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d4039ef1-001a-49a0-8770-462c7f4db81e | Which of the following is not true about hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyl transferase? | Predominantly present in liver | Involved in purine metabolism | PRPP is the substrate required | Its deficiency leads to Lysch Nyhan disease. | 2c
| multi | "SALVAGE REACTIONS" CONVE PURINES & THEIR NUCLEOSIDES TO MONONUCLEOTIDES Conversion of purines, their ribonucleosides, and their deoxyribonuc]eosides to mononucleotides involves so- called "salvage reactions" that require far less energy than de novo synthesis. The more impoant mechanism involves phosphoribosylation by PRPP of a free punine (Pu) to form a purine 5'-mononucleotide (Pu-RP). Three processes contribute to purine nucleotide biosynthesis. These are, in order of decreasing impoance: (1) Synthesis from amphibolic intermediates (synthesis de novo), (2) Phosphoribosyltion of purines, and (3) Phosphorylation of purine nucleosides. Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome * X-linked recessive. * Overproduction hyperuricemia. * Purine salvage problem owing to absence of HGP, which conves hypoxanthine to IMP and guanine to GMP. * C/f: o Mental retardation, o Self-mutilation, aggression, o Hyperuricemia, gout, and o Choreoathetosis. * Reflects a defect in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPase), an enzyme of purine salvage. * The accompanying rise in intracellular PRPP results in purine overproduction. * Mutations that decrease or abolish hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase activity include deletions, frame-shift mutations, base substitutions, and aberrant mRNA splicing. | Surgery | null |
594acf87-5fd5-47fd-b789-93ffe764132b | Mercury affects which pa of the kidney ? | PCT | DCT | Collecting duct | Loop of Henle | 0a
| single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., PCT | Pathology | null |
4f6ff14a-f318-4e59-ae11-09b0fb5909a3 | Primary amenorrhoea is a feature of all EXCEPT: September 2012 | Turner's syndrome | Stein-Leventhal syndrome | Rokitansky-Kustner-Hauser syndrome | Kallman syndrome | 1b
| multi | Ans. B i.e. Stein Leventhal syndrome | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
8991e120-b3d7-40d2-bf55-9f415d22e93a | A 45 year old female presents with symptoms of acute cholecystisis . On USG there is a solitary gall stone of size 1.5 cm. Symptoms are controlled with medical management. Which of the following is the next most apppropriate step in the management of this patient. | Regular follow up | IV Antibiotics | Laparoscopy cholecystectomy immediately | Open cholecystectomy immediately | 2c
| multi | Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the gold standard treatment for gallstones,especially with symptoms or complications like acute cholecystitis.Some surgeons advocate urgent operation on a routine measure in cases of acute cholecystitis..Good results are obtained when the operation is undeaken within 5-7 days of the onset of the attack.If an early operation is not indicated,one should wait for approximately 6 weeks for the inflammation to subside before proceeding to operation. Reference:Bailey & Love's sho practise of surgery,25th edition,page no:1121,1122. | Surgery | G.I.T |
3de5dd79-52f9-4365-a310-0e3a3a4f6d21 | Prognosis of breast carcinoma is best determined by ? | Oestrogen \/ progesteron receptors | Axillary lymph node status | Clinical assessment | CT | 1b
| single | .Treatment of breast cancer depends on clinical stage of disease and stagings involves assessing the most common lymph node draining the breast:ie axillary lymph node. according to TNM staging, the nodes are scored on 1 to 3 score 1 :no nodal involvement score 2: one to three nodes involved score 3:four or more nodes involved Reference: BAILEY & LOVE&;S 24th edition , (P,no:839 ) | Surgery | Endocrinology and breast |
a21b7844-9dae-4ab5-a61e-ab3da03efa83 | A 57-year-old man presents with hemoptysis and generalized weakness. His symptoms began with small-volume hemoptysis 4 weeks ago. Over the past 2 weeks, he has become weak and feels "out of it." His appetite has diminished, and he has lost 10 lb of weight. He has a 45-pack-year history of cigarette smoking. Physical examination is unremarkable. Laboratory studies reveal a mild anemia and a serum sodium value of 118 mEq/L. Chest x-ray shows a 5-cm left, mid-lung field mass with widening of the mediastinum suggesting mediastinal lymphadenopathy. MR scan of the brain is unremarkable. What is the most likely cause of his symptoms? | Bronchial carcinoid | Adenocarcinoma of the lung | Small cell carcinoma of the lung | Lung abscess | 2c
| multi | Hyponatremia in association with a lung mass usually indicates small cell lung cancer (SCLC) with inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) production by the tumor. About 10% of lung cancers present with a paraneoplastic syndrome. Tumors producing ADH or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) are overwhelmingly SCLCs, which arise from hormonally active neuroendocrine cells. SCLC is a rapidly growing neoplasm; early mediastinal involvement, as in this case, is common. Tumor staging for SCLC differs from non-small cell cancers. SCLCs are simply classified as limited (confined to one hemithorax) or extensive. Limited tumors are usually managed with combination radiation and chemotherapy, with approximately 20% cure rate. Extensive tumors are treated with palliative chemotherapy alone; durable remissions are rare. Surgery is not curative in SCLC.Bronchial carcinoids are usually benign. Although they can produce ACTH, mediastinal involvement and hyponatremia would not be expected. Adenocarcinoma of the lung, although common, rarely causes a paraneoplastic syndrome. Localized benign lung infections (especially lung abscess) can cause syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) but would not account for this patient's mediastinal adenopathy. Lung abscess usually causes fever and fetid sputum. Pulmonary aspergilloma (a fungus ball growing in an old cavitary lesion) can cause hemoptysis but not this patient's hyponatremia or mediastinal lymphadenopathy. | Medicine | Respiratory |
28e46332-bccb-4ed3-a739-b1fc0e8e73ed | Private Doctor refusing to treating a case of sexual offence and referring to govt hospital is | Not an offence | Punishable under 166 B IPC | Punishable under 357 (c) Cr P C | Punishable under 327 (c) Cr P C | 1b
| single | Treatment of rape victim and information to police: All hospitals, public or private, should immediately provide first-aid or medical treatment, free of cost, to the survivor/victim of rape or acid attack, and should immediately inform the police . Denial of treatment of such victims is punishable under Sec. 166-B IPC with imprisonment upto 1 year and with/without fine. | Forensic Medicine | Legal sections |
80222cc1-aaf2-4f51-a281-922eb47c25f7 | Which of the following is true about female health worker? | Acts at PHC level | Covers a population of 5000 population | Chlorinates well at regular intervals | Makes at least 3 post natal visits for each delivery | 1b
| multi | ANSWER: (B) Covers a population of 5000 populationREF: Park 18th ed p. 809-810Under the multipurpose health worker scheme one health worker male and one health worker female are posted at each sub-centre, and are expected to cover a population of 5000.Female health worker makes at least 2 post natal visits.Chlorinating the wells is function of the male health worker. | Social & Preventive Medicine | Community Healthcare |
3dca8bb7-27e9-406f-b9ff-89d3b4c9d14f | One unit of fresh blood raises Hb% ( Hemoglobin concentration ) by | 0.1gm% | 0.5 gm % | 1gm% | 2 gm% | 2c
| single | Single unit of whole blood raises Hb by 1 gm% and Hematocrit by 3% More than 70% of transfused cells will be ble after 24 hours Ref: Harrison's 19th edition Pgno :138 | Anatomy | General anatomy |
fa8e120d-c445-4a54-8c27-64742ffc0e64 | Coagulative necrosis is seen in: | Brain | Breast | Liver | All | 2c
| multi | Coagulative necrosis is a form of necrosis in which the underlying tissue architecture is preserved for at least several days after the death of cells in the tissue. The affected tissues take on a firm texture. Presumably, the injury denatures not only structural proteins but also enzymes, thereby blocking the proteolysis of the dead cells; as a result, eosinophilic, anucleate cells may persist for days or weeks. Leukocytes are recruited to the site of necrosis, and the dead cells are ultimately digested by the action of lysosomal enzymes of the leukocytes. The cellular debris is then removed by phagocytosis, mediated primarily by infiltrating neutrophils and macrophages. Coagulative necrosis is characteristic of infarcts (areas of necrosis caused by ischemia) in all solid organs except the brain.
