, 322, 9002, 264, 4196, 29889, 1152, 297, 13, 1202, 654, 304, 599, 278, 6562, 583, 306, 505, 5439, 2038, 29892, 590, 1634, 852, 1244, 338, 13, 5514, 2600, 618, 322, 901, 25561, 29892, 322, 5480, 599, 278, 3005, 261, 515, 13, 273, 29916, 21549, 29889, 1670, 338, 694, 24316, 304, 1016, 278, 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wrong and has no cause to fear being remembered by posterity. Hence it is that both day and night I scheme to find a way "to raise myself above the ordinary dull level": my ambition goes no farther than that, for it is quite beyond my dreams "that my victorious name should pass from mouth to mouth." "And yet--!"--but I am quite satisfied with the fame which history alone seems to promise me. For one reaps but a small reward from oratory and poetry, unless our eloquence is really first-class, while history seems to charm people in whatever style it is written. For men are naturally curious; they are delighted even by the baldest relation of facts, and so we see them carried away even by little stories and anecdotes. Again, there is a precedent in my own family which impels me towards writing history. My uncle, who was also my father by adoption, was a historian of the most scrupulous type, and I find all wise men agree that one can do nothing better than follow in the footsteps of one's ancestors, provided that they have gone in the right path themselves. Why, then, do I hesitate? For this reason, that I have delivered a number of pleadings of serious importance, and it is my intention to revise them carefully--though my hopes of fame from them are only slight--lest, in spite of all the trouble they have given me, they should perish with me, just for want of receiving the last polishing and additional touches. For if you have a view to what posterity will say, all that is not absolutely finished must be classed as incomplete matter. You will say: "Yes, but you can touch up your pleadings and compose history at the same time." I wish I could, but each is so great a task that I should think I had done very well to have finished either. I began to plead in the Forum in my nineteenth year, and it is only just now that I begin to see darkly what an orator ought to be. What would happen if I were to take on a new task in addition to this one? Oratory and history have many things in common, but they also differ greatly in the points that seem common to both. There is narrative in both, but of a different type; the humblest, meanest and most common-place subjects suit the one; the other requires research, splendour, and dignity. In the one you may describe the bones, muscles, and nerves of the body, in the other brawny parts and flowing manes. In oratory one wants force, invective, sustained attack; in history the charm is obtained by copiousness and agreeableness, even by sweetness of style. Lastly, the words used, the forms of speech, and the construction of the sentences are different. For, as Thucydides remarks, it makes all the difference whether the composition is to be a possession for all time or a declamation for the moment; oratory has to do with the latter, history with the former. Hence it is that I do not feel tempted to hopelessly jumble together two dissimilar styles which differ from one another just because of their great importance, and I am afraid I should become bewildered by such a terrible medley and write in the one style just where I ought to be employing the other. For the meantime, therefore, to use the language of the courts, I ask your gracious permission to go on with my pleading. However, do you be good enough even now to consider the period which it would be best for me to tackle. Shall it be a period of ancient history which others have dealt with before me? If so, the materials are all ready to hand, but the putting them together would be a heavy task. On the other hand, if I choose a modern period which has not been dealt with, I shall get but small thanks and am bound to give serious offence. For, besides the fact that the general standard of morality is so lax that there is much more to censure than to praise, you are sure to be called niggardly if you praise and too censorious if you censure, though you may have been lavish of appreciation and scrupulously guarded in reproach. 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the courage of my convictions. I only beg of you to prepare the way for me in the direction you urge me to take, and choose a subject for me, so that, when I am at length ready to take pen in hand, no other overpowering reason may crop up to make me hesitate and delay my purpose. Farewell. 5.IX.--TO RUFUS. I had gone down to the basilica of Julius to listen to the speeches of the counsel to whom I had to reply from the last postponement. The judges were in their places; the decemvirs had arrived; the advocates were moving to and fro, and then came a long silence, broken at last by a message from the praetor. The centumvirs were dismissed and the hearing was put off, at which I was glad, for I am never so well prepared that I am not pleased at having extra time given me. The postponement was due to Nepos, the praetor-designate, who hears cases with the most scrupulous attention to legal forms. He had issued a short edict warning both plaintiffs and defendants that he would strictly carry out the decree of the Senate. Attached to the edict was a copy of the decree, which provided "that all persons engaged in any lawsuit are hereby ordered to take an oath before their cases are heard, that they have neither given nor promised any sum to their advocates, nor have entered into any contract to pay them for their advocacy." In these words and other long sentences as well, advocates were forbidden to sell their services and litigants to buy them, although, when a suit is over, the latter are allowed to offer their counsel a sum not exceeding ten thousand sesterces. The praetor, who was presiding over the Court of the Centumviri, was embarrassed by this decree of Nepos and gave us an unexpected holiday, while he made up his mind whether or not he should follow the example set him. Meanwhile, the whole town is discussing the edict of Nepos, some favourably, others adversely. Many people are saying: "Well, we have found a man to set the crooked straight. But have there been no praetors before Nepos, and who is Nepos that he should mend our public morals?" On the other hand, a number of people argue: "He has acted quite rightly. He has mastered the laws before entering office, he has read the decrees of the Senate, he is putting a stop to a disgraceful system of bargaining, and he will not allow a most honourable profession to be bought and sold in a scandalous way." That is how people are talking everywhere, and there will be no majority for one side or the other till it is known how the matter will end. It is very deplorable, but it is the accepted rule that good or bad counsels are approved or condemned according to whether they turn out well or badly. The result is that we find the self-same deed ascribed sometimes to zeal, sometimes to vanity, and even to love of liberty and downright madness. Farewell. 5.X.--TO SUETONIUS TRANQUILLUS. Do, I beg of you, fulfil the promise I made in my verses when I pledged my word that our common friends should see your compositions. People are asking for them every day, clamouring for them even, and, if you are not careful, you may find yourself served with a writ to publish them. I myself am very slow to make up my mind to publish, but you are far more of a slow-coach than even I am. So either decide at once, or take care that I do not drag those books of yours from you by the lash of my satire, as I have failed to coax them out by my hendecasyllabics. The work is absolutely finished, and if you polish it any more you will only impair it without making it shine the more brightly. Do let me see your name on the title page; do let me hear that the volumes of my friend Tranquillus are being copied, read, and sold. 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that I have afforded you. Farewell. 5.XI.--TO CALPURNIUS FABATUS. I have received your letter, from which I gather that you have dedicated a most beautiful portico in the joint names of yourself and your son, and that on the following day you promised a sum of money for the decoration of the gates, so as to signalise the completion of your earlier act of generosity by immediately beginning a new one. I am delighted to hear it, in the first place, on account of the reputation you will secure, of which some part will extend to me, owing to the closeness of our friendship; secondly, because I see that the name of my father-in-law will be perpetuated by these choice works; and, lastly, because our country is in such a flourishing state. Pleasant as it is to see her honoured by any one, it is trebly gratifying when the honour is paid by yourself. It only remains for me to pray Heaven to confirm you in this habit of mind, and bestow upon you long length of years. For I venture to prophesy that, when your latest promise is complete, you will set about something else. When once a man's generosity has been aroused it knows not where to stop, for the more it is practised the more beautiful it becomes in the eyes of the generous. Farewell. 5.XII.--TO TERENTIUS SCAURUS. Before giving a recital of a little speech which I had some thoughts of publishing, I called a few friends to hear it, so as to put me on my mettle, but not many, so that I might get candid criticism. For there are two reasons why I give these recitals, one that I may screw myself up to the proper pitch by their anxiety that I should do myself justice, and the other that they may correct me if I happen to make a mistake and do not notice it because the blunder is my own. I got what I wanted and I found some friends who gave me their advice freely; while I myself noticed certain passages which required correction. I have revised the speech which I am sending you. You will see what the subject is from the title, and the speech itself will explain all other points. It ought now to become so familiar to people as to be understood without any preface. But I trust that you will write and tell me what you think of it as a whole as well as in parts, for I shall be the more careful to suppress it, or the more determined to publish it, according as your critical judgment inclines one way or the other. Farewell. 5.XIII.--TO VALERIANUS. In compliance with your request--and the promise I made to comply in case you asked me--I will write and tell you the upshot of the demand of Nepos in the matter of Tuscilius Nominatus. Nominatus was brought into the Senate, and he pleaded his own case. There was no one to accuse him, for the legates of the Vicetini, so far from making matters difficult for him, smoothed his path. The substance of his defence was that in his conduct of the case he had failed not in loyalty but in resolution, that he had come down with the intention of pleading and had been seen in the Senate-house, but had been discouraged by what his friends told him in conversation, and so had left the chamber. He had been advised, he said, not to oppose, especially in the Senate, a member of that body who was now fighting hard not so much to get leave to establish a market on his estate, as to maintain his influence, reputation, and position, and he was warned that if he did not give way he would come in for greater ill-will than had been recently shown him. It was true that he had been hissed as he left the chamber on the previous hearing, but only by a few people. He spoke in a very appealing way and shed a number of tears, and, throughout his pleading, he used his undoubted abilities as a speaker to make it seem that he was not so much defending his conduct as asking pardon for it, which was certainly the safest and best course for him to adopt. 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310, 278, 1136, 352, 29899, 13892, 403, 29892, 10393 ]	2,969	24,576	CommonCrawl	10	8
ranius Dexter, whose speech may be summarised as follows. He argued that Nominatus would have done much better if he had gone through with the cause of the Vicetini with the same resolution with which he had undertaken it, but that since his conduct, though blameworthy, was not fraudulent, and he had not been convicted of having committed any crime, he had better be acquitted on the understanding that he should return to the Vicetini the fees he had received from them. All present agreed, with the exception of Fabius Aper, who proposed that Nominatus should be disbarred for the term of five years, and he continued firmly in that opinion though he drew no one over to side with him. He even produced the law under which the meeting of the Senate had been convened, and forced Dexter, who had been the first to propose the resolution opposed to his, to swear that his proposal was for the good of the State. Though this demand was perfectly legal, certain members loudly protested against it, on the ground that Aper seemed to be accusing Dexter of showing undue favour to Nominatus. But before any further speeches were made to the motion, Nigrinus, a tribune of the plebs, read out a learned and weighty remonstrance in which he complained that counsel were bought and sold, that they would sell their clients' cases, that they conspired together to make litigation, and that, instead of being satisfied with fame, they drew large and fixed amounts at the expense of citizens. He recited the heads of various laws, he recalled to their memories certain decrees of the Senate, and at last proposed that, as the laws and the decrees of the Senate were treated as a dead letter, they should petition their excellent Emperor to find a remedy for such a scandal. A few days elapsed, and then the Emperor issued an edict which was at once moderate and severe. You will be able to read the text of it, for it appears in the official register. Imagine how delighted I am that I have always made a point of refusing for my services as counsel not only to enter into any understanding to receive presents and gifts in any shape, but even friendly acknowledgments! We ought indeed to refrain from doing anything that is not quite honourable, not because it is forbidden, but because we should be ashamed to do it; still it is gratifying to see a custom which you have never allowed yourself to follow publicly forbidden. Very likely--and in fact there is no doubt on the point--I shall reap fewer praises and my reputation will not shine as brightly when all the members of my profession find themselves compelled to behave as I did quite of my own free will. In the meantime I enjoy the pleasure of hearing some of my friends say that I must have foreseen what was coming, while others banter me by declaring that the new edict has been designed to put a stop to my plunder and greed. 5.XIV.--TO PONTIUS. I had already retired to my township when the news was brought to me that Cornutus Tertullus had accepted the curatorship of the Aemilian Way. I cannot tell you how delighted I am, both for his own sake and for mine. I am pleased for his sake, because, though he is unquestionably entirely void of all ambitious aspirations, he cannot but be gratified at being offered a post without seeking it; and I am pleased on my own account, because I am all the more satisfied with my own employment now that Cornutus has had a position of equal eminence given to him. For it is just as gratifying to be placed on an equality with worthy citizens as to receive a step up in one's official position. And where is there a better man than Cornutus, or a man of more noble life? Where will you find one who follows more closely the ancient pattern in all that is praiseworthy? I know his virtues not by hearsay alone, though he enjoys a richly deserved reputation everywhere, but from a personal experience extending over many years. We both of us entertain an affectionate regard, and have done for years, for all the worthy persons of both sexes whom our age has produced, and this community of friendships has	1.507073	-0.400494	0.117042	0.406199	[ 1.0769953886535113, 1.9371515580647327 ]	[ 0.18593655860732403, -0.9869251621505417 ]	[ 0.29331077203793277, -0.05922673049048067 ]	[ 0.9824025809506501, -0.17000444788537755 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 661, 2482, 360, 735, 357, 29892, 13, 1332, 852, 12032, 1122, 367, 19138, 3368, 408, 4477, 29889, 940, 28705, 393, 405, 5817, 2389, 13, 29893, 483, 505, 2309, 1568, 2253, 565, 540, 750, 7695, 1549, 411, 278, 4556, 310, 278, 13, 29963, 293, 300, 2172, 411, 278, 1021, 10104, 411, 607, 540, 750, 22332, 9424, 372, 29892, 541, 13, 5747, 1951, 670, 7512, 29892, 2466, 1999, 420, 12554, 29891, 29892, 471, 451, 5227, 566, 352, 296, 29892, 322, 540, 13, 21312, 451, 1063, 7602, 18186, 310, 2534, 19355, 738, 17268, 29892, 540, 750, 2253, 367, 13, 562, 339, 4430, 373, 278, 8004, 393, 540, 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thrown us together into the most intimate relations. Another link in the chain has been the closeness of our public connection. As you know, he was my colleague as prefect of the Treasury--thus realising, so to speak, my dearest wish--and again he was associated with me in the consulship. It was there that I obtained my clearest insight into the character and real greatness of the man, when I followed his judgment as a magistrate and reverenced him as a parent, while my veneration was inspired not so much by the ripeness of his years as by the ripeness of his general character. Hence it is that I congratulate both him and myself, for public reasons quite as much as for personal ones, in that now at last a virtuous life leads a man not to peril, as it used to do, but to public honours. I should let my pen run on for ever if I were to give my joy a free course, so I will turn back to tell you how I was engaged when the messenger came and found me. I was with my wife's grandfather and her aunt, and in the company of friends I had long wished to see. I was going the round of the estate, hearing no end of complaints from my tenants, reading over with an unwilling eye and in a cursory fashion the accounts--for I have been consecrating my energies to papers and books of quite a different style--and I had even begun to make preparations for my journey. For I am rather pressed owing to the shortness of my leave, and I am reminded of my own public duties by hearing of those which have been entrusted to Cornutus. I hope that your Campanian villa may spare you about the same time, lest, when I return to town, I should lose a single day of your company. Farewell. 5.XV.--TO ARRIUS ANTONINUS. It is when I try to equal your verses that I most fully appreciate how excellent they are. For just as painters rarely succeed in putting a perfectly beautiful face on their canvas without doing injustice to the original, so, though I slave hard with your verses as my model, I always fall short. Let me urge you then to publish as many as possible, so good that every one will burn to imitate them, and yet no one, or but very few, will succeed in the attempt. Farewell. 5.XVI.--TO MARCELLINUS. I am writing to you in great distress. The younger daughter of your friend Fundanus is dead, and I never saw a girl of a brighter and more lovable disposition, nor one who better deserved length of days or even to live for ever. She had hardly completed her fourteenth year, yet she possessed the prudence of old age and the sedateness of a matron, with the sweetness of a child and the modesty of a maiden. How she used to cling round her father's neck! How tenderly and modestly she embraced us who were her father's friends! Her nurses, her teachers and tutors, how well she loved them, each according to his station! With what application and quickness she used to read, while her amusements were never carried to excess and never overstepped the mark. What resignation, patience and fortitude she showed during her last illness! She obeyed her doctor's orders, she cheered her sister and father, and when her body had lost all its strength, she kept herself alive by the vigour of her mind. This never failed her right up to the end, nor was it broken down by her long illness or by the fear of death, and this has made us miss her all the more severely and made our sorrow all the heavier to bear. What a sad, heart-rending funeral it was! The moment of her death seemed even more cruel than death itself, for she had just been betrothed to a youth of splendid character; the day of the wedding had been decided upon, and we had already been summoned to attend it. Think into what terrible grief our joy was changed! 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, pearls and gems, should be spent upon incense, unguents and scents. He is, it is true, a man of learning and wisdom, who from early years has devoted himself to the deeper studies and the nobler arts, but, at a moment like this, all the philosophy he has ever heard from others or uttered himself is put on one side. All virtues but one are disregarded for the time being--he can only think of parental love. You will forgive and even praise him for this, if you consider the loss he has suffered. For he has lost a daughter who reflected in herself, not only his face and feature, but his character, and one who was the living image of her father in every particular. If you send him a letter in the midst of this rightful grief of his, be careful to use words of solace which will not flay the heart or deal roughly with his sorrow, but which will soothe and ease his pain. The time which has elapsed will make him the more likely to admit your words of consolation, for, just as a raw wound first shrinks from the touch of the doctor's hand, then bears it without flinching and actually welcomes it, so with mental anguish we reject and fly from consolation when the pain is fresh, then after a time we look for it and find relief in its soothing application. 5.XVII.--TO SPURINNA. I know what an interest you take in the liberal arts, and how delighted you are when young men of rank do anything worthy of their ancestry. That is why I am losing no time to tell you that to-day I made one of the audience of Calpurnius Piso. He was reading his poem on the Legends of the Stars, and it was a learned and very excellent composition. It was written in fluent, graceful, and smooth elegiacs, and rose even to lofty heights as occasion demanded. The style was cleverly varied, in some places it soared, in others it was subdued; passing from the grand to the commonplace, from thinness to richness, and from lively to severe, and in each case with consummate skill. The sweetness of his voice lent it an additional charm, and his modesty made even his voice the sweeter, while his blushes and his nervousness, which were very plain to see, still further set off the reading. I don't know why, but diffidence becomes a man of letters much more than over-confidence. However, to cut the story short,--though I would gladly say more, because such performances are all the more charming when given by a young man, and all the rarer when he is of noble birth,--as soon as the reading was concluded, I embraced the youth with great cordiality, and by showering praises upon him--which are always the best incentive when giving advice--I urged him to go on as he had begun, and hold out to his descendants the light which his own ancestors had held out to him. I congratulated his excellent mother and also his brother, who made one of the audience, and indeed achieved as much reputation for brotherly feeling as his brother Calpurnius did for his eloquence, for while the latter was reading everybody noticed first the nervous look on the brother's face, and then the expression of joy. I pray Heaven that I may often have such news for you, for I am very partial to the age I live in, and I hope that it may not prove barren and worthless. I am really most anxious that our young men of rank should have some other beautiful objects in their houses besides the busts of their ancestors, and it seems to me that the latter tacitly approve and encourage these two young men, and even recognise them as their true descendants, which is in itself a sufficiently high compliment to both. Farewell. 5.XVIII.--TO CALPURNIUS MACER. As all is well with you, all is well with me. You have your wife with you, and your son; you enjoy your sea-view, your fountains, greenery, estate, and your charming villa. 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the happiest man on earth. I am staying at my Tuscan house; I hunt and I study, sometimes in turns, sometimes both together, and I cannot as yet tell you whether I find it more difficult to catch anything or to compose anything. Farewell. 5.XIX.--TO PAULINUS. I notice how kindly you treat your servants, so I will be quite frank with you, and tell you with what indulgence I treat mine. I always bear in mind that phrase in Homer, "like a father mild," and our own Latin phrase, "father of his family." Even if I had naturally been of a harsher and less genial disposition, the weakness of my freedman Zosimus would melt my harshness, for one has to show him greater kindness just in proportion as he needs it more at his time of life. He is an honest fellow, devoted to his duties and well-educated, but his chief accomplishment and, so to speak, his particular recommendation is his skill in playing comedy, in which he is really admirable. For his delivery is sharp, intelligent, to the point, and even graceful, and he plays the harp much better than is usually expected from a comedian. He is also so clever in reading speeches, history and poetry, that you would fancy he had never studied anything else. I have gone into all this detail to show you how many services this one man can render me, and how pleasant they are. Moreover, I have long entertained a great regard for him, which has been increased by his serious ill-health, for Nature has so arranged it that nothing fires and stimulates our affection so much as the fear of losing the object of it, and I have on more than one occasion been afraid of losing Zosimus. Some years since, while he was reciting with great earnestness and fire, he spat blood, and I sent him on that account to Egypt, from which country he recently returned with his health restored. Then, after severely taxing his voice for days together, he was warned of his old malady by a slight cough, and once more brought up some blood. So I have decided to send him to the farm which you own at Forum Julii, for I have often heard you say that the air there is healthy, and the milk peculiarly beneficial to complaints of this kind. I should be glad, therefore, if you will write to your people to take him in at the house and give him lodging, and accommodate him with anything he may require at his expense. His needs will be very small, for he is so sparing and abstemious that his frugality leads him to deny himself, not only dainties, but even that which is necessary for his weak health. When he sets out, I will give him sufficient travelling money for one who is going to your part of the country. Farewell. 5.XX.--TO URSUS. Within a short time of their impeaching Julius Bassus the Bithynians brought a second action, this time against Rufus Varenus, their proconsul, the very man whom, in their action against Bassus, they had received permission, at their own request, to retain as their advocate. On being brought into the Senate they applied for a commission to be appointed to investigate their charges, and Varenus sought leave to be allowed to bring witnesses from the province in his defence. To this the Bithynians objected, and the matter came to a debate. I acted on behalf of Varenus, and my pleading was not without good results. I am justified in saying this, as my written speech will show whether I spoke well or badly. For in delivering a speech chance has a controlling influence on success or failure. A speech either gains or loses a good deal according to the memory, voice, and gesture of the speaker, and even the time taken in delivery, to say nothing of the popularity or unpopularity of the accused; whereas a written speech profits nothing from these advantages, loses nothing by these disadvantages, and is subject neither to lucky nor unlucky accidents. Fonteius Magnus, one of the Bithynians, replied to me at great length, but he made very few points. 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An especially rich variety of offerings this week, especially on the themes of solitude vs. multitude and the making of books. Sometimes the person doesn't even realize he (not always a he) is cloaking intent. Sometimes (s)he/them doesn't realize what the intent will turn out to be. Sometimes a person is genuine, and yet a charmer, and an abuser, and yet a survivor of abuse, and a valuable poet, and yet a suppressor of poets, all in one. We contain multitudes. I confess in general, my real life has been busier than ever, not quieter. I have spent a lot of time with friends–seeing Fran Leibowitz, teaching at Western Washington University, dinners, lunches, teaching a class in Seattle, and other moments that have dotted my calendar. Yesterday I floated for an hour in a sensory deprivation pod. It was a surreal experience where you feel as if you might be in space, as if you are weightless. I was hoping for some huge breakthroughs in my writing or my life, what I received was 55 minutes of absolute quiet and relaxation with minor breakthroughs about life. While I did manage to get salt in my eye and forget to put my eyeplugs in & turn off the light and have to immediately exit the tank to reset myself up, I found that I need just time to meditate, to nap, to sit, to quiet, to float. I knew from the opening poem, "Rootless," what [Jenny] Xie's intentions with this book were with lines like "I sponge off the eyes, no worse for wear" alongside clear descriptions of place, "Between Hanoi and Sapa there are clean slabs of rice farms / and no two brick houses in a row." This was going to be a collection that employed the camera eye, an eye that seems to separate from the self in order to explore the world outside of the self, and yet what I didn't immediately grasp was how deep into the psyche these poems would also look. As, ultimately, Eye Level is concerned with not only with what is visible, but the endless distances between people and bottomless pit within ourselves. Yes, I want to be a part of the community–here, the blog revival tour is an example of that. Yes, I want my credentials and awards to be certified and recognized. Yes, I want to be a part of something larger than myself. And yet, the cost of this affiliation? I think the best artists are those who do genuinely and selflessly engage with their communities, but are in continual struggle against that community, sometimes dropping out entirely, occasionally dropping in. For me, it's about celebrating what is truly errant, digressive, resilient, unhappy, and disruptive, that part of us which is a lousy team-player, an unproductive company-man. Everyone on the team is rushing together to put out that fire, to be a part of the decoration committee for the prom, to raise that barn–and yet, usually, there is someone who wanders off, who walks away from the commotion, a person who had always been there with us, and who has now disappeared. The committee's work goes on. The drop out, well, she's found another road, a pretty distraction, a quiet and uncomplicated space, where she can find something else about her gifted life. on a loop, on a loop, on a loop. The feeling of not believing I wrote these poems uncovers layers of emotions that are erupting now that I am watching the work transition from manuscript to actual book: a lack of faith in myself; tremendous gratitude to every poet on earth, to whom I owe my love of poetry; astonishment that the poems are good; questioning "are they good?"; the anxiety of knowing the next phase (promoting the book) is likely to lead to some mixture of joy and disappointment; and wonderment at the poetic collective witchery that was tapped into in the writing. Making art is sometimes a lonely process, filled with doubts, but at other times, there's inspiration and collaboration. This design was my favorite of four I presented to Luisa, but at first she chose a different one. We took some time, and the next day she wrote to talk about this one with the brambles. 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You are here: Opinion > Editor's Pick > China to become first to realize UN goal of 'no poverty' By Harvey Dzodin 0 Comment(s) Print E-mail China Daily, January 8, 2020 China is poised to realize a dream that a few decades ago most experts would have dismissed as wishful thinking. For centuries, China dreamed of building a "moderately prosperous society" in all respects. And this year, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, China will realize that dream despite having a population of more than 1.3 billion. Late leader Deng Xiaoping resurrected this ancient but never-realized goal when reform and opening-up were launched. Chinese leaders who followed adopted it, adding additional details. President Xi Jinping included it in his seminal "four-pronged comprehensive strategy" in 2014. Xi explained the notion in great detail at the 19th National Congress of the CPC in October 2017 in a speech titled, "Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects", mentioning the concept 18 times. He said that building a moderately prosperous society in all respects meant promoting social fairness and justice, as well as ensuring steady access to childcare, education, employment, medical service, elderly care, housing and social assistance. He pledged to "intensify poverty alleviation, see that all our people have a greater sense of fulfillment as they contribute to and gain from development, and continue to promote well-rounded human development and common prosperity for everyone." Now, a little more than two years later, the results are in, and China is about to eradicate absolute poverty. In 1979, China's per capita GDP was $200. It is now estimated to be $10,000, a 50-fold increase-with GDP growth averaging just shy of 10 percent a year. Over the past four decades, China has lifted about 800 million people out of poverty, which is 70 percent of the global total. Little wonder China is set to become the first developing country to achieve the first of the UN's 17 Sustainable Development Goals: No poverty. China's rural population living under the currently defined poverty line of $1.90 per person per day fell from 770 million in 1978 to 16.6 million in 2018, and the rural poverty level declined from 97.5 percent to 1.7 percent, a decrease of 95.8 percent. In 2019 alone, about 340 impoverished counties and 10 million people were lifted out of poverty. And Xi has pledged that after the eradication of absolutely poverty in 2020, China will launch a campaign to eliminate relative poverty. Other statistics are equally impressive. For example, over the four decades of reform and opening-up, life expectancy has increased from 65 to 77, and the infant mortality rate dropped from 48 deaths per 1,000 live births to 6.1 deaths per 1,000. Sidney Gamble, an American sociologist, amateur photographer and grandson of the founder of Proctor& Gamble, now called P&G, made three study trips to North China in the early 20th century. The abject poverty of the people in Beijing captured in his photographs are in stark contrast to the photos taken last year in some of the exact same spots by his grandson that showed the Chinese capital's state-of-the-art modernity. But much needs to be done to realize the second centennial goal by 2050 (2049 being the 100th anniversary of the founding of New China), that is, to "develop China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful". Although China is set to eliminate absolute poverty this year, its per capita income is still very low compared with those of advanced economies. Plus, income inequality is relatively high, and China still lags behind advanced economies in terms of labor productivity and human capital. 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/globals define, $ / /jshint browser: true/ /** * @author rkereskenyi / https://github.com/rkereskenyi / define(['css!js/Loader/styles/LoaderCircles.css'], function () { 'use strict'; var LoaderCircles, CIRCLE_O_SHADOW_SIZE = 36, CIRCLE_BORDER_SIZE = 5, MIN_SIZE = 14, MIN_SIZE_INNER_CIRCLE = 30, MAX_SIZE = 200, CIRCLE_I_SIZE_DIFF = 20; LoaderCircles = function (params) { this._el = params.containerElement; if (this._el.length === 0) { throw 'LoaderCircles\'s container control with id:"' + params.containerElement + '" could not be found'; } this._loaderBackgroundCssProps = {}; this._loaderContentCssProps = {}; }; LoaderCircles.prototype._initialize = function () { this._createElements(); }; LoaderCircles.prototype._removeElements = function () { if (this._loaderContainer) { this._loaderContainer.remove(); } this._loaderContainer = null; if (this._loaderBackground) { this._loaderBackground.remove(); } this._loaderBackground = null; }; LoaderCircles.prototype._createElements = function () 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Featured Donnella Maria Hallowe'en Eve. The French Quarter is alive with activity- a thumping, pulsating organism. The aerial view of Bourbon Street resembles writhing creatures feasting on a cadaver. The noise is deafening, and Willow is too tired to be bothered with it. "Three dollar draft!" shouts a vendor with a large, white cardboard sign. Walking in the street with large signs promoting the bars is supposed to be against city ordinance, but no one really enforces it. Women and men barely draped in fabric hang in antique door frames. The Spanish stucco of many structures sits marred with scars from careless visitors and residents alike. A cacophonous and intolerable chorus of contrasting music blends, blaring from a myriad of establishments. "Hey, hun." A stunning tall, blonde drag queen addresses Willow. "Hey, Louise." "You look irritable tonight." She takes a drag from her cigarette and releases a cloud of smoke. "I'm exhausted. We closed early tonight to get prep done for tomorrow, but instead the guys dragged me out here after we were only half done." "Don't sweat it, sweetie. You'll do great, just like last year." "I didn't feel like we did great last year, Louise. I thought I would die." "We all feel that way sometimes. I remember when I first opened the club. Shit. It was tough. But you do it. People have a good time, and they come back. Willow sighs. "Why don't you come in for a drink? Where're the guys?" Willow points to the nightclub into which her husband and brothers disappeared. Flashing lights, smoke from a machine, and drunk tourists covered in colorful plastic necklaces stream from its open doors. "Come on," Louise motioned with her head toward her club, The Nightingale. "Jeff, if you see Willow's people tell them I took her inside for some peace and quiet." She says to the doorman. "Ready, honey?" Louis asks, but Willow is rigid. Louise's voice is lost in the resounding shriek filling Willow's ears. "Willow? Hello?" Louise waves her hand with its long, ornate fingernails in front of Willow's face. "What?" Willow responds, visibly shaken. "You were zoned out. Are you okay? You look terrible." "Didn't you hear that?" "That shriek. Didn't you hear it? "It's so noisy out here. I can't hear myself think. Let's go inside. You're stressing yourself to death." "Yeah, I guess." Stress. Yes. It makes sense, thinks Willow. Stress can induce auditory hallucinations…can't it? Inside of The Nightingale is hardly different from outside in the street. The music pounds. Dancers swing and shimmy to the rhythm in the light of pulsing red and white strobe-lights. Patrons sit near the bar, at the dancers' feet, and at round tables within booths. Some are behind the closed doors of the private areas, where-for the right amount-the women, men, and enby performers do more than dance. Willow follows Louise to her office. The two cross an open courtyard and separate from the din and chaos of the club. It's strange how quiet the night is once they exit the back door and enter the cobblestoned courtyard with its sporadically placed pal consumed most of the block several years before. The locks were only slightly damaged. Louise mourned the loss of the original doors. She just couldn't find anyone to duplicate them. Willow rests on a leather couch and closes her eyes. Louise pours them both a glass of brandy. Fatigue quickly claims possession of Willow's agitated brain. She finds herself in her childhood home. The surroundings are odd and out of place, but that discrepancy is minor compared to the fact that the house was destroyed a decade prior during Hurricane Katrina, and was razed to the ground like so many of its neighbors. 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the back yard. Enormous bales of hay lay rolled and placed in random order around the yard, even though in real life they'd never existed. A childlike figure appears, manifested from inside one of the bales, a small girl. She wears a red dress and has long, light-colored pigtails. Her white leggings rise from black patent-leather Mary Janes. She dances for a moment, gleeful. "What is that?" asks Willow aloud to no one. The child then turns her eyes on Willow. They become glowing white-hot coals. Willow feels intense terror as the child opens its mouth and emits an eardrum shattering screech. Willow slams the window just in time to stop the child-thing in mid-flight. Willow cowers on the floor as the monster-girl slams its body into the window, rattling the glass and surrounding walls. Willow wakes with a gasp. "My God," remarks Louise. "Are you all right?" "I had a nightmare." "I'm so sorry, darling. You dozed off so peacefully. I didn't want to disturb you." Louise hands Willow the brandy. Willow takes a swallow, the dark and warm liquid leaves a tingling trail as it travels down her esophagus. She sighs. Louise refills Willow's glass; the latter sips her drink instead of swallowing it down. "You want to talk about it?" asks Louise. "It's just these stupid nightmares I've had since I was a kid. I'm sure they are stress induced." "Sorry, sweetie. I know you're under a lot, and those men of yours are good for nothing," Louise huffs. Willow chuckles. "What? Well," Louise grins, "I guess I could think of a couple of uses for them." Willow laughs, "Hey that's my little brothers you're talking about!" "And your husband," Louise takes a sip from her glass. Willow laughs harder. Later that evening, feeling warm and comfortable from brandy and the solace she'd found in confiding her worries to her friend, Willow walks home with Earl at her side. They cross Jackson Square in front of the historic St. Louis Cathedral, its formidable façade looming over passersby. Peddlers are taking up their tables and wares. A fire-breather stuffs her tools into a duffle bag. Earl and Willow pass down St. Peter, where most shops are already shuttered. A couple of tourists meander out of the voodoo shop next to Poppy's Diner. They swerve around Earl and Willow, giggling as they stumble off the curb. Feeling particularly amiable, Willow smiles and bids the two a good evening. A tall, young Creole woman with purple dreadlocks and wearing black on black with white Doc Martens stands in the doorway of the voodoo shop. She smiles at Willow and Earl. "Halloween time, right?" She points her thumb toward the meandering couple and gives an unimpressed chuckle. Her nails are painted blue. "Yeah, but good for business, Des," replies Earl. "Especially for y'all. "You're right," she remarks, "if only I got paid overtime." "I've been telling you to come work by us," says Earl. "I know," she sighs. "I would but I'm just not made for the hospitality business." Earl laughs. "Got to be better than selling incense, dolls, and novena candles to drunk tourists." Des lets out a hearty laugh. "I do have my side business," she says, producing a tarot card in her left hand. The Temperance card. Des reaches out to Willow with it. "I have a feeling you'll need this." "Ha, yeah?" replies Willow. "All things in moderation. Even work and worry," says Des, and her expression turns grave as she pulls another card. She hands it to Willow, The Hermit. Willow takes the card, puzzled. "Something haunts you," says Des. "Don't let it consume you." "Okay," Willow agrees, still confused, and takes the card. 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Well, it's time to close up," says Des, returning to her carefree disposition. "Tomorrow should be interesting." "Yeah," says Willow, examining the cards in her hand. "You should come by," says Earl, oblivious to the conversation that'd just transpired between the women. "Maybe, if I get out of here at a reasonable time," says Des, stepping back into the shop and preparing to lock up. "Willow, don't forget." She points a long finger and looks into Willow's eyes. "I . . . I won't." "Good. Happy Halloween!" She grins, slight at first but then her mouth widens more, her teeth glisten in an unnatural way. Des knows the nightmares are back, thinks Willow. But then again, maybe not. Des is just good at reading people. It's what makes her such a popular fortune teller. There is the possibility she can sense Willow's feelings of impending doom, her anxiety and panic about the business. That's probably it, Willow convinces herself. Willow wakes on a mattress of soft, downy moss. The air is damp and cold; her skin is clammy. Shadows move in the mist, between the trees. She feels a sense of familiarity, but she doesn't know this place. It feels like an ageless place, the place of her ancestors. The saturated vegetation envelopes Willow 's feet when she stands. She digs her toes into the soil under the surface greenery. The dirt is warmer than the surrounding air, and Willow finds comfort in it. The atmosphere is phantasmagoric yet corporeal. Willow touches the trunk of a tree and feels its rough trunk. Gossamer moss hangs from its limbs. Tiny winged creatures, maybe hummingbirds or large dragonflies, flit about. More of them assemble, first high in the trees then lower, lower, and then right in Willow's line of sight. She sees now that they are not birds or insects but faeries. The radiant, miniature, winged humanoids dart and dance about Willow. The air is warmer, inviting. Not damp and chilly as before. The faeries calm Willow in this eerie place. They dance near her face, and their iridescent wings brush her nut-brown hair. One of the creatures hovers before Willow while the others dart away, seemingly distracted by some new curiosity. The lone faerie slows its wings and transforms. While Willow watches in bemusement, the sprite's arms and legs lengthen as does her torso, neck, and face. The faerie's wings are hidden or have disappeared. Her hair is long and brown, and her skin is fair and still glistening with radiance. She stands as tall as Willow, smiling, no, smirking . . . The woman tilts her head and reaches out to Willow. Willow observes a reflection ball in the fay's hand. She leans close and sees her own orbed visage. Willow's face smiles back at her, but then the ambience changes. No longer is it mellow and enchanting. An intense dread overwhelms Willow. She wants to back away, but the faerie holds her in place. The fay's face has changed, from amiable to fearsome. Her eyes burn into Willow, and Willow wants to flee this place. The reflection in the ball changes. It no longer maintains Willow's soft countenance. The face resembles Willow's, but it is sadistic and hard. The eyes burn into her. She feels they might extract all the oxygen from her lungs to give their fire life. The eyes turn dark as onyx, and show no sign of human characteristics. In the ball, the reflection moves although Willow remains still. It grows and appears too near the silvery surface, as if it will eject itself from inside. Willow tries to scream, but her vocal chords are palsied. No sound comes from them. Willow's mouth is stuck open. Her flesh feels like stone, and her muscles are paralyzed. Her body is inanimate, but her brain is racing. No don't, she begs, trapped inside her own mind. 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. In the reflecting ball, the face's mouth is also open wide; its inside is black and as expansive as space. Its eyes are the same. Leave me alone! Willow screams inside her head. You can't hurt me, she tries to convince herself. You can't hurt me if I don't let you. The horrible face in the reflecting ball emits the screech Willow's so feared, and even though she isn't breathing, it feels as though it takes her breath away even more. Willow finally finds her voice and lets out a magnificent wail. She feels her lungs fill before she screams herself awake. Earl is sitting beside her. He wipes the dampness from her forehead. Willow, weary, meets her husband's gaze but stays silent. "It'll be alright," he says. "It's just a nightmare. Willow sighs and sits. "If only I didn't feel like I would die during it." Earl embraces his wife. "You are stressing too much about tomorrow. We'll be there, too, you know. You're not on your own." "I wish I found some comfort in that," says Willow, then regrets it. "Sorry. I trust you, and I love you. I know you will do anything for the bar, but it's the boys. We're only two people." "And with them we're only four people. But with our staff, we're half a dozen." "If they all show up." "Maybe we can get Des to come help out if they don't?" Thinking of Des gives Willow chills, remembering her vague yet disturbing forewarning. "Yeah, maybe so," Willow answers, rubbing the gooseflesh from her arms. She doesn't know if she wants Des there. The thought kind-of freaked her out after their previous encounter. But then, Willow felt silly thinking Des's fortune-telling was anything more than a creative scheme. Willow didn't believe in psychics or monsters-or even ancient, mystic nightmare wraiths. Despite her Catholic upbringing, she wasn't even sure she believed in an afterlife. Paranormal beings are funny things, Willow thinks. They always follow the same pattern, don't they? Vague EVPs, EMF spikes, a cold breeze, a disembodied voice, hairs standing on the back of one's neck. It's foolish! She's a licensed psychologist, for Christ's sake. Her nightmares were nothing more than neurological patterns inspired by anxiety. She'd always suffered from anxiety. Hearing the shriek in the street was an auditory hallucination, as she'd previously posited. Louise'd even remarked on the clangorous noise in the street. The sound was surely anything but the actual shriek of a supernatural being. Nonsense. Still, the thought of the persistent specter terrified Willow. She couldn't deny that. The morning begins slowly. Willow and Earl both sleep in, but not on purpose. McFinley's is nearly prepared for the night, but there's still a lot to get done-organizing, decorating, food prep, making sure the inventory is stocked and… Shit! Willow jumped from the comfortable sheets when she remembered the deliveries. "Everything all right?" Earl asks, half asleep still "The trucks. The trucks! "What about them?" "It's almost ten, Earl," snapped Willow. "The boys are there," Earl replies during a stretch.. "The boys are there?" Willow repeats his statement in question form. "I called them last night and told them to be there or else." "Or else what?" Willow chuckles and pulls her hair up into a disheveled bun, her hands shaking. "Or else you're going to kick their asses," he laughs. "Ha! I'm sure that worked." Willow slips on her jeans then her favorite black and white checkered deck shoes. They're worn but comfortable, and perfectly fit her long, slender feet. Earl grimaces. He dislikes those shoes on her. 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he thinks. Willow scrunches her nose at Earl, knowing his thoughts. She doesn't care if he loathes those shoes; they're her favorite. Willow doesn't see herself in the same way as Earl, or the same as anyone sees her. In the mirror, Willow sees a plain thirty-something whose curly brunette hair is usually unkempt and whose green eyes are encircled in dark, blooming rings from exhaustion. She rarely wears make-up. She doesn't see a need for it since she took over the family business and left the psychologist's practice for which she worked. It was important for her to look put together for her clients back then.. She makes herself presentable for the bar patrons, but she spends most of the night behind the scenes. In her office, in the supply room, in the freezer, in the kitchen. Willow sees little point in getting made-up for a sweltering grill or the dumpster rats or dusty cases of whiskey. The only time she dresses elegantly, does her make-up, and styles hair is for special occasions. Professionalism is important to Willow. During events, local media is bound to be present. McFinley's has been a Royal St. staple for many years. The local television, newspapers, and magazines always send a reporter to their events. On these occasions, Willow wears her best dress or pantsuit, and although her feet ache and curse her, she insists on wearing heels. Willow dresses in costume on Halloween. This year she decides on 18th century dress, a monarch's attire. A royal blue and eggshell colored silk and taffeta gown, a considerable bodice, and corset bejeweled with multi-colored stones. The ensemble includes an elaborate, high powdered-wig adorned with the same sapphire, ruby, emerald, and tourmaline colored jewels as the dress. A blood-red choker with red-crystalline blood drops hanging from it is tight around Willow's neck. She also agrees to let Earl drip sticky red corn syrup down her neck to resemble even more blood dripping. Louise arrives at Willow's with her friends, who are also her employees, to do Willow's make-up. Willow is famously bad at doing anything more elaborate than the basics: foundation, eyeshadow, mascara, eyeliner, and lipstick. After a long day of moving inventory, cleaning, decorating, and sweating, Willow is ready to shower and get dolled-up. Wine flows freely, and soon Willow feels confident about the night. It will be fine, Willow thinks. Relax, and drink more wine. Cecilia, one of Louise's employees, pours herself and Willow yet another glass of moscato. Louise tugs hard on Willow's hair, pulling it up into a tight bun to fit under the wig. Willow winces. "Oh, sorry, sweetie. I'm not used to tender heads." Willow grins. She can recall her mother brushing her hair, yanking hard to untangle the knots Willow allowed to form in her long curls. "You wouldn't know it, but I was used to this once," says Willow. "I guess it's been a while, though," she adds. "Come by us to get your hair done more often, and your head will be nice and tough," says Antonia, Louise's business partner. "No thanks," answers Willow, squinting as Louise continues to tug on her hair. The door of the dressing room swings open. Earl stands in the doorway, looking stern. "Excuse us, sir, but we have ladies dressing in here," says Cecilia. "Of course, none of us have anything you haven't seen." The women all laugh. "I'm confident you have wild tales about what you've seen me seeing, and I'd love to hear them. But first, somebody needs to help me with this tie." Earl is also in period dress. Dark pants, boots, royal blue vest emblazoned with colorful paisleys, his button-up collared shirt the same egg shell white as Willow's dress. Its arms flow out then gather again at the wrists. 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, he's been struggling with it for a while. "Alright, come here," says Willow "Nah uh," Louise interjects. "You are getting a royal make-over, missy. Relax and let one of the other ladies help that man." Willow abides and relaxes in her chair, raising her glass to indicate someone should refill it. The crowd flows into McFinley's and does not flow out. The throng of bodies surrounding the bar is rows deep. Francine-the lone employee who didn't skip out for more entertaining activities-Earl, Jace, Justin, and Des serve drinks to the encroaching mass of customers. Willow is at the door with the hired security. Bald, muscular sentinels stand beside Bill, the doorman, who is checking identification cards. The hostess is playing the part, greeting customers and pedestrians alike. Her egg-white fan, decorated with lace and colorful painted embellishments, flutters at her neck. The weather is humid for late October, and Willow's skin is damp from the cool mist hanging in the air. She pats her powdered face with a silken cloth, dabbing as to not smear her make-up. "Mrs. Duplantis! Mrs. Duplantis!" Willow turns to see an eager local news personality waving her toward himself and a cameraman. She smiles and hides the handkerchief in her corset before approaching the men. "Mrs. Duplantis, Happy Halloween," says the newsman. "Please, John, call me Willow," she smiles at the camera, still fanning her moist light skin. "Willow," John says, complying with her request, "things are alive tonight in the Vieux Carré, wouldn't you agree?" "Halloween is always a spirited time," laughs Willow. Both laugh for the camera, but Willow's attention is soon diverted by an austere figure looming beside a building across the street. Among the colorful, costumed revelers looms a shady being, almost a shadow, tall to a degree of ridiculousness. Willow is entranced by this figure. John is talking, but she doesn't hear his words. She nods and waves her fan as he again wishes her a Happy Halloween before moving deep into the crowd with the camera man. Willow stares at the shadow-figure. It transforms into mist. Nobody else notices. A man suddenly grabs Willow by the arm, his emaciated hands are strangely strong. His skeletal fingers dig into her flesh. She yelps and tries to pull away. "Willow!" Des shouts from inside the bar. "Willow!" The emaciated man forces Willow's eyes to his. She doesn't comprehend what is happening, but she cannot look away from his emerald eyes. "Will you give me some succor, Miss? "I can't protect you unless you offer me aid," he pleaded "Get away," Des growls at the man and shoves him away from Willow. "Get away from her." "Protect me from what?" Willow questions, ignoring Des. "Sheeeeee," hisses the man. "Who?" Willow shoves past Des who is still trying to separate the man from her. "Not who, but what," he responds. "I can't protect you unless you offer me succor. It's the one caveat we are bound to…" He trails off as Des manhandles him away from the door and into the street. "Wait!" Willow shouts and feels for something in the material of her dress, but then remembers she has no pockets. No cash on her person. "Come in," Willow insists. "Come in and have some food." "What!?" exclaims Des. "Come on, sir. Come inside," Willow, still ignoring Des, takes the emaciated man by the arm and leads him through the crowded bar to a bench seat near the plate glass window painted with her family name, McFinley's, in green and gold. Des never liked it, the way her father chose such a cliche logo. But he was correct that it brought the customers. 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gue. "They want novelty, and alcohol." He grinned at her and lit his pipe. She inhaled the woody scent of the pipe tobacco. "McFinley's is here to provide both, my fair Willow." The haggard looking man doesn't resist Willow's assistance. Willow waves to her brother, Jace, once the man is seated. He notices her frantic waving and makes his way to his sister with haste. "Give this man some food and a drink," instructs Willow. "Seriously?" Jace questions. "Yes, seriously," Willow answers with a scowl. "Uh, Willow?" "What?" she retorts, impatient. "Your friend is gone," Jace says. Willow whirls round to see the man has indeed vanished. "What in the hell? Where did he go?" "Beats me," Jace shrugs. "Jace!" Justin shouts from the backroom. "Get your butt in here and help me with these boxes. "Gotta go," he says to Willow and maneuvers through the crowd. "What the hell were you thinking?" Des asks, standing at Willow's side. "He needed help," Willow answers. She notices Des's face is wet with sweat, but not the moist sheen one formulates outside on a balmy New Orleans October evening. Her hands are trembling. "You saw it, too. The thing across the street!" Des's irises, behind their purple-colored contact lenses, peer not at Willow but through Willow. "What the hell was that man talking about? What is he protecting you from?" Willow wrings her hands and looks around, hoping to see the strange, skeletal man staggering through the street. "Willow!" Des almost shouts, demanding to be acknowledged. Willow meets Des's gaze. Still wringing her hands, Willow looks over the thickening crowds outside the bar and at the continuous stream of guests going in and out of the establishment. "You know folklore." Willow states, not a question. "You study cultural myths." Des nods. "You know about the sidhe fae?" "Fairies?" Des questions, amused. "Yes… but one type specifically. Banshees, Des." Willow shakes her head and adjusts the wig she's wearing. It's seeming heavier by the minute. Her head starts to throb. "Can nightmares come to life?" PART 2 COMING SOON Posted in Creature, Fiction, Folklore, Halloween, Holiday, Horror, monsters, Reading, scary stories, WritingTagged All Hallow's Eve, Fiction, Folklore, French Quarter, Halloween, Horror, Irish Folklore, monsters, new orleans, reading, scary, scary stories, voodoo, Writing I killed Frankie Costello. My friends accepted the lie when I told them I couldn't find him the night of the murder. My account was further validated when no one found him after that night. No one found him because I tossed his body from the Intracoastal Waterway Bridge in Eastern New Orleans. The Green Bridge, as locals know it, was perhaps once a jade color but had faded to a dull gray. Disposing of Frankie was easy. He was hardly five feet five inches tall, and he weighed a mere one hundred and fifty pounds. It was part of the reason he victimized women, women like Giselle, which got him into the ugly predicament with me. Frankie was well respected in the criminal community. He had a lot of money and dangerous associates. Associates like myself. The old adage of keeping one's friends close and enemies closer was wise advice, and it was the reason I associated with Frankie. He owned the club where Giselle danced, and he pimped his girls for extra money. Giselle stopped working for him once I'd arrived on scene. I'd put her in my show, as a dancer and back up singer. She was very talented but not formally trained. In her late teens, she became involved with an older man who promised to put her on stage. He'd failed to mention that the stage had a pole. 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Tag: Pre-registration Resitters: The forgotten pre-registration pharmacist cohort In response to the following article: GPhC announce results of provisionally-registered pharmacist survey Dear PIP editor, I have a family member who has been affected by the delay of the pre-registration exam. He sat the exam last year and failed by only a couple of marks in the calculations part of the exam. The outcome of this exam may have been impacted by unexpected personal issues in his life just before the exam itself. He was very hopeful to be sitting the exam again this year and had invested more time into preparing for this only to find out it had been postponed. Unlike the rest of the pre-registration pharmacists, he was unable to be provisionally registered due to failing a part of the exam by a couple of marks. This has not only set him back but also really affected his mental health knowing many other people is his position were practising and he was unable to with no clear date and answer as to when the exam will be held. It is very upsetting for me to see how people like him and others in his position have been given no extra support or guidance. Most of the information provided is for the pharmacists with the provisional registrations. I find this appalling. Other councils such as the NMC and GMC have supported the students affected by the pandemic and tried to facilitate people of all circumstances. More could be done to help. There should be more clear guidance and regular updates about what is being done to support those who cannot practise as provisional pharmacists. There should also be more regular updates on what is being done to set a clear date for the exam. More support should be given to those who were not able to register provisionally for whatever reason. Despite all this, I still think provisionally registered pharmacists should not be allowed to register this year without sitting an exam. For someone that has previously failed the calculations exam by two marks, this situation needs to be remedied as soon as possible. His career means a lot to him. Therefore, watching people who are now able to practise with a provisional licence yet being unable to do the same himself is very distressing. This has impacted my family member financially, and mentally. He has been set back in many ways. Family life at home has been affected and he is also financially worse off. Yours etc. The author of this letter is a nurse practitioner writing on behalf of a close family member with permission and wishes to remain anonymous. Has your life been impacted by the situation around the provisional registration process? We would really like to hear from you. If you answer the questions below and indicate that you give us permission we will publish your contribution as a letter to the editor. Posted on 27th September 2020 Author PIP editorCategories Letters to the editorTags Covid, Pre-reg, Pre-registration, ProvregLeave a comment on Resitters: The forgotten pre-registration pharmacist cohort Provisionally registered pharmacists to receive 38k salary Following the General Pharmaceutical Council's (GPhC) recent update on provisional registration, LloydsPharmacy has begun to offer over 100 permanent roles across the UK, prioritising those already working in its network. The pharmacy multiple will be paying all pre-regs eligible for provisional registration a salary of £38,000, based on a 40-hour working week, as well as providing a 'structured clinical support programme' to help them deliver safe and effective care. The GPhC has agreed to provisionally register eligible pre-regs after the registration assessments scheduled for June and September 2020 were postponed as a result of the coronavirus outbreak, and the registration assessment is now expected to be held online. To be eligible to join the pharmacist register on a provisional basis, pre-reg pharmacists must successfully meet a number of criteria and the regulator has said that structured support should be provided by their employer of choice, including access to a mentor. The adapted programme will help develop those who are eligible for provisional registration this year through clinical learning and preparation for the assessment. This will include 30-minute lunchtime learning sessions, monthly clinical learning topics, with suggested study and quizzes to test knowledge and identify gaps

