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dd517451-4b4b-41ed-b1bd-72c2f40db897 | Type of receptor present on T-cells are: | IgA | IgG | Prostaglandins | CD4 | 3d
| single | Helper T cells
Carries CD4 marker.
Helps or induces immune responses.
Recognize antigen in association with class II MHC.
Macrophages are activated to kill intracellular microorganisms by secreting cytokines.
Parija SC. Textbook of Microbiology & Immunology. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014. Page:127 | Microbiology | null |
9dc959e1-1182-4eba-bc2b-a5a713b63634 | A patient presented to emergency ward with massive upper gastrointestinal bleed. On examination, he has mild splenomegaly. In the absence of any other information available, which of the following is the most appropriate therapeutic modality - | Intravenous propranolol | Intravenous vasopressin | Intravenous pantoprazole | Intravenous somatostatin | 2c
| single | Medical management of Upper GI bleed PPI have been shown to reduce the risk for rebleeding and the need for surgical intervention Only 60-70% of patients with bleeding ulcer test positive for H.pylori ;after H.pylori Eradication there is no need for Longterm acid suppression Ref : Maingot's 10th/e p. 292, 293, Sabiston 17th/e p. 1245 | Anatomy | G.I.T |
fb85eeb9-6d69-4945-b0f4-67beac983ce9 | Film speed best for detection of incipient caries: | C | D | E | F | 1b
| single | null | Dental | null |
607aa729-a16d-4217-851f-e612aee656dd | NADA's criteria are used for - | Assessment of child for degree of dehydration | Assessment of child for degree of malnutrition | Assessment of child for presence of hea disease | Assessment of child for degree of mental retardation | 2c
| single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Assessment of child for the presence of hea disease o The assessment of a child for the absence or presence of Hea disease can be done with the help of some guidelines suggested by NADA and are called NADA's criteria. NADA's Criteria o Either one major or two minor criteria are necessary for indicating the presence of hea disease. A) Major Criteria 1) Systolic murmur of grade III or more. The systolic murmur is classified into : ? a) Ejection systolic murmur b) Pansystolic murmur Pansystolic murmur is always abnormal no matter what is its intesity. Only three lesions produce pansystolic murmur --> i)VSD ii) MR iii) TR Ejection systolic murmur on the other hand may be organic or functional. If ejection systolic murmur is associated with thrill, it is always organic. If ejection systolic murmur is more than grade III intensity --) It is organic. Grade III or less ejection systolic murmur of a functional type may be heard in anemia or high fever in otherwise normal children. 2) Diastolic murmur Presence of diastolic murmur always indicates the presence of organic hea disease. There are two exceptions. i) Severe hypeension --> Reduction of BP may cause an AR murmur to disappear. ii) Anemia --> May result in delayed diastolic murmur across the tricuspid and mitral area. 3) Cyanosis Central cyanosis indicates presence of hea disease if lung disease has been excluded. 4) CHF Presence of CHF indicates presence of hea disease except in neonates and infants who get CHF from causes such as hypoglycemia and anemia. B) Minor criteria 1) Systolic murmur less than grade III in intensity. 2) Abnormal second hea sound Abnormal S2 always indicates presence of hea disease. It has been included as a minor criterian only because auscultation is an individual and subjective finding. 3) Abnormal ECG Main value of ECG lies in determining the : ? i) Mean QRS axis ii) Right or left atrial hyperophy iii) Right or left ventricular hyperophy 4) Abnormal X-ray If there is cardiomegaly in a good inspiratory film, it is highly suggestive for the presence of hea disease. 5) Abnormal BP | Pediatrics | null |
63c991da-75b3-4032-9eae-5c686f64de4d | Posterior columns sensations in lower limbs are lost in | Vitamin A deficiency | Vitamin B12 deficiency | Vitamin C deficiency | Vitamin D deficiency | 1b
| single | Refer KDT 6/e p589 Deficiency of vitamin B12 leads to Megaloblastic anemia which is indistinguishable from folic acid deficiency Deficiency also have manifestations related to loss of myelin like Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord | Anatomy | General anatomy |
5830e96c-2fcc-4197-b02b-43b7ba739fd3 | Aspirated synol fluid in septic ahritis will have? | Clear color | High viscosity | Markedly increased polymorphonuclear leukocytes | None of the above | 2c
| multi | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Markedly increased polymorphonuclear leukocytes | Surgery | null |
de5154dc-1144-46ed-8b7f-d5dacb375893 | Which among the following country is a 'Rabies free country'? | USA | Russia | Australia | France | 2c
| single | A "Rabies-free" area has been defined as one in which no case of indigenously acquired rabies has occurred in man or any animal species for 2 years. Australia, China (Taiwan), Cyprus, Iceland, Ireland, Japan, Malta, New Zealand, the U.K. and the islands of Western Pacific are all free of the disease. The Liberian Peninsula and Finland, Norway and Sweden are also rabies free. In India, Union Territory of Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar islands are free of the disease. Ref: Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine by K Park, 19th edition, Page 226. | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
124abeb0-facd-4da1-8d88-2bef22fd4261 | Balanced occlusion with noncuspaL teeth is achieved by | Compensating curves | Incisal guide | Balancing ramps | None | 0a
| multi | null | Dental | null |
8c3991c7-6245-4157-9bf3-02a60e54e12c | Cholecysto-venacaval line seperates which of the following ? | Gallbladder and IVC | Poa hepatis and IVC | Caudate lobe and quadrangular lobe | Right and left lobe of liver | 3d
| multi | Cholecysto-venacaval line (cantlie line) seperates right and left lobe of the liver. Cantlie line is an imaginary line that divides the liver into two planes. It extends from the midpoint of the gallbladder fossa at the inferior margin of the liver back to the midpoint of the IVC and contains the middle hepatic vein. Ref: Gray&;s Anatomy 41st edition Pgno: 1162 | Anatomy | All India exam |
657a61ba-77c0-42b4-a06c-0ecaa53bc1ea | All are true about Coho studies EXCEPT: September 2012 | Prospective | Useful for rare diseases | Necessary for incidence | Costly as compared to case control studies | 1b
| multi | Ans: B i.e. Useful for rare diseases Case control studies Advantages Good for studying rare conditions or diseases Less time needed to conduct the study because the condition or disease has already occurred Lets you simultaneously look at multiple risk factors Useful as initial studies to establish an association Can answer questions that could not be answered through other study design Disadvantage Retrospective studies have more problems with data quality because they rely on memory and people with a condition will be more motivated to recall risk factors (also called recall bias). Not good for evaluating diagnostic tests because it's already clear that the cases have the condition and the controls do not It can be difficult to find a suitable control group Coho studies Advantages Subjects in cohos can be matched, which limits the influence of confounding variables Standardization of criteria/outcome is possible Easier and cheaper than a randomized controlled trial (RCT) Disadvantages Cohos can be difficult to identify due to confounding variables No randomization, which means that imbalances in patient characteristics could exist Blinding/masking is difficult Outcome of interest could take time to occur | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
d322ff71-3af6-45c0-b798-00abc2fced76 | A woman has 2 kids. She presents with galactorrhoea and amenorrhoea for 1 year. The most probable diagnosis is : | Pregnancy | Pituitary tumor | Sheehan's syndrome | Metastasis to pituitary from other carcinoma | 1b
| single | Ans. is b i.e. Pituitary Tumor | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
698b0581-f154-4044-9d94-0c6f9f86a802 | Which of the following statements about inhalation anesthetic agents is wrong? | Sevoflurane is more potent than isoflurane | Sevoflurane is less cardiodepressant than isoflurane | Desflurane has lower blood-gas paition coefficient than sevoflurane | Sevoflurane has a higher MAC than isoflurane | 0a
| multi | Sevoflurane is less potent than isoflurane as it lacks coronary vasodilating propeies. Ref: Handbook of Clinical Anesthesia By Barash, Cullen, Stoelting , 5th Edition, Page 216; Handbook of Clinical Anesthesia By Paul G. Barash, Bruce F. Cullen, Robe K. Stoelting, M. Christine Stock, 6th Edition, Page 231 | Anaesthesia | null |
c286aac7-5aff-4276-8635-1ea62a2aa07a | Which of the following is characterically not associated with the development of interstial lung disease | Organic dusts | Inorganic dusts | Toxic gases | None | 3d
| multi | All the mentioned are associated with interstial lung disease Interstitial lung disease may be caused by long-term exposure to hazardous materials, such as asbestos or coal dust, or it can be caused by an auto-immune disease such as rheumatoid ahritis. Once lung scarring occurs, it's generally irreversible. | Anatomy | Respiratory system |
0808d10b-4d8c-4c25-86ef-7109c6cb0da8 | Kawasaki disease is associated with all of the following features except- | Erythema | Posterior cervical Lymphadenopathy | Thromobocytopenia | Conjunctivitis | 2c
| multi | null | Medicine | null |
9cfc9473-f4f6-4d12-850e-c118f0873ff9 | On accident there is damage of cervical spine, first line of management is: | X-ray | Turn head to side | Maintain airway | Stabilise the cervical spine | 2c
| single | C i.e. Maintain airway Initial Evaluation And Emergency Care In Spinal Trauma All the trauma patients are at risk of spinal injury. Many of the spinal injury patients are multiple trauma victims and there fore require emergency treatment(' The treatment priorities are preserving life (15, ), limb, and function. The spine must be protected as these priorities are addressed sequentially. (i.e. undue movements of spine are avoided)Q. The ABCs of trauma are followed in order of priority, with airway ventilation andcirculationQ being secured before fuher evaluation proceeds. Throughout the evaluation of other body systems, the cervical spine should be presumed injured and thus immobilized to avoid fuher neurological injury. Proper extrication of the patient and immobilization of cervical spine at the accident scene are critical to avoid fuher neurological injuryQ. The head and neck to be aligned with the long axis of trunk and immobilized in supine positionQ. Cervical extension should be avoided because it narrows the spinal canal more than flexionQ. Neutral flexion- extension head and neck alignment is optional(' during prehospital transpo of patients with cervical spine injury. Helmet & shoulder gear should be left in position until personnel trained in safe removal technque are available. After all life threatening injuries have been identified and stabilized, the secondary evaluation, including an extremity examination and neurological examination, can be safety carried out. When a spinal cord injury is suspected methyl prednisolone (steroid)Q should be staed. Most benefit occurs in the first 8 hoursQ, and additional effect occurs with in first 24 hours. The dose of methyl prednisolone is 30mg/kg loading doseQ + 5.4 mg/ kg/ hour x23 hourQ. When a medical center is reached, if a definitive cervical spine injury is identified & deemed unstable, skeletal traction for immobilization, reduction or both(' may be applied (eg. Gardner -wells traction, Halo traction etc) Summary of National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study Protocols - Methyl prednisolone bolus 30 mg/ kg then infusion 5.4 mg/kg/h - Infusion for 24 hours if bolus given within 3 hours of injury - Infusion for 48 hrs if bolus given within 3 to 8 hrs of injury - No benefit if methyprednisolone staed more than 8 hours after injury - No benefit with naloxone - No benefit with tirilzad. | Surgery | null |
c9cb9ce5-4e6a-4b7e-b9f8-62b7cb6822c5 | 'A' pattern squint is due to which muscle | Superior rectus | Inferior rectus | Superior oblique | Inferior oblique | 2c
| single | A pattern squint - superior oblique.