Robins 10 th ed P:36 | Pathology | null |
d1210017-9967-4c6b-bc25-bcd6f5ee1f41 | Incubation period of scabies is: | 7 days | 2 weeks | 4 weeks | 2-3 days | 2c
| single | Scabies - Causative agent: Sarcoptes Scabies Var Hominis Incubation Period: 3-4 weeks after the infection is acquired. If pt. reinfested- ICP is 2 days | Dental | Scabies and other infestations |
7e6ff31f-bb96-4d86-b673-b898767134d4 | Which of the following phospholipid serves as a marker of apoptosis | Phosphatidylinosital | Phosphatidyl serine | Phosphatidyl choline | Phosphatidyl ethanolamine | 1b
| single | Phosphatidyl serine is normally present on inner mitochondrial membrane, flipping of it to the outer mitochondrial membrane is seen in apoptosis. | Biochemistry | null |
c70efef7-813f-4b61-a9d1-dd7a6109c380 | The triple P procedure for placenta percreta involves all except: | Pelvic devascularization | Placental localization using USG | Peripartum hysterectomy | Myometrial excision for placental nonseparation | 2c
| multi | Ans. is c, i.e. Peripartum hysterectomyRef Fernando Arias 4/e, p 396Triple P procedure has been developed for placenta percreta as a conservative surgical alternative to peripartum hysterectomy. It consists of following 3 steps:1. Perioperative placental localization and delivery of fetus via transverse uterine incision above the upper border of placenta.2. Pelvic devascularization3. Placental nonseparation is dealt with myometrial excision and reconstruction of uterine wall. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Complication of 3rd Stage of Labour |
397ff8f7-89f8-4127-9e94-e7ce5dc41705 | Routine second look endoscopy in the setting of non variceal upper GI bleeding is recommended in patients with: | Rockall score 2 | Treated with epinephrine injection alone | Cardiac disease | Renal disease | 1b
| multi | Routine second look endoscopy in the setting of non variceal upper GI bleeding is recommended in patients with Patients who had an incomplete initial endoscopic examination Patients with clinically significant rebleeding Patients who are treated with epinephrine injection alone Ref: Sleisenger and Fordtran's, E-9, P-297. | Medicine | null |
8ed3fc5f-2596-4ad4-981a-2b03b4ab3f4c | Most common paranasal sinus involved by Fibrous dysplasia is? | Maxillary sinus | Frontal sinus | Ethmoid sinus | Sphenoid sinus | 0a
| single | ANSWER: (A) Maxillary sinusREF: Ballenger's Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surge by James Byron Snow, PhillipA. Wackym, John Jacob Ballenge centennial ed p. 506Indirect repeat ENT 2012 Session 1 (see details of Fibrous dysplasia)See APPENDIX-49 "PARANASAL SINUSES" APPENDIX - 49Paranasal Sinuses:Paranasalsinus(PNS)Status at birth1stRadiologicalEvidenceBestradiologicalviewAdult sizeDrains intoCommentsMaxillaryPresent4-5 monthsWaters'view/Ocdpitomental/nose-chinposition15 yearsMiddle meatusLargest PNS, capacity of 15 ml in an adult, Antrum of HighmoreEthmoidPresent1 yearCaldwellviewSizeincreases until teensAnterior & middle Etbmoid= middle meatus, Posterior Ethmoid= Superior meatusNumber varies from 3 to 18FrontalAbsent6 yearsCaldwellview7 years,Middle meatus6-7 ml capacitySphenoidAbsent4 yearsWater's view with open mouthBetween 15 years to adult ageSphenoethmoidalrecess2.2 cm x 2 cm x 2.2 cm.Also know:Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common organism implicated to acute sinusitis in both adults and childrenIn children with cystic fibrosis, most common organism implicated to sinusitis is staphylococcus aureus.Chronic sinusitis is most commonly associated with s. aureus and <2 hemolytic streptococciAspergillus mucormycosis is the most common organism implicated to fungal sinusitis with maxillary sinus most frequently involvedWagner's granulomatosis is the most common granulomatous sinusitis with maxillary sinus most commonly involved.Acute sinusitis almost always involves single sinus, with ethmoid sinus being most common in children and maxillary in adults.Maxillary sinus is the most common location of chromic sinusitis in both children and adults closely followed by ethmoid sinus.(Note: To he more particular "Anterior ethmoid cells'' are most common site of chronic sinusitis in children but comparing sinuses as a whole maxillary becomes more common than ethmoid)Mucous retention cyst (different from mucocele) is most commonly found at maxillary sinus.Most common site of mucocele is frontal sinus (60%), least common at sphenoid sinus.Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of sinuses with maxillary sinus most commonly involved (80%)Most common site of adenocarcinoma of sinus is ethmoid sinus.Brain abscess is the most common intracranial complication of sinusitis (as a whole)Meningitis is the most common intracranial complication of acute sinusitis.Orbital complication is the most common extracranial an overall complication of sinusitis | ENT | Nose and PNS |
5b98bc47-99f0-471a-9b86-894f77ab1681 | A child is spinned around by holding his hand by his father. While doing this the child started crying and does not allow his father to touch his elbow. The diagnosis is - | Pulled elbow | Radial head dislocation | Annular ligament tear | Fracture olecranon process | 0a
| multi | This is case of pulled elbow and a dramatic cure is achieved by forcefully supinating and then flexing the elbow. | Orthopaedics | null |
6d941de5-241b-412d-859a-16e5ada8219a | Monitoring of rate of occurrence of specific conditions to assess the stability or change in health levels of a population is known as: | Epidemiological surveillance | Active surveillance | Passive surveillance | Sentinel surveillance | 3d
| single | null | Dental | null |
9d56e553-bda9-4f5f-b9ea-21f474f28592 | A 40 yr old male has a rash over groin with demarcated peripheral scaling and central clearing. It could be due to: September 2005 | Candidiasis | Malassezia furfur | Trichophyton | Aspergillosis | 2c
| single | Ans. C: Trichophyton Tinea cruris, a pruritic superficial fungal infection of the groin and adjacent skin, is the second most common clinical presentation for dermatophytosis The most common etiologic agents for tinea cruris include Trichophyton rubrum and Epidermophyton floccosum; less commonly Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton verrucosum are involved. Tinea cruris is a contagious infection transmitted by fomites, such as contaminated towels or hotel bedroom sheets, or by autoinoculation from a reservoir on the hands or feet (tinea manuum, tinea pedis, tinea unguium). The etiologic agents in tinea cruris produce keratinases, which allow invasion of the cornified cell layer of the epidermis. Findings includes: Large patches of erythema with central clearing are centered on the inguinal creases and extend distally down the medial aspects of the thighs and proximally to the lower abdomen and pubic area. Scale is demarcated sharply at the periphery. In acute tinea cruris infections, the rash may be moist and exudative. Chronic infections typically are dry with a papular annular or arciform border and barely perceptible scale at the margin. Central areas typically are hyperpigmented and contain a scattering of erythematous papules and a little scale. Malassezia furfur is implicated in pityriasis versicolor and malassezia folliculitis. | Skin | null |