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, as well as a mock exam. LloydsPharmacy will also be supporting its provisionally registered pharmacists by finding them a suitable mentor, as well as ensuring they have access to a support network. Victoria Steele, deputy superintendent at LloydsPharmacy, said: "We want to find a role for as many of our 150 pre-regs as possible. We'll be matching them with our vacancies first but will also have positions for external pre-regs." "The new provisional registration and postponement of the exam has meant we've had to adapt the programme but the principles at the heart of it are all still important for provisional registration. "When I think back to making that transition from pre-registration to practising pharmacist myself, it was a daunting experience for me and many of my peers, knowing that you are the person that is ultimately responsible for the safety of your patients. "As a newly qualified pharmacist, there is still so much to learn and take in. We want to provide an extra layer of support and help develop our next generation of pharmacists from the very start of their career with us." "We want to set our provisionally registered pharmacists up to be great pharmacists, not just good ones by helping them develop skills such as leadership, decision making and professionalism. The more we can support and develop them, the better the service and expertise they can provide to our customers and patients." "In addition to wanting our new pharmacists to feel supported, we also want them to feel valued, which is why we've made the decision for them to also benefit from our increased minimum rate of pay, of £18.50 per hour, that we announced in April of this year." Posted on 21st June 2020 Author PIP editorCategories NewsTags Pre-reg, Pre-registrationLeave a comment on Provisionally registered pharmacists to receive 38k salary GPhC reveal criteria for pharmacist provisional registration The Council of the GPhC has today agreed on a policy for registering pharmacists on a provisional basis as part of the regulator's response to the pandemic. The policy sets out the criteria that this year's pre-registration pharmacist trainees will have to meet to be eligible to join the pharmacist register on a provisional basis. It also outlines requirements that employers must put in place to support provisionally-registered pharmacists and to protect patient safety. This decision comes after the registration assessments scheduled for June and September 2020 were postponed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Eligibility criteria for provisional registration The policy sets out criteria for applying to provisionally register as a pharmacist apply from 1 July 2020 until 1 July 2021. Trainees can apply from July and begin to join the register from 1 August. The criteria include; successfully completing 52 weeks pre-registration training, not having previously failed the registration assessment and having received a final declaration from their tutor confirming that they have met all the performance standards and are safe to be registered provisionally. All provisionally registered pharmacists will have to be employed directly by the organisation or business in which they are working (and so cannot work as a locum) and must practise under the guidance and direction of a senior pharmacist. The policy confirms they may operate as the Responsible Pharmacist. The GPhC will also issue standards for employers which will set out the framework in which pharmacists who are registered provisionally must operate, after carrying out further engagement with key stakeholders. The standards will include information about the structured support that must be in place and the requirements that must be fulfilled by the employer when considering the location in which they will practise and the responsibilities they will be expected to undertake. The policy states that employers must complete a risk assessment, provide access to a named experienced pharmacist for clinical advice; and enable other support such as access to a mentor. Registration assessment The policy confirms that individuals who are provisionally registered must sit the registration assessment at the first opportunity if they are fit to do so and must pass the registration assessment in order to remain on the register. The Council agreed that, subject to the outcome of a procurement exercise, the registration assessment should be delivered online as

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soon as is practicable, taking account of the necessary technical, security, accessibility and content issues. This reflects the current Government requirements in relation to social distancing and large gatherings and takes account of the possibility of such requirements either continuing or being re-imposed later. Further information about the registration assessment will be provided once the procurement is complete and individuals will be given a minimum of two months' notice of the date for the assessment. The GPhC is contacting pre-registration trainees and tutors via email to let them know about the criteria for provisional registration and to advise them that the registration assessment is now expected to be held online. Duncan Rudkin, Chief Executive of the General Pharmaceutical Council commented: "We want to first thank all pre-reg trainees and tutors for their continued hard work and patience while we have been developing this policy. We know this is a very difficult situation for them. "Our approach has been informed by discussions with a wide range of stakeholders, including trainee representatives, professional leadership and representative bodies, employers and education and training bodies across England, Scotland and Wales. "There were lots of complex issues which we have had to carefully consider, and we have had to balance risks and benefits when deciding the approach. The Council's final decisions have been guided by a set of principles, including maintaining standards for entry to the register to protect patient safety and quality of care, and the importance of maintaining the workforce pipeline so that pharmacy can continue to serve the needs of patients. "We will continue to engage with stakeholders as we put this policy into practice, both to help inform our thinking on any particular points where we need to clarify the policy further, and to make sure that professional leadership and representative bodies, education and training organisations and employers are all able to play their part effectively in supporting trainees through this process." Posted on 21st May 2020 Author PIP editorCategories NewsTags GPhC, Pre-reg, Pre-registration1 Comment on GPhC reveal criteria for pharmacist provisional registration Pharmacist registration delay a blow to community pharmacy The body representing community pharmacy in Northern Ireland has warned that if the delay in pharmacy pre-registration students joining the PSNI register is not reversed, then the sector will face another crisis. The warning comes on the back of the news that the pharmacy regulatory body in Northern Ireland plans to delay the pre-registration exams from June until August at the earliest. The exams are for pre-registration pharmacy students who have already completed their pharmacy degree and have been working in practice for around ten months. The delay means that 150 newly registered pharmacists will not now be joining the pharmacy workforce this summer as planned and at a time when extra capacity is needed. Since the onset of the coronavirus pandemic, community pharmacies were one of the first services to witness a steep and immediate increase in demand for medicines. A commitment to keep the service going has seen many pharmacists work longer hours and battle with capacity issues due to self-isolation of staff displaying symptoms of Covid-19. Chief Executive of Community Pharmacy NI, Gerard Greene said: "This news is a blow to our network because every year we rely on this influx of newly registered pharmacists to take up roles in our community pharmacies. This is even more of a problem during this pandemic as our workforce has struggled with the rise in demand for services and are operating at very limited capacity." "The new registrants typically join the workforce over the summer months and the delay in this means we are not likely to see these pharmacists bolster the workforce until the autumn." "This is also very different to what we have seen from our medical and nursing counterparts who immediately agreed to fast-track final year students and get them into the workforce so they could join frontline efforts to fight coronavirus. This is not the time to delay the qualification of key health care workers." "We are calling on the Minister to intervene to get this decision reversed and allow pharmacy pre-registration exams to go ahead in June as normal." Posted on 5th May 2020 Author PIP editorCategories NewsTags Pre-reg, Pre-registrationLeave a comment on Pharmacist registration delay a blow to community pharmacy No provisional registration for NI pre-reg pharm

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CommonCrawl

21

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acists The Pharmaceutical Society of Northern Ireland (PSNI) has said that they will not permit any pre-registration pharmacist to join the register without first meeting the usual requirements of the registration process. This means that there will be no provisional registration process for pre-registration pharmacists in Northern Ireland. It also means that a registration exam will take place in the summer. PSNI has said that this will likely happen in August. They are currently exploring potential venues. The venue must allow for appropriate social distancing and will therefore likely involve the use of multiple venues. The Chief Pharmaceutical Officer in Northern Ireland has confirmed that the funding for the pre-registration scheme in Northern Ireland will continue until the August exam date. The PSNI has said that this will mean that students will have an extended pre-registration year as a result of these measures and that during this period after the 52 week period they would potentially not be the only student under the supervision of a tutor. Students have been urged to use this time to continue their learning in practice. In a statement issued by PSNI Chief Executive Trevor Patterson he said: "The use of the COVID-19 temporary register, with conditions on registration, was considered and is not currently being progressed as it is time-limited and all registrations lapse when the emergency is declared over, which may be before the examination has been taken. "Having taken legal opinion about the use of a "provisional register" and fully researched our options, we are advised that in order to comply with our Regulations, aside from temporary registration on the COVID-19 temporary register, we cannot admit anyone to our register from the pre-registration programme unless they have fulfilled all the conditions set out in Schedule 2 of the Regulations which include having satisfactorily completed 52 weeks of training and having successfully completed the registration examination. "Candidates intending to sit the examination will only be eligible after satisfactory completion of 39 weeks of training confirmed by their tutor, and when they have completed a minimum of 45 weeks training. "Council has considered the available options have determined that an examination will be scheduled in early August, subject to government advice on gatherings at that time. We are currently researching venues with the intention of locating a number of sites which will facilitate adequate social distancing and will make a further announcement later with dates available venues and examination registration procedures. "We would urge as many students and tutors as possible to complete any remaining compulsory aspects of training including 39-week appraisals and ensure that at least 45 weeks of training has been completed by the end of July. "The Chief Pharmaceutical Officer has advised that the Department will ensure pre-registration funding is available until the registration date in August, allowing trainees to remain in post with the agreement of their employer. Consideration is also being given to measures that may be needed to help students to prepare for the exam and to support professional development during the first year in practice. "When 52 weeks of training is complete, trainees will still require pharmacist supervision but need not be the sole pupil of their tutor. This additional period should be used to continue learning in preparation for entering practice and sitting the registration examination. "Should it not be possible for reasons outside our control to run the examination in August, we are developing contingency plans for alternative methods or dates of delivery and will update on these before the end of July." Posted on 2nd May 2020 Author PIP editorCategories NewsTags Pre-registrationLeave a comment on No provisional registration for NI pre-reg pharmacists Provisional pharmacist registration could begin in August The General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) is developing a provisional registration option for current pre-registration trainees who meet certain criteria and have said that they are working on the basis that those who are eligible would be able to join the register at the same time as they usually would, in August this year. The announcement comes after the postponement of this year's GPhC and PSNI registration exam. In a letter to pre-registration students GPhC Chief Executive Duncan Rudkin commented: "We know you are anxious to hear any updates about provisional registration and the postponed registration assessments. Thank you for your patience while we continue to develop a way forward in this challenging situation. "Provisional registration and holding a registration assess

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CommonCrawl

21

17

ment are priority issues for us. Both are complex and we want to make sure that the arrangements we put in place are practicable, fair, and provide the necessary safeguards and reassurance to patients and the public." The letter outlined that on Tuesday 21 April, the GPhC held a virtual meeting with organisations representing students and trainees, universities, employers, education and training bodies and others from across the UK, to discuss the proposals and help everyone involved understand how these might work in practice. The GPhC Council also discussed the issues and options during a virtual workshop on Thursday 23 April. The letter goes on to outline the current thinking on how to proceed with pre-registration activities: "We know many of you are experiencing significant uncertainty and want answers as soon as possible. We are working as quickly as possible to develop the way forward. There are lots of complex issues that need to be worked through carefully, to make sure the final approach works in different practice settings and in each of the three countries." The GPhC has laid out the key principles they are using to help inform the decisions they are making about pre-registration training and the registration assessment. These principles are as follows: Maintain standards for entry to the register to protect patient safety and the quality of care given to patients and the public, both now and over the long term. Support the NHS and community pharmacy by strengthening the workforce at this critical time. Safeguard the welfare of students and trainees whilst also ensuring that their hard work, and that of their tutors, over many years is given suitable recognition at this key stage in their professional lives. Minimise blockages or gaps in the pipeline for qualified new registrants to join the profession in 2020 and in the following years. The letter from Mr Rudkin sought to reassure pre-registration students: "We will make sure all trainees get the information they need to apply for registration as far in advance as possible. "We believe that those entered on the register would need structured support to manage the transition into practice as a pharmacist and we will continue to work with partners on what that would involve and what requirements would need to be in place. "We propose that time spent provisionally registered would count towards the two years of practice needed to become an independent prescriber and towards any Foundation training that provisionally-registered pharmacists may undertake. "We will now continue to work closely with our partners to develop these proposals further. This includes determining the criteria and process to become provisionally registered, and the structured support and requirements that trainees will need to have in place to practise safely. "We will be sharing further details with you as soon as possible and seeking views to make sure the process is practicable, fair, and provides the necessary safeguards and reassurance to patients and the public." Mr Rudkin went on to make comment about the arrangements for the registration assessment: "We are continuing to consider a range of different options for the postponed registration assessments. This includes looking at the format of the assessment, and whether a move to an online sitting would be possible. "We are investigating learning and experience from other healthcare training schemes and university assessments which have been recently adapted as part of this work." "We understand that many trainees are now approaching, or have reached week 39 of their training when they are due to be assessed. We would like to make clear that tutors should carry out the week 39 assessment, whenever this is possible. Make sure you keep a copy for your records – but there's no need to send it to us at the moment. "We would like to reassure you that we will keep you updated regularly on the progress of these proposals as we work to make sure that they are fair, safe and practicable. "Thank you again for your patience and your ongoing work to support patients and the public during the pandemic. The Royal Pharmaceutical Society (RPS) had previously called for pre-registration pharmacists to be registered provisionally without delay and today they have welcomed the update from the GPhC. The RPS made a statement earlier today in support of the proposals to begin provisional registration in August: "Pre-reg pharmacists are understandably worried about their future careers. We're really pleased that the GPhC have today announced that provisional registration of pre-registration pharmacists will begin in August. This brings welcome certainty to what happens next, even though we recognise much

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SINDROME DE BRUGADA PDF Brugada syndrome BrS is a genetic disorder in which the electrical activity within the heart is abnormal. About a quarter of those with Brugada syndrome have a family member who also has the condition. There is no cure for Brugada syndrome. The condition affects between 1 and 30 per 10, people. While many of those with Brugada syndrome do not have any symptoms, Brugada syndrome may cause fainting or sudden cardiac death due to serious abnormal heart rhythms such as ventricular fibrillation or polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. If a dangerous heart rhythm does not stop by itself and is left untreated, the person may have a fatal cardiac arrest. Author: Tem Nikozil Country: Mauritania Uploader: Goltizuru Brugada syndrome BrS is a genetic disorder in which the electrical activity within the heart is abnormal. About a quarter of those with Brugada syndrome have a family member who also has the condition. There is no cure for Brugada syndrome. The condition affects between 1 and 30 per 10, people. While many of those with Brugada syndrome do not have any symptoms, Brugada syndrome may cause fainting or sudden cardiac death due to serious abnormal heart rhythms such as ventricular fibrillation or polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. If a dangerous heart rhythm does not stop by itself and is left untreated, the person may have a fatal cardiac arrest. However, blackouts can occur in those with Brugada syndrome despite a normal heart rhythm due to a sudden drop in blood pressure, known as vasovagal syncope. The abnormal heart rhythms seen in Brugada syndrome often occur at rest, following a heavy meal, or even during sleep. Abnormal heart rhythms may also occur during fever or following excessive alcohol. Certain medications may also worsen the tendency to abnormal heart rhythms in patients with Brugada syndrome and should be avoided by these patients. The individual cells of the heart communicate with each other with electrical signals, and these electrical signals are disrupted in those with Brugada syndrome. As a genetic condition , the syndrome is ultimately caused by changes to a person's DNA , known as genetic mutations. The first mutations described in association with Brugada syndrome were in a gene responsible for a protein or ion channel that controls the flow of sodium ions through the cell membrane of heart muscle cells — the cardiac sodium channel. Many of the genetic mutations that have subsequently been described in association with Brugada syndrome influence the sodium current in some way, or affect other ionic currents. A long list of factors that can generate a Brugada ECG pattern have been described, including certain medications, electrolyte disturbances such as a decrease in the levels of potassium in the blood , and a reduction in blood supply to key areas of the heart, specifically the right ventricular outflow tract. The ECG pattern can also be seen following excessive use of alcohol or cocaine. Brugada syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that only one copy of the defective gene is needed to produce the syndrome. However, a person diagnosed with the condition may be the first in their family to have Brugada syndrome if it has arisen as a new mutation. Mutations in SCN5A associated with Brugada syndrome generally cause the flow of sodium ions to decrease. However, the genetics of Brugada syndrome are complex, and it is likely that the condition results from the interactions of many genes. Because of these complex interactions, some members of a family who carry a particular mutation may show evidence of Brugada syndrome while other carrying the same mutation may not, referred to as variable penetrance. Several other genes have been identified in association with Brugada syndrome. Another gene associated with this condition is RRAD. Some mutations associated with Brugada syndrome can also cause other heart conditions. Those who show more than one cardiac conditions at the same time caused by a single mutation are described as having an ' overlap syndrome '. An example of an overlap syndrome is Brugada and long QT syndrome LQT3 caused by a mutation in SCN5A that reduces the peak sodium current but simultaneously leaves a persistent current leak

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. The abnormal heart rhythms seen in those with Brugada syndrome are typically dangerous arrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation or polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, but those with BrS are also more likely to experience rapid heart rates due to less dangerous arrhythmias such as AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia [19] and abnormally slow heart rhythms such as sinus node dysfunction. Some argue that the main reason these arrhythmias arise is due to abnormally slow electrical conduction in areas of the heart, specifically the right ventricle. The sodium current is a major contributor to the characteristic flow of electrical charge across the membrane of heart muscle cells that occurs with each heartbeat known as the action potential. I Na causes the initial rapid upstroke of the action potential phase 0 , and decreasing the early peak current, as occurs in BrS-associated genetic variants, leads to slowing of the electrical conduction through the heart muscle. Given the right circumstances, this wavebreak can allow the waves of electricity to perform a U-turn within the muscle, travelling in the reverse direction before beginning to rapidly circle around a point, referred to as re-entry, and causing an abnormal heart rhythm. Others suggest that the main cause of arrhythmias is a difference in the electrical properties between the inside endocardium and outside epicardium of the heart known as the repolarisation hypothesis. The action potential in cells from the epicardium shows a prominent notch after the initial spike due to a transient inward current. This notch is far less evident in cells from the endocardium, and the difference between the endocardium and epicardium are most clearly seen in the right ventricle. In those with Brugada syndrome, these differences are increased, creating a brief period within each cardiac cycle when current flows from the endocardium to the epicardium creating the characteristic ECG pattern. The differences in electrical properties between the epi- and endocardium are described as a 'transmural dispersion of repolarisation" which if large enough can lead to electrical impulses becoming blocked in some regions but not others. Once again, this wavebreak can allow the waves of electricity which usually travel in only one direction to instead begin circling around a point as a re-entrant circuit, causing an arrhythmia. A further factor promoting arrhythmias in Brugada syndrome is changes to the structure of the heart. As Brugada syndrome can be caused by mutation in many different genes, it is possible that different mechanisms may be responsible for the arrhythmias seen in different patients. Brugada syndrome is diagnosed by identifying characteristic patterns on an electrocardiogram. There may be evidence of a slowing of electrical conduction within the heart, as shown by a prolonged PR interval. These patterns may be present all the time, but may appear only in response to particular drugs see below , when the person has a fever , during exercise, or as a result of other triggers. The ECG pattern may become more obvious by performing an ECG in which some of the electrodes are placed in different positions from usual. Three forms of the Brugada ECG pattern have been described [12]. According to current recommendations, only a Type 1 ECG pattern, occurring either spontaneously or in response to medication, can be used to confirm the diagnosis of Brugada syndrome as Type 2 and 3 patterns are not infrequently seen in persons without the disease. Some medications, particularly antiarrhythmic drugs that block the cardiac sodium current I Na, can reveal a Type 1 Brugada pattern in susceptible people. These drugs can be used to help make a diagnosis in those suspected of having Brugada syndrome e. Genetic testing can be helpful to identify patients with Brugada syndrome, most commonly in family members of a person with Brugada syndrome, but sometimes performed in a person who has died suddenly and unexpectedly. In family members who all carry a particular genetic variant associated with Brugada syndrome, some family members may show evidence of Brugada syndrome on their ECGs while others may not. To further complicate matters, many frequently occurring variations in the SCN5A gene do not cause any problems, and therefore genetic variants are sometimes identified in persons with Brugada syndrome that are not truly causing the disease. Invasive electro

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physiological studies , in which wires are passed through a vein to stimulate and record electrical signals from the heart, can sometimes be used to assess the risk of a person with Brugada syndrome experiencing dangerous abnormal heart rhythms. Type 1 Brugada ECG pattern note non-standard lead position, V 5 is placed one intercostal space above V 1 and V 6 is placed one intercostal space above V 2. The main aim when treating people with Brugada syndrome is to reduce the risk of sudden death due to serious abnormal heart rhythms such as ventricular fibrillation or polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. The first line of treatment, suitable for all people with Brugada syndrome regardless of their risk of arrhythmias, is lifestyle advice. These include avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, avoiding certain medications, [12] and treating fever promptly with paracetamol. Some physicians may therefore advise people with Brugada syndrome that while gentle exercise is helpful, very strenuous exercise should be avoided. In people felt to be at higher risk of sudden cardiac death, an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator ICD may be recommended. If the device detects a potentially life-threatening arrhythmia it can give the heart a small electric shock, stunning the heart back into a normal rhythm. Implanting an ICD is a relatively low-risk procedure and is frequently performed as a day case under local anaesthetic. Quinidine is an antiarrhythmic drug that may reduce the chance of serious abnormal heart rhythms occurring in some people with Brugada syndrome. Isoprenaline , a drug that has similarities with adrenaline , can be used in an emergency for people with Brugada syndrome who are having frequent repeated life-threatening arrhythmias, known as an "electrical storm". A further treatment option for people with Brugada syndrome is radiofrequency catheter ablation. These wires are used to find the area of the heart responsible for initiating the arrhythmias. The tip of one of these wires is used to make a series of tiny burns, intentionally damaging the area of abnormal heart muscle that has been causing the problem. Current recommendations suggest that this treatment should be reserved for those with Brugada syndrome who have had repeated shocks from an ICD. Between 1 and 30 per 10, people are affected by Brugada syndrome. While the rare cases seen in childhood are equally likely to be male or female, in adulthood symptoms occur more frequently in males than females, potentially due to the higher testosterone levels found in men. Brugada syndrome is more common in people of Asian descent and is the most common cause of sudden death in young males without known underlying cardiac disease in Thailand and Laos. Local names vary — in the Philippines the condition has been known as Bangungut meaning "a scream followed by sudden death during sleep", [35] while in Thailand it was known as Lai Tai , and in Japan Pokkuri. Brugada syndrome is named after the Spanish cardiologists Josep and Pedro Brugada who described the condition in , [10] although the association between the characteristic ECG pattern and sudden cardiac death had been reported in From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Genetics Home Reference. March Archived from the original on 28 October Retrieved 28 October European Journal of Internal Medicine. Archived from the original on 11 February Archived from the original on 17 October Genetics in Medicine. Current Problems in Cardiology. Electrical diseases of the heart. Basic foundations and primary electrical diseases. London: Springer. December Heart Rhythm. A multicenter report". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. Journal of Cardiology. January Human Mutation. European Heart Journal. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. Frontiers in Physiology. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology. Current Opinion in Cardiology. February Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. International Journal of Sports Medicine. ETOM TUTORIAL PDF The journal, published since , is the official publication of the Spanish Society of Cardiology and founder of the REC Publications journal family. Articles are published in both English an Spanish in its electronic edition. The Imp

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Blue is the Warmest Colour - Film Review Home > Everywhere > Cinema | Film Reviews | Gay & Lesbian | Movie Reviews by Richard Leathem (subscribe) Freelance writer. Melbourne based cinephile. Fond of food. Published February 7th 2014 Love, lust and spaghetti Director: Abdellatif Kechiche Black Venus, The Secret of the Grain, Games of Love and Chance) Cast: Lea Seydoux, Adele Exarchopoulos, Salim Kechiouche So what is all the fuss about Blue is the Warmest Colour? It's been winning awards, creating controversy and a considerable amount of money throughout Europe and America. Not bad for a very long foreign language film. Poker faced Adele (Adele Exarchopoulos) and g.f. Emma (Lea Seydoux) The film is basically three hours of extreme close-ups of a French lesbian eating spaghetti with her mouth open. Okay, it's a bit more than that, but really, why did the director find the need to show his subject eating so much? I counted eight scenes of Adele eating various forms of food (spaghetti in three scenes), always with her mouth open. When she's not eating, she's crying, usually with a very runny nose that she refuses to wipe, even if her nasal juices are flowing into her mouth - which they often do. Most of the talk about the film though is reserved for the rather lengthy and graphic sex scenes between the two female protagonists. Are the scenes pornographic? Is it all in the name of art? Would we be having this conversation if it were a straight couple? One scene in particular leaves nothing to the imagination. For the first few minutes I was thinking about how the two actresses had publicly vocalised their mistreatment by the director, a 53 year old straight man, saying he exploited them and cajoled them into doing things they didn't want to do. Knowing this lends an uncomfortable sense of voyeurism. After the scene went on for a few more minutes I started thinking about what I was going to buy for dinner that night. I know sex is an important part of a story about a sexual relationship, but I felt director Kechiche, had pretty much said all he needed to say in the first few minutes of the scene. Lea Seydoux as Emma is a major asset to the film In its favour, the film is actually pretty involving for the first hour or so. High school student Adele is living the typical life of a French teen, she has her fair share of ups and downs, but nothing out of the ordinary. Lately one of the guys in her class has been showing her a lot of attention. Thomas is an absolute babe - he's hip, he's sexy, and he's persistent. Things quickly get physical between them but Adele feels no real emotion towards Thomas. Eventually she gives him the shove but is vaguely concerned that she can't get enthused about a guy who has everything going for him. A brief hook up with one of her female class mates snaps her out of her ennui and suddenly her curiosity is piqued. She goes to a gay bar with her gay male bestie and there she meets the slightly older Emma, a budding artist. So begins her emotional and sexual awakening. To this point the set up is solid enough. Adele, despite appearing as a bit of a blank page, has just enough going on behind her eyes to suggest the restlessness within her. For me, Emma is the more interesting character. She knows exactly what she wants and her attraction and affection for Adele is what ignites the screen. Once the interminable food and sex scenes start, the pace slackens off. The use of food to signify class difference comes across as laboured and repetitive. Between this heavy symbolism there is still a fair amount of interest in the dynamics of the couple's relationship, particularly Emma's frustration at Adele's lack of ambition to express herself creatively. It's really not enough though to sustain a three hour film. Despite Adele Exarchopoulos' charms (which don't extend to her etiquette at the dining table) her Adele is too gormless in the first part and too hysterical in the second. She's not a particularly endearing character. Lea Seydoux

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CommonCrawl

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<?php return [ 'dashboard.title' => [ 'system-nodes-now' => "D'un coup d'oeil", 'system-nodes-user-modified' => "Vos dernières modifications" ], 'element.title' => [ 'is_online' => "Inclure ou exclure l'enregistrement du site" ], 'element.description' => [ 'is_online' => "Seuls les enregistrements publiés sont disponibles pour les visiteurs. Cependant, les enregistrements non publiés peuvent être disponibles pour les utilisateurs qui en ont l'autorisation.", 'slug' => "Le <q>slug</q> est la version du titre utilisable dans les URL. Écrit en minuscules, il ne contient que lettres non accentuées, chiffres et traits d'union. S'il est vide lors de l'enregistrement, le <q>slug</q> est automatiquement créé à partir du titre.", 'site_id' => "Parce que vous en avez la permission, vous pouvez choisir le site d'appartenance pour l'enregistrement. Un enregistrement appartenant à un site en hérite la langue et n'est visible que sur ce site.", 'user' => "Parce que vous en avez la permission, vous pouvez choisir l'utilisateur propriétaire de cet enregistrement." ], 'group.legend' => [ 'Admin' => 'Administration', 'Advanced' => 'Options avancées', 'Visibility' => 'Visibilité' ], 'label' => [ 'is_online' => 'Publié', 'site_id' => "Site d'appartenance", 'title' => 'Titre', 'user' => 'Utilisateur' ], 'nodes.manage.column' => [ 'constructor' => 'Constructeur', 'uid' => 'Utilisateur', 'title' => 'Titre', 'translations' => 'Traductions' ], 'module_category.other' => 'Autre', 'module_title.nodes' => 'Nœuds', 'offline.operation' => [ 'title' => "Dépublier des enregistrements", 'short_title' => "Dépublier", 'continue' => "Dépublier", 'cancel' => "Ne pas dépublier", 'confirm' => [ 'one' => "Êtes-vous sûr de vouloir dépublier l'enregistrement sélectionné ?", 'other' => "Êtes-vous sûr de vouloir dépublier les :count enregistrements sélectionnés ?" ] ], 'online.operation' => [ 'title' => "Publier des enregistrements", 'short_title' => "Publier", 'continue' => "Publier", 'cancel' => "Ne pas publier", 'confirm' => [ 'one' => "Êtes-vous sûr de vouloir publier l'enregistrement sélectionné ?", 'other' => "Êtes-vous sûr de vouloir publier les :count enregistrements sélectionnés ?" ] ], 'change_user.operation' => [ 'title' => "Changer l'utilisateur d'enregistrements", 'short_title' => "Changer utilisateur", 'continue' => "Changer", 'cancel' => "Ne pas changer", 'confirm' => [ 'one

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2,888

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(Redirected from Angle brackets) Tall punctuation mark typically used in matched pairs within text, to set apart or interject other text; opening and closing, or left and right symbols This article is about the family of punctuation marks. For other uses, see Bracket (disambiguation). "Parenthesis" and "parenthetical" redirect here. For other uses, see Parenthesis (disambiguation). Round brackets Curly brackets Square brackets This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. A bracket is either of two tall fore- or back-facing punctuation marks commonly used to isolate a segment of text or data from its surroundings. Typically deployed in symmetric pairs, an individual bracket may be identified as a left or right bracket or, alternatively, an opening paired bracket or closing paired bracket,[1] respectively, depending on the directionality of the context. Specific forms of the mark include rounded brackets (also called parentheses), square brackets, curly brackets (also called braces), and angle brackets (also called chevrons), as well as various less common pairs of symbols. As well as signifying the overall class of punctuation, the word bracket is commonly used to refer to a specific form of bracket, which varies from region to region. In North America, an unqualified 'bracket' typically refers to the square bracket; in Britain, the round bracket. 2 Names for various bracket symbols 3 Typography 4 Types and uses 4.1 Parentheses 4.1.1 Usage in writing 4.1.2 Usage in enumerations 4.1.3 Usage in mathematics 4.1.4 Usage in programming languages 4.1.5 Usage in other scientific fields 4.1.6 Usage online 4.2 Square brackets 4.2.1 Usage in published text 4.2.2 Usage in proofreading 4.2.3 Usage in scientific fields 4.2.5 Other uses 4.3 Curly brackets 4.4 Angle brackets 4.5 Lenticular brackets 4.6 Floor and ceiling corners 4.7 Quine corners and half brackets 4.8 Double brackets 4.9 Brackets with quills 5 Specific uses 5.1 Computing 5.2 Mathematics 5.3 Accounting 5.4 Citations 5.5 Law 6 Encoding in digital media Chevrons, ⟨ ⟩, were the earliest type of bracket to appear in written English. Desiderius Erasmus coined the term lunula to refer to the rounded parentheses, (), recalling the shape of the crescent moon.[2] Names for various bracket symbols[edit] Find sources: "Bracket" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Some of the following names are regional or contextual. ( ) – parentheses, brackets (UK, Ireland, Canada, West Indies, New Zealand, South Africa and Australia), parens, round brackets, first brackets, or circle brackets { } – braces are "two connecting marks used in printing"; and in music "to connect staves to be performed at the same time"[3] (UK and US), French brackets, curly brackets, definite brackets, swirly brackets, curly braces, birdie brackets, Scottish brackets, squirrelly brackets, gullwings, seagulls, squiggly brackets, twirly brackets, Tuborg brackets (DK), accolades (NL), pointy brackets, second brackets, fancy brackets, M Brace, moustache brackets. [ ] – square brackets, closed brackets, hard brackets, third brackets, crotchets,[4] or brackets (US) ⟨ ⟩ – pointy brackets, angle brackets, triangular brackets, diamond brackets, tuples, or chevrons < > – guillemets, inequality signs, pointy brackets, or brackets. Sometimes referred to as angle brackets, in such cases as HTML markup. Occasionally known as broken brackets or "brokets".[5] ⸤ ⸥; 「」 – corner brackets ⟦ ⟧ – double square brackets, white square brackets, Scott brackets 〔〕 – tortoise shell brackets Guillemets, ‹ › and « », are sometimes referred to as chevrons or [double] angle brackets,

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2,894

0

CommonCrawl

12

5

but are not used as brackets.[6] Typography[edit] The characters ‹ › and « », known as guillemets or angular quote brackets, are actually quotation mark glyphs used in several European languages.[7] Which one of each pair is the opening quote mark and which is the closing quote varies between languages. Similarly, the corner-brackets 「」 are quotation marks used in East Asian languages (see Quotation mark § Chinese, Japanese and Korean quotation marks). In English, typographers mostly prefer not to set brackets in italics, even when the enclosed text is italic.[8] However, in other languages like German, if brackets enclose text in italics, they are usually also set in italics.[9] Types and uses[edit] Parentheses [edit] Various terms redirect here. For other uses, see Parenthesis (disambiguation), Paren (disambiguation), Parens (moth), ( ) (disambiguation), Parenthetical referencing, and Parenthetical Girls. Due to technical restrictions, titles like :) redirect here. For typographical portrayals of faces, see Emoticon. Look up parenthesis or ( ) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Usage in writing[edit] Parentheses /pəˈrɛnθɪsiːz/ (singular, parenthesis /pəˈrɛnθɪsɪs/) (also called simply brackets, or round brackets, curves, curved brackets, oval brackets, stalls or, colloquially, parens /pəˈrɛnz/) contain material that serves to clarify (in the manner of a gloss) or is aside from the main point.[10] A milder effect may be obtained by using a pair of commas as the delimiter, though if the sentence contains commas for other purposes, visual confusion may result. That issue is fixed by using a pair of dashes instead, to bracket the parenthetical. In American usage, parentheses are usually considered separate from other brackets, and calling them "brackets" is unusual. Parentheses may be used in formal writing to add supplementary information, such as "Sen. John McCain (R-Arizona) spoke at length". They can also indicate shorthand for "either singular or plural" for nouns, e.g. "the claim(s)". It can also be used for gender neutral language, especially in languages with grammatical gender, e.g. "(s)he agreed with his/her physician" (the slash in the second instance, as one alternative is replacing the other, not adding to it).[11] Parenthetical phrases have been used extensively in informal writing and stream of consciousness literature. Examples include the southern American author William Faulkner (see Absalom, Absalom! and the Quentin section of The Sound and the Fury) as well as poet E. E. Cummings. Parentheses have historically been used where the dash is currently used in alternatives, such as "parenthesis)(parentheses". Examples of this usage can be seen in editions of Fowler's. Parentheses may be nested (generally with one set (such as this) inside another set). This is not commonly used in formal writing (though sometimes other brackets [especially square brackets] will be used for one or more inner set of parentheses [in other words, secondary {or even tertiary} phrases can be found within the main parenthetical sentence]). Any punctuation inside parentheses or other brackets is independent of the rest of the text: "Mrs. Pennyfarthing (What? Yes, that was her name!) was my landlady." In this usage, the explanatory text in the parentheses is a parenthesis. Parenthesized text is usually short and within a single sentence. Where several sentences of supplemental material are used in parentheses the final full stop would be within the parentheses, or simply omitted. Again, the parenthesis implies that the meaning and flow of the text is supplemental to the rest of the text and the whole would be unchanged were the parenthesized sentences removed. In more formal usage, "parenthesis" may refer to the entire bracketed text, not just to the punctuation marks used (so all the text in this set of round brackets may be said to be "a parenthesis", "a parenthetical", or "a parenthetical phrase").[12] Usage in enumerations[edit] Lower-case Latin letters used as indexes, rather than bullets or numbers, followed by an un

-0.556343

-0.80249

0.034614

-0.400896

[ -0.7748057913528128, -0.33787932950220817 ]

[ -0.7254933892793227, -0.8794874472719585 ]

[ -0.051618007414327864, 0.12084638231180245 ]

[ -0.6031732439599242, -0.1986195208361593 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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3265, 1135, 8227, 10376, 470, 3694, 29892, 5643, 491, 385, 443 ]