V pattern squint - inferior oblique. | Ophthalmology | null |
83049980-2815-4fbf-adf9-3e530acbcd8c | Pathergy test is used for | Reither's syndrome , | Behchet's syndrome | Lichen planus | Atopic dermatitis | 1b
| single | Pathergy phenomenon is defined as a state of altered tissue reactivity that occurs in response to minor trauma Although the exact mechanisms underlying pathergy phenomenon are unknown, skin injury caused by needle prick apparently triggers a cutaneous inflammatory response . Types of pathergy tests: Oral pathergy test Site: lower lip. Skin pathergy test Site: A hairless area on the flexor aspect of the forearm sterile needle (20 gauge) prick or an intradermal injection of normal saline, monosodium urate (MSU) crystals or streptococcal antigens to perform the test. The procedure is performed on a hairless pa of the volar forearm. Generally, the needle is inseed veically or diagonally at an angle of 45deg to a depth of 3-5 mm. The needle should reach the dermis for a proper response. Clinical evaluation: Readings are taken after 48 hrs of the needle prick. A 1-2mm papule that is usually felt by palpation and which is surrounded by an erythematous halo is formed on the skin. The papule may remain as a papule or transform into a 1-5mm pustule. The pustule becomes prominent in 24 h, becomes maximum in size in 48 h, and disappears in 45 days. Erythema without induration is interpreted as a negative result. Conditions with positive pathergy phenomenon: Behcet's disease Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG): The pathergy test positivity at a rate of 25% has been repoed in the literature in PG patients. Aggressive surgical debridement or skin grafting is discouraged in these patients because of the risk of a pathergic response. Interferon alpha-treated chronic myeloid leukemia patients Sweets syndrome Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis Inflammatory bowel disease Healthy individuals Rarely in spondyloahropathies Ijdvl Sequeira FF, Daryani D. The oral and skin pathergy test. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2011 ;77:526-30. Available from: <a style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; text-decoration: none; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: ;" href=" | Dental | Fungal infections, Scabies, Pediculosis |
793e5ce7-b494-4e2a-ba24-389336b11943 | The superior oblique muscle is supplied by | 3rd cranial nerve | 4th cranial nerve | 5th cranial nerve | 6th cranial nerve | 1b
| single | Superior oblique muscle is supplied by fouh cranial nerve i.e,trochlear nerve. It supplies only the superior oblique muscle of the eyeball. Superior oblique muscle helps in depression,abduction and intoion. Note: When trochlear nerve is damaged, diplopia occur looking downwards; vision is single so long as the eye look above the horizontal plane. Ref:BDC 6th edition of no.208 | Anatomy | Head and neck |
6e23d040-cb96-4698-9a86-e9e5501b8814 | Which of the following are physiological antagonists | Adrenaline and Isoprenaline | glucagon and insulin | Isoprenaline and Propranolol | All of the above | 1b
| multi | Adrenalin and histamine and glucagon, insulin are physiological antagonists Physiological antagonism - opp effect on the same physiological system by two drugs glucagon increases blood glucose, insulin decreases- blood glucose adrenaline- bronchodilatation histamine- broncho constriction Ref KD Tripathi 8th ed. | Pharmacology | General pharmacology |
a2d73b7a-b032-4a80-b91a-09f8dee1705c | Which one is non-ionising radiation - | MRI | CT Scan | X-ray | Position emission scintigraphy | 0a
| single | Ans- A. MRI. | Radiology | Ultrasonography, CT, and MRI |
7db1152d-088b-41ec-bb28-9b1e7a8a159f | Corticosteroids are contraindicated in all of the following except: | Herpes zoster. | Varicella. | Pemphigus. | Herpes simplex. | 2c
| multi | null | Pathology | null |
39c95dcc-9e79-42ce-96fa-1dc76ca64d2d | Citrullinemia type I results from deficiency of the | Isocitrate dehydrogenase | Argininosuccinate synthase | Pyruvate dehydrogenase | Sucinyl Co-A synthase | 1b
| single | (B) Argininosuccinate synthase# Citrullinemia type I (CTLN1) presents as a clinical spectrum that includes an acute neonatal form (the "classic" form), a milder late-onset form, a form without symptoms or hyperammonemia, and a form in which women have onset of severe symptoms during pregnancy or post partum.> Citrullinemia type I results from deficiency of the enzyme argininosuccinate synthase (ASS), the third step in the urea cycle in which citrulline is condensed with aspartate to form argininosuccinic acid.> Untreated individuals with the severe form of citrullinemia type I have hyperammonemia (plasma ammonia concentration 1000- 3000 pmol/L).> Plasma quantitative amino acid analysis shows absence of argininosuccinic acid and concentration of citrulline usually greater than 1000 pmol/L (normal: <50 pmol/L).> Argininosuccinate synthase enzyme activity, measured in fibroblasts, liver, and in all tissues in which ASS is expressed, is decreased.> ASS1 is the only gene in which mutation is known to cause citrullinemia type I. | Biochemistry | Miscellaneous (Bio-Chemistry) |
6a7e55aa-04c0-4850-bc97-a9fa30a4fc4a | Bismuth compounds are incorporated in root canal sealer materials because they are: | Radio-opaque | Germicidal | Radiolucent | Adhesive | 0a
| single | Root canal sealers should be radiopaque, so that it can be visualized in the radiograph.