4f6f0296-e9d7-4e87-aab0-3feabbfe70bb | Gnarled enamel is seen in: | Proximal surface of tooth | Cervical region of tooth | Cusp tips of tooth | All of the above | 2c
| multi | null | Dental | null |
9aa365b1-e867-4a53-88e8-92de7e94db22 | Drug used for penile erection - | Sildenaphil | Apomorphine | Papaverine | All of the above | 3d
| multi | Ans. is'd'i.e., All of the above[Ref KDT fl/e p. 303-304 6 &/e p. 296; Katzung LLth/e p. 197)Drugs used in erectile dysfunctionPhosphodiesterase-S inhibitors (Sildenafil, Todafil, Vardenafil)Alprostadil (Prostaglandin El) | Pharmacology | null |
b3c3e152-370c-48a4-8a4c-20349dec5ffc | pH of vagina in pregnancy is - | 4.5 | 7 | 8.5 | 11 | 0a
| single | Ans-A i.e., 4.5 Physiological chanses in vaeina durine pres nancy:o The vaginal walls become hypertrophied, edematous and more vascular.o Increased blood supply to venous plexus surrounding the was Us gives bluish colouration of the mucosa jacquemier's sign).o The length of the anterior vaginal wall is increased.o The secretion of vagina becomes copious, thin and curdy white, due to marked exfoliated cells and bacteria,o The pH becomes acidic (3.5 - 6) due to more conversion of glycogen into lactic acid by lactobacillus acidophilus consequent on high estrogen level The acidic pH prevents multiplication of pathogenic organisms,o There is predominance of navicular cells in cluster and plenty' of lactobacilli. Navicular cells are small intermediate cells with elongated nuclei. | Unknown | null |
a97ac2cb-e48a-4f32-aae6-778ef92d3554 | Drug of choice of trachoma is- | Penicillin | Sulfonamide | Tetracyline | Chloramphenicol | 2c
| single | 1. Topical therapy regimes. It is best for individual cases. It consists of 1 percent tetracycline or 1 percent erythromycin eye ointment 4 times a day for 6 weeks or 20 percent sulfacetamide eye drops three times a day along with 1 percent tetracycline eye ointment at bed time for 6 weeks. 2.Systemic therapy regimes. Tetracycline or erythromycin 250 mg orally, four times a day for 3-4 weeks or doxycycline 100 mg orally twice daily for 3-4 weeks ref: A K KHURANA OPTHALMOLOGY,E4, Page-67 | Ophthalmology | Conjunctiva |
73b98d3a-13ab-4b46-989b-f07a0cf6d2f2 | The effect of sucking habit | Is less favourable in vertical growth tendency than horizontal growth tendency. | Is less favourable in horizontal growth tendency than vertical growth tendency. | Any of the above can be true | None of the above | 0a
| multi | null | Dental | null |
974f6659-da59-4d05-85c6-29fc6c0be0d7 | In maple syrup disease, the amino acids excreted in urine are, EXCEPT: | Valine | Leucine | Isoleucine | Phenylalanine | 3d
| multi | Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), or branched-chain ketoaciduria, is caused by a deficiency in activity of the branched-chain -keto acid dehydrogenase Inborn error of metabolism of valine leucine and isoleucine associated with gross mental deficiency. Branched chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and requires thiamin pyrophosphate, lipoic acid, CoA, and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) Disease associated with Branched chain aminoacids: Disease Deficiency Maple syrup urine disease Alpha keto acid deydrogenase deficiency Isovaleic acidaemia IsovalerylCoA dehydrogenase deficiency Methylmanlonic acidaemia Coenzyme A mutase deficiency Methyl malonyl CoA mutase deficieny Propionic acidaemia Propionyl CoA carboxylase deficiency Leucinosis Isoleucine and lecine transaminase deficiency Valinaemia Valine dehydrogenase (NADP+)deficiency Ref: Harper's illustrated biochemistry, 26 th Edition, Page 259 | Biochemistry | null |
1d6262e1-9f3c-45e1-ba8d-001e806ecf46 | The difference between leukemia and leukemoid reaction is done by - | Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase | Immature cells | Total leukocyte count | E.S.R. | 0a
| single | Leukemoid reaction is defined as a reactive excessive leukocytosis in peripheral blood resembling that of leukemia in a subject who doesnot have leukemia. Leucocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) score in the cytoplasm of mature neutrophils is high in leukaemoid reaction whereas reduced in CML .It is very useful to distinguish between the two. Reference; Harsh Mohan textbook of pathology, 7th edition.Pg no.332 | Pathology | Haematology |
dd8f98e0-5cd9-48b8-9243-e7f77c324f7a | A 32 year old woman presents with complaints of several months of burning substernal chest pain exacerbated by large meals, cigarettes, and caffeine. Her symptoms are worse when she lies on her back, especially when sleeping at night. Antacids often improve her symptoms. This patient is at risk for which of the following conditions? | Cardiac ischemia | Columnar metaplasia of the distal oesophagus | Mallory-Weiss lesion in the esophagus | Squamous cell carcinoma | 1b
| multi | This woman likely suffers from reflux esophagitis, a condition in which the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) does not adequately prevent acidic gastric contents from refluxing back into the distal esophagus. Most commonly, there is a defect in the LES mechanism itself, in addition to secondary causes such as pregnancy (due to increased abdominal pressure) and some medications (anticholinergics, beta-2 agonists, theophylline, nitrates, calcium-channel blockers). Symptoms can mimic cardiac chest pain and must be carefully evaluated. Complications of reflux esophagitis include esophageal strictures, ulcerations, laryngitis, pulmonary aspiration, and Barrett's esophagus (columnar metaplasia of the distal esophagus). Barrett's esophagus is considered a premalignant state, with roughly a 30-fold increase in the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma. The normal squamous epithelium of the esophagus transforms into columnar epithelium similar to gastric epithelium as a result of recurrent reflux of acidic gastric contents. Anginal pain, signaling cardiac ischemia, is generally not burning in nature, and is not relieved by antacids. Mallory-Weiss lesions are actual tears of the epithelia of the proximal stomach or distal esophagus as a result of retching (seen in anorexics and alcoholics). The incidence of pure squamous cell carcinoma is not increased by acid reflux disease. Ref: Wyatt C., Butterwoh IV J.F., Moos P.J., Mackey D.C., Brown T.G. (2008). Chapter 14. Gastrointestinal Pathology. In C. Wyatt, J.F. Butterwoh IV, P.J. Moos, D.C. Mackey, T.G. Brown (Eds), Pathology: The Big Picture. | Pathology | null |
5207ba78-76dd-41d7-8df4-b8dac55c6e65 | Supra - amohyoid neck dissection is | Lymph nodes I - V levels removed | Lymph nodes I - III levels removed | Lymph nodes I - V level removed along with IJV, SCM and spinal accessory nerve | Lymph nodes I - III levels removed along with IJV SCM and spinal accessory nerve | 1b
| single | null | ENT | null |
e166daf6-60c1-45bd-8031-225cd2b4ab6c | Which of the following anticholinergic is used for peptic ulcer disease | Dicyclomine | Methacoline | Pirenzepine | Aclidinium | 2c
| single | Pirenzepine is a M1 receptor antagonist.
