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23574865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajja%20Khurd | Jajja Khurd | Jajja Khurd is a village (Pind) 2 km from the market town of Apra and within close proximity of Phagwara, Phillaur, Goraya and Banga. Kalan is Persian language word which means Big and Khurd is Persian word which means small when two villages have same name then it is distinguished with Kalan means Big and Khurd means Small used with Village Name.
It is within the Doaba region of Punjab in India in the Jalandhar district, close to the boundary of Nawanshahr district. There is a majority of Garcha/Sandhu Jats residing in the village.
A large Gurudwara (Sikh Temple) is present as you enter Jajja from Apra.
The closest train station is situated 8 km away in the town of Goraya.
People of Jajja Khurd
The people of Jajja Khurd are considered by many as traditional Punjabis, they are known to be very conservative in their values and although a large percentage of the population has emigrated to Europe and North America; they tend not adopt western culture fully i.e. continue the tradition of arranged marriage, females tend not consume alcohol as per traditional Punjabi values.
References
Villages in Jalandhar district
Villages in Phillaur tehsil |
23574875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvoare | Izvoare | Izvoare may refer to the following places:
Moldova
Izvoare, Fălești, a commune
Izvoare, Florești, a commune
, a village in Pohrebeni Commune
Izvoare, Sîngerei, a commune
Romania
Izvoare, a village in Bahna commune, Neamț County
Izvoare, Dolj, a commune
Izvoare, a village in Dumbrava Roșie commune, Neamț County
Izvoare, a village in Suharău commune, Botoșani County
Izvoare, a village in Zetea commune, Harghita County
Izvoare, a tributary of the Neamț in Neamț County
Izvoare, another name for the river Pârâul Băutor, Harghita County |
6900411 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20Civella | Nicholas Civella | Nicholas Civella (born Giuseppe Nicoli Civella; March 19, 1912 – March 12, 1983) was an American mobster who became a prominent leader of the Kansas City crime family.
Early life
Civella was born to Italian immigrants in Kansas City. He was the younger brother of mobster Carl "Cork" Civella and the uncle of mobster Anthony Civella. Nicholas Civella began his criminal career as a teenager in the Italian "Northeast" neighborhood of Kansas City. Civella's first arrest was at age 10, after which he dropped out of school. Before he reached age 20, Civella had been arrested for auto theft, illegal gambling, robbery, and vagrancy.
In 1932, Civella spent two months in prison for bootlegging. In 1934 Civella married Katherine, his wife for almost fifty years. He had no children of his own. In the early 1940s, Civella became a Democratic Party precinct worker on the North Side of Kansas City and became friends with Kansas City crime boss, Charles Binaggio.
Rise to power
By the 1950s, Civella dominated criminal activity in Kansas City. In 1950, he was identified as a figure in the organized crime society during the U.S. Senate Kefauver hearings. Although Kansas City remained a satellite of the larger Chicago Outfit criminal organization, Civella attended the ill-fated 1957 Apalachin Meeting of mob bosses in Apalachin, New York. Civella's involvement with organized crime led to the Nevada Gaming Commission listing Civella as one of the first entries in the Black Book, prohibiting him from entering casinos in Nevada. Later, due to his acquaintance with Teamsters president Roy Lee Williams, Civella played an important role in controlling the Central States Pension Fund of the Teamsters Union and in the skimming of casino gambling profits in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Arrests and convictions
In 1959, Civella was sent a summons before a grand jury and subsequently convicted of tax evasion. In the two Missouri state tax evasion cases, he was convicted and fined $150 in one case, while the other case was dismissed. During this period, Civella built relations with the Cosa Nostra families in St. Louis, Denver, Milwaukee, and California.
In 1966, Civella was called to appear before a Clay County, Missouri grand jury. Afterwards, the news media asked him why it took him 15 minutes to address the group. Civella replied that he "stopped in the men’s room," where he "was drawing dirty pictures on the wall." Law enforcement agencies did not appreciate Civella’s humor or his ability to elude conviction. This would result in their constant surveillance of him for the rest of his life.
In 1977, Civella was convicted of illegal gambling charges and sent to prison. The key to the conviction was a telephone conversation recorded via wiretap during Super Bowl IV. Whereas the hometown Kansas City Chiefs were 12-point underdogs to the heavily favored Minnesota Vikings, local action favored the hometown team. When Civella phoned his bookie to determine just how much they had lost (almost $40,000), authorities used this recorded call to move on Civella and place him under arrest.
In 1980, Civella was convicted of attempting to bribe a prison official to transfer his nephew Anthony to a minimum-security prison in Texas.
Death
In February 1983, Nicholas Civella received a medical release due to poor health from the Federal Medical Center, a prison medical facility, at Springfield, Missouri. Two weeks later, on March 12, 1983, Civella died of lung cancer in Kansas City. Upon his death, his brother Carl "Cork" Civella became head of the Kansas City family.
2011 revelations
In 2011, a 900-page report by the Kansas City Police Department on the assassination of civil rights leader and politician Leon Jordan concluded that Civella had given the order to kill Jordan.
Further reading
Pileggi, Nicholas, and Shandling, Larry, Casino: Love and Honor in Las Vegas Simon & Schuster (October 12, 1995)
Neff, James. Mobbed Up: Jackie Presser's High-Wire Life in the Teamsters, the Mafia, and the FBI. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1989 .
References
Kelly, Robert J. Encyclopedia of Organized Crime in the United States. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2000.
External links
NewYorkTimes.com - Reputed Mob Leader Paroled
The Mob in Decline - A Special Report: A Battered and Ailing Mafia Is Losing Its Grip on America by Selwyn Raab
Americanmafia.com - Nick Civella: Kansas City Chief by Allen May, Crime Historian (January 31, 2000)
1912 births
1983 deaths
People from Kansas City, Missouri
American gangsters of Italian descent
Kansas City crime family
American crime bosses
American people convicted of tax crimes
American people who died in prison custody
Prisoners who died in United States federal government detention
Deaths from lung cancer in Missouri |
17329299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%20Kansas%20State%20Wildcats%20football%20team | 1992 Kansas State Wildcats football team | The 1992 Kansas State Wildcats football team represented Kansas State University in the 1992 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team's head football coach was Bill Snyder. The Wildcats played their home games in KSU Stadium. The 1992 season saw the Wildcats finish with a record of 5–6, and a 2–5 record in Big Eight Conference play. The season ended with a loss against Nebraska in the 1992 Coca-Cola Classic. This was not considered a post-season game.
The team played a Thursday night game on ESPN on November 5, 1992, against Iowa State. The Wildcats had their first undefeated home season (5–0) since 1934.
Schedule
Roster
References
Kansas State
Kansas State Wildcats football seasons
Kansas State Wildcats footbal |
6900414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20rowing%20blades | List of rowing blades | This is a list of blades of national teams, rowing clubs, schools and universities. The designs are not trademarked while the sport remains near globally not-for-profit although in some jurisdictions a club may assert design rights and similar to prevent imitation. It is also possible where identical or near identical blades are watched in winter head races or in summer side-by-side (multi-lane regatta) races for there to be instances of mistaken identity among supporters all of which considerations are commonly borne in mind instead of choosing unpainted blades among established clubs.
National teams
National teams often draw their colours from the related national flags.
Clubs
Club colours may be entirely original or very often based on local governmental or manorial coats of arms.
School and university
As with other academic sports teams the blades used tend to draw as their inspiration heraldry of their academic institutions. On rare occasions a colour difference between male and female blades is found in academic settings, as in the case of Worcester College, Oxford.
See also
Oar (sport rowing)
Gallery of sovereign state flags
List of coats of arms
List of universities
References
External links
Oar Spotter
Blades |
23574882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul%20Express%20Bus%20Terminal | Seoul Express Bus Terminal | The Seoul Express Bus Terminal is the key bus terminal located in Seocho-gu, Seoul.
It is connected underground to both the gangnam branch of the Shinsaegae department store and the banpo underground market, as well as containing its own share of stores.
as of September 2021, the third floor is abandoned spare a single sewing shop.
Routes
Express Bus
Transportation
Subway
Express Bus Terminal Station (, and )
City Bus
Local Bus: Seocho 01, Seocho 10, Seocho 13, Seocho 14, Seocho 21
Branch Bus: 3012, 3414, 4212, 4318, 5413, 6411, 8541
Trunk Bus: 142, 143, 148, 351, 360, 362, 401, 406, 462, 540, 640, 642, 643, 740
Rapid Bus: 9408
Airport Bus: 6000, 6020
Incheon Rapid Bus: 9500, 9501, 9502, 9510, 9800, 9802
See also
Central City
External links
https://moovitapp.com/index/en/public_transit-line-148-%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EC%8B%9CSeoul-1802-853691-247332-0
Bus stations in South Korea
Transport in Seoul |
17329339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallcarca%20metro%20station | Vallcarca metro station | Vallcarca is a Barcelona Metro station in the Vallcarca i els Penitents neighbourhood, in the Gràcia district of Barcelona.The station is served by line L3.
The station opened in 1985 when the section of line L3 between Lesseps and Montbau stations was inaugurated.
The station is located underneath Avinguda de Vallcarca (formerly known as the Avinguda de l'Hospital Militar), between Carrer de l'Argentera and the Vallcarca bridge. It has three entrances and can be accessed from either side of Avinguda de Vallcarca, as well as from Avinguda de la República Argentina. It has twin side platforms that are long and which are accessed from the entrance lobby by stairs and escalators.
See also
List of Barcelona Metro stations
References
External links
Trenscat.com
Transportebcn.es
Barcelona Metro line 3 stations
Railway stations in Spain opened in 1985
Transport in Gràcia |
20467703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello%20Giordani | Marcello Giordani | Marcello Giordani (born Marcello Guagliardo; 25 January 1963 – 5 October 2019) was an Italian operatic tenor who sang leading roles of the Italian and French repertoire in opera houses throughout Europe and the United States. He had a distinguished association with the New York Metropolitan Opera, where he sang in over 240 performances from the time of his debut there in 1993. He founded the Marcello Giordani Foundation to help young opera singers.
Biography
Giordani was born on 25 January 1963 in the small town of Augusta, Sicily. His father, a former prison guard, was the owner of a major gasoline station in the town, and his mother was a housewife. He showed a talent for singing at an early age and took private lessons in Augusta as well as singing in a church choir. When he was nineteen, he quit his job in a bank. He studied voice first in Catania and from 1983 in Milan with Nino Carta. Giordani made his professional operatic debut in 1986 as the Duke in Rigoletto at the Festival dei Due Mondi in Spoleto. His debut at La Scala came two years later when he sang Rodolfo in La bohème. He went on to sing throughout Italy and Europe, and in 1988, he made his American debut singing Nadir in Les pêcheurs de perles with Portland Opera, a company with which he frequently appeared early in his career. Engagements with several other American opera companies followed, including San Francisco Opera, Seattle Opera, Los Angeles Opera and the Opera Company of Philadelphia. He performed at the Vienna State Opera first in 1992 as Sänger in Der Rosenkavalier by Richard Strauss, and appeared there in 14 roles in 72 performances. Giordani made his Metropolitan Opera debut in 1993 as Nemorino in a Parks performance of L'elisir d'amore opposite Maria Spacagna as Adina. His first performance on the actual stage at the Metropolitan Opera House was on 11 December 1995 as Rodolfo to Hei-Kyung Hong's Mimì with Carlo Rizzi conducting.
In 1994, vocal problems that begun to surface in the previous years became more acute. He began to retrain his voice with Bill Schuman in New York but did not cancel his engagements. In 1995 he sang Alfredo in La traviata at Covent Garden under Sir Georg Solti, whose guidance he credited as a great help in the rebuilding of his career. In 1997, Giordani again sang at Covent Garden under Solti (as Gabriele Adorno in Simon Boccanegra), in what turned out to be the final opera performances that Solti would ever conduct. His career at the Met, which had initially been sporadic, began to flourish. He sang over 240 performances with the company, in 27 roles, including the leading tenor roles in the Met's premieres of Benvenuto Cellini and Il pirata. He also sang in the Met's season opening performances in both 2006 (Pinkerton in Madama Butterfly) and 2007 (Edgardo in Lucia di Lammermoor), and on 18 September 2008, he was the tenor soloist in the Met's performance of Verdi's Requiem in memory of Luciano Pavarotti. A reviewer for The New York Times wrote that he sang Pinkerton "with full-bodied Italianate passion; warm, rich tone; and clarion top notes".
Amongst the other opera houses and festivals where Giordani performed during his career were the Opernhaus Zürich, Vienna State Opera, Opéra National de Paris, Gran Teatre del Liceu in Barcelona, Deutsche Oper Berlin, Houston Grand Opera, Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, Teatro dell'Opera di Roma, Teatro Regio di Parma, Teatro Regio di Torino, Teatro Massimo Bellini di Catania, Arena di Verona, the Verbier Festival, and the Festival Puccini in Torre del Lago. In August 2008, Giordani appeared in concert with Salvatore Licitra and Ramón Vargas in Beijing's Great Hall of the People during the first week of the 2008 Olympic Games. 2008 also saw his appointment as Artistic Director for Musical Events at Città della Notte, a new arts center near Augusta. In December 2008 he gave his first master classes there.
In 2010, Giordani created the Marcello Giordani Foundation to help young opera singers at the beginning of their careers. The first annual Marcello Giordani Vocal Competition was held in Sicily in 2011.
Giordani met his wife, Wilma, when he was singing in Lucerne in 1988. They married two years later. The couple and their two sons lived in New York and Sicily. Giordani died of a heart attack at his home in Augusta on 5 October 2019 at the age of 56.
Operatic repertoire
Vincenzo Bellini
Il pirata (Gualtiero)
I puritani (Arturo)
La straniera (Arturo)
Hector Berlioz
Benvenuto Cellini (Cellini)
La damnation de Faust (Faust)
Les Troyens (Énée)
Requiem
Georges Bizet
Carmen (Don Jose)
Les pêcheurs de perles (Nadir)
Francesco Cilea
Adriana Lecouvreur (Maurizio)
Gaetano Donizetti
La favorite (Fernand)
La fille du régiment (Tonio)
Lucia di Lammermoor (Edgardo)
Lucrezia Borgia (Gennaro)
L'elisir d'amore (Nemorino)
Umberto Giordano
Andrea Chénier (Chenier)
Charles Gounod
Faust (Faust)
Roméo et Juliette (Romeo)
Jules Massenet
Manon (Des Grieux)
Werther (Werther)
Giacomo Meyerbeer
Les Huguenots (Raoul)
Jacques Offenbach
Les contes d'Hoffmann (Hoffmann)
Amilcare Ponchielli
La Gioconda (Enzo)
Giacomo Puccini
Edgar (Edgar)
La bohème (Rodolfo)
La fanciulla del West (Dick Johnson)
Madama Butterfly (Pinkerton)
Manon Lescaut (Des Grieux)
Tosca (Mario Cavaradossi)
Turandot (Calaf)
Gioachino Rossini
Guillaume Tell (Arnold)
Richard Strauss
Der Rosenkavalier (Italian singer)
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Eugene Onegin (Lensky)
Giuseppe Verdi
Attila (Foresto)
Don Carlo (Don Carlo)
I vespri siciliani (Arrigo)
Il trovatore (Manrico)
La forza del destino (Alvaro)
La traviata (Alfredo)
Les vêpres siciliennes (Henri)
Luisa Miller (Rodolfo)
Requiem Rigoletto (The Duke)
Simon Boccanegra (Gabriele Adorno)
Un ballo in maschera (Riccardo)
Ernani (Ernani)
Riccardo Zandonai
Francesca da Rimini (Paolo Malatesta)
Discography
Giordano made DVD recordings of complete operas, and recorded tenor recitals on CD, including:
La bohème (Cristina Gallardo-Domâs, Elena Mosuc, Marcello Giordani, Michael Volle, Cheyne Davidson, László Polgár; Opernhaus Zürich Orchestra and Chorus; Franz Welser-Möst, conductor). Label: EMI Classics (DVD)
La Gioconda (Lucia Mazzaria, Marcello Giordani, Alberto Mastromarino, Julia Gertseva, Lidia Tirendi, Michael Ryssov, Andrea Cortese, Valerio Saggi; Teatro Massimo Bellini di Catania Orchestra, Chorus, and Corps de Ballet; Donato Renzetti, conductor). Label: Kikko Classics (DVD)
Madama Butterfly (Fiorenza Cedolins, Francesca Franci, Marcello Giordani, Juan Pons, Carlo Bosi; Arena di Verona Orchestra and Chorus; Daniel Oren, conductor). Label: TDK (DVD)
Manon Lescaut (Karita Mattila, Marcello Giordani, Dwayne Croft, Dale Travis; Metropolitan Opera Orchestra and Chorus; James Levine, conductor). Label: EMI Classics (DVD)
Steven Mercurio: Many Voices (Andrea Bocelli, Marcello Giordani, Rolando Villazón, Sumi Jo, and Gino Quilico; Prague Philharmonic Orchestra; Steven Mercurio, conductor). Label: Sony/BMG (CD)
A Midsummer Night's Dream – Soundtrack (Marcello Giordani, Cecilia Bartoli, Renée Fleming, Roberto Alagna) Label: Decca (CD)
Sicilia Bella (Marcello Giordani, tenor; Teatro Massimo Bellini di Catania Orchestra; Steven Mercurio, conductor). Label: VAI (CD)
Tenor Arias (Marcello Giordani, tenor; Teatro Massimo Bellini di Catania Orchestra; Steven Mercurio, conductor). Label: Naxos (CD)
Verdi: Jérusalem (Marcello Giordani, Roberto Scandiuzzi, Marina Mescheriakova; Orchestre de la Suisse Romande; Fabio Luisi, conductor). Label: Universal/Philips (CD)
Viva Verdi A 100th Anniversary Celebration'' (Compilation – various artists). Label: Decca (CD)
References
External links
Marcello Giordani Foundation marcellogiordani-foundation.org
Official biography, Atelier Musicale Artist Management
Reviews, articles, photos and list of future performances for Marcello Giordani on TheOperaCritic.com
Video
Intervista al tenore Marcello Giordani Interview (in Italian) – Augusta, January 2008
"Nessun dorma" from Turandot Marcello Giordani & Friends concert – Augusta, January 3, 2008
"E vui durmiti ancora" Marcello Giordani & Friends concert – Augusta, January 3, 2008
"Cielo e mar" from La Gioconda – Teatro Massimo Bellini, Catania, 2006
"Amis, amis secondez ma vengeance" from Guillaume Tell – Opera Orchestra of New York, 2005
Finale from Guillaume Tell (Thomas Hampson, Marcello Giordani, Hasmik Papian, and Gaele Le Roi) – Opéra Bastille, 2003
"Sempre libera" from La traviata (June Anderson and Marcello Giordani) – Avery Fisher Hall, New York, 1997.
Final trio from Faust (June Anderson, Marcello Giordani, and Jeffrey Wells) – Lincoln Center, New York, 1996
Act I duet from La traviata (Carol Vaness and Marcello Giordani) – Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, 10 July 1995
Sextet: "Chi mi frena in tal momento" from Lucia di Lammermoor (Renée Fleming, Dolora Zajick, Luciano Pavarotti, Marcello Giordani, Paul Plishka, and Haijing Fu) – Lincoln Center, 1991
1963 births
2019 deaths
People from Augusta, Sicily
Italian operatic tenors
20th-century Italian male opera singers
21st-century Italian male opera singers |
20467712 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsari | Matsari | Matsari (मत्सरी) is a village of Durga Bhagwati rural municipality in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. It is one of the highly famous village of Maithil Brahmins (e.g. Jha, Mishra,Thakur) in Nepal.
The village takes its name from "matsa" which means fish. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census, there was a population of 3,157 people living in 564 individual households. The literacy of this village is higher than any of the others in the country. The village is situated at the bank of Bagmati river. It lies around 8 kilometers north of the district headquarters Gaur. Most of the people of the village are employed in the "Government Service" of Nepal. "Durga-puja" of "Dashara" is very famous here, many people from various villages show up to observe the festival.
Bhojpuri, Bajika, and Maithili are the languages spoken in the village.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
17329360 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paola%20Fantato | Paola Fantato | Paola Fantato (13 September 1959) is an Italian former archer, who won 8 medals (5 gold) at the Summer Paralympics.
She participated also in the 1996 Summer Olympics.
Biography
At age 8 she contracted poliomyelitis, and has been a wheelchair user ever since. She competed in archery at five consecutive Summer Paralympic Games from 1988 to 2004 and won a total of five gold medals, one silver, and two bronzes. She participated in both the 1996 Summer Olympics and Paralympics, taking a bronze medal in women's individual and a gold in women's team at the Paralympic Games. She won gold medals in both the individual and team events for archery at the 2000 Summer Paralympics, and took gold and silver at the 2004 Paralympics.
See also
List of athletes who have competed in the Paralympics and Olympics
Italian multiple medallists at the Summer Paralympics
Walk of Fame of Italian Sport
References
External links
1959 births
Living people
Italian female archers
Olympic archers of Italy
Paralympic archers of Italy
Paralympic gold medalists for Italy
Paralympic silver medalists for Italy
Paralympic bronze medalists for Italy
Paralympic medalists in archery
Archers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Archers at the 1988 Summer Paralympics
Archers at the 1992 Summer Paralympics
Archers at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
Archers at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Archers at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Paralympics |
20467720 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithuawa | Mithuawa | Mithuawa is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2536 people living in 470 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
23574888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride%20Through%20the%20Country | Ride Through the Country | Ride Through the Country is the debut album released by country rap artist Colt Ford. It was released on December 2, 2008, on the independent Average Joe's label. It features guest appearances by John Michael Montgomery on the title track (which was released as the album lead-off single) as well as an appearance from Jamey Johnson on "Cold Beer".
"Dirt Road Anthem" was later covered by co-writer Brantley Gilbert on his album Halfway to Heaven, and once again by Jason Aldean for his album My Kinda Party, both from 2010.
As of August 6, 2014, the album has sold over 1,000,000 copies in the United States without the benefit of a major radio single.
Critical reception
Matt Bjorke of Roughstock compared the album to a Cowboy Troy album. Bjorke stated "Cowboy Troy's fun music often felt like a novelty, Colt Ford's Ride Through The Country is an underground, indie rap album that recalls southern rapper Bubba Sparxxx."
Track listing
Revisited album
The album was re-released on five years later as Ride Through the Country (Revisited) on September 30, 2013, with new versions as well the original versions of the hit songs.
Personnel
Kelly Back- electric guitar
Bone Crusher- vocals on "Gangsta of Love"
Gary Burnette- electric guitar
Carmelita Diane Davis- background vocals
Tiffany Davis- background vocals
David Warner Ellis- dobro, fiddle
Colt Ford- lead vocals
Brantley Gilbert- acoustic guitar and vocals on "Dirt Road Anthem"
Kevin "Swine" Grantt- bass guitar
Lindsey Hager- vocals on "Never Thought"
Rob Hajacos- fiddle
Jamey Johnson- vocals on "Cold Beer" and "Saddle Up"
Wayne Killius- drums
Sunny Ledford- vocals on "Waffle House"
Catherine Styron Marx- keyboards, piano
John Michael Montgomery- electric guitar and vocals on "Ride Through the Country"
Anthony Randolph- piano
Scotty Sanders- steel guitar
Paul Scholton- drums
Cory Sellers- background vocals
Michael Spriggs- acoustic guitar
Jason Sylvain- background vocals
Adrian Young- drums
Chart performance
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Singles
References
2009 debut albums
Colt Ford albums
Average Joes Entertainment albums |
20467727 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Valcour | USS Valcour | USS Valcour (AVP-55), later AGF-1, was a Barnegat-class seaplane tender of the United States Navy, in commission as a seaplane tender from 1946 to 1965 and as a flagship from 1965 to 1973.
Construction and career
Valcour was laid down on 21 December 1942 at Houghton, Washington, by the Lake Washington Shipyard and launched on 5 June 1943, sponsored by Mrs. H. C. Davis, the wife of Captain H. C. Davis, the intelligence officer for the 13th Naval District. Valcour was taken to the Puget Sound Navy Yard at Bremerton, Washington, for completion, but the heavy load of repairs conducted by that shipyard on ships damaged in combat during World War II meant that her construction assumed a lower priority than the repair of combatant vessels. She finally was commissioned at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard (the former Puget Sound Navy Yard) on 5 July 1946 with Commander Barnet T. Talbott in command. She was the last of the 35 ships to commission.
Valcour conducted her shakedown off San Diego, California, between 9 August 1946 and 9 September 1946. Ordered to the United States Atlantic Fleet upon its completion, she transited the Panama Canal between 17 September 1946 and 21 September 1946 and reached the New York Naval Shipyard at Brooklyn, New York, on 26 September 1946 for post-shakedown shipyard availability. Valcour subsequently operated out of Norfolk, Virginia; Quonset Point, Rhode Island; Cristóbal, Panama Canal Zone; and Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, tending seaplanes of the Fleet Air Wings, Atlantic, through mid-1949.
Having received orders designating her as flagship for the Commander, Middle Eastern Force (ComMidEastFor), Valcour departed Norfolk on 29 August 1949, steamed across the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean, stopping at Gibraltar and at Golfe Juan, France, transited the Suez Canal, and arrived at Aden, a British protectorate, on 24 September 1949. Over the months that ensued, Valcour touched at ports on the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf, including Bahrain; Kuwait; Ras Mishab, Basra; Ras Tanura, Muscat; Bombay, India; Colombo, Ceylon; and Karachi, Pakistan. She returned to Norfolk on 6 March 1950, via Aden; Suez; Piraeus, Greece; Sfax, Tunisia; and Gibraltar. Late in the summer of 1950, after a period of leave, upkeep, and training, she returned to the Middle East for her second tour as ComMidEastFor flagship, which lasted from 5 September 1950 to 15 March 1951.
Collision with SS Thomas Tracy
On the morning of 14 May 1951, two months after she returned to Norfolk from her second Middle East tour, Valcour headed out to sea for independent ship exercises. While passing the collier off Cape Henry, Virginia, she suffered a steering casualty and power failure. As she veered sharply across the path of the oncoming collier, Valcour sounded warning signals. Thomas Tracy attempted to make an emergency turn to starboard but her bow soon plowed into Valcours starboard side, rupturing an aviation gasoline fuel tank. An intense fire soon broke out aboard Valcour and, fed by the high-test aviation gasoline, spread rapidly. To make matters worse, water began flooding into Valcours ruptured hull. Although fire and rescue parties on board Valcour went to work immediately, the gasoline-fed inferno forced many of Valcours crew to leap overboard into the swirling currents of Hampton Roads to escape the flames that soon enveloped Valcours starboard side. The situation at that point looked so severe that Valcours commanding officer, Captain Eugene Tatom, gave the order to abandon ship.
Thomas Tracy, meanwhile, fared better. Fires aboard Thomas Tracy were confined largely to the forward hold and her crew suffered no injuries. She managed to return to Newport News, Virginia, with her cargo, 10,000 tons of coal, intact. Valcour, on the other hand, became the object of exhaustive salvage operations. Rescue ships, including the submarine rescue ship and the United States Coast Guard tug sped to the scene of the tragedy. Fire and rescue parties, in some cases forced to use gas masks, succeeded in bringing the blaze under control but not before 11 men had died and 16 more had been injured. Another 25 were listed as "missing", and later were confirmed as dead.
Reconstruction
Towed back to Norfolk, which she reached at 02:00 hours on 15 May 1951, Valcour underwent an extensive overhaul over the ensuing months. During those repairs, improvements were made in shipboard habitability—air conditioning was installed—and the removal of her single 5-inch (127 mm) 38-caliber forward gun mount to compensate for the increased weight of her other alterations gave the ship a silhouette unique for Barnegat-class ships. The reconstruction task was finally completed on 4 December 1951.
Valcour rotated yearly between the United States and the Middle East from 1952 to 1965, conducting yearly deployments as one of the trio of Barnegat-class ships—along with and —that served alternately as flagship for ComMidEastFor. Through 1961, she followed a highly predictable schedule, departing Norfolk each January, relieving Duxbury Bay upon arrival on station, being relieved by Greenwich Bay at the end of her tour, and returning to Norfolk.
There were several highlights to Valcours lengthy Middle East deployments. In July 1953, during her fourth Middle East cruise, Valcour aided a damaged cargo ship in the Indian Ocean and then escorted her through a violent typhoon to Bombay, India. In May 1955, men from Valcour boarded the blazing and abandoned Italian tanker Argea Prima at the entrance to the Persian Gulf, even though Argea Prima at the time was laden with a cargo of of crude oil, and proceeded to control the fires. Once Valcours fire and rescue party had performed their salvage operation, Argea Primas crew reboarded the ship and she continued her voyage. Later, Valcour received a plaque from the owners of Argea Prima in appreciation of the assistance rendered to their ship.
Valcour performed her duties so efficiently that the Chief of Naval Operations congratulated ComMidEastFor for her outstanding contribution to good foreign relations and for her enhancement of the prestige of the United States. The ship was also adjudged the outstanding seaplane tender in the Atlantic Fleet in 1957 and was awarded the Battle Readiness and Excellence Plaque and the Navy "E" in recognition of the accomplishment. During Valcours 1960 Middle East cruise, she became the first American ship to visit the Seychelles Islands, an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, since 1912. In 1963, Valcour earned her second Navy "E".
In between her deployments to the Middle East, Valcour conducted local operations out of Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek at Virginia Beach, Virginia; Guantanamo Bay; and Kingston, Jamaica. Around 1960 Valcour received some conspicuous equipment upgrades, including a tripod mast with a newer air search radar and a tall communications antenna which, with its deckhouse, replaced the quadruple 40-millimeter antiaircraft gun mount on her fantail. In 1965, she qualified as a "blue nose" by crossing the Arctic Circle during operations in the Norwegian Sea.
Valcour completed her 15th Middle East cruise on 13 March 1965.
Service as "miscellaneous command flagship" (AGF-1) 1966–1971
Soon after returning from her 15th cruise, a realignment took place under which Duxbury Bay and Gardiners Bay were ordered decommissioned and Valcour was selected to continue on a permanent basis the ComMidEastFor flagship duty previously performed by all three ships on a rotational basis. She was reclassified as a "miscellaneous command flagship" and designated AGF-1 on 15 December 1965. As AGF-1, Valcour took on the mission was of command post, living facility, and communications center for ComMidEastFor and his staff of 15 officers.
Valcour departed the United States for the Middle East on 18 April 1966 for her 16th MidEastFor cruise, and her first as AGF-1. Tasked to demonstrate American interest and good will in the Middle East, Valcour distributed textbooks, medicine, clothing, and domestic machinery (such as sewing machines) to the needy under the auspices of Project Handclasp. Men from Valcour attempted to promote good relations with the countries Valcour visited by assisting in the construction of orphanages and schools, by participating in public functions, and by entertaining dignitaries, military representatives, and civilians. In addition, while watching merchant shipping lanes, Valcour had standing requirements to assist stricken ships and to evacuate Americans during crises in Middle Eastern countries.
Based at Bahrain, Valcour remained in the Middle East, save for a winter overhaul at Norfolk in 1968-69, until 1971. She became the permanent flagship for ComMidEastFor in 1971, but was selected in January 1972 for inactivation.
Relieved as flagship by miscellaneous command flagship (ex-landing platform dock) (ex-LPD-3) in the spring of 1972, Valcour returned to Norfolk via Colombo; Singapore; Brisbane, Australia; Wellington, New Zealand; Tahiti; Panama; and Fort Lauderdale, Florida. After four days at Fort Lauderdale, she arrived at Norfolk on 11 November 1972, completing an voyage from the Middle East.
Decommissioning and disposal
After being stripped of all usable gear over the ensuing months, Valcour was decommissioned on 15 January 1973; her name was struck from the Navy List simultaneously with her decommissioning. She shifted to the Inactive Ship Facility at Portsmouth, Virginia, so that she could be prepared for service as a test-bed for electromagnetic tests held under the auspices of the Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL), White Oak, Maryland. Towed from Norfolk to the Solomons Island, Maryland, branch of NOL in March 1974, she soon thereafter began her service as a test ship for the Electromagnetic Pulse Radiation Environment Simulation for Ships (EMPRESS) facility.
The U.S. Navy sold Valcour on 1 May 1977 to be broken up for scrap.