2,894

1,024

CommonCrawl

12

5

paired parenthesis, are used in ordered lists especially in: a) educational testing, b) technical writing and diagrams, c) market research, and d) elections.[citation needed] Usage in mathematics[edit] Parentheses are used in mathematical notation to indicate grouping, often inducing a different order of operations. For example: in the usual order of algebraic operations, 4 × 3 + 2 equals 14, since the multiplication is done before the addition. However, 4 × (3 + 2) equals 20, because the parentheses override normal precedence, causing the addition to be done first. Some authors follow the convention in mathematical equations that, when parentheses have one level of nesting, the inner pair are parentheses and the outer pair are square brackets. Example: [ 4 × ( 3 + 2 ) ] 2 = 400. {\displaystyle [4\times (3+2)]^{2}=400.} A related convention is that when parentheses have two levels of nesting, curly brackets (braces) are the outermost pair. Following this convention, when more than three levels of nesting are needed, often a cycle of parentheses, square brackets, and curly brackets will continue. This helps to distinguish between one such level and the next.[13] Parentheses are also used to set apart the arguments in mathematical functions. For example, f(x) is the function f applied to the variable x. In coordinate systems parentheses are used to denote a set of coordinates; so in the Cartesian coordinate system (4, 7) may represent the point located at 4 on the x-axis and 7 on the y-axis. Parentheses may be used to represent a binomial coefficient, and also matrices. Usage in programming languages[edit] Parentheses are included in the syntaxes of many programming languages. Typically needed to denote an argument; to tell the compiler what data type the Method/Function needs to look for first in order to initialise. In some cases, such as in LISP, parentheses are a fundamental construct of the language. They are also often used for scoping functions and for arrays. In syntax diagrams they are used for grouping eg in Extended Backus–Naur form. Usage in other scientific fields[edit] Parentheses are used in chemistry to denote a repeated substructure within a molecule, e.g. HC(CH3)3 (isobutane) or, similarly, to indicate the stoichiometry of ionic compounds with such substructures: e.g. Ca(NO3)2 (calcium nitrate). They can be used in various fields as notation to indicate the amount of uncertainty in a numerical quantity. For example:[14] 1234.56789(11) 1234.56789 ± 0.00011 e.g. the value of the Boltzmann constant could be quoted as 1.38064852(79)×10−23 J⋅K−1 Usage online[edit] Many online Roleplayers use double parentheses to connotate out-of-character (OOC) messages that one may send another.[citation needed] Square brackets [edit] Look up square bracket in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Usage in published text[edit] Square brackets—also called crotchets or simply brackets (US)—are often used to insert explanatory material or to mark where a [word or] passage was omitted from an original material by someone other than the original author, or to mark modifications in quotations.[15] A bracketed ellipsis, […], is often used to indicate omitted material: "I'd like to thank [several unimportant people] for their tolerance [...]"[16] Bracketed comments inserted into a quote indicate where the original has been modified for clarity: "I appreciate it [the honor], but I must refuse", and "the future of psionics [see definition] is in doubt". Or one can quote the original statement "I hate to do laundry" with a (sometimes grammatical) modification inserted: He "hate[s] to do laundry". Additionally, a small letter can be replaced by a capital one, when the beginning of the original text is omitted for succinctness, for example, when referring to a verbose original: "To the extent that policymakers and elite opinion in general have made use of economic analysis at all, they have, as the saying goes, done so the way a drunk

-0.565245

0.199366

0.77266

0.480338

[ -0.5501790209970161, -0.5803118804349888 ]

[ 0.5780842179141524, -0.17935167197985857 ]

[ 1.409256823207011, 0.13606382846410806 ]

[ 0.649427186614281, 0.311249051741406 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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2,894

2,048

CommonCrawl

12

5

ard uses a lamppost: for support, not illumination", it can be quoted succinctly as: "[P]olicymakers […] made use of economic analysis […] the way a drunkard uses a lamppost: for support, not illumination." When nested parentheses are needed, brackets are used as a substitute for the inner pair of parentheses within the outer pair.[17] When deeper levels of nesting are needed, convention is to alternate between parentheses and brackets at each level. Alternatively, empty square brackets can also indicate omitted material, usually single letter only. The original "Reading is also a process and it also changes you." can be rewritten in a quote as: It has been suggested that reading can "also change[] you". The bracketed expression "[sic]" is used after a quote or reprinted text to indicate the passage appears exactly as in the original source, where it may otherwise appear that a mistake has been made in reproduction. In translated works, brackets are used to signify the same word or phrase in the original language to avoid ambiguity.[18] For example: He is trained in the way of the open hand [karate]. Usage in proofreading[edit] Brackets (called move-left symbols or move right symbols) are added to the sides of text in proofreading to indicate changes in indentation: [To Fate I sue, of other means bereft, the only refuge for the wretched left. ]Paradise Lost[ Usage in scientific fields[edit] Brackets are used in mathematics in a variety of notations, including standard notations for commutators, the floor function, the Lie bracket, equivalence classes, the Iverson bracket, and matrices. Square brackets may also represent closed intervals; [ 0 , 5 ] {\displaystyle [0,5]} for example, represents the set of real numbers from 0 to 5 inclusive. Square brackets can also be used in chemistry to represent the concentration of a chemical substance in solution and to denote charge a Lewis structure of an ion (particularly distributed charge in a complex ion), repeating chemical units (particularly in polymers) and transition state structures, among other uses. Brackets are used in many computer programming languages, primarily to force the order of evaluation and for parameter lists and array indexing. But they are also used to denote general tuples, sets and other structures, just as in mathematics. There may be several other uses as well, depending on the language at hand. In syntax diagrams they are used for optional eg in Extended Backus–Naur form. In linguistics, phonetic transcriptions are generally enclosed within brackets,[19] often using the International Phonetic Alphabet, whereas phonemic transcriptions typically use paired slashes. Pipes (| |) are often used to indicate a morphophonemic rather than phonemic representation. Other conventions are double slashes (// //), double pipes (|| ||) and curly brackets ({ }). In lexicography, square brackets usually surround the section of a dictionary entry which contains the etymology of the word the entry defines. Brackets are used to denote parts of the text that need to be checked when preparing drafts prior to finalizing a document. They often denote points that have not yet been agreed to in legal drafts and the year in which a report was made for certain case law decisions. Curly brackets[edit] An example of when to use a curly bracket, in this case grouping multiple sentences together. Look up curly bracket in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Curly brackets { and }, also known as curly braces (UK and US), flower brackets (India) and squiggly brackets (colloquially), are rarely used in prose and have no widely accepted use in formal writing, but may be used to mark words or sentences that should be taken as a group, to avoid confusion when other types of brackets are already in use, or for a special purpose specific to the publication (such as in a dictionary).[20] More commonly, they are used to indicate a group of lines that should be taken together, as in when referring to several lines of poetry that should be repeated. In music, they are known as "accolades" or "braces", and connect two or more lines (staves) of music that are played simultaneously.[21] In mathematics they delimit sets, and in writing, they may be used similarly, "Select your animal {goat, sheep, cow, horse} and follow me".[citation needed] Curly brackets are often also used to denote the Poisson bracket between two

-0.440263

-0.08691

0.397297

0.290438

[ -0.27008039576676957, -0.6104447398729616 ]

[ 0.028361243452068793, -0.20218218639155747 ]

[ 0.4150503412563777, 0.37954296690099787 ]

[ 0.3268572733509233, 0.25401890583984255 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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2,894

3,072

CommonCrawl

12

5

quantities. In many programming languages, they enclose groups of statements and create a local scope. Such languages (C, C#, C++ and many others) are therefore called curly bracket languages.[22]. They are used for Enumerated type, eg in C. In syntax diagrams they are used for repetition eg in Extended Backus–Naur form. Angle brackets[edit] "Angle bracket" redirects here. For a mechanical part used for joining, see Angle bracket (fastener). Find sources: "Bracket" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Look up angle bracket or chevron in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Chevrons ⟨ ⟩, similar to the commonly used less-than (<) and greater-than sign (>), are often used to enclose highlighted material. In physical sciences, chevrons are used to denote an average over time or over another continuous parameter. For example, ⟨ V ( t ) 2 ⟩ = lim T → ∞ 1 T ∫ − T 2 T 2 V ( t ) 2 d t . {\displaystyle \left\langle V(t)^{2}\right\rangle =\lim _{T\to \infty }{\frac {1}{T}}\int _{-{\frac {T}{2}}}^{\frac {T}{2}}V(t)^{2}\,{\rm {d}}t.} The inner product of two vectors is commonly written as ⟨a,b⟩, but there are other notations used. In mathematical physics, especially quantum mechanics, it is common to write the inner product between elements as ⟨a|b⟩, as a short version of ⟨a|·|b⟩, or ⟨a|Ô|b⟩, where Ô is an operator. This is known as Dirac notation or bra–ket notation. In set theory, chevrons or parentheses are used to denote ordered pairs and other tuples, whereas curly brackets are used for unordered sets. In linguistics, chevrons indicate graphemes (i.e., written letters) or orthography, as in "The English word /kæt/ is spelled ⟨cat⟩."[23][24][25] In epigraphy, they may be used for mechanical transliterations of a text into the Latin script.[24] In textual criticism, and hence in many editions of pre-modern works, chevrons denote sections of the text which are illegible or otherwise lost; the editor will often insert their own reconstruction where possible within them.[25] In HTML, chevrons (greater and less than symbols) are used to bracket meta text. For example "<b>" denotes that the following text should be displayed as bold. Pairs of meta text tags are required - much as brackets themselves are usually in pairs. The end of the bold text segment would be indicated by "</b>". This usage is sometimes extended as a mechanism for communicating mood, or tone, in digital formats such as messaging, for example adding "<sighs>" at the end of a sentence. Chevrons are infrequently used to denote words that are thought instead of spoken, such as: ⟨ What an unusual flower! ⟩ The mathematical or logical symbols for greater-than (>) and less-than (<) are inequality symbols; when either symbol is bisected by a vertical line, it represents "not greater than" or "not less than," respectively. These symbols are not punctuation marks when used, as intended, to represent an inequality. However, as true chevrons are not present on computer keyboards, the available less-than and greater-than symbols are often used instead. They are loosely referred to as angle[d] brackets or chevrons in this case, but more properly—and less confusingly—as pointy brackets (see the Names section above).[citation needed] Single and double pairs of comparison operators (<<, >>) (meaning much smaller than and much greater than) are sometimes used as a fallback instead of guillemets («, ») (used as quotation marks in many languages) when the proper characters are not available on the keyboard nor in the input editor. Similarly, early Internet messaging conventions developed to use the greater-than sign (>), available in the ASCII character set, to mark quoted lines. This format, known as Usenet quoting, is used by email clients when operating in plain text mode. In comic books, chevrons are often used to mark dialogue that has been

-0.562506

-0.054231

0.248927

0.251418

[ -0.6597530553169169, -0.46525914439909294 ]

[ -0.33916527286175097, 0.230702273140067 ]

[ 0.4962100540686743, 0.001643054118741791 ]

[ 0.378884678715981, 0.12395039242719835 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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2,894

4,096

CommonCrawl

12

5

translated notionally from another language; in other words, if a character is speaking another language, instead of writing in the other language and providing a translation, one writes the translated text within chevrons. Since no foreign language is actually written, this is only notionally translated.[citation needed] In continuum mechanics, chevrons may be used as Macaulay brackets. In East Asian punctuation, angle brackets are used as quotation marks. Chevron-like symbols are part of standard Chinese, and Korean punctuation, where they generally enclose the titles of books: ︿ and ﹀ or ︽ and ︾ for traditional vertical printing, and 〈 and 〉 or 《 and 》 for horizontal printing. Lenticular brackets[edit] Look up 【】 in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Some East Asian languages use lenticular brackets 【】, a combination of square brackets and round brackets called 方頭括號 (fāngtóu kuòhào) in Chinese and すみ付き (sumitsuki) in Japanese. They are used for inference in Chinese[clarification needed] and used in titles and headings in Japanese. Floor and ceiling corners[edit] Look up ⌊ ⌋ or ⌈ ⌉ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The floor corner brackets ⌊ and ⌋, the ceiling corner brackets ⌈ and ⌉ are used to denote the integer floor and ceiling functions. Quine corners and half brackets[edit] The Quine corners ⌜ and ⌝ have at least two uses in mathematical logic: either as quasi-quotation, a generalization of quotation marks, or to denote the Gödel number of the enclosed expression. Half brackets are used in English to mark added text, such as in translations: "Bill saw ⸤her⸥". In editions of papyrological texts, half brackets, ⸤ and ⸥ or ⸢ and ⸣, enclose text which is lacking in the papyrus due to damage, but can be restored by virtue of another source, such as an ancient quotation of the text transmitted by the papyrus.[26] For example, Callimachus Iambus 1.2 reads: ἐκ τῶν ὅκου βοῦν κολλύ⸤βου π⸥ιπρήσκουσιν. A hole in the papyrus has obliterated βου π, but these letters are supplied by an ancient commentary on the poem. Second intermittent sources can be between ⸢ and ⸣. Quine corners are sometimes used instead of half brackets.[27] Double brackets[edit] Double brackets (or white square brackets), ⟦ ⟧, are used to indicate the semantic evaluation function in formal semantics for natural language and denotational semantics for programming languages.[28][29] The brackets stand for a function that maps a linguistic expression to its "denotation" or semantic value. In mathematics, double brackets may also be used to denote intervals of integers or, less often, the floor function. Brackets with quills[edit] Known as "spike parentheses" (Swedish: piggparenteser) ⁅ and ⁆ are used in Swedish dictionaries.[30] Specific uses[edit] Computing[edit] The various bracket characters are frequently used in many programming languages as operators or for other syntax markup. For instance, in C-like languages, { and } are often used to delimit a code block, and the parameters of method calls are generally enclosed by ( and ). In C, C++, Java and other C-derived languages—as well as in Scheme-influenced languages that have adopted C/Java syntax, such as JavaScript—the "{}" symbols are referred to as "braces" or "curly braces" and never as brackets. Since the term "brace" is documented in the definitive programming specifications for these languages, it is preferable to use the correct term brace so there is no confusion between the brace (used to denote compound statements) and the bracket, used to denote other concepts, such as array indices.[31][32] Mathematics[edit] Main article: Bracket (mathematics) In

-0.473477

0.193994

0.109433

0.602603

[ -0.5036100564110582, -0.44334433753511276 ]

[ 0.3130711878803141, 0.07491758656612148 ]

[ 0.03207794642335302, 0.18678864897179345 ]

[ 0.47253400837308485, 0.7326710351983733 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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2,894

5,120

CommonCrawl

12

5

addition to the use of parentheses to specify the order of operations, both parentheses and brackets are used to denote an interval, also referred to as a half-open range. The notation [a,c) is used to indicate an interval from a to c that is inclusive of a but exclusive of c. That is, [5, 12) would be the set of all real numbers between 5 and 12, including 5 but not 12. The numbers may come as close as they like to 12, including 11.999 and so forth (with any finite number of 9s), but 12.0 is not included. In some European countries, the notation [5, 12[ is also used for this. The endpoint adjoining the bracket is known as closed, whereas the endpoint adjoining the parenthesis is known as open. If both types of brackets are the same, the entire interval may be referred to as closed or open as appropriate. Whenever +∞ or −∞ is used as an endpoint, it is normally considered open and adjoined to a parenthesis. See Interval (mathematics) for a more complete treatment. In quantum mechanics, chevrons are also used as part of Dirac's formalism, bra–ket notation, to note vectors from the dual spaces of the Bra ⟨A| and the Ket |B⟩. Mathematicians will also commonly write ⟨a, b⟩ for the inner product of two vectors. In statistical mechanics, chevrons denote ensemble or time average. Chevrons are used in group theory to write group presentations, and to denote the subgroup generated by a collection of elements. Note that obtuse angled chevrons are not always (and even not by all users) distinguished from a pair of less-than and greater-than signs <>, which are sometimes used as a typographic approximation of chevrons. In group theory and ring theory, brackets denote the commutator. In group theory, the commutator [g, h] is commonly defined as g −1 h −1 g h . In ring theory, the commutator [a, b] is defined as a b − b a . Furthermore, in ring theory, braces denote the anticommutator where {a, b} is defined as a b + b a . The bracket is also used to denote the Lie derivative, or more generally the Lie bracket in any Lie algebra. Various notations, like the vinculum have a similar effect to brackets in specifying order of operations, or otherwise grouping several characters together for a common purpose. In the Z formal specification language, braces define a set and chevrons define a sequence. Accounting[edit] Traditionally in accounting, contra amounts are placed in parentheses. A debit balance account in a series of credit balances will have brackets and vice versa. Citations[edit] When quoted material is in any way altered, the alterations are enclosed in square brackets within the quotation. For example: Plaintiff asserts his cause is just, stating, "[m]y causes is [sic] just." Although in the original quoted sentence the word "my" was capitalized, it has been modified in the quotation and the change signalled with brackets. Similarly, where the quotation contained a grammatical error, the quoting author signalled that the error was in the original with "[sic]" (Latin for 'thus'). (California Style Manual, section 4:59 (4th ed.)) Law[edit] Square brackets are used in some countries in the citation of law reports to identify parallel citations to non-official reporters. For example: Chronicle Pub. Co. v. Superior Court, (1998) 54 Cal.2d 548, [7 Cal.Rptr. 109]. In some other countries (such as England and Wales), square brackets are used to indicate that the year is part of the citation and parentheses are used to indicate the year the judgment was given. For example, National Coal Board v England [1954] AC 403, is in the 1954 volume of the Appeal Cases reports although the decision may have been given in 1953 or earlier, whereas (1954) 98 Sol Jo 176 reports a decision from 1954, in volume 98 of the Solicitor's Journal which may be published in 1955 or later. Tournament brackets, the diagrammatic

-0.440263

0.095957

0.634435

0.992808

[ -0.16324571230486626, -0.7172794233348649 ]

[ 0.48497153168604706, -0.2930565868930257 ]

[ 1.1962125770747325, 0.07265780282950132 ]

[ 1.3778108617250886, 0.6078052623222349 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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2,894

6,144

CommonCrawl

12

5

representation of the series of games played during a tournament usually leading to a single winner, are so named for their resemblance to brackets or braces. Encoding in digital media[edit] Representations of various kinds of brackets in Unicode and HTML are given below. SGML/HTML/XML entities General purpose[33] U+0028 Left parenthesis ( &lparen; (parentheses) U+0029 Right parenthesis ) &rparen; U+005B Left square bracket [ [sic] U+005D Right square bracket ] Technical/mathematical (common)[33] U+003C Less-than sign < < <HTML> U+003E Greater-than sign > > U+007B Left curly bracket { {round, square, curly} U+007D Right curly bracket } (Western texts)[34][35] U+00AB Left-pointing double angle quotation mark « « French quote » or »German quote« U+00BB Right-pointing double angle quotation mark » U+2039 Single left-pointing angle quotation mark ‹ ‹ x › U+203A Single right-pointing angle quotation mark › U+201C Left double quotation mark “ "English quote" U+201D Right double quotation mark ” U+2018 Left single quotation mark ‘ 'English quote' U+2019 Right single quotation mark ’ U+201A Single low-9 quotation mark ‚ &sbquo; 'German quote' or 'Polish quote' U+201E Double low-9 quotation mark „ &bdquo; "German quote" or "Polish quote" Floor and ceiling functions[27] U+2308 Left ceiling ⌈ ⌈ceiling⌉ U+2309 Right ceiling ⌉ U+230A Left floor ⌊ ⌊floor⌋ U+230B Right floor ⌋ Quine corners[27] U+231C Top left corner ⌜ ⌜quasi-quotation⌝ ⌜editorial notation⌝ U+231D Top right corner ⌝ U+231E Bottom left corner ⌞ ⌞editorial notation⌟ U+231F Bottom right corner ⌟ (specialized)[27][36][37][38] U+207D Superscript left parenthesis ⁽ X⁽²⁾ U+207E Superscript right parenthesis ⁾ U+208D Subscript left parenthesis ₍ X₍₂₎ U+208E Subscript right parenthesis ₎ U+239B Left parenthesis upper hook ⎛ ⎛ ⎜ ⎝ large parentheses ⎞ ⎟ ⎠ U+239C Left parenthesis extension ⎜ U+239D Left parenthesis lower hook ⎝ U+239E Right parenthesis upper hook ⎞ U+239F Right parenthesis extension ⎟ U+23A0 Right parenthesis lower hook ⎠ U+23A1 Left square bracket upper corner ⎡��

-1.404856

-0.850837

-0.867337

-0.380228

[ -1.1418788063244807, -1.6678341710600046 ]

[ -0.48554915938382043, -1.2161256205581856 ]

[ -0.41493453430062444, -1.3197385201064624 ]

[ -0.19601815056790642, -0.5644372148092212 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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2,894

7,168

CommonCrawl

10

8

� large brackets ⎤ ⎥ ⎦ U+23A2 Left square bracket extension ⎢ U+23A3 Left square bracket lower corner ⎣ U+23A4 Right square bracket upper corner ⎤ U+23A5 Right square bracket extension ⎥ U+23A6 Right square bracket lower corner ⎦ U+23A7 Left curly bracket upper hook ⎧ ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ large brackets ⎫ ⎬ ⎭ U+23A8 Left curly bracket middle piece ⎨ U+23A9 Left curly bracket lower hook ⎩ U+23AB Right curly bracket upper hook ⎫ U+23AC Right curly bracket middle piece ⎬ U+23AD Right curly bracket lower hook ⎭ U+23AA Curly bracket extension ⎪ ⎪ U+23B0 Upper left or lower right curly bracket section ⎰ ⎰ ⎱ more curly brackets ⎱ U+23B1 Upper right or lower left curly bracket section ⎱ U+23B4 Top square bracket ⎴ ⎴ horizontal square ⎶ ⎵ U+23B5 Bottom square bracket ⎵ U+23B6 Bottom square bracket over top square bracket ⎶ U+23B8 Left vertical box line ⎸ ⎸boxed text⎹ U+23B9 Right vertical box line ⎹ U+23DC Top parenthesis ⏜ ⏜ horizontal parentheses ⏝ U+23DD Bottom parenthesis ⏝ U+23DE Top curly bracket ⏞ ⏞ horizontal curly brackets ⏟ U+23DF Bottom curly bracket ⏟ U+23E0 Top tortoise shell bracket ⏠ ⏠ tortoise shell brackets ⏡ U+23E1 Bottom tortoise shell bracket ⏡ U+27C5 Left s-shaped bag delimiter ⟅ ⟅…⟆ U+27C6 Right s-shaped bag delimiter ⟆ U+27D3 Lower right corner with dot ⟓ ⟓pullback…pushout⟔ U+27D4 Upper left corner with dot ⟔ U+27E6 Mathematical left white square bracket ⟦ ⟦white square brackets⟧ U+27E7 Mathematical right white square bracket ⟧ U+27E8 Mathematical left angle bracket ⟨ &lang;[e 1] ⟨a, b⟩ U+27E9 Mathematical right angle bracket ⟩ &rang;[e 1] U+27EA Mathematical left double angle bracket ⟪ ⟪A, B⟫ U+27EB Mathematical right double angle bracket ⟫ U+27EC Mathematical left white tortoise shell bracket ⟬ ⟬white tortoise shell brackets⟭ U+27ED Mathematical right white tortoise shell bracket ⟭ U+27EE Mathematical left flattened parenthesis ⟮ ⟮flattened parentheses⟯ U+27EF Mathematical right flattened parenthesis ⟯

-2.067779

-1.395188

-1.072455

-0.605734

[ -2.106130308339608, -2.0294284843156776 ]

[ -1.5097887078929795, -1.2805882494853356 ]

[ -1.0432882483395771, -1.1016217919234153 ]

[ -0.8606682541065184, -0.350799681528953 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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2,894

8,192

CommonCrawl

1

6

U+2983 Left white curly bracket ⦃ ⦃white curly brackets⦄ U+2984 Right white curly bracket ⦄ U+2985 Left white parenthesis ⦅ ⦅white/double parentheses⦆ U+2986 Right white parenthesis ⦆ U+2987 Z notation left image bracket ⦇ R⦇S⦈ U+2988 Z notation right image bracket ⦈ U+2989 Z notation left binding bracket ⦉ A⦉B⦊ U+298A Z notation right binding bracket ⦊ U+298B Left square bracket with underbar ⦋ ⦋underlined square brackets⦌ U+298C Right square bracket with underbar ⦌ U+298D Left square bracket with tick in top corner ⦍ ⦍ticked square brackets⦐ U+2990 Right square bracket with tick in top corner ⦐ U+298E Right square bracket with tick in bottom corner ⦎ ⦏ticked square brackets⦎ U+298F Left square bracket with tick in bottom corner ⦏ U+2991 Left angle bracket with dot ⦑ ⦑dotted angle brackets⦒ U+2992 Right angle bracket with dot ⦒ U+2993 Left arc less-than bracket ⦓ ⦓inequality sign brackets⦔ U+2994 Right arc greater-than bracket ⦔ U+2995 Double left arc greater-than bracket ⦕ ⦕inequality sign brackets⦖ U+2996 Double right arc less-than bracket ⦖ U+2997 Left black tortoise shell bracket ⦗ ⦗black tortoise shell brackets⦘ U+2998 Right black tortoise shell bracket ⦘ U+29D8 Left wiggly fence ⧘ ⧘…⧙ U+29D9 Right wiggly fence ⧙ U+29DA Left double wiggly fence ⧚ ⧚…⧛ U+29DB Right double wiggly fence ⧛ U+29FC Left-pointing curved angle bracket ⧼ ⧼…⧽ U+29FD Right-pointing curved angle bracket ⧽ Half brackets[39] U+2E22 Top left half bracket ⸢ ⸢editorial notation⸣ U+2E23 Top right half bracket ⸣ U+2E24 Bottom left half bracket ⸤ ⸤editorial notation⸥ U+2E25 Bottom right half bracket ⸥ Dingbats[40] U+2768 Medium left parenthesis ornament ❨ ❨medium parenthesis ornament❩ U+2769 Medium right parenthesis ornament ❩ U+276A Medium flattened left parenthesis ornament ❪ ❪medium flattened parenthesis ornament❫ U+276B Medium flattened right parenthesis ornament ❫ U+276C Medium left-pointing angle bracket ornament &#10092

-2.243098

-1.164197

-1.499812

-0.716943

[ -2.3033635701154296, -2.1828321323635387 ]

[ -1.1122691628422219, -1.2161256205581856 ]

[ -1.390753268817222, -1.6088699970002691 ]

[ -0.37421201394322895, -1.059673079627864 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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2,894

9,216

CommonCrawl

10

8

; ❬medium angle bracket ornament❭ U+276D Medium right-pointing angle bracket ornament ❭ U+2770 Heavy left-pointing angle bracket ornament ❰ ❰heavy angle bracket ornament❱ U+2771 Heavy right-pointing angle bracket ornament ❱ U+276E Heavy left-pointing angle quotation mark ornament ❮ ❮heavy angle quotation ornament❯ U+276F Heavy right-pointing angle quotation mark ornament ❯ U+2772 Light left tortoise shell bracket ornament ❲ ❲light tortoise shell bracket ornament❳ U+2773 Light right tortoise shell bracket ornament ❳ U+2774 Medium left curly bracket ornament ❴ ❴medium curly bracket ornament❵ U+2775 Medium right curly bracket ornament ❵ Arabic[41] U+FD3E Ornate left parenthesis ﴾ ﴿العربية﴾‎ U+FD3F Ornate right parenthesis ﴿ N'Ko[39] U+2E1C Left low paraphrase bracket ⸜ ⸜ߒߞߏ⸝ U+2E1D Right low paraphrase bracket ⸝ Ogham[42] U+169B Ogham feather mark ᚛ ᚛ᚑᚌᚐᚋ᚜ U+169C Ogham reversed feather mark ᚜ Old Hungarian U+2E42 Double low-reversed-9 quotation mark ⹂ ⹂ Tibetan[43] U+0F3A Tibetan mark gug rtags gyon ༺ ༺དབུ་ཅན་༻ U+0F3B Tibetan mark gug rtags gyas ༻ U+0F3C Tibetan mark ang khang gyon ༼ ༼༡༢༣༽ U+0F3D Tibetan mark ang khang gyas ༽ New Testament editorial marks[39] U+2E02 Left substitution bracket ⸂ ⸂…⸃ U+2E03 Right substitution bracket ⸃ U+2E04 Left dotted substitution bracket ⸄ ⸄…⸅ U+2E05 Right dotted substitution bracket ⸅ U+2E09 Left transposition bracket ⸉ ⸉…⸊ U+2E0A Right transposition bracket ⸊ U+2E0C Left raised omission bracket ⸌ ⸌…⸍ U+2E0D Right raised omission bracket ⸍ Medieval studies[35][39] U+2045 Left square bracket with quill ⁅ ⁅…⁆ U+2046 Right square bracket with quill ⁆ U+2E26 Left sideways u bracket ⸦ ⸦crux⸧ U+2E27 Right sideways u bracket ⸧ U+2E28 Left double parenthesis ⸨ ⸨…⸩ U+2E29 Right double parenthesis &#1181

-1.821238

-1.146291

-1.58858

-0.719544

[ -1.733578591651945, -1.9088970465637864 ]

[ -1.3522133927377242, -0.940368819036489 ]

[ -1.7610444585233254, -1.4161156790710647 ]

[ -0.9660237499707601, -0.4730640841368386 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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2,894

10,240

CommonCrawl

10

8

7; (East-Asian texts)[44] U+3014 Left tortoise shell bracket 〔 〔…〕 U+3015 Right tortoise shell bracket 〕 U+3016 Left white lenticular bracket 〖 〖…〗 U+3017 Right white lenticular bracket 〗 U+3018 Left white tortoise shell bracket 〘 〘…〙 U+3019 Right white tortoise shell bracket 〙 U+301A Left white square bracket 〚 〚…〛 U+301B Right white square bracket 〛 U+301D Reversed double prime quotation mark 〝 〝…〞 U+301E Double prime quotation mark 〞[e 2] (halfwidth East-Asian texts)[27][45] U+2329 Left-pointing angle bracket 〈 &lang;[e 1] 〈deprecated〉 U+232A Right-pointing angle bracket 〉 &rang;[e 1] U+FF62 Halfwidth left corner bracket ｢ 「カタカナ」 U+FF63 Halfwidth right corner bracket ｣ (fullwidth East-Asian texts)[44] U+3008 Left angle bracket 〈 〈한〉 U+3009 Right angle bracket 〉 U+300A Left double angle bracket 《 《한》 U+300B Right double angle bracket 》 U+300C Left corner bracket 「 「表題」 U+300D Right corner bracket 」 U+300E Left white corner bracket 『 『表題』 U+300F Right white corner bracket 』 U+3010 Left black lenticular bracket 【 【表題】 U+3011 Right black lenticular bracket 】 (fullwidth East-Asian)[45] U+FF08 Fullwidth left parenthesis （ (Wiki) U+FF09 Fullwidth right parenthesis ） U+FF3B Fullwidth left square bracket ［ [sic] U+FF3D Fullwidth right square bracket ］ (fullwidth East-Asian)[45] U+FF1C Fullwidth less-than sign ＜ <HTML> U+FF1E Fullwidth greater-than sign ＞ U+FF5B Fullwidth left curly bracket ｛ {1、2} U+FF5D Fullwidth right curly bracket ｝ U+FF5F Fullwidth left white parenthesis ｟ ⦅…⦆ U+FF60 Fullwidth right white parenthesis ｠ ^ a b c d &lang; and &rang; were tied to the deprecated symbols U+2329 and U+232A in HTML4 and MathML2, but are being migrated to U+27E8 and U+27E9 for HTML5 and MathML3, as defined in XML Entity Definitions for Characters. ^ This is fullwidth version of U+2033 DOUBLE PRIME. In vertical texts, U+301F LOW DOUBLE PRIME QUOTATION

-2.012992

-1.31282

-1.898001

-0.844735

[ -2.0403858877476675, -1.985598870587717 ]

[ -1.3450508784124853, -1.2805882494853356 ]

[ -1.8980014738940758, -1.8980014738940758 ]

[ -0.6792226778958796, -1.0102470445310592 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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2,894

11,264

CommonCrawl

0

3

MARK is preferred. Braces (curly brackets) first became part of a character set with the 8-bit code of the IBM 7030 Stretch.[46] The angle brackets or chevrons at U+27E8 and U+27E9 are for mathematical use and Western languages, whereas U+3008 and U+3009 are for East Asian languages. The chevrons at U+2329 and U+232A are deprecated in favour of the U+3008 and U+3009 East Asian angle brackets. Unicode discourages their use for mathematics and in Western texts,[27] because they are canonically equivalent to the CJK code points U+300x and thus likely to render as double-width symbols. The less-than and greater-than symbols are often used as replacements for chevrons. International variation in quotation marks Japanese typographic symbols ^ "Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm: 3.1.3 Paired Brackets". Unicode Technical Reports. Retrieved 24 April 2018. ^ Truss, Lynne. Eats, Shoots & Leaves, 2003. p. 161. ISBN 1-59240-087-6. ^ Concise Oxford Dictionary, 10th Edition, Oxford University Press, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 2DP, UK ^ Smith, John. The Printer's Grammar p. 84. ^ "broket". Catb.org. Retrieved 13 February 2013. ^ "Terminology Search - Microsoft". Microsoft Language Portal - Terminology Collection. Retrieved 21 November 2016. ^ Merriam-Webster's Manual for Writers and Editors. Merriam-Webster. 1998. p. 149. ISBN 0-87779-622-X – via Google Books. ^ Robert Bringhurst, The Elements of Typographic Style, §5.3.2. ^ Forsmann, Friedrich; DeJong, Ralf (2004). Detailtypografie [Detail Typography] (in German). Mainz: Herrmann Schmidt. p. 263. ISBN 978-3874396424. ^ Straus, Jane. "Parentheses—Punctuation Rules". The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation. grammarbook.com. Retrieved 18 April 2014. ^ Slash (punctuation)#Gender-neutrality in Spanish and Portuguese ^ "The Free Online Dictionary". Thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 13 February 2013. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014. CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Standard Uncertainty and Relative Standard Uncertainty". CODATA reference. NIST. Retrieved 20 July 2018. ^ The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed., The University of Chicago Press, 2003, §6.104 ^ "Bartleby.com: Great Books Online -- Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more". bartleby.com. Archived from the original on 24 May 2008. ^ The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed., The University of Chicago Press, 2003, §6.102 and §6.106 ^ "Are curly braces ever used in normal text? If not, why were they created?". Stack Exchange. Retrieved 24 April 2018. ^ "> U+007B LEFT CURLY BRACKET". Decodeunicode.org. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. ^ "Brace and Indent Styles and Code Convention". riedquat.de. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. ^ Bauer, Laurie (2007). "Notational conventions. Brackets". The Linguistics Student's Handbook. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 99. ^ a b Sampson, Geoffrey (2016). "Writing systems

-1.01176

-0.252767

-0.281465

-0.023027

[ -0.7994599490747906, -1.2240593320644062 ]

[ 0.30232741639245575, -0.8078623040195698 ]

[ -0.3895721240467817, -0.1733575766327728 ]

[ 0.21759972208430217, -0.26365377754248137 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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2,894

12,288

CommonCrawl

0

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: methods for recording language". In Allan, Keith (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Linguistics. Routledge. p. 60. ^ a b Trask, Robert Lawrence (2000). "Angle brackets". The Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 22. ^ M.L. West (1973) Textual Criticism and Editorial Technique (Stuttgart) 81. ^ a b c d e f "Miscellaneous Technical Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 27 February 2016 ^ Dowty, D., Wall, R. and Peters, S.: 1981, Introduction to Montague semantics, Springer. ^ Scott, D. and Strachey, C.: 1971, Toward a mathematical semantics for computer languages, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, Programming Research Group. ^ See sv:Parentes ^ Brian W. Kernighan, Dennis M. Ritchie. "The C Programming Language", 1988. p. 7. ISBN 0-13-110370-9 ^ Bjarne Stroustrup, "The C++ Programming Language", 2013. p.39. ISBN 0-13-352285-7 ^ a b "C0 Controls and Basic Latin Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 27 February 2016 ^ "C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 27 February 2016 ^ a b "General Punctuation Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 1 March 2016 ^ "Superscripts and Subscripts Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 27 February 2016 ^ "Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 27 February 2016 ^ "Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 27 February 2016 ^ a b c d "Supplemental Punctuation Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 27 February 2016 ^ "Dingbats Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 27 February 2016 ^ "Arabic Presentation Forms-A Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 27 February 2016 ^ "Ogham Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 27 February 2016 ^ "Tibetan Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 27 February 2016 ^ a b "CJK Symbols and Punctuation Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 27 February 2016 ^ a b c "Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms Code Chart" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, retrieved 27 February 2016 ^ Bob, Bemer. "The Great Curly Brace Trace Chase". Archived from the original on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2009. Lennard, John (1991). But I Digress: The Exploitation of Parentheses in English Printed Verse. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-811247-5. Turnbull; et al. (1964). The Graphics of Communication. New York: Holt. States that what are depicted as brackets above are called braces and braces are called brackets. This was the terminology in US printing prior to computers. Media related to Brackets at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of bracket at Wiktionary ' ' [ ] ( ) { } ⟨ ⟩ 🄯 † ‡ ⹋ ‒ – — = ⸗ ❧ ‹ › « » ‽ ⸮ º ª ‱ ± ∓ ′ ″ ‴ ' ' " " ' ' " " ℠ ℗ ⁀ | ¦ Logic symbols Chinese punctuation Hebrew punctuation Japanese punctuation Korean

-1.317197

-0.20733

-0.070957

0.385388

[ -1.2624102440763716, -1.3719842783962723 ]

[ -0.10504058585550524, -0.3096199012701406 ]

[ 0.29331077203793277, -0.43522446250369856 ]

[ 0.7326710351983733, 0.03810517357485317 ]

1,024

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2,894

13,312

CommonCrawl

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In recent times, communal riots and secularism are the two major points hogging the headlines. Secularism is not a word originated in our country; rather it was a western concept to force the people to live according to the will of the State. But, the so-called fortune-makers of this nation adroitly inherited this term from the British. Yes, it was the best possible tool for the Englishmen i.e. divide and rule. And, later most of the successive Indian government utilized this tool more ambidextrously and wisely than the British Raj. We should not forget that tolerance is the basic feature of Sanatan Dharma and that is why one of the oldest mosques in the world (Cheraman mosque) was constructed by a king of Chera dynasty – after dismantling an old temple there. It's the only mosque in the world – where namaaz is offered in the opposite direction. We have the long tradition of inclusiveness, democratic space for rational debate (shastrarth) and the spirit of reconciliation or accommodation of conflicting views (Charvaka Philosophy). But, ironically – it was seldom reciprocated by the followers of the exclusivist Semitic religions like Islam and Christianity in India. Now, the other issue is of minorities! Friends, I am very sad to inform that Bihar has forgotten one of its worthy sons of the soil. Yes, it was Tajamul Hussain – who during the 1949 debates on the Advisory Committee of the Constituent Assembly on Fundamental Rights and Minorities debating 'communal reservation' for the members of the minority communities headed by Sardar Patel commented thus, "The term minority is a British creation. The British created minorities. The British have gone and minorities have gone with them. I am sorry to say that it is an attempt to come by the backdoor or side windows what is denied by the front door." But, due to political reservations, Hussain was not heard. The question is not about who is minority or majority? It should instead be who is legitimate, just or right! We must not forget that Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, in his crusade against the evils of Hinduism like widow-remarriage, could get signatures of only 987 people in his favour, while conservative Hindu leader Radha Kant Deo got 36,787 signatures in his memorandum against it. But who won finally? Of course, minority! Because truth alone triumphs. Do we want to make this country sovereign and secular? If yes, then we must not take a chance to declare a community minority on the basis of religion. It is because when we begin to see a community as a religio-political group, it spoils the very fabric of secularism. It also leads to competitive vote-bank politics and day-by-day they get involved in mud-slinging on each other. And, not to go far – like the present day situation on corruption, one defends his vice on the name of other's corruption. Not only that, this vote-bank politics also diverts us from the original question and we are forced to debate on communal riots and appeasement, leaving our genuine character. Now, I shall give the example of Sachar Committee reports on minorities. I read all its 40,000 pages, but failed to get even a drop from that ocean. Where do we want to take the hands of the clock? It was only a tool to continue the divisive process of division on pure communal lines. It was followed by Census on the basis of caste or religion – which gave birth to a new query that institutional discrimination does take place in India. I am sorry to inform you that the whole of Sachar Committee report failed to give any substantial evidence to prove any institutional discrimination. In this country of 1000 million people, I agree that some 100 incidents do take place. But we should not forget that exception is always an aberration and never a rule. And by sampling these stray incidents of communal riots – we are not crushing the divisive forces, rather we are feeding and igniting them to be more lethal. What about Shah Bano case? A woman sought justice from the Supreme Court, as the directive principles of the Constitution (Article 44) clearly indicates the need of a Uniform Civil Code – based on debate and accommodation. But what Rajiv Gandhi government did in

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Window Into Our World I have an endless curiosity about our world. I want to explore its natural wonder, meet its people and listen to their stories, and travel to far flung places. This is my education. Cameroon: A Nation in Crisis bumablaise June 12, 2017 August 31, 2017 Africa, Cameroon, Politics Episode 1: Background to the Cameroon Anglophone Crisis "Cameroon" is derived from "Rio dos Cameroes," Portuguese for "River of Prawns." When the first Europeans made contact in the coast of Cameroon in the mid 15th Century, they encountered a river full of prawns and named it Rio dos Cameroes. But if you're planning a trip to Cameroon anytime soon, don't expect to go fishing in Wouri for prawns. The river is known today more for its pollution and lone Bonaberi Bridge (a second bridge has been under construction for years) linking the city of Douala than for its prawns. The name of this Equatorial African nation of about 20 million people is a vestige of one of the earliest attempts at European exploration and colonization of Africa. That legacy of European adventurism in Cameroon laid the foundations for what has become the biggest political crisis that is now bedeviling the country – the Cameroon Anglophone Crisis. In a series of blog posts, I will discuss the crisis, its causes, and my take on what I think is the best way forward. This is a very controversial, even sensitive topic to discuss in Cameroon. Given the crisis that has engulfed the nation over the past several months, I am not unmindful of the monumental challenges we face and the sacrifices that people have made, including laying down their lives, in the quest for freedom and self-determination. Some people will agree of some of the issues raised here. Others will disagree. Wherever your views fall on the broad spectrum of opinions on the subject, please feel free to add your voice to the debate. This is an attempt to widen, and also elevate the level of public discourse on the subject. I have seen other circles of debate on the crisis where passions run so high as to impede any meaningful conversation. At its core, this is a very personal, even emotional issue for some people. By all means, we should bring not just our faculties to bear, but also all that we feel about the subject – so long as we do so in a manner that is courteous and allows room for other views. One more issue of note: This is not an academic exercise. When I make typos and factual errors, please feel free to point them out and thank you in advance. An image that came to symbolise the crisis: Protesters use a makeshift slingshot to fight back at government security forces. Credit: Unknown On the surface, the Anglophone crisis in Cameroon is a struggle for self-determination by a group of English-speaking Cameroonians who feel marginalized by the dominant Francophone majority. The grievances that Anglophones claim to suffer are almost innumerate. The country is ostensibly bilingual, but French dominates throughout the system. The Anglophone minority must learn how to speak French to navigate the cumbersome government bureaucracy; the constitution prescribes one country and two legal systems, but French common law pervades the English customary court system; Anglophones are underrepresented in the government – an Anglophone has never been president; the best cabinet ministries – Finance, Post & Telecommunications, Territorial Administration – historically have always gone to Francophones. Even when it comes to admissions into Cameroon's most prestigious institutions (ENS, IRIC, FMBSes at Universities of Yaoundé, Buea, and Bamenda*) English-speaking students are often at a disadvantage. The vast majority of seats always goes to the Francophone students. The two largest cities in Cameroon are Yaoundé and Douala, both Francophone cities that are the centers of political and economic power respectively. Anglophone Cameroonians feel economically disenfranchised, even though the wealth that goes to building Cameroon's two biggest cities disproportionately comes from the export of resources mostly extracted from the English-speaking region, according to Nicodemus Fru Awasom, an expert at the African Studies Center, Leiden, Netherlands.