Radiopacity is provided by salts of heavy metals such as silver, barium and bismuth. | Dental | null |
3b28bd2e-1776-489b-8986-c73c47a595d5 | The appropriate media culture for a gram negative coccobacilli arranged in a school of fish , that causes STD with genital ulcers is | Thayer Main media | Blood agar with X and V factors | Chocolate agar with isovitale X | Tellurite blood agar | 2c
| single | Chocolate agar enriched with 1%isovitalex is used to grow H.ducreyi. | Anatomy | Bacteriology |
8d71674a-0db8-49dc-ac6d-5592961ba242 | Metastatic calcification is commonly seen in all of the following, except: | Lungs | Kidneys | Gastric mucosa | Cardiac valves | 3d
| multi | Dystrophic calcification is seen in cardiac valves (calcific valvular disease). Metastatic calcification principally affects interstitial tissues of: Gastric mucosa Kidneys Lungs Systemic aeries Pulmonary veins The common feature of all these sites, which makes them prone to calcification is that they can lose acid and therefore they have an internal alkaline component orable for metastatic calcification. | Pathology | Irreversible cell Injury/Necrosis |
af2e29ca-41e4-430b-8673-67ede0702214 | Targeted intervention for HIV is done for all except - | Commercial sex worker | Migrant laborers | Street children | Industrial worker | 3d
| multi | <p> Targeted interventions for high risk group is to improve health-seeking behaviour of high risk groups and reducing their risk of acquiring STI and HIV. It includes female sex workers , men who have sex with men ,transgenders,injecting drug users,bridge populations and high risk behaviour migrants and long distance truckers. Reference:Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine,K.Park,23rd edition,page no:436. <\p> | Social & Preventive Medicine | Communicable diseases |
e9535130-0ead-46df-8c56-c77bafa49fea | Radiological sign of ischemic colitis is | Popcorn appearance | Thumb print apperance | Cobrahead app | Inveed 3 sign | 1b
| single | B i.e. Thumb printing | Radiology | null |
f4718a6b-3259-4734-b48e-893b964969fd | Neurotransmitter changes proposed in cases of Anxiety | Increased NE, and decreased GABA and serotonin | Decreased NE and serotonin, and increased Ach | Decreased GABA and Ach | Increased serotonin, and decreased NE and GABA | 0a
| single | There are various neurotransmitters that is studied under the neurobiology of anxiety they are mainly as follows decreased GABA, hence benzodiazepines which acts on GABA is a onderful anti anxiety drug decrased serotonin , hence SSRI are used in management of all anxiety disorders increased norepinephrine, thus proponolol which is a beta blocker is used in the management of anxiety especially in social anxiety disorders. Reference: Kaplon and sadock, 11 th edition, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th edition, pg no. 387 | Psychiatry | All India exam |
d8882547-e2e8-406f-968f-ee68c4efe79b | Compared with serum, CSF has | A higher chloride concentration | A higher protein concentration | The same glucose concentration | More lymphocytes per microliter | 0a
| single | Compared with serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has a higher chloride concentration. CSF is an ultrafiltrate of plasma. It is produced primarily by the choroid plexus cells in the lateral ventricles. From the lateral ventricles, CSF flows through the foramen of Munro into the third ventricle, through the aqueduct of Sylvius, and into the fouh ventricle. It then exits the fouh ventricle through the foramina of Luschka and Magendie and enters the subarachnoid space located between the arachnoid and pia mater. The CSF in the subarachnoid space cushions the brain and spinal cord. CSF is resorbed through the arachnoid villi, extending into the dural venous sinuses located along the summit of the brain. The venous sinuses empty into the jugular venous system.CSF has a lower glucose, lower protein (15 to 45 mg/dl), fewer lymphocytes, and higher chloride (120 to 130 mEq/dl) than serum. These differences help distinguish serum from CSF in trauma cases. | Physiology | Nervous system |
b331b96a-e132-474c-923c-37d112b001ff | ASHA ( accredited social health activist) works at | Community level | Village level | PHC level | District level | 1b
| single | In NRHM at village level with 1000 population, one ASHA and AWWs are present Ref: Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine 23rd edition | Social & Preventive Medicine | Health programmes in India |
f34cdf4a-5341-4129-be11-455ae266490f | A 44 year old female has history of blunt trauma to the abdomen the best investigation is - | USG | CT Scan | Complete Hemogram | Abdominal X-ray | 0a
| single | Answer- A. USGIf patient is hemodynamically stable and can be shifted - CT scan is the best.If patient is hemodynamically unstable (cannot be shifted) - USG is the investigation of choice. | Surgery | null |
2a2223f3-d628-4e24-ba50-acf4e8796b56 | Loeffler's serum slope doesn't contain | Nutrient Broth | Glucose | Horse serum | Sheep blood | 3d
| single | LSS is used for the culture of C Diptheria It doesn't contain sheep blood .sheep blood is present in blood agar LSS is a type of enriched media Ref: CP Baveja 4th ed Pg:46 | Microbiology | general microbiology |
abc083d5-d23c-4ae8-a88c-fd907c7ef30b | All are true regarding propeies of common disinfectants, EXCEPT: | Glutaraldehyde is sporicidal | Hypochlorites are viricidal | Alcohol is fungicidal, bactericidal not sporicidal | Phenol usually requires organic matter to act | 3d
| multi | Phenol and its derivatives acts by denaturing proteins, especially in cell membrane. It is active aginst gram positive bacteria but its activity is reduced in presence of organic matter. Glteraldehyde is considered a chemical sterilant since it has a broad spectrum of activity inluding being sporicidal. It acts by alkylating microorganism proteins. Hypochlorites are bactericidal, myocabactericidal, fungicidal and virucidal. Alcohols are among the most widely used disinfectant and antiseptic. They are bactericidal and fungicidal not sporicidal. They are also effective against some lipid containing viruses. | Microbiology | null |
91119790-be8f-4853-84e4-f5b018849a28 | Which of the following is the mechanism of action of Fondaparinux | Factor Xa inhibition and Thrombin inhibition | Factor Xa inhibition | Antithrombin inhibitor | Thrombin inhibition | 1b
| single | The antithrombotic activity of fondaparinux sodium is the result of antithrombin III (ATIII) mediated selective inhibition of Factor Xa. ref - Harrisons internal medicine 20e pg851 | Medicine | Haematology |
8e5c2e9c-956b-48ae-bedb-014ddfbfde30 | Hepatitis E clinically resembles - | Hepatitis A | Hepatitis B | Hepatitis C | Hepatitis D | 0a
| multi | Type E hepatitis was previously is mistaken for hepatitis A because of clinical and epidemiological similarities. REF:ANANTHANARAYAN AND PANIKER'S TEXTBOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY 9TH EDITION PAGE NO-550 | Microbiology | Virology |
51ce0c03-56ae-4678-a1c5-b4eecbe45923 | A 6-month-child presents with episodes of vomiting after ingesting fruit juice. Which of following enzyme deficiency is likely? | Aldolase | Fructokinase | Glucose 6-phosphatase | Hexokinase | 0a
| single | a. Aldolase B(Ref: Nelson's 20/e p 720-728, Ghai 8/e p 655-657)In the given scenario, the child becomes symptomatic after ingesting fruit juice, which is often sweet, containing sucrose and hence, glucose and fructose. So, he is suffering from Hereditary Fructose intolerance. | Pediatrics | Inborn Errors of Metabolism |
d94c4ad4-c575-4f8f-88ee-c8e96eba6546 | Most common cause of spontaneous abortion is? | Chromosomal abnormality | Uterine malformations | Immunological | Infections | 0a
| single | ANSWER: (A) Chromosomal abnormalityREF: Dutta 6th ed p. 159Most common cause of spontaneous abortion is chromosomal abnormality, trisomy of chromosome 16. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | First-Trimester Spontaneous Abortion |
60a664da-1648-4d51-9901-5ce1131d3cb8 | Cranial part of accessory nerve supplies | Sternocleidomastoid | Trapezius | Levator scapulae | Levator palatini | 0a
| single | Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius develop from branchial arch mesoderm and are supplied by spinal part of accessory nerve.
Levator scapulae are supplied by a branch from dorsal scapular nerve and branches from C3, C4. | Anatomy | null |
5959147f-7c60-4a0d-9e91-a443f7e91477 | Maximum contribution of plasma osmolarity is by | Urea | Glucose | Sodium | Albumin | 2c
| single | Sodium is the major contributor plasma osmolarity Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 50,51,52 | Physiology | General physiology |
cf45cba2-2ab4-4546-b424-f15519c791e7 | which of the following does not belong to CATOGORY B bioterrorism ? | plague | ricinus communis | brucellosis | q fever | 0a
| single | High Priority Agents in bioterrorism : * Category A * Easily spread; high death rates * Anthrax, botulism, plague, smallpox, tularemia, and selected hemorrhagic fever viruses * Category B * Moderately easy to disseminate * Brucellosis, food safety threats, Q fever, and other agents * Category C * Could be engineered for mass dissemination * Emerging infectious diseases ref : narayanareddy | Forensic Medicine | All India exam |
0c5ee077-1330-4d61-9ab9-d9a3b46ac389 | A 23-year-old, sexually active man has been treated for Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection 6 times during the past 5 years. He now comes to the physician because of the increasing number and size of warty lesions slowly enlarging on his external genitalia during the past year. On physical examination, there are multiple 1- to 3-mm sessile, nonulcerated, papillary excrescences over the inner surface of the penile prepuce. These lesions are excised, but 2 years later, similar lesions appear. Which of the following conditions most likely predisposed him to the development of these recurrent lesions? | Candida albicans infection | Circumcision | Human papillomavirus infection | Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection | 2c
| multi | Condyloma acuminatum is a benign, recurrent squamous epithelial proliferation resulting from infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, one of many sexually transmitted diseases that can occur in sexually active individuals. Koilocytosis is particularly characteristic of HPV infection. Candidiasis can be associated with inflammation, such as balanoposthitis, but not condylomata. Recurrent gonococcal infection indicates that the patient is sexually active and at risk for additional infections, but is not the cause for the condylomata. The gonococcal infection causes suppurative lesions in which there may be liquefactive necrosis and a neutrophilic exudate or mixed inflammatory infiltrate. Circumcision generally reduces risks for infections. Phimosis is a nonretractile prepuce, and paraphimosis refers to forcible retraction of the prepuce that produces pain and urinary obstruction. | Pathology | Male Genital Tract |
418fe796-4fa8-4871-8a6c-81b280af3931 | Which of the following drugs has a high affinity for 5–HT2 receptors in the brain, does not cause extrapyramidal dysfunction or hematotoxicity, and is reported to increase the risk of significant QT prolongation ? | Chlorpromazine | Clozapine | Olanzapine | Ziprasidone | 3d
| single | null | Pharmacology | null |
1525e1bf-2a57-4c4a-a5a9-83bb150b1a10 | RNA which contains codon for specific amino acid | tRNA | rRNA | mRNA | None | 2c
| multi | Amonng the different species of RNAs, it is only mRNAs that are linearly related to DNA and to polypeptide chain as an intermediary. It is this species of RNA that carries encoded message from the master molecule in the form of codons. It is these molecules that translate by decoding the information into polypeptide chains. It is ultimately the protein, having a unique structural and functional propeies determine the structure and function of the cell that is why proteins are deemed to be molecular demy-gods. Proteins are the quintessence of the gene function at molecular level. Here the triple or tripaite relationship, between linear DNA, linear mRNA and linear polypeptide chain (in the form of nucleotides sequence and amino acid sequence respectively), is referred to as co-linearity. Two impoant functions that occur between the gene and the polypeptide chain, they are transcription and translation, which are separated in space and time. Ref-Harpers illustrated biochemistry 30/e p589 | Biochemistry | Metabolism of nucleic acids |
3f466461-42fa-48b3-919c-59016c32d786 | Characteristic features of Rokitansky Kuster Hauser syndrome are all of the following except | Absent uterus | Absent vagina | Anovulation | 46 - XX | 2c
| multi | RKH Syndrome Vaginal aplasia or Hypoplasia Absent uterus As the ovaries function normally development of secondary sexual charecteristics is normal and ovulation is normal SHAW&;S TEXTBOOK OF GYNAECOLOGY,Pg no:95,15th edition | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Congenital malformations |
526dfc45-7b32-4f22-a8ee-7b05bd77361b | Most common cause of neonatal meningitis - | Staphylococcus | E. coli | H. influenze | Pneumococcus | 1b
| single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., E. coli "Group B streptococcus followed by E.coli are the two most common causes of neonatal meningitis". Most common cause of neonatal meningitis --> Group B streptococcus (Str. agalactiae) Second most common cause of neonatal meningitis -- E.coli | Pediatrics | null |
4468cda5-1b94-478f-b859-53eb738fc03c | Raynauds phenomenon is commonly seen in | Upper limb of female | Lower limb of female | Lower limb of male | Upper limb of male | 0a
| single | . It is an episodic vasospasam,especially aeriolar spasam usually bilateral more often seen in upperlimb of females as a result of abnormal sensitivity to cold.Patient develops blanching,cyanosis qnd later flushing .usually medial four digits and palm are involved.Thumb is spared.If vasospasam becomes longer,gangrene or ischemic ulceration supervenes along the tips of fingers. Refer page no 183 of SRB's manual of surgery5th edition. | Surgery | Vascular surgery |
3226be34-7b5e-41ed-9de0-902dbecccf31 | Which of the following metal is considered as the principal hardener and gives red colour to the alloy? | Platinum | Palladium | Copper | Zinc | 2c
| multi | Copper when added to gold-based alloys, imparts a reddish color to the gold and hardens the alloy via a solid-solution or ordered-solution mechanism.