Awards
American Campaign Medal
World War II Victory Medal
National Defense Service Medal with star
Notes
References
NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive USS Valcour (AGF-1) ex USS Valcour (AVP-55) (1946 - 1965)
Department of the Navy: Naval Historical Center: Online Library of Selected Images: U.S. Navy Ships: USS Valcour (AVP-55, later AGF-1), 1946-1977 -- Views of the ship taken in 1946-1960
Chesneau, Roger. Conways All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. New York: Mayflower Books, Inc., 1980. .
Barnegat-class seaplane tenders
Cold War auxiliary ships of the United States
1943 ships
Maritime incidents in 1951
Ships built at Lake Washington Shipyard |
6900422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois%20Hodoul | Jean-François Hodoul | Jean-François Hodoul (11 April 1765 – 10 January 1835) was a sea captain, corsair, and later merchant and plantation owner in Île de France (now Mauritius).
Origins
Hodoul was born on 11 April 1765 La Ciotat, Provence. His father, Raymond, was a charcutiere; his mother was Geneviève Cauvin. He left for France's colonies in the Indian Ocean at the age of 24, and arrived at Mauritius in 1789, on board Scipion. Other sources state that he arrived there on 12 April 1790, the day after his 25th birthday.
He rapidly became a sea captain. By 1791 he was master of Deux Sœurs. Two years later, he was master of the brig Succès. During this period he transported slaves from Africa to the Indian Ocean colonies of Île de France and Île Bourbon (Réunion).
Privateer
In 1793 the French Revolutionary Wars broke out, and with them a battle in the Indian Ocean between Britain and France. In 1794 the British captured him and his brig Olivette when the British entered Mahé, Seychelles, capturing the colony. The now British colony retained Olivette for its government's purposes.
In June 1794 he married the 16-year old Mairie Corantine Olivette Jorre de St Jorre, daughter of a wealthy local merchant, shortly after he had started his privateering adventures.
In 1796 Hodoul went to sea again as an enseigne de vaisseau aboard the privateer Entreprise. Then he sailed aboard Général Pichegru, a recently captured British schooner previously named Hay, that Captain François Legars of Enterprise had given Jacques François Perroud. Hodoul sailed with Perroud to India. On 17 February 1797 Hodoul arrived at Port Louis with the British vessel Castor, of 150 tons (bm), which Perroud and Général Pichegru had captured in January at Visakhapatnam. She had a cargo of wheat and rice.
In May Hodoul received his first privateer command, Apollon, of ten guns and six obusiers. He sailed on 7 March with 71 men from Port-Louis for the Malabar Coast. There he captured the ship Eliza, of three masts and 350 tons (bm), herself a former French vessel. Six days later he rescued seven slaves aboard a British vessel whose crew had abandoned it after a storm. A few days later, on 17 May, near Masulipatnam, he captured Aydresev, a ship of about 500 tons, sailing under the Maharatta flag. She arrived at Port-Louis on 23 June. The captain of the prize crew, Harel, reported that on 3 May Hodoul had captured a British vessel bound for Tranquebar, then a Danish colony.
On 20 May Hodoul was at Koringa, where he captured Macré (or Macoroy, or Macroy). Her crew escaped in a chaloupe, with Hodoul in pursuit. They landed on a beach and fled inland, abandoning a chest full of pearls.
Maraq, a prize to Apollon, arrived at Port-Louis on 14 July. The captain of the prize crew was Etienne Dupeyré.
On 15 September Hodoul captured Bader Bux as she sailed from Moka towards Surat. She turned out to be his most valuable prize as she was carrying 3732 gold ecus, some piastres, 296 gold sequins, and a quantity of pearls. On 30 October, while sailing back to Mauritius, Hodoul captured Laurel, Fuggo, master. Hodoul's crew was so reduced because of the need to deploy prize crews that he put Laurels crew in irons. On 9 November he captured two vessels of the British East India Company's Bengal Pilot Service: Trayalle (), and . The schooner Harrington arrived at Port Louis on 21 December. The captain of the prize crew was Nicholas Montalent.
Hodoul and Apollon returned to Port Louis on 7 January 1798. He had with him 57 prisoners and 50-60,000 piastres from the Rey, which he had captured off Bengal and then abandoned. On 18 January Loret (probably Laurel), of 400 tons, which Apollon had also captured off Bengal, too arrived at Port-Louis.
The total value of the prizes from Hodoul's cruise on Apollon was 703,479,803 francs.
Hodoul sold his half-share in Apollon to the corsair Le Vaillant. Le Vaillant left Mauritius on 22 August 1798 and captured a valuable Portuguese vessel. However, on 10 November (French records), or 24 October (British records), captured Apollon off Mombasa and carried her crew to the Comoro Islands.
In June 1799 Marie Corantine Olivette gave birth to a son, Raymond. On 28 November the privateer Général Malartic, Jean-Marie Dutertre, master, captured the British vessel Surprise near Madras. He took Surprizes crew to the Seychelles from where Hodoul, in Success, took them to Mauritius; they arrived on 28 January 1800.
Hodoul next purchased Uni, a large vessel armed with eighteen 4-pounder and four 9-pounder guns. She had come from Nantes in 1798 and already had two cruises to her credit, both under the command of François-Thomas Le Même. Hodoul sailed on 15 May 1800 with a crew of 220 men. He reached the Seychelles on the 28th. Off Ste. Anne he captured the British privateer Henriette (or Harriot, from Cape Town), of eight guns under the command of Captain White. On 11 July Hodoul captured Helen, which was carrying 80,000 piastres. Then on 4 August he captured Friendship. However, on 5 August captured Uni and Hodoul after a chase during which Hodoul had almost all of Unis guns thrown overboard in an attempt to lighten her to gain speed. Captain Edward O. Osborne, of Arrogant, reported that Uni had left Mauritius with 250 men, and that she had 216 on board when captured, the rest being away on prizes.
When the British first sighted Uni she had been in company with another ship, and a brig. Osborne set out after the ship, which turned out to be Friendship, and which he recaptured early that night. The brig escaped; she was the Bee, from Madras sailing to Masulipatnam. Hodoul had captured both Friendship and Bee that morning.
The British took their prizes to Madras, where they arrived on 17 August. From there the British transferred Hodoul to Fort William (Calcutta). Hodoul remained a prisoner until the Treaty of Amiens (1802), ended hostilities.
After his release Hodoul settled on Mahe Island of the Seychelles. Here he became a wealthy businessman and plantation owner in the Seychelles, where he introduced cacao cultivation. He was particularly successful in the sugar and rum industries, and in cotton and coffee growing. He did not fully leave the sea as he built and owned several small ships that traded between the Seychelles and Mauritius. He also built the Petit Port and Le Grand Chantier at Mahé.
Hodoul was a man of even-handedness, especially to his daughters and sons in law, and very kind to his slaves. In July 1837 Hodoul's widow received a compensation of at least £7,171 for the liberation of at least 216 slaves who formed part of his estate.
At his wife's behest, Hodoul employed the exiled Jacobin architect Antoine Jean-Baptise Le Franc to build Château Mammelles, which is now the oldest building in the Seychelles. The British Authorities later used Hodoul's second large house, Ma Constance, to house the exiled Sultan of Perak.
Fate
Hodoul died at Mahé on 10 January 1835. His tomb bears the inscription "Il fut juste".
Legacy
Today in the harbor of Victoria, there is a small islet named Hodoul Island in his honor. Legend has it that Hodoul's treasure is buried on Silhouette Island, northwest of Mahé.
Notes, citations, and references
Notes
Citations
References
Epinay, Adrien d'. (1890) Renseignements pour servir à l'histoire de l'Île de France jusqu'à l'année 1810: inclusivement; précédés de notes sur la découverte de l'île, sur l'occupation hollandaise, etc. (Imprimerie Dupuy).
Malleson, George Bruce (1878) Final French Struggles in India and on the Indian Seas: Including an Account of the Capture of the Isles of France and Bourbon, and Sketches of the Most Eminent Foreign Adventurers in India Up to the Period of that Capture : with an Appendix Containing an Account of the Expedition from India to Egypt in 1801. (W.H. Allen).
Thomson, P.A.B. (1997) "Jean François Hodoul, corsair of the Indian Ocean". The Mariner's Mirror, Vol.83, No. 3, pp. 310–317.
Sources
Silhouette Island (Seychelles)
1765 births
1835 deaths
French privateers
French planters
Mauritian slave owners
Mauritian people of French descent |
20467735 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudwalawa | Mudwalawa | Mudwalawa is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3691.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
20467740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another%20Kind%20of%20Monday | Another Kind of Monday | Another Kind of Monday is a 1996 young-adult novel by the American writer William E. Coles, Jr. (1932–2005) set in 1990s Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
It tells the story of Mark, a high school senior who by chance opens an old library copy of Great Expectations and finds $300 along with a set of directions that launches him into a scavenger hunt all over the city and unwittingly into a romance with a co-quester. As the two retrieve more and more assignments, their lives take twists and turns that bond them closer together.
The novel was recognized as an American Library Association Best Books for Young Adults in 1996.
References
1996 American novels
American young adult novels
Novels set in Pittsburgh
Atheneum Books books |
23574889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20combinatorics%20articles | Index of combinatorics articles |
A
Abstract simplicial complex
Addition chain
Scholz conjecture
Algebraic combinatorics
Alternating sign matrix
Almost disjoint sets
Antichain
Arrangement of hyperplanes
Assignment problem
Quadratic assignment problem
Audioactive decay
B
Barcode
Matrix code
QR Code
Universal Product Code
Bell polynomials
Bertrand's ballot theorem
Binary matrix
Binomial theorem
Block design
Balanced incomplete block design(BIBD)
Symmetric balanced incomplete block design (SBIBD)
Partially balanced incomplete block designs (PBIBDs)
Block walking
Boolean satisfiability problem
2-satisfiability
3-satisfiability
Bracelet (combinatorics)
Bruck–Chowla–Ryser theorem
C
Catalan number
Cellular automaton
Collatz conjecture
Combination
Combinatorial design
Combinatorial number system
Combinatorial optimization
Combinatorial search
Constraint satisfaction problem
Conway's Game of Life
Cycles and fixed points
Cyclic order
Cyclic permutation
Cyclotomic identity
D
Data integrity
Alternating bit protocol
Checksum
Cyclic redundancy check
Luhn formula
Error detection
Error-detecting code
Error-detecting system
Message digest
Redundancy check
Summation check
De Bruijn sequence
Deadlock
Delannoy number
Dining philosophers problem
Mutual exclusion
Rendezvous problem
Derangement
Dickson's lemma
Dinitz conjecture
Discrete optimization
Dobinski's formula
E
Eight queens puzzle
Entropy coding
Enumeration
Algebraic enumeration
Combinatorial enumeration
Burnside's lemma
Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem
Euler number
F
Faà di Bruno's formula
Factorial number system
Family of sets
Faulhaber's formula
Fifteen puzzle
Finite geometry
Finite intersection property
G
Game theory
Combinatorial game theory
Combinatorial game theory (history)
Combinatorial game theory (pedagogy)
Star (game theory)
Zero game, fuzzy game
Dots and Boxes
Impartial game
Digital sum
Nim
Nimber
Sprague–Grundy theorem
Partizan game
Solved board games
Col game
Sim (pencil game)
Sprouts (game)
Surreal numbers
Transposition table
Black Path Game
Sylver coinage
Generating function
Golomb coding
Golomb ruler
Graeco-Latin square
Gray code
H
Hadamard matrices
Complex Hadamard matrices
Butson-type Hadamard matrices
Generalized Hadamard matrices
Regular Hadamard matrices
Hall's marriage theorem
Perfect matching
Hamming distance
Hash function
Hash collision
Perfect hash function
Heilbronn triangle problem
Helly family
Hypergeometric function identities
Hypergeometric series
Hypergraph
I
Incidence structure
Induction puzzles
Integer partition
Ferrers graph
K
Kakeya needle problem
Kirkman's schoolgirl problem
Knapsack problem
Kruskal–Katona theorem
L
Lagrange inversion theorem
Lagrange reversion theorem
Lah number
Large number
Latin square
Levenshtein distance
Lexicographical order
Littlewood–Offord problem
Lubell–Yamamoto–Meshalkin inequality (known as the LYM inequality)
Lucas chain
M
MacMahon Master theorem
Magic square
Matroid embedding
Monge array
Monomial order
Moreau's necklace-counting function
Motzkin number
Multiplicities of entries in Pascal's triangle
Multiset
Munkres' assignment algorithm
N
Necklace (combinatorics)
Necklace problem
Negligible set
Almost all
Almost everywhere
Null set
Newton's identities
O
Ordered partition of a set
Orthogonal design
Complex orthogonal design
Quaternion orthogonal design
P
Packing problem
Bin packing problem
Partition of a set
Noncrossing partition
Permanent
Permutation
Enumerations of specific permutation classes
Josephus permutation
Permutation matrix
Permutation pattern
Permutation (disambiguation)
Shuffling playing cards
Pochhammer symbol
Polyforms
Polycubes
Soma cube
Polyiamonds
Polyominoes
Hexominoes
Pentominoes
Tetrominoes
Polysquare puzzle
Projective plane
Property B
Prüfer sequence
Q
q-analog
q-binomial theorem—see Gaussian binomial coefficient
q-derivative
q-series
q-theta function
q-Vandermonde identity
R
Rencontres numbers
Rubik's Cube
How to solve the Rubik's Cube
Optimal solutions for Rubik's Cube
Rubik's Revenge
S
Schröder number
Search algorithm
Binary search
Interpolation search
Linear search
Local search
String searching algorithm
Aho–Corasick string matching algorithm
Fuzzy string searching
grep, agrep, wildcard character
Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm
Sequences with zero autocorrelation function
Series-parallel networks problem
Set cover problem
Shuffling puzzle
Small set (combinatorics)
Sparse matrix, Sparse array
Sperner family
Sperner's lemma
Stable marriage problem
Steiner system
Stirling number
Stirling transform
String algorithm
Straddling checkerboard
Subsequence
Longest common subsequence problem
Optimal-substructure
Subset sum problem
Symmetric functions
Szemerédi's theorem
T
Thue–Morse sequence
Tower of Hanoi
Turán number
Turing tarpit
U
Union-closed sets conjecture
Urn problems (probability)
V
Vandermonde's identity
W
Weighing matrices
Weighted round robin
Deficit round robin
Y
Young tableau
Combinatorics
+ |
23574902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliz%C3%A9%20%28given%20name%29 | Alizé (given name) | Alizé, or Alizée, is a female given name, taken from the word alizé, describing an intertropical trade wind. It has the variants Alysée, Alisée and Aliséa. The name is common in France, Italy and Spain. Alizay is another variation of the name, more common in South Asia.
The name gained rapid popularity in the 1980s.
People with this given name include:
Alizée (born 1984), born Alizée Jacotey, French singer
Alizé Cornet (born 1990), a French tennis player
Alizée Baron (born 1992), French skier
Alizée Brien (born 1993), Canadian racing cyclist
Alizée Costes (born 1994), a French rhythmic gymnast
Alizée Crozet (born 2000), French figure skater
Alizée Dufraisse (born 1987), a French rock climber
Alizée Gaillard (born 1985), a Swiss model
Alizé Jones (born 1997), American football tight end
Alize Lily Mounter (born 1988), Welsh journalist and beauty queen
Alizé Lim (born 1990), a French tennis player
Alizé Mack (born 1997), American football player
Alizée Poulicek (born 1987), a Belgian model
References |
20467744 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narkatiya%20Guthi | Narkatiya Guthi | Narkatiya Guthi is a Paroha Municipality in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4893 people living in 919 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
6900423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan%20Millman | Joan Millman | Joan L. Millman (born April 20, 1940) represented District 52 in the New York State Assembly, which consists of the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Cobble Hill, Boerum Hill, Carroll Gardens, Vinegar Hill, Gowanus, DUMBO, Park Slope, Brooklyn Heights and Prospect Heights.
Chosen in a special election held in 1997, Millman served as the Chairwoman of the Assembly Commission on Government Administration and the Assembly Task Force on Women's Issues, as well as sitting on the Assembly committees on Aging, Alcoholism and Drug Abuse, Corporations, among several other standing committee assignments.
Prior to her election to the Assembly, from 1985 to 1996, Millman served as an educational consultant in several capacities, including as a consultant to former NY City Council President Carol Bellamy and Senator Martin Connor, as well as facilitator for Comprehensive School Development and Planning. She was also a member of the Citywide Advisory Committee on Middle School Initiatives from 1995 to 1996.
Millman holds a B.A. from Brooklyn College, as well as an M.A. in Library Science from the Pratt Institute.
In early 2014, the Assembly member announced that she would retire from the New York State Assembly and not run for reelection
in the same year.
On September 10, 2014, Jo Anne Simon won a 3 way Democratic Primary to succeed Assemblymember Millman. Jo Ann Simon won 5,482 (52.9%) out of 10,371 votes in this September 2014 election.
References
External links
Assemblywoman Joan Millman (D) Official NYS Assembly member website.
Re: Atlantic Yards Arena and Redevelopment Project Draft Scope of Analysis Testimony before the Empire State Development Corporation.
Biography: New York State Democratic Committee
The Daily Gotham, Help Support a Bill that will Protect NYC Children
Millman's response to the 2008 Candidate Questionnaire for State Senate and Assembly from the 504 Democratic Club of New York City
1940 births
Members of the New York State Assembly
New York (state) Democrats
Living people
Women state legislators in New York (state)
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
Brooklyn College alumni
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians |
23574906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith%20%26%20Hawken | Smith & Hawken | Smith & Hawken was a garden lifestyle brand that operated retail stores, direct mail and e-commerce in the United States. On July 10, 2009, it was announced that all Smith & Hawken stores would cease operation. Smith & Hawken stores were located in upscale retail locations in 22 states.
Smith & Hawken was founded by Dave Smith and Paul Hawken in 1979, originally as a garden tool supplier. Their first retail store opened in 1982 in Mill Valley, California. Smith left the business in 1988. When Hawken retired in 1993, the company was acquired by a retail conglomerate, the CML Group, which sold it to DDJ Capital Management in 1999, after going bankrupt. The company was acquired by Scotts Miracle-Gro for $72 million in 2004. At the time of its closure, Smith & Hawken had approximately 700 employees in its stores and the Novato, California, headquarters.
Scotts Miracle-Gro chairman and CEO, Jim Hagedorn, cited the continuing weak economy and "lack of scale" as the primary drivers behind Smith & Hawken's closure. According to Scotts' May 2009 quarterly report, Smith & Hawken net sales were down 22.4% for the first half of fiscal 2009.
Smith & Hawken's founders were reportedly not upset to learn the company they founded 30 years earlier was closing. The San Jose Mercury News reported that Dave Smith and Paul Hawken were relieved by the announcement, stating that "Scotts couldn't have been a worse corporate owner." Smith said he asked friends not to shop there after Scotts purchased the company in 2004.
On January 8, 2010, Target Corporation announced it acquired the Smith & Hawken brand.
References
Companies based in Marin County, California
Defunct companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Retail companies established in 1982
Retail companies disestablished in 2009
Defunct retail companies of the United States
Retail companies based in California
1982 establishments in California
2009 disestablishments in California |
23574912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moudi | Moudi | Moudi is a village situated in district Bankura, West Bengal, India under police station Onda. There is a small river to the north and a jungle to the west. The population is around 2000. Their main occupation is agriculture. There are two large ponds, Gayer band and Bilar band. In the east side of the village, there is an ancient banyan tree. The village-god Moudi-shini has resided under this tree since before known history.
References
Villages in Bankura district |
20467754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner%20Belt%20District | Inner Belt District | The Inner Belt District is a industrial district located in the southeastern portion of Somerville, Massachusetts. Along with nearby Brickbottom, the Inner Belt is a historically industrial zone of Somerville, with factories, warehouses, distribution centers, railroad connections, regional maintenance facilities, MBTA and Amtrak offices, retail stores and a hotel.
Named after the proposed but doomed Inner Belt Highway, the district is bounded by Interstate 93, Route 28, and the Lowell and Fitchburg rail lines. Inner Belt Road runs through the center of the Inner Belt District intersecting with 3rd Avenue to connect to the MBTA maintenance facility. Although adjacent to the McGrath Corridor, NorthPoint in Cambridge and Sullivan Square in Charlestown, it is isolated from them by highways and rail lines.
An elevated railroad right-of-way separates the Brickbottom area located to the west of the Inner Belt District. The two areas resemble each other in terms of use. However, Brickbottom has older dense development in a grid pattern and has a couple of small neighborhoods. Somerville is currently engaged in an ongoing community process, begun in 2011, to determine a long-term Master Plan for the Inner Belt and Brickbottom region. A draft of the plan should be available for public comment by the end of 2013.
History
Like many areas in today's modern cities, the Inner Belt District bears little resemblance to what the area looked like when it was first being settled. The area was primarily marshland and the Miller's River, which has since been filled in, flowed along the southern edge. As industry began to enter into the area in the early- to mid-1800s, the landscape was changed to suit the needs of new businesses. Cobble Hill was brought down and used to fill in the marshes. Miller's River was used first by the new industries to discharge their pollutants, and was eventually filled as well.
By the 1930s, the whole sub-district, with the exception of the strip of land between Washington Street and what is now New Washington Street, was completely taken over by the Boston and Maine Railroad. The remaining portion of land south of Washington Street was used for heavy industry that was rail dependent. In the late 1940s, freight transportation began to shift away from rail to the open roads and once-valuable rail yards were slowly removed to make way for new industrial uses. A new industrial park was planned for the Yard 10 in the space between what is now New Washington Street and the Lowell Line.
By the mid-1950s, a new regional expressway called the Inner Belt was planned that would bisect the site between the older industrial buildings on Washington Street and the new industrial buildings on the former Yard 10 land. Called the Inner Belt Expressway, it would have connected I-93 on the east with Massachusetts Route 2 in the west following the path of the Fitchburg Railroad through Porter Square. After years of protest and community organizing, plans for the Inner Belt Expressway were withdrawn and the right of way that is now New Washington Street was transferred to the city.
Although the Inner Belt was stopped, housing in the Brickbottom neighborhood and the adjacent neighborhood to its east between the MBTA Lowell Line and I-93 was cleared in the 1950s for an urban renewal plan to create a Somerville Industrial Park that would benefit from the anticipated highway network. The purpose of the renewal plan was to destroy the existing neighborhood grid pattern and reorganize the area to accommodate the Interstate, provide automobile circulation and parking, and establish single-use zoning.
With the anticipation of the Inner Belt, the Inner Belt District was advertised in a real estate booklet as a "unique parcel [which] combines the advantages of a suburban type development and a downtown location." The assets of the area that were marketed to potential investors remain the area's strong points: accessibility, proximity to Boston and the region, auto-designed roads, and a large work force nearby. In 1968, the Somerville Redevelopment Authority created an Urban Renewal District for the land between Washington and New Washington streets.
During the mid-1980s to the late 1990s, little significant development influenced the area. Like many U.S. cities, industrial and manufacturing companies left the area, to be replaced by primarily service class. The Kraft Group discussed the possibility of building a soccer stadium for the New England Revolution in the district in 2008.
References
Neighborhoods in Somerville, Massachusetts |
20467783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayra%20Gonz%C3%A1lez | Mayra González | Mayra González Borroto (born 11 July 1968 in Sancti Spíritus) is a female rower from Cuba. She is a two-time Olympian (2000 and 2008) for her native country, and twice won a gold medal at the Pan American Games (2003 and 2007).
References
sports-reference
1968 births
Living people
Cuban female rowers
Olympic rowers of Cuba
Rowers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2007 Pan American Games
Rowers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
People from Sancti Spíritus
Pan American Games gold medalists for Cuba
Pan American Games medalists in rowing
Rowers at the 2003 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2003 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games
21st-century Cuban women |
20467786 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20Fleet%20Hall%20%28Gainesville%2C%20Florida%29 | Van Fleet Hall (Gainesville, Florida) | General James A. Van Fleet Hall is an historic building on the campus of the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, and completed in 1952. It was designed by Guy Fulton in a mild Mid-Century modern style as a Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) classroom and training facility for University of Florida students seeking commissions in the Air Force, Army, Marines and Navy. The building is named for U.S. Army General James Van Fleet, who served as an ROTC instructor at the university and as the head coach of the Florida Gators football team from 1923 to 1924.
See also
Buildings at the University of Florida
University of Florida ROTC
References
Buildings at the University of Florida
Guy Fulton buildings
Reserve Officers' Training Corps
School buildings completed in 1952
1952 establishments in Florida |
6900427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20Greater%20Love%20%28Only%20Fools%20and%20Horses%29 | No Greater Love (Only Fools and Horses) | "No Greater Love" is an episode of the BBC sitcom, Only Fools and Horses. It was the fourth episode of series 2, and was first screened on 11 November 1982.
Synopsis
The Trotters arrive at a London street with camel hair overcoats, and plan to receive payments from Mrs Singh. But when Rodney opens the door to her house, he meets another woman named Irene Mackay, who tells him that Mrs Singh moved away three weeks earlier.
Rodney enters Irene's flat and is instantly smitten with her. Irene tells Rodney that she is aged 40, and married with a teenage son Marcus. She also mentions her husband Tommy Mackay, who is "away working, but will be out in six months". He is actually imprisoned in Parkhurst for committing assault, GBH, and attempted murder.
One week later at Nelson Mandela House, Rodney tells Del Boy and Grandad about Irene, and how she moved away from her husband due to domestic violence. Rodney wants to meet Tommy in person when he is released from prison. This makes Del concerned for his younger brother's safety.
A few days later, at the Nag's Head, Rodney tells Del that he and Irene had broken up earlier in the day. Del consoles Rodney and tells him there are plenty of other women to talk to. But then, Irene's son Marcus enters and tells Rodney that Del told Irene over a drink to break up with Rodney. Rodney, feeling betrayed by Del, leaves.
Later that night, Del is dragged into a dark alley by a thug and confronted by Tommy Mackay, mistakenly believing Del to be Rodney (Del goes along with the mistaken identity to protect Rodney, since he would stand no chance against the intimidating Tommy). Tommy prepares to give him a beating for dating Irene. They let Del take his coat off, but he accidentally throws it into a puddle. Furious that his new coat has been ruined, Del lunges at Tommy, and despite sustaining a few moderate injuries, Del manages to win the fight and limps back to the Nag's Head.
Back at the Nag's Head, Del shows Rodney his injuries, but lies and claims he sustained them falling down the stairs at Monkey Harris' home (despite Harris living in a bungalow). Del also mentions to Rodney that he met Tommy Mackay and made him see the error of his ways, which means that Rodney and Irene can date with no threat from Tommy. But Rodney says that he had an earlier talk with Irene and they agreed that their relationship was never going to work anyway. Plus, Rodney has met another girl, Zoe, from the roller-disco. Zoe arrives, she and Rodney leave, and Del is left alone in the pub, annoyed but happy that he has protected his brother.
Episode cast
Notes
Episode concept
The idea for the script was to demonstrate the brotherly love that Del and Rodney have for each other, even willing to take a beating for his brother. The concept of Del getting beaten up in order to protect Rodney would occur again in "Little Problems" when Del, unbeknownst to Rodney, chooses to take a beating from the Driscoll Brothers after making a promise to him, having forgotten that the money he would use for his wedding gift was also the money which he owed to them.
References
External links
1982 British television episodes
Only Fools and Horses (series 2) episodes |
23574921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripti%20Nadakar | Tripti Nadakar | Tripti Nadakar <ref>{{cite news|title=Tripti Nadakar Biography |url=http://biography.lumbinimedia.com/2017/02/tripti-nadakar-biography.html}}</ref>(; born January 2, 1959) is an Indian actress who worked in Nepali cinema. She has performed in more than a dozen Nepali films. Her hit movies were Samjhana, Kusume Rumal, Saino and Lahure''. She and Bhuwan K.C. were dubbed the first golden couple of Nepali film industry. Nadakar was paid Rs. 150,000 to act in ‘Saino’.
Filmography
Awards
2007, Best Supporting Actress, Nepali Film Award 2064, Aama Ko Kakh
See also
saino
Kusume Rumal
laure (film)
Rohit Aryal
Rohit Aryal
Rohit Aryal
References
Living people
1969 births
People from Darjeeling
Indian Gorkhas
Indian film actresses
Nepalese film actresses
20th-century Indian actresses
21st-century Indian actresses
20th-century Nepalese actresses
21st-century Nepalese actresses |
20467807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wreaking | The Wreaking | The Wreaking is the third EP by Canadian grindcore band Fuck the Facts. The EP was released on November 29, 2008 via the band's MySpace page and was strictly limited to 19 copies. When the 7" vinyl copies of the split with Pleasant Valley were sold out, there were still some copies of the sleeve, so the band created this EP.
It comprises songs from a few different sources. The first two tracks are pre-production versions of songs found on Stigmata High-Five. They were originally released on vinyl splits with Mesrine and Pleasant Valley. The other songs are live songs originally intended to be released on a split with Mincing Fury on Burning Dogma Records, however, the owner of the label went to jail before it could be released.
"Taken From The Nest" and "The Wreaking" were recorded in Ottawa by Matt Connell in October and November 2005 respectively. The live tracks were recorded at a show on November 13, 2005 at Maverick's in Ottawa with Exhumed, Averse Sefira and Eclipse Eternal.
Track listing
Music and lyrics by Fuck the Facts.
"Taken from the Nest"
"The Wreaking"
"Horizon" (live)
"The Burning Side" (live)
"23-17-41" (live)
"La Tete Hors de L’eau" (live)
"Unburden" (live)
Personnel
Topon Das – guitar
Mel Mongeon – vocals
Mathieu Vilandré – guitar
Steve Chartier – bass
Tim Olsen – drums
Matt Connell – recording
References
2008 EPs
Fuck the Facts albums
Self-released EPs |
23574924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%2C%20Ohio | California, Ohio | California, Ohio may refer to:
California, Cincinnati, a neighborhood within Cincinnati, Ohio
Big Plain, Ohio, originally named California |
23574927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil%20List%20and%20Secret%20Service%20Money%20Act%201782 | Civil List and Secret Service Money Act 1782 | The Civil List and Secret Service Money Act 1782 (22 Geo. III, c. 82) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. The power over the expenditure in the King's household was transferred to the Treasury, and branches of which were regulated. No pension over £300 was to be granted if the total pension list amounted to over £90,000. Thereafter, no pension was to be above £1,300 unless it was granted to members of the royal family or granted by Parliament. Secret service money employed domestically was similarly limited. A section of the act also abolished the existing Council of Trade and Foreign Plantations which, with the loss of the American War of Independence, had been dismissed earlier by King George III on 2 May 1782.
Notes
Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1782 |
20467822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncial%200258 | Uncial 0258 | Uncial 0258 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 4th century.
Description
The codex contains a small part of the Gospel of John 10:25-26, on 1 parchment leaf (4.7 cm by 4 cm). Probably it was written in one column per page, 5 lines per page, in uncial letters.
Nomina sacra are written in an abbreviated way.
Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 4th century.
Location
Present location of the codex is unknown. It is not accessible.
Text
The Greek text of this fragment follows the order and wording of the Nestle-Aland Greek text, reconstructed as ΤΟΥ ΜΟΥ ΤΑΥΤΑ ΜΑΡΤΥΡΕΙ ΠΕΡΙ ΕΜΟΥ ΑΛΛΑ ΥΜΕΙΣ ΟΥ ΠΙΣΤΕΥΕΤΕ ΟΤΙ ΟΥΚ ΕΣΤΕ ΕΚ. Aland did not placed it in any of Categories of New Testament manuscripts.
See also
List of New Testament uncials
Textual criticism
References
Greek New Testament uncials
4th-century biblical manuscripts
Lost biblical manuscripts |
23574939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mist%20in%20the%20Mirror | The Mist in the Mirror | The Mist in the Mirror: A Ghost Story is a novel by Susan Hill. The novel is about a traveller called Sir James Monmouth and his pursuit of an explorer called Conrad Vane.
Summary
Sir James Monmouth has spent most of his life travelling. After the death of his parents, he was raised by his guardian. Later, he arrives in England with the intention of discovering more about himself and his obsession with explorer Conrad Vane. Warned against following his trail, Sir James experiences some extraordinary happenings – who is the mysterious, sad little boy, and the old woman behind the curtain? And why is it that only he hears the chilling scream and the desperate sobbing?