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These are only a few of the "injustices" that Anglophone Cameroonians have long complained against. These grievances are only symptoms of a long-simmering tension that has been building up for decades since the dawn of independence in October 1961. During much of this period, Cameroon enjoyed a stable political climate, compared to many other African countries. However, this stability was underpinned by the strong hand of the state – in other words, it was more so an absence of conflict rather than the peaceful coexistence of Africans of different ethnic stripes. Fast-forward to today and the grievances suffered by Anglophones has reached a boiling point. In September 2016 a peaceful strike action by Anglophone lawyers against the predominance of French common law and the appointment of French-speaking judges who adjudicate in French in Anglophone courts quickly gathered momentum and morphed into "region-wide" protests. Taxi drivers, day laborers, traders, teachers, students, doctors, and government civil servants all joined the protests to register their discontent. University students led protest marches, an action punishable in Cameroon with a jail term. In footage that appeared online, students brought caskets to protest marches – a symbolic gesture indicating that they were willing to die for their cause. Scenes like these had never before been seen on the streets of Cameroon. This time, they said, was different. The government responded how any despotic government best knows how. The authorities sent in heavily armed security forces to crush the protests. Confrontations between protesters and police turned violent. Armed forces used live ammunition against unarmed protesters. Dozens of people died. Scores were wounded. Hundreds beaten. And thousands rounded up and taken to "Nkondengue," Cameroon's most notorious prison in Yaoundé. The government employed all tools of repression in its toolkit. Before long, Internet access to all English-speaking regions was cut off. This seemed like an attempt to stifle dissent as protest organizers used Whatsapp, Facebook and other social media platforms to organize for action as well as share with the Diaspora and the international community the atrocities that were being perpetrated by government forces. The state-controlled media narrated a purified version of what was happening, yet the young people were always ten steps ahead of the authorities. Information continued to filter out. The international press, from powerhouses such as BBC, The Economist, and the New York Times all covered the crisis. Cameroonians in the diaspora sprung to action, protesting at Cameroon embassies in Europe, America, and elsewhere. At the UN, journalists and friends of Cameroon started putting pressure on members of the international community to address the crisis. Under the weight of severe international pressure, the government of Cameroon restored Internet access to the English-speaking region, after about three months of a complete blackout. Cameroon stands at a crossroads. The stakes for the future of the country are high: to understand and defuse this crisis is of paramount importance. Echoes of Rwandan 1994 genocide loom large. Even more recent history is portentous. In 2011 Cote d'Ivoire, once one of Africa's greatest economic success stories, plunged into civil war over post-election sectarian strife that pitted the Christian South against the Muslim North. In Burundi in 2016, post-election protests flared into violence that left hundreds of people dead. Even more relevant to Cameroon, the lessons of the Arab Spring are a startling reminder of what is at stake if the current crisis continues to build up without a satisfactory resolution. In the wake of the Arab Spring Libya was plunged into a civil war that still rages on today. In Egypt, government protests against Hosni Mubarak led to the deaths of hundreds of civilians and plunged the nation into a constitutional crisis, leading to a coup d'état by the military before a tumultuous return to civilian government. Post-Mubarak Egypt is not the beacon of freedom that the revolutionaries hoped for. Cameroon has the potential to be one of Africa's best success stories. It has an abundance of resources. Its economic indicators are amongst the best in the sub-region. Cameroonians have seldom gone hungry or had a civil war,

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Our Biography SOSM Youtube Swords of Saint Michael YouTube Channel www.virgopotens.org Formerly The Demonology Today Radio Show Prayers and Solutions NEW! Saint Michael Long form, Pope Leo XIII New! Deliverance Prayers For Our Children Breaking Curses Against Freemasonry Protection Prayers (for Laity) Children who See Ghosts Stop Sleep Paralysis Human Ghosts Binding/Rebuke Three Kings Blessing The Four Corners Blessing For Purity Tools for Solutions Exorcised Holy Oil Blessed Candles Frankincense & Myrrh St. Benedict Medal Exorcised Salt The Miraculous Medal Books/Resources Books For Spiritual Warfare Study SOSM Merch Prayers by the Bead ABOUT – DEMONOLOGY TODAY RADIO SHOW Hosted By Br. Kenneth Deel & Sr. Farah Rose Deel, OFS, Franciscans, 40+ years of studies, research and experience in their field in Demonology, and Spiritual Warfare counseling. DEMONOLOGY TODAY is a radio show designed to provide an educational resource for those who want to learn and understand "Hauntings", and Demonic Infestation, Oppression, and possession, as well as Spiritual Warfare. Our topics of discussion, as well as our special guests in this area of study, will help to provide a valued resource of information in understanding and dealing with Ghosts, Demons, and Hauntings in general. The Goal of "Demonology Today" is to help pass on our knowledge to the listener as to provide for many a better knowledge and understanding of "demonic hauntings" and "hauntings" in general. A "Demonology 101" if you will, where we will try to keep it as comprehensive from everyone, regardless of faith, to a certain extent, universal, however much of the topics, theories, theology, provided are primarily of that Christian-Judeo perspective, do not adhere to any philosophy, ideal, and theory that is against the Catholic faith. Demonology Today Radio Show began in 2007 as a mainstream radio broadcast, the goal was to reach the rest of the world with topics and to educate the truth and ideas more so shared by those of the Catholic/Christian faith. Rather than would-be ghost hunters, self-proclaimed "parapsychologist" and others. Some of the guests were selected to share their story, and experiences, this was to help spread the awareness that these extreme case exist, and are a concern to today society. And not merely ones, imagination, or "digested piece of beef…". During the interview, Ken and co-host would add in facts relating t the experiences. For example, the guest would tell how they were so afraid during an encounter, Ken might say something like. "They thrive on fear and often the experience for children may be more to draw fear, in part also to dissipate faith". Some variations of this format were the Swords of Saint Michael roundtable discussions. Which was a typical format that you might expect from the name, where the host brings forth a topic and let everyone shed their thoughts on it? This show was unique for its time, and is still unmatched today, in how it kept the TRUE FACTS in the light to avoid confusing and misguided "opinions" that could come from some guest, as some guest were in the least controversial. In later Years, when Kenneth Wife Farah Rose Joined the show, the show continued this format, but in the last days before moving to their, video tv show. It became more of a "roundtable" discussion, with Ken and Farah hosting. The show also played on FM radio and spanned across several networks over time, finally settling on their own network they set up. WHY THE NAME "DEMONOLOGY TODAY"? In an attempt to speak in the terminology of the mainstream, the word "Demonologist" is a buzzword for who would be called a "Spiritual Warfare Counselor" in the Christian world for example. Even today, people keyword search "Demonologist" and are able to find us before a Ghost Hunter team, "Psychic-Medium". Because it is a very familiar title, that the mainstream public is familiar with. On the original slate for a title was "Demonology 101",

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Do Hedge Funds and Insiders Love ZIOPHARM Oncology Inc. (ZIOP)? ZIOPHARM Oncology Inc. (NASDAQ:ZIOP) was in 6 hedge funds' portfolio at the end of December. ZIOP investors should pay attention to a decrease in activity from the world's largest hedge funds in recent months. There were 9 hedge funds in our database with ZIOP holdings at the end of the previous quarter. In the eyes of most shareholders, hedge funds are viewed as slow, outdated investment vehicles of the past. While there are more than 8000 funds in operation at the moment, we at Insider Monkey look at the leaders of this group, around 450 funds. It is estimated that this group oversees the majority of the smart money's total asset base, and by paying attention to their best stock picks, we have formulated a number of investment strategies that have historically outpaced Mr. Market. Our small-cap hedge fund strategy outpaced the S&P 500 index by 18 percentage points per year for a decade in our back tests, and since we've started sharing our picks with our subscribers at the end of August 2012, we have outpaced the S&P 500 index by 24 percentage points in 7 months (see all of our picks from August). Just as integral, positive insider trading sentiment is another way to parse down the stock market universe. There are plenty of incentives for an upper level exec to cut shares of his or her company, but just one, very simple reason why they would behave bullishly. Many empirical studies have demonstrated the impressive potential of this strategy if you know where to look (learn more here). Consequently, it's important to take a look at the latest action encompassing ZIOPHARM Oncology Inc. (NASDAQ:ZIOP). What does the smart money think about ZIOPHARM Oncology Inc. (NASDAQ:ZIOP)? At the end of the fourth quarter, a total of 6 of the hedge funds we track were bullish in this stock, a change of -33% from the third quarter. With hedge funds' positions undergoing their usual ebb and flow, there exists a select group of noteworthy hedge fund managers who were boosting their stakes meaningfully. According to our comprehensive database, Jacob Gottlieb's Visium Asset Management had the largest position in ZIOPHARM Oncology Inc. (NASDAQ:ZIOP), worth close to $3.4 million, comprising 0.1% of its total 13F portfolio. On Visium Asset Management's heels is Julian Baker and Felix Baker of Baker Bros. Advisors, with a $1.1 million position; the fund has less than 0.1%% of its 13F portfolio invested in the stock. Other hedge funds that hold long positions include Jim Simons's Renaissance Technologies, and Cliff Asness's AQR Capital Management. Since ZIOPHARM Oncology Inc. (NASDAQ:ZIOP) has witnessed a declination in interest from the entirety of the hedge funds we track, it's easy to see that there lies a certain "tier" of fund managers who were dropping their positions entirely heading into 2013. Interestingly, Jay Venkatesen's Ayer Capital Management dumped the largest position of all the hedgies we track, totaling an estimated $4.4 million in stock.. Richard Driehaus's fund, Driehaus Capital, also said goodbye to its stock, about $1.9 million worth. These moves are interesting, as total hedge fund interest dropped by 3 funds heading into 2013. How are insiders trading ZIOPHARM Oncology Inc. (NASDAQ:ZIOP)? Insider trading activity, especially when it's bullish, is most useful when the primary stock in question has experienced transactions within the past half-year. Over the last 180-day time period, ZIOPHARM Oncology Inc. (NASDAQ:ZIOP) has seen 1 unique insiders buying, and zero insider sales (see the details of insider trades here). Let'

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Browse: Home / Television / Stargate SG-1 / Season Seven / Fallen / Transcript Summary | Production | Transcript | Review SG-1 discovers Daniel Jackson alive and living on an alien world, with no memory of who he is. The team hatches a plan to lure Anubis into a trap and destroy his new super-weapon. ORIGINAL AIR DATE: 06.13.03 SYNDICATION AIR DATE: 09.20.04 DVD DISC: Season 7, Disc 1 WRITTEN BY: Robert C. Cooper DIRECTED BY: Martin Wood Transcript by Sarae, with special help from Rosemary Edited by Deanna Moll-Landry Scene: Alien Planet Four unknown people are walking and talking. SHAMDA: "The new animal took a look around and immediately went and chose a place next to the laziest, greediest beast in the stable. When the master saw this, he put a yoke on him at once and took him back to the merchant." NATIVE: "We've heard this one already." SHAMDA: "Has it lost it's meaning?" NATIVE: "I mean you told it just now on the way down to the water hole." Suddenly they see a bright flash of light and they all turn to look in the direction of the flash. We see, from above, a naked figure lying on it's side on the ground. The four who had been walking and talking approach the figure. We see blue eyes open and look around. One of the inhabitants of the planet bends over to peer at the naked man. NATIVE: "Who are you?" We now see clearly that the naked man is Daniel. JACKSON: "I don't know." Scene: S.G.C. We see Jonas sitting at a desk in his lab, looking at some papers and the tablet from Abydos. He gets up and goes to a book on one of the shelves. He opens it and looks at something. Then, he gets an "ah-ha" look on his face. QUINN: "I got it." (We see him running down an S.G.C. corridor. Teal'c is up ahead.) "I got it. Teal'c! Teal'c! I got it." (He taps Teal'c on the shoulder with the book and continues on his way. Teal'c raises his brow and looks after him, but does not follow. We see Jonas round another corner ... ) "I got it. I got it." (He runs into Siler from behind while trying to avoid oncoming traffic on his way to the elevator.) "Oh, sorry, uh, Tyler ... Siler ... Master Sergeant Siler, Siler." (He walks rapidly onto the elevator, some what out of breath. There is someone already on the elevator. Jonas points to the controls.) "28, please." (He clears his throat as he stands at the back of the elevator and looks at the book again. Then he closes the book and walks up to the other person on the elevator. He puts his hands out and pushes against the man's shoulders.) "It's not the lost city. See, there's a subtle difference in meaning when you use Asgard translations of early Ancient. Remember that." (The man looks bewilderedly at Jonas. Then the elevator stops, the doors open and Jonas continues on his way.) "Excuse me." (He continues his way down the corridor, side stepping a particularly bustling S.G.C..) "Watch it, watch it." (He runs into the control room and addresses Sgt. Davis.) "Hey, where's Major Carter?" DAVIS: "Uh, sh-she's in, uh, Hammond's office." Jonas heads up the stairs to Hammond's office and in the background we can hear Sam. CARTER: "According to intelligence provided by the Tok'ra, Anubis is quickly decimating the forces of the remaining system lords." Jonas steps into Hammond's doorway. He is quite out of breath and stops in the doorway to catch his breath. QUINN: "I got it." CARTER: "Hopefully, it's not contagious." QUINN: "Ha,

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ha. The lost city ..." (Hammond sits and looks quizzically at Jonas as he walks around to the front of the General's desk.) "... on the tablet." CARTER: "You found it?" QUINN: "Yeah, only it's not the lost city. That never made sense to me anyway. I mean, t-t-the tablet is written in ancient. How could they lose one of their own cities? And even if they did, why would they call it the lost city? They wouldn't. They would call it by it's name, right?" HAMMOND: "Mr. Quinn ..." QUINN: "It's not the lost city. It's the city of the lost." CARTER: "Do you have a gate address?" QUINN: "There's a reference in some partial translations that Dr. Jackson was working on from the library of the four races. It talks about a city of the Ancients called Vis Uban as being a place where the plague began. This was going to be the crown jewel in the entire ancient domain. Only it was still under construction when the plague broke out." CARTER: "Two words ... gate address." QUINN: "Four years ago, when Colonel O'Neill h-had the ancient repository of knowledge downloaded into his mind, one of the things that he did was to put a bunch of new gate addresses into the S.G.C. computer. How many did he put in there?" CARTER: "Well, we've been sending probes and cataloguing them as fast as we can." HAMMOND: "Any possibly relevant planet goes on the mission list." QUINN: "Yeah, well how many have actually had probes sent to them?" CARTER: "Less than a quarter." QUINN: "And do you think that he came up with these, uh, gate addresses randomly or could there be some sort of order?" CARTER: "Yeah, I suppose ..." QUINN: "If Vis Uban wasn't finished being built at the time the entire Ancient civilization fell ..." CARTER (nodding): "You're saying the Ancient city we're looking for is the last one on the list." QUINN: "Well, we've been going in order from first to last, right?" HAMMOND (to Carter): "Send a probe." CARTER: "Yes, sir." Sam leaves and Jonas nods at Hammond. We see SG-1 and other S.G.C. personnel walking away from the Stargate. O'NEILL: "We're not talking about a common cold here, Carter. It was the plague." CARTER: "Sir, we don't wear a Haz-Mat every time we step through the gate. There's always a chance we could be exposing ourselves to something dangerous." O'NEILL: "Well, the place is called the City of the Dead." QUINN: "The City of the Lost, actually, sir." O'NEILL: "Not for lack of a sense of direction." Then we see that this is the same planet on which Daniel appeared naked. Next we see a "village square". SG-1 walks into a gathering of people. O'NEILL: "Well, these folks don't look lost ... nor dead." QUINN: "I don't think that these are the Ancients. I mean, anything's possible, but, uh, they look like some sort of, uh, nomadic tribe that's just taken up residence." NATIVE (the same guy who found Daniel): "Greetings." QUINN: "Greetings. We're ... travelers from a planet called Earth." NATIVE: "You came through the Chappa'ai?" QUINN: "The Stargate ... Chappa'ai." NATIVE (pointing toward Teal'c): "He is Jaffa." O'NEILL: "No, but he plays one on T.V." QUINN: (As Sam tries very hard to keep a straight face) "This is Teal'c. He's no longer allied with the Goa'uld. He's a friend, as are we." NATIVE: "We too are travelers. This place is not our original home, but ...

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2,916

1,024

CommonCrawl

4

1

we have been here for some time now. If you wish to lay claim ..." QUINN: "No. No, no, nothing like that. We just want the opportunity to learn more about your people and, uh, take a really good look around these ruins." We see several S.G.C. personnel setting up a base near the alien Stargate. We can overhear a conversation in the background: FEMALE: "We need to sweep the area, sir." MALE: "Maintain a secure perimeter, 50 meters radius from the gate." FEMALE: "Yes, sir." SECOND MALE: "Sir ..." Suddenly, they all turn to see Daniel approaching from the woods. He is wearing a blue gown that rally brings out the blue in his eyes. They raise their guns defensively at first. Then they recognize him and lower their weapons. We are back at the "village square". NATIVE: "They are travelers like us. They say that they are friends." SHAMDA (as they approach SG-1): "No one can be a friend if you know not whether to trust them." O'NEILL: "Don't judge a book by its cover." SHAMDA: "Enemies promises were made to be broken." O'NEILL: "And yet, honesty is the best policy." SHAMDA: "He that has too many friends has none." O'NEILL: "Ah, but ... birds of a feather ..." SHAMDA: "I'm unfamiliar with that story. What lesson does it teach?" O'NEILL: "It has to do with flocking ... and togetherness ... and ... to be honest, I'm not that familiar with the particulars myself. The point is, we're not your enemy. Give us a chance to prove it." PIERCE (at least I think it's Pierce): "Colonel," (Jack turns to see Pierce coming down the stairs behind SG-1.) "we found something you might want to see." The rest of Pierces team accompanies Daniel down the stairs. Jack, Sam and then Teal'c walk toward Daniel. O'NEILL: "Daniel?" NATIVE: "Arrom." O'NEILL: "Arrom?" NATIVE: "It's what we call him." SHAMDA: "It means naked one." NATIVE: "That's how we found him in the forest, two moons ago." PIERCE: "Seems he doesn't remember who he is." CARTER (approaching Daniel): "Daniel?" (She smiles and reaches her hand out to touch his shoulder.) "It's okay. It's me, Sa ..." (Daniel puts his hand up to block her touch. They stand there for a moment, frozen.) TEAL'C: "Do you not recognize us, Daniel Jackson?" JACKSON (slight shake of his head in the negative): "I'm sorry." He walks away. They all turn to watch him. O'NEILL: "Not even me?" We see Daniel sitting in a tent. Jack walks in. JACKSON: "Please leave me alone." O'NEILL (ignoring him and continuing into the tent to sit in front of him): "I'm Jack O'Neill. And, barring some freakish similarity, you are Dr. Daniel Jackson." JACKSON: "This tent is all I know. These people, they're all I know. Before I woke up in the forest, I don't remember anything. I've tried, I've tried to remember who I was before. Sometimes I think it's right there, floating in front of me, and all I have to do is reach out and grab it. I try ... and it's gone." O'NEILL: "You were a member of my team, SG-1. You're a friend of mine. Last year, you died." JACKSON: "I'm dead?" O'NEILL: "Obviously not. You just sort of died. Actually, you ... ascended to a higher plain of existence. Last time I saw you, you were helping us fight Anubis." JACKSON: "Anubis?" O'NEILL: "Yeah, kind of an over-the-top, cliché bad guy. Black cloak, oily

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1,024

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2,916

2,048

CommonCrawl

4

1

skin, kind of spooky. Anyway, obviously since then, you've retaken human form, somehow. I ..." (He stops and shakes his head.) "Actually, I can how this might sound a bit unusual ..." JACKSON: "A bit? Why am I here?" O'NEILL: "Hey, why are any of us here? Honestly, I don't know, but you've gotta trust me. You are Daniel Jackson. Think of it this way: out of all the planets in the galaxy, why this one if not for us to find you?" JACKSON: "So you're saying a higher power had a hand in putting me here?" O'NEILL: "I don't know. That was generally your department." We see Sam back out with the people, conversing. CARTER: "Thanks very much." NATIVE: "You're welcome." Sam walks toward Jack who is emerging from the tent. CARTER: "Jonas and Teal'c are helping SG-3 and -5 begin the preliminary sweep." O'NEILL: "Remember when I said it was like talking to a wall?" CARTER: "Sir, we know someone who's ascended can chose to retake human form." O'NEILL: "You think he also chose to forget everything?" CARTER: "Maybe the part about his memory isn't voluntary. Who knows? Maybe the whole thing is punishment for trying to help us. He did say he was breaking some pretty big rules." O'NEILL: "So ... what?" CARTER: "It's gonna take some time to search the entire extent of the ruins. There could be weapons or a power source hidden just about anywhere. In the mean time, we try to help Daniel remember ... if that's even possible." O'NEILL: "Tag ... you're it." Back in the tent, Sam walks in to try her hand and communicating with Daniel. CARTER: "Can I come in?" JACKSON: "Sure." CARTER (as she sits down): "So ..." JACKSON: "What did you say your name was again?" CARTER: "Samantha Carter. You used to call me Sam." JACKSON: "Yeah, well, like I already told Jim ..." CARTER: "Uh, Jack." JACKSON: "Jack? Yeah, I told him." CARTER: "I guess what I don't understand is why you aren't dying to know all about who you are." JACKSON: "I am ... and I'm not." CARTER: "See, it's the not part ..." JACKSON: "What if I don't like who I was? What if I don't want to be that person? What if I don't have it in me to make up for something I've done wrong?" CARTER: "I have to admit, that never occurred to me. Look, we all thought we'd lost you at one point. It was one of the hardest things I have ever been through. You were ... you are ... brilliant. One of the most caring, passionate ... you're the type of person who would give his own life for someone he doesn't even know." JACKSON: "Well, that doesn't sound so bad." CARTER: "If you had one fault, it was that you wanted to save people so badly, y-you wanted to help people so much, that it tore you apart when you couldn't make a difference." JACKSON: "That actually sounds kind of hard to live up to." CARTER: "All I know is that if I were you, I would definitely want to get to know me ... you." JACKSON: "I get it." CARTER: "Come back with us. Let us show you who you are instead of just telling you." JACKSON: "I'll think about it." CARTER: "Okay." She gets up to leave. JACKSON: "Samantha Carter?" Sam stops at the tent entrance and turns back to Daniel. CARTER: "Yeah?" JACKSON: "Was there ever anything ... between us?" CARTER: "Us, uh ... no, no, not in that way. We - we were really, really good friends." JACKSON (sh

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2,916

3,072

CommonCrawl

4

1

aking his head): "Okay." Sam leaves the tent and joins up with O'Neill and Shamda in the village square. O'NEILL: "Carter ... Shamda here was just telling me a story about ... a dog and some dancing monkeys." SHAMDA: "The moral of which is appearances can be deceptive." O'NEILL (putting a hand on Shamda's shoulder): "I got that. Very good story, wonderful. Full of nuances, I like that." Just them, Teal'c and Jonas approach. QUINN: "We, uh, we sent up a UAV." TEAL'C: "The ruins are quite extensive." QUINN: "Yeah, it's gonna take us weeks to scour this place properly." TEAL'C: "What of Daniel Jackson?" JACKSON (coming out of the tent behind them): "He's going home." General Hammond is waiting at the end of the ramp and the wormhole is active. SG-1 - all five members - steps through the even horizon. HAMMOND: "Welcome back, Dr. Jackson." JACKSON: "Thank you. Thank you very much." He looks around the Gate Room as though he's never seen it before. HAMMOND: "You have no memory of who I am?" JACKSON: "None whatsoever." O'NEILL: "Neither do I, sir." (Hammond gives Jack a look. Jack looks toward the exit and gestures to Daniel) "Uh, that way." (Both Daniel and Jack head toward the exit) "Did I mention you owe me 50 bucks? Scene: S.G.C. Infirmary Janet is finishing up an examination of Daniel, who is now wearing green fatigues. Jack walks in. FRASIER: "Well, I'm happy to say, sir, that he's in perfect health, except for one small exception ..." (she hands Daniel a pair of glasses and he puts them on.) JACKSON (looking through the glasses): "Wow, that's different." O'NEILL (getting Daniel to look at him through the glasses): "You recognize me now?" JACKSON (after some scrutiny): "Has your hair always been that way?" O'NEILL: "What way?" JACKSON: "Never mind." Scene: S.G.C. Guest Quarters Jack opens the door and ushers Daniel in. O'NEILL: "Not exactly home, but ... we unpacked some of your stuff." JACKSON: "You kept all this even though you thought I was dead?" O'NEILL: "To be honest, we tossed out a ton of junk." (Then seeing the look Daniel gave him) "A lot of which seemed to be very valuable." Daniel puts down the item he had picked up and looked at. Then he walks around the room to the other side of the bed. He notices a picture of Sha're on the nightstand and picks it up. O'NEILL: "I ... kept a few of your ... personal things alive there." Daniel examines the photo. JACKSON: "I know her." O'NEILL: "Really?" JACKSON: "I mean, I must, right?" O'NEILL: "Yeah ..." JACKSON: "Who is she? What's her name?" O'NEILL: "You tell me." Jack leaves and closes the door behind him. Then we see Daniel sleeping on the bed. He wakes up and looks at the picture of Sha're again. Next, we see Teal'c trying to Kel-no-reem in his room. There are lots of lit candles in the room and he is sitting on the floor. There is a knock at the door and Daniel walks in. JACKSON: "Oh, sorry. Am I interrupting?" TEAL'C: "You are not. I am unable to Kelnorim as I once did since I began using Tretonin." JACKSON: "Well, that sounds complicated." TEAL'C: "Indeed. Enter." Daniel walks in and takes a seat as Teal'c rises and sits on his bed. Daniel holds up the photo of Sha're so that Teal'c can see it. JACKSON

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2,916

4,096

CommonCrawl

10

8

: "Her name is Sha're." TEAL'C: "Yes." JACKSON: "No one told me that. I remembered that by myself. I dreamed about her and when I woke up, I knew her name." TEAL'C: "That is good news, Daniel Jackson." JACKSON: "Yeah, it's the first time I've believed I might have a chance. You know? If I can remember a name, then ... there's a chance it's all in there somewhere, right?" TEAL'C: "Indeed." JACKSON: "So ... so where is she?" (The look on Teal'c's face says it all.) "She's dead." (Teal'c nods once.) "I loved her very much." (Teal'c says nothing. Daniel takes the photo of Sha're and places it face down on a table near the chair. He takes a deep breath and clasps his hands together. ) "This being, Oma Desala, is supposedly very powerful, right?" TEAL'C: "That is correct." JACKSON: "Why would she do this? I mean, if she wanted me to forget ..." TEAL'C: "You often spoke of the rules to which you were subjugated as one of the Ascended. Perhaps she was required to erase your memories by laws of the Others, but as your friend and mentor, she wished you one day to regain it." JACKSON: "You think she cheated? You think she found a way around the rules?" TEAL'C: "You do not agree?" JACKSON: "Tell me about this Anubis. Why did I break the rules to fight him?" TEAL'C: "Do you not believe it wise to remember on your own accord?" JACKSON: "No. I need to know why this is happening to me." Teal'c nods in understanding. SG-1 (minus Daniel) and Hammond are in the Briefing Room and Jonas is presenting information. All but Jonas are seated around the table. Jonas is standing in front of the computer presentation screen. QUINN: "At this point, uh, we believe that we've mapped the full extent of the ruins." O'NEILL: "No ... fancy guns or anything cool?" QUINN: "Well, we've only completed a preliminary investigation ..." Daniel and another descend into the Briefing Room (via the stairs). JACKSON: "I'm sorry I'm late I, uh," (he looks at his watch) "forgot what time the meeting was ..." (he half-laughs, then continue when all look at him in silence) "It's a little joke there. It's the memory thing ..." HAMMOND: "Dr. Jackson, this briefing is classified." JACKSON: "Yeah, Jonas mentioned that, but, uh, you all said that I used to be a part of this, so ... look, I can't really give you a good reason, I just ... feel like I should be here." HAMMOND: "Good enough." Daniel walks over and takes a seat next to Sam at the table. JACKSON: "Beside, who am I gonna tell? I mean, I don't, uh, I don't remember anybody, right?" O'NEILL: "Good one." JACKSON: "Thanks, Jim." QUINN: "Oh, so, uh ... there are extensive writings. All of them are in the oldest known Ancient dialects. All of them have yet to be translated, but, uh, so far, we haven't found any signs of any advanced weapons or power sources. I mean, the original name of the city is Vis Uban which does translate as "place of great power", but there's no indication that we're gonna find any means of defeating Anubis there." JACKSON: "You're not. It's not the lost city." O'NEILL: "How do you know?" JACKSON: "Uh, because Jonas translated "Lacun" to mean "of the lost"." QUINN: "Yeah, but that's how we found ..." JACKSON: "... the wrong place." QUINN: "The translations in your notes ..." JACKSON:

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2,916

5,120

CommonCrawl

4

1

"also wrong ... if these are the ones you mean. I was ... way off." QUINN: "Well, how do you know that?" JACKSON: "I don't know? I-I just ... I know what the tablet says." O'NEILL: "How?" JACKSON: "I don't know! I just looked at it and understood it." CARTER: "Wait a minute ... are you saying the Ancients actually lost one of their own cities?" JACKSON: "No, no ... they didn't lose it. They - they made it lost ... to other people that might try to find it. I'm guessing that they camouflaged it ... and removed all reference to it from the written history." O'NEILL: "So ... the lost city is ... still lost?" JACKSON: "I'm pretty sure." O'NEILL: "You know, you told me to give Anubis that eye." CARTER: "According to reports from our allies, Anubis is quickly conquering the other system lords." TEAL'C: "He will dominate the galaxy in a very short time." O'NEILL: "I only did it because you said we could whup his ass with what we find in this lost city." JACKSON: "Wa-if I said that, then I-I hope it's ... true, but ... but all I know is that the place you're searching right now is not it." O'NEILL: "Then ... where is "it"?" JACKSON: "Did I just say "all I know"?" O'NEILL: "Everyone turn away. I want no witnesses." We see Jonas approaching Daniel's quarters and knocking on the door. JACKSON (through the door): "Yeah." (Then as Jonas enters) "Hey." QUINN: "Sorry to bother you ..." JACKSON: "No ... no you're not, I was just, uh ... uh, reading about us, actually." QUINN: "You said that Anubis was part-Ascended. That the Ancients tried to send him back to our level of existence, but failed, and now he's trapped somewhere in between." JACKSON: "Yeah, so I've heard." QUINN: "Anubis wouldn't know know everything there is to know about the Ancients, then, right? Otherwise, he would have already found the lost city ..." JACKSON: "Look, I know I was able to read that tablet ..." QUINN: "I-I'm just thinking out loud here ... If Anubis were to accidently find the tablet, chances are that he's not gonna make the same mistake I did." QUINN: "But if we were to make a replica of the tablet ... You know, change what it says ..." JACKSON: "Why?" Scene: S.G.C. Gate Room Teal'c is standing at the bottom of the ramp as the gate is dialing. Teal'c is wearing full Jaffa garb. He heads through the gate alone. Then we see Daniel and Jonas in the lab. Jonas is sitting, looking through books. Daniel is writing on the chalk board. Then we see Sam and some Tok'ra working in her lab. They are looking at a holographic map of Anubis' ship. Next we see Daniel back on the planet where SG-1 found him. We see one of the native's scraping dirt away from what looks like part of a ring transport platform. Finally, we see Teal'c approach and kneel before Yu, on Yu's ship. Back at the S.G.C. - a meeting in the Briefing Room. Sam is making a presentation. Jack, Jonas, Daniel, Hammond, several Tok'ra and others are present. CARTER: "As you all know, we've had little success using Naquadria to power the F-302's hyperspace generator for any length of time. However, if our calculations are correct, we believe that a short, controlled burst would send the 302 into subspace just long enough to bypass the mother ship's shields." O'NEILL: "And if your calculations are incorrect?" CARTER: "The 302 would bypass the mother ship all together, or worse

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2,916

6,144

CommonCrawl

4

1

, re-emerge inside it, but let's not go there right now." O'NEILL: "Of course, let's not dwell." CARTER (smiles and clears throat): "Now, uh, uh, according to intelligence provided by the Tok'ra, the power core of Anubis' new weapon must be cooled by a ventilation shaft on the exterior of the ship. If that can be targeted and destroyed just as the weapon is powering up, the crystals will over heat and be destroyed." O'NEILL (raises hand, slightly - waits to be recognized): "Where is the shaft, exactly?" CARTER: "As Colonel O'Neill is well aware, we don't know exactly where the shaft is" TOK'RA FEMALE: "Our operative in Anubis' ranks has been unable to get aboard the new ship, and has only been able to glean a very limited working knowledge of it. Anubis protects his computer systems with elaborate ciphers coded in the oldest known Ancient dialect. We have been unable to translate them." CARTER: "Which is where Jonas Quinn and Daniel Jackson come in. They'll sneak onto Anubis' ship and access the computer." TOK'RA FEMALE: "We have devised an injectable radioactive isotope that will allow them to move freely on Anubis' ship, undetected by his sensors, for eight hours." CARTER: "They'll decipher the codes and relay the location of the target to Colonel O'Neill and myself, who will be flying the F-302." O'NEILL: "No problem, right?" QUINN: "Hey, sounds easy to me." Daniel gives a thumb-up. O'NEILL: "Good. Anubis' ship is destroyed and we all live to save another day." CARTER (again smiles): "Again, as the Colonel is well aware, we have reason to believe that eliminating the crystal power core of the ship's main weapon won't destroy the entire ship. It's defenses and auxiliary weapons will remain intact." O'NEILL: "Why don't we dwell on that for just a minute?" CARTER: "Our goal is to take out Anubis' new super weapon. It's what gives him a clear advantage over the rest of the Goa'uld mother ships. Now, we've received word from Teal'c that Yu has pledged to bring the full force of the remaining system lords' fleet down on Anubis once we've succeeded." O'NEILL: "Okay. Everyone who thinks this is absolutely an insane idea, raise your hand. Come on, be honest." (Everyone, including Sam, eventually raises their hand.) HAMMOND: "Keep your hands up, people, because the next question is who is going to make this happen?" QUINN: "Well, uh, it's going to take us at least a week to relocate the inhabitants of the ruins ..." CARTER: "Which will give us more than enough time to build a makeshift runway and get the 302 through the gate and reassembled." QUINN: "Once everything is established." (Jonas gives a thumb-up and looks around.) "The Tok'ra will plant our fake tablet and, with any luck, we'll lure Anubis to the planet." HAMMOND: "Let's move." Those in the room begin to depart, leaving Sam, Jack, Jonas and Daniel alone in the room. O'NEILL: "Look, I realize I wasn't the most positive voice in the room ..." CARTER: "We all know it's an extreme long-shot, sir." O'NEILL: "Well, my big problem with it is that all this depends on us trusting a Goa'uld to back us up." CARTER: "This is our only chance to take Anubis completely out of the picture and Yu has come through for us in the past." O'NEILL: "All I'm saying ... just for the record ... this is the wackiest plan we've ever come up with." CARTER: "Wackier than strapping an active Stargate to the bottom of the X-302?" O'NEILL (who is up and walking away

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22049, 3448 ]

2,916

7,168

CommonCrawl

4

1

): "Oh, yeah." CARTER: "Wackier than-than blowing up a sun?" O'NEILL (as he walks out the door): "Yep!" CARTER (to Jonas and Daniel): "He's probably right." Scene: Yu's Ship or Planet Yu's first prime is coming to talk to him just as Yu is preparing to enter his sarcophagus. FIRST PRIME: "My Lord, the fleet is ready." YU: "I say when the fleet is ready." FIRST PRIME: "Of, course, my Lord. It is time we move them in to position to prepare for the ambush of Anubis ... as you agreed, my Lord." YU: "Speak to me as if I am a fool again and you will not take another breath." FIRST PRIME: "Yes, my Lord." Yu climbs into the sarcophagus. YU: "Move the fleet into position." The sarcophagus closes. Scene: S.G.C. - Locker Room Jack and Daniel are gearing up. Jack has his locker open and Daniel walks up and opens his own locker. He notices a photo taped to Jack's locker door. JACKSON: "That's your son." O'NEILL: "Yeah." JACKSON: "Charlie ... he's why I know you. You took that first mission to Abydos because you thought it'd be ... suicide." O'NEILL: "Things change." JACKSON: "Yeah, sorry." O'NEILL: "You sure you're ready for this?" JACKSON: "Yeah, well, despite what you say ... I don't think you'd be doing this if it wasn't worth doing." O'NEILL: "Well, you obviously don't remember everything. You never used to follow my lead." JACKSON: "I didn't?" (then as Jack gets up and begins to walk out) "Hey, um, I may not remember everything, but, uh ... I remember enough." O'NEILL (smiles): "Good." We see that an S.G.C. base camp has been established. Sam is dressed in her flight suit (though not the really tight striped one from last season). She walks around a canopy to greet General Hammond, Sgt. Davis and others who are just arriving. CARTER (salutes): "Sir, welcome to base camp." HAMMOND (as he and Davis return the salute): "Thank you, Major." CARTER: "I have to admit, it's a little strange to see you off-world." HAMMOND: "Well, this is not your usual, run of the mill, alien planet operation, is it, Major?" CARTER: "No, sir." HAMMOND: "What's our status?" CARTER: "We're ready to go, sir." HAMMOND: "You'd better get yourself out to the F-302, then." CARTER (saluting again): "Yes, sir." He returns the salute and she leaves. Scene: Outer Space We see six mother ships flying in close formation. Then, inside one of the mother ships we see Teal'c being led to Yu's First Prime. FIRST PRIME: "We have just received word that Abubis' ship will be arriving in the system momentarily." Teal'c bows slightly. We see the F-302 on the makeshift runway that was recently constructed. Then we see inside the cockpit from above as the camera pans from rear to front. DAVIS (over the speaker): "Airstrike, this is command base. You are a go for take off." O'NEILL: "Yeah, I thought we were going with "Red Leader" on this one." CARTER: "All systems go, sir." O'NEILL: "Uh, command? There is one more thing ..." HAMMOND: "Colonel ... Major ... Godspeed." O'NEILL: "All right ... that's better." CARTER: "Thank you, sir." We see the F-302 fire up, taxi down the run way and zip off into

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29892, 8818, 29875, 1623, 278, 1065, 982, 322, 14319, 1283, 964 ]

2,916

8,192

CommonCrawl

10

8

space. We see Anubis' ship emerge from hyperspace near the planet. The "petal" doors of his super weapon area already opening. Then we see five Jaffa ring down to the village square, which is deserted. Two guards take up stance at the ring transport platform as three others move away. Then we see Daniel hiding behind a column as we hear the rings activate again. Daniel is holding a zat. Next we see all but the two guard Jaffa leaving the square. Suddenly, one of the guard Jaffa is hit with a zat pulse. Then the second one is hit. We see Pierce come out of his hiding place. He has hit both of the Jaffa. Daniel and Jonas come out of hiding as well and approach the downed Jaffa. Pierce motions for his team to follow him into the square to stand guared. Jonas takes the ring transport control off one of the Jaffa's wrists. QUINN (as he joins Daniel in the center of the ring transport platform): "Thanks, guys." PIERCE: "Good luck." Jonas and Daniel stand back to back, zats at the ready as Jonas activates the rings and they are transported to the ship. Scene: Space We see the F-302 approaching Anubis' mother ship. O'NEILL (pulling up his visor slightly): "Holy crap! Look at that thing. It's huge." CARTER: "I think they know we're coming, sir. Tally four gliders, nose, 400 kilometers." We see four blips on Sam's RADAR screen. Scene: Anubis' Ship We see Jaffa walking down a corridor. Daniel and Jonas are skulking in the shadows. After the Jaffa pass, they continue down the corridor the Jaffa had just come up. They approach a door and Daniel lays on floor preparing to fire as Jonas moves to the controls. Jonas opens the door and Daniel zats the two unsuspecting Jaffa stationed at the console. The dynamic duo moves into the room and Jonas closes the door as Daniel takes a seat at the console and begins bringing up readouts on the holographic screen. Scene: Ship Exterior The F-302 is getting closer. O'NEILL: "Extending ... max burn." CARTER: "You're heading right for them, sir." O'NEILL: "I wanna see what this thing's made of." CARTER: "I could tell you exactly, sir." O'NEILL: "Another time, maybe ... please." (Jack sees the four gliders approaching. He waits ... he waits ... Carter watches closely ... he waits ... and then fires.) "Fox 4, 2." (Two gliders vanish in matching fireballs as his missiles hit them. The 302 soars through the fire.) "Pitching back, left, 1, 3, 5." The F-302 does a loop to avoid glider fire. CARTER (over comms): "Daniel, Jonas, we are under attack. We need that intel." JACKSON (into his radio): "We're close." CARTER: "We can't hold these guys off for long." Scene: Ship Interior We hear clanking and shouting outside the door that Daniel and Jonas just closed. QUINN: "Great ... we got company." He heads back to the door controls to try and ensure that it stays closed. We see the system lord fleet flying in formation. Yu's First Prime receives a transmission from Yu. FIRST PRIME: "My Lord." YU (on the big screen): "Take the fleet to Chodawa." FIRST PRIME: "My Lord, that is across the galaxy. We are in position to ambush Anubis according to the ..." YU (as Teal'c approaches the console at which the First Prime is standing): "Do not question me! I am your god! Do as I say!" The transmission ends. TEAL'C: "You cannot." FIRST PRIME: "I have no choice." (Then to a Jaffa behind him) "Take him to a holding cell." TEAL'C: "If you abandon this opportunity to eliminate Anubis, you are dooming yourself and your master as well."