Acetyl choline acts on M1 receptors present on gastric glands to increase acid secretion and Pirenzepine is used to treat peptic ulcer disease by blocking these receptors. | Pharmacology | null |
98033661-37b8-48f6-a702-ee5b9b6cc217 | According to Miller's classification of increased tooth mobility, grade 3 would be | 0.1 to 0.2 mm in horizontal direction | Upto 1mm in horizontal direction | > lmm in horizontal direction | Mobility in horizontal and vertical direction | 3d
| single | null | Dental | null |
23f93efc-0a86-4f19-a735-465ef995b4e6 | A pt. presents with hematuria of several days and dysmorphic RBC casts in urine. The site of origin is : | Kidney | Ureter | Bladder | Urethra | 0a
| single | Ans. is 'a' ie kidney " Isolated microscopic hematuria can be a manifestation of glomerular disease. The RBCs of glomerular origin are often dysmorphic."" Hematuria with dysmorphic RBCs, RBC casts and protein excretion > 500 mg/day is virtually diagnostic of glomerulonephritis."SoDysmorphic RBCs - origin is kidney*RBCs cast - origin is kidney *Broad cast - Seen in chronic renal diseases.Granular cast - ARF*Waxy casts - seen in chronic renal disease.WBC casts - pyelonephritis*.Also rememberHematuria is defined as two to five RBCs per high power fieldNormal RBCs excretion is upto 2 million RBCs/day | Surgery | Kidney & Ureturs |
19292bb2-dcd7-4ad4-8583-14ea0157c534 | All cause brain lesions except | Giardiasis | Tuberculosis | Cysticercosis | Bacteroides | 0a
| multi | (A) Giardiasis # G. lamblia is seen typically within the crypts in duodenum> It does not invade tissues, but remains tightly attached by means of the sucking disc to the epithelial surface in the duodenum and jejunum.> The diarrhoea in some cases may be steatorrhoeic with excess mucus and fat, but no blood.> Children may develop chronic diarrhoea, malabsorption, weight loss and a sprue-like syndrome.> Occasionally giardia may colonise the gallbladder, causing biliary colic and jaundice. | Microbiology | Misc. |
8fad093d-bc0d-4755-a903-5985857371d0 | Commonest cause of raised serum calcium is - | Ecotopic secretion | Parathyroid hyperplasia | Parathyroid adenoma | Parathyroid carcinoma | 2c
| single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Parathyroid adenoma o Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcemia overall. o The frequency of the various parathyroid lesions underlying the hyperfunction is as follows : ? Parathyroid adenoma - 75% to 80% Primary hyperplasia - 10% to 15% Parathyroid carcinoma- < 5% o After hyperparathyroidism, malignancy is the 2nd most common cause of hypercalcemia by one of the following mechanisms. i) Osteolysis ii) Secretion of parathormone related peptide. | Pathology | null |
f6ef2d56-11af-45d1-8954-e505a3dd9800 | MAC stands for | Minimum alveolar concentration | Minimal analgesic concentration | Minimal anaesthetic concentration | Maximum alveolar concentration | 0a
| single | Minimum alveolar concentration is defined as the alveolar concentration of an inhaled anesthetic agent that prevents movement in 50% of patients in response to a standardized surgical stimulus. Low MAC - High potency MAC values of adult Halothane: 0.75 Sevoflurane: 2.0 Isoflurane: 1.2 Desflurane: 6.0 Enflurane: 1.7 Xenon: 70 N2O: 104 Ref: Miller's anesthesia 8th edition Ref: Morgan & Mikhail's clinical anesthesiology 6e | Anaesthesia | General anaesthesia |
3ca9c991-13cb-4106-be5e-3e27351ff248 | Hecht's pneumonia is a complication of | Measles | Mumps | AIDS | Mycoplasma | 0a
| single | Hecht's pneumonia is a giant cell pneumonia in immunodeficient people,rare complication of measles. | Microbiology | null |
e6ddaefb-71ce-4819-8c04-a6aaea85321f | Deflouridating material is: | Duraphat | Fluorprotector | Brudevold's solution | alumina | 3d
| single | null | Dental | null |
37fab6fd-1212-47a2-9138-a20634367df3 | Suicide is most common in - | Depression | Alcohol dependence | Dementia | Schizophrenia | 0a
| single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Depression Causes/Risk factors for suicidePsychiatric disorders : - Depression (most common), alcoholism (2nd me), Drug/Substance dependence, Schizophrenia, Dementia.Physical illness : - Cancer, AIDS, Multiple sclerosis, Head trauma.Psychosocial factors : - Failure in love, marital difficulties, family dispute, illegitimate pregnancy.Biological factors : - Decrease in serotoninOther - Male sex, Age > 40 years, Single (Unmarried, divorced or widowed), previous suicide attempt, social isolation. | Psychiatry | Symptoms & Signs |
82b36b54-a189-4fe9-aec9-5335910808e5 | Most of the drug resistance occurs due to:(1996) | Transduction | Translation | Mutation | Conjugation | 3d
| single | Ans: d | Microbiology | General |
7a5b2d3e-8efa-4f30-ae49-91db4b5bc4d5 | In leprosy which of the following is not seen – a) Abnormal EMGb) Voluntary muscle wastingc) Decreased proprioceptiond) Decreased response to tactile sensatione) Increased response to tactile sensation | a | ce | ac | ae | 1b
| single | Muscle deficit (voluntary muscle wasting) results in abnormal EMG.
There is decreased response to tactile stimulation (not increased).
Proprioception and vibration is not affected as leprosy spares posterior column | Dental | null |
98cd1b84-4eeb-41e3-b6e0-94b7bb985b0b | Approximate magnitude of completed family size is denoted by | General fertility rate | Total marital fertility rate | Total fertility rate | General marital fertility rate | 2c
| single | null | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
c2a8aff7-6185-4b4a-96a7-e93ab39e38be | Which of the following antitussive can lead to hallucinations | Morphine | Dextromethorphan | Diphenhydramine | Aprepitant | 1b
| multi | Dextromethorphan is a NMDA antagonist used for Mild cough, which can lead to hallucination & addiction. | Pharmacology | null |
43020e58-266b-4f02-a75c-9b9ba66cf5c3 | A 19-year-old fell from a cliff when he was hiking in the mountains. He broke his fall by grasping a tree branch, but he suffered injury to the C8-T1 spinal nerve roots. Sensory tests would thereafter confirm the nature of his neurologic injury by the sensory loss in the part of the limb supplied by which of the following? | Lower lateral brachial cutaneous nerve | Musculocutaneous nerve | Intercostobrachial nerve | Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve | 3d
| multi | In a lesion of the lower trunk, or the C8 and T1 nerve roots, there is sensory loss on the medial forearm and the medial side of hand (dorsal and ventral). The medial cord is the extension of the lower trunk. The medial cord gives origin to the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve, which supplies the T1 dermatome of the medial side of the antebrachium. The lower lateral brachial cutaneous nerve arises from the radial nerve, C5 and C6. The musculocutaneous nerve arises from the lateral cord, ending in the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve, with C5 and C6 dermatome fibers. The intercostobrachial nerve is the lateral cutaneous branch of the T2 ventral primary ramus and supplies skin on the medial side of the arm. The median nerve distributes C6 and C7 sensory fibers to the lateral part of the palm, thumb, index, long finger, and half of the ring finger. | Anatomy | Upper Extremity |
582bb9d7-0d54-4fef-932b-d91d2a8377c2 | Impression plaster is | Hydrophobic | Hydrophilic | Not compatible in wet sulcus | Highly viscous | 1b
| single | null | Dental | null |
377f5238-eed1-4d9e-b101-4b3f3c81f83e | Integrity of the optic nerve is tested by except : | Tangent Screen examination | VER | Perimetry | ERG | 3d
| multi | Electroretinography (ERG) measures the electrical response of the retina to flashes of light, the flash electroretinogram, or to a reversing checkerboard stimulus, the pattern ERG (PERG).All other test in the option tests the integrity of optic nerve. Perimetry or Tangent Screen examination is used to examine the central and peripheral visual fields. Usually performed separately for each eye, it assesses the combined function of the retina, the optic nerve, and the intracranial visual pathway. The visual evoked response (VER) measures the electrical potential resulting from a visual stimulus. However, because it is measured by scalp electrodes placed over the occipital coex, the entire visual pathway from retina to coex must be intact in order to produce a normal electrical waveform reading. Ref : Chang D.F. (2011). Chapter 2. Ophthalmologic Examination. In P. Riordan-Eva, E.T. Cunningham, Jr. (Eds), Vaughan & Asbury's General Ophthalmology, 18e. | Ophthalmology | null |
fe6ea3d0-b587-4306-b7c6-5b0bd826be31 | Which of the following cardiac complications may develop in a 33 year old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) because of her underlying condition? | Hemorrhagic pericarditis | Infective endocarditis | Libman-Sacks endocarditis | Mitral valve prolapse | 2c