Reception
A 2014 book review by Kirkus Reviews called the novel "a glacially paced adventure" and concluded; "The eponymous mist seems to cloud the writing, and the meandering tale ends quickly with a conclusion that still seems obscure."
References
Novels by Susan Hill
Ghost novels
1992 British novels
Sinclair-Stevenson books |
6900430 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuchyn | Tuchyn | Tuchyn (, , , ) is an urban-type settlement in the Rivne Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. It is located in the Rivne Raion (district) in the historic region of Volhynia, approximately 18 km east from the oblast capital, Rivne.
History
The Polish noble family Siemaszko is rooted in Tuchyn. In 1650 the town was owned by the Daniłłowicz family, then later by the Lubomirski's, and finally by the Walewski's from the 18th century to the outbreak of World War II. The Stanisław Lubomirski foundation erected two wooden churches, cerkwie, in the town in 1711 (Paraskewy) and 1730 (Przemienienia Pańskiego). The Walewski's built a classicist Church in 1796.
A Roman Catholic Parish was founded in Tuczyn in 1590, it included many villages of the surrounding region. In 1938 the Catholic parish numbered 2,660 individuals, almost all of them Poles.
There was a significant German population in the Tuczyn region. They began to arrive in large numbers in the 1860s. The vast majority were German Lutherans, initially served from distant Zhitomir Lutheran Parish. The Lutheran Parish of Tuczyn was established there in 1888. At its peak, prior to World War I, the parish served over 25,000 Germans in more than 80 villages in a region much larger than that covered by the Catholic parish - yet no church building was constructed until 1929. The number of Germans dropped dramatically right before World War I, when many migrated to North America. Only some 6000 or so remained during the inter-war years.
Prior to World War II Tuchyn was a major town in the district and had a large population of Jewish (about 3000), Polish and Ukrainian ethnicity, plus the remnants of the once numerous German population.
Second World War
After hearing of the annihilation of the Jewish ghetto in Rivne, the Jewish leaders decided that they would resist the Nazis. On the evening of Wednesday, September 23, 1942, a blockade was mounted against the ghetto of Tuczyn. The leaders of the uprising declared a full alert; the fighting groups took up positions. On the dawn of September 24, German forces and Ukrainian auxiliaries advanced toward the ghetto fences. When the resistance forces gave the signal, the buildings of the ghetto and the German warehouses at its edge were set ablaze. The fighting groups opened fire, broke through the ghetto fence, and urged the population to escape. Under cover of smoke and gunfire, some 2,000 people--about two-thirds of the ghetto population, including women, children, and the elderly--fled into the forest. The flames continued to burn for the rest of that day and part of the next; the gunfire continued as well. Several Germans and Ukrainian auxiliary police were killed. One-third of the ghetto population fell, including almost all the fighters. The uprising ended on Saturday, September 26 when the lead resisters turned themselves into the Germans, unable to withstand the conditions in the nearby forests. The escapees fared very badly. Half of them were captured and murdered within three days. About 300 women, clutching infants, unable to withstand the conditions of the forest, returned to Tuczyn and were shot. Many of the remainder died; others were turned in or murdered by peasants in the vicinity. Some young people joined the partisans and were killed in combat. Of the 3,000 Jews of Tuczyn, only 20 were still alive on January 16, 1944, when the town was liberated.
Notable people
(b. 9 July 1924 in Tuchyn, d. 23 August 2000 in Fürstenfeldbruck), Bishop of Hamburg (1983-1992)
References
External links
Tuchin at Yad Vashem
Tuczyn Lutheran Parish History
Description of events in Tuczyn during World War II
Tuchin at KehilaLinks
1923 Tuczyn Business directory at KehilaLinks
Tuczin-Kripa, Wolyn; In Memory of the Jewish Community
Urban-type settlements in Rivne Oblast
Shtetls
Holocaust locations in Ukraine |
6900443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Story%20Untold | A Story Untold | "A Story Untold" is a song, originally written as a doo-wop song by Leroy Griffin, but adapted to the pop music genre in 1955.
The original recording was by Griffin's group, The Nutmegs. The recording peaked at #2 on the R&B chart.
The most popular recording was by The Crew-Cuts. This recording was released by Mercury Records as catalog number 70634. It first reached the Billboard magazine charts on June 25, 1955, and spent a total of 7 weeks there. It peaked at #16 on the Best Seller chart.
References
1955 singles
Mercury Records singles
The Crew-Cuts songs
Year of song missing |
23574940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy%20%28given%20name%29 | Joy (given name) | Joy is a common unisex given name meaning joy, happiness, joyful. A common variant of the name is the female given name Joyce (name).
People with the given name Joy
Joy (singer) (born 1996), South Korean singer and member of Red Velvet (group)
Joy Adamson (1910–1980), wildlife rehabilitator and author
Joy Banerjee (born 1963), Bengali cinema actor
Joy Behar (born 1942), American comedian and actress
Joy Bokiri (born 1998), Nigerian women's footballer
Joy Bryant (born 1974), American actress
Joy Browne (born 1944), American radio psychologist
Joy Burke (born 1990), Taiwanese-American women's basketball player
Joy Carroll Vicar who inspired The Vicar of Dibley
Joy Crookes (born 1998), British singer-songwriter
Joy Davidman (1915–1960), American writer and wife of C. S. Lewis
Joy Destiny Tobing (born 1980), Indonesian gospel singer
Joy Enriquez (born 1978), American singer and actress
Joy Fawcett (born 1968), American soccer player
Joy Fleming (1944–2017), German singer
Defne Joy Foster (1975–2011), Turkish actress, presenter, VJ
Joy Garnett (born 1965) Canadian-American artist
Joy Giovanni (born 1978), American actress, model, wrestler, and WWE Diva
Joy Grieveson (born 1941), British track and field athlete
Joy Paul Guilford (1897-1987), American psychologist
Joy Harjo (born 1951), American poet
Joy Kere diplomat from the Solomon Islands
Joy Kogawa (born 1935), Canadian poet and novelist
Joy Lauren (born 1989), American actress
Joy Lofthouse (1923–2017), British WW2 pilot
Joy Mangano (born 1956), American inventor, and businesswoman
Joy Marshall (1867–1903), New Zealand clergyman, teacher, tennis player, cricketer, and rugby footballer
Joy Morris (born 1970), Canadian mathematician
Joy Morton (1855–1934), American businessman and conservationist
Joy Mukherjee (1939–2012), Indian film actor and director
Joy Ogwu (born 1946), Nigerian diplomat
Joy Oladokun, American singer-songwriter
Joy Padgett (born 1947), American politician
Joy Powell (born 1962),American activist
Joy Quigley (born 1948), New Zealand politician
Joy Reid (born 1968), American cable television host with the full name Joy-Ann M. Lomena-Reid
Joy San Buenaventura (born 1959), Filipino-born American politician
Joy Sarkar, Bengali music director
Joy A. Thomas (1963-2020), American Indian-born informational theorist and scientist
Joy Smith (born 1947), Canadian politician
Joy Williams (singer) (born 1982), American pop singer
Joy Williams (Australian writer) (1942–2006), Australian poet
Joy Williams (American writer) (born 1944), American author
Joy Wolfram (born 1989), Finnish nanoscientist.
Joy Cherian (born 1944), Commissioner at the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Joy Sengupta (born 1968), Indian film and stage actor
Fictional characters
Joy, one of Riley Andersen's emotions and the main protagonist of Disney Pixar's Inside Out.
Nurse Joy, a nurse from the Pokémon TV series.
See also
Gioia (disambiguation), the Italian version of the name
Joie, the French version of the name
English feminine given names
Feminine given names
Virtue names |
23574953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20Massinga | Francisco Massinga | Francisco Massinga (born 6 May 1986), better known as Whiskey, is a Mozambican football defender.
International career
International goals
Scores and results list Mozambique's goal tally first.
References
External links
1986 births
Living people
Mozambican footballers
Mozambique international footballers
Association football defenders
C.D. Maxaquene players
Clube Ferroviário de Maputo footballers
2010 Africa Cup of Nations players |
6900447 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra%20bullhead%20shark | Zebra bullhead shark | The zebra bullhead shark (Heterodontus zebra) is a bullhead shark of the family Heterodontidae found in the central Indo-Pacific between latitudes 40°N and 20°S, from Japan and Korea to Australia. It is typically found at relatively shallow depths down to , but off Western Australia, it occurs between . It can reach a length of . The reproduction of this bullhead shark is oviparous.
References
Heterodontidae
Fish described in 1831
Taxa named by John Edward Gray |
23574969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin%20Research%20and%20Human%20Genetics | Twin Research and Human Genetics | Twin Research and Human Genetics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published bimonthly by the Cambridge University Press. It is the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies (ISTS) and the Human Genetics Society of Australasia. The journal covers research on the biology and epidemiology of twinning as well as biomedical and behavioral twin- and molecular-genetic research. According to the Journal Citation Reports, it has a 2018 impact factor of 1.159. The journal was established in 1998 and has been edited by Robert Derom (1998–1999), and Nick Martin (2000–present). The title is a translation of Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae, from 1952 until 1978 the official organ of the Permanent Committee for the International Congresses of Human Genetics and Società italiana di genetica medica, the original title of the first journal of the ISTS.
References
External links
Behavioural genetics journals
Bimonthly journals
Cambridge University Press academic journals
Delayed open access journals
English-language journals
Genetics in the United Kingdom
Psychiatry journals
Publications established in 1998
Twin studies |
23574984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%20pacification%20campaign%20on%20Formosa | Dutch pacification campaign on Formosa | The Dutch pacification campaign on Formosa was a series of military actions and diplomatic moves undertaken in 1635 and 1636 by Dutch East India Company (VOC) in Dutch-era Taiwan (Formosa) aimed at subduing hostile aboriginal villages in the southwestern region of the island. Prior to the campaign the Dutch had been in Formosa for eleven years, but did not control much of the island beyond their principal fortress at Tayouan (present-day Anping, Tainan), and an alliance with the town of Sinkan. The other aboriginal villages in the area conducted numerous attacks on the Dutch and their allies, with the chief belligerents being the village of Mattau, who in 1629 ambushed and slaughtered a group of sixty Dutch soldiers.
After receiving reinforcements from the colonial headquarters at Batavia, the Dutch launched an attack in 1635 and were able to crush opposition and bring the area around present-day Tainan fully under their control. After seeing Mattau and Soulang, the most powerful villages in the area, were overpowered by Dutch force overwhelmingly, many other villages in the surrounding area came to the Dutch to seek peace and surrender sovereignty. Thus the Dutch were able to dramatically expand the extent of their territorial control in a short time, and avoid the need for further fighting. The campaign ended in February 1636, when representatives from twenty-eight villages attended a ceremony in Tayouan to cement Dutch sovereignty.
Solidifying the southwest under their rule, the Dutch were able to expand their operations from the limited entrepôt trading carried out by the colony prior to 1635. The expanded territory allowed access to the deer trade, which later became very lucrative, and guaranteed security in food supplies. The new territorial acquisitions provided fertile land, which the Dutch began to import mass Chinese labours to farm. The aboriginal villages also provided warriors to aid the Dutch in times of trouble, notably in the Lamey Island Massacre of 1636, the Dutch defeat of the Spanish in 1642 and the Guo Huaiyi Rebellion in 1652. The allied villages also provided opportunities for Dutch missionaries to spread their faith. The pacification campaign is considered the foundation stone on which the later success of the colony was built.
Background
The Dutch East India Company (VOC) arrived in southern Formosa in 1624 and, after building their stronghold of Fort Zeelandia on the peninsula of Tayouan, began to sound out local villages as to the possibility of forming alliances. Although initially the intention was to run the colony solely as an entrepôt (a trading port), the Dutch later decided that they needed control over the hinterland to provide some security. Additionally, a large percentage of supplies for the Dutch colonists had to be shipped from Batavia at great expense and irregular intervals, and the government of the fledgling colony was keen to source foodstuffs and other supplies locally. The Company decided to ally with the closest village, the relatively small Sinkan, who were able to supply them firewood, venison and fish. However, relations with the other villages were not so friendly. The aboriginal settlements of the area were involved in more or less constant low-level warfare with each other (head-hunting raids and looting of property), and an alliance with Sinkan put the Dutch at odds with the foes of that village. In 1625 the Dutch bought a piece of land from the Sinkaners for the sum of fifteen cangans (a kind of cloth), where they then built the town of Sakam for Dutch and Chinese merchants.
Initially other villages in the area, chiefly Mattau, Soulang and Bakloan, also professed their desire to live in peace with the Dutch. The villages saw that it was in their interest to maintain good relations with the newcomers, but this belief was weakened by a series of incidents between 1625 and 1629. The earliest of these was a Dutch attack on Chinese pirates in the bay of Wancan, not far from Mattau, in 1625. The pirates were able to drive off the Dutch soldiers, causing the Dutch to lose face among the Formosan villages. Encouraged by this Dutch failure, warriors from Mattau raided Sinkan, believing the Dutch too weak to defend their Formosan friends. At this point, the Dutch returned to Wancan and this time were able to rout the pirates, restoring their reputation. Mattau was then forced by the colonials to return the property stolen from Sinkan and make reparations in the form of two pigs. The peace was short-lived, however, because in November 1626 the villagers of Sinkan attacked Mattau and Bakloan, before going to the Dutch to ask for protection from retribution. Although the Dutch were able to force Sinkan's enemies to back down in this case, in later incidents they proved incapable of fully protecting their Formosan allies.
Frustrated by the inability of the Dutch to protect them, the Sinkan villagers turned to Japanese traders, who were not on friendly terms with the VOC. In 1627 a delegation from the village visited Japan in order to ask for Japanese protection and to offer sovereignty to the Japanese Shōgun Tokugawa Iemitsu. The Shōgun refused them an audience, but on their return to Formosa the Sinkan villagers, along with their erstwhile foes from Mattau, Bakloan and Soulang, went to Governor Nuyts to demand that the company pay an annual tribute to the villages for operating on their land. The Governor refused. Soon after, the Japanese isolationist policy of sakoku removed Japanese support for the Formosans, leaving Sinkan once more at the mercy of its rivals, prompting missionary George Candidius to write that "this village Sinkan has been until now under Dutch protection, and without this protection it would not stand for even a month." In 1629 however the Dutch were unable to defend either themselves or their allies. Governor Nuyts went to Mattau on an official (friendly) visit with a guard of sixty musketeers, who were fêted on their arrival. After leaving the village the next morning, the musketeers were ambushed while crossing a stream and slaughtered to a man, by warriors of both Mattau and Soulang. The Governor had a lucky escape as he had returned to Fort Zeelandia the previous evening.
Shortly after the massacre Governor Nuyts was recalled by the VOC governor-general in Batavia for various offences, including responsibility for the souring of relations with the Japanese. Hans Putmans replaced Nuyts as governor, and immediately wanted to attack the ringleaders in Mattau, but the village was judged too strong to assault directly. Therefore, the Dutch moved against the weaker Bakloan, who they believed sheltered proponents of the massacre, setting out on 23 November 1629, and returning later that day "having killed many people and burned most of the village." The Bakloan villagers sued for peace, and Mattau too signed a nine-month peace accord with the company. However, in the years that followed, the Mattau, Bakloan and Soulang villagers continued a concerted campaign to harass employees of the company, particularly those who were rebuilding structures destroyed by the Mattauers in Sakam. The situation showed no signs of improvement for the Dutch, until relations between Mattau and Soulang soured in late 1633 and early 1634. The two villages went to war in May 1634, and although Mattau won the fight, the company was happy to see divisions among the villages which it felt it could exploit.
Dutch retaliation
Although both Governor Nuyts and subsequently Governor Putmans wanted to move against Mattau, the garrison at Fort Zeelandia numbered only 400, of which 210 were soldiers – not enough to undertake a major campaign without leaving the Dutch fortress guard under-strength. After persistent unheeded requests from the two governors, in 1635 Batavia finally sent a force of 475 soldiers to Taiwan, to "avenge the murder of the expeditionary force against Mattau in 1629, to increase the prestige of the Company, and to obtain the respect and authority, necessary for the protection of the Chinese who had come all the way from China, to cultivate the land."
By this stage, relations with the other villages had also deteriorated to the extent that even Sinkan, previously thought to be tightly bound to the Dutch, was plotting rebellion. The missionary Robert Junius, who lived among the natives, wrote that "rebels in Sinkan have conspired against our state . . . and [are planning] to murder and beat to death the missionaries and soldiers in Sinkan." The governor in Tayouan moved quickly to quell the uprising, sending eighty soldiers to the village and arresting some of the key conspirators. With potential disaster averted in Sinkan, the Dutch were further encouraged by the news that Mattau and Soulang, their principal enemies, were being ravaged by smallpox, whereas Sinkan, now back under Dutch control, was spared the disease – this being viewed as a divine sign that the Dutch were righteous.
On 22 November 1635, the newly arrived forces set out for Bakloan, headed by Governor Putmans. Junius joined him with a group of native warriors from Sinkan, who had been persuaded to take part by the clergyman in order to further good relations between themselves and the VOC. The plan was initially to rest there for the night, before attacking Mattau the next morning, but the Dutch forces received word that the Mattau villagers had learned of their approach and planned to flee. They therefore decided to press on and attack that evening, succeeding in surprising the Mattau warriors and subduing the village without a fight. The Dutch summarily executed 26 men of the village, before setting fire to the houses and returning to Bakloan.
On the way back to Fort Zeelandia, the troops stopped in Bakloan, Sinkan and Sakam, at each step warning the chiefs of the village of the price of angering the VOC, and obtaining guarantees of friendly conduct in the future. The village of Soulang sent two representatives to the Dutch while they were resting in Sinkan, offering a spear and a hatchet as a symbol that they would ally their forces to the Dutch. Also present with offers of friendship were men from (modern-day Yujing District), a collection of three villages in the hills previously outside Dutch influence. Finally two chiefs from Mattau arrived, kow-towing to the Dutch officials and wishing to sue for peace.
The aborigines signalled their surrender by sending a few of their best weapons to the Dutch, and then by bringing a small tree (often betel nut) planted in earth from their village as a token of the granting of sovereignty to the VOC. Over the next few months as word of the Dutch victory spread, more and more villages came to pay their respects at Fort Zeelandia and assure the VOC of their friendly intentions. However, the new masters of Mattau also inherited their enemies, with both Favorlang and Tirosen expressing hostility towards the VOC in the wake of their victory.
After the victory over Mattau the governor decided to make use of the soldiers to cow other recalcitrant villages, starting with Taccariang, who had previously killed both VOC employees and Sinkan villagers. The villagers first fought with the Sinkanders who were acting as a vanguard, but on receiving a volley from the Dutch musketeers the Taccariang warriors turned and fled. The VOC forces entered the village unopposed, and burnt it to the ground. From Taccariang they moved on to Soulang, where they arrested warriors who had participated in the 1629 massacre of sixty Dutch soldiers and torched their houses. The last stop on the campaign trail was Tevorang, which had previously sheltered wanted men from other villages. This time the governor decided to use diplomacy, offering gifts and assurances of friendship, with the consequences of resistance left implicit. The Tevorangans took the hint, and offered no opposition to Dutch rule.
Pax Hollandica
On hearing of the Dutch show of force, aboriginal tribes from further afield decided to submit to Dutch rule, either through fear of Dutch military might or hope that such an alliance would prove beneficial to the tribe. Representatives came from Pangsoia (Pangsoya; modern-day Linbian, Pingtung), 100 km to the south, to ally themselves with the VOC. The Dutch decided to hold a landdag (a grand convention) to welcome all the villages into the fold and impress them with Dutch largesse and power. This duly took place on 22 February 1636, with 28 villages represented from southern and central Formosa. The governor presented the attendees with robes and staffs of state to symbolise their position, and Robert Junius wrote that "it was delightful to see the friendliness of these people when they met for the first time, to notice how they kissed each other and gazed at one another. Such a thing had never before been witnessed in this country, as one tribe was nearly always waging war against another."
The net effect of the Dutch campaign was a pax Hollandica (Dutch peace), assuring VOC control in the southwest of the island. The Dutch called their new area of control the Verenigde Dorpen (United Villages), a deliberate allusion to the United Provinces of their homeland. The campaign was vital to the success and growth of the Dutch colony, which had operated as more of a trading post than a true colony until that point.
Other pacification campaigns
Earlier
In 1629, the third governor of Dutch Formosa, Pieter Nuyts, dispatched 63 Dutch soldiers to Mattau with the excuse of "arresting Chinese pirates". The effort was impeded by the local indigenous Taivoan people, as they had been resentful at the Dutch colonists who invaded and slaughtered many of their people. On the way back, the 63 Dutch soldiers were drowned by the indigenous people of Mattau, resulting in the retaliation of Pieter Nuyts and later the Mattau Incident (麻豆社事件) in 1635.
On November 23, 1635, Nuyts led 500 Dutch soldiers and 500 Siraya soldiers from Sinckan to assail Mattau, killing 26 tribal people and burning all the buildings in Mattau. On December 18, Mattau surrendered and signed the Mattau Act (麻豆條約) with the Dutch governor. In this act, Mattau agreed to grant all the land inherited or controlled and all the properties owned by the people of Mattau to the Dutch. The Mattau Act has two significant meanings in the history of Taiwan:
Later
Multiple Aboriginal villages rebelled against the Dutch in the 1650s due to oppression like when the Dutch ordered aboriginal women for sex, deer pelts, and rice be given to them from aborigines in the Taipei basin in Wu-lao-wan village which sparked a rebellion in December 1652 at the same time as the Chinese rebellion. Two Dutch translators were beheaded by the Wu-lao-wan aborigines and in a subsequent fight 30 aboriginals and another two Dutch people died, after an embargo of salt and iron on Wu-lao-wan the aboriginals were forced to sue for peace in February 1653.
Notes
References
Dutch Formosa
1630s conflicts
1635 in Taiwan
1636 in Taiwan
1630s in Dutch Formosa
17th century in Taiwan
Military history of the Dutch East India Company
Military history of Taiwan |
6900456 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guruceta%20Trophy | Guruceta Trophy | In Spanish football, the Guruceta trophy is awarded by Spanish sports newspaper MARCA to the best referee for each season. It is named in honour of the famous Spanish referee, Emilio Guruceta.
Rules
After every match the MARCA journalist covering the match will evaluate the referees performance with a score out of 3 - 3 being the best and 0 the worst. At the end of the season a coefficient will be calculated between the number of matches refereed and the number of points awarded. The referee with the highest coefficient wins the trophy.
Winners
La Liga
Segunda División
External links
MARCA website
La Liga trophies and awards
Segunda División trophies and awards
Spanish football trophies and awards |
20467831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasciolariidae | Fasciolariidae | The Fasciolariidae, common name the "tulip snails and spindle snails", are a family of small to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Buccinoidea.
The family Fasciolariidae probably appeared about 110 million years ago during the Cretaceous
Distribution
The recent species inhabit tropical to temperate waters.
Description
The shells are usually reddish in color and have a moderate to large size, reaching a height between 1.0 and 60 cm. The shells are spindle-shaped and biconic. The spire is elongated. The siphonal canal is well developed and is long to moderately long. The columella varies between a smooth appearance and showing spiral folds. The horny operculum has an oval shape. Their radula is characteristic with narrow central teeth with three cusps. The wide lateral teeth show numerous ctenoid (= comblike) cusps.
Snails in the family Fasciolariidae are carnivorous. They feed on other gastropods and on bivalves. Some also prey on worms and barnacles.
The snails are gonochoristic, i.e. the individuals have just one sex. The female snails deposit their eggs in horny capsules either in a single form or in clusters arranged around a hollow axis. The single forms have a flattened, disk-shaped, or vase-shaped form. The clusters are hemispherical or cylindrical. Development is usually direct. The larvae emerge from the capsules as free-swimming young or as crawling young.
Taxonomy
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the Fasciolariidae consist of the following subfamilies:
Clavilithinae Vermeij & Snyder, 2018 †
Fasciolariinae Gray, 1853
Fusininae Wrigley, 1927 - synonyms: Fusinae Swainson, 1840 (inv.); Cyrtulidae MacDonald, 1869; Streptochetinae Cossmann, 1901
Peristerniinae Tryon, 1880 - synonym: Latiridae Iredale, 1929
Genera
Genera in the family Fasciolariidae include (fossil genera are marked with a dagger):
subfamily Clavilithinae Vermeij & Snyder, 2018 †
† Africolithes Eames, 1957
† Austrolithes Finlay, 1931
† Chiralithes Olsson, 1930
† Clavellofusus Grabau, 1904
† Clavilithes Swainson, 1840
† Cosmolithes Grabau, 1904
† Mancorus Olsson, 1931
† Papillina Conrad, 1855
† Perulithes Olsson, 1930
† Clavella Swainson, 1835 accepted as Clavilithes Swainson, 1840 † (Junior homonym of Clavella Oken, 1815. Has been renamed Clavilithes.)
† Rhopalithes Grabau, 1904 accepted as Clavilithes Swainson, 1840 † (objective synonym)
† Turrispira Conrad, 1866 accepted as Clavilithes Swainson, 1840 †
† Daphnobela Cossmann, 1896
† Euthriofusus Cossmann, 1901
subfamily Fasciolariinae
Fasciolaria Lamarck, 1799 - type genus, the Tulip shells
Africolaria Snyder, Vermeij & Lyons, 2012
Araiofusus Callomon & Snyder, 2017
Aurantilaria Snyder, Vermeij & Lyons, 2012
Australaria Snyder, Vermeij & Lyons, 2012
Bellifusus Stephenson, 1941 †
Boltenella Wade, 1917 †
Brucia Cossmann, 1920 †
Calkota Squires & Saul, 2003
Cinctura Hollister, 1957
Conradconfusus Snyder, 2002 †
Cryptorhytis Meek, 1876 †
Drilliovoluta Cossmann, 1925 †
Drilluta Wade, 1916 †
Filifusus Snyder, Vermeij & Lyons, 2012
Glaphyrina Finlay, 1926
Granolaria Snyder, Vermeij & Lyons, 2012
Haplovoluta Wade, 1918 †
Hercorhyncus Conrad, 1869 †
Hylus Wade, 1917 †
Kilburnia Snyder, Vermeij & Lyons, 2012
Liochlamys Dall, 1889 †
Lirofusus Conrad, 1865 †
Lugubrilaria Snyder, Vermeij & Lyons, 2012
Lyonsifusus Vermeij & Snyder, 2018
Mariafusus Petuch, 1988 †
Micasarcina Squires & Saul, 2003 †
Microcolus Cotton & Godfrey, 1932
Microfulgur Finlay & Marwick, 1937
Mylecoma Squires & Saul, 2003 †
Odontofusus Whitfield, 1892 †
Paleopsephaea Wade, 1926 †
Parafusus Wade, 1918 †
Perse B.L. Clark, 1918 †
Piestochilus Meek, 1864 †
Plectocion Stewart, 1927 †
Pleia Finlay, 1930
Pleuroploca P. Fischer, 1884
Pliculofusus Snyder, Vermeij & Lyons, 2012 †
Saginafusus Iredale, 1931
Scobina Wade, 1917 †
Serrifusus Meek, 1876 †
Skyles Saul & Popenoe, 1993 †
Terebraspira Conrad, 1862 †
Trichifusus Bandel, 2000 †
Triplofusus Olsson & Harbison, 1953
Wadia Cossmann, 1920 †
Whitneyella Stewart, 1927 †
Woodsella Wade, 1926 †
subfamily Fusininae
Fusus Bruguière, 1789 : synonym of Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815
Aegeofusinus Russo, 2017
Africofusus Vermeij & Snyder, 2018
Amiantofusus Fraussen, Kantor & Hadorn, 2007
† Angustifusus Vermeij & Snyder, 2018
Apertifusus Vermeij & Snyder, 2018
Aptyxis Troschel, 1868
Araiofusus Callomon & Snyder, 2017
Ariefusus Vermeij & Snyder, 2018
Aristofusus Vermeij & Snyder, 2018
Barbarofusus Grabau & Shimer, 1909
Callifusus Vermeij & Snyder, 2018
Chryseofusus Hadorn & Fraussen, 2003
Cyrtulus Hinds, 1843 - Cyrtulus serotinus Hinds, 1843
Enigmofusus Vermeij & Snyder, 2018
† Eofusus Vermeij & Snyder, 2018
Falsicolus Finlay, 1930
Falsifusus Grabau, 1904 †
Fredenia Cadée & Janssen, 1994 †
Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815 - type genus of the subfamily Fusininae
Gemmocolus Maxwell, 1992 †
Goniofusus Vermeij & Snyder, 2018
Gracilipurpura Jousseaume, 1880
Granulifusus Kuroda & Habe, 1954
Harasewychia Petuch, 1987
Harfordia Dall, 1921
Heilprinia Grabau, 1904
Helolithus Agassiz, 1846 †
Hesperaptyxis Snyder & Vermeij, 2016
Lepidocolus Maxwell, 1992 †
Liracolus Maxwell, 1992 †
Lyonsifusus Vermeij & Snyder, 2018
Marmorofusus Snyder & Lyons, 2014
Okutanius Kantor, Fedosov, Snyder & Bouchet, 2018
Ollaphon Iredale, 1929
Priscofusus Conrad, 1865 †
Profusinus Bandel, 2000 †
Propefusus Iredale, 1924
Pseudaptyxis Petuch, 1988 †
Pullincola de Gregorio, 1894 †
Remera Stephenson, 1941 †
Rhopalithes Grabau, 1904 †
Simplicifusus Kira, 1972
Solutofusus Pritchard, 1898 †
Spirilla Agassiz, 1842 †
Streptocarina Hinsch, 1977 †
Streptochetus Cossmann, 1889 †
Streptodictyon Tembrock, 1961 †
Streptolathyrus Cossmann, 1901 †
Tectifusus Tate, 1893 †
Trophonofusus Kuroda & Habe, 1971
Turrispira Conrad, 1866 †
Vermeijius Kantor, Fedosov, Snyder & Bouchet, 2018
Viridifusus Snyder, Vermeij & Lyons, 2012
subfamily Peristerniinae
Peristernia Mörch, 1852 - type genus of the subfamily Peristerniinae
Aptycholathyrus Cossman & Pissarro, 1905 †
Ascolatirus Bellardi, 1884 †
Benimakia Habe, 1958
Brocchitas Finlay, 1927 †
Bullockus Lyons & Snyder, 2008
Dennantia Tate, 1888 †
Dentifusus Vermeij & Rosenberg, 2003
Dolicholatirus Bellardi, 1886
Eolatirus Bellardi, 1884 †
Exilifusus Conrad, 1865 †
Fractolatirus Iredale, 1936
Fusolatirus Kuroda & Habe, 1971
Hemipolygona Rovereto, 1899
Lathyropsis Oostingh, 1939 †
Latirofusus Cossmann, 1889
Latirogona Laws, 1944 †
Latirolagena Harris, 1897
Latirulus Cossmann, 1889
Latirus Montfort, 1810
Leucozonia Gray, 1847
Lightbournus Lyons & Snyder, 2008
Liochlamys Dall, 1889 †
Mazzalina Conrad, 1960 †
Neolatirus Bellardi, 1884 †
Nodolatirus Bouchet & Snyder, 2013
Nodopelagia Hedley, 1915
Opeatostoma Berry, 1958
Plesiolatirus Bellardi, 1884 †
Plicatella Swainson, 1840
Polygona Schumacher, 1817
Psammostoma Vermeij & Snyder, 2002 †
Pseudolatirus Bellardi, 1884
Pustulatirus Vermeij & Snyder, 2006
Ruscula Casey, 1904 †
Streptopelma Cossmann, 1901 †
Tarantinaea Monterosato, 1917
Taron Hutton, 1883
Teralatirus Coomans, 1965
Turrilatirus Vermeij & M.A. Snyder, 2006
Subfamily ?