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FIRST PRIME: "I must do as my God commands." Herak, Anubis' First Prime, approaches. HERAK: "My Lord," (he bows) "our ground troops have confirmed that there is a human base on the planet." ANUBIS: "The search of the city?" HERAK: "No energy signatures." Meanwhile, Jonas has opened the cover to the door control panel and is trying to keep the door separating them from the Jaffa closed. QUINN: "All right ... that'll hold 'em off for ... a while ... a little while." JACKSON (back at the console): "That's it ... I'm in." (we see readouts start to appear on the holographic screen) "Uh ... this may take longer than a little while." QUINN: "Well, can't you do some kind of a ... keyword search?" JACKSON: "Yeah? For what? "Achilles"?" QUINN: "Well, that's good. I'm glad to see that your ... your memory's finally coming back. Not to mention your razor-sharp wit, but why don't we try something like, uh ... uh, "power core venting"?" (Daniel inputs something and the readout changes) "That' it, that's it." JACKSON (into his radio): "Jack, Sam, we got it. Transmitting data ..." Meanwhile, back on the 302, things are getting hectic. O'NEILL: "We gotta go, Carter." CARTER: "Sir, I've got the target data, but we need Anubis to power the weapon." HAMMOND (down at the base camp): "Airborne, we have not heard from Teal'c. The Goa'uld fleet is long overdue." O'NEILL (over comms): "Gee ... I had a problem with this plan ..." On Anubis' ship: HERAK: "My Lord, the attack vessel continues to elude our gliders." ANUBIS: "Send in another squadron." HERAK: "I do not believe what you are searching for is here." ANUBIS: "I agree." HERAK: "Shall I target their base, my Lord?" ANUBIS: "No. Recall the ground troops." HERAK: "Yes, my Lord." In the room with Daniel and Jonas: The Jaffa continue to work at the door. QUINN: "I don't think that we're going to get back to the ring room that way." JACKSON (noticing something on the screen): "What's that?" QUINN: "They're targeting the planet." (He pulls out his radio) "Base camp, this is Jonas, come in." DAVIS: "Go ahead." QUINN (over comms): "Your position's been compromised. The Stargate is being targeted. Repeat, the Stargate is being targeted. The naquadah will amplify the blast." HAMMOND: "Roger that. Evacuate all personnel." And back in the 302: O'NEILL: "We can go at it now, right?" CARTER: "We need the Goa'uld mother ships here to finish the job. Sir, we've got four more gliders headed this way." O'NEILL: "Can we go at it now?" CARTER: "Activating hyper-drive." O'NEILL: "Extending straight up." The new view out the 302 cockpit is reminiscent of the view Luke Skywalker had when he zipped the trench on the first Death Star in his X-wing in the original Star Wars movie. Jack manages to avoid all ship outcroppings and get the 302 under control. O'NEILL: "Damn ... that was close." CARTER: "Transferring target data to your terminal, sir." On the Mothership: HERAK: "My Lord, the human attack vessel has breached our shields." And with Jonas and Daniel, sparks are beginning to fly. JACKSON: "Let's get outta here." QUINN: "Yeah." They pick up their zats and head to a ventilation shaft. The

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2,916

10,240

CommonCrawl

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8

The grizzly stories behind 9 of London's most notorious gangsters We reckon that these are some of the most shocking criminals to have walked the streets in days gone by Tom Matthews Deborah MorrisWhat's on writer London's instantly recognisable gangsters: Ronnie and Reggie Kray (Image: Terry Disney/Express/Getty Images) Gang life in London is nothing new - but while we are shocked by crimes in our modern city, we can't help but be fascinated by those from the past. If you picture an image of gangsters in London during the 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s and 60s it probably plays out in your mind like a Film Noir - black and white images, sinister shadows, men in macs and trilby hats, a dark alleyway, a dingy pub and a glistening gun or flash of a blade. Possibly the first names to spring to mind are the Kray twins who ruled the street of South East London during the 50s and 60s. For more news and features about London directly to your inbox sign up to our newsletter here . But there are many more gangsters who held a reign of terror over the city throughout history. Many of the most notorious are long since dead but the grisly and dark tales of how they treated their victims live on as legendary. Still, we have to remember they were still dangerous criminals and no one would have wanted to have been caught up in their webs of violence, intimidation, terror and murders, however much of a morbid fascination we might have with them. In no particular order, we list 9 of most notorious gangsters to have ever walked London's streets. 1. The Kray twins London East End gangster twins Ronnie (right) and Reggie Kray pictured after spending 36 hours helping the police with their inquiry into the murder of George Cornell (Image: William Lovelace/Daily Express/Hulton Archive/Getty Images) Ronnie and Reggie Kray, born on October 23 1933, are possibly the most notorious of London's gangster history. The twins terrorised London in the 50s and 60s with their gang, "The Firm". Murder, armed robbery, arson, protection rackets, assaults - they were involved in it all. But despite being criminals they assumed some kind of celebrity status - the pair were West End nightclub owners mixing with politicians and entertainers of their time, were interviewed on TV and photographed by David Bailey. The Kray twins, who grew up in Bethnal Green, were among the last people to be held prisoner at the Tower of London - we bet you thought no one had been held prisoner there for centuries. The Krays were convicted in 1969 and each sentenced to life imprisonment. Ronnie was in Broadmoor Hospital until he died on March 17 1995 from a heart attack. Reggie was released from prison on compassionate grounds in August 2000, and died from bladder cancer nearly nine weeks later. 2. Jack "Spot" Comer Jack "Spot" Comer was the "King of Aldgate". (Image: Daily Mirror/Mirrorpix.com) Before the Kray twins came on the scene, Spot Comer was the man at the centre of gangland London between the 30s and 50s, styling himself as the "King of Aldgate". He grew up in a Jewish neighbourhood in Whitechapel and was said to have joined his first gang when he was just seven. At 15, he got a job as a runner for a bookies and a year later the teenager started working the protection rackets on Petticoat Lane. The brutal story behind the name of the busiest London Underground station London's Titanic: The tragic day 650 Londoners drowned in a river full of poo Some of his closest comrades in the protection racket underworld of the 1930s included the likes of Morris Goldstein aka "Moisha Blueball" and Bernard Schack aka "Sonny the Yank" - now they are some gangster names. The bookie never loses,

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2,918

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so they say - if Comer realised he wasn't going to do well at the races he would make off before punters came to collect their winnings. He also ran a con game called Take your Pick where people paid to pull a straw - but rarely won. Comer saw himself as a protector for Jewish shopkeepers but charged them for the privilege. Having raked in the money, Comer had a large flat in Marylebone, sharp suits, was driven in a Cadillac convertible - and a cut throat razor was his trademark weapon. He eventually "retired" from a life of crime and died in 1996. 3. Jack "the Hat" McVitie This is the man who is said to have led to the downfall of the Kray twins and their ending up in prison. He was a hitman, enforcer and drug trafficker with links to the Kray's gang, The Firm, which paid him to commit crimes on its behalf. McVitie was murdered by Reggie Kray in 1967 but this didn't go quite to plan - the gun jammed and Reggie ended up stabbing him to death in a violent struggle. Reggie was sent to prison for life. 4. Billy Hill Billy Hill pictured in 1955 (Image: Mirrorpix) This infamous name in the London underworld from the 1920s to the 1960s was involved with smuggling, protection rackets and, of course, extreme violence. Hill grew up in a criminal family and committed his first stabbing when he was 14. Starting out as a house burglar, he worked his way up the criminal career ladder to smash and grab raids and was involved in West End protection rackets with fellow gangster Jack Comer. Hill was behind the the Eastcastle Street postal van robbery worth £287,000 - about £7.58 million in today's money - and in 1954 he organised a £40,000 bullion heist - but no one was ever convicted for these robberies. The Crown series 4: Who was Michael Fagan who broke into Buckingham Palace while The Queen was asleep? The abandoned tunnel network under London built in secret by the Post Office, BT and the MoD He even fleeced millions from the rich at the casino tables in a clever scam. Hill retired from his life of crime in the 1970s and died in 1984. 5. Charlie and Eddie Richardson This pair of brothers headed The Richardson Gang, which were also apparently known as the "Torture Gang" - its members had a reputation as some of London's most sadistic gangsters. Rivals of the Kray twins, the brothers and their gang were based in south London in the 1960s. They used a scrap metal business and fruit machine company as fronts for a criminal empire. The Richardson gang were known to have held mock trials to punish and intimidate - the trial and resulting torture was known as "taking a shirt from Charlie" - it was said that Charlie Richardson would give the victim a clean shirt to go home in because the other would inevitably be covered in blood. Like something from a Quentin Tarantino film, this grisly gang between them were alleged to have pulled teeth out with pliers, cut off toes with bolt cutters, nail victims to the floor using six inch nails and give electric shocks until the victim was unconscious. Charlie Richardson died in December 2012. His brother Eddie Richardson is still alive and will be 84 on January 21, 2019. 6. "Mad" Frankie Fraser "Mad" Frankie Fraser in his later years at the funeral of Charlie Richardson in 2012 (Image: Daily Mirror) A bodyguard for Billy Hill and then later a member of the Richardson gang, "Mad" Frankie Fraser spent 42 years in prison for his many violent crimes - and it was clear why he was considered "mad". For it was he whose preferred method of torture, on behalf of the Richardson gang, was allegedly pulling victims teeth out with a pair of pliers. The spooky ghost story of the monk who died at Buckingham Palace Why

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2,918

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are MI5 and MI6 so famous and what happened to the other secret Military Intelligence departments But he was actually certified "insane" on two occasions and spend time in Cane Hill Hospital and Broadmoor Hospital. In his later life, Fraser became a bit of a celebrity - he appeared on TV shows Operation Good Guys, Shooting Stars and Brass Eye. He wrote his autobiography, had a documentary made about him and even gave gangland tours around London. He died in November 2014. 7. George Cornell Police outside the Blind Beggar pub, Whitechapel Road, London after the shooting of George Cornell on March 9, 1966 (Image: Mirrorpix) George Cornell met his maker when he was shot by Ronnie Kray at the Blind Begger pub in Whitechapel. His murder got the Kray twin sentenced to life in prison. Before his death, Stepney-born gangster Cornell was a tough enforcer for the Richardson gang - with a reputation known for being absolutely fearless. It is said he was actually a childhood friend of the Krays but joined up with their rival gang who used him for talks with the brothers. The story goes that Ronnie Kray calmly shot Cornell in the top of his forehead above his right eye. The bullet passed right through him and he was taken to hospital where he died. Kray and his associate meanwhile, got into a waiting car outside. 8. Bernie Silver Prostitution, pornography and criminal rackets were Bernie Silver's speciality as a Dom in the London underworld between the 1950s and 1970s. Together with "Big Frank" Mifsud, Silver headed up "The Syndicate". Starting off with one strip club in Bower Street, by the late 60s they controlled 19 of the 24 strip clubs in Soho. In 1956, Silver was charged for living off immoral earnings but let off because the judge decided there was no case to answer. Then in 1973, Silver was again arrested and charged for living off immoral earnings after renting out a room above a strip club to dancers who also worked as prostitutes. He was sentenced to six years in prison. He has had a film character based on him - Lew Vogel in the film The Bank Job. Silver died in 2002. Des on ITV: The chilling letters Dennis Nilsen sent to police and TV producers from prison The man who was the 'real' Robin Hood and the amazing thing that happened to him in London 9. Charles "Derby" Sabini Charles Sabini was known as "king of the racecourse gangs" and his Clerkenwell-based gang ruled over the south east's racecourses in the early part of the 20th Century. Sabini, the son of an immigrant Italian father and an English mother and born in Saffron Hill - then known as London's Little Italy - became the south's top gangster of the time. He controlled the best pitches at each horse race and had his men guarding the bookies under his power - the bookies were allowed to only half of each pound they made. As well as making money from racecourse protection rackets Sabini's firm was also associated with other criminal activities and ran several nightclubs. His organisation was said to have used Sicilian gunmen and razor attacks to terrorise. One policeman apparently stated that he and his thugs used to "stand sideways on to let the bookmakers see the hammers in their pockets". Eventually, Sabini became a bookie himself when he settled in Hove. He died there in 1950. Asda, Aldi and Lidl's rules on touching things in stores AsdaThe emphasis seems to be on buying and not browsing CoronavirusMore than 100 die in a month in Hounslow as it sees worst coronavirus rates in LondonBorough leaders have explained why they think Hounslow has such high rates Stacey Solomon pulls off last minute surprise after forgetting fiancé Joe Swash's birthday Stacey SolomonThe family were all smiles in the end Londoner forced to lie to get coronavirus test as he didn't have 3 main symptoms Coronavirus"The only way you can

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TV is a booming business for writers with one-hour dramas and dramedies, half hour semi-comedic series and animation. Even reality TV relies on writers to come up with hours of new, different and compelling material. This panel will discuss what it takes to get into TV writing – and what it takes to stay there. What do those jobs entail? Do you need a spec script to get into the game – and which one(s). How scripts are constructed, and re-constructed, in the writers' rooms and the executive suites. How writers deal with networks – and vice versa. How to use the highly-structured TV formats to strengthen your writing. How to break a story – and put it back together. GAYE HIRSCH serves as Co-Head/Senior Vice President of Scripted Development at The CW Network, where she oversees development and production of scripted pilots for the network. Ms. Hirsch originally joined The CW as Vice President of Current Programming. Previously, she served as a Senior Executive at Cruise/Wagner Productions, where she managed the development slate and was a producer on Shattered Glass and Suspect Zero. Prior to Cruise/Wagner, she was Vice President of Production for HBO Films, supervising development and production of Emmy and Golden Globe Award-winning films including Gia and Introducing Dorothy Dandridge. Before HBO, Ms. Hirsch served as Vice President, Production at Robert Lawrence Productions. She began her career at Touchstone Pictures as a Creative Executive, ultimately becoming Vice President, Production. Gaye is sorry but Legal Affairs will not permit her to accept any scripts or hear any pitches. ALEX METCALF is currently a Writer/Producer on the Peabody Award winning series UnREAL (Lifetime). He has written for Kingdom (DirectTV), Mercy Street (PBS) and the short-lived Lucky 7 (ABC). His features include God's Pocket with Phillip Seymour Hoffman and An American Affair with Gretchen Mol and he is also the author of the hardboiled novel, Where the Sun Don't Shine. He has taught screenwriting at UCLA, LMU and the Stark Program at USC. STEVE CUDEN has written nearly ninety teleplays for many familiar TV series, such as X-Men, The Batman, Iron Man, Beetlejuice, Pink Panther, RoboCop, Stargate Infinity, ExoSquad, and Mummies Alive. He directed and co-produced the cult-favorite horror-comedy feature Lucky, winning the award for Best Director at the Nodance Film Festival. Lucky also won awards for Best Feature at the New York City Horror Film Festival, Shriekfest in Los Angeles, MicroCineFest in Baltimore, and The Weekend of Fear in Nuremberg, Germany. Steve also authored Beating Broadway: How to Create Stories for Musicals That Get Standing Ovations. His new book is Beating Hollywood, but he is perhaps best known for co-creating the hit Broadway and international musical Jekyll & Hyde with composer Frank Wildhorn. MARC WEINGARTEN is a writer, editor and filmmaker. He is a producer for the shows The Bachelor, The Bachelorette, and Bachelor in Paradise. As a journalist, Weingarten's work has appeared in countless publications, including GQ, Details, New York Times, Wired, GQ, Esquire, Los Angeles Times, Salon and Slate. His 2009 Salon story "The Lear Jet Repo Man" was purchased by Paramount pictures and will soon be a feature film. GREG MILLER is the author of How To Be A Writer Who Writes and the new reference e-book, Miller's Compendium of Timeless Tools for the Modern Writer. Greg has written and produced feature film and TV projects for Fox, Disney, Dino De Laurentiis, Oxygen, MTV, HBO and Comedy Central. LOCATION: Veterans Memorial Building, 4117 Overland Avenue, Culver City 90230 (corner of Culver Boulevard. Parking entrance on Culver) Map of location. Free parking! Enter on Culver. E-MAIL RESERVATIONS REQUIRED — Email [email protected] to make your reservation for this event. Please write "IWOS

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Names Xanax is the brand name for the prescription drug alprazolam. It belongs in a group of prescription medications known as benzodiazepines, which are frequently used for the treatment of anxiety and insomnia. Also referred to as "minor tranquilizers", Xanax and similar benzodiazepine medications are very sedating. Xanax is a controlled substance due to its high risk for abuse and addiction. Other drugs in this category include Ativan (lorazepam), Valium (diazepam), and Klonopin (clonazepam). Like similar medications, Xanax works in the brain by enhancing the function of GABA. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is a brain chemical that helps to slow down excitement that may be occurring in the brain. Since experts believe that anxiety may be the result of this excessive activity, Xanax helps to bring about a calming effect. Xanax and other medications in this category are also referred to as CNS (central nervous system) depressants, sedatives, and mild tranquilizers because of this calming property. Initially developed by the drug company Upjohn, Xanax was released back in the early 1980s. Dr. David Sheehan, a psychiatrist, suggested that the company market alprazolam for the treatment of panic disorder rather than for anxiety disorder. Although at the time benzodiazepines were considered an ineffective drug for panic disorder, Dr. Sheehan knew otherwise. Upjohn followed his recommendation and alprazolam quickly became a very popular medication. Xanax later became the first medication to be FDA approved specifically for the treatment of panic disorder. It is approved only for short term treatment – up to 8 weeks. While studies showed that it was a powerful treatment for 8 weeks, they also found that after that time frame it was no longer effective. Studies also revealed that the medication had potentially serious withdrawal effects, including seizures and psychoses. Individuals who discontinue Xanax after regular use may also experience rebound anxiety. Xanax is primarily prescribed to treat panic disorder as well as other types of anxiety disorders, including anxiety due to depression. The symptoms of anxiety include excessive worry and / or fearfulness, fatigue, restlessness, problems with sleep, irritability, and poor concentration. Panic attacks involve sudden episodes of intense fear or anxiety combined with other symptoms such as a tightness or heaviness in the chest, shortness of breath, pounding heart, sweating, lightheadedness, nausea, trembling, chills or feeling flushed, and a sense that one is going crazy. The effects of Xanax are typically felt very quickly, as it reaches its highest levels in the body within 1 to 2 hours after taken. The mean half life of Xanax is approximately 11 hours. Xanax, like other medications in its category, has a calming and sedating effect when taken in low doses. People who take it usually become drowsy. It works to decrease feelings of anxiety and relaxes muscles tension. Xanax can also cause short-term loss of memory. It can also stop seizures. In high doses it can cause excitement, extreme drowsiness, disinhibition, decreased respiration, irregular heart beat, dizziness or fainting, confusion, coordination problems, decreased mobility, and coma. Combining Xanax with other sedating drugs or street drugs can potentially be fatal. Xanax is available in a regular tablet, an extended release tablet (Xanax XR), an orally disintegrating tablet, and a concentrated solution. For most patients, the initial dose of Xanax is between .25 mg and .5 mg, three times per day. It may be slowly increased up to 4 mg. per day, taken in small doses throughout the day. For panic disorder the dose often starts higher, at .5 mg three times per day. Depending on the severity of the disorder, this dose may be slowly increased to 10 mg. per day. In general, the dose is 5 mg to 6 mg per day. Xanax is not usually taken in one larger dose once a day; rather the dose is divided and taken several times a day. Like all

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Duration: 06 April - 04 May 2013 Written by: Nina Raine Directed by: Ross Jolly WINNER New York Critics Circle Theatre Award 2012 for Best Play WINNER Outstanding Play, Drama Desk Award NY WINNER Alliance Award New York for Best Play Nominated Best Play Laurence Olivier Awards London 2011 A smart, highly original and funny new play, Tribes has wowed critics and audiences alike, enjoying smash hit seasons in London and New York, and winning a swathe of awards. Billy's ferociously intelligent and proudly idiosyncratic family are their own tiny empire. Dinner conversation is a no-holds-barred mayhem, where opinions, jokes and insults fly. But Billy, who is deaf, is the only one who really listens. Meeting Sylvia transforms his life, and makes him finally want to be heard. But can he get a word in edgeways? "The best-written, best-plotted, deepest, most daring – and funniest – new play in recent years" – The Wall Street Journal "As good as theatre gets. Don't miss it" – The Australian "At once funny and piercingly painful – four stars" – Charles Spencer, Daily Telegraph Jeffrey Thomas Paul Waggott Erin Banks Nathan Meister Emma Kinane Jessica Robinson 06 April − 04 May Tuesday and Wednesday 6.30pm Thursday to Saturday 8pm Sunday 4pm Adults $46 Concessions $38 Friends of Circa (until 21 April) $33 Groups 6+ $39 Groups 20+ $36 Under 25s $25 $25 Preview Friday, 5 April and $25 Special Sunday, 7 April Tribes demands attention BY LAURIE ATKINSON, THE DOMINION POST, 08 MARCH 2013 At the start of Nina Raine's absorbing and moving play Tribes I thought I was watching an updated comedy about an eccentric, self-absorbed, foul-mouthed, argumentative bohemian family like the Bliss family in Noel Coward's Hay Fever, except Raine's family are given no surname and it is set in North London rather than Berkshire. Christopher is a writer and retired academic, his wife Beth is a novelist, and their three children, all in their twenties, are still living at home. Daniel has completed a thesis on the relationship between language and meaning. One of his first pronouncements is 'Language is worthless.' His sister Ruth is a would-be opera singer, singing in languages, which Daniel pointedly remarks, no one can understand. The youngest member of this tribe is Billy who says little and seems to be largely ignored as the verbal missiles ricochet across the dining table. Billy is deaf which his family seem to disregard, unaware of his loneliness, and he survives with a hearing aid and being an expert lip-reader. The outsider from another tribe who upsets the cosy imbalance of the family is Sylvia whom Billy has fallen in love with. She is the daughter of deaf parents and she herself is going deaf. We learn from her about the hierarchies of the deaf: to be born deaf is 'superior' to be slowly losing one's hearing. Then Billy strikes out on his own, determined to use only sign language, much to his father's disgust who always wanted Billy to be part of the mainstream. Though Tribes may appear contrived, what with Daniel's interest in language and the recurrence of his mental and physical problems which dovetail a little too neatly with the play's themes about isolation, empathy, and the ways language in all its forms can impede communication, the play still holds the audience in an iron grip. It is finely acted by Jeffrey Thomas as the determinedly non-PC father, Emma Kinane as his more reasonable if argumentative wife, Jessica Robinson as the daughter Ruth, and Nathan Meister in the 'showier' role of Daniel which he balances brilliantly on the fine edge between comedy and tragedy. In the key roles of Billy and Sylvia, Paul Waggott and Erin B

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We've been selling radiator covers for months now, and it's been an incredibly successful move. Radiator cabinetry have only gotten more and more popular in the past few months and we've made many a happy customer manufacturing & supplying it all around Dublin and the island of Ireland. Now again we've decided to move into manufacturing and supplying another highly-coveted wooden furniture piece for a homeowner. Wall panelling has been rising in popularity recently and we've finally decided to start cutting, manufacturing and supplying wall panelling for experienced homeowners or carpenters. Now you can order four different styles of wall panelling from our new website, wallpanelling.ie. Storage Heater Covers, Low cost, reliable solutions. Storage heaters are fitted oil filled electric heaters than can cost a lot less than running cheaper plug in electric heaters, saving you money in the long run. Most people say their electric bills have gone down when they switched to storage heaters over electrical heaters, as storage heaters collect energy from the mains during off peak hours, meaning they can be even cheaper than running oil or gas. So, you've decided to have a storage heater installed & fitted to make savings on your heating costs. Excellent decision, but now you need to decide how you're going to style your storage heater. Yes, they come with a standard cover, but you can improve on this and make something truly unique for your home. Storage heater covers work very much in the same vein as mantle a piece for those who don't have a fireplace. It's a place to display family photos and centrepieces that can really tie the room together. This means you can save on electricity bills, add a unique furniture piece to your home, and keep warm for the winter. Radiator covers are a modern furniture piece that have only gotten popular in the last decade or so. However, that doesn't mean they are a simple fad. Ever since we built Radcover.ie in late March, we have been out the door with orders for Radiator Covers and Radiator Cabinets. They have shot up in popularity because of all the benefits they provide, for such a cheap cost. Radiator covers are excellent for heat retention, which keeps your house warm and cosy. This extra insulation is incredibly noticeable once you have installed a radiator cover. They also offer protection from old overheating radiators, that are dangerous for any homeowner that has pets or small children. Uncovered radiators can and have been the cause of many deaths in recent years, and this is partially why homeowners are purchasing radiator cabinets, for the safety features. Radiator cabinets also offer a place to hold family portraits and items of that nature. With the removal or absence of fireplaces in most homes, such as apartments or newer houses, homes need a new centre to place these items. Many homeowners are choosing to place these items on their quality wooden radiator cabinetry. Radiator Covers Ireland are the number 1 supplier of affordable, stylish furniture pieces. Nowhere else can you find furniture delivered straight to your door for cheaper. We pride ourselves on our ability to satisfy our client's needs. Whether you need a new bunk bed for the little ones, or a dining table that fits the whole family for the upcoming holidays, Radcover.ie are here to help. When you order a piece from us, you will be put into contact with one of our Irish customer service officers. They will detail exactly what you need in your order, how long it will take, the delivery options. You will have full assistance throughout the entire process to make it as easy as possible. We pride ourselves on our extensive customer service skills and customer satisfaction. From there we can decide how to receive your bunk beds. Optimally, you can collect it from our factory here in Kylemore, Park North. This is the most cost-effective for both of us, as we don't have to pay a courier to deliver the furniture to your doorstep, but of course it is always an option. This courier fee is why there is an extra delivery charge. Radiator Cabinets are quality wooden furniture pieces that surround your radiator. They are the perfect place for pictures, flowers and other household items. Many people live in homes that have no fireplace or the fireplace has been removed. This means they don't have a mantelpiece to place family pictures, statuettes and such. A nice Rad

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iator Cabinet allows you to have a place to display these items in a home. How can you offer so many designs? We offer a multitude of designs for our radiator cabinets because we manufacture every single radiator cabinet in our factory on our cutting machine. This means we can cut any design you like, we offer a variety of predetermined designs, but custom designs are possible if needed. We've built radiator cabinets with company logos and custom designs. Radiator cabinets are an excellent addition to any home. They can provide additional storage for small items, such as plants and family pictures. They also provide protection from hot and ugly radiators that are probably older than any of the furniture in your home. Our Radiator Cabinets come in so many different styles and designs. We have creative, intricate designs for those who are interested in styling their homes with a modern aesthetic. For those who want a more traditional, classic look, we have the traditional striped pattern in both horizontal and vertical alignments. The more traditional design is the vertical stripes, however the horizontal is also a popular choice. Radiator Cabinets also come in a variety of different colours and finishes. We can produce them in a plain white colour if you want, but we think the radcover should become a part of your home. It should match the colour and style of your home. And if you ever want the colour changed in a few years, we can take them back to our factory and repaint them for you. If you are interested in purchasing a quality radiator cabinet, or have any cabinetry/carpentry work done, such as a new dining table or bunk bed be sure to give us a shout! Radiator covers for children's rooms. We manufacture and supply radiator covers for all different types of homes, we build them to ensure that they can fit any home. When people ask about how safe it is to fit a radiator cabinet to their radiators, we want them to know that fitting a rad cover is more safe, not less. We manufacture many different types of furniture pieces for our customers, Such as bunk beds and Dining tables. Radiator covers for children's rooms are even more encouraged because they make sure your children can't burn themselves on the boiling hot radiators. Having exposed radiators are a thing of the past, they look ugly, they're dangerous, and they're full of sharp edges. Whether they be in your living room, kids' bedroom or in your walk in wardrobes, if you have small kids in the house you need adequate furniture. The first thing anyone improving their home and upgrading it to be more modern should consider is a radiator cabinet. The benefits of a Radcover. Any home that uses radiators for heat could benefit from installing a radcover. This is especially true for older houses where the fitted radiators might not be appealing. Replacing old radiators with new, cleaner ones would do nothing for heating performance and would cost thousands. Instead you can improve the look of your radiators with some radcovers. radcovers need to be large enough to fit around the entire unit without touching it. radcovers should have multiple holes to allow for heat to transfer through the unit, while still keeping its stylish appeal. The most important reason to install some radcovers is safety. Radiators can get extremely hot, If your home has small children or pets who may brush up against them, radiators can be quite hazardous. Additionally, If a radiator malfunctions and beings leaking, large amounts of hot steam can be produced. radcovers will prevent this steam from shooting out into the room. With a radcover, a radiator can distribute heat better then without one. Since the heat is being pushed away from the wall, heat that would otherwise go into the ceiling goes straight into the middle of the room. Studies have shown the difference in the heat of a room can be as much as four and a half degrees. How is a radcover built? We manufacture our radcovers, Bunk beds dublin, & Dining tables in our Dublin-based factory in kylemore, park north. When we get the order for a new radcover, we immediately load up our cnc router cutting machine and begin cutting out the design the customer requested. From there we continue to cut all the individual pieces of the unit. Afterwards they are spray painted by our in-house spray painting team and left to dry. Finally, the pieces are put together and ready to be delivered straight to your home. When you first move into a new house, It

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Criminal Lawyers for Indecent Assault – s 61L Crimes Act 1900 Indecent assault occurs where one person touches another person in a sexual manner without the other person's consent. The maximum penalty for the offence is 5 years in prison if the case proceeds to the District Court, or 2 years if it remains in the Local Court. The offence of indecent assault was superseded by 'sexual touching' in December 2018, but incidents which allegedly occurred before the commencement of the new offence are charged under the old section. Your Options in Court Pleading Not Guilty Before you can be found guilty of indecent assault, the prosecution must prove four elements beyond a reasonable doubt: That an assault took place That the assault was 'indecent' That consent was not given That you knew that consent was not given, or you were reckless as to whether consent was given If the prosecution is unable to prove each of these four elements, you will be found 'not guilty.' There are a number of ways to defend indecent assault charges, including raising the fact that: The prosecution cannot prove there was touching, The prosecution cannot prove you were the person who undertook the act, The prosecution cannot prove the act was undertaken intentionally or recklessly, The prosecution cannot prove the act was indecent, The prosecution cannot disprove that there was in fact consent; The touching was for a proper medical purpose, or You were coerced or threatened into committing the act. If any of these facts prevail, you will be found not guilty. Where the evidence is strong, you may wish to plead guilty to the charge. If this is the case, your lawyer may be able to negotiate the police 'facts' ie to make the matters set-out in your court attendance notice more accurately reflect what actually occurred. Your lawyer can also guide you to obtain materials that are relevant to your sentencing – including a letter of apology and character reference. This can significantly reduce the penalty actually obtained. By pleading guilty at an early stage, you will be entitled to a 'discount' on sentence of up to 25% – which can lead to the imposition of a less serious penalty type. You will also be spared the time, expense and stress of a defended hearing or trial.. Indecent assault carries a maximum penalty of 5 years imprisonment if the case is committed up to the District Court, or 2 years where it remains in the Local Court. However, it is important to be aware that these are maximum penalties and a good lawyer will seek to keep the case in the Local Court and fight for the most lenient outcome. The court may impose any of the following penalties for indecent assault: Section 10 Dismissal Conditional Release Order Community Correction Order Intensive Correction Order Why Choose Sydney Criminal Lawyers®? Going to court can be nerve-racking, but having a strong and compassionate legal team behind you can make the experience significantly easier to deal with. Here are 12 reasons to choose our multi-award winning legal team: Proven Track Record of Exceptional Results Sydney Criminal Lawyers® consistently achieves outcomes which are in the highest percentile of the Judicial Commission's sentencing statistics for criminal cases. Our legal team devises effective case-strategies and fights hard to have cases dropped entirely or charges downgraded – saving clients the time, expense and stress of a defended hearing or jury trial. Where cases nevertheless proceed, our lawyers have an outstanding track record of winning defended Local Court hearings, and complex jury trials in the District and Supreme Courts. We also consistently win appeals in the District and Supreme Courts (including the NSWCCA) after clients have received unsatisfactory results with other law firms in the lower courts.We are one of the few firms to achieve successful criminal law appeals in the High Court of Australia. Where our clients wish to plead guilty, we frequently achieve 'dismissals' and 'non convictions' in cases where other lawyers have advised there is no chance of doing so. Highest Level of Client Satisfaction We have the best and most comprehensive client review record of any law firm in Australia. Regular communication, accessibility and quality service are our team's highest priorities. We are committed to thoroughly

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CommonCrawl

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explaining all steps involved in the criminal law process, providing regular updates throughout the proceedings, and making ourselves accessible and responsive. We are passionate about providing an exceptional level of service to our clients, and we fight hard to achieve optimal results in the shortest period of time. Australia's Most Awarded Criminal Law Firm We have received more awards and accolades than any other criminal law firm in Australia. Our team has been awarded "Criminal Defence Firm of the Year in Australia" in a number of prestigious and competitive awards programs for several years running. The awards recognise our exceptional track record of results, our outstanding client service, the high level of satisfaction we achieve, the affordability of our services and our overall excellence. We want our clients to know exactly how much their cases will cost from the very start. That's why we were the first criminal law firm in Australia to publish 'fixed fees', back in 2004. We offer fixed fees for most types of criminal cases and services.Our fixed fees apply to a range of Local Court cases such as drink driving, drug possession, fraud, common assault and AVOs, and also specific services such as prison visits, bail applications, appeals and defended hearings. Unlike many other law firms, our fixed fees are published on our website – which ensures transparency and certainty. For those who are going to court, we offer a free first conference of up to an hour with one of our Senior Criminal Defence Lawyers. We also offer a free first conference to those who have received an unsatisfactory result after being represented in court by another law firm, or after representing themselves, and wish to appeal. We guarantee that only lawyers with substantial criminal defence experience will work on your case and appear for you in court. This ensures our clients receive the highest quality representation from an experienced, specialist criminal lawyer. All NSW Courts From Bombala to Broken Hill, our lawyers appear in courts throughout New South Wales – and across Australia for Commonwealth cases. And we offer fixed fees for most criminal and traffic law cases throughout the state. Our entire firm is exclusively dedicated to criminal law – which makes us true specialists. All of our lawyers have years of experience representing clients in criminal cases, and our principal has been certified by the Law Society of NSW as an Accredited Criminal Law Specialist since 2005. An 'Accredited Specialist' is a lawyer who has practised for at least 5 years in a particular field of law (such as criminal law), has passed a rigorous assessment process conducted by the Law Society of NSW, and has been selected by the Specialist Accreditation Committee of the Law Society as an expert in the field. Accredited Specialists are required to undertake more training each year than other lawyers and must be successful in having their accreditation renewed every year. Specialist Accreditation is the mark of a true specialist. Our firm's specialist experience ensures you receive the best possible result, whatever your criminal law case may be. Results-Focused Law Firm Our team is passionate about achieving results, and unlike many other law firms, our lawyers do not have monthly financial 'budgets' to meet. The absence of budgets means our lawyers are entirely focused on achieving optimal results in the shortest space of time; whether by getting charges dropped or downgraded at an early stage or having cases 'thrown out of court'. Not having budgets also means our lawyers are not under pressure to engage in unscrupulous practices such as unnecessarily adjourning cases or 'overcharging' clients – which, sadly, is a common complaint against many other lawyers and law firms. No budgets encourages regular consultation between lawyers within the firm – promoting an 'open door', team environment where lawyers bounce ideas off one another, formulate case strategy together and benefit from each other's specialised experience, methods, techniques and insights. The result is a firm which delivers optimal outcomes in the shortest time periods, at the least expense and stress to our clients. Team of Lawyers Behind You Our clients benefit from the pool of knowledge that only an extensive team of experienced criminal defence lawyers can provide. Our lawyers regularly consult one another to stay 'ahead of the pack' in the ever-changing field of criminal law – constantly devising, refining and implementing specialised techniques which ensure our clients achieve the best

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CommonCrawl

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Fun and Cute The page cannot be found Possible causes: Baptist explanation: There must be sin in your life. Everyone else opened it fine. Presbyterian explanation: It's not God's will for you to open this link. Word of Faith explanation: You lack the faith to open this link. Your negative words have prevented you from realizing this link's fulfillment. Charismatic explanation: Thou art loosed! Be commanded to OPEN! Unitarian explanation: All links are equal, so if this link doesn't work for you, feel free to experiment with other links that might bring you joy and fulfillment. Buddhist explanation: ......................... Episcopalian explanation: Are you saying you have something against homosexuals? Christian Science explanation: There really is no link. Atheist explanation: The only reason you think this link exists is because you needed to invent it. Church counselor's explanation: And what did you feel when the link would not open? Snow Leopards Discovered Flourishing in Afghanistan Image Credit Flickr User Tambako the Jaguar The Snow Leopard is known for its elusive nature and wildlife groups have been concerned for decades about their dwindling numbers. Yet there is some good news – the species is, it seems, flourishing in one remote part of Afghanistan. The war torn country is home to a vigorous population of snow leopards. The World Conservation Society recently laid a number of camera traps in the Wakhan Corridor. This mountainous area is a long panhandle in the north east of the country and the camera traps captured snow leopards on film in sixteen places. Image Credit Flickr User Land Rover Our Planet This is a remarkable turn out of events as it has been estimated that there are only around seven thousand snow leopards in the world, scattered across a dozen countries in Central Asia. Their habitat is usually over 10,000 feet above sea level but even at these heights snow leopards are often killed by shepherds for harrying their flocks. That isn't the last of their worries either. Many of these fuzzy-tailed felines are caught and sold by the illegal pet trade. Then there is the Chinese problem. Their bones and penises are in high demand by the bourgeoning middle classes of China. It is believed that ingestion of their body parts increase sexual performance in humans. Panthera uncial is considered one of the most endangered of the big cats. Their numbers have fallen by twenty percent over the last twenty years. You do not need to be Einstein to calculate that the species does not have long unless something is done. The goal of the World Conservation Society is to make sure that these wonderful beasts have are protected and have a future in Afghanistan. A reservation has been proposed by the society so that the snow leopards of the Wakhan Corridor, which has borders on Tajikistan, Pakistan and – oh dear – China, can be legally and forcefully protected. Although it has always been known that snow leopards inhabit this remote part of Afghanistan there was concern that the population had been severely depleted. As the wars of the last thirty years have impoverished the population it was thought that their patience with a predatory big cat, however endangered, would precipitate wider hunting. This it seems has not been the case. Fortunately the Wakhan Corridor is one of the few places in Afghanistan which has been troubled by insurgency and civil unrest. Yet there is a lot of work to be done. At the moment the society is doing its best to train rangers and provide education around conservation. Other help has been to provide locals with corrals which are predator-proof and to start up a compensation scheme to reimburse farmers whose stock is predated by the leopards. The society has not put an exact number on the amount of snow leopards in the corridor but maintain that their status still remains highly endangered. After all, a world population which only numbers in the thousands cannot be considered safe if a new enclave of the species is discovered. It would be a shame if the dramatic peaks of the wild and desolate Wakhan Corridor, this thin strip of land just over two hundred miles in length, turned out to be the last refuge of one of the planet's animal marvels. The Ark in Space would like to point out that the pictures used

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Winter Cycling Blog Cycling Enthusiast News Do e-bikes belong on hiking-mountain biking trails? – Ruidoso News Posted on October 29, 2019 Author Winter Cycling Comments Off on Do e-bikes belong on hiking-mountain biking trails? – Ruidoso News E-bikes are divided into three classifications Can pedal-assisted e-bikes harmoniously share trails with hikers, equestrians and mountain bikers? A more accommodating trail use policy for pedal-assisted e-bikes is being developed by the Bureau of Land Management and managers of some other federal land. Kratom Powder for Sale Left Coast Kratom is here to help you experience the freshest highest quality kratom powders and extracts at competitive prices. Last week, officials with the U.S. Department of the Interior announced guidance to implement Order 3376, "Increasing Recreational Opportunities Through the Use of Electric Bikes," which will allow the use of low-speed electric bicycles at national wildlife refuges and other DOI-managed public lands where traditional biking occurs. A mountain bike rider navigates a trail at Grindstone Lake in Ruidoso. (Photo: Courtesy Photo/Mark Stambaugh) The move will expand recreational opportunities and access to millions of Americans, according to a release from the DOI. Support local journalism: Subscribe to the Ruidoso News The National Park Service previously issued guidance to allow for e-bikes to be used on most bike paths in national parks. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Forest Service is not included in the directive and currently, e-bikes are limited to trails only where motorized vehicles are permitted. Secretary's Order 3376, signed by U.S. Secretary of the Interior David Bernhardt on Aug. 29, directs DOI bureaus to create a clear and consistent e-bike policy for the land.they manage. The policy also supports Secretary's Order 3366 to increase recreational opportunities on public lands, the release stated. The majority of states have adopted e-bike policies, which primarily have followed model legislation allowing for three classes of e-bikes to have access to bicycle trails. The DOI e-bike guidance seeks to provide consistency with the state and local rules where possible, according to the release. What are e-bikes? The three classes of e-bike are defined as: Class 1: Bicycle equipped with a motor that provides assistance only when the rider is pedaling, and that ceases to provide assistance when the e-bike reaches 20 mph. Class 2: Bicycle equipped with a throttle-actuated motor, that ceases to provide assistance when the e-bike reaches 20 mph. The Fish and Wildlife Service policy allows Class 1, 2 and 3 e-bike riding (without the use of a throttle) on National Wildlife Refuge roads, trails and designated areas where traditional bikes are allowed. The policy does not allow e-bikes in designated wilderness areas and most back-country trails, according to information from peopleforbikes.org. The year began with 11 states using the model three-class e-bike definitions. But as of June 19, peopleforbikes.org reported that 22 states define e-bikes within the three classes,.The eleven new states include Oklahoma and Texas. New Mexico is not on the list and is shown as "problematic" on the advocacy group's map of states with either "model legislation," "acceptable" or "problematic" legislation. The New Mexico Motor Vehicle Division defines electric bikes as regular bicycles and they are subject to the same laws as traditional bicycles. The state does not require license or registration of electric bicycles. Helmets are required for all riders under 14 years of age when riding on roadways. Electric bicycles may be ridden on roadways, in bike lanes and on bike paths. Secretary's Order 3376 directs DOI bureaus to begin the longer term process of obtaining public input on new regulations that will clarify that low-speed e-bikes should enjoy the same access as conventional bicycles,

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consistent with other federal and state laws. More: What happened to electric scooters at NMSU? Here's what we know Local reaction Leroy Cockrell, a Ruidoso resident who has been active in Lincoln National Forest issues, including a proposal to create trails for off-highway vehicles in the Hale Lake area of the forest east of Ruidoso, said while he never has ridden an e-bike, he can see why it would be useful, especially for an aging population that enjoys being outdoors, but no longer can hike great distances. Leroy Cockrell (Photo: Courtesy Photo/Tim Keithley) "I think anything that can help a person, especially older people like myself is worthwhile," he said Monday. "That's why a lot of these side-by-sides and all terrain vehicles are getting so popular, We can't walk way back in there like we used to. "I kind of see it as nice way to help out. I think I would like it. It's just a little help." He distinguished between the pedal-assisted e-bike and one with a throttle, saying the former would create little impact.. As for his friends who are mountain bikers, Cockrell said, "It depends on who you talk to. The purest mountain bikers are really into the physical part and I think they kind of resent a motorized bike of any kind on their trails." Under the current village ordinance, no motorized vehicle of any kind is allowed on municipal trails, said Rodney Griego, director of the Parks and Recreation Department. "So black and white, if you looked at our ordinance, motorized vehicles are not allowed on our trails," he said. "But I know that other people in the past have even driven electric golf carts on our trails." The village council likely would back an exception for the pedal-assisted e-bike, as distinguished from one with a throttle, he said. "I guess (an e-bike) is a way for someone to still enjoy the outside without busting a lung or busting their legs." Dale Moebus, mountain biker "I believe the village would support that," he said. "It would just need a little updating of our ordinance. We're definitely on board. That's the trend you're seeing in the United States with those bikes and we would like to stay on top of that to provide people with recreational opportunities.". Shane Barnett, owner of Club Gas, rents and sells e-bikes at his location at the intersection of White Mountain Drive and New Mexico Highway 48, also known as Mechem Drive. "I know e-bikes are the wave of the future," he said. "It's just a pedal-assisted bike, so it's not like a motorcycle. You still have to pedal the bike. There is not going to be any more damage done to the trails." More: Hoodooos and hiking in fairy tale woods: 48 hours in Banff National park in the Canadian Rockies If damaged occurred, it probably would be from having more people on the trail, not from the e-bikes, he said. Several different areas are open to e-bikes in the Lincoln National Forest, the same areas that allowed motorized vehicles, he said. He would favor opening up municipal and USFS trails around the village on Moon Mountain, Cedar Greek and Grindstone, Barnett said. "There are not many areas where BLM doesn't allow them," Barnett said. "They are more motor friendly than others. There are a lot of dirt roads on BLM land where they can be ridden, but the average tourist wants to ride the trails around town where others are mountain biking." Mountain biker view "I'm kind of speaking for other mountain bikers who have been talking about e-bikes, it's great that they developed it," said Dale Moebus, former bike shop owner and member of Bicycle Ruidoso. "We were talking and If we are 70 years old and need one, (an e-bike would be helpful). But being out there riding bikes and all of a sudden an e-bike comes up behind you (is disconcerting). The Forest Service doesn't allow them in the forest except on trails for motorized vehicles. "In my personal opinion, I think they belong on the streets or

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on paved trails. II's a great way for people not to have to work so hard and still get out and get a little exercise. but I personally believe they do not belong on the trails other than motorized trails. I can see where they could be therapeutic. When I need head therapy, I get on my bike. "I guess it is a way for someone to still enjoy the outside without busting a lung or busting their legs," he said. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Forest Service is not included in the DOI directive and currently e-bikes are limited to trails only where motorized vehicles are permitted. "The USFS has not weighed into it," said Smokey Bear District Ranger Jodie Canfield from the Lincoln National Forest that surrounds Ruidoso. "The only thing I have is the briefing paper from 2017, which says "e-bikes do not meet either exception to the definition of a motor vehicle in the (Travel Management Review)." The paper also says e-bikes may be ridden wherever motorized vehicles are allowed, including all national forest system roads, national forest system trails open to all vehicles, those designated for motorcycles and those with a special e-bike designation. "That's a good segue into what we're doing over n Hale Lake, that we will make special designations where e-bikes can operate," she said. As for any changes in regulations, Canfield said the USFS would only be looking at the lowest classifications, the pedal assist, "because with the other, you start getting up to 28 mph and that could cause problems. It almost is a mini motorcycle.". She expects the USDA to be under some pressure to review the e-bike rules, she said. Ruidoso Police Chief Darren Hooker said, "As far as the village is concerned, unless the ordinance changes, because they are fairly new, we would treat them like a regular bicycle. They do not require a license and the driver must obey the rules of the road." The guidance to superintendents and field managers will enable visitors to use e-bikes with a small electric motor (less than 1 horsepower) power assist in the same manner as traditional bicycles. The operator of an e-bike may only use the small electric motor to assist pedal propulsion. The motor may not be used to propel an e-bike without the rider also pedaling, except in locations open to public motor vehicle traffic. Similar to traditional bicycles, e-bikes are not allowed in designated wilderness areas and may not be appropriate for back-country trails, according to the guidance. The focus of the guidance is on expanding the traditional bicycling experience to those who could benefit from the reduction of effort provided by this new e-bike technology. Since the NPS issued the guidance, superintendents and park staff have engaged with stakeholders and visitors to better understand potential impacts to resources and visitors, and other potential issues with allowing e-bikes where traditional bikes are allowed., according to the DOI release E-bikes make bicycle travel easier and more efficient because they allow bicyclists to travel farther with less effort. This is especially true for those with physical limitations, the DOI noted. "When used as an alternative to gasoline- or diesel-powered modes of transportation, e-bikes can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel consumption, improve air quality, and support active modes of transportation for visitors," the release stated. "Similar to traditional bicycles, e-bikes can decrease traffic congestion, reduce the demand for vehicle parking spaces, and increase the number and visibility of cyclists on the road.". Reporter Dianne Stallings can be contacted at [email protected] More: Madera Road limited to hiker and biker access to Moon Mountain More: Future OHV access in national forest being decided Read or Share this story: https://www.ruidosonews.com/story/news/2019/10/29/department-interior-e-bikes-federal-us-blm-outdoor-recreation-hiking/2488069001/ Winter Cycling NC Wildlife Commission proposes restrictions on Sandy Mush, Pisgah game lands – Citizen Times Posted on December 22, 2019 Author Winter Cycling

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In our previous blogs, we have discussed tax basics and guidelines, your filing status and its importance, all about your W-2 form, and tax deductions and its types. We sincerely hope our attempt in bringing you critical information in a simple form is helping you understand them better. For our last blog of the series, we bring you details on tax credits and their complex rules for qualification. We all want to save money and give less in taxes, and there are many ways to make that happen. The IRS offers various tax breaks that can be availed, but only if you qualify for them. The rules for qualification can be complicated to understand, so make sure it applies to you before filing the tax return. Do not file your taxes if you are not sure, consult with a tax professional before sending your application because you do not want to get into trouble with the IRS. What are tax credits? How are they different from tax deductions? There is a simple difference between tax credits and tax deductions. Even though both are beneficial for you, a tax credit is better. A tax deduction is subtracted from your gross income, and then the taxes you owe are calculated on that subtracted amount. A tax credit directly reduces your taxes. For example, you owe $1,500 in taxes, but you qualify for a $1,000 tax credit. Subtracting the tax credit from tax owed, now you need to pay only $500 in taxes. A tax credit is simply reduced from the taxes you calculated, giving you instant relief. If your taxes owed and tax credit are equal, the difference is zero and you don't need to pay Uncle Same anymore. But if your credit is more than the amount you owe, you may or may not get the difference in a cheque from the IRS. That depends on whether the tax credit you applied is refundable or non-refundable. What are refundable and non-refundable tax credits? As the name suggests, a refundable credit means the IRS pays you if your tax credits exceed your tax amount. A non-refundable credit means your taxes owed will be erased but you will not receive any cash back, and it will not be carried forward to the next year either. Refundable credits are more beneficial, but there are only a few of them. Most tax credits are non-refundable. Let us study a few common tax credits and their qualification rules. This credit was introduced to help low-income and a few middle-income individuals and families. Also, this is a refundable credit. To qualify for this you must have an earned income, but not much. Your credit amount depends on your earned income and AGI (Adjusted Gross Income), and the number of dependents you have. The table below may clear things up. *You cannot claim this tax credit if you are Married and Filing Separately. In the case that you are separated and your spouse did not live with you in the last six months, you can file as Head of Household status to claim this credit. If you are into investments, your invested income should not be more than $3,500. These are different than claiming your child as a dependent. – The child must be related by birth, adoption, marriage or foster arrangement. Adopted children are treated the same as children by birth. The child can be your son or daughter, a stepchild, brother or sister, niece or nephew, or a foster child placed in your care by an authentic agency. – The child must be 18 years old or less on the last day of the tax year, or 24 years old or less and a full-time student (at least 5 months in the year). If disabled, the child can be claimed as a dependent at all ages. In all cases, the child must be younger than you or your spouse (when married and filing jointly). – The child must live with you in the US for more than 6 months of the year. They must also have a Social Security Number and other proofs of identification. If you claim this tax credit, you will have to attach Schedule EIC with your Form 1040 to claim qualifying child(ren). This tax credit was non-refundable till 2017, now it is partially refundable. The TCJA has increased the maximum credit to $2,000 per child (previously $1,000). You must have at least

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"""Load dataset for the multitask CTC model. In this class, all data will be loaded at each step. You can use the multi-GPU version. """ from __future__ import absolute_import from __future__ import division from __future__ import print_function from os.path import basename import random import numpy as np from utils.dataset.base import Base from utils.io.inputs.frame_stacking import stack_frame from utils.io.inputs.splicing import do_splice class DatasetBase(Base): def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): super(DatasetBase, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) def __getitem__(self, index): input_i = np.array(self.input_paths[index]) label_main_i = np.array(self.label_main_paths[index]) label_sub_i = np.array(self.label_sub_paths[index]) return (input_i, label_main_i, label_sub_i) def __next__(self, batch_size=None): """Generate each mini-batch. Args: batch_size (int, optional): the size of mini-batch Returns: A tuple of `(inputs, labels_main, labels_sub, inputs_seq_len, input_names)` inputs: list of input data of size `[num_gpu, B, T_in, input_size]` labels_main: list of target labels in the main task, of size `[num_gpu, B, T_in]` labels_sub: list of target labels in the sub task, of size `[num_gpu, B, T_in]` inputs_seq_len: list of length of inputs of size `[num_gpu, B]` input_names: list of file name of input data of size `[num_gpu, B]` is_new_epoch (bool): If true, 1 epoch is finished """ if self.max_epoch is not None and self.epoch >= self.max_epoch: raise StopIteration # NOTE: max_epoch = None means infinite loop if batch_size is None: batch_size = self.batch_size # reset if self.is_new_epoch: self.is_new_epoch = False if not self.is_test: self.padded_value = -1 else: self.padded_value = None # TODO(hirofumi): move this if self.sort_utt: # Sort all uttrances by length if len(self.rest) > batch_size: data_indices = sorted(list(self.rest))[:batch_size] self.rest -= set(data_indices) # NOTE: rest is uttrance length order else: # Last mini-batch data_indices = list(self.rest) self.reset() self.is_new_epoch = True self.epoch += 1 if self.epoch == self.sort_stop_epoch: self.sort_utt = False self.shuffle = True # Shuffle data in the mini-batch random.shuffle(data_indices) elif self.shuffle: # Randomly sample uttrances if len(self.rest) > batch_size: data_indices = random.sample(list(self.rest), batch_size) self.rest -= set(data_indices) else: # Last mini-batch data_indices = list(self.rest) self.reset() self.is_new_epoch = True self.epoch += 1 # Shuffle selected mini-batch random.shuffle(data_indices) else: if len(self.rest) > batch_size: data_indices = sorted(list(self.