| single | Libman-Sacks endocarditis affects patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Small granular vegetations consisting of fibrin develop on the undersurface of the leaflets of mitral and aoic valves. Fragments of vegetations may detach, resulting in embolism. Eventually, vegetations heal by organization of fibrin and subsequent fibrosis, leading to distoion of valve leaflets and resultant insufficiency or stenosis. The pathogenesis is unclear but is probably related to thrombotic diathesis. Hemorrhagic pericarditis is usually a consequence of tuberculosis or metastatic spread of cancer to the pericardium. An exudate containing blood accumulates in the pericardial sac, producing pain and a characteristic auscultatory phenomenon known as a pericardial rub. SLE is associated instead with fibrinous pericarditis, which also manifests with chest pain and pericardial rub. Infective endocarditis is prevalent in patients with damaged or prosthetic valves and in intravenous drug abusers. It is associated with formation of bulky, friable vegetations that consist of masses of fibrin, neutrophils, and bacteria. Such vegetations cause extensive destruction of valve leaflets and may release fragments into the bloodstream, with resultant septic embolism. There is no association between SLE and mitral valve prolapse, which is a frequent, usually asymptomatic, valvular abnormality that occurs in 2% to 3% of the general population. Mitral valve prolapse is also associated with Marfan syndrome. Complications include sudden death, thromboembolism, and mitral regurgitation. Ref: Kaul M.S., Tapson V.F., St. Clair E. (2011). Chapter 89. Rheumatologic Diseases and the Cardiovascular System. In V. Fuster, R.A. Walsh, R.A. Harrington (Eds), Hurst's The Hea, 13e. | Pathology | null |
32dc13a3-2bd2-4caf-8a38-da5085e969af | Which is the first country in south east Asia to have eliminated trachoma? | India | Nepal | Bangladesh | Pakistan | 1b
| single | 21 May 2018 - The World Health Organization (WHO) has validated Nepal for having eliminated trachoma as a public health problem - a milestone, as the country becomes the first in WHO's South-East Asia Region to defeat the world's leading infectious cause of blindness. Several criteria are used to assess a country's claim for having eliminated trachoma as a public health problem. These include: Less than 5% of children aged 1-9 years have signs of active trachoma (trachomatous inflammation-follicular), which can be treated with antibiotics, in each previously-endemic district; Less than 0.2% of people aged 15 years and older have trachomatous trichiasis, which requires eyelid surgery, in each previously-endemic district; and A health system which can identify and manage new cases of trachomatous trichiasis. | Ophthalmology | Disorders of Conjunctiva |
66ba770d-331c-4d0c-b5e4-b23ba9dbf9b7 | One of the following is a sure sign of rape : | Ruptured hymen in a girl aged 20 years | Presence of semen in the posterior fornix in a girl age 20 years | Presence of semen in the posterior fornix in a girl age 14 Years | Presence of semen in the posterior fornix in a married girl age 16 years | 2c
| single | C i.e. Semen in fornix in a girl < 14 years | Forensic Medicine | null |
ac829992-fb3e-4f5d-8fbd-59b2db9240da | All of the following bases are present in DNA, EXCEPT: | Adenine | Guanine | Uracil | Thymine | 2c
| multi | DNA contains only four different bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C). DNA exists as a double helix in which A is always paired with T, and G is always paired with C. RNA contains the ribonucleotides of adenine, guanine, and cytosine, it does not possess thymine. Instead of thymine, RNA contains the ribonucleotide of uracil. Ref: Weil P. (2011). Chapter 34. Nucleic Acid Structure & Function. In D.A. Bender, K.M. Botham, P.A. Weil, P.J. Kennelly, R.K. Murray, V.W. Rodwell (Eds), Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 29e. | Biochemistry | null |
8162e3ed-a630-4c34-b98e-1cf2dbfdf966 | The strain which is used for production of BCG vaccine at commercial level is | Danish-1331 | Tween-80 | Bacille Calmette Guerin | PPD-RT-23 | 0a
| single | null | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
a9409109-57b2-48bf-b35d-b31a50849373 | An auto rickshaw ran over a child's thigh, there is a mark of the tyre tracks, it is an example of: AIIMS 10 | Patterned bruise | Patterned abrasion | Pressure abrasion | Graze abrasion | 1b
| single | Ans. Patterned abrasion | Forensic Medicine | null |
1041089e-e1e3-41b4-b649-5a6ab9501892 | Dilantain (Phenytoin) is known to cause: | Folic acid deficiency | Biotin deficiency | Thiamine deficiency | Riboflavin deficiency | 0a
| single | Folic acid deficiency | Pharmacology | null |
6c02f669-8894-4786-bba1-2c8e695eb9c6 | All the following muscles have dual nerve supply except | Subscapularis | Pectoralis major | Pronator teres | Flexor digitorum profundus | 2c
| multi | 1) Flexor digitorum profundus is supplied by - (i) Medial half by ulnar nerve and Lateral half by anterior interosseous nerve(C8 , T1) ( branch of median nerve ). 2)Subscapularis is supplied by - Upper and lower subscapular nerves ( C5 , C6 ). 3) pectoralis major is supplied by - Medial and lateral pectoral nerves. 4)pronator teres is supplied by - median nerve only. Ref : B D Chaurasia's Human Anatomy , seventh edition , volume 1 , pg. no., 44, 70, 110, 108. | Anatomy | Upper limb |
1d7e6086-3182-4097-a5c5-05ef8e7b9aa1 | One of the following is a characteristic of Henoch- Schonlein Purpura - | Blood in stool | Thrombocytopenia | Intracranial hemorrhage | Susceptibility to infection | 0a
| single | null | Medicine | null |
6e7f20ea-f818-4208-a0f2-ca47b54acb1c | Essential atrophy of choroid is due to inborn error of metabolism of amino acid: | Cystine | Cysteine | Arginine | Ornithine E Lysine | 3d
| single | Ans. Ornithine E Lysine | Ophthalmology | null |
a57990ca-d17a-4c9b-8a02-343f2cba2d55 | The interior of right atrium is partially divided into two parts by - | Crista terminalis | Musculi pectinati | Fossa ovalis | Sinus venarum cavarum | 0a
| multi | Right atrium is divided into rough anterior and smooth posterior parts by crista terminalis. | Anatomy | null |
2f7ac328-e4e1-468e-b0cd-16061c73856b | Anterolateral avulsion fracture of the distal tibial physis is known as - | Potts fracture | Tillaux frascture | Choparacture | Jones fractture | 1b
| single | Two unusual injuries of the growing ankle are the Tillaux fracture and the notorious triplane fracture. The TILLAUX fracture is an avulsion of a fragment of tibia by the anterior tibiofibular ligament; in the child or adolescent this fragment is the lateral pa of the epiphysis and the injury is therefore a Salter-Harris type 3 fracture. REF:Apley&;s system of ohopaedics- 9th edn - pg no 918 . | Orthopaedics | Management in Orthopedics |
08cbce41-55ef-4a00-bf22-78830a82c0ff | Dextromethorphan differs from codeine in : | Its antitussive action can be blocked by naloxone | Depresses mucocilliary function of the airway mucosa | Addiction common | Causes no constipation | 3d
| single | null | Pharmacology | null |
db4bb248-9068-4af5-bb89-706d40e640ea | Which of the following is a preventable cause of mental retardation – | Hypothyroidism | Down syndrome | Cerebral palsy | All of the above | 0a
| multi | null | Pediatrics | null |
60b62bba-5e14-47d8-a656-43f70572bddf | Swimmer after coming out frm swimming pool presents with redness and mucopurulent discharge. There is no history of contact lens wear. On examination, no corneal involvement seen. Probable diagnosis is - | Acanthamoeba keratitis | Adul inclusion conjunctivitis | Vernal keratoconjunctivitis | Angular conjunctivitis | 1b
| single | This is case of Swimming pool conjunctivits/granuloma-Which is adult inclusion conjunctivitis caused by chlamydia trachomatis. Ref: Khurana 7th/e p.73 & 4th/e p.63,68 | Ophthalmology | Conjunctiva |
d7f0c5c5-4a01-4a24-99ab-c256dc1ff574 | Normal paogram include all of the following EXCEPT: March 2013 | Cervical dilatation in X-axis | Descent of head in Y-axis | Sigmoid shaped curve | Ale line followed 4 hours later by action line | 0a
| multi | Ans. A i.e. Cervical dilatation in X-axis Chas Paogram is: - Graphical representation of stages of labour; - Assessment of labour Cervicograph is: Graph showing relationship between cervical dilatation & labour | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
7c5bdcda-7526-45b8-a028-348116e9a778 | Growth of C diphtheriae in Tellurite agar occurs in - | 2-4 hours | 4-8 hours | 8-12 hours | 1-2 days | 3d