Crassibougia Stahlschmidt & Fraussen, 2012
Genera brought into synonymy
Aptyxis Troschel, 1868: synonym of Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815
Buccinofusus Conrad, 1868: synonym of Conradconfusus Snyder, 2002 †
Bulbifusus Conrad, 1865 †: synonym of Mazzalina Conrad, 1960 †
Chasca Clench & Aguayo, 1941: synonym of Chascax Watson, 1873: synonym of Hemipolygona Rovereto, 1899
Chascax Watson, 1873: synonym of Hemipolygona Rovereto, 1899
Cinctura Hollister, 1957: synonym of Fasciolaria Lamarck, 1799
Clavella Swainson, 1835: synonym of Clavilithes Swainson, 1840 †
Cymatium Link, 1807: synonym of Latirus Montfort, 1810
Exilifusus Gabb, 1876 †: synonym of Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815
Fusilatirus McGinty, 1955: synonym of Dolicholatirus Bellardi, 1884
Fusus Bruguière, 1789: synonym of Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815
Gracilipurpura Jousseaume, 1881 †: synonym of Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815
Heilprinia Grabau, 1904: synonym of Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815
Iaeranea Rafinesque, 1815: synonym of Fasciolaria Lamarck, 1799
Lagena Schumacher, 1817: synonym of Latirolagena Harris, 1897
Lathyrus Schinz, 1825: synonym of Latirus Montfort, 1810
Latirofusus Cossmann, 1889: synonym of Dolicholatirus Bellardi, 1884
Latyrus Carpenter, 1857: synonym of Latirus Montfort, 1810
Propefusus Iredale, 1924: synonym of Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815
Pseudofusus Monterosato, 1884: synonym of Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815
Pseudolatirus Cossmann, 1889 †: synonym of Streptolathyrus Cossmann, 1901 †
Simplicifusus Kira, 1972: synonym of Granulifusus Kuroda & Habe, 1954
Sinistralia H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853: synonym of Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815
Tarantinaea Monterosato, 1917: synonym of Fasciolaria Lamarck, 1799
References
External links
Gastropod families
Taxa named by John Edward Gray |
6900464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara%20%28Israel%29 | Tara (Israel) | Tara () is an agricultural cooperative (co-op) in Israel specializing in milk and dairy products. It is the leading private dairy producer in Israel and the second largest dairy processor after Tnuva.
Tara was created in 1942 by dairy farmers from the Tel Aviv neighbourhood of Nahalat Yitzhak and the surrounding area, in order to unite under one organization that would represent them with regard to the British mandatory authorities and concentrated purchasing of fodder rations as well as selling the agricultural produce. The name apparently was decided by the British clerk when the co-op representative came to register the firm did not have a name. A warehouse for fodder as well as a refrigeration room to keep milk on the Shabbat was built on a half-dunam (500 m²) plot of land. The increase in productivity as well as quantities of milk provided a surplus that led the co-op to begin producing cream and cheeses.
With the establishment of the State of Israel, a dairy department was created in the new Ministry of Agriculture, and with it new regulations with regard to production including required pasteurization, a standard 3.5% level of fat, and that dairy farmers work from concentrated areas and independently. This led to more dairy farmers to join from Giv'atayim, Jaffa, and Petah Tikva as well as production expanding to hard cheeses.
At the beginning of the 1960s, during the period that Moshe Dayan was Minister of Agriculture, the government decided to change the zoning of the Nahalat Yitzhak neighbourhood from agricultural to urban-industrial. Subsequently, the local farmers were forced to move their enterprises elsewhere. The elimination of its main source of milk required Tara to purchase milk from new farmers as well as Tnuva.
Until the late 1990s, Tara was still run by representatives of the original owners. In 1997, it was decided to hire 'professional' management. In 2004, the Central Bottling Company Ltd., the local licensee of Coca-Cola, purchased the company for $39 million.
In 2006, Tara signed a licensing and know-how deal with Müller of a European dairy product manufacturer based in Germany.
As of 2006, Tara employs over 360 workers and produces about 135 million liters of milk yearly, which is about 450,000 liters of milk daily on average, with a market share of 10-13%. Estimated revenues in 2005 were 500 million NIS, with a loss of about $10 million.
In August 2007, the Gilead Dairy owned by Tara, acquired Tzuriel Farm for under NIS 20 million. The 'Tzuriel Farm' dairy, specializing in hard-cheese, goat-cheeses, and other semi-firm cheeses was established in 1986 and since 1999 has operated a unique line of soy-based products.
References
External links
Official web site
Dairy products companies of Israel
Israeli brands |
20467842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacharukhi | Pacharukhi | Rambhu Yadav Rautahat Nepal
Village Development Committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3132 people living in 717 individual households.
Pachrukhi has a Large Pond where a Shiva Mandir is located. There are more than 2-6 Durga Temples .
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
20467847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raschera | Raschera | Raschera is an Italian pressed fat or medium fat, semi-hard cheese made with raw or pasteurized cow milk, to which a small amount of sheep's and/or goat's milk may be added. It has an ivory white color inside with irregularly spaced small eyes, and a semi-hard rind which is red gray sometimes with yellow highlights. It has a savory and salty taste, similar to Muenster cheese, and can be moderately sharp if the cheese has been aged.
The cheese was given an Italian protected designation of origin (DOP) in July 1996, and may also carry the name "di alpeggio" (from mountain pasture) if the cheese was made in the mountainous areas of its designated Province of Cuneo.
References
External links
Raschera at Italian Made
Piedmontese cheeses
Italian cheeses
Cow's-milk cheeses
Italian products with protected designation of origin
Cheeses with designation of origin protected in the European Union |
6900467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers%20Access%20Campaign | Rivers Access Campaign | The Rivers Access Campaign is an ongoing initiative by the British Canoe Union (BCU) to open up the inland waterways of England and Wales to the public. Under current English and Welsh law, public access to rivers is restricted, and only 2% of all rivers in England and Wales have public access rights.
Current access situation
There are of inland river and canal in England and Wales with navigation rights, and over of inland rivers with no access.
England and Wales are unusual in the level of restriction upon their waterways and are considered two of the most difficult places in the world to gain access to rivers. The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 grants a "Right to Roam" specifically to areas of open land comprising:
mountain (land over 600 metres)
moorland
heathland
downland
registered common land
In England and Wales there is no blanket right of access to non-agricultural land, unlike Scotland, where the Scottish Parliament passed the 2003 Land Reform (Scotland) Act granting access for both land and inland waterways to the public.
The UK government has encouraged canoeists to seek negotiations and create access agreements for privately owned water with land owners throughout England and Wales. For over 50 years both the BCU and WCA have been working to seek these agreements for access, which has resulted in , a total 4% of all privately owned linear waterways in England and Wales being opened up with some form of public access agreement.
The Welsh Canoeing Association estimate that there are around 300 rivers in Wales suitable for kayaking, only 13 of which have any form of legal access agreement.
Most of these agreements permit access only on certain days of the year or for short sections of the river. The government has decided to pursue further agreements in 4 study areas, over a 2-year trial period. However, there is no guarantee that this trial will grant further access, with recent government studies showing that access agreements are unlikely to be able to provide the necessary resources needed for water sports.
The law
Legally the water itself is not owned, but ownership of the lands include stream bed ownership. Under common law, the presence of water does not provide a right to use the space occupied by, or immediately above the water. This is a civil offence , and may incur a fine or possibly a court injunction to prevent further trespassing. This applies to any member of the public, be they canoeists, rowers, swimmers, or anglers.
It has been suggested that a "common-law" right of navigation exists on any navigable water in England and Wales: however, this has been refuted by legal experts.
The only arrestable offence is aggravated trespass, under the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, where a criminal offence is committed whilst trespassing. There must also be intent to disrupt or intimidate those engaged in lawful activities.
References
External links
British Canoe Union website
Welsh Canoeing Association website
River Access for All
Canoeing in the United Kingdom
Freedom to roam |
20467851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20G%C3%B3mez%20%28footballer%2C%20born%20August%201981%29 | Mario Gómez (footballer, born August 1981) | Mario Arnaldo Gómez Castellanos (born August 12, 1981 in Tela, Honduras) is a Honduran footballer.
Club career
Gómez played for New Jersey Stallions, Vida and Victoria, before joining F.C. Motagua in summer 2009.
He most recently played for F.C. Motagua in the Honduran football league. He won a sub-championship with The Eagles but could not stay more than a year due to inconsistency and lack of appearances.
International career
Gómez made his debut for Honduras in a March 2005 friendly match against the United States, coming on as a second-half substitute for Carlos Morán. His second and final international match was a February 2006 friendly against China.
References
External links
1981 births
Living people
People from Tela
Association football midfielders
Honduran footballers
Honduras international footballers
New Jersey Stallions players
C.D.S. Vida players
C.D. Victoria players
F.C. Motagua players
Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional de Honduras players
Honduran expatriate footballers
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
New York Red Bulls draft picks |
23574992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20image%20of%20Rudy%20Giuliani | Public image of Rudy Giuliani | Mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001, and a candidate for President of the United States in 2008, Rudy Giuliani was both glorified and criticized in the public sphere for his past actions. Many credited him with reducing crime and improving the city's economy and lauded his leadership during the September 11, 2001 attacks and his coordination of the emergency response in the immediate aftermath. Others disapproved of his policies and political positions as Mayor and candidate and criticized the perceived glorification of his role in the aftermath of 9/11 during the 2008 campaign.
Poll numbers throughout 2007 suggested that Giuliani was the front-runner among other Republican candidates for the party's 2008 presidential nomination. Although the status fell with his looming exit from the race, Giuliani continued to be perceived as strong on terrorism.
Philosophy
Giuliani is a Roman Catholic who is pro-choice, supports same-sex civil unions, and embryonic stem cell research. As a candidate in 2008, Giuliani did not stray from his stances, remarking that it is better to make abortion rare and increase the number of adoptions rather than to criminalize the practice. As mayor, the abortion rate in New York City dropped by 16% in comparison to the 12% drop nationally. Adoptions raised by 133% while he was mayor. Some social conservatives accepted this as a reason for their support of Giuliani, contending that his position on abortion was the most pragmatic view taken by an anti-abortion candidate in the 2008 election. They also approved of his pledge as a presidential candidate, that he would nominate Supreme Court Justices in the mold of John Roberts, Samuel Alito, Antonin Scalia, and Anthony Kennedy (all Ronald Reagan appointees or former colleagues of Giuliani's from the Reagan Justice Department).
But some anti-abortion groups, such as the Republican National Coalition for Life, strongly opposed Giuliani's positions and campaigns. Some Catholic archbishops came forward arguing that his views on abortion were not consistent with the teachings of the Catholic Church. Joseph Cella, president of a Catholic advocacy group in Michigan stated, "It's becoming ever more clear that Rudy Giuliani suffers from John Kerry syndrome. It's just a matter of time before more bishops step up, because he shares the identical position on abortion as John Kerry and Hillary Clinton." Giuliani declined to discuss his religion when asked if he considered himself a "traditional, practicing Roman Catholic." Giuliani stated that his religion is a personal matter and that there should not be any religious test for public office. He explained further stating:
James Dobson, an influential Christian conservative leader, wrote that he could not fathom Giuliani's stance on the abortion issue and he would not vote for him if he were the Republican presidential nominee. He also cited Giuliani's three marriages and the former mayor's support for civil unions for gays as reasons why he could not support the candidate. Dobson wrote, "I cannot, and will not, vote for Rudy Giuliani in 2008. It is an irrevocable decision."
However, conservative political pundit George Will wrote near the end of Giuliani's time as mayor that he had run the most conservative government in America in the last 50 or 60 years. An August 2006 poll from Rasmussen Reports showed that the American public perceives Giuliani overall to be a moderate. Specifically, of those polled, 36% classified him as a moderate, 29% as a conservative, and 15% as a liberal, with the remaining 20% being unsure.
Family life
Giuliani has been married three times. The dissolution of his marriage with Donna Hanover was detailed extensively in the news media. The circumstances of the separation along with his previous marriage to his second cousin also caused problems for Giuliani during his presidential run. At a public appearance in Derry, New Hampshire on August 16, 2007 an audience member, Katherine Prudhomme-O'Brien asked him, "[H]ow you could expect the loyal following of Americans when you are not getting it from your own family?"
Giuliani replied, "I love my family very, very much and will do anything for them. ... The best thing I can say is kind of, 'Leave my family alone, just like I'll leave your family alone.' "
Leadership
Supporters of Giuliani claim that while he was mayor of New York he displayed leadership skills in the aftermath of the World Trade Center Attacks. In 2002, Giuliani released a book called Leadership in which he gave techniques that he used while he was mayor. According to a Gallup Poll, taken February 9–11 2007, respondents who supported Giuliani for president were asked why they supported him. The results showed that 13% of supporters did so because of Giuliani's strong leadership and 53% did so because of leadership related topics such as time as mayor and handling of 9/11. Another poll taken by Marist, showed that 42% of Giuliani supporters believed that leadership is the most important quality for a candidate, this is compared to 34% of McCain supporters who believed the same.
However, Giuliani also has been criticized by vocal opponents from his mayoral days, homing in on Giuliani's support for the NYPD during the racially charged cases of Abner Louima and Amadou Diallo and his crackdown on porn shops in Times Square. In November 2006, civil-rights lawyer and frequent Giuliani critic Norman Siegel pledged to "swift boat" the former Mayor by bringing attention to these and other controversies.
A CNN/Opinion Research Corp. poll conducted November 28, 2007 found that in the state of Florida, where Giuliani campaigned most often during his presidential campaign, 53% of voters found Giuliani to be the best candidate to fight the War on Terrorism. 33% of the Florida voters found Giuliani to be the best to deal with the Iraq conflict and 34% viewed him as the best candidate concerning economic issues.
Crime record
At the time Giuliani became Mayor, 2,000 murders occurred every year and 11,000 crimes occurred every week in New York City. With Giuliani as the mayor the crime rate dropped by 56% and is now considered one of the safest big cities in the country. Supporters of Giuliani contend that this is evidence of his leadership skills and efficiency.
Statistics show that between 1993 and 1997 the decrease New York City crime accounted for 25% of the nation's overall crime decrease.
Giuliani spokeswoman Maria Comella said, "Mayor Giuliani successfully worked to get guns out of the hands of criminals in order to transform a city out of control. By being tough on crime and enforcing the laws on the books, New York City's murder rate was cut by 66 percent."
However, the FBI warned against drawing broad conclusions from the decrease in crime. "These rough rankings provide no insight into the numerous variables that mold crime in a particular city. Consequently they lead to simplistic and/or incomplete analyses that often create misleading perceptions."
9/11
Giuliani is best known for his leadership role during the September 11 attacks. In the aftermath of the attacks, Giuliani gained the moniker "America's Mayor" and was named Time Magazine Person of the Year in 2001. His campaign used this image of leadership during crisis to drive his presidential campaign. Because of this, however, he was sometimes criticized and often parodied for over-emphasizing the importance of 9/11 and terrorism-related issues while campaigning. Joe Biden famously remarked of Giuliani, "There's only three things he mentions in a sentence – a noun, a verb, and 9/11.", and Comedy Central's The Daily Show had a recurring animation with an anthropomorphized "9" and "11" that played when lampooning the former mayor's 9/11 use. A BBC associate said, "Mr Giuliani's appeal as the man who led New York through the terrorist attacks is occasionally over-emphasised in his campaign."
The International Association of Fire Fighters issued a letter in 2007, accusing Giuliani of "egregious acts" against the 343 firemen who had died in the September 11th attacks. The letter asserted that Giuliani rushed to conclude the recovery effort once gold and silver had been recovered from World Trade Center vaults and thereby prevented the remains of many victims from being recovered: "Mayor Giuliani's actions meant that fire fighters and citizens who perished would either remain buried at Ground Zero forever, with no closure for families, or be removed like garbage and deposited at the Fresh Kills Landfill." The Giuliani campaign stated that the union was politically motivated from tough contract negotiations from Giuliani's second term as mayor and quoted a retired firefighter, Lee Ielphi (a father of 9–11 victim who was called to duty as a firefighter that day), saying "Firefighters have no greater friend and supporter than Rudy Giuliani." The union denied political motivation for the criticism. Jim Riches, an official at a firefighters' union and the father of a fallen Ground Zero firefighter, said, "We have all the UFA, the UFOA, and the fire members are all behind us – the International Association of Fire Fighters. ... And we're going to be out there today to let everybody know that he's not the hero that he says he is." The unions' complaints focus on the malfunctioning radios used by the fire department on September 11, 2001 and what they claim was a lack of coordination at the Ground Zero site.
In response to this image, Giuliani stated at a presidential debate that he "...would like people to look at my whole record. Long before September 11, 2001 ... the reason that I believe I'm qualified to be president of the United States is not because of September 11th, 2001. It's because I've been tested ... and I got very, very remarkable results. And that is the evaluation of other people, not me."
Consideration for Secretary of State in Trump Administration
In November 2016, he was under consideration for Secretary of State in the Trump Administration. In terms of public image, he has received negative press for ties to foreign governments and foreign business activities.
Cultural depictions
Giuliani is known for dressing in drag. He did so on three occasions as Mayor of New York City between 1997 and 2000. Two of the appearances were for public roasts, and another was during an appearance on Saturday Night Live. During the 2000 appearance, Giuliani flirted with real estate mogul Donald Trump. Giuliani adviser Elliot Cuker claimed to have persuaded the politician to dress in drag in order to help him with the gay vote.<ref>Peter J. Boyer, "Mayberry Man," "The New Yorker, August 20, 2007, p. 53</ref>
Giuliani was supposed to appear as himself on a May 2007 episode of The Simpsons entitled "Stop or My Dog Will Shoot", but his role was cut due to his presidential campaign. However, a "Simpsonized" image of the former Mayor was released for promotional purposes.
Giuliani was portrayed in the November 2019 South Park episode "Season Finale". He is referred to as a "treasonous pig" and not a "good lawyer".
Giuliani appeared in the 2020 film Borat Subsequent Moviefilm. His scene in the mockumentary was widely reported in multiple news sources, as Giuliani is shown reclining on a bed with his hands down the front of his pants while in a hotel room with an actress posing as a news reporter. Multiple sources reported on Giuliani's actions in the scene, with The Guardian calling it a "compromising scene". Giuliani denied any wrongdoing, claiming that the scene with him was "a complete fabrication" and that he had only been tucking in his shirt.
After the Four Seasons Total Landscaping press conference, Giuliani was portrayed by Saturday Night Live''s Kate McKinnon on the show's "Weekend Update" news segment.
References
Rudy Giuliani
Giuliani, Rudy |
20467855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pataura%2C%20Nepal | Pataura, Nepal | Pataura is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4521 people living in 794 individual households.
See also
Pataura, a village in Jaunpur, India
Ajay Verma lives here. He is very known popular here.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
17329364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera%20Divisi%C3%B3n%20de%20M%C3%A9xico%20Apertura%202008 | Primera División de México Apertura 2008 | The 2008 Primera División Apertura is the first football tournament of the Mexican Primera División 2008−09 season. The tournament began in August 2008 and was contested by the league's 18 teams.
Reigning champion Santos Laguna failed to advance to the final losing 2-1 on a two-leg aggregate (0-0 in the first leg) to eventual champions Toluca in the semifinals, and were unable to defend their title. The team of Toluca would beat Cruz Azul 7-6 in penalties after tying 2-2 on a two-leg aggregate (2-0 in the first leg). This was Toluca's 9th championship, placing them as the third most successful club behind América and Guadalajara.
Teams and Stadia
Managerial changes
This is a list of managerial changes made during the tournament.
Regular season
Standings
Group standings
Results
Playoffs
If the two teams are tied after both legs, the higher seeded team advances.
Both finalist qualify to the 2009–10 CONCACAF Champions League. The champion qualifies directly to the Group Stage, while the runner-up qualifies to the Preliminary Round.
Top goalscorers
Source: MedioTiempo
See also
List of Transfers of Torneo Clausura 2008 (Mexico)
References
External links
Official Website
Aper
Mexico |
20467864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathara%20Budharampur | Pathara Budharampur | Pathara Budharampur is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4146 people living in 736 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
44497938 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott%20Broidy | Elliott Broidy | Elliott B. Broidy (born 1956/1957) is an American venture capitalist and businessman. From 2005 to 2008, he served as finance chairman of the Republican National Committee (RNC). In 2009, he was convicted in a public corruption and bribery case in New York.
From 2017 to April 2018 he was a deputy finance chairman of the RNC, resigning after The Wall Street Journal reported that he had been a party to a non-disclosure agreement with former Playboy Playmate Shera Bechard, under which he paid $1.6 million for her silence about a sexual affair between them. As of May 2019, the United States Department of Justice was investigating Broidy's business and political dealings.
In October 2020, Broidy pleaded guilty to acting as an unregistered foreign agent working for Chinese and Malaysian interests. He sought to lobby the highest levels of the U.S. Government to deport a dissident of the People's Republic of China (PRC) living in the United States, and tried to arrange meetings for a PRC Minister with the Attorney General, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and other high-level officials during the PRC Minister's visit to the United States, all while concealing the foreign principals he represented. He had been charged as part of a federal probe into efforts to influence the Trump administration to stop investigations about a 1MDB Malaysian state fund fraud. On January 20, 2021, Broidy was pardoned by President Donald Trump.
Early life
Broidy is the son of Sherman G. Broidy (1924–2014), an educator and property developer, and Dorothy Horowitz, a nurse, and was raised in Westwood. He is Jewish.
Broidy says he put himself through the University of Southern California "working as a commercial salmon fisherman" and that he "saved $10,000 and bought an East Los Angeles laundromat that he visited almost every day." Broidy graduated from USC where he received a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting and Finance. He was a Certified Public Accountant from 1982 to 1993.
Career
Business
Broidy began his career in finance at Arthur Andersen in the tax department. One of his clients, Glen Bell, the founder of Taco Bell, hired him to manage his personal investments. He was the managing director at Bell Enterprises from 1982 to 1991 during which Broidy became enormously wealthy. In 1991, he founded Broidy Capital Management, an investment firm, serving as its chairman and chief executive officer.
In the early 2000s, he established Markstone through which he invested large sums in Israeli firms becoming a very close friend of Benjamin Netanyahu, who was finance minister of Israel at the time. He raised $800 million for Markstone primarily with close cooperation of elected managers of government workers' pension funds in California, New York, and other states, as well as the city of Los Angeles which he was on the board of trustees for the Los Angeles Fire and Police Pension fund.
Broidy served as chairman of ESI Holdings, an event management firm. He served as commissioner and chairman of the Alternative Investment Committee of the Los Angeles City Fire and Police Pension Fund from 2002 to 2009.
Becoming interested in politics after the 9/11 attacks, he joined the Republican Jewish Coalition and ultimately became a member of the board of directors, a position he still holds as of 2019. Between 2002 and 2004 he became a “Super Ranger", donating more than $300,000 to the George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign. From 2004 to 2006 he raised campaign funds for many Republican candidates. In October 2006, he hosted a fundraiser for Bush, where $1 million was raised. Later that year, he was appointed by Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff to the Homeland Security Advisory Council as well as the Terrorism Task Force and New Technology Task Force.
He led the fund raising for Republicans from 2005 to 2008 as finance chairman for the Republican National Committee (RNC) including the 2008 elections involving John McCain and Sarah Palin and, for the 2016 elections, he was a top fund raiser for Ted Cruz, Lindsey Graham, Marco Rubio, and Donald Trump. From April 2017 until April 13, 2018, he was a deputy finance chairman of the RNC. According to Bruce Bialosky of the Republican Jewish Coalition "A lot of people talked a big game, but when he said he could raise big money, he actually did."
In addition to his other activities, Broidy was the executive producer of two independent films: Sugar and Snake and Mongoose (both 2013).
In 2014, Broidy purchased the Virginia-based private security company Circinus LLC, which provides services to the United States and other governments. The company has hundreds of millions of dollars in contracts with the United Arab Emirates. After meeting with both Jared Kushner and later President Donald Trump in October 2017 at the White House and discussing Circinus with the President during which Broidy felt the President was "extremely enthusiastic" about the firm to gain a security contract with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), in 2018, Broidy intended to take a business trip with George Nader to meet with the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, in order to sell the prince a $650 million contract with Circinus. The plan fell apart when F.B.I. agents took Nader in for questioning upon his arrival at Dulles Airport.
New York State Common Pension Fund conviction
In 2002, Broidy founded Markstone Capital Partners, a private equity firm which invested in companies in Israel. The lead investor was the New York State Common Pension Fund. The pension fund invested $250 million with Markstone. After falling under investigation by then New York attorney general Andrew Cuomo, in 2009, Broidy entered a guilty plea to a single felony count of attempting to provide excess gratuity to former New York State Comptroller Alan Hevesi. The charge was later reduced to a misdemeanor in exchange for cooperation that helped lead to the conviction of Hevesi and six other pension officials. Broidy had provided $1 million in illegal gifts to New York State pension authorities. The gifts included luxury trips to Israel, payouts, and an undisclosed investment in a film produced by the brother of the chief investment officer of the New York State Retirement Fund. In exchange for the gifts, the state pension fund had invested $250 million with Markstone Capital Partners. As part of the plea deal, Broidy paid $18 million in restitution of management fees paid by the pension fund to Markstone and resigned from the chairmanship of Markstone.
Donald Trump administration
In 2016, Broidy served as a vice chairman of the Trump Victory Committee, a joint fundraising committee between the Donald Trump campaign and the RNC. In addition, he served as a vice-chairman of the Presidential Inaugural Committee. In April 2017, Broidy was named one of three national deputy finance chairmen of the RNC, along with Trump's lawyer Michael Cohen and the businessman Louis DeJoy.
After Trump won the election, Broidy used his connections to the president to recruit international clients for his security business Circinus, promising that he could arrange meetings with Trump or other high government officials. He obtained defense contracts worth more than $200 million from the United Arab Emirates. Many of his clients had unsavory records. Broidy offered inauguration tickets to Denis Sassou-Nguesso, a Congolese strongman whose lavish lifestyle was paid by public funds. He arranged for an Angolan politician João Lourenço to meet with Republican senators and offered him a trip to Mar-A-Lago. Liviu Dragnea, a Romanian parliamentarian jailed for corruption in May 2019, got to attend an inauguration party and pose for pictures with the president. He attempted to expand Circinus assistance with Tunisia through Tunisians Eymen Errais and Fadhel Abdelkefi and with Cyprus allowing Circinus to create a "misatrributed environment" in which information and surveillance would be laundered through the United States masking a foreign government's actions and reducing "the risk of being exposed to Google analytics or compromising the IP addresses of the machine or network originating the search."<ref name = unsavory/
In April 2017, Broidy was appointed as deputy finance chairman of the Republican National Committee (RNC).
In October 2017, in a private meeting with president Donald Trump, Broidy praised a paramilitary force his company Circinus was creating for the United Arab Emirates (UAE). He urged the president to meet with the UAE's military commander Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed al-Nahyan, to support the UAE's hawkish policies in the Middle East, and to fire United States Secretary of State Rex Tillerson. He was also harshly critical of Qatar, an American ally at odds with the UAE. Revealed on March 22, 2018, after Tillerson had been fired, Broidy had been paid allegedly $2.6 million from George Nader to lobby the White House on behalf of the best interests of both the UAE and Saudi Arabia and against Qatar. In March 2018, The New York Times reported that Lebanese-American businessman George Nader "worked for more than a year to turn Broidy into an instrument of influence at the White House for the rulers of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, according to interviews and previously undisclosed documents. ...High on the agenda of the two men...was pushing the White House to remove Secretary of State Rex W. Tillerson, backing confrontational approaches to Iran and Qatar and repeatedly pressing the president to meet privately outside the White House with the leader of the U.A.E."
In March 2018, Broidy filed a lawsuit against Qatar, alleging that Qatar's government stole and leaked his emails in order to discredit him because he was viewed "as an impediment to their plan to improve the country's standing in Washington." In May 2018, the lawsuit named Mohammed bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, brother of the Emir of Qatar, and his associate Ahmed Al-Rumaihi, as allegedly orchestrating Qatar's cyber warfare campaign against Broidy. Broidy accused UN diplomat Jamal Benomar of being a secret Qatari agent, and filed suit for the alleged hacking. In the case Broidy Capital Management LLC v. Jamal Benomar, it was determined that Jamal Benomar (of Qatar) had diplomatic immunity that prevented him from facing litigation. As per the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, diplomatic immunity is subject to waiver if the diplomat engaged in commercial activity. In this case, it was not proven that Benomar had engaged in said commercial activity. The appellate court determined that there was not sufficient evidence to waive Benomar's diplomatic immunity, and the case was dismissed.
Beginning in March 2018, Broidy became embroiled in a criminal investigation launched by the Prosecutor General of Ukraine for Broidy's June 12, 2014, deal to provide political support for VTB Bank and Investment Capital Ukraine (ICU), which acts as a financial advisor to President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko. Broidy was to receive five payments of $2.5 million each through the British Virgin Islands firm with a Dubai address, Quillas Equities SA, which has Yuri Soloviev as a large shareholder according to the Panama Papers. Yuri Soloviev is a member of the management board for VTB and is the first deputy president and chairman of its management board. Yuri Soloviev's Quillas Equities has accounts in the Swiss Pictet Bank through which money transfers often occur to the VTB-owned bank in Cyprus, RCB Cyprus. In early 2014, VTB fell under numerous international sanctions due to Russia attacking Ukraine.
On April 13, 2018, Broidy resigned as deputy finance chairman of Republican National Committee (RNC) amid allegations of a relationship with Shera Bechard. To ensure that Bechard would not disclose the relationship, the $1.6 million payments beginning in 2017 to McDougal, which was arranged by Michael Cohen, was allegedly very similar to the payment Cohen made to Stormy Daniels which came from accounts that Cohen had established to receive very large sums from Viktor Vekselberg associated firms in the Renova Group and others. Both Vekselberg, who is very close to Vladimir Putin, and his Renova Group fell under United States sanctions on April 6, 2018, which froze $1.5-$2 billion of Vekselberg's assets.
Sex scandal
On April 13, 2018, The Wall Street Journal reported that Broidy had a sexual relationship with Playboy Playmate Shera Bechard, resulting in a pregnancy in late 2017. The model later had an abortion. Donald Trump's personal lawyer Michael Cohen negotiated for Broidy to pay $1.6 million for the woman's silence. The settlement was falsely characterized at the time as a personal injury settlement. In response to the Journal article, Broidy issued a statement acknowledging that he had had a "consensual relationship with a Playboy Playmate", that Cohen had contacted him after being approached by the woman's attorney, Keith M. Davidson, and that Broidy had then hired Cohen to work out a non-disclosure agreement. Broidy resigned his post at the RNC the same day the article appeared. A few days later Cohen confirmed in court that Broidy was one of the three clients he had given legal advice to in the previous year. Some columnists have since speculated that Donald Trump was really the person who had the affair with Bechard, with Broidy agreeing to provide cover for Trump. Broidy's lawyer, Chris Clark, stated that Broidy will withhold forthcoming payments to Bechard due to an alleged breach of the non-disclosure agreement on her part. On July 6, 2018, Bechard filed a lawsuit against Broidy and the attorney Michael Avenatti, in relation to the cessation of the settlement payments. Bechard has alleged in a complaint that Broidy was physically, sexually, and emotionally abusive of her, and that he exposed her to herpes. Broidy has denied the allegations. On September 7, 2018, California Superior Court Judge Elizabeth White granted Broidy's request to strike allegations from the case going forward that were not relevant to the breach-of-contract dispute.
Recent business
A July 2018 report revealed that Broidy had paid Rick Gates, Donald Trump's former campaign chairman, at least $125,000 for "advice and business insight." Gates had been indicted in October 2017 as a result of the probe by special counsel Robert Mueller into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election. The payments began in March 2017 and went on until at least July.
In June 2020, a 112-page legal filing was submitted by Broidy in a federal court in New York, in which he accused Qatar of paying tens of millions of dollars to Global Risk Advisors (GRA), including its chief executive Kevin Chalker, for years to hack, surveil, and silence American citizens who criticized Qatar.
The Global Risk Advisors sent email messages, purporting to be from Google's security team, which got Broidy's wife and his executive assistant to provide passwords for their personal gmail accounts.
In August 2020, The Wall Street Journal reported that Broidy was hired by Sun Lijun, the former deputy head of China's Ministry of Public Security, to lobby the Trump administration to extradite Guo Wengui, a fugitive billionaire. Guo has become an ally of former Trump White House adviser Steve Bannon.