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rest))[:batch_size] self.rest -= set(data_indices) # NOTE: rest is in name order else: # Last mini-batch data_indices = list(self.rest) self.reset() self.is_new_epoch = True self.epoch += 1 # Load dataset in mini-batch input_list = np.array(list( map(lambda path: np.load(path), np.take(self.input_paths, data_indices, axis=0)))) label_main_list = np.array(list( map(lambda path: np.load(path), np.take(self.label_main_paths, data_indices, axis=0)))) label_sub_list = np.array(list( map(lambda path: np.load(path), np.take(self.label_sub_paths, data_indices, axis=0)))) if not hasattr(self, 'input_size'): self.input_size = input_list[0].shape[1] if self.num_stack is not None and self.num_skip is not None: self.input_size *= self.num_stack # Frame stacking input_list = stack_frame(input_list, self.num_stack, self.num_skip, progressbar=False) # Compute max frame num in mini-batch max_frame_num = max(map(lambda x: x.shape[0], input_list)) # Compute max target label length in mini-batch max_seq_len_main = max(map(len, label_main_list)) max_seq_len_sub = max(map(len, label_sub_list)) # Initialization inputs = np.zeros( (len(data_indices), max_frame_num, self.input_size * self.splice), dtype=np.float32) labels_main = np.array( [[self.padded_value] * max_seq_len_main] * len(data_indices)) labels_sub = np.array( [[self.padded_value] * max_seq_len_sub] * len(data_indices)) inputs_seq_len = np.zeros((len(data_indices),), dtype=np.int32) input_names = list( map(lambda path: basename(path).split('.')[0], np.take(self.input_paths, data_indices, axis=0))) # Set values of each data in mini-batch for i_batch in range(len(data_indices)): data_i = input_list[i_batch] frame_num, input_size = data_i.shape # Splicing data_i = data_i.reshape(1, frame_num, input_size) data_i = do_splice(data_i, splice=self.splice, batch_size=1, num_stack=self.num_stack) data_i = data_i.reshape(frame_num, -1) inputs[i_batch, :frame_num, :] = data_i if self.is_test: labels_main[i_batch, 0] = label_main_list[i_batch] # NOTE: transcript is saved as string else: labels_main[i_batch, :len( label_main_list[i_batch])] = label_main_list[i_batch] labels_sub[i_batch, :len( label_sub_list[i_batch])] = label_sub_list[i_batch] inputs_seq_len[i_batch] = frame_num ############### # Multi-GPUs ############### if self.num_gpu > 1: # Now we split the mini-batch data by num_gpu inputs = np.array_split(

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Crazy ideas: Storybricks In another kind of cray idea, I wanted to write a bit about Storybricks and what we wanted to do with it. It's a concept I think still has a place in game development, but it was perhaps a little ahead of its time. Lets jump in the Wayback Machine! Differences in different types of RP Usually in games we try to compare one thing to what we already know. Genres are a great example of this: both DOOM and Bioshock 2 are FPSes, but they are different from each other in many ways. So when it comes to RP in MMOs, we might try to compare it to other forms. Let's take a look at how it's different. Better tools for RPers in MMOs Okay, a few days ago we looked at RP in MMOs and why people RP. Now let's take a look at how MMO designers can make games that are ready for RP. These ideas are based on my own experience RPing in FFXIV through the eyes of a developer. So how can we give players better tools to help facilitate better RP in the game? I'll give examples from FFXIV, but many of these could apply to just about any game. Why people RP in MMOs I think it's important to think about why people RP when we look at role-playing. Of course, it gets a little dangerous to make too many ground pronouncements without data, but sometimes observation and experience can help make sense of things. So, let me share some of my observations about why people RP in MMOs. Looking at RP in MMOs Role-playing in MMOs is an interesting thing. Despite the "RP" in MMORPG standing or role-playing, the origin of this comes from computer RPGs where the focus was more on mechanics than collaborative storytelling. MMOs adopted this, taking the mechanics and world building but not leaving much room for structure storytelling between players. But this has been tried before. UO was notorious for expecting players to clean up and bring justice to those who broke social norms. Eventually the developers realized this wasn't going to work, because the cost to create mischief was much lower than the cost to enforce social norms. And some players exploited the system to take advantage of mechanics to let them create mischief while remaining untouchable by the enforcers. So, let's take a look at RP options in MMOs, with an eye to how a designer could improve the experience. How MMOs can do stories better The past two days I've talked about how MMOs do stories wrong, and why they do stories wrong. And there have been some great comments I'll reply to soon. So, let's talk some solutions to the problems I've brought up the last few days. How can we go from stories that feel like more of a chore or a diversion to stories that are a meaningful to the player? Why MMOs get story wrong Yesterday we talked about how they get story wrong, but why do they get it wrong? Although the favorite answer may be "because developers are stupid", there are actually some very good reasons why developers create the type of stories I pointed out yesterday. Let's take a look at some development realities when creating stories for MMOs. How MMOs get story wrong Most of the recent MMOs have had a strong story component, a central narrative told by the developers. FFXVI has it's Main Scenario Quests (MSQ) that gate progress through the game as a quite obvious example. WoW has story told through quests, environment, and dungeons. GW2 has story that is the main focus of your progression through the world as well. But these games tend to get the stories wrong. Let's take a look at how these go wrong. It's Blaugust Okay, so… it's Blaugust. And I've neglected this poor site quite severely. So, here's an excuse for a flurry of posts for the month! Let's catch up a bit, shall we? It's been… let's ignore that stat for now, shall we? Old year bad, new year good I guess it's time to look at the old year in review and the new year in anticipation since I remembered I have a blog! The spirit moves me to write a little bit to keep some of you who check this site interested

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2,964

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CommonCrawl

4

1

Local entrepreneurs are underrated Opinion / 3 March 2017, 07:55am / Andile Masuku Andile Masuku I was privileged to address delegates at the FCB Africa Conference 2017 - a gathering hosted by one of South Africa's well-respected advertising agencies, FCB Africa, this week. The event brought together the group's agency partners from no less than 30 African countries. Most of the deliberations centred around the importance of changing individual and organisational outlook and practice-- with an emphasis on the need to invest heavily in proactive digital transformation initiatives to ensure we all remain competitive in this increasingly digitally-driven global economy. At the forum, I shared an argument I've posed before, that Africa is home to the truest form of innovation because its brand of innovation is born of two things: a keen survival instinct, and a desire to progress and thrive despite circumstances. While the correlation between staying on top of digital transformation trends and remaining commercially viable appears decidedly clear to advertising and media agencies, Africa's investment community does not seem to possess a similarly progressive mindset. This needs to be addressed if promising tech ventures on the continent are to get the resources and support they need to significantly improve the lives of the average African. I believe a mix of counter- productive attitudes held by the continent's investors is leading to an unhealthy fixation on traditional big ticket investment plays in the tech space. African investors tend to favour deals that either appear too big to fail or business opportunities that are led by precedent. Ignorance, a fear of the unknown, greed, an unwillingness to delay gratification and even laziness - all contribute to sustaining a deeply-ingrained disinterest in funding early-stage tech start-ups. Two venture capital interests, the Netherlands-based Velocity Capital and the US-based Quona Capital (manager of Accion Frontier Inclusion Fund), have led a Series-A investment round in the South African mobile payments start-up, Yoco. It's telling that Yoco had to cross the oceans to find suitable partners to support its bid to build on the success of enabling 6500 South African merchants to accept card payments totalling more than R1 billion per year. It certainly appears that Quona and Velocity Capital have snapped up a peach from right under the noses of Africa's venture capital (VC) and institutional investment community. Given Yoco's ambitions to grow nationally, regionally and internationally, its decision to go with foreign, fintech-focused VCs with solid track records was partly strategic. Yoco co-founder and chief executive, Katlego Maphai, said as much when I asked him what criteria they used when courting investment. This certainly isn't the first time that a stellar South African fintech start-up has had to impress foreign suitors to land a big deal. Yoco CEO Katlego Maphai. Picture: Supplied Dominique Collett is a senior investment executive at Rand Merchant Insurance Holdings. Previously she was a co-founder of a mobile money start-up called Tyme (take your money everywhere). Tyme's mission was to provide affordable yet commercially viable financial solutions for the unbanked, low-income market. In February 2015, Tyme was acquired by the Commercial Bank of Australia (CBA) for a rumoured $40 million (R523.2 million) - the deal came together after Collett and her co-founders had pitched their business to various big-name VC and institutional investment interests on the continent, but were not taken seriously. Since CBA's acquisition of Tyme, significant time and effort have been spent on cementing key strategic relationships in South Africa, China, Vietnam, Indonesia and India, as well as overhauling the firm's technology. It's unfortunate that it took all that for Patrice Motsepe's African Rainbow Capital to finally see value in acquiring a 10 percent stake in Tyme. A deal that CBA probably only finds necessary for the sake of enlisting black shareholders to improve its prospects in South Africa. Better late than never, I suppose. Andile Masuku is an entrepreneur and broadcaster based in Johannesburg. He

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2,967

0

CommonCrawl

15

4

We start sorting things as kids: Hot Wheels, pencils, the cutest boys in class. We organize our rooms just so, and get mad when our parents mess them up. And we develop new sorting habits as we grow up, some useful (chronological tax documents) and some embarrassing (alphabetized bottles of hot sauce). As a kid I had a precise taxonomy for everything in my life, but adult life broke that habit, and now I just sort my books and coffee mugs. I asked the Lifehacker staff what they sort, and got a wide range of answers and the surprising reasons behind them. In case you couldn't tell, I'm a fan of organizing and rearranging my software, files, and apps. I usually spend an hour or two every weekend renaming, tagging, and sorting through photos I take or find online. My smartphone's homescreen is pretty sparsely populated. I've got folders full of GIFs, impeccably tagged family photos encompassing the past decade or so, and a few zip files serving as archives of all my time spent tediously batch editing metadata. I sort the books in my bookshelf by color, which I admit is something I learned on Pinterest, but I've been doing it for years and it works for me. I believe it reduces the visual "noise" and makes the living room feel less cluttered. Also it is pretty, and I enjoy pretty things. I'm rather messy TBH, but I do organize my books into multiple small stacks all around my house, in order of importance to read next. They only go on a bookshelf when they're finished or already reread. I obsessively organize my laundry. Not my clothes in my closet— specifically my clean laundry as I fold it. There's a pile for pillowcases, one for dress socks, one for exercise socks, one for undershirts, one for T-shirts I can wear out, etc ... It makes putting everything away much faster, and then it all gets disorganized again as I pull stuff out throughout the week. I mostly store all of my stuff in loosely themed piles and clusters, but I do enjoy curating very specific playlists. I also sort my records by genre, and then alphabetically within each genre, rather than alphabetizing the whole collection. I don't really sort anything obsessively either (I don't feel like I have enough stuff to sort). I guess I try to keep my Spotify playlists in order of "most often listened" to "least often listened" for convenience: daily listening at the top down to seasonal stuff at the bottom. The closest thing I do to organizing happens in my notebooks. I may own several dozen, but I dedicate just one at a time to being my main planner/journal/scratch pad. (This already takes a lot of discipline and restraint.) I number the pages. Most of what I write is ephemeral and/or garbage, but on the rare occasion I'll want to refer to something later, I add a line to my table of contents in the front. I keep at least half a dozen different to-do lists at any time: my work to-dos; apartment to-dos; 'life' to-dos (anything from "renew passport" to "set up a password manager"); etc. Working in tandem to these are various running lists of things I need to buy, from clothes to groceries to home goods. There's probably a tidier way to do it, but I like having lists for different categories, and a place to dump ideas or necessities that occur to me on the fly so I don't lose them, but also don't have to keep thinking about them. Living in a tiny apartment means I don't have a ton of stuff, but I am particular about what I have. I sort my books in the order I read them, and my unread books in the order I would like to read them. My closet is color-coordinated (following the rainbow), and then ordered by sleeve-length within each color, with skirts and dresses at the "end." I also get frustrated when people don't load the dishwasher how I like it; luckily, my current apartment is dishwasher-free so I can spare my roommates that headache. Tech-wise, I hate grouping apps in a folder on my phone, I prefer to be able to see

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Full Text Archive — Free Classic E-books The Letters of the Younger Pliny The Letters of Pliny the Younger by Pliny the Younger Its easy to link to paragraphs in the Full Text Archive If this page contains some material that you want to link to but you don't want your visitors to have to scroll down the whole page just hover your mouse over the relevent paragraph and click the bookmark icon that appears to the left of it. The address of that paragraph will appear in the address bar of your browser. For further details about how you can link to the Full Text Archive please refer to our linking page. Part 3 out of 3 Index of The Letters of the Younger Pliny The Letters of Pliny the Younger Previous part (2) Download The Letters of the Younger Pliny The Letters of Pliny the Younger pdf What's this? Many people prefer to read off-line or to print out text and read from the real printed page. Others want to carry documents around with them on their mobile phones and read while they are on the move. We have created .pdf files of all out documents to accommodate all these groups of people. We recommend that you download .pdfs onto your mobile phone when it is connected to a WiFi connection for reading off-line. the Greeks say, "Ignorance makes a man bold; calculation gives him pause," and just in the same way modesty cripples the force of an upright mind, while unblushing confidence is a source of strength to a man without conscience. Regulus is a case in point. He has weak lungs, he never looks you straight in the face, he stammers, he has no imaginative power, absolutely no memory, no quality at all, in short, except a wild, frantic genius, and yet, thanks to his effrontery, and even just to this frenzy of his, he has got people to regard him as an orator. Herennius Senecio very neatly turned against him Cato's well- known definition of an orator by saying, "An orator is a bad man who knows nothing of the art of speaking," and I really think that he thereby gave a better definition of Regulus than Cato did of the really true orator. Have you any equivalent to send me for a letter like this? Yes, indeed, you have, if you will write and say whether any one of my friends in your township, or whether you yourself have read this pitiful production of Regulus in the Forum, like a Cheap Jack, pitching your voice high, as Demosthenes says, shouting with delight, and straining every muscle in your throat. For it is so absurd that it will make you laugh rather than sigh, and you would think it was written not about a boy but by a boy. Farewell. 4.VIII.--TO MATURUS ARRIANUS. You congratulate me on accepting the office of augur. You are right in so doing, first, because it is a proper thing to obey the wishes of an emperor with a character like ours, and, secondly, because the priestly office is in itself an ancient and sacred one, and inspires respect and dignity from the very fact that it is held for life. For other offices, though almost equal in point of dignity to this, may be bestowed one day and taken away the next, while with the augurship the element of chance only enters into the bestowal of it. I think too that I have special reasons for congratulating myself in that I have succeeded Julius Frontinus, one of the leading men of his day, who for many years running used to bring forward my name, whenever the nomination day for the priesthoods came round, as though he wished to coopt me to fill his place. Now events have turned out in such a way that my election does not seem to have been the work of chance. I can only hope that as I have attained to the priesthood and the consulship at a much earlier age than he did, I may, when I am old, at least in some degree acquire his serenity of mind. But all that man can give has fallen to my lot and to many another; the other thing, which can only be bestowed by the gods, is as difficult to attain to as it is presumptuous to hope for it. Farewell. 4.IX.--TO C

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ORNELIUS URSUS. For some days past Julius Bassus has been on his defence. He is a much harassed man whose misfortunes have made him famous. An accusation was lodged against him in Vespasian's reign by two private individuals; the case was referred to the Senate, and for a long time he has been on the tenter-hooks, but at last he has been acquitted and his character cleared. He was afraid of Titus because he had been a friend of Domitian, yet he had been banished by the latter, was recalled by Nerva, and, after being appointed by lot to the governorship of Bithynia, returned from the province to stand his trial. The case against him was keenly pressed, but he was no less loyally defended. Pomponius Rufus, a ready and impetuous speaker, opened against him and was followed by Theophanes, one of the deputation from the province, who was the very life and soul of the prosecution, and indeed the originator of it. I replied on Bassus' behalf, for he had instructed me to lay the foundations of his whole defence, to give an account of his distinctions, which were very considerable--as he was a man of good family, and had been in many tight places--to dilate upon the conspiracy of the informers and the gains they counted upon, and to explain how it was that Bassus had roused the resentment of all the restless spirits of the province, and notably of Theophanes himself. He had expressed a wish that I too should controvert the charge which was damaging him most. For as to the others, though they sounded to be even more serious, he deserved not only acquittal but approbation, and the only thing that troubled him was that, in an unguarded moment and in perfect innocence, he had received certain presents from the provincials as a token of friendship, for he had served in the same province previously as quaestor. His accusers stigmatised these gifts as thefts and plunder: he called them presents, but the law forbids even presents to be accepted by a governor. In such a case what was I to do, what line of defence was I to take up? If I denied them in toto, I was afraid that people would immediately regard as a theft the presents which I was afraid to confess had been received. Moreover, to deny the obvious truth would have been to aggravate and not lessen the gravity of the charge, especially as the accused himself had cut the ground away from under the feet of his counsel. For he had told many people, and even the Emperor, that he had accepted, but only on his birthday or at the feast of the Saturnalia, some few trifling presents, and had also sent similar gifts to some of his friends. Was I then to acknowledge this and plead for clemency? Had I done so, I should have put a knife to my client's throat by confessing that he had committed offences and could only be acquitted by an act of clemency. Was I to defend his conduct and justify it? That would have done him no good, and would have stamped me as an unblushing In this difficult position I resolved to take a middle course, and I think I succeeded in so doing. Night interrupted my pleading, as it so often interrupts battles. I had been speaking for three hours and a half, and I had another hour and a half still left me. The law allowed the accuser six hours and the defendant nine, and Bassus had arranged the time at his disposal by giving me five hours, and the remainder to the advocate who was to speak after me. The success of my pleading persuaded me to say no more and make an end, for it is rash not to rest content when things are going well. Besides, I was afraid I might break down physically if I went over the ground again, as it is more difficult to pick up the threads of a speech than to go straight on. There was also the risk of the remainer of my speech meeting with a chilly reception, owing to the threads being dropped, or of it boring the judges if I gathered them up anew. For, just as the flame of

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2,969

1,024

CommonCrawl

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8

a torch is kept alight if you wave it continually up and down, but is difficult to resuscitate when it has been allowed to go out, so the warmth of a speaker and the attention of his audience are kept alive if he goes on speaking, but cool off at any interruption which causes interest to flag. But Bassus begged and prayed of me, almost with tears in his eyes, to take my full time. I gave way, and preferred his interests to my own. It turned out well, for I found that the senators were so attentive and so fresh that, instead of having had quite enough of my speech of the day before, it seemed to have only whetted their appetites Lucceius Albinus followed me and spoke so much to the point that our speeches were considered to have all the diversity of two addresses but the cohesion of one. Herennius Pollio replied with force and dignity, and then Theophanes again rose. He showed his usual effrontery in demanding a more liberal allowance of time than is usually granted--even after two advocates of ability and consular rank had concluded--and he went on speaking until nightfall, an actually continued after that, when lights had been brought into court. On the following day Titius Homullus and Fronto made a splendid effort on behalf of Bassus, and the hearing of the evidence took up the fourth day. Baebius Macer, the consul-designate, proposed that Bassus should be dealt with under the law relating to extortion, while Caepio Hispo was in favour of appointing judges to hear the case, but urged that Bassus should retain his place in the Senate. Both were in the right. How can that be? you may ask. For this reason, because Macer, looking at the letter of the law, was justified in condemning a man who had broken the law by receiving presents; while Caepio, acting on the assumption that the Senate has the right--which it certainly has--both to mitigate the severity of the laws and to rigorously put them in force, was not unreasonably desirous of excusing an offence which, though illegal, is very often committed. Caepio's proposal carried the day; indeed, when he rose to speak he was greeted with the applause which is usually reserved for speakers upon resuming their seats. This will enable you to judge how unanimously the motion was received while he was speaking, when it met with such a reception on his rising to put However, just as there was difference of opinion in the Senate, so there is the same with the general public. Those who approved the proposal of Caepio find fault with that of Macer as being vindictive and severe; those who agree with Macer condemn Caepio's motion as lax and even inconsistent, for they say it is incongruous to allow a man to keep his place in the Senate when judges have been allotted to try him. There was also a third proposal. Valerius Paulinus, who agreed in the main with Caepio, proposed that an inquiry should be instituted into the case of Theophanes, as soon as he had concluded his work on the deputation. It was urged that during his conduct of the prosecution he had committed a number of offences which came within the scope of the law under which he had accused Bassus. However, the consuls did not approve this proposal, though it found great favour with a large proportion of the Senate. None the less, Paulinus gained a reputation thereby for justice and consistency. When the Senate rose, Bassus came in for an ovation; crowds gathered round him and greeted him with a remarkable demonstration of their joy. Public sympathy had been aroused in his favour by the old story of the hazards he had gone through being told over again, by the association of his name with grave perils, by his tall physique and the sadness and poverty of his old age. You must consider this letter as the forerunner of another: you will be looking out for my speech in full and with every detail, and you will have to look out for it for some time to come, because, owing to the importance of the subject, it will require more than a mere brief and cursory

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2,969

2,048

CommonCrawl

11

19

revision. Farewell. 4.X.--TO STATIUS SABINUS. You tell me that Sabina, who left us her heirs, never gave any instructions that her slave Modestus was to be granted his freedom, though she left him a legacy in these words: "I give...to Modestus, whom I have ordered to receive his liberty." You ask me what I think of the matter. I have consulted some eminent lawyers and they all agree that Modestus need not be given his freedom, because it was not expressly granted by Sabina, nor his legacy, because she left it to him as a slave. But the mistake is obvious to me, and so I think that we ought to act as though Sabina had ordered him to be freed in express terms, since she certainly was under the impression that she had ordered it. I am sure that you will be of my way of thinking, for you are most punctilious in carrying out the intentions of a dead person, which are, with honourable heirs, tantamount to legal obligations. For with us honour has as much weight as necessity has with others. So I propose that we should allow Modestus to have his liberty and enjoy his legacy, as if Sabina had taken all proper precautions to ensure that he should. For a lady who has made a good choice of her heirs has surely taken all the precautions necessary. Farewell. 4.XI.--TO CORNELIUS MINICIANUS. Have you heard that Valerius Licinianus is teaching rhetoric in Sicily? I do not think you can have done, for the news is quite fresh. He is of praetorian rank, and he used at one time to be considered one of our most eloquent pleaders at the bar, but now he has fallen so low that he is an exile instead of being a senator, and a mere teacher of rhetoric instead of being a prominent advocate. Consequently in his opening remarks he exclaimed, sorrowfully and solemnly: "O Fortune, what sport you make to amuse yourself! For you turn senators into professors, and professors into senators." There is so much gall and bitterness in that expression that it seems to me that he became a professor merely to have the opportunity of uttering it. Again, when he entered the hall wearing a Greek pallium--for those who have been banished with the fire-and- water formula are not allowed to wear the toga--he first pulled himself together and then, glancing at his dress, he said, "I shall speak my declamations in Latin." You will say that this is all very sad and pitiful, but that a man who defiled his profession of letters by the guilt of incest deserves to suffer. It is true that he confessed his guilt, but it is an open question whether he did so because he was guilty or because he feared an even heavier punishment if he denied it. For Domitian was in a great rage and was boiling over with fury because his witnesses had left him in the lurch. His mind was set upon burying alive Cornelia, the chief of the Vestal Virgins, as he thought to make his age memorable by such an example of severity, and, using his authority as Chief Pontiff, or rather exercising the cruelty of a tyrant and the wanton caprice of a ruler, he summoned the rest of the pontiffs not to the Palace but to his Villa at Alba. There, with a wickedness just as monstrous as the crime which he pretended to be punishing, he declared her guilty of incest, without summoning her before him and giving her a hearing, though he himself had not only committed incest with his brother's daughter but had even caused her death, for she died of abortion during her widowhood. He immediately despatched some of the pontiffs to see that his victim was buried alive and put to death. Cornelia invoked in turns the aid of Vesta and of the rest of the deities, and amid her many cries this was repeated most frequently: "How can Caesar think me guilty of incest, when he has conquered and triumphed after my hands have performed the sacred rites?" It is not known whether her purpose

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2,969

3,072

CommonCrawl

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was to soften Caesar's heart or to deride him, whether she spoke the words to show her confidence in herself or her contempt of the Emperor. Yet she continued to utter them until she was led to the place of execution, and whether she was innocent or not, she certainly appeared to be so. Nay, even when she was being let down into the dreadful pit and her dress caught as she was being lowered, she turned and readjusted it, and when the executioner offered her his hand she declined it and drew back, as though she put away from her with horror the idea of having her chaste and pure body defiled by his loathsome touch. Thus she preserved her sanctity to the last and displayed all the tokens of a chaste woman, like Hecuba, "taking care that she might fall in seemly wise." Moreover, when Celer, the Roman knight who was accused of having intrigued with Cornelia, was being scourged with rods in the Forum, he did nothing but cry out, "What have I done? I have done nothing." Consequently Domitian's evil reputation for cruelty and injustice blazed up on all hands. He fastened upon Licinianus for hiding a freedwoman of Cornelia on one of his farms. Licinianus was advised by his friends who interested themselves on his behalf to take refuge in making a confession and beg for pardon, if he wished to escape being flogged in the Forum, and he did so. Herennius Senecio spoke for him in his absence very much in the words of Homer, "Patroclus is fallen," for he said, "Instead of being an advocate, I am the bearer of news: Licinianus has removed himself." This so pleased Domitian that he allowed his gratification to betray him into exclaiming, "Licinianus has cleared us." He even went on to say that it would not do to press a man who admitted his fault too hard, and gave him permission to get together what he could of his belongings before his goods were confiscated, and granted him a pleasant place of exile as a reward for his consideration. Subsequently, by the clemency of the Emperor Nerva, he was removed to Sicily, where he now is a Professor of Rhetoric and takes his revenge upon Fortune in his prefatory remarks. You see how careful I am to obey your wishes, as I not only give you the news of the town, but news from abroad, and minutely trace a story from its very beginning. I took for granted that, as you were away from Rome at the time, all you heard of Licinianus was that he had been banished for incest. For rumour only gives one the gist of the matter, not the various stages through which it passes. Surely I deserve that you should return the compliment and write and tell me what is going on in your town and neighbourhood, for something worthy of note is always happening. But say what you will, provided you give me the news in as long a letter as I have written to you. I shall count up not only the pages, but the lines and the syllables. Farewell. 4.XII.--TO MATURUS ARRIANUS. You have a regard for Egnatius Marcellinus and you often commend him to my notice; you will love him and commend him the more when you hear what he has recently done. After setting out as quaestor for his province, he lost by death a secretary, who was allotted to him, before the day when the man's salary fell due, and he made up his mind and resolved that he ought not to keep the money which had been paid over to him to give to the secretary. So when he returned he consulted first Caesar and then the Senate, on Caesar's recommendation, as to what was to be done with the money. It was a trifling question, but, after all, it was a question. The secretary's heirs claimed it should pass to them; the prefects of the treasury claimed it for the people. The case was heard, and counsel for the heirs and for the people pleaded in turn, and both spoke well to the point. Caecilius Strabo proposed that it should be

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2,969

4,096

CommonCrawl

10

8

paid over to the treasury; Baebius Macer that it should be given to the man's heirs; Strabo carried the day. I hope you will praise Marcellinus for his conduct, as I did on the spot, for, although he thinks it more than enough to have been congratulated by the Emperor and the Senate, he will be glad to have your commendation as well. All who are anxious for glory and reputation are wonderfully pleased with the approbation and praise even of men of no particular account, while Marcellinus has such regard for you that he attaches the greatest importance to your opinion. Besides, if he knows that the fame of his action has penetrated so far, he cannot but be pleased at the ground his praises have covered and the rapidity and distance they have travelled. For it somehow happens that men prefer a wide even to a well-grounded reputation. Farewell. 4.XIII.--TO TACITUS. I am delighted that you have returned to Rome, for though your arrival is always welcome, it is especially so to me at the present moment. I shall be spending a few more days at my Tusculan villa in order to finish a small work which I have in hand, for I am afraid that if I do not carry it right through now that it is nearly completed I shall find it irksome to start on it again. In the meanwhile, that I may lose no time, I am sending this letter as a sort of forerunner to make a request which, when I am in town, I shall ask you to grant. But first of all, let me tell you my reasons for asking it. When I was last in my native district a son of a fellow townsman of mine, a youth under age, came to pay his respects to me. I said to him, "Do you keep up your studies?" "Yes," said he. "Where?" I asked. "At Mediolanum," he replied. "But why not here?" I queried. Then the lad's father, who was with him, and indeed had brought him, replied, "Because we have no teachers here." "How is that?" I asked. "It is a matter of urgent importance to you who are fathers"--and it so happened, luckily, that a number of fathers were listening to me--"that your children should get their schooling here on the spot. For where can they pass the time so pleasantly as in their native place; where can they be brought up so virtuously as under their parents' eyes; where so inexpensively as at home? If you put your money together you could hire teachers at a trifling cost, and you could add to their stipends the sums you now spend upon your sons' lodgings and travelling money, which are no light amounts. I have no children of my own, but still, in the interest of the State, which I may consider as my child or my parent, I am prepared to contribute a third part of the amount which you may decide to club together. I would even promise the whole sum, if I were not afraid that if I did so my generosity would be corrupted to serve private interests, as I see is the case in many places where teachers are employed at the public charge. There is but one way of preventing this evil, and that is by leaving the right of employing the teachers to the parents alone, who will be careful to make a right choice if they are required to find the money. For those who perhaps would be careless in dealing with other people's money will assuredly be careful in spending their own, and they will take care that the teacher who gets my money will be worth his salt when he will also get money from them as well. So put your heads together, make up your minds, and let my example inspire you, for I can assure you that the greater the contribution you lay upon me the better I shall be pleased. You cannot make your children a more handsome present than this, nor can you do your native place a better turn. Let those who are born here be brought up here, and from their earliest days accustom them to love and know every foot of their native soil. I hope you may be able to attract such distinguished teachers that boys will be sent here to study from the towns round about, and that, as now your children flock to other places

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2,969

5,120

CommonCrawl

10

8

, so in the future other people's children may flock hither." I thought it best to repeat this conversation in detail and from the very beginning, to convince you how glad I shall be if you will undertake my commission. As the subject is one of such importance, I beg and implore you to look out for some teachers from among the throng of learned people who gather round you in admiration of your genius, whom we can sound on the matter, but in such a way that we do not pledge ourselves to employ any one of them. For I wish to give the parents a perfectly free hand. They must judge and choose for themselves; my responsibilities go no further than a sympathetic interest and the payment of my share of the cost. So if you find any one who is confident in his own abilities, let him go to Comum, but on the express understanding that he builds upon no certainty beyond his own confidence in himself. Farewell. 4.XIV.--TO PATERNUS. Perhaps you are asking and looking out for a speech of mine, as you usually do, but I am sending you some wares of another sort, exotic trifles, the fruit of my playtime. You will receive with this letter some hendecasyllabics of mine with which I pass my leisure hours pleasantly when driving, or in the bath, or at dinner. They contain my jests, my sportive fancies, my loves, sorrows, displeasures and wrath, described sometimes in a humble, sometimes in a lofty strain. My object has been to please different tastes by this variety of treatment, and I hope that certain pieces will be liked by every one. Some of them will possibly strike you as being rather wanton, but a man of your scholarship will bear in mind that the very greatest and gravest authors who have handled such subjects have not only dealt with lascivious themes, but have treated them in the plainest language. I have not done that, not because I have greater austerity than they--by no means, but because I am not quite so daring. Otherwise, I am aware that Catullus has laid down the best and truest regulations governing this style of poetry in his lines: "For it becomes a pious bard to be chaste himself, though there is no need for his verses to be so. Nay, if they are to have wit and charm, they must be voluptuous and not too modest." You may guess from this what store I set on your critical judgment when I say that I prefer you should weigh the whole in the balance rather than pick out a few for your special praise. Yet pieces, perfect in themselves, cease to appear so the moment they are all on a dead level of perfection. Besides, a reader of judgment and acumen ought not to compare different pieces with one another, but to weigh each on its own merits and not to think one inferior to another, if it is perfect of its kind. But why say more? What more foolish than to excuse or commend mere trifles with a long preface? Still there is one thing of which I think I should advise you, and it is that I am thinking of calling these trifles "Hendecasyllables," a title which simply refers to the single metre employed. So, whether you prefer to call them epigrams, or idylls, or eclogues, or little poems, as many do, or any other name, remember that I only offer you "Hendecasyllables." I appeal to your candour to speak to me frankly about my tiny volume as you would to a third person, and this is no hard request. For if this trifling work of mind were my chef d'oeuvre, or my one solitary composition, it might perhaps seem harsh to say, "Seek out some other employment for your talent," but it is perfectly gentle and kindly criticism to say, "You have another sphere in which you show to greater advantage." Farewell. 4.XV.--TO FUNDANUS. If I have ever been guided by judgment, it has been in the strength of regard I have for Asinius Rufus. He is one of a thousand, and a devoted admirer of all good men among whom why may I not include myself?

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2,969

6,144

CommonCrawl

4

1

He is on the very closest of terms of friendship with Cornelius Tacitus, and you know what an honourable man Tacitus is. So if you have any high opinion of both Tacitus and myself, you must also think as highly of Rufus as you do of us, since similarity of character is perhaps the strongest bond for cementing friendships. Rufus has a number of children. Even in this respect he has acted the part of a good citizen, in that he was willing to freely undertake the responsibilities entailed upon him by the fruitfulness of his wife, in an age when the advantages of being childless are such that many people consider even one son to be a burden. He has scorned all those advantages, and has also become a grandfather. For a grandfather he is, thanks to Saturius Firmus, whom you will love as I do when you know him as intimately. I mention these particulars to show you what a large and numerous household you can oblige by a single favour, and I am induced to ask it from you, in the first place, because I wish to do so, and in the second, owing to a good omen. For we hope and prophesy that next year you will be consul, and we are led to make that forecast by your own good qualities, and by the opinion that the Emperor has of you. But it also happens that Asinius Bassus, the eldest son of Rufus, will be quaestor in the same year, and he is a young man even more worthy than his father, though I don't know whether I ought to mention such a fact, which the modesty of the young fellow would deny, but which his father desires me to think and openly declare. Though you always repose confidence in what I say, it is difficult, I know, for you to credit my account of an absent man when I say that he possesses splendid industry, probity, learning, wit, application, and powers of memory, as you will discover for yourself when you have tried him. I only wish that our age was so productive of men of high character that there were others to whom you ought to give preference over Bassus; if it did, I should be the first to advise and exhort you to take a good look round, and consider long and carefully on whom your choice should fall. But as it is--yet no, I do not wish to boast about my friend, I will merely say that he is a young man well deserving of adoption by you as a son in the old-fashioned way. For prudent men, like yourself, ought to receive as children from the State children such as we are accustomed to hope that Nature will bestow upon us. When you are consul it will become you to have as quaestor a man whose father was praetor, and whose relatives are of consular rank, especially as he, although still young, is in his turn already in their judgment an honour to them and their family. So I hope you will grant my request and take my advice. Above all, pardon me if you think I am acting prematurely, first, because in a State where to get a thing done depends on the earliness of the application, those who wait for the proper time find the fruit not only ripe but plucked, and, secondly, when one is anxious to get a favour it is very pleasant to enjoy in advance the certainty of obtaining it. Give Bassus the opportunity of respecting you even now as consul, and do you entertain a friendly regard for him as your quaestor, and let us who are devoted to both of you have the enjoyment of this double satisfaction. For while our regard for you and Bassus is such that we shall use all our resources, energy, and influence to obtain the advancement of Bassus, no matter to what consul he is assigned as quaestor--as well as the advancement of any quaestor that may be allotted to you--it would be immensely gratifying to us if we could at one and the same time prove our friendship and advance your interests as consul by helping the cause of our young friend, and if you of all people, whose wishes the Senate is so ready to gratify, and in whose recommendations they place such implicit trust, were to stand forth as

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2,969

7,168

CommonCrawl

4

1

the seconder of my desires. Farewell. 4.XVI.--TO VALERIUS PAULINUS. Rejoice, rejoice, rejoice, on my account, on your own, and on that of the public. The student still has his meed of recompense. Just recently, when I had to speak in the Court of the Hundred, I could find no way in except by crossing the tribunal and passing through the judges, all the other places were so crowded and thronged. Moreover, a certain young man of fashion who had his tunic torn to pieces--as often happens in a crowd--kept his ground for seven long hours with only his toga thrown round him. For my speech lasted all that time; and though it cost me a great effort, the results were more than worth it. Let us therefore prosecute our studies, and not allow the idleness of other people to be an excuse for laziness on our part. We can still find an audience and readers, provided only that our compositions are worth hearing, and worth the paper they are written on. Farewell. 4.XVII.--TO ASINIUS GALLUS. You recommend and press me to take up the case of Corellia, in her absence, against Caius Caecilius, the consul-designate. I thank you for the recommendation, but I am a little hurt at your pressing me; it was right of you to recommend me to do so, and so inform me of the case, but I needed no pressing to do what it would have been scandalous for me to leave undone. Am I the man to hesitate a second about protecting the rights of a daughter of Corellius? It is true that I am not only an acquaintance, but also a close friend of him whom you ask me to oppose. Moreover, he is a man of position and the office for which he has been chosen is a great one, one indeed for which I cannot but feel all the greater respect, inasmuch as I recently held it myself. It is natural that a man should desire the dignities to which he has himself attained to be held in the very highest esteem. However, all those considerations seem unimportant and trifling when I consider that I am about to champion the daughter of Corellius. I picture to myself that worthy gentleman, a man second to none in our age for gravity, uprightness of life, and quickness of judgment. I began to love him because I admired him so much, and the better I learned to know him the more my admiration grew--a result that rarely happens. Yes, and I knew his character thoroughly; he had no secrets from me, I knew him in his sportive and serious moods, in his moments both of sorrow and joy. I was but a young man, yet, young as I was, he held me in honour, and I will make bold to say that he paid me the respect he would have paid to one of his own years. When I sought advancement, it was he who canvassed and spoke for me; when I entered upon an office he introduced me and stood by my side; in all administrative work he gave me counsel and kept me straight; in short, in all my public duties, despite his weakness and his years, he showed himself to have the energy and fire of youth. How he helped to build up my reputation at home and in public, and even with the Emperor himself! For when it so happened that the conversation in the presence of the Emperor Nerva turned upon the subject of the promising young men of the day, and several speakers sang my praises, Corellius kept silence for a little while--a fact which added material weight to his remarks--and then he said in that grave manner you knew so well, "I must be careful how I praise Secundus, for he never does anything without taking my advice." The words were a tribute such as it would have been unreasonable for me to ask for or expect, for they amounted to this, that I never acted except in the most prudent manner, since I invariably acted on the advice of a man of his consummate prudence. Nay, even on his deathbed he said to his daughter, as she is never tired of repeating, "I have procured for you a multitude of friends, and,