| single | Ans. is 'd' i.e., 1-2 days * The usual media employed for cultivation of diphtheria bacillus are:-1) Loeffler's serum slope# It is used for rapid diagnosis as growth is shown within 4-8 hours.2) Tellurite blood agar (Tinsdale medium)# It acts as selective media, as tellurite inhibits growth of most other bacteria.# Growth may take two days to appear. | Microbiology | Bacteria |
3d1b7eeb-f64e-4900-9326-fc0aca1ea03b | Aspergillus causes all except | Bronchopulmonary allergy | Otomycosis | Dermatophytosis | Sinusitis | 2c
| multi | Dermatophytosis is caused by dermatophytes, which includes Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition | Microbiology | mycology |
fa9e9afc-1e44-4126-88b4-adddb29fd9ec | The most commonly employed method for superficial, minimally invasive nodular Basal cell carcinoma (BCC)? | Topical 5-fluorouracil | Cryosurgery | Electro-desiccation and curettage | Mohs micrographic surgery | 2c
| multi | All given options are used for Rx of BCC, but Electro-desiccation and curettage (ED&C) is most commonly employed method for superficial, minimally invasive nodular BCCs and low-risk tumors. Wide local excision is selected for invasive, ill-defined, and more aggressive sub types of tumors, or for cosmetic reasons. Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS), a specialized type of surgical excision, best method for tumor removal while preserving uninvolved tissue. | Dental | Tumours of skin |
81a25688-ed7f-4762-8360-a6ec0d2c5b64 | Regarding antibiotics true are | No prophylaxis for clean contaminated surgery | No prophylaxis for gastric ulcer surgery | Prophylaxis for colorectal surgery | Local irrigation with antibiotic contraindicated when systemic antibiotics given | 2c
| multi | In clean contaminated surgeries (ex : gastric) , Prophylactic antibiotics are used In contaminated surgeries , lke colorectal surgeries prophylactic antibiotics are used | Surgery | General surgery |
5e427130-ae8a-40be-9a27-2128a140362e | Used for averting smoking habit is - | Buspirone | Bupropion | Methadone | Venlafaxine | 1b
| single | Antismoking drugs are :- Vareniciline, Bupropion, Amfebutamone, Clonidine, Rimonabant, Topiramate, Nortryptyline, Glucose, Mecamylamine. | Psychiatry | null |
a5f0414b-8148-4b52-b5e6-8d1656bcd31e | Which route of drug administration avoids first pass hepatic metabolism and is used with drug preparation that slowly releases drugs for periods as long as seven days ? | Topical | Transdermal | Sublingual | Oral | 1b
| single | null | Pharmacology | null |
d375ff31-f1c9-4cf8-82a5-11b1b2b8b342 | Tick transmits all except - | Relapsing fever | Tick typhus | Chagas disease | Viral encephalitis | 2c
| multi | Chaga's disease: It is transmitted by reduviid bugs.They are also called conenose bugs, they are of large size. Adults have wings. These bugs live exclusively on the blood of animals including man and transmit Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chaga's disease. Ticks are ectoparasites of veebrate animals. They transmit tick typhus, viral encephalitis, viral fevers, tularemia, tick paralysis, Q fever, relapsing fever, KFD. Description: Vector Diseases transmitted Soft tick Relapsing fever, Q fever, KFD (outside India) Hard tick Tularemia, Babesiosis, KFD (India), Tick paralysis, Tick encephalitis, Indian tick typhus, Tick hemorrhagic fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever. REF: PARK'S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE, 25TH EDITION, PG NO. 841 | Social & Preventive Medicine | Environment and health |
b79b199d-e413-4431-b188-ef9af2ea6ba0 | The dorsal pa of the ventral mesogastrium forms(2018) | A) Greater omentum | B) Lesser omentum | C) Faliciform ligament | D) Lineorenal ligament | 1b
| single | The lesser omentum is formed by two layers of peritoneum separated by a variable amount of connective tissue and fat. It is derived from the ventral mesogastrium. Ref:- Gray's anatomy, pg num:- 1101 | Anatomy | Abdomen and pelvis |
baf6a944-6c55-4f35-b679-a0169e94e93e | Antigaucomatous drug causing spasm of accommodation | Timolol | Pilocarpine | Dorazolamide | Latanoprost | 1b
| single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Pilocarpine Ocular side effects of topical agents for POAG 13-blocker: Allergic blepheroconjunctivitis, corneal hyposthesia, blurred vision, dry eye, superficial punctate keratitis. Cholinomietics (pilocarpine): Blurred vision, miosis, accommodative spasm, browache. Sympathomimetics Non-selective (Dipivefrine): Follicular conjunctivities, rebound congestion, macular edema in aphakic Apraclonidine: Allergies, lid retraction, follicular conjunctivitis, fluctuation in visual acuity Brimonidine: Ocular allergy, conjuntival blanching. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (Dorzolamide, brinaolamide): Punctate keratitis, ocular allergies. Prostaglandin analogues (Latanoprost): Punctate keratitis, iris pigmentation. | Ophthalmology | null |
205ac997-98c0-4e8c-88da-774b32d61158 | Increasing number of services in rural areas is a pa of - | Intersectoral coordination | Equitable distribution | Appropriate technology | None | 1b
| multi | Ref: 25th Ed K.Park's Textbook Of Preventive and Social Medicine | Social & Preventive Medicine | Health care of community & international health |
69e24527-9514-4c39-a33d-516d15f953d6 | Placenta accreta is associated with all except : | Placenta pre | Uterine scar | Multipara | Uterine malformation | 3d
| multi | Risk factors for placenta accreta : Present placenta pre Previous H/o cesarean section Previous curettage Previous manual removal of placenta Previously treated Asherman syndrome Myomectomy Multiparity Advanced age Ref: Datta Obs 9e pg 394. | Anatomy | General obstetrics |
e402ec83-4990-4d2a-874b-6fe7df5b3794 | Recurrent dislocations are least commonly seen in: | Ankle | Hip | Shoulder | Patella | 0a
| single | Complete dislocation of Ankle is rare because the talus cannot be completely dislocated from the joint unless all ligaments are torn. Recurrent ankle instability following ligamentous injury may be seen, but such instability is not associated with frank dislocations (although subluxation of joint may be seen). Ref: Campbell's Operative Ohopaedics, 10th Edition, Pages 2655, 2670, 2677, 2717; Oxford Handbook of Ohopaedic and Trauma Nursing By Rebecca Jester, Julie Santy, Jean Rogers, Page 342 | Surgery | null |
3f35509b-27f5-4148-98c3-20cb2b76b230 | Ectopic ACTH is commonly secreted by: September 2007 | Small cell carcinoma of the lungs | Pancreatic carcinoma | Gall bladder malignancy | Medullary carcinoma of thyroid | 0a
| multi | Ans. A: Small cell carcinoma of the lungs Endogenous Cushing's syndrome results from some derangement of the body's own system of secreting coisol. Normally, ACTH is released from the pituitary gland when necessary to stimulate the release of coisol from the adrenal glands. In pituitary Cushing's, a benign pituitary adenoma secretes ACTH. This is also known as Cushing's disease and is responsible for 65% of endogenous Cushing's syndrome. In adrenal Cushing's, excess coisol is produced by adrenal gland tumors, hyperplastic adrenal glands, or adrenal glands with nodular adrenal hyperplasia. Finally, tumors outside the normal pituitary-adrenal system can produce ACTH that affects the adrenal glands. This final etiology is called ectopic or paraneoplastic Cushing's syndrome and is seen in diseases like small cell lung cancer. | Pathology | null |
1f80034c-6659-4e04-84f3-71b1832eacbc | Pearl's index indicates: | Malnutrition | Population | Contraceptive failure | LBW | 2c
| single | Ans. is c, i.e. Contraceptive failureRef: Dutta Obs 6th/ed, p532-532Pearl index indicates the effectiveness of a contraceptive or is an index of contraception failure.* It is expressed in terms of "failure rate per hundred women - years of exposure (HWY)".* Failure rate per HWY=No.ofpatientsobservedxmonthsofuseTotalaccidentalpregnanciesx1200(12x100) * In applying the above formula the following points must be kept in mind:a. The total accidental pregnancies shown in the numerator must include every known conception, whatever its outcome.b. The factor 1200 is the number of months in 100 years.c. The total months of exposure in the denominator is obtained by deducing from the period under review of 10 months for a full term pregnancy and 4 months for an abortion. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Contraceptives |
e9fa45d0-55e7-4717-849d-b3c2215e3f09 | drug transpo mechanisms include | passive transpo | lipid solubility | bioavavailability | distribution | 0a
| single | Ref-KDT 7/e p11-13 drugs are transpoed across the membrane by passive diffusion and filtration specialized transpo | Anatomy | General anatomy |
4fcc2cd4-5af2-474e-8ce7-c8b408008d8c | Which can be used in pregnancy? | ACE inhibitors | Aldosterone | AT receptor antagonist | Propylthiouracil | 3d
| single | Propylthiouracil is used for hyperthyroidism during pregnancy.