Involvement with 1MDB, federal indictment, guilty plea, and pardon
In March 2018, The Wall Street Journal reported that Broidy had been in negotiations to earn tens of millions of dollars by lobbying the U.S. Justice Department to drop its investigation into a multibillion-dollar graft, the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal involving a Malaysian state investment fund, 1MDB, according to emails reviewed by the Journal. One email showed a proposal that would have given Broidy and his wife $75 million if they got the Justice Department to drop its probe into 1MDB. Broidy also prepared talking points for Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak to use with President Trump during his 2017 visit to Washington, D.C. This included playing up Malaysia's relationship with the U.S. in fighting North Korea, and arguing against pursuing legal action against 1MDB. Najib would eventually be convicted of corruption by a Malaysian court. The Department of Justice is investigating whether the Trump Victory Committee took a $100,000 donation from Malaysian businessman and international fugitive Jho Low, who is accused of being the mastermind of the 1MDB fraud.
In November 2018, The New York Times reported that Federal prosecutors accused Broidy of involvement in a scheme to launder millions of dollars into the United States to help Jho Low end a Justice Department investigation into the embezzlement of billions of dollars from 1MDB.
On October 8, 2020, federal prosecutors announced that they were charging Broidy with conspiring to act as a foreign agent as he lobbied the Trump administration on behalf of Malaysian and Chinese government interests, a felony. On October 20, 2020 Broidy pleaded guilty to these charges. As part of his plea deal, Broidy agreed to forfeit $6.6 million to the federal government. The felony to which Broidy pleaded guilty carries a prison sentence of up to five years.
On January 19, 2021 Broidy was granted a full pardon by President Donald J. Trump.
On June 11, 2021, the U. S. Department of Justice charged associates of Mr. Broidy. "Low Taek Jho, 39, also known as Jho Low, and Prakazrel “Pras” Michel, 48, are alleged to have conspired with Elliott Broidy" related to their "... engaging in undisclosed lobbying campaigns at the direction of Low and the Vice Minister of Public Security for the People's Republic of China".
Post Trump administration
On 5 August 2021, a lawsuit was filed by a Qatari luxury travel company, Mosafer Inc., according to which Elliott Broidy was paid millions of dollars by the United Arab Emirates to orchestrate a disinformation campaign against Qatar and for illegally lobbying the US federal officials to take "anti-Qatari" stance.
Philanthropic and nonprofit activities
In 2006, Bush appointed Broidy to the board of trustees of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts.
Broidy served on the board of governors and the endowment committee of Hebrew Union College and the board of trustees of the Hillel Foundation, as well as the Center for Investment Studies at the Marshall School of Business at his alma mater, the University of Southern California. He served on the board of governors of the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and the board of trustees of the Simon Wiesenthal Center. He was the 2008 recipient of the Raoul Wallenberg Award by the Raoul Wallenberg Committee of the United States for his Jewish philanthropy.
Personal life
Broidy is married to Robin Rosenzweig, a former senior executive of 20th Century Fox. After residing in Holmby Hills, they moved to Bel Air in 2005. In 2001, they rented their Bel Air house to Angelina Jolie but, later, tore it down, built their own dream home and currently reside at that location in a mansion similar to the Howard Phipps Jr. owned Erchless at Old Westbury in Long Island. The couple have three children.
See also
1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal
References
1957 births
Living people
People from Bel Air, Los Angeles
Marshall School of Business alumni
American political fundraisers
American venture capitalists
Philanthropists from California
California Republicans
Film producers from California
Jewish American philanthropists
American people convicted of bribery
People from Holmby Hills, Los Angeles
Recipients of American presidential pardons
21st-century American Jews |
17329365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20Callin | Arnold Callin | Alured Arnold Callin (25 August 1924 – 29 June 2015) was a Manx politician who served as a Member of the Legislative Council of the Isle of Man.
He was born in August 1924 and educated at Peel Clothworkers' School. He served in the Royal Navy during the Second World War and then became a businessman and auctioneer on the Isle of Man. Between 1956 and 1976 he served on Onchan Commissioners, twice being Chairman.
In 1976 he was elected MHK for Middle. He was elevated to the Legislative Council in 1985 and served until standing down in 1995. He held many positions with Government including Minister of Home Affairs. He died in June 2015 at the age of 90.
Governmental positions
Chairman of the Civil Service Commission, 1976–1981
Chairman of the Health Services Board, 1981–1986
Minister of Highways, Ports & Properties, 1986–1991
Minister of Home Affairs, 1991–1995
References
1924 births
2015 deaths
Royal Navy personnel of World War II
Manx politicians |
20467873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paurai | Paurai | Paurai is a town and market center in Chandrapur Municipality in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. The formerly village development committee was merged to form the municipality on 18 May 2014. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 9613 people living in 1821 individual households.
PAURAI is one of the 105 Villages Development Committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone. There is one higher secondary school operated by government of Nepal. which is known as shree bagmati higher secondary school.
Nunthar is a famous place for picnic spot and there is a temple of lord shiva too.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
23574994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus%20Revolt%20of%201878 | Epirus Revolt of 1878 | The 1878 revolt in Epirus was the part of a series of Greek uprisings that occurred in various parts of Ottoman-ruled Greece, as in Macedonia and Crete, during the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878). Although Greek officials individually supported the revolt, the Greek Government, being aware of the international situation in eastern Europe at the time, decided not to do so. With the end of the Russo-Turkish War the revolt was soon suppressed.
Background
On April 24, 1877, Russia declared war on Ottoman Empire and soon after a series of battles, the Ottoman defeat was imminent. Meanwhile, unofficial circles in Greece saw the war as a great opportunity to incite revolts in a number of Greek-inhabited regions in the Ottoman Empire: Epirus, Macedonia, Thessalia and Crete.
Preparations
In 1877, two patriotic organizations were formed in Greece in order to organize an upcoming revolt in Epirus: National Defence () and Fraternity (). Soon after, the organizations started to create groups of volunteers and to collect weapons and ammunition. In December, distinguished Epirotes that lived in Athens, including General Michail Spyromilios and Dimitrios Botsaris (son of Notis Botsaris), were ready to lead the uprising, but the Greek Government being aware of that situation intervened and stopped their involvement.
The uprising
First conflicts and declaration of Union with Greece
In February 1878 groups of irregulars passed the Greek-Ottoman border and entered Thessaly and Epirus. The first regions that joined the revolt were Tzoumerka, west of Arta, the region north of Preveza and Radovizio (north Thesprotia). The uprising was however, ill-prepared and the weaknesses were obvious already from the first days. When the first conflicts with Ottoman troops occurred, most of the revolutionaries retreated to Greece. At Plaka, an Ottoman outpost was overcome by an Epirot unit led by a resigned officer of the Greek Army, Hristos Mitsios. However, upon the arrival of 2,000 Ottoman troops from Ioannina, they had to retreat.
Meanwhile, the Russo-Turkish War ended with the Treaty of San Stefano (March 3, 1878). The sudden end of the Russo-Turkish hostilities had a negative impact on the revolt's outcome. At March 12, representatives of the movement gathered in the village of Botsi (Thesprotia), and declared the Union of Epirus with Greece. Soon after, a significant number of Ottoman troops arrived with troopships in the region and took under control the entire region. The revolutionaries seeing that resistance was futile, retreated behind to the Greek border.
Lappas and Stephanou revolt
Meanwhile, before the revolt in Radovizi was suppressed, a group of 150 armed Epirotes landed in the Saranda region, under the leadership of the guerrilla captains Minoas Lappas and Georgios Stephanou. Soon a greater number of volunteers (700), mainly Epirote refugees from Corfu joined the uprising. Apart from the town of Saranda, they had under control the surrounding regions of Vurgut and Delvina: including the villages of Giasta and Lykoursi, as well as the nearby monastery of St. George.
The Ottoman military commander of Yannina with a force of 6,000 regular troops marched against Saranda. The Ottomans were also supported by irregular bands of Albanians. At March 4, after fierce fighting the revolt ended.
Reprisals
When the revolt in Saranda was finally suppressed, reprisals started. As a result, 20 villages of the region of Delvina were burned while escape routes for the unarmed population were blocked.
Because many distinguished locals (like Kyriakos Kyritsis, later MP in the Greek Parliament) financially supported the revolt, the Ottoman authorities had all their holdings in the Saranda-Butrint region confiscated.
Aftermath
The failure of the 1878 movement in Epirus was mainly due to the unwillingness of the Greek Government to support this initiative actively. On the other hand, the Russo-Turkish War ended too soon, so that the Ottoman troops could quickly move and suppress any form of disturbance.
See also
Cretan revolt (1878)
1878 Greek Macedonian rebellion
Epirus Revolt of 1854
Cretan Revolt (1866–1869)
References
Sources
19th-century rebellions
Conflicts in 1878
1878 in Greece
Epirus 1878
Greece–Ottoman Empire relations
Ottoman Epirus
1878 in the Ottoman Empire
Great Eastern Crisis |
23575026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paymaster%20General%20Act%201782 | Paymaster General Act 1782 | The Paymaster General Act 1782 (22 Geo. III, c. 81) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. The Act abolished the practice of the heads of subordinate Treasuries keeping large sums of public money for long periods, during which they employed them for their own profit. It was repealed by the Paymaster-General Act 1783.
Notes
Repealed Great Britain Acts of Parliament
Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1782 |
44497945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalenenkirche%2C%20Hildesheim | Magdalenenkirche, Hildesheim | The Magdalenenkirche or St. Magdalenen (Church St. Mary Magdalene) is one of the churches in Hildesheim, Lower Saxony, Germany. The Magdalenenkirche is a Catholic church that was once a monastery church, and is situated in the old town at 25 Mühlenstraße.
Founded in 1224, the current building was consecrated in 1294, the first Gothic building in Hildesheim. Extensive rebuilding took place in the 15th century and further additions were made in the 19th century. In the fifteenth century (ca. 1416) an altarpiece was created by an unknown artist, referred to as the Meister des Göttinger Barfüßeraltars depicting scenes from the life of Mary Magdalene (Magdalenenlegende). This has since been broken up and various panels are found in different museums. One of these, the Noli me tangere is in the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart.
The church was badly damaged in World War II on 22 March 1945 and partly restored in a simplified manner. The restoration was completed in 1961.
Magdalenengarten, a baroque park laid out 1720–25, is close by. The small street Süsternstraße beside the church features a well-preserved part of the medieval city wall with a round tower.
References
Sources
Hermann Engfer: St. Magdalenen Hildesheim. Libertas Verlag für Kirche und Heimat Hubert Baum. Stuttgart 1961.
Ina Birkenbeul: Das „Elfen-Altarretabel“ in der St. Magdalenenkirche, Hildesheim. Diplomprüfung an der Fachhochschule Hildesheim/Holzminden, Institut für Restaurierung und Denkmalpflege, Winter 1999/2000.
Werner Lemke, Stefan Mahr, Roman Seifert: Die Seifert-Orgel in St. Magdalenen Hildesheim. DKV-Kunstführer Nr. 662 (Reihe der Klosterkammer Hannover, Heft 3), 1. Auflage, February 2010, .
Mary Magdalene
Roman Catholic churches in Hildesheim
Churches in the Diocese of Hildesheim |
17329380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sorrows%20of%20an%20American | The Sorrows of an American | The Sorrows of an American is Siri Hustvedt's fourth novel. It was first published in 2008 and is about a Norwegian American family and their troubles. The novel is partly autobiographical in that Hustvedt herself is of Norwegian descent and in that passages from her own deceased father's journal about the Depression in America and the Pacific theatre of war during World War II are scattered through the book.
The Sorrows of an American operates on several time levels and depicts the difficult times of four generations of the fictional Davidsen family. At the core of the novel lies a long-kept family secret which the first person narrator, a middle-aged psychiatrist called Erik Davidsen who lives and works in New York, sets out to unearth together with his sister. However, the novel abounds in subplots which focus on the present rather than the past.
Plot summary
On the death of their father Lars, a retired Professor of History, Erik Davidsen and his sister Inga, a philosopher, clean out his home office in rural Minnesota and, while going through his copious papers, find a cryptic note written and signed by someone they do not know called Lisa which suggests to them that as a boy back in the 1930s their father was involved in some illicit act and that he has kept his promise never to tell anyone about it. The siblings decide to investigate the matter further, if only half-heartedly at first. For the time being, Erik Davidsen is preoccupied reading his father's journals, which the latter completed only shortly before his demise. For Erik, all this will mean that in the months to come he will not only be haunted by the ghosts of the present but also of the past.
It has been pointed out that none of the characters in The Sorrows of an American leads a carefree, untroubled existence. The narrator himself suffers from a slight form of depression triggered by his recent divorce, childless state, and subsequent feeling of loneliness but still finds satisfaction in attempting to cure his patients of the complaints he occasionally recognizes in himself. His sister Inga has had absence seizures from childhood and migraines all her adult life. What is more, when the novel opens she is being harassed by a female journalist who states her intention to publicize hitherto unknown facts about Inga's deceased husband, a cult author and filmmaker, and who demands that she be co-operative without telling her what exactly she is aiming at or planning to do. Inga's 18-year-old daughter Sonia suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder, having witnessed, from the windows of her Manhattan school, the September 11, 2001 attacks and the collapse of the twin towers of the World Trade Center. Lars Davidsen, the long-term patriarch of the family, was a fugueur.
But also the characters outside the family show neurological symptoms. Whereas the journalist who is harassing Inga only bears an age-old personal grudge against her (of which the latter is unaware) and is out for straightforward revenge, Erik's friend and colleague Bernard Burton, apart from sweating excessively, has not been able to cope with the fact that Inga is not in love with him and, without her realizing it, has kept a watchful eye on her over the years in a way which might be construed as stalking. Edie Bly, a former actress who is now impoverished, is a recovering substance abuser who has an illegitimate son by Inga's deceased husband and appears to be in an unstable psychological condition. Finally, the real stalker in the novel, a photographer and installation artist called Jeffrey Lane, displays various signs of compulsive behaviour, for example the urge to document virtually everything in his life by taking photos. He crosses the psychiatrist's path while pursuing his former girlfriend, a Jamaican-born beauty who has recently rented, and moved into, the downstairs apartment of Erik's now too large Brooklyn brownstone.
Erik Davidsen is immediately drawn towards Miranda, the young woman from Jamaica, and Eglantine, her pre-school daughter by Jeffrey Lane. He soon falls head over heels in love with the dark-skinned woman while at the same time watching what he perceives to be the slow but steady deterioration of his own self. Gently rejected by Miranda, he has enough willpower left to go on a date with a sexy colleague and, for purely physical reasons, starts an affair with her. As the story progresses, however, he is more and more pulled into the quagmire of events surrounding Miranda, Inga, and himself. At one point he catches a burglar in his empty house at night, is surprised to see it is Lane, confused when the escaping Lane takes a photo of him wearing nothing much but wielding a hammer, and shocked when, months later, he recognizes the image at one of Lane's exhibitions with a caption saying, Head Doctor Goes Insane.
Most of the mysteries are cleared up in the end. Erik and Inga succeed in tracking down the mysterious — and now dying — Lisa, and it turns out that all those years ago a young Lars Davidsen helped her bury her illegitimate, stillborn child, in all secrecy, somewhere on his family's farm. The reputation of Inga's deceased husband is not smeared either when the existence of a batch of letters to Edie Bly can be established without doubt but when it turns out at the same time that they have no sensational value because they belong to the realm of fiction—they are addressed to the character Bly played in one of the author's films rather than Bly the actress and mother of his child. Bernard Burton proves instrumental in procuring the letters without succumbing to the temptation to actually read them, in a chivalric act in which he dresses up as a frightful bag lady in order not to reveal his identity, a scene which also provides some comic relief. The conclusion of the novel is a four-page stream-of-consciousness-like recapitulation of the story's images racing through Erik's mind, and the assurance that the characters' fragmented lives will remain that way.
Reviews
The Sorrows of an American was published to almost unanimously positive reviews. Ron Charles calls it "a radically postmodern novel that wears its po-mo credentials with unusual grace; even at its strangest moments, it never radiates the chilly alienation that marks, say, the work of Hustvedt's husband, Paul Auster." For Sylvia Brownrigg, "the erudite Hustvedt" explores "larger questions of art and madness, mind and spirit, and the construction of the self" through the dialogues of her intellectually minded characters and the interior monologues of her narrator. True, little use is made of the vernacular, which prompts Haley Edwards to state that "Hustvedt writes very well, but her prose has all the flair of your Aunt Olga's dinner rolls. Sometimes Erik says things about the human condition that are wonderfully perceptive and incredibly poignant, but he seems to say them as if he's observing the human condition, rather than experiencing it himself."
What some critics found disappointing is that "the secrets Inga and Erik pursue don't yield the drama or meaning they have hoped for, suffusing the scenes of revelation with an air of anticlimax. This may be intentional—Hustvedt may be warning us of the folly of hoping for neat resolutions in our explorations of past pains—but it means the narrative slackens somewhat toward the end."
External links
A video of Siri Hustvedt's "Meet the Author" session (whose focus was The Sorrows of an American), hosted by J. M. Coetzee, at Adelaide Writers' Week (March 2–7, 2008).
Footnotes
2008 American novels
Novels set in Minnesota
Novels set in New York City
Psychotherapy in fiction |
20467888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipariya%2C%20Rautahat | Pipariya, Rautahat | Pipariya, Narayani is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3786.It is also known as Hariharpur. A great leader of Nepal Harihar Prasad Yadav was born here.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
17329396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasant%20View%20School%20for%20the%20Arts | Pleasant View School for the Arts | Pleasant View School for the Arts, frequently referred to as PVSA or simply PV, was a co-educational public magnet school dedicated to the arts in the Plain Local School District in Canton, Ohio. Students from the district's 5 elementary schools were invited to "identify" for the school in the 3rd grade. This "identification" process had students demonstrate their abilities in the four designated Arts: Dance, Music, Drama, and Visual Art. The school accepted an average of 80 students per year, and spanned the 4th-8th grade, though it was technically identified as a middle school.
Kaleidoscope
Kaleidoscope was the school's gifted education program. It accepted an initial class of about 15 students per year, based on district-wide scores on the California Achievement Test. The program would accept 2-3 more students per year, based on test scores and vacancies. Students accepted were in the 99th percentile of test takers.
Closing
When the district restructured in 2006, Pleasant View officially closed its doors. The district claims to be integrating the programs offered through PV into the new middle schools, Glenwood and Oakwood.
The building, which was in notorious disrepair during its later years, was bulldozed in 2007, and the former location, 3000 Columbus Ave. is now an empty lot.
References
External links
Pleasant View Website c.2001 cached by the Internet Archive.
Canton, Ohio
Demolished buildings and structures in Ohio
Educational institutions disestablished in 2006
Educational institutions established in 1987
Defunct schools in Ohio
1987 establishments in Ohio |
6900474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange%20City%20Fire%20Department | Orange City Fire Department | The Orange Fire Department (OFD) provides fire protection and emergency medical services for the city of Orange, California. The department is responsible for a population of approximately 140,000 people spread across . Along with their standard firefighting apparatus, the department also has a swiftwater rescue team that is available for deployment anywhere in Orange County.
History
The Orange Fire Department came into existence on December 14, 1905 at a meeting between the city's Fire and Water Committees. Twenty-nine men signed up to join the all volunteer fire department. New volunteers were required to purchase shares of the "Company" for $100. The volunteers were paid 50 cents a call if they didn't have to use water, $1 if they did and were also paid $1 per false alarm. Early on, there were often fights between the volunteers when an alarm went off, as they battled to see which would be the ones to pull the ladder wagon or hose cart to the fire, thus earning the pay for the call.
In 1906, the City of Orange built a Fire Hall (which cost only $467, at the time) to house the fire apparatus and the bell tower used to sound fire alarms. The original apparatus was a horse-drawn hook and ladder wagon and two-hand drawn carts. It wasn't until 1912 that the department acquired it first motor-driven equipment, a Seagrave pumper. The first paid firefighter, William Vickers, was hired by the Department in 1914 and he lived upstairs at the Fire Hall for an $8-a-month rent. This Fire Hall acted as OFD's headquarters until November 1935, when the department built another facility. Incidentally, said facility eventually burned down.
An American LaFrance fire truck capable of pumping 1,000 gallons a minute was purchased for $13,000 in 1921, making the Orange Fire Department the first firefighting agency in Orange County to purchase and utilize a motorized fire engine.
By 1966 the department had fully transitioned from a volunteer department, to full-time career.
In 1973, the department became one of the first in Orange County to provide paramedic rescue service.
As of January 2021, a new fire headquarters is under construction on a 1.5 acre, city-owned site located at East Chapman Avenue at Water Street. The new facility will replace the current 50-year-old fire headquarters and will provide for increased administrative and training space, as well as increased room for fire apparatus. The total cost of the project, including design, construction, and outfitting, is estimated at 24.9 million USD$.
Stations and apparatus
The department has 8 stations spread across the city. There are 2 Engine Companies at Stations 1 and 7.
Metro Cities Fire Authority
The Orange City Fire Department is part of the Metro Cities Fire Authority which provides emergency communications for multiple departments in and around Orange County. The call center, known as Metro Net Fire Dispatch, is located in Anaheim and provides 9-1-1 fire and EMS dispatch to over 1.2 million residents covering an area of . Other departments included in Metro Net include Anaheim Fire & Rescue, Brea Fire Department, Fountain Valley, Fullerton Fire Department, Huntington Beach Fire Department, and Newport Beach Fire Department.
References
Fire departments in California
Emergency services in Orange County, California
Ambulance services in the United States
Medical and health organizations based in California
1905 establishments in California |
44497956 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel%20Newman%20Lombard%20Craig | Noel Newman Lombard Craig | Noel Newman Lombard Craig (1884–1968) was an Irish soldier who served in the First World War. He was decorated on several occasions including Distinguished Service Order, Legion of Honour, Order of the British Empire and the Sword of Honour.
Early life
Craig was born in 1884, in Naas, Co. Kildare, Ireland. He was named after Cardinal Newman, who was a friend of his mother. In later years, Craig added Noel to his name by Deed Poll. He was given the nickname "Bungo" by his older brother George, because he thought his little brother's bright and intelligent eyes resembled the famous elephant in Dublin Zoo, Bungo, who used to gaze at visitors at length as though he wanted to have a friendly conversation. He attended Trinity College, Dublin to study politics, graduating with a B.A. in 1905. He enlisted into the Cameron Highlanders in 1906, later transferring to The Royal Munster Fusiliers. During his training Craig was awarded the Sword of Honour for excellence in military training.
Military and Decorations
Whilst a member of the Royal Munster Fusiliers, Craig served in India until 1913. He fought at Mons (1914) and the Battle of Messines (1917). In June 1917, at Wytschaete, he was the only one of a group of officers to survive German shelling.
During World War II, Craig was a Military attaché and was posted to Norway, Finland, Spain, and Denmark, with his activities earning him a place on the Nazi blacklist. Craig was awarded a number of honours including the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) and becoming a member of the French Legion of Honour.
Later life
Craig married Marian Eleanor Quinby in 1926, having three daughters, Pamela, Clemency and Rosemary. Craig retired from the British diplomatic service in 1954, returning to London to practice law at King’s Inn. He was also a published author, writing several novels and over fifty short stories, including Gulfs (1932). Quinby was a native of Titusville, Pennsylvania, with Craig appearing to retire there later in life.
References
External links
1884 births
1968 deaths
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
20th-century Anglo-Irish people
Royal Munster Fusiliers officers
Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders soldiers
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Irish people of World War I |
20467890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla%20Generations | Godzilla Generations | is an action game developed by General Entertainment and published by Sega for the Dreamcast in 1998. It was exclusively released in Japan as one of the system's four launch titles. The game is based on the Godzilla franchise and involves the player controlling various giant monsters in an attempt to destroy real-life Japanese cities.
A sequel, Godzilla Generations: Maximum Impact, was released in Japan in 1999.
Gameplay
Godzilla Generations is an action game where the player must control one of five monsters from the Godzilla universe. Initially, only Godzilla and Mechagodzilla can be selected, while the other characters are unlocked by progressing through the game. The game world is composed of five cities, each comprising two stages, except the final city which has three. The object of the game is to proceed to the next stage by destroying everything on the stage within a set time limit, such as buildings and trees. Each character has projectile attacks, the ability to block incoming attacks and the ability to heal themselves.
Development and release
Godzilla Generations was developed by General Entertainment and published by Sega as a launch title for the Dreamcast. It was originally known as simply Godzilla, before its name was changed in July 1998. The game was exclusively released in Japan on November 27, 1998.
Reception
Godzilla Generations received lukewarm reviews from Japanese gaming magazine Famitsu and a very negative response from Western journalists, despite fans showing interest in the game at the 1998 Tokyo Game Show. Computer and Video Games reviewer Kim Randell described the game as dull and cited issues such as poor controls, a constantly shifting camera and the player character blocking the player's view. Peter Bartholow of GameSpot derided the game as "terrible" and one of the worst games of 1998. Bartholow found it impossible to block incoming attacks due to the creatures' slow gait. He stated that because of this the developers added a healing ability to each creature, allowing players to continue through the game without fear of their character dying, "There's no strategy, no technique. Just the extreme tedium of tromping through cities." Edge criticized the graphics quality, clumsy controls, and confusing camera system, which was said to make in-game objects difficult for players to locate.
Despite showing interest in a preview, describing the game as looking like "a riot", Jaz Rignall of IGN and his colleagues were less enthusiastic when their first Dreamcast console arrived three months later with three Japanese launch games. He found "while it brought many smiles and jeers, it didn't impress", the gathered journalists quickly lost interest and moved onto another game. In a November 2002 review of Godzilla: Destroy All Monsters Melee, GameSpy's David Hodgson described himself as "still wincing from Godzilla: Generations". He went on to say the game "seemed to adhere to the loony premise that bizarre camera angles, a monster trudging in extreme slow motion, and the knuckle-gnawingly slow chipping away of scenery was the new in monstrous fighting action. It wasn't. It was crap".
Japan-GameCharts reported that the game sold approximately 22,870 copies.
Sequel
Godzilla Generations: Maximum Impact was developed by General Entertainment and published by Sega for the Dreamcast on December 23, 1999, exclusively in Japan. The game is split into levels in which Godzilla is stomping forward through a city while he has to shoot enemies. The player can also make Godzilla duck attacks, by holding or tapping the analog pad. In other levels, Godzilla can walk freely and has to fight in one-on-one against Biollante, King Ghidorah, Mothra, the new robot bosses SMG-IInd and MGR-IInd, SpaceGodzilla, the Super X-III which is the game's smallest boss and the last boss, Destoroyah. Godzilla is the only playable character in the game. He can shoot heat rays at his enemies. IGN gave the game 2.5 out of 10 in their review.
Notes
References
External links
Godzilla Generations at GameFAQs
1998 video games
Dreamcast games
Dreamcast-only games
Godzilla games
Sega video games
Japan-exclusive video games
Action video games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in Japan |
17329400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie%20Cronin | Maggie Cronin | Maggie Cronin is an Irish actress and playwright.
The short film The Shore directed by Terry George, in which she appears with Ciarán Hinds, Conleth Hill and Kerry Condon, won the Academy award in the Short Film, Live Action category at 84th Academy Awards in February 2012.
She appeared in Doctors (BBC1 TV) from 2000–2004 playing the role of Kate McGuire for over 600 episodes. In 2006 she briefly returned when Christopher Timothy's character Brendan "Mac" McGuire left the series. She appeared in My Mother and Other Strangers and The Frankenstein Chronicles.
Background
She trained at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art, which was absorbed into the Central School of Speech and Drama in 2006.
Writing
Her first one-woman show, A Most Notorious Woman directed by Paddy Scully, premiered at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 1989 and subsequently toured, over a number of years, through the UK, Ireland and the US, garnering much critical acclaim:
"Cronin is clearly a writer. Her play is intelligent, inventive, playful and blessed with the Irish gift for vividly descriptive language."- Damien Jaques, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. January 1999;
"A brave, bold, free spirited show of enormous dramatic power."- Lyn Gardner, City Limits;
"Cronin has fashioned a play that is delicate, funny and richly textured…With a few simple props – a battered suitcase, a white silk sheet which doubles as a table cloth, a wedding dress and a billowing ship’s sail – Grace’s free spirit is evoked."
– Helen Meany,
Irish Times September 1998
The script won The Stewart Parker Trust/BBC Radio Drama Award for 1995 and was published by Lagan Press in 2004.
Her second one-woman show Greenstick Boy directed by Sarah Tipple, previewed at the Brian Friel Theatre in Belfast in March 2008, and the Assembly Rooms, at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, in August 2008. It has been performed at Belfast’s Black Box Theatre (in the Out to Lunch Festival 2010) and Bewley’s Cafe Theatre in Dublin in 2010 in the ABSOLUT Fringe festival.
"Lyrical brilliance... Maggie Cronin paints a deeply poignant picture of a wild love and the throbbing nostalgic pains that survive it.… a lesson in storytelling" **** Junta Sekimori – Fest magazine, Edinburgh.
"Beautifully written and wonderfully performed, this one-woman show was very, very good...This well structured play is funny, fresh, sad and a real delight to watch." THREE WEEKS review Edinburgh
"Maggie Cronin's monologue gets right under the skin of what it was like to be young in London in the days of punk and its aftermath." Thom Dibdin, THE STAGE
She co -wrote, with actress Carol Moore, a dramatised history of the Ulster Suffragettes entitled "Shrieking Sisters"
Maggie has been performing the show, with Carol Moore and Laura Hughes, since February 2013.
Theatre and radio/audio
Selected stage credits
Ma, "The Gift" CahootsNI Theatre Company. Dir: Paul McEneany
Martha "The Kitchen the Bedroom And The Grave" by Donal O'Hagan. Accidental Theatre, Belfast. Dir: Richard Lavery
M, Greenstick Boy, Bozar Theatre Brussels, Bewley's Cafe Theatre Dublin for ABSOLUT Fringe 2010, Dir: Sarah Tipple
Various roles: "Shrieking Sisters" – Belfast City Hall, Island Arts Centre Lisburn, and numerous venues.
Winnie, Happy Days, Dir: Joel Beddows
Nora Ryan, Bruised, Tinderbox, Dir: Anna Newell
Vadoma, Carnival, Kabosh, Dir: Paula McFetridge
M, Greenstick Boy, Assembly Rooms, Edinburgh Greenstick Productions, Dir: Sarah Tipple
Gin, The Trestle at Pope Lick Creek, Prime Cut Productions, Dir: Patrick O'Kane
Marie, "1974– The End Of The Year Show", The Lyric Theatre, Belfast, Dir: Carol Moore
Reta, Unless, Stephen Joseph Theatre, Scarborough, Dir: Tim Sheader
Daisy, Give Me Your Answer Do!, Belfast Lyric Theatre, Dir: Ben Twist
Joy Gresham, Shadowlands, Belfast Lyric Theatre, Dir: Zoe Seaton
Titania, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Belfast Lyric Theatre, Dir: Robin Midgley
Widow Quin, Playboy of the Western World, Belfast Lyric Theatre, Dir: David Grant
Radio
Maire Nic Shiublaigh, THE WOMEN WHO STAGED THE RISING, BBC Radio 3, Dir: Conor Garrett
Therapist, DEAR BABY MINE, BBC radio 4 Dir: Heather Larmour
Rosamond Lehmann, BOWEN AND BETJEMAN, BBC Radio 4, Dir: Gemma McMullan
Narration, THE BOOK PROGRAMME- BANNED IRISH BOOKS, Radio 4, Dir: Regina Gallen
Narrator/ Helen Waddell, ULSTER'S FORGOTTEN DARLING, BBC Radio 4, Dir: Regina Gallen
Bridget, LOVE'S WORST DAY, BBC Radio 4, Dir: Gemma McMullan
Black/Judge, "Kicking The Air" BBC Radio 4 Dir: Heather Larmour (Zebbie award Winner)
Bertha Mulvihill, Titanic Letters, BBC Northern Ireland/Radio 4, Dir: Ian Dougan
Narrator, The Book Programme, BBC Radio Ulster
Megan/Susan, Some Secluded Glade, BBC Radio 4, Dir: Eoin O'Callaghan
Reader, The Fairy's Curse, BBC Radio 3, Dir: Marie-Claire Doris
Judith, Girl from Mars, BBC Radio 4, Dir: Heather Larmour (Zebbie award winner)
Reader, One by One In the Darkness, BBC Radio 4, Dir: Sara Johnson
Audio/voiceover work
Narrator, Talking to Billy, BBC NI TV, Dir: Clare Delargy
Narrator, Atlantis: The Evidence, BBC Worldwide, Dir: Detlef Siebert
Narrator, Quitting Crime, Crawford McCann for BBC NI, Dir: Kelda Crawford McCann
Narrator, The House on The Hill, Doubleband for BBC Northern Ireland, Dir: Laura Doherty
Series Narrator, The Choirboys, BBC Northern Ireland, Dir: Natalie Maynes
Series Narrator, The Last Resort, Tern TV for BBC NI, Dir: Matt Marsters
Narrator, When the Pope Came to Ireland, BBC1 NI, Dir: Tony Curry
Narrator, Show me the Mummy, BBC1 NI, Dir: Ian Dougan
Series Narrator, Life Inside, BBC1 NI, Dir: Denise O'Connor
Amelia, The Crown Jewel, BBC1 NI, Dir: Clare Delargy
Audio, Narrator, All For You by Sheila O'Flanagan, RNIB Talking Books
Audio, Narrator, Ellis Island by Kate Kerrigan, RNIB Talking Books
Audio, Narrator, Always with you by Gloria Hunniford, RNIB Talking Books
Audio, Narrator, Close to you by Gloria Hunniford, RNIB Talking Books
Audio, Narrator, Veronica Guerin: The Life and Death of a Crime Reporter, by Emily O'Reilly, RNIB Talking Books
Film
Landlady (Mrs Thompson), SHOOTING FOR SOCRATES, New Black, James Erskine
Sinead in A Belfast Story Director: Nathan Todd
Susan in To Lose Control; Directed by Marty Stalker
Alice Weller in 2011's Whole Lotta Sole known as Stand Off in USA Directed by Terry George
Mary in The Shore, directed by Terry George. It won the Academy Award in the 'Short Film, Live Action' Category at 84th Academy Awards in February 2012.