Ref: Craig’s 14th edition page 183, 184 | Dental | null |
367d0870-3fa6-4c98-8ff8-9f50a7f26728 | A child presents with pigmentation of one half of the face along with a history of multiple episodes of seizures. His X ray skull revealed the following finding. What could be the underlying diagnosis? | Cerebral palsy | Neurofibromatosis | West syndrome | Sturge Weber syndrome | 3d
| single | The given X ray skull shows 'tram track calcification' seen in Sturge Weber syndrome, in which pigmentation of one half of face, along with seizures is seen. STURGE WEBER SYNDROME:- -Po wine stain of face involving the ophthalmic & maxillary division of trigeminal nerve -Contralateral focal seizures seen -Intracranial calcification -Glaucoma | Pediatrics | Neurocutaneous syndromes |
dee70c4b-544b-49b9-8606-931c59df07ab | When was the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade Programme launched? | 1975 | 1978 | 1984 | 1981 | 3d
| single | The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade Programme launched in 1981. Targets set were 100 percentage for water, both urban and rural, 80% for urban sanitation and 25% for rural sanitation. Ref: Park 21st edition, page 397. | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
813ace2c-d234-4043-915f-60b8097b4161 | Arias syndrome is also known as: | Rotor syndrome | Dubin johnson syndrome | Crigler Najjar syndrome type I | Crigler Najjar syndrome type II | 3d
| single | Crigler najjar syndrome type II is also known as arias syndrome, is a hereditary disorder of bilirubin metabolism characterized by unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia due to reduced and inducible activity of hepatic bilirubin glucuronosyltransferase (GT). There is paial deficiency of bilirubin uridine diphosphate (UDP) glucuronosyl transferase. Jaundice is milder than type I and there is no kernicterus. The mode of inheritance is autosomal recessive. Ref: Essentials of Rubin's pathology, edited by Emanuel Rubin, Howard M. Reisner, 5th Edition, Page 311 | Medicine | null |
04940eb9-1a48-4e10-87fe-a4debab8741f | Massive bleeding per rectum in a 70 yr old patient is due to - | Diverticulosis | Carcinoma colon | Colitis | Polyps | 0a
| single | Causes of lower GI bleed in adults
Local anorectal diseases - hemorrhoids (most common), anal fissures.
Diverticulosis (2nd MC)
Vascular ectasias, angiodysplasias
Neoplasm (polyps & adenocarcinoma)
Colitis (Ischemic, infectious, & IBD)
Although hemorrhoids are the MC cause of bleeding per rectum, it causes small bleed.
Diverticulosis is the MC cause of massive bleeding per rectum.
Diverticular bleeding is abrupt in onset usually painless, sometimes massive, and often from the right colon. The bleeding stops spontaneously in approx. 80% of patients and rebleeds in 20-25% of pts. | Surgery | null |
db79b77c-a1dc-4173-8444-5ff1d6035ac7 | Collagen is found in all of the following, EXCEPT : | Ligament | Tendon | Fibroblasts | Aponeurosis | 2c
| multi | Fibroblasts produce type I collagen fibers that are found in tendons, ligaments and joint capsules. Type I collagen is found distributed throughout the body. It is found in fascia, tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, capsule of glands, sclera, fibrocailage, bone and dentin.Type II collagen is found in hyaline and elastic cailage and cornea.Type III fibers are reticular fibers.Type IV fibers are seen in the basement membrane.Ligaments are connective tissue structures that connect bones. It is composed of both type I and type III collagen. Collagen constitutes possibly three fouh of its dry weight. Other less components present in collagen are proteoglycans, elastin and non collagenous glycoproteins such as fibronectin. Tendons are connective tissue structures consisting of spiraling bundles of collagen fibers. Tendon consists of longitudinally oriented type I collagen and mature fibroblasts. | Anatomy | null |
59815430-15f2-47ea-a7ac-0b2209d53d08 | A first rank symptom of schizophrenia is all Except | Ambivalence | Running commentary | Thought inseion | Somatic passivity | 0a
| multi | Ku Schneider First Rank Symptoms Second-Rank Symptoms Audible thoughts Voices arguing or discussing(commanding voices) Voices commenting on patient's actions (commenting voices) Made feelings Made impulses or drives Made volitional acts Thought withdrawal Thought inseion Thought broadcasting Delusional perception Somatic Passivity Other disorders of perception Sudden delusional ideas Perplexity Depressive and euphoric mood changes Feelings of emotional impoverishment and several others as well Reference: Kaplon and sadock, 11 th edition, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th edition, pg no. 987 | Psychiatry | All India exam |
bbef4a84-80bf-4569-80d9-ac1f4af0e901 | Peak of prostaglandins occurs in what stage: | 1st stage of Labor | 2nd stage of Labor | 3rd stage of Labor | Before 1st stage of labor | 2c
| single | Ans. (c) 3rd stage of LaborRef High risk pregnancy 4th ed. by James et.al, ch 75- Normal third stage of LaborThere are four stages of labor* The first stage is from the onset of true labor to complete dilation of the cervix.* The second stage is from complete dilation of the cervix to the birth of the baby.* The third stage is from the birth of the baby to delivery of the placenta.* The fourth stage is from delivery of the placenta to stabilization of the patients condition, usually at about 6 hours postpartum.PROSTAGLANDINS* Prostaglandin F (PGF), PGF2a, and oxytocin are the biochemical agents primarily involved in the third stage of labor.* During the first and second stages of labor, only PGF2a and oxytocin are significantly raised in maternal plasma compared with pre-labor concentrations.* At 5 minutes after birth, maternal PGF and PGF2a concentrations peak at about twice the levels found at the commencement of the second stage. A rapid increase in prostaglandin concentrations is also found in umbilical cord venous blood, suggesting that this postpartum prostaglandin surge originates in the placenta.* After placental separation, the concentrations decrease but at rates slower than the metabolic clearance of prostaglandin, indicating that its production continues in the decidua and myometrium.* Plasma oxytocin also drops to prelabor levels within 30 minutes of delivery, unless sustained by exogenous infusion.Also KnowHormonesPeak level at:OxytocinAt birthProlactinLevels decrease during labor but then rise steeply at the end of labor and peak with birth. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Characteristics of Normal Labor |
3518c994-c842-425e-9d68-90ad7a9804ec | Maximum dose of plain lignocaine (in mg) – | 300 | 500 | 700 | 1000 | 0a
| single | Maximum safe dose of plain lidocaine → 300 mg (4.5 mg/kg).