ACE inhibitors and Losartan should be avoided during pregnancy.
ACE inhibitors can cause fetal renal tubular dysplasia when used in second and third trimester leading to oligohydramnios,
fetal limb contractures, craniofacial deformities and hypoplastic lung development. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
e78a98c0-d55f-45d8-aab0-ebc6ada3098c | Frequency of renal involvement in HSP ? | 20-40% | >80% | 40-60% | 10% | 2c
| single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., 40-60%The repoed incidence of renal involvement in HSP varies considerably between different studies.o This may be because of the different criteria used to describe the involvement & the variability of the length used to follow up.o In different studies incidence of pediatric renal involvement in HSP was between 20-56% and in adults 50-78% | Pathology | null |
d617e657-9622-4975-812e-77defe710235 | A 23-year-old woman consults an obstetrician because of the onset of vaginal bleeding in what she considers to be the fifth month of pregnancy; however, examination reveals the uterus to be enlarged to the size of a 7-month pregnancy. Intravaginal ultrasound fails to detect a fetal heabeat and instead shows a "snowstorm pattern." HCG is markedly elevated. These findings are strongly suggestive of | Preeclampsia. | Eclampsia. | Ectopic pregnancy. | Hydatidiform mole. | 3d
| single | Hydatidiform mole should be suspected when the uterus is enlarged beyond the expected size for the time of the pregnancy. HCG is markedly elevated in this gestational trophoblastic disease. H. mole on ultrasound shows a "snowstorm pattern ". Preeclampsia and eclampsia are forms of toxemia of pregnancy marked by severe hypeension, albuminuria and edema, with the addition of convulsions and DIC in the latter. Ectopic pregnancy is usually discovered early in a suspected pregnancy when ultrasound examination reveals the uterus to be empty. | Pathology | Uterus |
aa55e35b-ebce-46d2-a441-acaecdedbed4 | The most common histologic type of thyroid cancer is | Medullary type | Follicular type | Papillary type | Anaplastic type | 2c
| single | Papillary carcinoma accounts for 80% of all thyroid malignancies in iodine-sufficient areas and is the predominant thyroid cancer in children and individuals exposed to external radiation." The incidence of primary malignant tumours of the thyroid gland Also, remember - Thyroid carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system Ref : Schwaz 9/e p1361 | Anatomy | Endocrinology and breast |
cb60b633-8947-4588-973f-c17711e92db3 | Not true about right kidney is: | Right kidney is preferred over the left for transplantation | It is lower than the left kidney | Right renal vein is shorter than the left | Right kidney is related to the duodenum | 0a
| multi | Ans. (a) Right kidney is preferred over the left for transplantationLeft Kidney is preferred over the right kidney - Reasons:* Left kidney is chosen for its long renal vein which makes surgery easier.* Right kidney is related with duodenum.* Right kidney is lower than left kidney. | Surgery | Kidney & Ureturs |
8c86621a-7f3e-4a0f-8891-de5cc6d47c79 | All of the following are true regarding Down's Syndrome EXCEPT; | Only found in female | Simian crease | Growth retardation | Epicanthus with oblique palpebral fissure | 0a
| multi | Down's syndrome (Trisomy 21): Mental retardation Epicanthic folds and flat facial profile Simian's crease Umblical hernia Hypotonia Gap between first and second toe Congenital hea defects | Pathology | Specific Cytogenetic Disorders |
469e9589-afe6-478b-84f9-d5878bb94c23 | A 49 yr old male with a 35-pack-year history of smoking presents with a painless left scrotal mass. Examination revealed microscopic hematuria, absence of AFP and LDH. The most probable cause of the scrotal mass is: | Seminoma | Renal cell ca | Epididymitis | Ca lung | 1b
| single | Ans is 'b' i.e. Renal cell ca History of smoking suggests either Ca lung or Renal cell ca. Microscopic hematuria ors RCC. The painless left scrotal mass can be metastasis from RCC to the scrotum (which is rare but several cases have been repoed) or the mass could be varicocele. A secondary varicocele can be caused by compression of the testicular vein by the renal mass (infact RCC is the most common cause of secondary varicocele). Ca lung has no relationship with microscopic hematuria or a scrotal mass (though in extremely rare circumstances may (t) metastasize to scrotum). Seminoma and epididymitis have no relationship to smoking or microscopic hematuria. . | Surgery | null |
57e8250d-e952-4778-b07e-d07f061965ad | Which personality disorder/s can be a pa of autistic sPectrum of disorders? | Schizoid | Schizotypical | Borderline | All the above | 3d
| multi | Ans. D. All the aboveFollowing personality disorders can be diagnosed later in life in patients with childhood autistic spectrum of disorders: Borderline, Obsessive compulsive, narcissitic, paranoid, schizotypical and, avoidant, personality. | Psychiatry | null |
68b28744-7d23-413a-b6b5-0fc208a5942c | Principal cell in granuloma is | Lymphocyte | Histiocyte | Langhyans | Giant cell | 1b
| single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Histiocyte Granuloma is characteristic ofgranulomatous inflammation. o The major cell of granuloma is epitheloid cell which is a modified tissue macrophage (histiocyte) that has been transformed into epithelium like cell. | Pathology | null |
1202b747-45f3-45f8-9750-38c99a04265f | Which of the following is not seen in ARDS? | Hypoxemia | Hypercapnia | Pulmonary edema | Stiff lung | 3d
| single | Ref: Harrison's 18/e p2206, 17/e p1680,1681 | Medicine | All India exam |
30ca6298-f506-41e6-bdfc-b0f5abc23b21 | Calcitonin is used in all of the following conditions, EXCEPT: | Hypervitaminosis D | Postmenopausal osteoporosis | Paget's disease | Fanconi syndrome | 3d
| multi | The ability of calcitonin to block bone resorption and lower serum calcium makes it a useful drug for the treatment of Paget's disease, hypercalcemia, and osteoporosis. Fanconi syndrome is a disease of the proximal renal tubules of the kidney in which glucose, amino acids, uric acid, phosphate and bicarbonate are passed into the urine, instead of being reabsorbed. Treatment of children with Fanconi syndrome mainly consists of replacement of substances lost in the urine (mainly fluid and bicarbonate). Calcitonin is not indicated in this disease. In paget's disease bisphosphonates and calcitonin decrease the elevated biochemical markers of bone turnover, such as plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and urinary excretion of hydroxyproline. Ref: Bikle D.D. (2012). Chapter 42. Agents that Affect Bone Mineral Homeostasis. In B.G. Katzung, S.B. Masters, A.J. Trevor (Eds), Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 12e. | Pharmacology | null |
eaaeca46-414c-4a5c-95c6-6e1ea3208aa2 | "Microsomia" is defined as | Bih weight below 90th percentile | Bih weight below 10th percentile | Bih weight below 20th percentile | Bih weight below 50th percentile | 1b
| single | A neonate whose weight falls between the 10th and <90th percentile for gestational age is considered as Appropriate for gestational age (AGA). If the weight falls below the 10th percentile, the neonate is classified as Small for gestational age (SGA) or microsomic. If the weight falls at or above the 90th percentile, then the neonate is classified as Large for gestational age (LGA) or macrosomic. Reference : page 137 Ghai Essential Pediatrics 8th edition | Pediatrics | New born infants |
071ebea8-ec4f-4047-934a-02ccdb281362 | 1. Which does not pass through the aoic opening(2018) | A) Aoa | B) Vagus nerve | C) Azygos vein | D) Thoracic duct | 1b