Television
Doctors (2000–2004 and 2006)
She is perhaps best known for her role as Practice Manager Kate McGuire in BBC One's flagship daytime serial, Doctors, produced by Mal Young.
She was a member of the original cast at the 2000 launch of the programme, and remained as a main character until her leaving on 26 May 2006. As the wife of Mac (played by Christopher Timothy, of the TV seriesAll Creatures Great and Small fame), the character was partly responsible for setting up the original practice around which the drama revolved – Riverside Surgery. As Practice Manager, she was involved regularly with the storylines of both patients and the other doctors, and is featured in the majority of the early episodes. During her time in Letherbridge, Kate endured countless trials including a miscarriage, Mac's trial for a patient's murder, an affair with a priest (played by Richard Standing), and the abduction of her and Mac's son, Ciaran.
Other work
Sandra, A Year of Greater Love, BBC Northern Ireland, Dir: Michael McDowell, to be shown 2012
Laura Cross, Marú, Stirling Films for TG4, Dir: Lawrence Gough
Doris Curran, Scapegoat, Waddell Media/BBC NI, Dir: Michael McDowell
Emer O'Callaghan, The Clinic, RTÉ, Dir:Liam Cunningham
Bel Ferris, Holby City, BBC1 TV, Dir: James Strong
Sarah, That's Not Me, BBC NI, Dir: Peter Lawrence
Mrs McGinley, United, BBC NI, Dir: Michael McGowan (Children's BAFTA winner)
The Bill, Dir: David Attwood
References
External links
Welcome
Terry George celebrates Oscar
Spotlight
Irish television actresses
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
20467896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rialto%20Theatre%20%28Montreal%29 | Rialto Theatre (Montreal) | The Rialto Theatre () is a former movie palace located on Park Avenue in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is designated as a National Historic Site of Canada.
Built in 1923-1924 and designed by Montreal architect Joseph-Raoul Gariépy, who specialized in theatre and hospital projects, the Rialto was inspired by the Napoleon III style Paris Opera House. The interior was designed by Emmanuel Briffa, designer of over sixty Canadian movie houses, in the Louis XVI style. The Rialto operated as a cinema until the 1990s.
The Rialto Theatre has undergone many changes since 2000. All of the theatre seats were removed and attempts were even made to convert it into a steakhouse. After nearly thirty years of ownership, owner Elias Kalogeras was finally able to sell it in March 2010 to Le Groupe Merveilles Inc. and its owners Ezio Carosielli and Luisa Sassano. Since then, they have acted on their intention to protect the theatre and restore its unique architecture.
References
External links
Photos of Rialto Theatre at Images Montreal
Beaux-Arts architecture in Canada
Former cinemas in Montreal
Heritage buildings of Quebec
Landmarks in Montreal
Le Plateau-Mont-Royal
Movie palaces
National Historic Sites in Quebec
Theatres completed in 1924
Theatres in Montreal
Theatres on the National Historic Sites of Canada register
1924 establishments in Quebec |
6900492 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBL%20Pipeline | BBL Pipeline | The BBL Pipeline (Balgzand Bacton Line, BBL) is a natural gas interconnector between the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
History
Laying the pipeline between the compressor station at the Balgzand Gas Plant at Grasweg in Anna Paulowna (province of North Holland) and Bacton Gas Terminal started on 14 July 2006. The pipeline became operational on 1 December 2006.
Technical description
The overall length of pipeline is of which around is offshore. The pipeline's diameter is and working pressure is . The initial capacity is 16 billion cubic meters (bcm) per year, which will be increased to 19.2 bcm by the end of 2010 by installing a fourth compressor at the compressor station at Anna Paulowna. The pipeline has a regulatory exemption from the two-ways gas flow until October 2018. Until this, the direction of gas flow is from the Netherlands to the UK. The overall cost of the project was around €500 million.
Operating company
The BBL was developed and operated by the BBL Company. The main shareholder of the company is Gasunie with 60% of the shares, and Uniper (through Uniper Ruhrgas BBL B.V.) and Fluxys both own 20%. Russian Gazprom had an option for 9%, in exchange for a 9% share of Nord Stream AG. The BBL Pipeline would allow Gazprom to supply additional gas to the British market through the Nord Stream pipeline.
See also
Interconnector (North Sea)
References
External links
BBL Company website
Energy infrastructure completed in 2006
Natural gas pipelines in the Netherlands
Natural gas pipelines in the United Kingdom
Netherlands–United Kingdom relations
North Sea energy
Pipelines under the North Sea
Uniper
2006 establishments in England
2006 establishments in the Netherlands |
20467897 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipra%20Bhagwanpur | Pipra Bhagwanpur | Pipra Bhagwanpur is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Province No. 2 of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3698 people living in 715 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
17329414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy%20Vear | Percy Vear | Hermann "Percy" Vear (12 July 1911 – 16 March 1983), born in Crossflatts, Bingley, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. He was a British professional boxer during the 1920s and 1930s.
Brought up in Crossflatts during the First World War, Vear lived in Keighley all his adult life.
Boxers are among the most colourful athletes in all of sports, with names like "Hitman", "Bomber" and "Gentleman Jim", so it should come as no surprise that Vear was known as "Percy Vear". It is not known how or who gave Vear his fight name, but in this case it seems likely that "Percy Vear" is a play on the word to "Persevere" (Per·se·vere), which means,
1. to persist in anything undertaken; maintain a purpose in spite of difficulty, obstacles, or discouragement; continue steadfastly.
2. to persist in speech, interrogation, argument, etc.; insist.
–verb (used with object)
3. to bolster, sustain, or uphold: unflagging faith that had persevered him.
Boxing career
Vear was one of the most colourful characters in Keighley's professional boxing scene in the 1920s and 1930s. Vear was one of three fighters under the management of Keighley boxing promoter Sam Scaife during those boxing boom years, who also managed locally based fighters Freddie Irving and Johnny Barrett. Perhaps overshadowed by the other two locally, Vear proved to be a bill topper in his own right in many boxing halls up and down the country.
Boxing first as a flyweight, then bantamweight and later as a featherweight the demand of the boxing boom proved so hectic that going on for 30 fights a year were common (more that a lot of boxers today have in a lifetime).
Vear had 131 bouts (many as a substitute) during his professional career, spanning from February 1929 to November 1934.
Professional debut
His first professional fight aged 17 saw flyweight Vear lose a six round contest on points to (Bradford born) Young Broadley at a packed Drill Hall, Keighley on Monday 11 February 1929.
His second and third professional fights were against Silsden fighter Maurice Emmott, both of which ended in respectful draws for both boxers. The local newspaper, the Keighley News reported "Vear took a lot of punishment in the first two rounds, and had his opponent not been more accurate with his blows Vear would most certainly have been knocked out. As it was, Emmott's methods were very crude, but he did the greater part of attacking. As the fight progressed Vear showed improvement, and the decision of a draw was well received".
His bout with Barrett in Workington was hailed by the local press as the best fight ever seen in the area.
The Big Fight: Vear -v- Irving
Two professional boxers from the same stable (run by Mr Sam Scaife) were both making names for themselves, Percy Vear and Freddie Irving.
In just three weeks during 1932 they both took on a formidable opponent called Young Tucker of Nelson. 17-year-old Irving forced him to a draw at Colne, while Vear brought off a points win in Keighley Drill Hall. These creditable performances by these two stable mates aroused the interest of the boxing public, and this inevitably led to a money-match being staged in the Drill Hall on 11 April 1932.
It was reported at the time "The contest was one of ten 2 minute rounds at 9st, under forfeit. There were side-stakes of £25, plus a substantial purse offered by the promoter".
The match was one of the biggest local attractions Keighley fight fans had even seen for many years. They responded well and there was a capacity crowd of 1,400. The cost per ticket was 2s. 4d. for reserved seats and 1s. 2d for the remainder. Mr Harry Jennings of Bradford refereed the match and held the purse. The local newspaper, the Keighley News, which gave considerable space to boxing, reported, "that it was not until the final two rounds that Vear really came into contention".
Vear had obviously been saving himself, but by the time he had reached the point of wearing down Irving's defence it was too late. Irving took the match and the purse on a points verdict and it was a fitting climax to the 1931–32 fight season.
Other sporting activities outside boxing
Following his boxing career, Vear was involved with his local association football club, Keighley Town.
He offered his services as fitness and exercise coach to the team. He helped structure the training and exercises on training nights and assisted in giving the embrocation muscle rubs before a game and at half-time.
The club played in the Old Yorkshire League for two seasons between 1946–47 and 1947–48 before folding.
The club was subsequently reformed in 1981 by ex-Wales and Bradford City footballer Trevor Hockey.
Personal life
Vear was born 12 July 1911 to parents Frederick Henry Vear & Eliza Vear (nee Heath).
He married Doreen Vear (Nee Grayston) on 16 July 1932 at Holy Trinity Church, Lawkholme, Keighley, West Yorkshire and they had three children, 2 sons, Terence & Leslie & a daughter, Yvonne.
Vear worked as a store keeper in a Bakehouse and later in life as a shot blaster for a local firm in Keighley the "Rustless Iron Company Ltd" now known under the acronym Trico Vitreous Enamel, and moved to the nearby town of Bingley. He worked there until his retirement in the mid 1970s. The sole activity of the company was the vitreous enamelling of metal products and components with the ability to enamel anything from a bath to a cap badge. On 3 January 1974, Vear was presented by the "Rustless Iron Company Ltd" with an analogue "Gold Watch" for 25 years loyal service to the company.
Vear's wife died of cancer in March 1968, and in September 1971 Vear remarried. He lived with his second wife Florence May Vear (Nee Parkin) at Broomfield Road, Keighley. Vear became ill in his late 60s and spent the last year of his life being cared for at Holmewood Residential Home, Fell Lane, Keighley.
On 12 July 2007, 96 years to the day of Vear's birth, his great-grandson, from his youngest son Leslie's line of descendants, was born. He is aptly named Jenson Percy Leslie Vear.
In 2009, Christopher Dunn (illustrator) staged an exhibition of his watercolours entitled "Bingley Secrets". One of his pieces was of boxer Vear sitting on top of Damart UK Headquarters factory chimney overlooking Bingley.
In 2012, a 'Traditional Real Ale' public house was named after Vear in his home town of Keighley in Aireworth Street in honour of his achievements. There is a Pint of real ale beer named after Vear aptly named "Percy’s Pint", which may be found and consumed on the premise. This beer is specially brewed by Empire Brewery in Huddersfield. There is another pub in Leymoor road, Golcar, Huddersfield called Percy Vear.
Career record
|-
|align="center" colspan=8|43 Wins (3 knockouts, 38 decisions, 1 retired, 1 disqualifications), 28 Losses (1 knockouts, 23 decisions, 3 retired, 1 disqualifications), 14 Draws
|-
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Res.
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Type
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Rd., Time
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location, UK
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes
|-align=center
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Young Broadley (Bradford)
|Decision
|6 (6)
|1929-02-11
|align=left|Drill Hall, Keighley
|Handbill misspelt as "Veer"
|-align=center
|Draw
|align=left| Maurice Emmott (Silsden)
|x
|6 (6)
|1929-03-18
|align=left|Drill Hall, Keighley
|Handbill misspelt as "Veer"
|-align=center
|Draw
|align=left| Maurice Emmott (Silsden)
|x
|6 (6)
|1929-04-08
|align=left|Drill Hall, Keighley
|Handbill misspelt as "Veer"
|-align=center
|Draw
|align=left| Dusty Young (Harrogate)
|x
|6 (6)
|1929-08-21
|align=left|In the Woodlands Hotel Gardens, Harrogate
|
|-align=center
|Draw
|align=left| Young Mack (Harrogate)
|x
|6 (6)
|1929-09-11
|align=left|In the Woodlands Hotel Gardens, Harrogate
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Mick Walsh (Harrogate)
|Decision
|6 (6)
|1929-10-21
|align=left|Starbeck Physical Culture Room, Starbeck
|Handbill misspelt as "Vere"
|-align=center
|Draw
|align=left| Young Hargreaves (Dewsbury)
|x
|6 (6)
|1929-10-27
|align=left|Batley Physical Culture Club, Batley
|
|-align=center
|Draw
|align=left| Young Broadley (Bradford)
|x
|6 (6)
|1929-10-28
|align=left|Drill Hall, Keighley
|2nd Fight in two days
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Danny Wakelam (Castleford)
|Decision
|8 (8)
|1929-11-29
|align=left|Gaiety Skating Rink, Castleford
|Handbill misspelt as "Veare"
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Maurice Emmott (Silsden)
|Decision
|6 (6)
|1929-12-09
|align=left|Drill Hall, Keighley
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Teddy Talbot (Warrington)
|Stopped
|8 (8)
|1929-12-25
|align=left|The Rink, Knaresborough
|Handbill marked as A.N.Other
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Danny Wakelam (Castleford)
|Decision
|8 (8)
|1930-01-15
|align=left|The Rink, Batley Carr, Dewsbury
|Handbill misspelt as "Veare"
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Tommy Boylan (Barrow)
|Decision
|8 (8)
|1930-02-17
|align=left|Drill Hall, Workington
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Maurice Emmott (Silsden)
|Decision
|8 (8)
|1930-02-24
|align=left|Drill Hall, Keighley
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Jack Inwood (Birstall)
|Decision
|8 (8)
|1930-03-03
|align=left|Birstall Physical Culture Club, Birstall
|Handbill misspelt as "Veare"
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Dod Lockland (Bradford)
|Decision
|8 (8)
|1930-03-10
|align=left|Horton Green Social Club, Bradford
|Handbill misspelt as "Veare"
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Mick Walsh (Harrogate)
|Decision
|8 (8)
|1930-03-17
|align=left|Ideal Skating Rink, Harrogate
|Handbill misspelt as "Vere"
|-align=center
|Draw
|align=left| Danny Wakelam (Castleford)
|x
|8 (8)
|1930-03-24
|align=left|Drill Hall, Keighley
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Danny Wakelam (Castleford)
|Decision
|8 (8)
|1930-04-06
|align=left|Horton Green Social Club, Bradford
|Handbill misspelt as "Veare"
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Young Broadley (Bradford)
|Decision
|8 (8)
|1930-04-07
|align=left|Birstall Physical Culture Club, Birstall
|Handbill misspelt as "Veare"
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| John Barrett (Keighley)
|Decision
|8 (8)
|1930-05-05
|align=left|Drill Hall, Workington
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Jack White (Bradford)
|Decision
|6 (6)
|1930-06-02
|align=left|Drill Hall, Keighley
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Boy Gibson (Bradford)
|KO
|4 (8)
|1930-06-30
|align=left|The Black Swan, Harrogate
|Vear substitute for Alfred Buck
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Joe Speight
|KO
|8 (8)
|1930-07-15
|align=left|Gomersal
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Jack Smith (Shipley)
|Decision
|8 (8)
|1930-09-01
|align=left|Victoria Hall, Saltaire
|Handbill misspelt as "Veare"
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Tommy Gallagher (Huddersfield)
|Decision
|6 (6)
|1930-09-28
|align=left|Vulcan Athletic Club, Dewsbury
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Freddie Irving (Keighley)
|Decision
|6 (6)
|1930-09-29
|align=left|Drill Hall, Keighley
|Vear substitute for Young Haggas
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Young Kirkley (Leeds)
|Decision
|8 (8)
|1930-11-10
|align=left|The Baths, Normanton
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Young Dudley (Wakefield)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1930-11-16
|align=left|The Premier School of Boxing, Liversedge
|
|-align=center
|Draw
|align=left| Harry Johnson (Macclesfield)
|x
|8 (8)
|1930-11-24
|align=left|Drill Hall, Keighley
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Joe Speight (Birstall)
|Stopped
|4 (6)
|1930-12-08
|align=left|Drill Hall, Keighley
|Vear substitute for Young Ogden
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Eric (Kid) Lawton (Goole)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1930-12-14
|align=left|The Premier School of Boxing, Liversedge
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Kid Close (Holbeck, Leeds)
|Decision
|8 (8)
|1930-12-21
|align=left|The Windsor Stadium, Leeds
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Johnny Parker (Doncaster)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1931-01-18
|align=left|The Premier School of Boxing, Liversedge
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Jim Burrows (Barnsley)
|Decision
|8 (8)
|1931-01-23
|align=left|Drill Hall, Keighley
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Mickey Ryan (Leeds)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1931-03-09
|align=left|Drill Hall, Keighley
|Ryan stand-in for Young Stafford
|-align=center
|Draw
|align=left| Johnny Nolan (Bradford)
|x
|10 (10)
|1931-03-23
|align=left|The New Stadium, Bradford
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Kid Eccles (Leeds)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1931-04-06
|align=left|Drill Hall, Keighley
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Jackie Quinn (Bradford)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1931-05-04
|align=left|The Windsor Stadium, Leeds
|
|-align=center
|Draw
|align=left| Mick Howard (Liverpool)
|x
|10 (10)
|1931-06-03
|align=left|Wigan
|controversial draw, Vear appeared to be easy Winner
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Dickie Inckles (Sheffield)
|Decision
|12 (12)
|1931-06-15
|align=left|Don Road Stadium, Sheffield
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Billy Sullivan (Silsden)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1931-07-05
|align=left|The Picture House, Streethouse, Pontefract
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Jacky Skelly (Barnsley)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1931-07-11
|align=left|The Plant Hotel, Mexborough
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Dickie Inckles (Sheffield)
|Decision
|12 (12)
|1931-07-15
|align=left|Don Road Stadium, Sheffield
|Inckles had verdicts over Jackie Brown (British Champion) & Bert Kirby (Ex-Champion)
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Jackie Webster (Normanton)
|Decision
|12 (12)
|1931-07-29
|align=left|Newhall Sports Ground, Attercliffe, Sheffield
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Billy Gritt (Doncaster)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1931-08-01
|align=left|Open-air boxing at The Plant Hotel, Mexborough
|
|-align=center
|Draw
|align=left| Joe Goodall (Castleford)
|x
|12 (12)
|1931-08-15
|align=left|Newhall Sports Ground, Attercliffe, Sheffield
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Steve Firman (Swinton, Mexborough)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1931-08-23
|align=left|The Brunswick Stadium, Leeds
|
|-align=center
|Draw
|align=left| Steve Firman (Swinton, Mexborough)
|x
|10 (10)
|1931-08-28
|align=left|Denaby, Doncaster
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Young Dandy (Scunthorpe)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1931-09-20
|align=left|The Brunswick Stadium, Leeds
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| George Aldred (Bolton)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1931-10-12
|align=left|Olympia Skating Ring, Wakefield
|Aldred substitute for Joe Speakman
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Dyke Archer (Salford)
|Decision
|12 (12)
|1931-10-22
|align=left|Colne
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Mickey Callaghan (Leeds)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1931-10-25
|align=left|The Brunswick Stadium, Leeds
|Callaghan substitute for Jacky Barber
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Willie Walsh (Oldham)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1931-11-03
|align=left|British Legion Club, Huddersfield
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Seaman Dobson (Leeds)
|Decision
|12 (12)
|1931-11-27
|align=left|Imperial Boxing Hall, Barnsley
|Vear Substitute for Johnny Regan
|-align=center
|Draw
|align=left| Young Creasy (Newark)
|X
|10 (10)
|1931-12-03
|align=left|Victoria Baths, Nottingham
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| George Aldred (Bolton)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1931-12-13
|align=left|The Brunswick Stadium, Leeds
|Handbill misspelt as "Veir"
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Tiny Smith (Sheffield)
|Disqualification
|6 (10
|1931-12-13
|align=left|Rotherham
|
|-align=center
|Draw
|align=left| Young Kilbride (Leeds)
|X
|10 (10)
|1932-01-11
|align=left|Drill Hall, Keighley
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Bob Healey (Bolton)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1932-02-08
|align=left|Skipton
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Jackie Quinn (Bradford)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1932-02-15
|align=left|Drill Hall, Keighley
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Kid Cassidy (Stockton)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1932-02-21
|align=left|The Brunswick Stadium, Leeds
|Handbill misspelt as "Veir"
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Young Tucker (Nelson)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1932-03-21
|align=left|Drill Hall, Keighley
|Tucker substitute for George Taylor
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Tom Goodall (Castleford)
|Decision
|12 (12)
|1932-03-29
|align=left|Drill Hall, Workington
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Freddie Irving (Keighley)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1932-04-11
|align=left|Drill Hall, Keighley
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Billy Shaw (Leeds)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1932-05-14
|align=left|Goit Stock Pleasure Grounds, Bingley
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Tom Cowley (Thurnscoe)
|Decision
|12 (12)
|1932-05-16
|align=left|The Racing Track, Goldthorpe
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Young Kennedy (Maltby)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1932-06-04
|align=left|Drill Hall, Workington
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Billy Smith (Huddersfield)
|Disqualification
|5 (6)
|1932-06-18
|align=left|Drill Hall, Keighley
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Jackie Quinn (Bradford)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1932-07-01
|align=left|The Plant Hotel, Mexborough
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Sid Ellis (Manchester)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1932-07-22
|align=left|Nelson Football Ground, Nelson
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Billy Shaw (Leeds)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1932-08-08
|align=left|Keighley RL Football Ground (Cougar Park), Keighley
|Vear substitute for Freddie Irving
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Billy Shaw (Leeds)
|Decision
|8 (8)
|1932-xx-xx
|align=left|Leeds
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Jackie Quinn (Bradford)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1932-11-07
|align=left|Windsor Hall, Bradford
|Vear substitute for Freddy Irving
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Dick Greaves (Salford)
|Retired
|10 (12)
|1932-11-10
|align=left|Alexandra Stadium, Colne
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Tommy Barber (Bradford)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1932-11-14
|align=left|Olympia, Bradford
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Tommy Barber (Bradford)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1932-11-27
|align=left|Leeds National Sporting Club
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Hyman Gordon (Manchester)
|Retired hurt – burst ear
|9 (10)
|1932-12-01
|align=left|Alexandra Stadium, Colne
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Young Monk (Dinnington)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1933-01-16
|align=left|Drill Hall, Halifax
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Bobby Thackray (Leeds)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1933-02-06
|align=left|Drill Hall, Keighley
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Darkie Carr (Glasgow)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1933-02-10
|align=left|Wakefield Boxing Stadium, Wakefield
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Danny Wakelam (Castleford)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1933-02-24
|align=left|The Gaiety, Castleford
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Charlie Barlow (Manchester)
|Stopped by referee
|1 (10)
|1933-03-03
|align=left|Blackpool Tower Circus, Blackpool
|Barlow current contender for Lightweight Champion of Great Britain
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Mattie Hinds (Durham)
|Decision
|12 (12)
|1933-03-11
|align=left|Theatre Royal, Sunderland
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Jackie Webster (Normanton)
|Stopped by Knockout
|7 (10)
|1933-03-17
|align=left|Drill Hall, Normanton
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Owen Moran (Leeds)
|Decision
|15 (15)
|1933-03-22
|align=left|Winter Gardens, Morecambe
|
|-align=center
|Draw
|align=left| George Stead (Manchester)
|x
|15 (15)
|1933-04-12
|align=left|Winter Gardens,Morecambe
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Jack Clayton (Bradford)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1933-05-01
|align=left|Olympia, Bradford
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Walter (Kid Chocolate) Melgram (Otley)
|Stopped
|x (8)
|1933-05-14
|align=left|Brunswick Stadium, Leeds
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Jack Clayton (Bradford)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1933-06-07
|align=left|Goit Stock, Bingley
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Danny Veitch (Sunderland)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1933-06-24
|align=left|West Hartlepool
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Spud Murphy (Manchester)
|Stopped
|3 (15)
|1933-07-19
|align=left|Winter Gardens,Morecambe
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Jim Driscoll (North Shields)
|Stopped
|7 (xx)
|1933-10-20
|align=left|North Shields Stadium, North Shields
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Bob Caulfield (Manchester)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1933-10-22
|align=left|Brunswick Stadium, Leeds
|
|-align=center
|Win
|align=left| Jim Holding (Leeds)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1933-11-03
|align=left|The Picture House, Streethouse, Pontefract
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Walt Jacques (Keighley)
|Decision
|8 (8)
|1933-11-13
|align=left|Drill Hall, Keighley
|Vear & Jacques replaced Williams & Lee on the boxing card
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Jack Crow (Halifax)
|Decision
|6 (6)
|1933-12-08
|align=left|Drill Hall, Halifax
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Bill Lambert (Burnley)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1934-01-11
|align=left|Imperial Ballroom, Nelson
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Young Tucker (Nelson)
|Decision
|10 (10)
|1934-02-08
|align=left|Imperial Ballroom, Nelson
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Jack Carrick (Hull)
|Stopped
|3 (10)
|1934-02-26
|align=left|Hull
|
|-align=center
|Loss
|align=left| Stan Hughes (Huddersfield)
|Stopped
|6 (10)
|1934-11-12
|align=left|Drill Hall, Keighley
|Vear Substitute for Jacques
|
References
Sources
https://web.archive.org/web/20110928165232/http://www.britishboxing.net/boxers_15178-Percy-Vear.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20030929083016/http://www.prewarboxing.co.uk/boxer%20lists/V%20list.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20050216070434/http://www.prewarboxing.co.uk/records/danny%20wakelam.htm
http://www.boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=318137&cat=boxer
http://archive.thisisbradford.co.uk/2001/12/14/132340.html
http://archive.cravenherald.co.uk/2001/12/14/132340.html
1911 births
English male boxers
Flyweight boxers
Bantamweight boxers
Featherweight boxers
People from Bingley
Sportspeople from Keighley
1983 deaths
Sport in the City of Bradford |
6900512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlene%20Croce | Arlene Croce | Arlene Louise Croce (born May 5, 1934) founded Ballet Review magazine in 1965. She was a dance critic for The New Yorker magazine from 1973 to 1998.
Career
Prior to Croce’s long career as a dance writer, she also wrote film criticism for Film Culture and other magazines. The keynote of her criticism can be grasped from her ability to evoke kinesthetic movement and expressive images in her writing. Although she considers ballet to epitomize the highest form of dance, she has also written extensively on the topic of popular and filmed dance, and is a recognized authority on the Astaire and Rogers musical films.
In 1994, she courted controversy with her stance on Bill T. Jones's Still/Here, a work about terminal illness. In an article called "Discussing the Undiscussable," she dubbed the work "victim art" and refused to attend any performances, claiming that it was "unreviewable." The article was reprinted in her 2000 book, Writing in the Dark.
Her writings on dance are available in several books, and a sampling of her film criticism can be found in the anthology American Movie Critics: An Anthology From the Silents Until Now. A review of her The Fred Astaire & Ginger Rogers Book can be found in Pauline Kael's collection of movie reviews, Reeling.
Bibliography
Incomplete - to be updated
Books
The Fred Astaire & Ginger Rogers Book (1972)
Afterimages (1978)
Going to the Dance (1982)
Sight Lines (1987)
Writing in the Dark, Dancing in 'The New Yorker''' (2000)American Movie Critics: An Anthology From the Silents Until Now (2006), edited by Phillip Lopate — contains her reviews on the films Pather Panchali and Aparajito as well as a selection from The Fred Astaire & Ginger Rogers Book.
Articles
Gail Conrad and The Tap Dance Theatre; American Ballet Theatre's performance of Field, Chair and Mountain by David Gordon.
About Arlene Croce (in Spanish). La crítica en la danza. "Discussing the indiscussable". By Patricia Roldán
The Dance Criticism of Arlene Croce'' (2005) by Marc Raymond Strauss, McFarland & Co,
References
External links
1934 births
Living people
American dance critics
The New Yorker people
Dance writers
American women journalists
American women critics
20th-century American journalists
20th-century American women
21st-century American women |
44498003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eeramana%20Rojave | Eeramana Rojave | Eeramana Rojave () is a 1991 Indian Tamil-language film, directed and produced by Keyaar. The film stars Shiva Subramanian, Mohini, Srividya and Nassar. The film had musical score by Ilaiyaraaja. The movie was also dubbed and released in Telugu as Premalekhalu in the same year. Mohini was barely 12 years of age when the movie was filmed.
Plot
Shanthi (Mohini) and Siva (Shiva) go to the same college and after some initial misunderstandings, fall in love. A psychotic fellow student, known as Helmet, tortures any couple he sees that are in love. He's sadistic and despises love. Shanthi's friend Anitha and her boyfriend Ravi are killed by Helmet. This spurs Shanthi to stand up against him. Helmet conspires to get Siva expelled as revenge and Shanthi, in turn, has Helmet arrested. Shanthi's rich father JK (Nassar) learns about his daughter's love and arranges her marriage with the son of his friend. The young couple run away with the help of Shanthi's grandmother (Srividya) but fall into Helmet's sadistic hands. The young couple must escape his clutches and change JK's mind.
Cast
Shiva as Shiva (debut)
Mohini as Shanthi (debut)
Srividya as Shanthi's Grand Mother
Nassar as JK
Venniradai Moorthy as Tamil Professor
Chinni Jayanth as Maari
Kula Deivam V. R. Rajagopal as Chellaiah
Kumarimuthu
Thyagu
Disco Shanthi
Hema
Production
Eeramana Rojave is the acting debut of Shiva and Mohini.
Soundtrack
The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja.
Tamil (Original) version
Telugu (Dubbed) version
This film was dubbed into Telugu as Premalekhalu. All songs were written by Rajashri.
Release and reception
Eeramana Rojave was released on 12 January 1991. The Indian Express wrote on 25 January, "Despite the cliched theme the script maintains the suspense."
References
External links
1991 films
Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja
1990s Tamil-language films
Films directed by Keyaar |
17329428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conanicut%20Battery | Conanicut Battery | The Conanicut Battery is a colonial and 20th century military battery in Jamestown, Rhode Island, west of Beaver Tail Road. The site offers a commanding view of the West Passage of Narragansett Bay.
During the American Revolutionary War, local militia constructed an earthen battery on the site. The British occupied Jamestown later that year and took over the site, occupying the space until August 1778 when the French fleet arrived. Its principal surviving feature is an earthworks measuring about long and wide. The site is marked by a plaque placed by the Daughters of the American Revolution in 1931. During the early 20th century, the U.S. military built large partially underground defensive batteries in the area, notably Fort Getty and Fort Burnside.