Maximum safe dose of lidocaine with epinephrine → 500 mg (7 mg/kg). | Anaesthesia | null |
3fdc0bc1-9feb-4d3c-a91f-3b20eb33d290 | Two siblings with osteogenesis imperfect, but their parents are normal. Mechanism of inheritance is - | Anticipation | Genomic imprinting | Germ line mosaicism | New mutation | 2c
| single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Germ line mosaicism o In some autosomal dominant disorders (e.g. osteogenesis imperfecta) phenotypically normal parents have more than one affected child. This clearly violates the law of inheritance. Studies indicate that gonadal (germ line) mosaicism may be responsible for such unusual inheritance. Germline mosaicism o Germline mosacism results from a mutation that occurs postzygotically during early embryonic development. In these a poion of the egg or sperm cells of a parent carries the mutation. o Because the mutation affects only cells destined to form the gonads the gametes carry the mutation but somatic cells of the individual are completely normal. o A phenotypically normal parent who has germ line mosaicism can transmit the disease causing mutation to the offspring through the mutant gamete. o Because the progenitor cells of the gamete carry the mutation there is a definite possibility that more than one child of such a parent would be affected. o Obviously, the likelihood of such an occurrence depends on the propoion of germ cells carrying the mutation. | Pathology | null |
89685e94-3a41-46c3-87df-d76258d53fcb | Eukaryotic cell membranes are different from prokaryotic cell membranes. Eukaryotic plasma membrane is made up of all, EXCEPT: | Carbohydrates | Triglycerides | Lecithin | Cholesterol | 1b
| multi | In prokaryotes, the membranes are relatively simple, but in eukaryotes, cell membranes contain various glycosphingolipids, sphingomyelin, chains of oligosaccharides and cholesterol in addition to phospholipids and phosphatidylcholine (lecithin). Cholesterol is also present, often at nearly a 1:1 ratio with the phospholipids in plasma membranes. Ref: Mescher A.L. (2010). Chapter 2. The Cytoplasm. In A.L. Mescher (Ed), Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text & Atlas, 12e. | Biochemistry | null |
30144756-ef8e-4ad4-a942-4480e198d2e7 | Most common malignant neoplasm of the eyelid is - | Squamous cell carcinoma | Basal cell Carcinoma | Merkel Cell tumour | Malignant Melanoma | 1b
| single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Basal cell Carcinoma There are 4 main types of evelid cancers:a. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC)# BCC is the most common type of eyelid tumour, accounting for about 85% of all eyelid tumours. It is also the most common type of cancer that occurs outside the eyeball.# BCC of the eyelid usually affects adults, but may also occur in younger people.# These tumours are related to sun exposure and are similar to basal cell carcinoma of the skin.# BCC most often occurs in the lower eyelidb. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)# SCC of the eyelid is uncommon, accounting for about 5% of all eyelid tumours.# It can occur from a precancerous condition, such as actinic keratosis or Bowen's disease.# These tumours are also related to sun exposure and are similar to squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.# SCC tends to behave more aggressively and is more likely to spread than BCC.c. Sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC)# SGC is cancer of the glands in the eyelid.# It is a rare tumour that may account for up to 5% of all eyelid cancers.# It occurs more often in women than men and occurs most often in the elderly.# These tumours develop most often on the upper eyelid, followed by the lower eyelid and the caruncleo SGC can start in the Meibomian glands, glands of Zeis or the sebaceous glands of the caruncle.# SGC is often diagnosed at a later stage because it can mimic benign conditions. It can also grow aggressively.# SGC may be multifocal (occurring in more than one place), so they have a tendency to recur after treatmentd Malignant melanoma# Melanoma of the eyelid is very uncommon and accounts for less than 1% of all eyelid cancers.# Melanoma of the eyelid is similar to melanoma of the skin of the skin. It is staged and treated the same way as a skin melanoma. | Surgery | Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery |
2f58970a-51cc-49d7-9261-6814a98b1371 | Drug of choice for maintenance therapy in PSVT is- | Amiodarone | Lignocaine | Verapamil | Adenosine | 2c
| single | Ans. is c' i.e., Verapamilo Amongst the options provided Verapamil is the drug of choice for maintenance therapy in pateints with PSVT.Treatment options for Supraventricular Tachycardiao Physiologic interventionRestValsalva maneuvers : Gag reflex, ice packs, etcCarotid massageAvoidance of inciting factors : Caffeine, tobacco, alcohol, pseudoephedrine, stress, etc.o MedicationsDrugs mth_direct effect on artrioventricular node or accessory pathway :Amiodarone (Cordarone), Sotalol (Betapace), class IC drugs (flecainide , propafenone , etc).o Radiofrequency ablationo Electronic pacingPSVT|||No limbing symptoms No Pre-excitationMild to miderate symptoms No Pre-excitationSevere symptoms or Pre-excitation| | |NoTherapy PotentPreference CatheterAblation |Unsuccessful | || DrugTherapyUnsuccessful------CatheterAblation1 Drug Therapy | Medicine | Drugs |
4ba94750-06f2-4d66-851a-34d80cb8aa73 | Buspirone is an | Anti psychotic | Anti anxiolitic | Anti depressant | Anti hypertensive | 1b
| single | (B) Anti anxiolitic> Buspirone is an anxiolytic psychoactive drug of the azapirone chemical class, and is primarily used to treat generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). | Pharmacology | Miscellaneous (Pharmacology) |
6bc300cd-d5cc-4ded-8222-b87fb4efdc0f | The elastic or plastic deformation to fracture a material is its: | Toughness | Brittleness | Young's Modulus | Proportional limit | 0a
| single | null | Dental | null |
742828d3-09c0-4a18-ace8-7117183d84fe | a patient presented with rashes all over body sparing palms and soles .he doesnot have h/o of animal exposure this condition may be associated with ? | epidemic typhus | q fever | RMSF | ricktessial pox | 0a
| multi | Epidemic Typhus Epidemic typhus, also known as louse-borne typhus is an uncommon disease that is caused by bacteria called Rickettsia prowazekii. Epidemic typhus can be easily spread to people through contact with infected body lice. However epidemic typhus was responsible for millions of deaths in previous centuries, it is now considered a rare disease. Still, cases continue to occur specially in areas where extreme overcrowding is common and body lice can easily travel from one person to another. In some people very less known cases of epidemic typhus which is called as sylvatic typhus can occur. ref : ananthanaryana 9th ed | Microbiology | All India exam |
1fc1cab0-937a-4a0c-bb4a-82ea40121b26 | Mastoid reservoir phenomenon is positive in - | CSOM | Petrositis | Coalescent otitis media | Coalescent mastoiditis | 3d
| single | Mastoid reserve phenomenon is filling up of meatus with pus immediately after cleaning. It is seen in mastoiditis.
Ref. SK De, p 107, 98 | ENT | null |
5ed8c98b-023c-4b08-ae82-86e9c0991cd6 | All are associated with MEN 2 except: | Pheochromocytoma | Islet cell hyperplasia | Medullary carcinoma thyroid | Parathyroid adenoma | 1b
| multi | Answer is B (Islet cell hyperplasia): Pituitary islet cell tumors/hyperplasia are associated with MEN- I syndromes and not with MEN II syndromes. | Medicine | null |
0d1b4064-d462-4e22-82b8-60f713d9bd4b | Ligamentum teres of the liver is a remnant of ________ | Umbilical aeries | Umbilical vein | Ductus venosus | Ductus aeriosus | 1b
| single | Ligamentum teres is a remnant of the umbilical vein. The vessels that are occluded soon after bih are in due to course replaced by fibrous tissue and forms the following ligaments: Fetal structure Adult structure Foramen ovale Fossa ovalis Umbilical vein Ligamentum teres Ductus venosus Ligamentum venosum Umbilical aeries Medial umbilical ligaments Ductus aeriosus Ligamentum aeriosum Note: the median umbilical ligament or Xander&;s ligament represents the remnant of the embryonic urachus The lateral umbilical ligaments are folds of peritoneum over the inferior epigastric aeries Ref: Nelson textbook of pediatrics 21st edition Pgno: 975 | Pediatrics | C.V.S |
699a955d-9bb7-431b-b49e-4dc2ce3c94b1 | Regarding schick's test which of the following is false | Erythematous reaction in both arms indicates | Positive test means that person is immune to hypersensitivity diphtheria | Diphtheria antitoxin is given intradermal | None of the above | 1b
| multi | null | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
0896c208-cfee-4f28-a190-f626db8a3a1f | Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency occurs in | Emphysema | Bronchiectasis | Empyema | Bronchogenic carcinoma | 0a
| single | Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1AD or AATD) is a genetic disorder that may result in lung disease or liver disease. Onset of lung problems is typically between 20 and 50 years old. This may result in shoness of breath, wheezing, or an increased risk of lung infections Affected individuals often developemphysema, which is a lung disease caused by damage to the small air sacs in the lungs (alveoli). ... In rare cases, people with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency develop a skin condition called panniculitis, which ischaracterized by hardened skin with painful lumps or patches. | Pathology | Respiratory system |
510a84fc-e240-48a0-9f2b-d66d6e9e8472 | Pelkan spur is seen in - | Rickets | Scurvy | Hemophilia | All | 1b
| multi | Radiological features of scurvy: Palkan spur : metaphyseal spurs projecting at right angles to the shaft. White line of Frankel : calcified cailage in the metaphysis Trumefeld zone : zone of rarefraction below the white line of Frankel Wimburger sign : ring surrounding the ephiphyseal centres of ossification Pencil thin coex Subperiosteal hemorrhages Generalised osteoporosis | Radiology | Skeletal system |