| single | The aoic hiatus trans- mits the aoa, thoracic duct, lymphatic trunks from the lower posterior thoracic wall and, sometimes, the azygos and hemiazygos veins | Anatomy | Thorax |
2dc50c5d-553a-4670-a73b-5e8b27260c55 | Which of the following drug is given unsupervised as per National Health Programmes ? | Rifampicin | Ethambutol | Clofazimine | Dapsone | 3d
| single | Dapsone is not required to be given under supervision . Under NLEP, Rifampicin and Clofazimine are given under supervision for both Multibacillary and Paucibacillary Leprosy. Rifampicin is given 600 mg once a month under supervision. Clofazimine is given 300 mg once a month under supervision and 50 mg daily unsupervised for 28 days. Dapsone is given 100 mg once daily unsupervised for 28 days. Multibacillary Leprosy is treated for 12 months and Paucibacillary Leprosy for 6 months. Under RNTCP, DOTS: Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide and Ethambutol are administered under supervision. | Pharmacology | Mycobacterial Diseases (TB, Leprosy and MAC) |
10aa819f-e0e4-4d96-b81e-4ff9643a6868 | A young male was found to be HBsAg positivity and HBe Ag negative. His liver enzymes were normal. The next step in management of this young male should be: | Lamivudine therapy | Lamivudine plus IFN therapy | Sta IFN therapy | Serial monitoring | 3d
| multi | Answer is D (Serial Monitoring) Antiviral therapy (IFN, Lamuvidene, Adefovir, Entecovir) for chronic hepatitis B is indicated.* patients with active HBV replication. Negative HBe Ag and Normal levels of liver enzymes suggest that the patient is either in a non replicative phase of chronic hepatitis, or, is an inactive carrier of chronic Hepatitis. Such patients are best managed by sequential monitoring (biochemical and virological) over many months and are not considered candidates for antiviral therapy The patient in question is negative for HbeAg and has normal ALT levels. He is thus not a candidate for antiretroviral therapy. Such patients are best managed by sequential monitoring (biochemical and virological) over many months. | Medicine | null |
50b79f7d-a34e-4f1e-8340-1468ec0dc6be | Not a copper containing IUD ? | CuT-200 | Nova -T | Multiload-250 | LNG-20 | 3d
| single | Ans. is `d i.e., LNG-20 LNG-20 is third generation IUD which does not contain cooper. Other three options are 2"d generation (copper containing) IUDs. | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
0e91f86f-f5c9-408c-b05c-0f6a4fd85535 | About Hepatitis 'A' true is - | Causes mild illness in children | 3% incidence of carrier state | 10% transform into HCC | Veical transmission never seen | 0a
| multi | Type A hepatitis is a subacute disease of global distribution, affect mainly children and young adults. The disease is milder in children in whom many infections may be antiicteric. REF:ANATHANARAYAN AND PANIKER'S TEXTBOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY 9TH EDITION PAGE NO:541 | Microbiology | Virology |
e5d9f8dc-da45-4367-b806-97e5764a4e21 | Causative organism of which STD has safety pin appearance: | LGV | Chancroid | Syphilis | Herpes genitalis | 2c
| single | Ans. is. 'c' i. e., Chancroid | Microbiology | null |
ff60f448-03dc-42ec-a4a2-8e65dcb7c82e | Renin plays important role in - | Renovascular hypertension | Malignant hypertension | Coronary artery disease | Essential hypertension | 0a
| single | null | Medicine | null |
3f78f687-67e9-4927-b0d5-2abac1a4e9a6 | Most common cause of thyrotoxicosis in childhood ? | Toxic nodular goitre | Toxic adenoma | Graves disease | Thryotoxicosis factitia | 2c
| single | null | Pediatrics | null |
18eb422c-db00-4b48-982f-e7943e058cfb | Acute hepatocellular failure in a patient of cirrhosis of liver is precipitated by - | Upper gastrointestinal bleeding | Large carbohydrate meal | Portal vein thrombosis | Intravenous albumin infusion | 0a
| single | null | Medicine | null |
fbd9d6b0-cc48-4154-8d49-5a746fb4bef6 | Which of the following type of glaucoma is treated by Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty? | Open angle glaucoma | Secondary glaucoma | Angle recession glaucoma | Angle closure glaucoma | 0a
| single | Laser trabeculoplasty is effective in the initial treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma. Application of laser (either argon or frequency-doubled Q-switched Nd:YAG) burns a goniolens to the trabecular meshwork facilitates aqueous out-flow by viue of its effects on the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal or cellular events that enhance the function of the meshwork. The pressure reduction usually allows decrease of medical therapy and postponement of glaucoma surgery. Ref: Salmon J.F. (2011). Chapter 11. Glaucoma. In P. Riordan-Eva, E.T. Cunningham, Jr. (Eds), Vaughan & Asbury's General Ophthalmology, 18e. | Ophthalmology | null |
e465aa8b-44b0-4aed-89b6-f1747e63adea | Hemoglobin is present in : | Hydrophilic pockets | Hydrophobic pockets | Pyrrole rings | Cationic ring | 1b
| single | Hemoglobin, a tetrameric protein of erythrocytes, transpos O2 to the tissues and returns CO2 and protons to the lungs. The heme in haemoglobin is surrounded by a hydrophobic pocket, which is necessary in order for it to bind oxygen reversibly without undergoing oxidation or other undesirable reactions. Ref: Kennelly P.J., Rodwell V.W. (2011). Chapter 6. Proteins: Myoglobin & Hemoglobin. In D.A. Bender, K.M. Botham, P.A. Weil, P.J. Kennelly, R.K. Murray, V.W. Rodwell (Eds), Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 29e. | Biochemistry | null |
bf8abbfb-db70-40b9-a94f-31a7986485cb | Peussis vaccine side effect | Local pain | Excessive cry | Fever | All of above | 3d
| multi | Ans. is 'd' i.e., All of the above Peussis vaccine Available as whole cell and acellular as DTPw and DTPa Primary immunisation at 6, 10, 14 weeks followed by booster dose 1'/2 year and 5 year. Whole cell causes more side effect than acellular Side effect-local pain, redness, fever, irritability, excessive cry because of coical irritation. Contraindication Progressive neurological disease (Relative) Immediate anaphylasix Encephalopathy Persistent Inconsable cry Hypotensive - hyporesponsive episode | Pediatrics | null |
f34cb4e0-eb05-4899-83ad-33195f26b0ad | Which of the following drugs should not be used in the conduct of labour in a woman with rheumatic hea disease? | Methylergometrine | Carboprost | Synctocin | Misoprostol | 0a
| single | Methylergometrine (product containing ergot alkaloids) has a tendency to produce vaso-constriction. When given intravenously or intramuscularly (usually during the third stage of labour) cause sudden sustained contraction of the uterus. This uterine contraction causes a sudden addition of about 500 ml of blood into the maternal circulation thus increasing the left aerial pressure upto 10 mmHg. This contributes to pulmonary edema leading to right hea failure. Ref: Manual Of Obstetrics (2Nd Edition) By Daftary, Page 129 - 130; Textbook of Obstetrics By Padubidri & Anand, V. Padubidri, Ela Anand, Pages 144 ; Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics (New Revised 21 St Ed.) By R. S. Satoskar, S D Bhandarkar & nirmala N. Rege, Pages 624-627; Meyler's Side Effects of Endocrine and Metabolic Drugs By J. K. Aronson, Page 116 | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
d1d30bf2-1b45-430b-bd20-e512ef731b3b | Pus in burns form in - | 2-3 Days | 3-5 days | 2-3 weeks | 4 weeks | 0a
| single | Ans. is `a' i.e., 2-3 days Burn wound will almost inevitably be colonised by micro oraganism within 24-48 hrs. | Surgery | null |
Subsets and Splits