The 22-acre site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It is now owned by the town and operated as Conanicut Battery National Historic Park. The Friends of Conanicut Battery and the Jamestown Historical Society are active in preserving the fort.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island
References and external links
Conanicut Battery information Spring 2012 (PDF)
Conanicut Battery information Spring 2017 (PDF)
Conanicut Battery at Jamestown Historical Society
Conanicut Battery at American Forts Network
Conanicut Battery at FortWiki.com
Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Buildings and structures in Jamestown, Rhode Island
Parks in Rhode Island
Conanicut
Conanicut
Conanicut
Protected areas of Newport County, Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Newport County, Rhode Island
American Revolution on the National Register of Historic Places |
6900520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendragon%20Records | Pendragon Records | Pendragon Records was a short-lived American industrial and electronic music record label that was founded in 1997 by Irish expatriate Colm O'Connor. The label was based out of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Pendragon released a total of 25 albums from artists based in the United States, Canada, and Germany. Notable bands signed to Pendragon included Haujobb, Gridlock, Velvet Acid Christ, and Xorcist.
Its first release, PEN100, was Haujobb's Homes and Gardens. The label was bought out by Metropolis Records in 1999 shortly after it released Halo_Gen's self-titled album as PEN125. When Metropolis Records bought Pendragon, they continued to sell Pendragon's backstock. Some of the bands that had been signed to Pendragon, such as Haujobb and Imperative Reaction, continued to release music on Metropolis Records. Others, such as Gridlock, moved to other labels after the acquisition.
Bands on Pendragon Records
Fektion Fekler
Fracture
Gridlock
Halo_Gen
Haujobb
Imperative Reaction
Individual Totem
Kalte Farben
La Floa Maldita
Neutronic
THD
Velvet Acid Christ
Wave Workers Foundation
Xorcist
See also
Metropolis Records
List of record labels
External links
Discogs label summary and complete discography
Record labels established in 1997
Record labels disestablished in 1999
American independent record labels
Electronic music record labels
Industrial record labels |
17329434 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Gent%20from%20Bear%20Creek | A Gent from Bear Creek | A Gent from Bear Creek is a collection of Western short stories by Robert E. Howard. It was first published in the United Kingdom in 1937 by Herbert Jenkins. The first United States edition was published by Donald M. Grant, Publisher, Inc. in 1966. The stories continue on from each other, like chapters in a book.
Overview
The stories are humorously written as if told by Breckinridge Elkins, a hillbilly with no schooling. He and his kin live in the Humboldts in Nevada. Elkins is six feet six inches tall, is as strong as a grizzly bear, and he can be just as bad tempered if riled. And there is a lot to rile him, especially his relatives.
Though a dead shot, he prefers to use his fists, feet, teeth, etc. In numerous fights he attacks whole groups of armed men and commits mayhem. No one actually dies but limbs are broken, jaws shattered, faces are trod on, skulls fractured, ribs broken, and so on. Even buildings do not always survive such an attack. He picks up many injuries himself, but being shot, getting many cuts with Bowie knives, head bashed with numerous objects, having his ear chewed, scratched up by a mountain lion he then threw into a room full of feuding men and such are just minor nuisances to him.
He previously rode an old mule called Alexander, the only animal that could carry him till he came across Cap'n Kidd, his equine equivalent, and tamed him. Elkins is the only man tough enough to ride the giant, pugnacious horse. Glory McGraw (a local girl) is his sometimes love interest but he is often too dumb to see it.
Contents
"Striped Shirts and Busted Hearts"
"Mountain Man"
"Meet Cap'n Kidd"
"Guns of the Mountains"
"A Gent from Bear Creek"
"The Feud Buster"
"The Road to Bear Creek"
"The Scalp Hunter"
"Cupid From Bear Creek"
"The Haunted Mountain"
"Educate or Bust"
"War on Bear Creek"
"When Bear Creek Came to Chawed Ear"
References
1937 short story collections
Short story collections by Robert E. Howard |
20467905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay%20Power%2C%20Gay%20Politics | Gay Power, Gay Politics | "Gay Power, Gay Politics" is a 1980 episode of the American documentary television series CBS Reports. It was anchored by Harry Reasoner with reportage by George Crile. Crile also produced the episode with co-producer Grace Diekhaus. He conceived the show after becoming aware of the 1979 National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights and took as his focus the 1979 San Francisco mayoral election. After intermittent shooting over several months in 1979 with the cooperation of prominent members of the city's LGBT community, CBS aired "Gay Power, Gay Politics" on April 26, 1980.
Although described by CBS as a report on the growing influence of the LGBT community in San Francisco politics, "Gay Power, Gay Politics" focused largely on the supposed sexual practices of the gay male community, especially sadomasochism. The documentary sparked outrage in the city and CBS was roundly criticized for its journalistic tactics. The National News Council, a media watchdog organization, found that CBS had violated journalistic standards through misrepresentation purposely to reinforce stereotypes and through deceptive editing.
"Gay Power, Gay Politics" was used as a tool of the religious right to block or repeal anti-discrimination ordinances. LGBT writers and theorists have continued to criticize the documentary.
Production
George Crile became interested in making "Gay Power, Gay Politics" after learning of the National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights scheduled for October 1979. Crile had earlier produced a piece on assassinated San Francisco Supervisor Harvey Milk that ran on the program CBS Magazine. For this new program, he intended to focus on the 1979 San Francisco mayoral election and the political strength of the gay voting bloc in the city, which the several candidates were courting. He brought Grace Diekhaus in to co-produce with him and secured approval from CBS.
Filming began in the summer of 1979 and continued periodically through November, with the production team shooting in several intervals for a few days each. A number of prominent gay activists, including Armistead Maupin, Cleve Jones and Sally Gearhart, assisted Crile and Diekhaus with the project, although Gearhart and fellow activist Del Martin began questioning their motives, coming to believe the network "was out to do a hatchet job". Crile interviewed Gearhart for the piece but by the date of her interview she was so mistrustful of the producers that she took measures to try to prevent herself from being misrepresented. "I would lift my voice at a certain point so what I said could not be cut. He seemed to want me to vilify Diane (sic) Feinstein in some way and set her in opposition to the gay community....During one of the breaks I told him that I didn't feel good about it...I felt I had been twisted and manipulated." Ultimately Gearhart's interview was cut entirely, for which she was "ecstatic". When Crile began his interview with then-Mayor Dianne Feinstein by asking "How does it feel to be the mayor of Sodom and Gomorrah?" Feinstein threw him and his crew out of her office.
Overview
Anchor Harry Reasoner opened the hour with the following narration, over shots of the 1979 March on Washington:
Crile's report, rather than exploring the thesis laid out by Reasoner, instead focused in large measure on sexual activity, including men cruising in Buena Vista Park and interviews with so-called sadomasochism consultants. He reported that one out of every ten deaths in San Francisco was attributable to gay men participating in BDSM and that one gay-oriented BDSM establishment's clientele engaged in sexual activity "so dangerous that they have a gynecological table there with a doctor and nurse on hand to sew people up." He compared San Francisco to the Weimar Republic, asking Cleve Jones, "Isn't it a sign of decadence when you have so many gays emerging, breaking apart all the values of a society?" Crile also included footage of Feinstein, in the midst of a run-off election to retain her mayorship, appearing before the Harvey Milk Democratic Club, an LGBT Democrat organization. The program as aired showed Feinstein apologizing for remarks she had made in an earlier Ladies' Home Journal interview, followed immediately by applause.
Following footage of Jones at a candlelight vigil for Harvey Milk and additional footage from the March on Washington, Reasoner closed with:
Criticism
Representation of the gay community and journalistic standards
Crile and CBS were sharply criticized for the reporting and editing practices used in the documentary. A gay journalist named Randy Alfred, who had covered many of the same campaign events that were included in the episode, spent some 300 hours researching what he believed to be factual errors and misrepresentations within the broadcast. By July 10 he had prepared a 20-page complaint outlining 44 alleged instances of misrepresentation which he filed with the National News Council, a media watchdog organization. "Gay Power, Gay Politics", Alfred said, relied on "a systematic use of hearsay, oversights, exaggerations, distortions, inflammatory buzzwords, leading questions, and misleading and deceitful editing" that had as its result "patterned distortion". Of particular note was the scene of Feinstein at the Harvey Milk Democratic Club. The editor had inserted applause immediately after Feinstein apologized for her earlier Ladies' Home Journal comments, which Crile had described as Feinstein's "groveling to atone". The applause had in fact come after her condemnation of anti-gay violence and a promise to appoint a gay or lesbian member of the police commission.
In response to complaints before the episode even aired, CBS had flown the producers to San Francisco, where in an interview with local CBS affiliate KPIX the pair acknowledged that the material for the show was selected for its likelihood to be shocking. Two months after Alfred's complaint to the NNC, CBS defended its people. Network vice-president Robert Chandler dismissed the bulk of Alfred's complaints as "trivial, irrelevant or clearly represent[ing] matters of opinion or judgment". Chandler went on to acknowledge that the applause was broadcast out of sequence but denied that it was intended to deceive. "Whatever the motivation, it is clear that our producers indicated the applause out of its actual time sequence and therefore misled our viewers. This, then, constitutes an acknowledgment of error and an apology for a breach of our own journalistic standards." Regarding the program as a whole, Chandler denied any bias.
The NNC met on September 18, 1980 to consider Alfred's allegations. After dismissing many of them as without merit, The NNC found by a vote of 9–2 that CBS had unfairly misrepresented a number of sexual issues, including in the BDSM scenes. "By concentrating on certain flamboyant examples of homosexual behavior the program tended to reinforce stereotypes... The program exaggerated political concessions to gays and made them appear as threats to public morals and decency." CBS was also found to have offered distorted coverage of the city's annual Beaux Arts Ball and to have manipulated the soundtrack by adding the applause. The network later apologized for this on the air, the first time that the LGBT community had received an apology from a major news organization.
Many in the city were angered by the broadcast. The San Francisco Board of Supervisors was outraged and sent a letter of protest to CBS. Feinstein wrote to the station manager of KPIX denouncing the episode. She compared the program to "doing a documentary on Italians and only showing the Mafia". She asked for three minutes of national airtime to respond but CBS denied her request. Armistead Maupin, who had worked closely with the production team, repudiated the program, saying "I had no idea they were doing a hit piece." Jeff Jarvis of The San Francisco Examiner wrote, "It's shocking that CBS News, home of Walter Cronkite, would partake of such bigotry." Writing for the San Francisco Chronicle, Terrence O'Flaherty labeled the documentary "a dreadful little program... deadly for everyone it touches". Nationally, a spokesperson for the National Gay Task Force condemned the documentary for its premise of gays wanting political power for purposes of having sex in public, for ignoring lesbians and for failing to address issues of anti-gay discrimination.
Representation of BDSM
"Gay Power, Gay Politics" has also been criticized for its negative portrayal of the BDSM sub-culture. CBS used BDSM to discredit the LGBT community by implying that an increase in gay political power would correspond with an increase in BDSM and BDSM-related deaths. The program also miscategorized BDSM as an exclusively gay male activity, despite the fact that most of the BDSM material filmed for the documentary was shot at a location called The Chateau, which had a heterosexual customer base. Reporter Crile interviewed San Francisco coroner Dr. Boyd Stephens, who stated that 10% of homicides in the city were gay-related and that some of those were related to the BDSM community. His words, which Stephens would later acknowledge were based on hearsay, were widely and inaccurately reported as meaning that 10% of all homicides in San Francisco were related to BDSM.
Anti-LGBT backlash
Following the airing of the report, the Community United Against Violence (CUAV), a San Francisco group dedicated to addressing anti-gay violence in the city, reported a 400% increase of reported violent incidents against LGBT people. This marked a reversal of the decrease in violence reports to that point in 1980. Right-wing groups used "Gay Power, Gay Politics" as a fundraising tool until CBS forced them to stop. The Moral Majority, in its successful campaign to repeal a San Jose, California gay rights ordinance, used an image from the program along with the slogan "Don't Let It Spread!" on billboards. In 1985, a Houston group opposed to a proposed LGBT rights ordinance for the city used clips from the program in its commercials and voters overwhelmingly rejected the ordinance. Controversial psychologist Paul Cameron, on behalf of the right wing Family Research Institute, has used the 10% homicide figure to support his views on homosexuality, views which have been repudiated by a number of professional psychological and sociological associations.
Continued criticism
"Gay Power, Gay Politics" continued to be a target of criticism by LGBT community leaders and authors, although some have acknowledged that the program included "more than a few kernels of truth". Former National Gay and Lesbian Task Force executive director Urvashi Vaid attacked the program for its presentation of gays as "sexual hedonists, privileged powerbrokers, and arrogant men scheming to force their 'lifestyle' on a recalcitrant public". She further castigated the show for excluding lesbians and people of color (although she acknowledges that this to an extent mirrored the state of gay leadership at the time) and noted her belief that anti-gay attack videos produced in the 1990s were modeled on this broadcast. Gay cultural critic Frank Browning, while agreeing with the criticism of the tone of the documentary, nonetheless found the dudgeon that many in the community expressed to be "layered with disingenuousness". Browning wrote:
While echoing criticism about the exclusion of lesbian concerns and the distortions contained in the broadcast, Browning went on to note that sexual freedom has always been part of the gay male agenda and that it would be absurd to pretend otherwise.
Notes
References
Alwood, Edward (1998). Straight News. Columbia University Press. .
Andriote, John-Manuel (1999). Victory Deferred: How AIDS Changed Gay Life in America. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. .
Browning, Frank (1993). The Culture of Desire: Paradox and Perversity in Gay Lives Today. New York, Vintage Books, a division of Random House. .
Butters, Ronald R., John M. Clum and Michael Moon (1989). Displacing Homophobia: Gay Male Perspectives in Literature and Culture. Duke University Press.
Cleninden, Dudley and Adam Nagourney (1999). Out For Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America. New York, Simon & Schuster. .
Comstock, Gary David (1992). Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men. Columbia University Press. .
Escoffier, Jeffrey (2003). Sexual Revolution. Thunder's Mouth Press.
Gross, Larry P. (2001). Up from Invisibility: Lesbians, Gay Men, and the Media in America. Columbia University Press. .
Haggerty, George E. and Bonnie Zimmerman (2000). Encyclopedia of lesbian and gay histories and cultures. Taylor & Francis. .
Kaiser, Charles (1997). The Gay Metropolis 1940–1996. New York, Houghton Mifflin. .
Loughery, John (1998). The Other Side of Silence – Men's Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History. New York, Henry Holt and Company. .
Martin, Del and Phyllis Lyon (1991). Lesbian/Woman. Volcano Press. .
Rutledge, Leigh (1992). The Gay Decades. New York, Penguin. .
Vaid, Urvashi (1995). Virtual Equality: The Mainstreaming of Gay & Lesbian Liberation. New York, Anchor Books. .
CBS Reports
American LGBT-related television episodes
1980 American television episodes
LGBT politics in the United States
Documentaries about LGBT topics
LGBT-related controversies in television |
20467906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipra%20Pokhariya | Pipra Pokhariya | Pipra Pokhariya is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3538 people living in 699 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
44498013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser-Joseph-Stra%C3%9Fe | Kaiser-Joseph-Straße | The Kaiser-Joseph-Straße (often shortened to Kajo) in Freiburg im Breisgau is a shopping street of about 900 meters, which runs through the center of Freiburg's historic downtown from north to south. It is one of the most expensive locations in Germany.
Location and traffic
The street begins in the north of Freiburg at Siegesdenkmal, which is located on the outskirts of the historic city center. From the central street crossing, at Bertoldsbrunnen, Bertoldstraße branches off westwards and Salzstraße eastwards. On the southern outskirts of the historical city center Kaiser-Joseph-Straße passes through the Martinstor gate and continues on to Kaiserbrücke, which crosses the Dreisam. Like many other streets in downtown Freiburg, Kaiser-Joseph-Straße has a Bächle. Most of the buildings between Siegesdenkmal and Martinstor were completely destroyed in World War II during an air raid on 27 November 1944. Because of the tram, which opened in 1901, the people in charge had to build arcades into the buildings on either side of the street in order to create more space for pedestrian and other traffic, so the tram could continue passing through the Kaiser-Joseph-Straße. Traffic was regulated by traffic lights located at Bertoldsbrunnen. In November 1972, the street became one of the first traffic-calmed areas for pedestrians in Germany. Only tramline 2 (Zähringen-Günstertal), tramline 3 in the south (Vauban-Haid), as well as tramline 5 (Rieselfeld-Hornusstraße) and certain delivery vehicles are allowed to use this street now. These restrictions do not affect the part of Kaiser-Joseph-Straße which is located south of Martinstor.
History
The Kaiser-Joseph-Straße was originally called the "Große Gass" (big alley), where a weekly market was held in medieval times. This is the reason for the great width compared to other streets in historic downtown. In the 15th century the weekly market was relocated to the area in front of the Freiburg Minster.
The connection between the "Große Gass" and the settlements outside the city walls – in the form of the Martinstor – was severed in the 17th century when Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban had the city fortified and the settlements outside the city walls leveled. Salzstraße was then used as an access road from Höllental. For the bridal procession of the future French Queen Marie Antoinette, consisting of 235 people, 57 wagons and 250 draft and saddle horses, however, the street was not wide enough. In order to give her a welcome which befitted her social status in spite of this, it was decided that she was to enter the city through the gateway called Breisacher Tor via Gartenstraße on 4 May 1770. For this reason two new streets, "Dreisamstraße" and "Schreiberstraße", were built on the northern bank of the Dreisam. Three arcs of triumph were constructed in honor of the Dauphin of France by three of the city’s greater organisations: one by the City of Freiburg erected at the "Karlskaserne", barracks near the town; one by the University where what is today the Old City Hall (Altes Rathaus) and one by the representation of the estates of the realm on "Große Gass". The latter was the biggest of them, measuring 24 meters in height and 18 meters in width. The arc was constructed by Johann Christian Wentzinger, using only wood and plaster. Marie Antoinette stayed at the Kageneckschen House, a locally well-known landmark, on Salzstraße, right before moving on to Schuttern Abbey on the morning of May 6.
After a visit from Joseph II in 1777, the thoroughfare was renamed "Kaiserstraße" in his honor. Around 1840, the thoroughfare was extended southwards, starting from the Martinstor down to the Dreisam. This section was initially named "Stephanienstraße" in honor of Stéphanie de Beauharnais, Grand Duchess of Baden. As a result, the new quarter built in this context was named "Stephanien-Vorstadt". At the turn of the century, there were two wells on the thoroughfare: the "Fischbrunnen" (German for "Fish Well") from the 16th century, which was superseded by the Bertoldsbrunnen in 1806, and the Albert-Ludwig-Brunnen by Josef Alois Knittel from 1868. It was located close to the Siegesdenkmal on the former Kaiser-Wilhelms-Platz.
During the time of National Socialism the entirety of the Kaiserstraße, including its extensions to the north (Zähringerstraße) and to the south (Günterstalstraße), was renamed Adolf-Hitler-Straße. After the Second World War the part that led from the city center to the Dreisam was called Kaiser-Joseph-Straße, while the northern part of the former Adolf-Hitler-Straße was given the name of Habsburgerstraße, in reference to the Habsburg descent of the emperor. In order to keep the established house numbers, however, today they start at 143 on the east side and at 166 on the west side of the Kaiser-Joseph-Straße.
Numerous branches of big trading companies own offices on this street. In the 1970s there were five department stores here, at the beginning of the 21st century only two remained. Basler Hof, which was built by Konrad Stürtzel as a residence in the 15th century, is the only building without any commercial use nowadays. It is one of the most important secular buildings in Freiburg. The name derives from the Basel cathedral chapter who used the residence from 1587 to 1677 when they were forced to relocate to Freiburg as a result of the Reformation in their home town. It currently serves as the representative official residence of Freiburg's district president.
The Kaiser Bridge, which originates from the turn of the century and is located at the other end of the Kaiser-Joseph-Straße, used to be decorated with bronze statues of the Salian Henry V. and Frederick Barbarossa of the House of Hohenstaufen, created by Julius Seitz, as well as statues of Rudolf of Habsburg and Maximilian I., by Fridolin Dietsche. In 1942 they were dismantled and taken to Hamburg to be melted down. Although this did not happen until the war had ended, the municipal council voted down a potential recall of the statues in 1950 because of the potentially substantial transport costs. The statues' foundations can still be seen today.
References
Tourist attractions in Freiburg im Breisgau
Transport in Freiburg im Breisgau
Shopping districts and streets in Germany |
17329437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene%20Society | Slovene Society | The Slovene Society (, also ) is the second-oldest publishing house in Slovenia, founded on February 4, 1864 as an institution for the scholarly and cultural progress of Slovenes.
History
The Slovene Society was founded upon the proposal of several Slovene patriotic associations and individuals from Maribor, who urged the establishment of an institution that would publish advanced scholarly literature in Slovene, foster the expansion of culture among Slovenes, and development of scientific terminology in Slovene. In 1864, the consortium Slovenska matica was founded in Ljubljana. Its work was based on the examples of similar institutions in other Slavic countries, such as the Matica hrvatska in Croatia, Matica srpska in Vojvodina, Matice česká in the Czech Lands, and Matica slovenská in Slovakia. The consortium was established with private capital, as well as with capital of the Duchy of Carniola and several cultural associations. The Austrian Emperor Francis Joseph I also gave a substantial financial contribution for its founding.
The institution reached its peak at the beginning of the 20th century. At that time, it functioned as a regular publishing house on a free market, publishing books for a general public, many of which became bestsellers; at the same time, it also performed the role of an Academy of Sciences, fostering high culture and maintaining close contacts with the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb, the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Belgrade, as well as similar institutions in Prague, Krakow, London and Sankt Peterburg.
During World War I, the SM was closed and its properties confiscated by the Austro-Hungarian authorities. The alleged cause was the publication of the book Gospodin Franjo ("Mister Franjo") by the Slovene author and officer of the Austro-Hungarian Army Fran Maselj (pen name: Podlimbarski), which was a strong satirical critique of the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
During the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the Slovene Society expanded its publishing work and in 1938 it was one of the co-founders of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. During the Italian occupation in World War II, the leadership of the Slovene Society collaborated with the Liberation Front of the Slovene People. In 1944, it was shut down by the Nazi German authorities. In the late 1945, the communist authorities of the People's Republic of Slovenia allowed the society to be re-established, although its editorial policies were considered "too conservative" by the new regime. Most of its properties were nationalized by the state, but the institution was allowed to continue functioning and later received substantial subsidies.
The work of the institution was reinvigorated again in the 1980s, when it started systemically publishing translations of major Western philosophers and political theorists, including authors regarded as subversive of the official Socialist ideology, such as Heidegger, Machiavelli, Jan Patočka, Unamuno, José Ortega y Gasset, Aurelius Augustinus, and the complete works of Nietzsche.
Chairmen
Since its establishment, the Slovene Society has been headed by important figures from Slovene cultural and public life.
1865: Anton Zois, politician and philanthropist
1865–1869: Lovro Toman, lawyer, author and politician
1869–1875: Etbin Henrik Costa, lawyer and politician
1875–1881: Janez Bleiweis, politician
1881–1882: Josip Marn, literary historian
1882–1885: Peter Grasselli, politician, mayor of Ljubljana
1885–1886: Josip Poklukar, editor
1886–1893: Josip Marn
1893–1907: Fran Levec, literary historian
1907–1914: Fran Ilešič, literary historian
1917: Peter Grasselli
1918–1920: Ivan Tavčar, author and politician, mayor of Ljubljana
1920–1947: Dragotin Lončar, historian and political theorist
1947–1949: Oton Župančič, poet
1950–1966: Anton Melik, geographer
1966–1975: France Koblar, art historian
1975–1978: Fran Zwitter, historian
1978–1987: Bogo Grafenauer, historian
1987–1994: Primož Simoniti, classical philologist, historian and translator
1994–2008: Joža Mahnič, literary historian
since 2008: Milček Komelj, art historian and critic
Editors and chancellors
Many prominent individuals served as editors and chancellors (chief secretaries) of the institution. The most prominent of these were Fran Levstik, Josip Vidmar, Juš Kozak, France Bernik, and Drago Jančar. Several others have collaborated with the institution, including philosophers Ivo Urbančič and Tine Hribar, historian Vasilij Melik and political theorist Albin Prepeluh.
Notes and references
External links
Official site
Learned societies of Slovenia
Organizations established in 1864
Organizations based in Ljubljana
Cultural history of Slovenia
Slovenian culture
Publishing companies of Slovenia
Scientific organizations in Ljubljana |
20467923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomaulax%20gibberosus | Pomaulax gibberosus | Pomaulax gibberosus, common name the red turban, is a species of medium-sized to large sea snail with a calcareous operculum, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.
Distribution
This species lives in the Eastern Pacific, from British Columbia, Canada, to Baja California, Mexico.
References
Noodt J. (1819) Museum Boltenianum: Verzeichnis der von dem gestorbenen J.F. Bolten... hinterlassenen vortrefflichen Sammlung Conchylien, Mineralien und Kunstsachen die am 26. April d.J., Morgens um 10 Uhr öffentlich verkauft werden sollen durch den Makler J. Noodt. Conrad Müller, Hamburg
Philippi R.A. 1846. Diagnoses testaceorum quorundam novorum. Zeitschrift für Malakozoologie, 1846(7): 97-106
Further reading
Turgeon, D.D., et al. 1998. Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates of the United States and Canada. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 26 page(s): 59
Alf A. & Kreipl K. (2011) The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990. In: G.T. Poppe & K. Groh (eds), A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. pp. 1–82, pls 104-245
External links
Philippi R.A. 1846. Diagnoses testaceorum quorundam novorum. Zeitschrift für Malakozoologie, 1846(7): 97-106
Dall W.H. (1919). Descriptions of new species of Mollusca from the North Pacific Ocean in the collection of the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 56: 293-371
gibberosus
Gastropods described in 1817
Taxa named by Lewis Weston Dillwyn |
44498014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Liep%C4%81ja | University of Liepāja | University of Liepāja () is a university in Liepāja, Latvia.
General Information
Liepaja University, founded in 1954, is an accredited state higher educational establishment, which implements study programmes at all three study levels: basic studies, Master and Doctorate studies. The number of students is around 2000 divided over around 30 study directions. Liepaja University offers five full degree study programs taught in English: Computer science, Physics, Information Technology (Bachelor) and Information Technology, New Media Arts (Master). Liepaja University is one of the oldest higher educational establishments in the Kurzeme region.
Organization
Faculties
The University consists of four faculties:
Faculty of Management and Social Sciences
Faculty of Science and Engineering
Faculty of Humanitarian sciences and Arts
Faculty of Pedagogy and Social work
Institutes
Institute of Educational Sciences
Kurzeme Institute of Humanities
Institute of Science and Innovative Technologies
Institute of Management Sciences
References
External links
Universities in Latvia
Educational institutions established in 1954
1954 establishments in the Soviet Union |
20467935 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky%20Bhembe | Lucky Bhembe | Lucky Willie Bhembe (born 25 October 1973) is a Swazi athlete. He competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
Achievements
References
1973 births
Living people
Swazi male long-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes of Eswatini
Swazi male marathon runners |
44498019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Guyett%20Scadding | John Guyett Scadding | John Guyett Scadding (30 August 1907 – 10 November 1999) was a British physician.
He was born in north London, the son of John William and Jessima Alice (née Guyett) Scadding.
He was appointed physician at the Brompton Hospital, London from 1939 to 1972 and at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, from 1946 to 1972. He was also Dean of the Institute of Diseases of the Chest at London University from 1946 to 1960, their Director of Studies from 1950–62 and Professor of Medicine (Emeritus) from 1962 to 1972. In 1946 he became a founder member of a Medical Research Council Committee set up to study the treatment of tuberculosis by newly discovered drugs. He was best known for his seminal work on sarcoidosis and his studies in fibrosing alveolitis.
During the Second World War, he served as Lieutenant-Colonel in charge of a medical division in Egypt, and assisted with the treatment of Winston Churchill for pneumonia at U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower's villa in Carthage.
He was Editor of Thorax from 1946 to 1959 and delivered the Bradshaw Lecture at the Royal College of Physicians in 1949 on sarcoidosis. President of the British Tuberculosis Association, 1959–61 and President of the Thoracic Society, 1971-72 he was a major influence in the 1982 merger of the two societies (by which time the British Tuberculosis Society had evolved into the British Thoracic Association) as the British Thoracic Society.
He died at Beaconsfield in 1999. He had married Mabel Pennington and had one son and two daughters.
References
1907 births
1999 deaths
20th-century English medical doctors |
17329441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas%20Jacobsson | Jonas Jacobsson | Jonas Jacobsson (born 22 June 1965) is a Swedish sport shooter who has won several gold medals at the Paralympic Games. He participated in ten consecutive Summer Paralympics from 1980 to 2016, winning a total of seventeen gold, two silver, and nine bronze medals. In 1996, he won two gold medals in the air rifle 3×40 and English match events and a bronze in the air rifle prone at the Atlanta Paralympics. At the 2000 Summer Paralympics, he took two gold medals in the free rifle 3×40 and free rifle prone events and two bronzes in air rifle standing and air rifle prone events. Four years later, at the Athens Games, he competed in the same four events and won the gold medal in all of them.
On 10 September 2008 Jacobsson won his 16th gold medal in the Paralympic Games making him the best performing male Paralympics contestant so far. Later that year, he became the first athlete with a physical disability to receive the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal, Sweden's most significant sports award.
See also
Athletes with most gold medals in one event at the Paralympic Games
References
External links
1965 births
Living people
Swedish male sport shooters
Paralympic shooters of Sweden
Paralympic gold medalists for Sweden
Paralympic silver medalists for Sweden
Paralympic bronze medalists for Sweden
Paralympic medalists in shooting
Shooters at the 1980 Summer Paralympics
Shooters at the 1984 Summer Paralympics
Shooters at the 1988 Summer Paralympics
Shooters at the 1992 Summer Paralympics
Shooters at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
Shooters at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Shooters at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Shooters at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Shooters at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
People from Norrköping
Sportspeople from Östergötland County
20th-century Swedish people
21st-century Swedish people |
20467940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoop%20Dogg%20Presents%3A%20Dubb%20Union | Snoop Dogg Presents: Dubb Union | Snoop Dogg Presents: Dubb Union is the debut album by American hip hop group Dubb Union. It was released on August 19, 2008 via Koch Records. Production was handled by member Soopafly, Hi-Tek, Nominz, Chris "THX" Goodman, J-Doe, Ronald "Jukebox" Jackson, Teddy Riley and Warryn "Baby Dubb" Campbell, with Snoop Dogg serving as executive producer. It features guest appearances from BJ the Chicago Kid, Dion Jenkins, Daz Dillinger, Kurupt, Minister Tony Muhammad, Snoop Dogg, Traci Nelson and Uncle Chucc. The album peaked at number 85 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart in the United States.
Track listing
Sample credits
Track 13 contains a sample of the recording "Good Old Funky Music" by The Meters
Personnel
Priest "Soopafly" Brooks – main artist, keyboards (tracks: 1, 4-7, 11, 15), strings (track 10), producer (tracks: 1, 4, 5, 7, 11, 15), co-producer (track 6), recording (tracks: 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15), mixing (tracks: 1, 2, 4-7, 10-15)
Damani Nkosi Washington – main artist
Terence "Bad Lucc" Harden – main artist
Bryan "BJ the Chicago Kid" Sledge – featured artist (tracks: 2, 4, 10, 14)
Delmar "Daz Dillinger" Arnaud – featured artist (track 4)
Calvin "Snoop Dogg" Broadus – featured artist (track 5), executive producer
Dion Jenkins – featured artist (tracks: 6, 12)
Minister Tony Muhammad – featured artist (track 9)
Ricardo "Kurupt" Brown – featured artist (track 13)
Traci Nelson – featured artist (track 13)
Charles "Uncle Chucc" Hamilton – featured artist (track 15)
Robert "Bubby" Smith – bass (track 10)
James "J-Doe" Smith – producer (track 2)
Warryn "Baby Dubb" Campbell – producer (track 3)
Tony "Hi-Tek" Cottrell – producer (tracks: 6, 12)
Ronald "Jukebox" Jackson – producer (track 8)
Teddy Riley – producer & mixing (track 8)
James "Nominz" Amankwa – producer (tracks: 10, 14)
Chris "THX" Goodman – producer (track 13)
"Shon Don" Dornae Brooks – recording (tracks: 1, 2, 5, 12, 13)
Bruce Buechner – recording (tracks: 3, 7), mixing (track 3)
Dave Aron – mixing (tracks: 1, 2, 5-7, 10-15)
Lamar "DJ Crazy Toones" Calhoun – arranger
Andrew Mezzi – mixing assistant (tracks: 1, 2, 5-7, 10-15)
David "Dizmix" Lopez – mastering
Andrew Kelley – art direction, design
Nykauni "Nkki" Tademy – A&R
Charts
References
External links
E1 Music albums
2008 debut albums
Dubb Union albums
Albums produced by Hi-Tek
Albums produced by Soopafly
Albums produced by Teddy Riley
Albums produced by Warryn Campbell |
23575032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20the%20Democratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo | Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo | The Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the east of the country in particular, has been described as the "Rape Capital of the World," and the prevalence and intensity of all forms of sexual violence has been described as the worst in the world. Human Rights Watch defines sexual violence as "an act of a sexual nature by force, or by threat of force or coercion," and rape as "a form of sexual violence during which the body of a person is invaded, resulting in penetration, however slight, of any part of the body of the victim, with a sexual organ, or of the anal or genital opening of the victim with any object or other part of the body."