c871b238-6182-4c27-ae73-817e1803e815 | All are true about primary hyperparathyroidism except - | Nephrolithiasis | Increased alkaline phosphatase | Decreased calcium | Loss of lamina dura | 2c
| multi | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Decreased calcium Clinical features of Hyperparathyroidism|||Symptomatic signs and symptomsAsymptomatico Recurrent nephrolithiasiso Peptic ulceration (abdominal pain)o Extensive bone resorptiono Mental changes; Psychiatric manifestations'Manifestation may be subtle and the disease many have a benign course with no symptoms and signs other than Hypercalcemia and elevated level of PTH'"'Subtle presentation ' may simulate 'asymptomatic ' hypercalcemia ' ". Bone in Hyperparathyroidism|||Healing responseResorptiono Osteitis fibrosa Cystica(Distinctive bone manifestation) Characterized by replacement of normal cellular and marow elements by fibrous tissueOther Manfestationso Absence of lamina durao Pinhead stippling of skullo Marrow fibrosiso Diffuse bone Resorptiono Subperiostal bone resorption of phallangeal tuftso "Brown tumor" of hvperparathvroidism (well circumscribed dark brown area in the region of severe bone resorption|o Osteoporosiso Deformityo Pathological fracturesMarkers of Hyperparathyroidism (|ed PTH):1. Increased serum calcium# Stimulates Vit D which causes increased absorption of Ca+ + from gut# Increased calcium reabsorption from tubules# Increases osteoblastic activity in bones and mobilizes calcium from bone into serum.2. Decreased serum phosphorus# PTH acts on tubules to increase excretion of phosphorus3. Increased 24 hr urine calcium# Despite increased reabsorption of Ca++ in renal tubules urinary calcium is increased owing to increased filtration of calcium in glomerular filtrate.4. Increased alkaline phosphatase# Increased resorption of bone leads to compensatory elevation of osteoblastic activity.5. Radiological changes :# Subperiosteal resorption of phalanges is characteristic (hand X Rays are always advised).# Bone resorption i.e., osteitis fibrosa et cystica (brown tumours)# Loss of lamina dura | Medicine | Endocrinology |
2096e3e3-05dd-431e-a140-30c422af323f | In sickle cell anaemia, the defect can be explained as having arisen from - | A base inseion in DNA | A base deletion in DNA | A base substitution in DNA | None of the above | 2c
| multi | C i.e. A base substitution in DNA | Biochemistry | null |
1a0d1576-2176-4701-920d-9c2a2739d59f | True about rigor mois are all, except: FMGE 08 | Seen immediately after death | It last 18-36 h in summer | It disappears in the sequence as it appears | It last 24-48 h in winter | 0a
| multi | Ans. Seen immediately after death | Forensic Medicine | null |
3f5dd0b8-3b41-4f84-93d4-7800237b0f24 | Protoporphyrin levels >100 mg/dl indicates: | Iron overload | Lead poisoning | Porphyria | All of the above | 1b
| multi | Protoporphyrin is an intermediate in the pathway to heme synthesis. Under conditions in which heme synthesis is impaired, protoporphyrin accumulates within the red cell. This reflects an inadequate iron supply to erythroid precursors to suppo haemoglobin synthesis. Normal values are <30 mg/dL of red cells. In iron deficiency, values in excess of 100 mg/dL are seen. The most common causes of increased red cell protoporphyrin levels are absolute or relative iron deficiency and lead poisoning. Ref: Harrison's principle of internal medicine 17th edition, chapter 98. | Medicine | null |
4f44cdd9-a432-4160-8952-696d7beb02cf | Major clinical use of nimodipine is in: | Raynaud's phenomenon | Hypertension | Angina | Subarachnoid haemorrhage | 3d
| single | Nimodipine:
It is a short-acting DHP which penetrates blood-brain barrier very efficiently due to high lipid solubility and has high affinity for the cerebral blood vessels.
It is believed to selectively relax cerebral vasculature and is approved for prevention and treatment of neurological deficit due to cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid haemorrhage or ruptured congenital intracranial aneurysms.
Side effects are headache, flushing, dizziness, palpitation and nausea.
Reference: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology Eighth Edition KD TRIPATHI page no 596 | Pharmacology | null |
8f8f4df6-a6a5-48fa-b397-172dc17eb885 | Structure held by forceps is seen in | Stomach | Appendix | Colon | Duodenum | 2c
| single | Appendix Epiploica is one of the numerous pouches of the peritoneum filled with fat and attached to the colon. | Anatomy | Abdomen and pelvis |
872d1ff7-0ca9-4006-a8bb-09cab483cb12 | HPV causes which change in cervical epithelium | Induction of apoptosis | Induction of necrosis | Immortalization of epithelial cells | By stimulating telomerase | 2c
| single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Immortalization of epithelial cells o HPV selectively infects the epithelium of skin and mucous membrane and may immortalize the keratinocytes leading either asymptomatic infection, or warts or neoplasia.o Products of E-genes (E6, E7) are related to immortalization or malignant transformation of keratinocytes by interfering with p53 and Rb genes, respectively. | Microbiology | Virology |
7db6069f-2d73-43fa-80a8-04d4c87b6c46 | Most common site for lymphoma in AIDS patients is | CNS lesions | Spleen | Thymus | Abdomen | 0a
| single | Ref Robbins 9/e p254, 8/e p529,7/e p549 Pathogenesis of CNS Involvement The pathogenesis of the neurologic manifestations in AIDS deserves special mention because, in addition to the lymphoid system, the nervous system is a major target of HIV infection. Macrophages and cells belonging to the monocyte-macrophage lineage (microglial cells) are the predominant cell types in the brain that are infected with HIV. The virus is most likely carried into the brain by infected monocytes (thus, brain HIV isolates are almost exclusively of the R5 type). The mechanism of HIV-induced damage of the brain, however, remains obscure. Because neurons are not infected by HIV, and the extent of neuro- pathologic changes is often less than might be expected from the severity of neurologic symptoms, most expes believe that the neurologic deficit is caused indirectly by viral products and soluble factors (e.g., cytokines such as TNF) produced by macrophages and microglial cells. In addition, injury from nitric oxide induced in neuronal cells by gp41 and direct damage of neurons by soluble HIV gp120 have been postulated. | Anatomy | General anatomy |
78ae5cac-5311-4ff6-9db9-a413dfd14ad7 | All of the following statements about the control of micturition are true Except | An individual with a spinal cord injury at L1 can still have a micturition reflex | The micturition reflex can occur without voiding any urine | Bladder volume can be more than double that present when the first urge to void occurs | An individual with destruction of the sacral dorsal roots can still have a micturition reflex | 3d
| multi | Micturition is initiated by activation of afferent sensory fibers located in the wall of the bladder; these fibers sense the degree of stretch of the bladder wall. In addition, these sensory fibers travel back to the spinal cord sacral dorsal roots. The sensory information that reaches the spinal cord also travels to the micturition center in the rostral pons. When sensory activity to the micturition center is sufficient, a command is sent to the sacral spinal cord, leading to activation of parasympathetic fibers. The parasympathetic fibers travel to the bladder the pelvic nerve. Activation of these fibers leads to bladder contraction. Destruction of the sacral dorsal roots (as occurs with tabes dorsalis) abolishes the reflex because sensory afferent fibers no longer send signals back to the spinal cord. A spinal cord injury at L1 is well above the sacral region where the micturition reflex originates. However, the central nervous system (CNS) plays an impoant role in facilitating or inhibiting the micturition reflex, and this function is lost with spinal cord injury. Although some patients with spinal cord injury can still elicit a micturition response (e.g., stroking of the skin in the genital region), the bladder in these patients has increased muscle tone and fails to empty completely. As the bladder becomes more and more distended, an involuntary micturition reflex can occur. However, the CNS can keep urine from being voided under these circumstances by maintaining a constant tonic contraction of the external sphincter. This contraction is accomplished through continued activation of somatic nerves that travel in the pudendal nerve from the sacral spinal cord to the external sphincter. The point at which an urge to void first occurs corresponds to a bladder volume of approximately 150 ml. However, bladder volume can increase more than twofold before involuntary micturition occurs. At 400 ml a marked sense of fullness is present. Parasympathetic fibers originating in the sacral spinal cord innervate the body of the bladder, and it is activation of these fibers that leads to bladder contraction. | Physiology | Renal physiology |
e560f742-1acf-440c-950e-77adcd8b2654 | DOC FOR INVASIVE ASPERGILLOSIS? | VORICONAZOLE | POSACONAZOLE | AMPHOTERICIN B | CASPOFUNGIN | 0a
| single | REF : KD TRIPATHI 8TH ED | Pharmacology | All India exam |
9102f825-4f57-4133-b938-af6356661b14 | Capitonnage is used in treatment of | Choledochal cyst | Dermoid cyst | Hydatid cyst | Renal cyst | 2c
| single | Methods of management of the residual cavity after cyst evacuation External tube drainage Capsulorrhaphy Capitonnage Myoplasty Omentoplasty Internal collapse Introflexion Marsupialization Introflexion plus omentoplasty Cysto jejunostomy or cysto gastrostomy Ref: Blumga 5th edition Pg no : 1045 | Anatomy | G.I.T |
9ddaa8fd-c69b-4645-a248-0f15d5186783 | Intermittent dysphagia is caused by -a) Strictureb) Reflux esophagitisc) Achalasia cardiad) Pharyngeal diverticululame) Diffuse esophageal spasm | ab | bc | de | bd | 2c
| single | null | ENT | null |
718b8b95-28d4-44ad-99a5-ace313126488 | In a newborn child, we generally see | Maxillary protrusion | Maxillary retrusion | Mandibular protrusion | Mandibular retrusion | 3d
| multi | Pre-dentate period
At birth, the newborn has a small face, large head and small chin.