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2,969

8,192

CommonCrawl

10

8

even had I lived longer, I could hardly have got you more, but best of all I have won you the friendship of Secundus and Cornutus." When I think of those words, I feel that it is my duty to work hard, that I may not seem to have fallen short in any particular of the confidence reposed in me by such an excellent judge of men. So I will take up Corellia's case without loss of time, nor will I mind giving offence to others by the course I adopt. Yet I think that I shall not only be excused, but receive the praises even of him who, as you say, is bringing this new action against Corellia, possibly because she is a woman, if during the hearing I explain my motives, more fully and amply than I can in the narrow limits of a letter, either in order to justify or even to win approval of my conduct. Farewell. 4.XVIII.--TO ARRIUS ANTONINUS. How can I better prove to you how greatly I admire your Greek epigrams than by the fact that I have tried to imitate some of them and turn them into Latin? I grant they have lost in the translation, and this is due in the first place to the poorness of my wits, and in the second place-- and even more--to what Lucretius calls the poverty of our native tongue. But if these verses, writ in Latin and by me, seem to you to possess any grace, you may guess how charming the originals are which were written in Greek and by you. Farewell. 4.XIX.--TO CALPURNIA HISPULLA. As you yourself are a model of the family virtues, as you returned the affection of your brother, who was the best of men and devoted to you, and as you love his daughter as though she were your own child, and show her not only the affection of an aunt but even that of the father she has lost, I feel sure you will be delighted to know that she is proving herself worthy of her father, worthy of you, and worthy of her grandfather. She has a sharp wit, she is wonderfully economical, and she loves me--which is a guarantee of her purity. Moreover, owing to her fondness for me she has developed a taste for study. She collects all my speeches, she reads them, and learns them by heart. When I am about to plead, what anxiety she shows; when the pleading is over, how pleased she is! She has relays of people to bring her news as to the reception I get, the applause I excite, and the verdicts I win from the judges. Whenever I recite, she sits near me screened from the audience by a curtain, and her ears greedily drink in what people say to my credit. She even sings my verses and sets them to music, though she has no master to teach her but love, which is the best instructor of all. Hence I feel perfectly assured that our mutual happiness will be lasting, and will continue to grow day by day. For she loves in me not my youth nor my person--both of which are subject to gradual decay and age--but my reputation. Nor would other feelings become one who had been brought up at your knee, who had been trained by your precepts, who had seen in your house nothing that was not pure and honourable, and, in short, had been taught to love me at your recommendation. For as you loved and venerated my mother as a daughter, so even when I was a boy you used to shape my character, and encourage me, and prophesy that I should develop into the man that my wife now believes me to be. Consequently my wife and I try to see who can thank you best, I because you have given her to me, and she because you gave me to her, as though you chose us the one for the other. Farewell. 4.XX.--TO MAXIMUS. You know my opinion of your volumes singly, for I have written to tell you as I finished each one; now let me give my broad view of the whole work. It is beautifully written, with power, incisiveness, loftiness, and variety of treatment, in elegant, pure language, with plenty of metaphor, while it is

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comprehensive and covers an amount of ground that does you great credit. You have been carried far by the sweeping sails of your genius and your resentment, both of which have been a great help to you; for your genius has lent a lofty magnificence to your resentment, which in turn has added power and sharpness to your genius. 4.XXI.--TO VELIUS CEREALIS. What a terribly sad fate has overtaken those two sisters, the Helvidiae! Both to have given birth to daughters, and both to have died in childbirth! I am very, very sorry, yet I keep my grief within bounds. What seems to me so lamentable is that two honourable ladies should in the very spring-time of life have been carried off at the moment of becoming mothers. I am grieved for the infants who are left motherless at their birth; I am grieved for their excellent husbands, and grieved also on my own account. For even now I retain the warmest affection for their dead father, as I have shown in my pleading and my books. Now but one of his three children is alive, and only one remains to support a house which a little time ago had so many props to sustain it. But my grief will be greatly relieved should Fortune preserve him at least to robust and vigorous health, and make him as good a man as his father and grandfather were before him. I am the more anxious for his health and character now that he is the only one left. You know the tenderness of my mind where my affections are engaged and how nervous I am, so you must not be surprised if I show most anxiety on behalf of those of whom I have formed the greatest hopes. Farewell. 4.XXII.--TO SEMPRONIUS RUFUS. I have been called in by our excellent Emperor to take part and advise upon the following case. Under the will of a certain person, it has been the custom at Vienne to hold a gymnastic contest. Trebonius Rufus, a man of high principle and a personal friend of mine, in his capacity of duumvir, discontinued and abolished the custom, and it was objected that he had no legal authority to do so. He pleaded his case not only with eloquence but to good effect, and what lent force to his pleading was that he spoke with discretion and dignity, as a Roman and a good citizen should, in a matter that concerned himself. When the opinion of the Council was taken, Junius Mauricus, who stands second to none for strength of will and devotion to truth, was against restoring the contest to the people of Vienne, and he added, "I wish the games could be abolished at Rome as well." That is a bold consistent line, you will say. So it is, but that is no new thing with Mauricus. He spoke just as frankly before the Emperor Nerva. Nerva was dining with a few friends; Veiento was sitting next to him and was leaning on his shoulder--I need say no more after mentioning the man's name. The conversation turned upon Catullus Messalinus, who was blind, and had that curse to bear in addition to his savage disposition. He was void of fear, shame, and pity, and on that account Domitian often used him as a tool for the destruction of the best men in the State, just as though he were a dart urging on its blind and sightless course. All at table were speaking of this man's villainy and bloody counsels, when the Emperor himself said: "I wonder what his fate would be if he were alive to-day," to which Mauricus replied, "He would be dining with us." I have made a long digression, but willingly. The Council resolved that the contest should be abolished, because it had corrupted the morals of Vienne, just as our contests have corrupted the whole world. For the vices of Vienne go no further than their own walls, but ours spread far and wide. As in the body corporal, so in the body of the State, the most dangerous diseases are those that spread from the head. Farewell. 4.XXIII.--TO POMPONIUS BASSUS. I have been delighted

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to hear from our mutual friends that you map out and bear your retirement in a way that is worthy of your ripe wisdom, that you live in a charming spot, that you take exercise on both sea and land, that you have plenty of good conversation, that you read a great deal and listen to others reading, and that, though your stock of knowledge is vast, you yet add thereto every day. That is just the way a man should spend his later years after filling the highest magistracies, after commanding armies, and devoting himself wholly to the service of the State for as long as it became him to do so. For we owe our early and middle manhood to our country, our last years are due to ourselves--as indeed the laws direct which enforce retirement when we reach a certain age. When will that appointed time come to me? When shall I attain the age at which I may honourably retire and imitate the example of beautiful and perfect peace that you set me? When shall I be able to enjoy calm retreat without people calling it not peaceful tranquillity but laziness and sloth? Farewell. 4.XXIV.--TO FABIUS VALENS. Just recently, after pleading before the Centumviri in the fourfold Court, I happened to remember that in my younger days I had also pleaded in the same court. My thoughts, as usual, began to take a wider range, and I commenced to recall to my memory those whom I had worked with in this court and in that. I found I was the only one left who had practised in both, so sweeping were the changes effected by the slenderness of human life and the fickleness of fortune. Some of those who used to plead in my young days are dead, others are in exile; age and ill health have convinced others that their speaking days are over; some are enjoying of their own free will the pleasures of retirement, or are in command of armies, or have been withdrawn from civil employments by becoming the personal friends of the Emperor. Even in my own case how many changes I have gone through! I first owed my promotion to my literary studies; then they brought me into danger, and then again won me still further advancement. My friendships with worthy citizens likewise first helped me, then stood in my way, and now again they assist me. If you count the years, the time seems but short; but count the changes and the ups and downs, and it seems an age. This may be taken by us as a lesson never to despair of anything, and never to impose a blind trust in anything, when we see so many vicissitudes brought about by this inconstant world of ours. I deem it a mark of friendship on my part to make you the confidant of my thoughts, and to admonish you by the precepts and examples with which I admonish myself. That is the raison d'etre of this letter. Farewell. 4.XXV.--TO MESSIUS MAXIMUS. I wrote and told you that there was a danger of the ballot leading to abuses. Events have confirmed my view. At the last election a number of flippant jests were written on some of the voting cards and even obscenities, while on one of them were found, not the names of the candidates, but those of the voters. The Senate was furious, and loudly called upon the offended Emperor to punish the writer. But the guilty person was not discovered and lay close, and he possibly was one of those who professed the greatest indignation. Yet what conduct may we not consider him capable of at home when he plays such disgraceful jokes in a matter of such importance and at such a serious moment, and yet in the Senate is an incisive, courteous, and pretty speaker? However, people of no principle are encouraged to act in this shameful way when they feel they can safely say, "Who will find me out?" Such a man asks for a voting card, takes a pen in his hand, bends his head, has no fear of any one, and holds himself cheap. That is the origin of scurrilities only worthy of the stage and the platform. But where can one turn, and where is one to look for a cure? On every hand the evils are more power

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ful than the remedies. Yet "all these things will be seen to by one above us," whose daily working hours are lengthened and whose labours are considerably increased by this lumpish, yet unbridled, perversity. 4.XXVI.--TO NEPOS. You ask me to be sure to look over and correct my speeches, which you have taken the greatest pains to get together. I will with pleasure, for what duty is there that I ought to be better pleased to undertake, especially as it is you who ask me? When a man of your weight, scholarship, and learning, and, above all, one who is never idle for a moment, and is about to be governor of an important province, sets such store on having my writings to take with him on his travels, surely I ought to do my best to prevent this part of his luggage from appearing useless in his eyes. So I will do what I can, first, to make those companions of your voyage as agreeable as possible, and, secondly, to enable you to find on your return others that you may like to add to their number. Believe me, the fact that you read what I write is no small incentive to me to produce new works. Farewell. 4.XXVII.--TO POMPEIUS FALCO. This is the third day that I have been attending the recitals of Sentius Augurinus, which I have not only enjoyed immensely, but admired as well. He calls his work "Poetical Pieces." Many are airy trifles; many deal with noble themes, and they abound in wit, tenderness, sweetness, and sting. Unless it is that my affection for him, or the fact that he has lavished praises upon me, warps my judgment, I must say that for some years past there have been no such finished poems of their class produced. Augurinus took as his theme the fact that I occasionally amuse myself with writing verses. I will enable you to act the critic of my criticism if I can recall the second line of the piece. I remember the others, and now I think I have them all. "I sing songs in trifling measures, which Catullus, Calvus, and the poets of old have employed before me. But what matters that to me? Pliny alone I count my senior. When he quits the Forum, his taste is for light verses; he seeks an object for his love, and thinks that he is loved in return. What a man is Pliny, worth how many Catos! Go now, you who love, and love no more." You see how smart, how apposite, how clear-cut the verses are, and I can promise you that the whole book is equally good. I will send you a copy as soon as it is published. Meanwhile, give the young man your regard and congratulate the age on producing such genius, which he enhances by the beauty of his morals. He passes his time with Spurinna and Antoninus; he is related to the one, and shares the same house with the other. You may guess from this that he is a youth of finished parts, when he is thus loved by men of their years and worth. For the old adage is wonderfully true, "You may tell a man by the company he keeps." 4.XXVIII.--TO VIBIUS SEVERUS. Herennius Severus, a man of great learning, is anxious to place in his library portraits of your fellow-townsmen, Cornelius Nepos and Titus Catius, and he asks me to get them copied and painted if there are any such portraits in their native place, as there probably are. I am laying this commission upon you rather than on any one else, first, because you are always kind enough to grant any favour I ask; secondly, because I know your reverence for literary studies and your love of literary men; and, lastly, because you love and reverence your native place, and entertain the same feelings for those who have helped to make its name famous. So I beg you to find as careful a painter as you can, for while it is hard to paint a portrait from an original, it is far more difficult to make a good imitation of an imitation. Moreover, please do not let the painter you choose make any variations from

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his copy, even though they are for the better. Farewell. 4.XXIX.--TO ROMATIUS FIRMUS. Do be careful, my dear friend, and the next time there is business afoot, see to it that you come into court, whatever happens. It is no good your putting your confidence in me and so continuing your slumber; if you stay away, you will have to smart for it. For look you, Licinius Nepos, who is making a sharp and resolute praetor, has levied a fine even on a senator. The latter pleaded his cause in the Senate, but he did so in the form of suing for forgiveness. The fine was remitted, yet he had an uneasy time; he had to ask for pardon, and he was obliged to sue for forgiveness. You will say, "Oh, but all praetors are not so strict." Don't make any mistake! For though it is only a strict praetor who would make or revive such a precedent, when once it has been made or revived even the most lenient officials can put it into execution. Farewell. 4.XXX.--TO LICINIUS SURA. I have brought you as a present from my native district a problem which is fully worthy even of your profound learning. A spring rises in the mountain-side; it flows down a rocky course, and is caught in a little artificial banqueting house. After the water has been retained there for a time it falls into the Larian lake. There is a wonderful phenomenon connected with it, for thrice every day it rises and falls with fixed regularity of volume. Close by it you may recline and take a meal, and drink from the spring itself, for the water is very cool, and meanwhile it ebbs and flows at regular and stated intervals. If you place a ring or anything else on a dry spot by the edge, the water gradually rises to it and at last covers it, and then just as gradually recedes and leaves it bare; while if you watch it for any length of time, you may see both processes twice or thrice repeated. Is there any unseen air which first distends and then tightens the orifice and mouth of the spring, resisting its onset and yielding at its withdrawal? We observe something of this sort in jars and other similar vessels which have not a direct and free opening, for these, when held either perpendicularly or aslant, pour out their contents with a sort of gulp, as though there were some obstruction to a free passage. Or is this spring like the ocean, and is its volume enlarged and lessened alternately by the same laws that govern the ebb and flow of the tide? Or again, just as rivers on their way to the sea are driven back on themselves by contrary winds and the opposing tide, is there anything that can drive back the outflow of this spring? Or is there some latent reservoir which diminishes and retards the flow while it is gradually collecting the water that has been drained off, and increases and quickens the flow when the process of collection is complete? Or is there some curiously hidden and unseen balance which, when emptied, raises and thrusts forth the spring, and, when filled, checks and stifles its flow? Please investigate the causes which bring about this wonderful result, for you have the ability to do so; it is more than enough for me if I have described the phenomenon with accuracy. BOOK V. 5.I.--TO ANNIUS SEVERUS. I have come in for a legacy, inconsiderable in amount, yet more gratifying than even the handsomest one could be. Why so? I will tell you. Pomponia Galla, who had disinherited her son Asudius Curianus, had left me her heir and had given me as co-heirs Sertorius Severus, a man of praetorian rank, and other Roman knights of distinction. Curianus begged me to make my portion over to him, and so strengthen his position with the court by declaring in his favour beforehand, promising at the same time to make the amount good to me by a secret compact. My answer was that my character did not allow me to act in one way before the world

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2,969

13,312

CommonCrawl

7

9

and in another in private, and I further urged that it would not be a proper thing to make over sums of money to a wealthy and childless man. In short, my argument was that I should not benefit him by making over the amount, but that I should benefit him if I renounced my legacy, and that this I was perfectly willing to do, if he could satisfy me that he had been unjustly disinherited. His reply to this was to ask me to investigate the case judicially. After some hesitation I said, "I will, for I do not see why I should appear less honourable in my own eyes than I do in yours. But remember even now that I shall not hesitate to pronounce in favour of your mother if I feel honourably bound to do so." "Do as you will," he replied, "for what you will is sure to be just and right." I called in to assist me two of the most thoroughly honourable men that the State could boast of possessing, Corellius and Frontinus. With these by my side I sat in my private room. Curianus then laid his case before us; I replied briefly, for there was no one else present to defend the motives of the deceased. Then I withdrew, and, in accordance with the views of Corellius and Frontinus, I said, "Curianus, we think that your mother had just grounds for resentment against you." Subsequently, he lodged an appeal before the centumvirs against the other heirs but not against me. The day for the hearing approached, and my co-heirs were disposed to agree to a compromise and come to terms, not because they doubted their legal position, but owing to the troubled state of the times. They were afraid that what had happened to many others might happen to them, and that they might leave the Centumvirs' Court with some capital charge against them. Moreover, there were some among their number who were open to the charge of having been friends of Gratilla and Rusticus, so they begged me to speak with Curianus. We met in the Temple of Concord, and I addressed him there in the following terms: "If your mother had left you heir to a fourth of her estate, could you complain? But what if she had left you heir to the whole, and yet had so encumbered it with legacies that not more than a fourth of the whole remained? I think you ought to be satisfied if, after being disinherited by your mother, you receive a fourth from her heirs, and this sum I will myself increase. You know that you did not lodge any appeal against me, that two years have passed, and that I have established my title to my share. But in order that my co-heirs may find you more tractable, and that you may lose nothing by the consideration you have shown me, I offer you of my own free will the amount that I have received." I have reaped the reward not only of my scrupulously fair dealing, but also of my reputation. Curianus left me a legacy, and, unless I flatter myself unduly, he has given signal distinction to the honest course of action I pursued. I have written to tell you this because it is my custom to discuss with you any matters which give me pain or pleasure, as freely as though I were talking to myself. Besides, I thought it would be unkind to defraud you, who have such a great regard for me, of the pleasure which I have received therefrom. For I am not such a perfect philosopher as to think it makes no difference whether I receive or not the approbation of others--which is itself a kind of reward--when I think that I have acted in an honourable manner. Farewell. 5.II.--TO CALPURNIUS FLACCUS. I received the very fine sea-carp which you sent me. The weather is so stormy that I cannot return you like for like, either from the market here at Laurentinum or from the sea. So all you will get is a barren letter, which frankly makes no return and does not even imitate Diomede's clever device in exchanging gifts. But your kindness is such that you will excuse me all the more readily because I confess in my letter

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2,969

14,336

CommonCrawl

10

8

that I do not deserve it. Farewell. 5.III.--TO TITIUS ARISTO. While I gratefully acknowledge your many acts of kindness to me, I must especially thank you for not concealing from me the fact that my verses have formed the subject of many long discussions at your house, that such discussions have been lengthened owing to the different views expressed, and that some people, while finding no fault with the writings themselves, blamed me in a perfectly friendly and candid way for having written on such themes and for having read them in public. Well, in order to aggravate my misdeeds, here is my reply to them: "Yes, I do occasionally compose verses which are far from being couched in a serious vein. I don't deny it. I also listen to comedies, and attend the performances of mimes. I read lyrics, and I understand the poems of Sotades. Moreover, I now and then laugh, jest, and amuse myself; in short, to sum up in a word every kind of harmless recreation, I may say 'I am a man.'" Nor does it annoy me that people should form such opinions about my character, when it is plain that those who are surprised that I should compose such poems are unaware that the most learned of men and the gravest and purest livers have regularly done the same thing. But I feel sure that I shall easily obtain permission from those who know the character and calibre of the authors in whose footsteps I am treading, to stray in company with men whom it is an honour to follow, not only in their serious but in their lightest moods. I will not mention the names of those still living for fear of seeming to flatter, but is a person like myself to be afraid that it will be unbecoming for him to do what well became Marcus Tullius, Caius Calvus, Asinius Pollio, Marcus Messalla, Quintus Hortensius, M. Brutus, Lucius Sulla, Quintus Catulus, Quintus Scaevola, Servius Sulpicius, Varro, Torquatus--or rather the Torquati,--Caius Memmius, Lentulus, Gaetulicus, Annaeus Seneca, Lucan, and, last of all, Verginius Rufus? If the names of these private individuals are not enough, I may add those of the divine Julius, Augustus and Nerva, and that of Tiberius Caesar. I pass by the name of Nero, though I am aware that a practice does not become any the worse because it is sometimes followed by men of bad character, while a practice usually followed by men of good character retains its honesty. Among the latter class of men one must give a pre-eminent place to Publius Vergilius, Cornelius Nepos, and to Attius and Ennius, who should perhaps come first. These men were not senators, but purity of character is the same in all ranks. But, you say, I recite my compositions and I cannot be sure that they did. Granted, but they may have been content with their own judgment, whereas I am too modest to think that any composition of mine is sufficiently perfect when it has no other approbation but my own. Consequently, these are the reasons why I recite in public, first, because a man who recites becomes a keener critic of his own writings out of deference to his audience, and, secondly, because, where he is in doubt, he can decide by referring the point to his auditors. Moreover, he constantly meets with criticism from many quarters, and even if it is not openly expressed, he can tell what each person thinks by watching the expression and eyes of his hearers, or by a nod, a motion of the hand, a murmur, or dead silence. All these things are tolerably clear indications which enable one to distinguish judgment from complaisance. And so, if any one who was present at my reading takes the trouble to look through the same compositions, he will find that I have either altered or omitted certain passages, in compliance perhaps with his judgment, though he never uttered a word to me. But I am arguing on this point as though

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2,969

15,360

CommonCrawl

4

1

I invited the whole populace to my reading room and not merely a few friends to my private chamber, while the possession of a large circle of friends has been a source of pride to many men and a reproach to none. Farewell. 5.IV.--TO JULIUS VALERIANUS. The incident is trifling in itself, but it is leading up to important consequences. Sollers, a man of praetorian rank, asked permission of the Senate to establish a market on his property. The delegates of the people of Vicetia opposed it: Tuscilius Nominatus appeared as their counsel, and the hearing was postponed. At a later meeting of the Senate, the Vicetini entered without their counsel and said that they had been tricked,--I cannot say whether it was merely a hasty expression, or whether they really thought they had been. When they were asked by the praetor Nepos whom they had instructed to appear for them, they said, "We have the same counsel as before." To the question whether on the previous occasion he had appeared for them gratuitously, they said they had given him 6000 sesterces, and on being asked whether they paid him a further fee, they replied, "Yes, a thousand denarii." Nepos demanded that Nominatus should be called, and matters went no further on that day. But, I fancy, the case has gone to much greater lengths than that, for it often happens that a mere touch is sufficient to set things in commotion, and then they spread far and wide. I have made you prick up your ears, so now you will have to ask in your very nicest manner for me to tell you the rest of the story, unless you decide to come to Rome for the sequel, and prefer to see it for yourself rather than read about it. Farewell. 5.V.--TO NONIUS MAXIMUS. I have been told that Caius Fannius is dead, and the news has greatly upset me, in the first place, because I loved him for his taste and learning, and, secondly, because I used to avail myself of his judgment. He was naturally keen-witted; experience had sharpened his acumen, and he could detect the truth without hesitation. I am troubled, too, owing to the circumstances in which he died, for he has died without revoking an old will which contains no mention of those for whom he had the greatest affection, and is in favour of those with whom he has been on bad terms. However, this might have been got over--what is most serious is that he has left unfinished his finest work. Although his time was taken up with his profession as a pleader, he was engaged in writing the lives of those who were put to death or banished by Nero. He had already finished three books, in an unadorned, accurate style and in the Latin language. They are something between narrative and history, and the eagerness which people displayed to read them made him all the more desirous to finish the remaining volumes. It always seems to me hard and untimely when people die who are engaged upon some immortal work. For those who are devoted to their pleasures and live a sort of day-to-day existence exhaust every day the reasons why they should go on living, whereas when people think of posterity and keep alive their memory by their works, their death, come as it may, is always sudden, inasmuch as it cuts short something that is still unfinished. However, Caius Fannius had had for a long time a presentiment of what was to befall him. He dreamt in the quiet of the night that he was lying on his bed dressed for study and that he had a writing desk before him, as was his wont. Then he thought that Nero came to him, sat down on the couch, and after producing the first volume which Fannius had written about his crimes, turned over the pages to the end. He did the same with the second and third volumes, and then departed. Fannius was much alarmed, and interpreted the dream to mean that he would leave off writing just where Nero had left off reading, and so the event proved. When I think of it I feel grieved to think how many wakeful hours and

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2,969

16,384

CommonCrawl

10

8

how much labour Fannius toiled through in vain. I see before me my own mortality and my own writings. Nor do I doubt that you have the same thought and anxiety for the work which is still on your hands. Let us do our best, therefore, while life lasts, that death may find as few works of ours as possible for him to destroy. Farewell. 5.VI.--TO DOMITIUS APOLLINARIS. I was charmed with the kind consideration which led you, when you heard that I was about to visit my Tuscan villa in the summer, to advise me not to do so during the season that you consider the district unhealthy. Undoubtedly, the region along the coast of Tuscany is trying and dangerous to the health, but my property lies well back from the sea; indeed, it is just under the Apennines, which are the healthiest of our mountain ranges. However, that you may not have the slightest anxiety on my account, let me tell you all about the climatic conditions, the lie of the land, and the charms of my villa. It will be as pleasant reading for you as it is pleasant writing for me. In winter the air is cold and frosty: myrtles, olives and all other trees which require constant warmth for them to do well, the climate rejects and spurns, though it allows laurel to grow, and even brings it to a luxuriant leaf. Occasionally, however, it kills it, but that does not happen more frequently than in the neighbourhood of Rome. In summer, the heat is marvellously tempered: there is always a breath of air stirring, and breezes are more common than winds. Hence the number of old people to be found there: you find the grandfathers and great- grandfathers of the young people still living; you are constantly hearing old stories and tales of the past, so that, when you set foot there, you may fancy that you have been born in another century. The contour of the district is most beautiful. Picture to yourself an immense amphitheatre, such as only Nature can create, with a wide- spreading plain ringed with hills, and the summits of the hills themselves covered with tall and ancient forests. There is plentiful and varied hunting to be had. Down the mountain slopes there are stretches of underwoods, and among these are rich, deep-soiled hillocks- -where if you look for a stone you will have hard work to find one-- which are just as fertile as the most level plains, and ripen just as rich harvests, though later in the season. Below these, along the whole hillsides, stretch the vineyards which present an unbroken line far and wide, on the borders and lowest level of which comes a fringe of trees. Then you reach the meadows and the fields--fields which only the most powerful oxen and the stoutest ploughs can turn. The soil is so tough and composed of such thick clods that when it is first broken up it has to be furrowed nine times before it is subdued. The meadows are jewelled with flowers, and produce trefoil and other herbs, always tender and soft, and looking as though they were always fresh. For all parts are well nourished by never-failing streams, and even where there is most water there are no swamps, for the declivity of the land drains off into the Tiber all the moisture that it receives and cannot itself absorb. The Tiber runs through the middle of the plain; it is navigable for ships, and all the grain is carried down stream to the city, at least in winter and spring. In summer the volume of water dwindles away, leaving but the name of a great river to the dried-up bed, but in the autumn it recovers its flood. You would be delighted if you could obtain a view of the district from the mountain height, for you would think you were looking not so much at earth and fields as at a beautiful landscape picture of wonderful loveliness. Such is the variety, such the arrangement of the scene, that wherever the eyes fall they are sure to be refreshed. My villa, though it lies at the foot of the hill, enjoys as

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2,969

17,408

CommonCrawl

7

9

fine a prospect as though it stood on the summit; the ascent is so gentle and easy, and the gradient so unnoticeable, that you find yourself at the top without feeling that you are ascending. The Apennines lie behind it, but at a considerable distance, and even on a cloudless and still day it gets a breeze from this range, never boisterous and rough, for its strength is broken and lost in the distance it has to travel. Most of the house faces south; in summer it gets the sun from the sixth hour, and in winter considerably earlier, inviting it as it were into the portico, which is broad and long to correspond, and contains a number of apartments and an old-fashioned hall. In front, there is a terrace laid out in different patterns and bounded with an edging of box; then comes a sloping ridge with figures of animals on both sides cut out of the box-trees, while on the level ground stands an acanthus-tree, with leaves so soft that I might almost call them liquid. Round this is a walk bordered by evergreens pressed and trimmed into various shapes; then comes an exercise ground, round like a circus, which surrounds the box-trees that are cut into different forms, and the dwarf shrubs that are kept clipped. Everything is protected by an enclosure, which is hidden and withdrawn from sight by the tiers of box-trees. Beyond is a meadow, as well worth seeing for its natural charm as the features just described are for their artificial beauty, and beyond that there stretches an expanse of fields and a number of other meadows and thickets. At the head of the portico there runs out the dining-room, from the doors of which can be seen the end of the terrace with the meadow and a good expanse of country beyond it, while from the windows the view on the one hand commands one side of the terrace and the part of the villa which juts out, and on the other the grove and foliage of the adjoining riding-school. Almost opposite to the middle of the portico is a summer-house standing back a little, with a small open space in the middle shaded by four plane-trees. Among them is a marble fountain, from which the water plays upon and lightly sprinkles the roots of the plane-trees and the grass plot beneath them. In this summer-house there is a bed-chamber which excludes all light, noise, and sound, and adjoining it is a dining-room for my friends, which faces upon the small court and the other portico, and commands the view enjoyed by the latter. There is another bed-chamber, which is leafy and shaded by the nearest plane-tree and built of marble up to the balcony; above is a picture of a tree with birds perched in the branches equally beautiful with the marble. Here there is a small fountain with a basin around the latter, and the water runs into it from a number of small pipes, which produce a most agreeable sound. In the corner of the portico is a spacious bed-chamber leading out of the dining-room, some of its windows looking out upon the terrace, others upon the meadow, while the windows in front face the fish-pond which lies just beneath them, and is pleasant both to eye and ear, as the water falls from a considerable elevation and glistens white as it is caught in the marble basin. This bed-chamber is beautifully warm even in winter, for it is flooded with an abundance of sunshine. The heating chamber for the bath adjoins it, and on a cloudy day we turn in steam to take the place of the sun's warmth. Next comes a roomy and cheerful undressing room for the bath, from which you pass into a cool chamber containing a large and shady swimming bath. If you prefer more room or warmer water to swim in, there is a pond in the court with a well adjoining it, from which you can make the water colder when you are tired of the warm. Adjoining the cold bath is one of medium warmth, for the sun shines lavishly upon it, but not so much as upon the hot bath

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2,969

18,432

CommonCrawl

1

6

which is built farther out. There are three sets of steps leading to it, two exposed to the sun, and the third out of the sun though quite as light. Above the dressing-room is a ball court where various kinds of exercise can be taken, and a number of games can be played at once. Not far from the bath-room is a staircase leading to a covered passage, at the head of which are three rooms, one looking out upon the courtyard with the four plane-trees, the second upon the meadow, and the third upon the vineyards, so each therefore enjoys a different view. At the end of the passage is a bed-chamber constructed out of the passage itself, which looks out upon the riding-course, the vineyards, and the mountains. Connected with it is another bed-chamber open to the sun, and especially so in winter time. Leading out of this is an apartment which adjoins the riding-course of the villa. Such is the appearance and the use to which the front of my house is put. At the side is a raised covered gallery, which seems not so much to look out upon the vineyards as to touch them; in the middle is a dining-room which gets the invigorating breezes from the valleys of the Apennines, while at the other side, through the spacious windows and the folding doors, you seem to be close upon the vineyards again with the gallery between. On the side of the room where there are no windows is a private winding staircase by which the servants bring up the requisites for a meal. At the end of the gallery is a bed-chamber, and the gallery itself affords as pleasant a prospect therefrom as the vineyards. Underneath runs a sort of subterranean gallery, which in summer time remains perfectly cool, and as it has sufficient air within it, it neither admits any from without nor needs any. Next to both these galleries the portico commences where the dining-room ends, and this is cold before mid-day, and summery when the sun has reached his zenith. This gives the approach to two apartments, one of which contains four beds and the other three, and they are bathed in sunshine or steeped in shadow, according to the position of the sun. But though the arrangements of the house itself are charming, they are far and away surpassed by the riding-course. It is quite open in the centre, and the moment you enter your eye ranges over the whole of it. Around its borders are plane-trees clothed with ivy, and so while the foliage at the top belongs to the trees themselves, that on the lower parts belongs to the ivy, which creeps along the trunk and branches, and spreading across to the neighbouring trees, joins them together. Between the plane-trees are box shrubs, and on the farther side of the shrubs is a ring of laurels which mingle their shade with that of the plane-trees. At the far end, the straight boundary of the riding-course is curved into semicircular form, which quite changes its appearance. It is enclosed and covered with cypress-trees, the deeper shade of which makes it darker and gloomier than at the sides, but the inner circles-- for there are more than one--are quite open to the sunshine. Even roses grow there, and the warmth of the sun is delightful as a change from the cool of the shade. When you come to the end of these various winding alleys, the boundary again runs straight, or should I say boundaries, for there are a number of paths with box shrubs between them. In places there are grass plots intervening, in others box shrubs, which are trimmed to a great variety of patterns, some of them being cut into letters forming my name as owner and that of the gardener. Here and there are small pyramids and apple-trees, and now and then in the midst of all this graceful artificial work you suddenly come upon what looks like a real bit of the country planted there. The intervening space is beautified on both sides with dwarf plane-trees; beyond these is the acanthus-tree that is supple and flexible to

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2,969

19,456

CommonCrawl

1

6

the hand, and there are more boxwood figures and names. At the upper end is a couch of white marble covered with a vine, the latter being supported by four small pillars of Carystian marble. Jets of water flow from the couch through small pipes and look as if they were forced out by the weight of persons reclining thereon, and the water is caught in a stone cistern and then retained in a graceful marble basin, regulated by pipes out of sight, so that the basin, while always full, never overflows. The heavier dishes and plates are placed at the side of the basin when I dine there, but the lighter ones, formed into the shapes of little boats and birds, float on the surface and travel round and round. Facing this is a fountain which receives back the water it expels, for the water is thrown up to a considerable height and then falls down again, and the pipes that perform the two processes are connected. Directly opposite the couch is a bed-chamber, and each lends a grace to the other. It is formed of glistening marble, and through the projecting folding doors you pass at once among the foliage, while both from the upper and lower windows you look out upon the same green picture. Within is a little cabinet which seems to belong at once to the same and yet another bed-chamber. This contains a bed and it has windows on every side, yet the shade is so thick without that but little light enters, for a wonderfully luxuriant vine has climbed up to the roof and covers the whole building. You can fancy you are in a grove as you lie there, only that you do not feel the rain as you do among trees. Here too a fountain rises and immediately loses itself underground. There are a number of marble chairs placed up and down, which are as restful for persons tired with walking as the bed-chamber itself. Near these chairs are little fountains, and throughout the whole riding- course you hear the murmur of tiny streams carried through pipes, which run wherever you please to direct them. These are used to water the shrubs, sometimes in one part, sometimes in another, and at other times all are watered together. I should long since have been afraid of boring you, had I not set out in this letter to take you with me round every corner of my estate. For I am not at all apprehensive that you will find it tedious to read about a place which certainly would not tire you to look at, especially as you can get a little rest whenever you desire, and can sit down, so to speak, by laying down the letter. Moreover, I have been indulging my affection for the place, for I am greatly attached to anything that is mainly the work of my own hands or that some one else has begun and I have taken up. In short--for there is no reason is there? why I should not be frank with you, whether my judgments are sound or unsound--I consider that it is the first duty of a writer to select the title of his work and constantly ask himself what he has begun to write about. He may be sure that so long as he keeps to his subject-matter he will not be tedious, but that he will bore his readers to distraction if he starts dragging in extraneous matter to make weight. Observe the length with which Homer describes the arms of Achilles, and Virgil the arms of Aeneas--yet in both cases the description seems short, because the author only carries out what he intended to. Observe how Aratus hunts up and brings together even the tiniest stars--yet he does not exceed due limits. For his description is not an excursus, but the end and aim of the whole work. It is the same with myself, if I may compare my lowly efforts with their great ones. I have been trying to give you a bird's eye view of the whole of my villa, and if I have introduced no extraneous matter and have never wandered off my subject, it is not the letter containing the description which is to be considered of excessive size, but rather the villa which has been described. However, let me get back to the point I started from, lest I give you an opportunity of justly condem

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2,969

20,480

CommonCrawl

7

9

ning me by my own law, by not pursuing this digression any farther. I have explained to you why I prefer my Tuscan house to my other places at Tusculum, Tibur and Praeneste. For in addition to all the beauties I have described above, my repose here is more profound and more comfortable, and therefore all the freer from anxiety. There is no necessity to don the toga, no neighbour ever calls to drag me out; everything is placid and quiet; and this peace adds to the healthiness of the place, by giving it, so to speak, a purer sky and a more liquid air. I enjoy better health both in mind and body here than anywhere else, for I exercise the former by study and the latter by hunting. Besides, there is no place where my household keep in better trim, and up to the present I have not lost a single one of all whom I brought with me. I hope Heaven will forgive the boast, and that the gods will continue my happiness to me and preserve this place in all its beauty. Farewell. 5.VII.--TO CALVISIUS. It is beyond question that a community cannot be appointed heir and cannot take a share of an inheritance before the general distribution of the estate. None the less, Saturninus, who left us his heirs, bequeathed a fourth share to our community of Comum, and then, in lieu of that fourth share, assigned them permission to take 400,000 sesterces before the division of the estate. As a matter of strict law, this is null and void, but if you only look at the intentions of the deceased, it is quite sound and valid. I don't know what the lawyers will think of what I am going to say, but to me the wishes of the deceased seem worthy of more consideration than the letter of the law, especially as regards the sum which he wished to go to our common birthplace. Moreover, I, who gave 1,600,000 sesterces our of my own money to my native place, am not the man to refuse it a little more than a third part of 400,000 sesterces which have come to me by a lucky windfall. I know that you too will not refuse to fall in with my views, as your affection for the same community is that of a thoroughly loyal citizen. I shall be glad, therefore, if at the next meeting of the decurions, you will lay before them the state of the law, and I hope you will do so briefly and modestly. Then add that we make them an offer of the 400,000 sesterces, in accordance with the wishes of Saturninus. But be sure to point out that the munificence and generosity are his, and that all we are doing is to obey his wishes. I have refrained from writing in a public manner on this business, firstly, because I knew very well that our friendship was such, and that your judgment was so ripe, that you could and ought to act for me as well as for yourself, and then again I was afraid that I might not preserve in a letter that exact mean which you will have no difficulty in preserving in a speech. For a man's expression, his gestures, and even the tones of his voice help to indicate the precise meaning of his words, while a letter, which is deprived of all these advantages, is exposed to the malignity of those who put upon it what interpretation they choose. Farewell. 5.VIII.--TO TITINIUS CAPITO. You urge me to write history, nor are you the first to do so. Many others have often given me the same advice, and I am quite willing to follow it, not because I feel confident that I should succeed in so doing--for it would be presumption to think so until one had tried--but because it seems to me a very proper thing not to let people be forgotten whose fame ought never to die, and to perpetuate the glories of others together with one's own. Personally, I confess that there is nothing on which I have set my heart so much as to win a lasting reputation, and the ambition is a worthy one for any man, especially for one who is not conscious of having committed any

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2,969

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1

wrong and has no cause to fear being remembered by posterity. Hence it is that both day and night I scheme to find a way "to raise myself above the ordinary dull level": my ambition goes no farther than that, for it is quite beyond my dreams "that my victorious name should pass from mouth to mouth." "And yet--!"--but I am quite satisfied with the fame which history alone seems to promise me. For one reaps but a small reward from oratory and poetry, unless our eloquence is really first-class, while history seems to charm people in whatever style it is written. For men are naturally curious; they are delighted even by the baldest relation of facts, and so we see them carried away even by little stories and anecdotes. Again, there is a precedent in my own family which impels me towards writing history. My uncle, who was also my father by adoption, was a historian of the most scrupulous type, and I find all wise men agree that one can do nothing better than follow in the footsteps of one's ancestors, provided that they have gone in the right path themselves. Why, then, do I hesitate? For this reason, that I have delivered a number of pleadings of serious importance, and it is my intention to revise them carefully--though my hopes of fame from them are only slight--lest, in spite of all the trouble they have given me, they should perish with me, just for want of receiving the last polishing and additional touches. For if you have a view to what posterity will say, all that is not absolutely finished must be classed as incomplete matter. You will say: "Yes, but you can touch up your pleadings and compose history at the same time." I wish I could, but each is so great a task that I should think I had done very well to have finished either. I began to plead in the Forum in my nineteenth year, and it is only just now that I begin to see darkly what an orator ought to be. What would happen if I were to take on a new task in addition to this one? Oratory and history have many things in common, but they also differ greatly in the points that seem common to both. There is narrative in both, but of a different type; the humblest, meanest and most common-place subjects suit the one; the other requires research, splendour, and dignity. In the one you may describe the bones, muscles, and nerves of the body, in the other brawny parts and flowing manes. In oratory one wants force, invective, sustained attack; in history the charm is obtained by copiousness and agreeableness, even by sweetness of style. Lastly, the words used, the forms of speech, and the construction of the sentences are different. For, as Thucydides remarks, it makes all the difference whether the composition is to be a possession for all time or a declamation for the moment; oratory has to do with the latter, history with the former. Hence it is that I do not feel tempted to hopelessly jumble together two dissimilar styles which differ from one another just because of their great importance, and I am afraid I should become bewildered by such a terrible medley and write in the one style just where I ought to be employing the other. For the meantime, therefore, to use the language of the courts, I ask your gracious permission to go on with my pleading. However, do you be good enough even now to consider the period which it would be best for me to tackle. Shall it be a period of ancient history which others have dealt with before me? If so, the materials are all ready to hand, but the putting them together would be a heavy task. On the other hand, if I choose a modern period which has not been dealt with, I shall get but small thanks and am bound to give serious offence. For, besides the fact that the general standard of morality is so lax that there is much more to censure than to praise, you are sure to be called niggardly if you praise and too censorious if you censure, though you may have been lavish of appreciation and scrupulously guarded in reproach. However, these considerations do not stay me, for I have

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2,969

22,528

CommonCrawl

4

1

the courage of my convictions. I only beg of you to prepare the way for me in the direction you urge me to take, and choose a subject for me, so that, when I am at length ready to take pen in hand, no other overpowering reason may crop up to make me hesitate and delay my purpose. Farewell. 5.IX.--TO RUFUS. I had gone down to the basilica of Julius to listen to the speeches of the counsel to whom I had to reply from the last postponement. The judges were in their places; the decemvirs had arrived; the advocates were moving to and fro, and then came a long silence, broken at last by a message from the praetor. The centumvirs were dismissed and the hearing was put off, at which I was glad, for I am never so well prepared that I am not pleased at having extra time given me. The postponement was due to Nepos, the praetor-designate, who hears cases with the most scrupulous attention to legal forms. He had issued a short edict warning both plaintiffs and defendants that he would strictly carry out the decree of the Senate. Attached to the edict was a copy of the decree, which provided "that all persons engaged in any lawsuit are hereby ordered to take an oath before their cases are heard, that they have neither given nor promised any sum to their advocates, nor have entered into any contract to pay them for their advocacy." In these words and other long sentences as well, advocates were forbidden to sell their services and litigants to buy them, although, when a suit is over, the latter are allowed to offer their counsel a sum not exceeding ten thousand sesterces. The praetor, who was presiding over the Court of the Centumviri, was embarrassed by this decree of Nepos and gave us an unexpected holiday, while he made up his mind whether or not he should follow the example set him. Meanwhile, the whole town is discussing the edict of Nepos, some favourably, others adversely. Many people are saying: "Well, we have found a man to set the crooked straight. But have there been no praetors before Nepos, and who is Nepos that he should mend our public morals?" On the other hand, a number of people argue: "He has acted quite rightly. He has mastered the laws before entering office, he has read the decrees of the Senate, he is putting a stop to a disgraceful system of bargaining, and he will not allow a most honourable profession to be bought and sold in a scandalous way." That is how people are talking everywhere, and there will be no majority for one side or the other till it is known how the matter will end. It is very deplorable, but it is the accepted rule that good or bad counsels are approved or condemned according to whether they turn out well or badly. The result is that we find the self-same deed ascribed sometimes to zeal, sometimes to vanity, and even to love of liberty and downright madness. Farewell. 5.X.--TO SUETONIUS TRANQUILLUS. Do, I beg of you, fulfil the promise I made in my verses when I pledged my word that our common friends should see your compositions. People are asking for them every day, clamouring for them even, and, if you are not careful, you may find yourself served with a writ to publish them. I myself am very slow to make up my mind to publish, but you are far more of a slow-coach than even I am. So either decide at once, or take care that I do not drag those books of yours from you by the lash of my satire, as I have failed to coax them out by my hendecasyllabics. The work is absolutely finished, and if you polish it any more you will only impair it without making it shine the more brightly. Do let me see your name on the title page; do let me hear that the volumes of my friend Tranquillus are being copied, read, and sold. It is only fair, considering the strength of our attachment, that you should afford me the same gratification

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2,969

23,552

CommonCrawl

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19

that I have afforded you. Farewell. 5.XI.--TO CALPURNIUS FABATUS. I have received your letter, from which I gather that you have dedicated a most beautiful portico in the joint names of yourself and your son, and that on the following day you promised a sum of money for the decoration of the gates, so as to signalise the completion of your earlier act of generosity by immediately beginning a new one. I am delighted to hear it, in the first place, on account of the reputation you will secure, of which some part will extend to me, owing to the closeness of our friendship; secondly, because I see that the name of my father-in-law will be perpetuated by these choice works; and, lastly, because our country is in such a flourishing state. Pleasant as it is to see her honoured by any one, it is trebly gratifying when the honour is paid by yourself. It only remains for me to pray Heaven to confirm you in this habit of mind, and bestow upon you long length of years. For I venture to prophesy that, when your latest promise is complete, you will set about something else. When once a man's generosity has been aroused it knows not where to stop, for the more it is practised the more beautiful it becomes in the eyes of the generous. Farewell. 5.XII.--TO TERENTIUS SCAURUS. Before giving a recital of a little speech which I had some thoughts of publishing, I called a few friends to hear it, so as to put me on my mettle, but not many, so that I might get candid criticism. For there are two reasons why I give these recitals, one that I may screw myself up to the proper pitch by their anxiety that I should do myself justice, and the other that they may correct me if I happen to make a mistake and do not notice it because the blunder is my own. I got what I wanted and I found some friends who gave me their advice freely; while I myself noticed certain passages which required correction. I have revised the speech which I am sending you. You will see what the subject is from the title, and the speech itself will explain all other points. It ought now to become so familiar to people as to be understood without any preface. But I trust that you will write and tell me what you think of it as a whole as well as in parts, for I shall be the more careful to suppress it, or the more determined to publish it, according as your critical judgment inclines one way or the other. Farewell. 5.XIII.--TO VALERIANUS. In compliance with your request--and the promise I made to comply in case you asked me--I will write and tell you the upshot of the demand of Nepos in the matter of Tuscilius Nominatus. Nominatus was brought into the Senate, and he pleaded his own case. There was no one to accuse him, for the legates of the Vicetini, so far from making matters difficult for him, smoothed his path. The substance of his defence was that in his conduct of the case he had failed not in loyalty but in resolution, that he had come down with the intention of pleading and had been seen in the Senate-house, but had been discouraged by what his friends told him in conversation, and so had left the chamber. He had been advised, he said, not to oppose, especially in the Senate, a member of that body who was now fighting hard not so much to get leave to establish a market on his estate, as to maintain his influence, reputation, and position, and he was warned that if he did not give way he would come in for greater ill-will than had been recently shown him. It was true that he had been hissed as he left the chamber on the previous hearing, but only by a few people. He spoke in a very appealing way and shed a number of tears, and, throughout his pleading, he used his undoubted abilities as a speaker to make it seem that he was not so much defending his conduct as asking pardon for it, which was certainly the safest and best course for him to adopt. He was acquitted on the motion of the consul-designate, Af