Textbook of orthodontics OP Kharbanda page 458 | Dental | null |
a711a71f-99c3-4b15-a1a9-922c7ae89d72 | The most important clinical fmding in a case of head injury is - | Pupillary dilatation | Level of consciousness | Focal neurological deficit | Fracture skull | 1b
| single | Conscious level determined on Glasgow coma scale. | Surgery | null |
9df4bafc-fa22-4c38-848a-91e0de5cacc8 | Electrical synapse is closely associated with | Neuromuscular junction | Tight junction | Gap junction | None of the above | 2c
| multi | Cell junction forms tunnels that join the cytoplasm of two cells. They help in the transmission of electrical activity from one cell to another. (REF: TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GEETHA N 2 EDITION, PAGE NO - 18) | Physiology | General physiology |
07062e79-833d-4875-bed4-2b6537b1cb88 | Cells of the Organ of Coi which are vulnerable to noise induced damage are ? | Inner hair cells | Outer hair cells | Deiter's cells | Cells of Hensen | 1b
| single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Outer hair cells | ENT | null |
929a2703-eac8-4d10-9758-c31f144990aa | Rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site of synthesis for | Protein | Cholesterol | Carbohydrate | Fat | 0a
| single | Rough endoplasmic reticulum is concerned with Protein synthesis*
Initial folding of the polypeptide chains with the formation of disulfide bonds Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is concerned with Steroid synthesis
* Detoxication processes As sarcoplasmic reticulum plays important role in skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction * | Biochemistry | null |
24e2d5c8-0143-40f3-ba15-6c3c3345bcb9 | All agents can be given for induction of anaesthesia in children except ? | Halothane | Sevoflurane | Morphine | N2O | 2c
| multi | Morphine is not an inducing agent.
Sevoflurane is the agent of choice and is used in N2O + O2 gas mixture. Halothane is the second choice inducing agent. | Anaesthesia | null |
d52a4615-789a-40ee-aadb-b8d3aabdab56 | The cofactor involved in sulphur containing amino acid metabolism is which of the following? | Folic acid | Biotin | Vitamin B1 | Vitamin B12 | 3d
| single | While both folic acid and vitamin B12 are involved in sulphur containing amino acid metabolism, vitamin B12 acts as cofactor and folate acts as substrate. | Biochemistry | null |
c0f037b5-b946-4880-b234-3af3306b8d74 | An ultrashort acting β–blocker devoid of partial agonistic or membrane stabilizing action is: | Esmolol | Timolol | Atenolol | Pindolol | 0a
| single | null | Pharmacology | null |
64701145-3f7d-48d5-99a9-c3bbd422b389 | Pudendal nerve is related to: | Ischial spine | Sacral promontory | Iliac crest | Ischial tuberosity | 0a
| single | Branches of the sacral plexus, the pudendal nerve, and nerve to the obturator internus leave the pelvis through the lower pa of the greater sciatic foramen, below the piriformis.They cross the ischial spine with the internal pudendal aery and immediately re-enter the pelvis through the lesser sciatic foramen; they then lie in the ischiorectal fossa.The pudendal nerve supplies structures in the perineum.The nerve to the obturator internus supplies the obturator internus muscle on its pelvic surface. | Anatomy | null |
dd45e000-bc67-4ac9-b6f4-537595a09185 | Carcinoma which arises in the thyroglosal cyst is - | Papillary carcinoma | Follicular | Anaplastic | Medullary | 0a
| single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Papillary carcinoma o Thyroid carcinomas arising after radiation or in thyrogiossal cyst are papillary type. Various genes involved in thyroid carcinomas areo Papillary-o Tyrosine kinase receptors RET or NTRK1o RAS mutationo BRAF oncogeneo Follicular-o RAS oncogene (NRAS, HRAS and KRAS)o PAX 8- PPARrl thanslocationo Medullary-o RETprotooncognePapillary thyroid carcinomao It is the most common type of thyroid cancer.o Radiation induced thyroid carcinoma and carcinoma in thyrogiossal cysts are of papillary type.o Carcinoma cells have nuclei which contain finely dispersed chromatin, which imparts optically clear or empty appearance, giving rise to the ground glass or Orphan Annie eye nuclei.o Invagination of cytoplasm may give rise to the appearance of intranuclear inclusins (Pseudoinclusions) or intranuclear grooves - the diagnosis of papillary carcinoma is based on these nuclear features.o Psammoma bodies are presento Lymphatic metastasis may be seen but involvement of blood vessels is rare. | Pathology | Thyroid and Parathyroid |
3424710d-4072-4bb9-bd53-0267f5f81f68 | True about Acrodermatitis enteropathica is? | Lifelong treatment required | Autosomal dominant disorder | Wound healing is not affected | Zinc absorption is normal | 0a
| multi | ANSWER: (A) Lifelong treatment requiredREF: Rook's 8rh ed p. 59.73Acrodermatitis enteropathica:Rare autosomal recessive diseaseZinc absorption is lowDisease starts at weaning when child is not given milkPhotophobia is seen, vescicobullous lesions may be seenGrowth is retarded and wound healing is poorZinc sulfate is used for treatment , prolonged therapy up to adult age is necessary, continuous supplementation of zinc is necessaryA single dose of zinc cures all clinical manifestations | Skin | General |
618688f1-357b-4b8c-880e-73019ecad125 | Most common metabolite of progesterone excreted in urine is _________ | Pregnanelone | Pregnanetriol | 17-hydroxy pregnanolone | Pregnanediol | 3d
| single | Pregnanediol is an inactive metabolic product of progesterone. A test can be done to measure the amount of pregnanediol in urine, which offers an indirect way to measure progesterone levels in the body. The principal pathway of the metabolism of progesterone is believed to be progesterone - pregnanedione - pregnanolone - pregnanediol, although small amounts of the corresponding allopregnane compounds are formed. | Biochemistry | null |
f196ff59-2196-4fd8-bc54-b48aa0acd09b | A 50 years old man was recently diagnosed to be having coronary artery disease. There was no added risk factors except for a LDL value of 150-165mgs/dl. The single drug most appropriate for initial therapy is | Gemfibrozil | Nicotinic acid | Bile acid binding resins | Statins (Any) | 3d
| multi | Answer: d) Statins (any)DYSLIPIDEM1AType of disorderLipo Proteins increasedLipids elevatedRisk of CADtreatmentTri GlyceridesCholesterolICM+++NormalNoNoneIIaLDLNormal+++++StatinsIIbVLDL and LDL+++++++Statins, fibrates, nicotinic acidIIIIDLand CM++++++FibratesIVVLDL++Normal++Fibrates, nicotinic acidVVLDL and CM++NormalNoNone* TG is elevated in all except type lla; Cholesterol is elevated only in type II (lla, lib) and type III.* Type II is treated with statins and III and IV with fibrates.* I and V do not increase the risk of atherosclerosis and require no treatment. DesirableBorderline to highHighTotal cholesterol<200200-239>240LDL cholesterol<130130-159>160HDL cholesterol >60Men>40 Women>50 Triglycerides<150150-199>200CAUSES OF:HypercholesterolemiaHypertriglyceridemia* Hypothyroidism* Early nephrosis* Resolving lipemia* Immunoglobulin- lipoprotein complex disorders* Anorexia nervosa* Cholestasis* Hypopituitarism* Corticosteroid excess* Diabetes mellitus* Alcohol ingestion* Severe nephrosis* Immunoglobulin- lipoprotein complex disorders* Lipodystrophy* Isotretinoin* Protease inhibitors* Estrogens* Uremia* Corticosteroid excess* Myxedema* Glycogen storage disease* Hypopituitarism* AcromegalyANTI - PYSLIPIDEMIC DRUGS* HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (Statins): Lovastatin, Simvastatin, Pravastatin, Atorvastatin, Rosuvastatin, Pitavastatin* Bile acid sequestrants(Resins): Cholestyramine, Colestipol* Lipoprotein lipase activators (PPARa activators, Fibrates): Clofibrate, Gemfibrozil, Bezafibrate, Fenofibrate.* Lipolysis and triglyceride synthesis inhibitor: Nicotinic acid* Sterol absorption inhibitor: Ezetimibe.* First line drugs - statins, bile acid binding resins and intestinal cholesterol absorption inhibitors.* Second line drug include fibrates and niacin.STATINS: (HMG CoA reductase inhibitor)* Most powerful LDL lowering agents, also lower TG, IDL and VLDL and increases HDL slightly.* No effect on lipoprotein (a).* Have pleotropic effects (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties).* In response to the reduced free cholesterol content within hepatocytes, synthesis of LDL receptors is increased and their degradation is reduced.* The greater number of LDL receptors on the surface of hepatocytes increases removal of LDL from the blood* Most potent statin is rosuvastatin > atorvastatin >fluvastatin and lovastatin(least potent)* Activity of HMG CoA reductase is maximum at night, so these drugs are administered at night.* Rosuvastatin (ti/2 =14 hours) -long acting drug,* Pravastatin: decreases plasma fibrinogen levels.* Lovastatin and simvastatin are administered as prodrugs.* All drugs except Pravastatin are metabolized extensively by hepatic microsomal enzymes.* Statins have pleiotropic effects (effects unrelated, or indirectly related, to their effect on plasma LDL)o Improved endothelial functiono Reduced vascular inflammationo Reduced platelet aggregabilityo Increased neovascularisation of ischaemic tissueo Increased circulating endothelial progenitor cellso Stabilisation of atherosclerotic plaqueo Antithrombotic actionso Enhanced fibrinolysiso Inhibition of germ cell migration during developmento Immune suppressiono Protection against sepsis.* Major adverse effect - myopathy (high when combined with fibrates or niacin) & hepatotoxicity* These drugs are the first line drugs for type lla, type lib and secondary hyperlipoproteinemia.BILE ACID BINDING RESINS* Bind to bile acids in the intestinal lumen - decrease its reabsorption - depletion of cholesterol pool of liver* Bile acids inhibit TG production in the liver and their deficiency results in elevation of TGs.* Bile acid binding resins are used only for type lla disorder (TGs are normal in this condition). Drugs in this group include cholestyramine, colestipol and colesevelam (better compliance).FIBRATES* Inhibits lipoprotein lipase by activating a nuclear receptor, PPARa (peroxisome proliferators activated receptor alpha).* Major effect of the fibrates is to reduce TG (contained in VLDL) and to increase HDL.* Clofibrate - malignancies, post cholecystectomy complications & did not prevent Ml (banned now).* Gemfibrozil, fenofibrate and bezafibrate are currently available.* Fenofibrate is a prodrug with longest half life. It has maximum LDL cholesterol lowering action.* Risk of myopathy is lower & also reduce plasma fibrinogen level.* DOC in hypertriglyceridemia (type III and IV) and can be used with other drugs in type Mb (fenofibrate, as it has maximum LDL reducing action).* DOC for treating type III hyperlipoproteinemia as well as subjects with severe hypertriglyceridemia (triglycerides >1000 mg/dL) who are at risk for pancreatitis.* Fenofibrate is uricosuric -can be used in hyperuricemia.* Fenofibrate: risk of elevation of creatinine.* Gl distress and elevation of aminotransferases are important adverse effects of fibric acid derivatives.* Risk of myopathy is increased if used with statins (except bezafibrate).NICOTINIC ACID (Niacin, (vitamin B3))* Decreases LDL, VLDL and triglycerides along with increase in HDL cholesterol.* Acts by inhibiting lipolysis in the adipose tissue.* Among all hypolipidemic drugs, niacin has maximum HDL increasing property.* Niacin is the only lipid-lowering drug that reduces Lp(a) levels significantly, by "40%;* It is useful for type lib, III and IV disorders.* Adverse effects: cutaneous flushing, pruritis, Gl toxicity and hyperuricemia. Niacin can also lead to hepatotoxicity which is manifested by fall in both LDL as well HDL cholesterol.INTESTINAL CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION INHIBITOR* Ezetimibe acts by inhibiting the absorption of cholesterol by the intestine by blocking uptake via the Neimann-Pick C-like 1 protein.* Can be used alone or combined with statins for type lla and lib hyperlipoproteinemia.MISCELLANEOUS DRUGS* Probucol inhibits oxidation of LDL and cause reduction in levels of both HDL and LDL cholesterol.* Gugulipid causes modest decrease in LDL & slight increase in HDL. Diarrhea is the adverse effect.* Saroglitazar: dual PPAR- and PPAR-agonist. Novel therapeutic agent for diabetic dyslipidemia. Decreases serum triglycerides, HbAlC & increases HDL cholesterol. Dosage: 4mg OD* a-tocopherol acetate (vitamin E) has no effect on lipid levels but is a powerful antioxidant.* Niacin is the best agent available for increasing HDL (increments of 30-40%); it also |, triglycerides by 35-45% (as effectively as fibrates & statins) and |, LDL levels by 20-30%* Changes in plasma lipoprotein levels, particularly increases in high-density lipoprotein (HDL), have been associated with the protective effects of ethanol.* Factors associated with elevation of plasma FFA followed by increased output of triacylglycerol and cholesterol into the circulation in VLDL include emotional stress and coffee drinking.* Red wine increases HDL, because of its content of antioxidants.* Regular exercise lowers plasma LDL but raises HDL.NEWER DRUGS* Avasimibe is an inhibitor of enzyme ACAT-1 (acetyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acetyl transferase -1) which forms cholesterol ester from cholesterol.* Torcetrapib, Anacetrapib: increases HDL by inhibiting cholesterol ester triglyceride transport protein.ALCOHOL* Regular alcohol consumption inhibits hepatic oxidation of free fatty acids, thus promoting hepatic TG synthesis and VLDL secretion.* Regular alcohol use also raises plasma levels of HDL-C and should be considered in patients with the unusual combination of elevated TGs and elevated HDL-C.DrugEffect on LDLEffect on TriglyceridesEffect on HDLStatins||||||||Fibrates||||||||Niacin|||||||||Bile acid Winding resins|||Minimal/ slight increase|Cholesterol Absorption In tilts It ors|Minimal EffectMinimal Effect | Pharmacology | Hypolipidemic |
8ffb2d72-7ba9-47a6-b523-17c56262f1b5 | Which of the folloss mg features is not shared between `T cells' and 'II cells' | Positive selection during development | Class I MHC Expression | Antigen Specific Receptors | All of the above | 0a
| multi | Ans. a. Positive selection during development | Microbiology | null |
93871c68-7564-4ba5-aa49-a23221c122c9 | A 10 year old boy has a fracture of femur. biochemical evaluation revealed Hb 11.5 gm/dl and ESR 18 mm 1st hour. Serum calcium 12.8 mg/dL, serum phosphorus 2.3 mg/dL, alkaline phosphate 28 KA units and blood urea 32 mg/dl. Which of the following is the most probable diagnosis in his case – | Nutritional ricicets | Renal rickets | Hyperparathyroidism | Skeletal dysplasia | 2c
| single | You can solve the question just looking at calcium value. Amongst the given options only hyperparathyroidism causes hypercalcemia.
The patient in question has an increased serum Ca', decreased serum phosphorus and increased values of alkaline phosphatase, all of which characterize hyperparathyroidism. | Pediatrics | null |
851c4026-8779-485c-b611-918d84f683d9 | Receptors on cell membrane that activate ion channel after binding with agonists are | Nicotonic Cholinergic | Muscarinic Cholinergic | Optoid n receptors | All | 0a
| multi | A i.e. Nicotinic cholinergic receptorReceptors with intrinsic ion channelThese cell surface receptors enclose ion selective channels (Na+, Ca2+, CO within their molecule. Agonist binding opens the channels & causes depolarization / hyperpolarization depending on the ion that flows through.This includes: - Nicotinic cholinergic receptorQ Glutamate receptor Glycine receptor GABAA receptorQ - 5HT3 receptorReceptorActs'ThroughMuscarinic receptor, opioid andG- protein coupledGABABreceptorMl, M3 (muscarinic)IP3-DAGM2 muscarinic, Opioid 11,6CAMP TIC+, Ca+2,1.GABAB | Physiology | null |
94185233-9fed-4356-a4ba-eaaa311b9788 | Causative agent for the following lesion on Penis: | Treponema pallidum | HPV | EBV | HHV6 | 1b
| multi | Ans. (b) HPV.The image shows dry, raised verrucous lesions caused by human papilloma called as Condylomata acuminat.Image source- style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif"> | Microbiology | Virology |
e9ef5b95-a4ca-4924-8d5a-4c39d550fd2b | Muscle relaxant excreted exclusively by kidney is: | Scoline | Atracurium | Vecuronium | Gallamine | 3d
| multi | Ans. is 'd' i.e. Gallamine 'Urinary Excretion of Gallamine is>95%. Its biliary excretion is <1 %."-Lee, 12/eGallamineIt is nephrotoxic so C/I in Renal Failure *.It crosses placenta so C/I in Pregnancy *.Some important facts about Muscle Relaxants which are frequently asked:M.R. undergone Hoffman's elimination - Atracurium*M.R. of choice in Ranal failure & Hepatic failure - Atracurium*M.R. causing maximum Histamine release - d-TC*M.R. causing minimum Histamine release - Vecuronium*M.R. C/I in Hepatic failure - d-TC*Pancuronium*Scoline*M.R. used in Bronchial Asthma - Atracurium* &Vecuronium* | Anaesthesia | Miscellaneous Muscle Relaxant |
1d7428c6-d01e-48b8-8752-b52174ec13b3 | Inventor of orthopantomographic machine is: | Hounsfield | Roentgen | Kell | Numata | 3d
| single | Paatero and, independently, Numata were the first to describe the principles of panoramic radiography. Figure given shows a schematic view of the relationships between the X-ray source, the patient, the secondary collimator and the image receptor during panoramic image formation. | Radiology | null |
09e46772-f860-49c0-8ce3-b6a0cd07fab7 | Soiling index is measure for - | Air pollution | Water pollution | Faecal contamination | Milk contamination | 0a
| single | Arts, is 'a' i.e., Air pollution Monitoring of air pollutiono Monitoring of air pollution is done by : -Sulphur dioxide.Gritt and dust measurement.Co-efficient of haze.Air pollution index.Smoke or soiling index | Social & Preventive Medicine | Environment and Health |
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