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2,969

24,576

CommonCrawl

10

8

ranius Dexter, whose speech may be summarised as follows. He argued that Nominatus would have done much better if he had gone through with the cause of the Vicetini with the same resolution with which he had undertaken it, but that since his conduct, though blameworthy, was not fraudulent, and he had not been convicted of having committed any crime, he had better be acquitted on the understanding that he should return to the Vicetini the fees he had received from them. All present agreed, with the exception of Fabius Aper, who proposed that Nominatus should be disbarred for the term of five years, and he continued firmly in that opinion though he drew no one over to side with him. He even produced the law under which the meeting of the Senate had been convened, and forced Dexter, who had been the first to propose the resolution opposed to his, to swear that his proposal was for the good of the State. Though this demand was perfectly legal, certain members loudly protested against it, on the ground that Aper seemed to be accusing Dexter of showing undue favour to Nominatus. But before any further speeches were made to the motion, Nigrinus, a tribune of the plebs, read out a learned and weighty remonstrance in which he complained that counsel were bought and sold, that they would sell their clients' cases, that they conspired together to make litigation, and that, instead of being satisfied with fame, they drew large and fixed amounts at the expense of citizens. He recited the heads of various laws, he recalled to their memories certain decrees of the Senate, and at last proposed that, as the laws and the decrees of the Senate were treated as a dead letter, they should petition their excellent Emperor to find a remedy for such a scandal. A few days elapsed, and then the Emperor issued an edict which was at once moderate and severe. You will be able to read the text of it, for it appears in the official register. Imagine how delighted I am that I have always made a point of refusing for my services as counsel not only to enter into any understanding to receive presents and gifts in any shape, but even friendly acknowledgments! We ought indeed to refrain from doing anything that is not quite honourable, not because it is forbidden, but because we should be ashamed to do it; still it is gratifying to see a custom which you have never allowed yourself to follow publicly forbidden. Very likely--and in fact there is no doubt on the point--I shall reap fewer praises and my reputation will not shine as brightly when all the members of my profession find themselves compelled to behave as I did quite of my own free will. In the meantime I enjoy the pleasure of hearing some of my friends say that I must have foreseen what was coming, while others banter me by declaring that the new edict has been designed to put a stop to my plunder and greed. 5.XIV.--TO PONTIUS. I had already retired to my township when the news was brought to me that Cornutus Tertullus had accepted the curatorship of the Aemilian Way. I cannot tell you how delighted I am, both for his own sake and for mine. I am pleased for his sake, because, though he is unquestionably entirely void of all ambitious aspirations, he cannot but be gratified at being offered a post without seeking it; and I am pleased on my own account, because I am all the more satisfied with my own employment now that Cornutus has had a position of equal eminence given to him. For it is just as gratifying to be placed on an equality with worthy citizens as to receive a step up in one's official position. And where is there a better man than Cornutus, or a man of more noble life? Where will you find one who follows more closely the ancient pattern in all that is praiseworthy? I know his virtues not by hearsay alone, though he enjoys a richly deserved reputation everywhere, but from a personal experience extending over many years. We both of us entertain an affectionate regard, and have done for years, for all the worthy persons of both sexes whom our age has produced, and this community of friendships has

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CommonCrawl

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19

thrown us together into the most intimate relations. Another link in the chain has been the closeness of our public connection. As you know, he was my colleague as prefect of the Treasury--thus realising, so to speak, my dearest wish--and again he was associated with me in the consulship. It was there that I obtained my clearest insight into the character and real greatness of the man, when I followed his judgment as a magistrate and reverenced him as a parent, while my veneration was inspired not so much by the ripeness of his years as by the ripeness of his general character. Hence it is that I congratulate both him and myself, for public reasons quite as much as for personal ones, in that now at last a virtuous life leads a man not to peril, as it used to do, but to public honours. I should let my pen run on for ever if I were to give my joy a free course, so I will turn back to tell you how I was engaged when the messenger came and found me. I was with my wife's grandfather and her aunt, and in the company of friends I had long wished to see. I was going the round of the estate, hearing no end of complaints from my tenants, reading over with an unwilling eye and in a cursory fashion the accounts--for I have been consecrating my energies to papers and books of quite a different style--and I had even begun to make preparations for my journey. For I am rather pressed owing to the shortness of my leave, and I am reminded of my own public duties by hearing of those which have been entrusted to Cornutus. I hope that your Campanian villa may spare you about the same time, lest, when I return to town, I should lose a single day of your company. Farewell. 5.XV.--TO ARRIUS ANTONINUS. It is when I try to equal your verses that I most fully appreciate how excellent they are. For just as painters rarely succeed in putting a perfectly beautiful face on their canvas without doing injustice to the original, so, though I slave hard with your verses as my model, I always fall short. Let me urge you then to publish as many as possible, so good that every one will burn to imitate them, and yet no one, or but very few, will succeed in the attempt. Farewell. 5.XVI.--TO MARCELLINUS. I am writing to you in great distress. The younger daughter of your friend Fundanus is dead, and I never saw a girl of a brighter and more lovable disposition, nor one who better deserved length of days or even to live for ever. She had hardly completed her fourteenth year, yet she possessed the prudence of old age and the sedateness of a matron, with the sweetness of a child and the modesty of a maiden. How she used to cling round her father's neck! How tenderly and modestly she embraced us who were her father's friends! Her nurses, her teachers and tutors, how well she loved them, each according to his station! With what application and quickness she used to read, while her amusements were never carried to excess and never overstepped the mark. What resignation, patience and fortitude she showed during her last illness! She obeyed her doctor's orders, she cheered her sister and father, and when her body had lost all its strength, she kept herself alive by the vigour of her mind. This never failed her right up to the end, nor was it broken down by her long illness or by the fear of death, and this has made us miss her all the more severely and made our sorrow all the heavier to bear. What a sad, heart-rending funeral it was! The moment of her death seemed even more cruel than death itself, for she had just been betrothed to a youth of splendid character; the day of the wedding had been decided upon, and we had already been summoned to attend it. Think into what terrible grief our joy was changed! I really cannot tell you in words how acutely I felt it when I heard Fundanus himself, for one sorrow always leads on to other bitter sorrows--giving the order that the money he had intended to lay out upon wedding raiment

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CommonCrawl

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, pearls and gems, should be spent upon incense, unguents and scents. He is, it is true, a man of learning and wisdom, who from early years has devoted himself to the deeper studies and the nobler arts, but, at a moment like this, all the philosophy he has ever heard from others or uttered himself is put on one side. All virtues but one are disregarded for the time being--he can only think of parental love. You will forgive and even praise him for this, if you consider the loss he has suffered. For he has lost a daughter who reflected in herself, not only his face and feature, but his character, and one who was the living image of her father in every particular. If you send him a letter in the midst of this rightful grief of his, be careful to use words of solace which will not flay the heart or deal roughly with his sorrow, but which will soothe and ease his pain. The time which has elapsed will make him the more likely to admit your words of consolation, for, just as a raw wound first shrinks from the touch of the doctor's hand, then bears it without flinching and actually welcomes it, so with mental anguish we reject and fly from consolation when the pain is fresh, then after a time we look for it and find relief in its soothing application. 5.XVII.--TO SPURINNA. I know what an interest you take in the liberal arts, and how delighted you are when young men of rank do anything worthy of their ancestry. That is why I am losing no time to tell you that to-day I made one of the audience of Calpurnius Piso. He was reading his poem on the Legends of the Stars, and it was a learned and very excellent composition. It was written in fluent, graceful, and smooth elegiacs, and rose even to lofty heights as occasion demanded. The style was cleverly varied, in some places it soared, in others it was subdued; passing from the grand to the commonplace, from thinness to richness, and from lively to severe, and in each case with consummate skill. The sweetness of his voice lent it an additional charm, and his modesty made even his voice the sweeter, while his blushes and his nervousness, which were very plain to see, still further set off the reading. I don't know why, but diffidence becomes a man of letters much more than over-confidence. However, to cut the story short,--though I would gladly say more, because such performances are all the more charming when given by a young man, and all the rarer when he is of noble birth,--as soon as the reading was concluded, I embraced the youth with great cordiality, and by showering praises upon him--which are always the best incentive when giving advice--I urged him to go on as he had begun, and hold out to his descendants the light which his own ancestors had held out to him. I congratulated his excellent mother and also his brother, who made one of the audience, and indeed achieved as much reputation for brotherly feeling as his brother Calpurnius did for his eloquence, for while the latter was reading everybody noticed first the nervous look on the brother's face, and then the expression of joy. I pray Heaven that I may often have such news for you, for I am very partial to the age I live in, and I hope that it may not prove barren and worthless. I am really most anxious that our young men of rank should have some other beautiful objects in their houses besides the busts of their ancestors, and it seems to me that the latter tacitly approve and encourage these two young men, and even recognise them as their true descendants, which is in itself a sufficiently high compliment to both. Farewell. 5.XVIII.--TO CALPURNIUS MACER. As all is well with you, all is well with me. You have your wife with you, and your son; you enjoy your sea-view, your fountains, greenery, estate, and your charming villa. I cannot doubt that the latter is most charming, inasmuch as it was the home of the man who was even happier there than when he became

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2,969

27,648

CommonCrawl

10

8

the happiest man on earth. I am staying at my Tuscan house; I hunt and I study, sometimes in turns, sometimes both together, and I cannot as yet tell you whether I find it more difficult to catch anything or to compose anything. Farewell. 5.XIX.--TO PAULINUS. I notice how kindly you treat your servants, so I will be quite frank with you, and tell you with what indulgence I treat mine. I always bear in mind that phrase in Homer, "like a father mild," and our own Latin phrase, "father of his family." Even if I had naturally been of a harsher and less genial disposition, the weakness of my freedman Zosimus would melt my harshness, for one has to show him greater kindness just in proportion as he needs it more at his time of life. He is an honest fellow, devoted to his duties and well-educated, but his chief accomplishment and, so to speak, his particular recommendation is his skill in playing comedy, in which he is really admirable. For his delivery is sharp, intelligent, to the point, and even graceful, and he plays the harp much better than is usually expected from a comedian. He is also so clever in reading speeches, history and poetry, that you would fancy he had never studied anything else. I have gone into all this detail to show you how many services this one man can render me, and how pleasant they are. Moreover, I have long entertained a great regard for him, which has been increased by his serious ill-health, for Nature has so arranged it that nothing fires and stimulates our affection so much as the fear of losing the object of it, and I have on more than one occasion been afraid of losing Zosimus. Some years since, while he was reciting with great earnestness and fire, he spat blood, and I sent him on that account to Egypt, from which country he recently returned with his health restored. Then, after severely taxing his voice for days together, he was warned of his old malady by a slight cough, and once more brought up some blood. So I have decided to send him to the farm which you own at Forum Julii, for I have often heard you say that the air there is healthy, and the milk peculiarly beneficial to complaints of this kind. I should be glad, therefore, if you will write to your people to take him in at the house and give him lodging, and accommodate him with anything he may require at his expense. His needs will be very small, for he is so sparing and abstemious that his frugality leads him to deny himself, not only dainties, but even that which is necessary for his weak health. When he sets out, I will give him sufficient travelling money for one who is going to your part of the country. Farewell. 5.XX.--TO URSUS. Within a short time of their impeaching Julius Bassus the Bithynians brought a second action, this time against Rufus Varenus, their proconsul, the very man whom, in their action against Bassus, they had received permission, at their own request, to retain as their advocate. On being brought into the Senate they applied for a commission to be appointed to investigate their charges, and Varenus sought leave to be allowed to bring witnesses from the province in his defence. To this the Bithynians objected, and the matter came to a debate. I acted on behalf of Varenus, and my pleading was not without good results. I am justified in saying this, as my written speech will show whether I spoke well or badly. For in delivering a speech chance has a controlling influence on success or failure. A speech either gains or loses a good deal according to the memory, voice, and gesture of the speaker, and even the time taken in delivery, to say nothing of the popularity or unpopularity of the accused; whereas a written speech profits nothing from these advantages, loses nothing by these disadvantages, and is subject neither to lucky nor unlucky accidents. Fonteius Magnus, one of the Bithynians, replied to me at great length, but he made very few points. Like most of the Greeks

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1,024

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2,969

28,672

CommonCrawl

10

8

An especially rich variety of offerings this week, especially on the themes of solitude vs. multitude and the making of books. Sometimes the person doesn't even realize he (not always a he) is cloaking intent. Sometimes (s)he/them doesn't realize what the intent will turn out to be. Sometimes a person is genuine, and yet a charmer, and an abuser, and yet a survivor of abuse, and a valuable poet, and yet a suppressor of poets, all in one. We contain multitudes. I confess in general, my real life has been busier than ever, not quieter. I have spent a lot of time with friends–seeing Fran Leibowitz, teaching at Western Washington University, dinners, lunches, teaching a class in Seattle, and other moments that have dotted my calendar. Yesterday I floated for an hour in a sensory deprivation pod. It was a surreal experience where you feel as if you might be in space, as if you are weightless. I was hoping for some huge breakthroughs in my writing or my life, what I received was 55 minutes of absolute quiet and relaxation with minor breakthroughs about life. While I did manage to get salt in my eye and forget to put my eyeplugs in & turn off the light and have to immediately exit the tank to reset myself up, I found that I need just time to meditate, to nap, to sit, to quiet, to float. I knew from the opening poem, "Rootless," what [Jenny] Xie's intentions with this book were with lines like "I sponge off the eyes, no worse for wear" alongside clear descriptions of place, "Between Hanoi and Sapa there are clean slabs of rice farms / and no two brick houses in a row." This was going to be a collection that employed the camera eye, an eye that seems to separate from the self in order to explore the world outside of the self, and yet what I didn't immediately grasp was how deep into the psyche these poems would also look. As, ultimately, Eye Level is concerned with not only with what is visible, but the endless distances between people and bottomless pit within ourselves. Yes, I want to be a part of the community–here, the blog revival tour is an example of that. Yes, I want my credentials and awards to be certified and recognized. Yes, I want to be a part of something larger than myself. And yet, the cost of this affiliation? I think the best artists are those who do genuinely and selflessly engage with their communities, but are in continual struggle against that community, sometimes dropping out entirely, occasionally dropping in. For me, it's about celebrating what is truly errant, digressive, resilient, unhappy, and disruptive, that part of us which is a lousy team-player, an unproductive company-man. Everyone on the team is rushing together to put out that fire, to be a part of the decoration committee for the prom, to raise that barn–and yet, usually, there is someone who wanders off, who walks away from the commotion, a person who had always been there with us, and who has now disappeared. The committee's work goes on. The drop out, well, she's found another road, a pretty distraction, a quiet and uncomplicated space, where she can find something else about her gifted life. on a loop, on a loop, on a loop. The feeling of not believing I wrote these poems uncovers layers of emotions that are erupting now that I am watching the work transition from manuscript to actual book: a lack of faith in myself; tremendous gratitude to every poet on earth, to whom I owe my love of poetry; astonishment that the poems are good; questioning "are they good?"; the anxiety of knowing the next phase (promoting the book) is likely to lead to some mixture of joy and disappointment; and wonderment at the poetic collective witchery that was tapped into in the writing. Making art is sometimes a lonely process, filled with doubts, but at other times, there's inspiration and collaboration. This design was my favorite of four I presented to Luisa, but at first she chose a different one. We took some time, and the next day she wrote to talk about this one with the brambles. Luisa told me what she liked here (the brambles and the ladyslipper) and said she'd

1.739918

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0.123383

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1,024

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You are here: Opinion > Editor's Pick > China to become first to realize UN goal of 'no poverty' By Harvey Dzodin 0 Comment(s) Print E-mail China Daily, January 8, 2020 China is poised to realize a dream that a few decades ago most experts would have dismissed as wishful thinking. For centuries, China dreamed of building a "moderately prosperous society" in all respects. And this year, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, China will realize that dream despite having a population of more than 1.3 billion. Late leader Deng Xiaoping resurrected this ancient but never-realized goal when reform and opening-up were launched. Chinese leaders who followed adopted it, adding additional details. President Xi Jinping included it in his seminal "four-pronged comprehensive strategy" in 2014. Xi explained the notion in great detail at the 19th National Congress of the CPC in October 2017 in a speech titled, "Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects", mentioning the concept 18 times. He said that building a moderately prosperous society in all respects meant promoting social fairness and justice, as well as ensuring steady access to childcare, education, employment, medical service, elderly care, housing and social assistance. He pledged to "intensify poverty alleviation, see that all our people have a greater sense of fulfillment as they contribute to and gain from development, and continue to promote well-rounded human development and common prosperity for everyone." Now, a little more than two years later, the results are in, and China is about to eradicate absolute poverty. In 1979, China's per capita GDP was $200. It is now estimated to be $10,000, a 50-fold increase-with GDP growth averaging just shy of 10 percent a year. Over the past four decades, China has lifted about 800 million people out of poverty, which is 70 percent of the global total. Little wonder China is set to become the first developing country to achieve the first of the UN's 17 Sustainable Development Goals: No poverty. China's rural population living under the currently defined poverty line of $1.90 per person per day fell from 770 million in 1978 to 16.6 million in 2018, and the rural poverty level declined from 97.5 percent to 1.7 percent, a decrease of 95.8 percent. In 2019 alone, about 340 impoverished counties and 10 million people were lifted out of poverty. And Xi has pledged that after the eradication of absolutely poverty in 2020, China will launch a campaign to eliminate relative poverty. Other statistics are equally impressive. For example, over the four decades of reform and opening-up, life expectancy has increased from 65 to 77, and the infant mortality rate dropped from 48 deaths per 1,000 live births to 6.1 deaths per 1,000. Sidney Gamble, an American sociologist, amateur photographer and grandson of the founder of Proctor& Gamble, now called P&G, made three study trips to North China in the early 20th century. The abject poverty of the people in Beijing captured in his photographs are in stark contrast to the photos taken last year in some of the exact same spots by his grandson that showed the Chinese capital's state-of-the-art modernity. But much needs to be done to realize the second centennial goal by 2050 (2049 being the 100th anniversary of the founding of New China), that is, to "develop China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful". Although China is set to eliminate absolute poverty this year, its per capita income is still very low compared with those of advanced economies. Plus, income inequality is relatively high, and China still lags behind advanced economies in terms of labor productivity and human capital. When I first visited China in 1

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/*globals define, $ */ /*jshint browser: true*/ /** * @author rkereskenyi / https://github.com/rkereskenyi */ define(['css!js/Loader/styles/LoaderCircles.css'], function () { 'use strict'; var LoaderCircles, CIRCLE_O_SHADOW_SIZE = 36, CIRCLE_BORDER_SIZE = 5, MIN_SIZE = 14, MIN_SIZE_INNER_CIRCLE = 30, MAX_SIZE = 200, CIRCLE_I_SIZE_DIFF = 20; LoaderCircles = function (params) { this._el = params.containerElement; if (this._el.length === 0) { throw 'LoaderCircles\'s container control with id:"' + params.containerElement + '" could not be found'; } this._loaderBackgroundCssProps = {}; this._loaderContentCssProps = {}; }; LoaderCircles.prototype._initialize = function () { this._createElements(); }; LoaderCircles.prototype._removeElements = function () { if (this._loaderContainer) { this._loaderContainer.remove(); } this._loaderContainer = null; if (this._loaderBackground) { this._loaderBackground.remove(); } this._loaderBackground = null; }; LoaderCircles.prototype._createElements = function () { if (!this._loaderContainer) { this._loaderContainer = $('<div/>', {class: 'loader-container'}).css(this._loaderContentCssProps); this._loaderBackground = $('<div/>', {class: 'loader-bg'}).css(this._loaderBackgroundCssProps); this._circleOuter = $('<div/>', {class: 'circle-o'}); this._circleInner = $('<div/>', {class: 'circle-i'}); if (this._size) { this._circleOuter.css({ width: this._size, height: this._size, 'border-radius': this._size //jshint ignore: line }); this._circleInner.css({ width: this._size - CIRCLE_I_SIZE_DIFF, height: this._size - CIRCLE_I_SIZE_DIFF, 'border-radius': this._size - CIRCLE_I_SIZE_DIFF, top: 0 - CIRCLE_O_SHADOW_SIZE / 3 - this._size / 2 - (this._size - CIRCLE_I_SIZE_DIFF) / 2 - 2 * CIRCLE_BORDER_SIZE }); this._loaderContainer.css({ width: this._size + CIRCLE_O_SHADOW_SIZE, height: this._size + CIRCLE_O_SHADOW_SIZE, 'margin-top': (this._size + CIRCLE_O_SHADOW_SIZE) / -2, 'margin-left': (this._size + CIRCLE_O_SHADOW_SIZE) / -2 }); } this._loaderContainer.append(this._circleOuter).append(this._circleInner); if (this._size && this._size < MIN_SIZE_INNER_CIRCLE) { this._circleInner.remove(); } this._el.append(this._loaderBackground).append(this._loaderContainer); //force reflow this._el.width(); } }; LoaderCircles.prototype.destroy = function () { this._removeElements(); }; LoaderCircles.prototype.stop = function () { this._removeElements(); }; LoaderCircles.prototype.start = function () { this._createElements();

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Featured Donnella Maria Hallowe'en Eve. The French Quarter is alive with activity- a thumping, pulsating organism. The aerial view of Bourbon Street resembles writhing creatures feasting on a cadaver. The noise is deafening, and Willow is too tired to be bothered with it. "Three dollar draft!" shouts a vendor with a large, white cardboard sign. Walking in the street with large signs promoting the bars is supposed to be against city ordinance, but no one really enforces it. Women and men barely draped in fabric hang in antique door frames. The Spanish stucco of many structures sits marred with scars from careless visitors and residents alike. A cacophonous and intolerable chorus of contrasting music blends, blaring from a myriad of establishments. "Hey, hun." A stunning tall, blonde drag queen addresses Willow. "Hey, Louise." "You look irritable tonight." She takes a drag from her cigarette and releases a cloud of smoke. "I'm exhausted. We closed early tonight to get prep done for tomorrow, but instead the guys dragged me out here after we were only half done." "Don't sweat it, sweetie. You'll do great, just like last year." "I didn't feel like we did great last year, Louise. I thought I would die." "We all feel that way sometimes. I remember when I first opened the club. Shit. It was tough. But you do it. People have a good time, and they come back. Willow sighs. "Why don't you come in for a drink? Where're the guys?" Willow points to the nightclub into which her husband and brothers disappeared. Flashing lights, smoke from a machine, and drunk tourists covered in colorful plastic necklaces stream from its open doors. "Come on," Louise motioned with her head toward her club, The Nightingale. "Jeff, if you see Willow's people tell them I took her inside for some peace and quiet." She says to the doorman. "Ready, honey?" Louis asks, but Willow is rigid. Louise's voice is lost in the resounding shriek filling Willow's ears. "Willow? Hello?" Louise waves her hand with its long, ornate fingernails in front of Willow's face. "What?" Willow responds, visibly shaken. "You were zoned out. Are you okay? You look terrible." "Didn't you hear that?" "That shriek. Didn't you hear it? "It's so noisy out here. I can't hear myself think. Let's go inside. You're stressing yourself to death." "Yeah, I guess." Stress. Yes. It makes sense, thinks Willow. Stress can induce auditory hallucinations…can't it? Inside of The Nightingale is hardly different from outside in the street. The music pounds. Dancers swing and shimmy to the rhythm in the light of pulsing red and white strobe-lights. Patrons sit near the bar, at the dancers' feet, and at round tables within booths. Some are behind the closed doors of the private areas, where-for the right amount-the women, men, and enby performers do more than dance. Willow follows Louise to her office. The two cross an open courtyard and separate from the din and chaos of the club. It's strange how quiet the night is once they exit the back door and enter the cobblestoned courtyard with its sporadically placed pal consumed most of the block several years before. The locks were only slightly damaged. Louise mourned the loss of the original doors. She just couldn't find anyone to duplicate them. Willow rests on a leather couch and closes her eyes. Louise pours them both a glass of brandy. Fatigue quickly claims possession of Willow's agitated brain. She finds herself in her childhood home. The surroundings are odd and out of place, but that discrepancy is minor compared to the fact that the house was destroyed a decade prior during Hurricane Katrina, and was razed to the ground like so many of its neighbors. In the dream, Willow stands at her parents' back window, looking into

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the back yard. Enormous bales of hay lay rolled and placed in random order around the yard, even though in real life they'd never existed. A childlike figure appears, manifested from inside one of the bales, a small girl. She wears a red dress and has long, light-colored pigtails. Her white leggings rise from black patent-leather Mary Janes. She dances for a moment, gleeful. "What is that?" asks Willow aloud to no one. The child then turns her eyes on Willow. They become glowing white-hot coals. Willow feels intense terror as the child opens its mouth and emits an eardrum shattering screech. Willow slams the window just in time to stop the child-thing in mid-flight. Willow cowers on the floor as the monster-girl slams its body into the window, rattling the glass and surrounding walls. Willow wakes with a gasp. "My God," remarks Louise. "Are you all right?" "I had a nightmare." "I'm so sorry, darling. You dozed off so peacefully. I didn't want to disturb you." Louise hands Willow the brandy. Willow takes a swallow, the dark and warm liquid leaves a tingling trail as it travels down her esophagus. She sighs. Louise refills Willow's glass; the latter sips her drink instead of swallowing it down. "You want to talk about it?" asks Louise. "It's just these stupid nightmares I've had since I was a kid. I'm sure they are stress induced." "Sorry, sweetie. I know you're under a lot, and those men of yours are good for nothing," Louise huffs. Willow chuckles. "What? Well," Louise grins, "I guess I could think of a couple of uses for them." Willow laughs, "Hey that's my little brothers you're talking about!" "And your husband," Louise takes a sip from her glass. Willow laughs harder. Later that evening, feeling warm and comfortable from brandy and the solace she'd found in confiding her worries to her friend, Willow walks home with Earl at her side. They cross Jackson Square in front of the historic St. Louis Cathedral, its formidable façade looming over passersby. Peddlers are taking up their tables and wares. A fire-breather stuffs her tools into a duffle bag. Earl and Willow pass down St. Peter, where most shops are already shuttered. A couple of tourists meander out of the voodoo shop next to Poppy's Diner. They swerve around Earl and Willow, giggling as they stumble off the curb. Feeling particularly amiable, Willow smiles and bids the two a good evening. A tall, young Creole woman with purple dreadlocks and wearing black on black with white Doc Martens stands in the doorway of the voodoo shop. She smiles at Willow and Earl. "Halloween time, right?" She points her thumb toward the meandering couple and gives an unimpressed chuckle. Her nails are painted blue. "Yeah, but good for business, Des," replies Earl. "Especially for y'all. "You're right," she remarks, "if only I got paid overtime." "I've been telling you to come work by us," says Earl. "I know," she sighs. "I would but I'm just not made for the hospitality business." Earl laughs. "Got to be better than selling incense, dolls, and novena candles to drunk tourists." Des lets out a hearty laugh. "I do have my side business," she says, producing a tarot card in her left hand. The Temperance card. Des reaches out to Willow with it. "I have a feeling you'll need this." "Ha, yeah?" replies Willow. "All things in moderation. Even work and worry," says Des, and her expression turns grave as she pulls another card. She hands it to Willow, The Hermit. Willow takes the card, puzzled. "Something haunts you," says Des. "Don't let it consume you." "Okay," Willow agrees, still confused, and takes the card. "

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2,981

1,024

CommonCrawl

10

8

Well, it's time to close up," says Des, returning to her carefree disposition. "Tomorrow should be interesting." "Yeah," says Willow, examining the cards in her hand. "You should come by," says Earl, oblivious to the conversation that'd just transpired between the women. "Maybe, if I get out of here at a reasonable time," says Des, stepping back into the shop and preparing to lock up. "Willow, don't forget." She points a long finger and looks into Willow's eyes. "I . . . I won't." "Good. Happy Halloween!" She grins, slight at first but then her mouth widens more, her teeth glisten in an unnatural way. Des knows the nightmares are back, thinks Willow. But then again, maybe not. Des is just good at reading people. It's what makes her such a popular fortune teller. There is the possibility she can sense Willow's feelings of impending doom, her anxiety and panic about the business. That's probably it, Willow convinces herself. Willow wakes on a mattress of soft, downy moss. The air is damp and cold; her skin is clammy. Shadows move in the mist, between the trees. She feels a sense of familiarity, but she doesn't know this place. It feels like an ageless place, the place of her ancestors. The saturated vegetation envelopes Willow 's feet when she stands. She digs her toes into the soil under the surface greenery. The dirt is warmer than the surrounding air, and Willow finds comfort in it. The atmosphere is phantasmagoric yet corporeal. Willow touches the trunk of a tree and feels its rough trunk. Gossamer moss hangs from its limbs. Tiny winged creatures, maybe hummingbirds or large dragonflies, flit about. More of them assemble, first high in the trees then lower, lower, and then right in Willow's line of sight. She sees now that they are not birds or insects but faeries. The radiant, miniature, winged humanoids dart and dance about Willow. The air is warmer, inviting. Not damp and chilly as before. The faeries calm Willow in this eerie place. They dance near her face, and their iridescent wings brush her nut-brown hair. One of the creatures hovers before Willow while the others dart away, seemingly distracted by some new curiosity. The lone faerie slows its wings and transforms. While Willow watches in bemusement, the sprite's arms and legs lengthen as does her torso, neck, and face. The faerie's wings are hidden or have disappeared. Her hair is long and brown, and her skin is fair and still glistening with radiance. She stands as tall as Willow, smiling, no, smirking . . . The woman tilts her head and reaches out to Willow. Willow observes a reflection ball in the fay's hand. She leans close and sees her own orbed visage. Willow's face smiles back at her, but then the ambience changes. No longer is it mellow and enchanting. An intense dread overwhelms Willow. She wants to back away, but the faerie holds her in place. The fay's face has changed, from amiable to fearsome. Her eyes burn into Willow, and Willow wants to flee this place. The reflection in the ball changes. It no longer maintains Willow's soft countenance. The face resembles Willow's, but it is sadistic and hard. The eyes burn into her. She feels they might extract all the oxygen from her lungs to give their fire life. The eyes turn dark as onyx, and show no sign of human characteristics. In the ball, the reflection moves although Willow remains still. It grows and appears too near the silvery surface, as if it will eject itself from inside. Willow tries to scream, but her vocal chords are palsied. No sound comes from them. Willow's mouth is stuck open. Her flesh feels like stone, and her muscles are paralyzed. Her body is inanimate, but her brain is racing. No don't, she begs, trapped inside her own mind. BREATHE! her mind shouts, but her lungs do not accommodate

1.526249

-0.668193

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[ 1.301622159009308, 1.7508756997209014 ]

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1,024

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2,981

2,048

CommonCrawl

10

8

. In the reflecting ball, the face's mouth is also open wide; its inside is black and as expansive as space. Its eyes are the same. Leave me alone! Willow screams inside her head. You can't hurt me, she tries to convince herself. You can't hurt me if I don't let you. The horrible face in the reflecting ball emits the screech Willow's so feared, and even though she isn't breathing, it feels as though it takes her breath away even more. Willow finally finds her voice and lets out a magnificent wail. She feels her lungs fill before she screams herself awake. Earl is sitting beside her. He wipes the dampness from her forehead. Willow, weary, meets her husband's gaze but stays silent. "It'll be alright," he says. "It's just a nightmare. Willow sighs and sits. "If only I didn't feel like I would die during it." Earl embraces his wife. "You are stressing too much about tomorrow. We'll be there, too, you know. You're not on your own." "I wish I found some comfort in that," says Willow, then regrets it. "Sorry. I trust you, and I love you. I know you will do anything for the bar, but it's the boys. We're only two people." "And with them we're only four people. But with our staff, we're half a dozen." "If they all show up." "Maybe we can get Des to come help out if they don't?" Thinking of Des gives Willow chills, remembering her vague yet disturbing forewarning. "Yeah, maybe so," Willow answers, rubbing the gooseflesh from her arms. She doesn't know if she wants Des there. The thought kind-of freaked her out after their previous encounter. But then, Willow felt silly thinking Des's fortune-telling was anything more than a creative scheme. Willow didn't believe in psychics or monsters-or even ancient, mystic nightmare wraiths. Despite her Catholic upbringing, she wasn't even sure she believed in an afterlife. Paranormal beings are funny things, Willow thinks. They always follow the same pattern, don't they? Vague EVPs, EMF spikes, a cold breeze, a disembodied voice, hairs standing on the back of one's neck. It's foolish! She's a licensed psychologist, for Christ's sake. Her nightmares were nothing more than neurological patterns inspired by anxiety. She'd always suffered from anxiety. Hearing the shriek in the street was an auditory hallucination, as she'd previously posited. Louise'd even remarked on the clangorous noise in the street. The sound was surely anything but the actual shriek of a supernatural being. Nonsense. Still, the thought of the persistent specter terrified Willow. She couldn't deny that. The morning begins slowly. Willow and Earl both sleep in, but not on purpose. McFinley's is nearly prepared for the night, but there's still a lot to get done-organizing, decorating, food prep, making sure the inventory is stocked and… Shit! Willow jumped from the comfortable sheets when she remembered the deliveries. "Everything all right?" Earl asks, half asleep still "The trucks. The trucks! "What about them?" "It's almost ten, Earl," snapped Willow. "The boys are there," Earl replies during a stretch.. "The boys are there?" Willow repeats his statement in question form. "I called them last night and told them to be there or else." "Or else what?" Willow chuckles and pulls her hair up into a disheveled bun, her hands shaking. "Or else you're going to kick their asses," he laughs. "Ha! I'm sure that worked." Willow slips on her jeans then her favorite black and white checkered deck shoes. They're worn but comfortable, and perfectly fit her long, slender feet. Earl grimaces. He dislikes those shoes on her. They don't complement Willow's elongated, sleek legs,

1.030426

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1,024

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2,981

3,072

CommonCrawl

10

8

he thinks. Willow scrunches her nose at Earl, knowing his thoughts. She doesn't care if he loathes those shoes; they're her favorite. Willow doesn't see herself in the same way as Earl, or the same as anyone sees her. In the mirror, Willow sees a plain thirty-something whose curly brunette hair is usually unkempt and whose green eyes are encircled in dark, blooming rings from exhaustion. She rarely wears make-up. She doesn't see a need for it since she took over the family business and left the psychologist's practice for which she worked. It was important for her to look put together for her clients back then.. She makes herself presentable for the bar patrons, but she spends most of the night behind the scenes. In her office, in the supply room, in the freezer, in the kitchen. Willow sees little point in getting made-up for a sweltering grill or the dumpster rats or dusty cases of whiskey. The only time she dresses elegantly, does her make-up, and styles hair is for special occasions. Professionalism is important to Willow. During events, local media is bound to be present. McFinley's has been a Royal St. staple for many years. The local television, newspapers, and magazines always send a reporter to their events. On these occasions, Willow wears her best dress or pantsuit, and although her feet ache and curse her, she insists on wearing heels. Willow dresses in costume on Halloween. This year she decides on 18th century dress, a monarch's attire. A royal blue and eggshell colored silk and taffeta gown, a considerable bodice, and corset bejeweled with multi-colored stones. The ensemble includes an elaborate, high powdered-wig adorned with the same sapphire, ruby, emerald, and tourmaline colored jewels as the dress. A blood-red choker with red-crystalline blood drops hanging from it is tight around Willow's neck. She also agrees to let Earl drip sticky red corn syrup down her neck to resemble even more blood dripping. Louise arrives at Willow's with her friends, who are also her employees, to do Willow's make-up. Willow is famously bad at doing anything more elaborate than the basics: foundation, eyeshadow, mascara, eyeliner, and lipstick. After a long day of moving inventory, cleaning, decorating, and sweating, Willow is ready to shower and get dolled-up. Wine flows freely, and soon Willow feels confident about the night. It will be fine, Willow thinks. Relax, and drink more wine. Cecilia, one of Louise's employees, pours herself and Willow yet another glass of moscato. Louise tugs hard on Willow's hair, pulling it up into a tight bun to fit under the wig. Willow winces. "Oh, sorry, sweetie. I'm not used to tender heads." Willow grins. She can recall her mother brushing her hair, yanking hard to untangle the knots Willow allowed to form in her long curls. "You wouldn't know it, but I was used to this once," says Willow. "I guess it's been a while, though," she adds. "Come by us to get your hair done more often, and your head will be nice and tough," says Antonia, Louise's business partner. "No thanks," answers Willow, squinting as Louise continues to tug on her hair. The door of the dressing room swings open. Earl stands in the doorway, looking stern. "Excuse us, sir, but we have ladies dressing in here," says Cecilia. "Of course, none of us have anything you haven't seen." The women all laugh. "I'm confident you have wild tales about what you've seen me seeing, and I'd love to hear them. But first, somebody needs to help me with this tie." Earl is also in period dress. Dark pants, boots, royal blue vest emblazoned with colorful paisleys, his button-up collared shirt the same egg shell white as Willow's dress. Its arms flow out then gather again at the wrists. His tie matches the vest, and judging by his flushed face

1.465983

-0.614474

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-0.738729

[ 1.5098128242171196, 1.422153596761199 ]

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[ -0.7169425467855465, -0.7605154987787823 ]

1,024

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2,981

4,096

CommonCrawl

10

8

, he's been struggling with it for a while. "Alright, come here," says Willow "Nah uh," Louise interjects. "You are getting a royal make-over, missy. Relax and let one of the other ladies help that man." Willow abides and relaxes in her chair, raising her glass to indicate someone should refill it. The crowd flows into McFinley's and does not flow out. The throng of bodies surrounding the bar is rows deep. Francine-the lone employee who didn't skip out for more entertaining activities-Earl, Jace, Justin, and Des serve drinks to the encroaching mass of customers. Willow is at the door with the hired security. Bald, muscular sentinels stand beside Bill, the doorman, who is checking identification cards. The hostess is playing the part, greeting customers and pedestrians alike. Her egg-white fan, decorated with lace and colorful painted embellishments, flutters at her neck. The weather is humid for late October, and Willow's skin is damp from the cool mist hanging in the air. She pats her powdered face with a silken cloth, dabbing as to not smear her make-up. "Mrs. Duplantis! Mrs. Duplantis!" Willow turns to see an eager local news personality waving her toward himself and a cameraman. She smiles and hides the handkerchief in her corset before approaching the men. "Mrs. Duplantis, Happy Halloween," says the newsman. "Please, John, call me Willow," she smiles at the camera, still fanning her moist light skin. "Willow," John says, complying with her request, "things are alive tonight in the Vieux Carré, wouldn't you agree?" "Halloween is always a spirited time," laughs Willow. Both laugh for the camera, but Willow's attention is soon diverted by an austere figure looming beside a building across the street. Among the colorful, costumed revelers looms a shady being, almost a shadow, tall to a degree of ridiculousness. Willow is entranced by this figure. John is talking, but she doesn't hear his words. She nods and waves her fan as he again wishes her a Happy Halloween before moving deep into the crowd with the camera man. Willow stares at the shadow-figure. It transforms into mist. Nobody else notices. A man suddenly grabs Willow by the arm, his emaciated hands are strangely strong. His skeletal fingers dig into her flesh. She yelps and tries to pull away. "Willow!" Des shouts from inside the bar. "Willow!" The emaciated man forces Willow's eyes to his. She doesn't comprehend what is happening, but she cannot look away from his emerald eyes. "Will you give me some succor, Miss? "I can't protect you unless you offer me aid," he pleaded "Get away," Des growls at the man and shoves him away from Willow. "Get away from her." "Protect me from what?" Willow questions, ignoring Des. "Sheeeeee," hisses the man. "Who?" Willow shoves past Des who is still trying to separate the man from her. "Not who, but what," he responds. "I can't protect you unless you offer me succor. It's the one caveat we are bound to…" He trails off as Des manhandles him away from the door and into the street. "Wait!" Willow shouts and feels for something in the material of her dress, but then remembers she has no pockets. No cash on her person. "Come in," Willow insists. "Come in and have some food." "What!?" exclaims Des. "Come on, sir. Come inside," Willow, still ignoring Des, takes the emaciated man by the arm and leads him through the crowded bar to a bench seat near the plate glass window painted with her family name, McFinley's, in green and gold. Des never liked it, the way her father chose such a cliche logo. But he was correct that it brought the customers. "Customers want two things when they visit New Orleans, my dear," her father had drawled with his lingering bro

0.953725

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1,024

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2545 ]

2,981

5,120

CommonCrawl

10

8

gue. "They want novelty, and alcohol." He grinned at her and lit his pipe. She inhaled the woody scent of the pipe tobacco. "McFinley's is here to provide both, my fair Willow." The haggard looking man doesn't resist Willow's assistance. Willow waves to her brother, Jace, once the man is seated. He notices her frantic waving and makes his way to his sister with haste. "Give this man some food and a drink," instructs Willow. "Seriously?" Jace questions. "Yes, seriously," Willow answers with a scowl. "Uh, Willow?" "What?" she retorts, impatient. "Your friend is gone," Jace says. Willow whirls round to see the man has indeed vanished. "What in the hell? Where did he go?" "Beats me," Jace shrugs. "Jace!" Justin shouts from the backroom. "Get your butt in here and help me with these boxes. "Gotta go," he says to Willow and maneuvers through the crowd. "What the hell were you thinking?" Des asks, standing at Willow's side. "He needed help," Willow answers. She notices Des's face is wet with sweat, but not the moist sheen one formulates outside on a balmy New Orleans October evening. Her hands are trembling. "You saw it, too. The thing across the street!" Des's irises, behind their purple-colored contact lenses, peer not at Willow but through Willow. "What the hell was that man talking about? What is he protecting you from?" Willow wrings her hands and looks around, hoping to see the strange, skeletal man staggering through the street. "Willow!" Des almost shouts, demanding to be acknowledged. Willow meets Des's gaze. Still wringing her hands, Willow looks over the thickening crowds outside the bar and at the continuous stream of guests going in and out of the establishment. "You know folklore." Willow states, not a question. "You study cultural myths." Des nods. "You know about the sidhe fae?" "Fairies?" Des questions, amused. "Yes… but one type specifically. Banshees, Des." Willow shakes her head and adjusts the wig she's wearing. It's seeming heavier by the minute. Her head starts to throb. "Can nightmares come to life?" PART 2 COMING SOON Posted in Creature, Fiction, Folklore, Halloween, Holiday, Horror, monsters, Reading, scary stories, WritingTagged All Hallow's Eve, Fiction, Folklore, French Quarter, Halloween, Horror, Irish Folklore, monsters, new orleans, reading, scary, scary stories, voodoo, Writing I killed Frankie Costello. My friends accepted the lie when I told them I couldn't find him the night of the murder. My account was further validated when no one found him after that night. No one found him because I tossed his body from the Intracoastal Waterway Bridge in Eastern New Orleans. The Green Bridge, as locals know it, was perhaps once a jade color but had faded to a dull gray. Disposing of Frankie was easy. He was hardly five feet five inches tall, and he weighed a mere one hundred and fifty pounds. It was part of the reason he victimized women, women like Giselle, which got him into the ugly predicament with me. Frankie was well respected in the criminal community. He had a lot of money and dangerous associates. Associates like myself. The old adage of keeping one's friends close and enemies closer was wise advice, and it was the reason I associated with Frankie. He owned the club where Giselle danced, and he pimped his girls for extra money. Giselle stopped working for him once I'd arrived on scene. I'd put her in my show, as a dancer and back up singer. She was very talented but not formally trained. In her late teens, she became involved with an older man who promised to put her on stage. He'd failed to mention that the stage had a pole. He was also an associate of Frankie Costello's, and he sold his products out of the club

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2,981

6,144

CommonCrawl

10

8