The Democratic Republic of the Congo has had a long history of unrest and instability. Although sexual violence has always occurred in the DRC in some capacity, increased rates of sexual violence coincided with the armed conflicts of the early 1990s and later.
Much of the research conducted about sexual violence in the DRC has focused on violence against and rape of women as related to these armed conflict, mostly occurring in the eastern region of the country. The eastern region of the DRC has the highest rates of sexual violence, and much of it is perpetrated by armed militia groups. However, other studies have begun to show that sexual violence is pervasive in all parts of the DRC and that it is not always related to the conflict.
While there is extensive evidence of the societal and individual ramifications caused by the sexual violence in the country, the government has been criticized for not doing enough to stop it. Although Congolese law criminalizes many forms of sexual violence, these laws are not always enforced.
Historical background
Rape in the Democratic Republic of Congo has frequently been described as a "weapon of war," and the United Nations officially declared rape a weapon of war in 2008. War rape makes a particularly effective weapon because it not only destroys its physical victims, but entire communities as well. War, violence, and instability have ravaged the DRC for decades, and this has led to a culture of violence in war and civilian life that often takes its form in a sexual nature.
Eleven years after the Republic of the Congo gained independence in 1960, president Mobutu renamed the country Zaire in 1971 and ruled the nation under an autocratic and corrupt regime. Under Mobutu's regime, sexual abuse was used as a method of torture.
Mobutu ruled until 1997, when after the 1994 Rwandan genocide, many génocidaires fled across Rwanda's western border into the DRC in hopes of escaping censure. Hutu extremist militias were reformed across the border, particularly in Kivu, the DRC's easternmost region, bringing crime and violence to the DRC. While the Congolese army and UN peacekeepers attempted to launch large operations, they still ultimately failed to disarm Hutu rebels who often retaliated by performing rapes, kidnappings and murders. This influx of militants and fighting in Burundi catalyzed the First Congo War and the end of Mobutu's regime. Spurred by the violence, the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (AFDL), led by Laurent Kabila, launched a rebellion against Mobutu regime in 1996 in the eastern part of the country.
Wilhelmine Ntakebuka, who coordinates a sexual violence program in Bukavu, believes that the increase in sexual violence started with the inflow of foreign militants:
The epidemic of rapes seems to have started in the mid-1990s. That coincides with the waves of Hutu militiamen who escaped into Congo’s forests after exterminating 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus during Rwanda’s genocide 13 years ago. Mr. Holmes said that while government troops might have raped thousands of women, the most vicious attacks had been carried out by Hutu militias.
The violence from the First Congo War led to the Second Congo War, which officially ended in 2006 with the election of the first democratically elected president, Joseph Kabila. However, there has been no end to the violence. A major confrontation in 2007 between government forces and troops of Tutsi general Laurent Nkunda culminated in another major confrontation in the eastern province of Nord-Kivu. Recently, instability and violence have greatly increased since the mutiny of members of the Government of DRC and the creation of the rebel movement, M23, supported by the Government of Rwanda and individuals of the Government of Uganda. Moreover, as recently as December 2012, the UN accused M23 rebels of raping and killing civilians in eastern DRC. There have also recently been allegations of a military attack and 72 counts of rapes against civilians by M23 in the Minova area.
Much of this continuing violence is a result of long-lasting animosity between the Tutsis, the Hutus, and other groups. Other factors of the continued violence are control of land, control of minerals, and economic tensions. The persistence of rape can also be attributed to misconceptions about rape, such as the myth that having sex with prepubescent girls will give people strength in battle or business dealings. The long history of violence has led to a culture of desensitization, lacking respect for international norms of human rights, and inadequate education.
Today, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, particularly the eastern region of the country, is known as the rape capital of the world. While "the law specifically prohibits and provides penalties of 10 to 20 years' imprisonment for child and forced prostitution, pimping, and trafficking for sexual exploitation....There were no reported investigations or prosecutions of traffickers during the year [2007]." There is no law against spousal sexual assault.
Forms of sexual violence
Violence against women
Margot Wallström dubbed eastern Congo the "most dangerous place on earth to be a woman" and it is said that rape is simply a fact of life in the DRC. In October 2004 the human rights group Amnesty International said that 40,000 cases of rape had been reported over the previous six years, the majority occurring in South Kivu. This is an incomplete count, as the humanitarian and international organizations compiling the figures do not have access to much of the conflict area; only women who have reported for treatment are included. It is estimated that there are as many as 200,000 surviving rape victims living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo today.
A 2011 report recorded that 1,000 women had been raped daily.
A 2014 report by human rights charity Freedom from Torture outlined the usage of rape as a form of torture by security forces, focusing on case studies and accounts from torture survivors.
According to research conducted by The Journal of the American Medical Association in 2010, 39.7% of women in the Eastern Region (North Kivu, South Kivu, and Province Orientale) of the DRC reported to have been exposed to sexual violence during their lifetime, most commonly taking its form in rape.
As Noel Rwabirinba, a sixteen-year-old who had been a militiaman for two years said, "If we see girls, it’s our right…we can violate them." This statement reflects the normalization of rape in the DRC. Because of conflicts, between 60 and 90 percent of women are single heads of households. This puts many burdens upon them, such as having to travel long distances to find resources, leaving them vulnerable to violence.
Patricia Rozée identifies different categories of rape, all of which occur in the DRC: punitive rape (used to punish to elicit silence and control); status rape (occurring as a result of acknowledged differences in rank); ceremonial rape (undertaken as part of socially sanctioned rituals); exchange rape (when genital contact is used as a bargaining tool); theft rape (involuntary abduction of individuals as slaves, prostitutes, concubines, or spoils of war); and survival rape (when women become involved with older men to secure goods needed to survive).
Rape, as related to the conflicts, is the most prevalent form of sexual violence in the country, particularly in the eastern region. However, civilians are also the perpetrators of rape. Furthermore, although people might assume that men always perpetrate conflict-related sexual violence against women, women are also perpetrators. In the 2010 study conducted by the American Medical Association, women reported to have perpetrated conflict-related sexual violence in 41.1% of female cases and 10.0% of male cases.
Violence against men
The rape of men is also common. More studies are coming out to show that both women and men are the victims and perpetrators of sexual violence in the DRC.
Research conducted by The Journal of the American Medical Association in 2010 cites that 23.6% of men in the Eastern Region of the country have been exposed to sexual violence. And, a similar study also conducted in 2010 found that 22% of men (as compared to 30% of women) in eastern Congo reported conflict-related sexual violence. A cross-sectional, population-based study found that one in four men living in the eastern region of the country have been the victims of sexual violence. Moreover, at least 4 to 10 percent of all rape victims are male.
The prevalence of rape of men in the country is likely underreported due to extreme stigma attached to sexual abuse of males. Men who admit to being raped risk ostracism by their community and criminal prosecution, because they may be seen as homosexual, which, though legal in the DRC, is socially unacceptable. Male victims are less likely to appear in court, and those who do are cast away in their villages and called "bush wives." According to Denise Siwatula, a programme officer at the Women's Synergy for the Victims of Sexual Violence based in Kivu, many men are victims of sexual violence and they need different assistance than women who come to their center.
Lynn Lawry, a humanitarian expert at the International Health Division of the US Department of Defense, said, "When we are looking at how we are going to address communities, we need to talk to female perpetrators as well as male perpetrators, and we have to include male survivors in our mental health clinics in order to address their issues, which may be very different from female survivors."
Violence against children
UNFPA reported that over 65% of victims during the past 15 years were children. The majority of this percentage was adolescent girls and roughly 10% of child victims are said to be under 10 years old. Many child soldiers, after being recruited from refugee camps, are often sexually abused.
Rape of girls and gender-based violence of minors is widespread in the eastern Congo.
Trafficking and prostitution
The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a source and destination for trafficking for forced labor and forced prostitution, much of which is internal and perpetrated by armed groups in the eastern region of the DRC. The DRC is said to be the main regional source, from which women and children are trafficked in large numbers to sex industries in Angola, South Africa, Republic of Congo, and western Europe, particularly Belgium. Prostitution and forced prostitution occurs often in refugee camps in the country. In addition to forced prostitution in refugee camps, many girls are forced into prostitution in tent- or hut-based brothels, markets, and mining areas.
The main perpetrators are the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), Patriotes Resistants Congolais (PARECO), various local militia (such as the Mai-Mai), the Alliance des patriots pour un Congo libre et souverain (APCLS), and the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). There are many reports of these groups forcibly recruiting women and children to serve in sexual servitude.
Domestic violence
Article 444 of the Congo Family Code states that a wife "owes her obedience to her husband". Marital rape is not considered an offense in the DRC. Similar laws and attitudes are prevalent in countries involved in the DRC conflict. In Zimbabwe one in four women report having experienced sexual violence at the hands of their husbands. Women in the DRC do not have the right to refuse sex, and should they, men have the right to discipline their wives through beating, an act often referred to as “tough love”.
Research Directorate has called domestic violence "very prevalent" in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. According to several studies conducted in 2011, intimate partner sexual violence is the most pervasive form of violence against women in all areas of the DRC. A 2010 study concluded that intimate partner violence was reported by 31% of women and 17% of men.
Central factors for the high rates of domestic violence are the reintegration of combatants in communities, circulation of arms, and post-traumatic stress in times during and after conflict. However, reporting domestic violence is rare because women have no rights to share property or wealth, fear losing their children or being shunned by the community, or may not even know it is a punishable offense.
Although there are laws against domestic violence, cultural beliefs make it extremely difficult to implement the rules. Because the social status of African women is dependent on their marital status, and because the conflict has drastically reduced the male population, women have no choice but to suffer. Although the status of men is also dependent on their marital status, they are expected to exercise strict control over the wives. Men are seen as being superior in that they are better educated and capable of purchasing property.
Other forms
The United Nations includes rape, public rapes, sexual slavery, forced prostitution, forced pregnancy, gang rape, forced incest, sexual mutilation, disemboweling, genital mutilation, cannibalism, deliberate spread of HIV/AIDS, and forced sterilization as other forms of sexual violence that occur in the DRC that are used as techniques in war against the civilian population.
Other forms of sexual violence reported include: forcing of crude objects such as tree branches and bottles into the vagina, public rape in front of the family and community, forced rape between victims, the introduction of objects into the victims' cavities, pouring melted rubber into women's vaginas, shooting women in the vagina and inducing abortions using sharp objects.
Perpetrators
Militia groups
According to Human Rights Watch, while many of the perpetrators of sexual violence are militia groups, some of whom have been known to kidnap women and girls and use them as sex slaves, the Congolese army, Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo (FARDC), is the "single largest group of perpetrators."
In 2007, the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) reported that 54% of all recorded sexual violence cases in the first 6 months of that year were committed by FARDC soldiers. Some commanders have been purported to overlook sexual violence perpetrated by those under their command. One investigation found that some commanders ordered their soldiers to commit rape. There are also incidents of rape involving the police, others in authority, civilians, and other opportunistic criminals.
View of masculinity which associate manliness with excessive use of aggression, force and violence contribute to military and militia sexual violence. Weapons are used as status symbols and to acquire social and economic hierarchy by employing power over unarmed civilians. Soldiers who exude any qualities deemed to be feminine are seen as weak and often end up being attacked and ostracized.
Many societies, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo generally place the means of violence military training, and weapons in the hands of men, while promoting a direct link between the idea of a real man and the practice of dominance and violence.
Background
Beginning with colonization, economic factors have contributed to the culture of violence that has dominated the DRC. In 1908, under King Leopold II, the "methodical rape of entire villages" was a popular tactic used by his administration for keeping the local population in order.
After gaining independence in 1960, the Democratic Republic of Congo was marked by political and social instability. In 1965, during a coup, Colonel Joseph Mobutu took over and remained in power for the next 32 years.
During the 1990s, Mobutu's regime witnessed a large influx of refugees after the Rwandan genocide, many of which included genocide perpetrators. The perpetrators were able to rearm themselves and were immediately organized by ex-(FARDC) Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo leaders. In an effort to prevent future attacks from the newly formed group, Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) soldiers joined together with (AFDL) Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire forces under the leadership of Congolese rebel commander, Laurent Desire Kabila. The group was responsible for killing thousands of unarmed civilians.
In 2001, after the assassination of his father, Joseph Kabila took over as leader. A rebellion erupted in the same year. As a result, an estimated 4 million people died in the competition for control over the DRC's natural resources. Attempts to stabilize the peace process have failed. Insecurity is perpetuated by the remaining militia groups, which include the Mai-Mai.
Rape
Sexual violence functions as a means of humiliating, not only a female victim, but also her family and/or husband. Once raped, the victim traditionally sends a message to her husband to alert him about the event. He then arms himself and searches for the rapist. Today, most communities also stigmatize women and hold them accountable for being raped. The influx of armed groups from Burundi and Rwanda into the DRC has impacted the frequency of sexual violence in the region.
After the wars of 1996 and 1998 and the displacement of Congolese people, women were forced to turn to "survival sex" with wealthy foreign soldiers and UN peacekeepers. This was seen as emasculating the soldiers who were unable to live up to their expected societal roles. Objectified rape became the expected order in the DRC.
Many rapes occur in public spaces and in the presence of witnesses. These public rapes have become so popular that they have been given a name "la reigne". During these rapes, women are stripped, tied upside down, and gang raped in the middle of a village. The permission to invade and rape a village is often given as a reward to the armed group by the commanders. The government army, FARDC, due to its size and capacity, is the largest perpetrator.
"National Security" Rape
This form of rape is predominately used by governments and militaries to protect its "national security". Additionally, “national security" rape violently imposes many intersecting and mutually fundamental power relations such as nationalism and patriarchy. It is used to humiliate, torture, and punish "rebellious" women for directly challenging what the rapists view as strictly enshrined ideas of femininity and masculinity.
"Systematic Mass" Rape
The systematic rape of women in the DRC is regarded as a tool of oppression focused on a specific ethnic group and . During times of war, mass rape can be seen as an effective way to "feminize" one's enemy by violating “his women, nation and homeland,” thus proving that he is incapable of being an adequate protector. The raping of women in this process seeks to destroy the very "fabric of society, as women are seen as the symbolic bearers of ethno-national identity because of their roles as biological, cultural, and social reproducers of society itself".
Civilian perpetrators
In June 2010, UK aid group Oxfam reported a dramatic increase in the number of rapes occurring in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Contrary to MONUSCO's 2007 report, the study found that 38% of rapes were committed by civilians in 2008. Rapes by civilians are increasing, demonstrating that sexual violence is becoming even more widespread throughout the country. This is a particularly dramatic rise compared to the number of civilian-perpetrated rapes in 2004, which was less than 1%. Researchers from Harvard discovered that rapes committed by civilians had increased seventeenfold. Consistent with these studies is a statement from Dr. Margaret Agama, the DRC's United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) representative:
Initially, rape was used as a tool of war by all the belligerent forces involved in the country’s recent conflicts, but now sexual violence is unfortunately not only perpetrated by armed factions but also by ordinary people occupying positions of authority, neighbours, friends and family members.
Teachers
A survey by the Brazil-based nonprofit organization Promundo found that 16% of girls in North Kivu said they had been forced to have sex with their teachers. And according to a 2010 UNICEF report, 46% of Congolese schoolgirls in a national study confirmed that they had been victims of sexual harassment, abuse, and violence committed by their teachers or other school personnel.
Female perpetrators
A 2010 survey in over 1,000 households in eastern Congo by a team of researchers led by Harvard academic Lynn Lawry asked victims of sexual violence to specify their assailant's gender. The study found that 40% of the female victims and 10% of male victims said they have been assaulted by a woman. A UN expert on armed groups states, "Women who were raped for years are now raping other women."
Violence in Angola
Congolese women are being systematically raped in Angola as a means of expelling the Congolese living there. With a booming mining trade, Congolese continue migrating into Angola in search of a living. Among some 26,000 people expelled since April 2011, more than 21,000 cases of serious human rights violations, including rape, beating, torture and looting, have been documented by an Italian aid agency that has a UN grant to monitor the border. Human Rights Watch says the goal of the abuse is to instill fear.
Ramifications
Medical ramifications
The medical repercussions of the sexual assault in the DRC vary from severed and broken limbs, burned flesh, rectovaginal and vesicovaginal fistulas, STIs, pregnancy, and urinary incontinence to death. Adequate medical care for these injuries is very hard to come by, and many survivors remain ill or disfigured for the rest of their lives.
These are all more severe the younger the victim is. Young girls who are not fully developed are more likely to suffer from obstructed birth, which can lead to fistulas or even death. On a young girl, a pelvis "[hasn't] yet grown large enough to accommodate the baby's head, a common occurrence with young teenagers...[these girls end] up in obstructed birth, with the baby stuck inside [their] birth passage[s]...[often, they can't] walk or stand, a consequence of nerve damage that is a frequent by-product of fistulae."
At the Doctors on Call for Service/Heal Africa Hospital in Eastern DRC, 4,715 of the women reported having suffered sexual violence; 4,009 received medical treatment; 702 had a fistula, 63.4% being traumatic and 36.6% being obstetric.
Sexual assault has also contributed to the HIV rate. Before the conflict in 1997, only 5% of the population was HIV positive; by 2002, there was a 20% HIV positive rate in the eastern region. A study conducted found that sociocultural barriers and strict obedience to Vatican doctrine prevented adolescents from receiving condoms or comprehensive sex education, which contributes to the spread of HIV.
Psychological and social ramifications
There are also many psychological and social consequences to being the victim of sexual violence. Victims often suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and suicide. This can be particularly severe in cases in which men have been forced at gunpoint to sexually assault their daughters, sisters, or mothers. Psychological trauma after experiencing sexual violence can have a negative effect on sexual behavior and relationships, feelings about sex, ability to negotiate safer sex, and increased likelihood of drug abuse.
The most common social consequence for victims of sexual violence is isolation from their families and communities. Raped women are seen as impure, frequently leading to their being abandoned by their husbands or having trouble marrying. The most extreme versions of this stigmatization can lead to "honor killings" in which the victim of sexual violence is murdered by her family or community due to the belief that she has brought them shame and dishonor.
Young women and girls who are cast outside of their homes, or leave due to shame will most likely become even more vulnerable to further abuse. Moreover, the culture of widespread violence often affects children at an early age. Sexual violence is also perpetrated by minors, particularly among those involved with combatant forces. A previous child soldier of the Mai-Mai fighters’ movement, who fought to resist the Interahamwe from Rwanda who took refuge in the DRC after they fled from the Rwandan Patriotic Front, said that reasons that child soldiers and other combatants rape women include: listening to witch doctors’ advice, drug use, long periods in bush, gaining sexual experience, punishment, revenge, and a weapon of war.
In the context of the Congolese society, rape is considered to be an "act of marriage" to the perpetrator. A girl who becomes pregnant as a result of abuse is no longer viewed as a child who needs the care and affection of her parents.
Many women and girls report extreme poverty, being unable to continue with school and an inability to earn a living and pay fees. Additionally, women declare that they are unable to find jobs because of the physical pain and injuries caused by the abuse.
Regional differences
Several reports claim that there are no accurate representative numbers on the prevalence of sexual violence in the DRC because of underreporting and lack of research. Moreover, so far, there are no reports to indicate differences in rates of sexual violence based upon education, income, or residence (urban or rural). However, other research studies have found regional differences in rates and types of sexual violence in the DRC.
According to research done by the American Journal of Public Health in 2011, the highest rates of rape against women occurred in the North Kivu province. The war-torn and mineral-rich areas in the eastern part of the country have very high rates of sexual violence. M23 has recently gained control of territory in North Kivu, the city of Goma, and other areas of the Ruthuru region, and there have been recent reports of sexual violence in those areas.
Anthony Gambino, mission director for the Congo of the United States Agency for International Development, has also said that “shockingly high rape statistics are found in western Congo as well as northern and eastern Congo,” but that conflict-related rape is less prevalent in the west. Although most reports agree that sexual violence related to the armed conflict are most prevalent in North and South Kivu, Maniema, and Katanga, one report found that the highest number of rapes reported in 2007 by women aged 15 to 49 was in the provinces of Orientale, North Kivu and Équateur. They found that sexual violence not related to the armed conflict, such as in Équateur, often takes its form in intimate-partner violence.
Preventative efforts
Increasing awareness regarding the problem of sexual violence in the DRC has led to both national and international efforts to prevent the continuation of the atrocities taking place.
Government policy
According to articles of the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, sexual violence is defined and criminalized as a form of gender-based violence and gender discrimination (article 14); a cruel, degrading, and inhuman treatment (article 16); a crime against humanity (article 15); and a violation of an individual's right to peace (article 52). Congolese law draws a distinction between rape and systematic rape, sexual violence being a crime against the state and systematic sexual violence as an international crime.
In 2006, the Palais du Peuple, the Congolese government, enacted sexual violence amendments to the 1940 Penal Code and the 1959 Penal Procedure Code. Part of these changes was criminalizing "insertion of an object into a woman’s vagina, sexual mutilation, and sexual slavery" as well as defining "any sexual relation with a minor as statutory rape."
The Congolese government's department, The Ministry of Gender, Family Affairs and Children, is dedicated to dealing with sexual violence within the nation.
International community and nongovernmental organizations
International human rights organizations began to document sexual violence in 2002.
In September 2009, following her visit to the DRC, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton oversaw the adoption of the U.N Security Council Resolution 1888, which details specific efforts that must be taken to protect women from sexual violence in war-stricken regions, and measures taken to bring perpetrators to justice. Clinton has also urged the Congolese government to personally investigate members of FARDC who have committed crimes of sexual violence, and FARDC generals have declared that they will set up new military tribunals to prosecute soldiers accused of sexual violence. Additionally, she has supported a $17 million plan to combat the sexual violence in the DRC.
USAID/Kinshasa currently provides medical, psycho-social, judicial, and socio-economic support to approximately 8,000 survivors in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Maniema Province. The International Security and Stabilization Support Strategy found that 72 percent of international funds for sexual violence in the DRC are devoted to treating victims of rape and 27 percent to preventing sexual abuse.
DRC vs Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda in March 1999 was the first case the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights heard that discussed violations of human rights, including sexual violence, during an armed conflict. The Commission found that the human rights abuses committed in the eastern provinces of the DRC were not in agreement to Part III of the Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of 1949, Article 75(2) of Protocol 1, and Articles 2 and 4 of the African Charter.
The International Criminal Court is conducting an ongoing investigation into crimes committed in the DRC during the Second Congo War and afterwards. Several military leaders have been charged with crimes of sexual violence. Germain Katanga, the leader of the Front for Patriotic Resistance in Ituri (FPRI), and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, the leader of the Nationalist and Integrationist Front (FNI), were charged and indicted with nine crimes against humanity including sexual slavery, a crime against humanity under article 7(1)(g) of the Rome Statute and a war crime under article 8(2)(b)(xxii) or (e)(vi) of the Rome Statute. Bosco Ntaganda of the Patriotic Forces for the Liberation of the Congo (FPLC) was charged with rape and sexual slavery. Callixte Mbarushimana of the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), and Sylvestre Mudacumura have also been charged with rape.
According to Tier Rating, the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo does not comply with minimum standards for efforts to eliminate this problem by prosecuting perpetrators and providing services to victims. The government has not shown evidence in prosecuting sex trafficking perpetrators.
In June 2014, UK-based rehabilitation charity Freedom from Torture published its report "Rape as Torture in the DRC: Sexual Violence Beyond the Conflict Zone, using evidence from 34 forensic medical reports, to show that rape and sexual violence is being used routinely by state officials in Congolese prisons as punishment for politically active women. One of the women mentioned in the report stated:"Now I know, because I have been there, that it is normal for women to be sexually abused in prison..." The women included in the report were abused in several locations across the country including the capital Kinshasa and other areas away from the conflict zones.
In addition, Eve Ensler's nongovernmental organization, V-Day, has not only been crucial in the growing awareness regarding sexual violence in the DRC, but has also entered into a project with UNICEF and the Panzi Foundation to build The City of Joy, a special facility in Bukavu for survivors of sexual violence in the DRC. The center, which can host up to 180 women a year, has resources such as sexual education courses, self-defense classes, and group therapy, as well as academic classes and courses in the arts. The City of Joy facility opened in February 2011.
Other perspectives
There are others who offer different perspectives to the dominant discourse about sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Many Congolese populations on the ground, Congolese intellectuals, and field-based interveners emphasize that there are many other consequences of the armed conflict that deserve as much attention as sexual violence does, including killings, forced labor, child soldiers, and torture. They also believe that the attention to rape in the DRC contributes to the proliferation of the widespread stereotype of Congolese people as savage and barbaric.
It is also said that the international focus on this problem has led to unintended, negative consequences, including ignoring other forms of violence and rape of men and boys. The worst consequence discussed is the belief that some armed groups think that sexual violence is now an effective bargaining tool. Thus, according to this perspective, the international focus is actually contributing to the increase of sexual violence. It has been said that the mass rapes in Luvungi in 2010, where Mai Mai Sheka gang raped 387 civilians, was partly due to this consequence because Sheka allegedly ordered his soldiers to rape women to draw attention to their group.
Perpetrator testimonies
The voices and testimonies of perpetrators have long been absent. However, during 2005–2006, Maria Erickson of the School of Global Studies at the Gothenburg University in Sweden interviewed soldiers and officers within the integrated armed forces. The interviews were organized in groups made up of 3–4 people and lasted between 3–4 hours.
A large portion of those interviewed were from the previous government forces, the FARDC. The data collected from the interviews provided detailed accounts and useful information on how the soldiers understood their identities, their roles as combatants and the amount of pain they inflicted onto their victims.
View of masculinity
Some of the FARDC soldiers interviewed described the military as a place for the tough and strong and as a place to prove one's manhood. One soldier stated that:
"You have to learn the tough spirit of a soldier. If you do not know that, some beating up is required. Those who are not able to make it, we call them inept, also sometimes the women, the inept will run away'.
He also went on to demonstrate the desensitization that accompanies military macho-violence:
'....A soldier is a soldier. He is not a civilian. Bullets are bullets. It is a war. We are not going there to kill ducks. It is war. You go there to defend. The centre is no place for compassion".
Roles as soldiers
The respondents’ perception of their roles as soldiers was reflected in their notions of what a successful position was within the armed forces. A successful soldier, they said, was an educated one who "sat behind a desk and completed administrative work". However, the soldiers also explained, that although administrative tasks were appealing, their entry into the force was not an active choice, but instead, was done to make money and receive an education.
Because manhood was closely linked to material wealth their choice to join the armed forces was not a vengeful call for violence or revenge but a fall back option because of unfortunate circumstances. Many of the soldiers described that they had not received the education they were promised and instead indicate that their lives had been filled with "ruin" and "tragedy". This discrepancy between a sense of how soldiering “should be” and “the way it was” was the basis for the prevalence of violence among armed forces.
See also
The Greatest Silence: Rape in the Congo documentary film
Ruined (play) by Lynn Nottage, winner of 2009 Pulitzer Prize for Drama
General:
Women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Crime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
International:
Sexual violence in Finland
Sexual violence in South Africa
Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea
Rape statistics (worldwide)
Estimates of sexual violence (worldwide)
References
External links
The Advocacy Project 2009 Peace Fellow Elisa Garcia in partnership with BVES
Heal Africa
Rape as torture in the DRC:Sexual violence beyond the conflict zone
AMKENI Action Group: From illiteracy to entrepreneurship for survivors of sexual violence in Democratic Republic of Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Violence
Violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Human rights abuses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Rape in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Violence against women in Africa
Child sexual abuse by country |
44498046 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%20Christmas%20%28Sara%20Evans%20album%29 | At Christmas (Sara Evans album) | At Christmas is the eighth studio album and first full-length Christmas album by American country music artist Sara Evans. It was released on November 17, 2014 via RCA Nashville. The physical copy of the album was released exclusively through Walmart stores.
Content
The album features a selection of well-known classic Christmas songs and one original song, the title track, written by Shane Stevens and Toby Lightman. "The Twelve Days of Christmas" features vocals from two of Evans' daughters, Olivia and Audrey. The final three tracks were recorded and released previously on various artist albums: "O Come All Ye Faithful" was featured on Country Christmas 1999, "Go Tell It on the Mountain" on Country Christmas 2001 and "I'll Be Home for Christmas" on Hear Something Country: Christmas 2007. The tracks were first compiled together for a digital EP release in 2009, entitled I'll Be Home for Christmas.
Track listing
Charts
References
2014 Christmas albums
Christmas albums by American artists
Country Christmas albums
Sara Evans albums
RCA Records Christmas albums
Albums produced by Mark Bright (record producer)
Albums produced by Norro Wilson
Albums produced by John Shanks
Albums produced by Patrick Leonard
Albums produced by Buddy Cannon |
20467947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomhicken%2C%20Pennsylvania | Tomhicken, Pennsylvania | Tomhicken (also Tomhickon) is an unincorporated community in Sugarloaf Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United States. Tomhicken is notable for being a junction point between the Lehigh Valley Railroad's Tomhicken Branch and the Pennsylvania Railroad's Catawissa Branch. Tomhicken is part of the Greater Hazleton region.
References
Unincorporated communities in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
Unincorporated communities in Pennsylvania |
44498052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars%20Are%20Born | Stars Are Born | Stars Are Born was an early American television series which aired in New York City during 1951. A local series, it aired on DuMont Television Network's flagship station WABD, and like most WABD series was likely considered eligible to be picked up as a network series. It ran for several months, and aired in a 30-minute time-slot. It is not known if the series had a sponsor (surviving kinescopes of DuMont and WABD series suggest that, if it had a sponsor, the running time was about 24–25 minutes excluding commercials). It debuted February 4 and ran into May. The series featured dance numbers performed by children enrolled in various dancing schools in New York City. The program is likely lost, as most "local" shows of the 1950s are lost.
Reception
Bob Lanigan for the Brooklyn Eagle newspaper said the program was "far from dull" and "had plenty of sparkle and imagination".
References
External links
Stars are Born on IMDb
1950s American children's television series
1951 American television series debuts
1951 American television series endings
American live television series
Lost American television shows
Black-and-white American television shows
Dance television shows
Local children's television programming in the United States |
20467951 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something%20to%20Live%20For%20%28song%29 | Something to Live For (song) | "Something to Live For" is a 1939 jazz composition by Billy Strayhorn. It was the first collaboration between Strayhorn and Duke Ellington and became the first of many Strayhorn compositions to be recorded by Ellington's orchestra. The song was based on a poem Strayhorn had written as a teenager. According to an all-day tribute to Strayhorn on KCSM radio on 29 November 2008—Strayhorn's birthday—Strayhorn began working on this tune in 1933 when he was 18.
The song has been recorded many times, by Ellington, Lena Horne, Ella Fitzgerald, Nina Simone, Carmen McRae, Tony Bennett, Johnny Mathis, Mel Torme and many others. Fitzgerald has called it her favorite song.
See also
List of 1930s jazz standards
References
External links
Review of Something to Live For: The Music of Billy Strayhorn (Oxford University Press, 2002)
Something to Live For at Google Books
1939 songs
Songs with music by Billy Strayhorn
Jazz songs
1930s jazz standards
Lena Horne songs
Songs with music by Duke Ellington
Jazz compositions in B-flat major |
20467955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9lio%20Sousa | Hélio Sousa | Hélio Filipe Dias de Sousa (born 12 August 1969) is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder, currently the manager of the Bahrain national team.
Playing career
Known by his first name in his playing days, Hélio was born in Setúbal and played his entire career with hometown club Vitória Futebol Clube. Being team captain from an early age, he first appeared with the main squad during the 1987–88 season, and went on to experience promotions and relegations alike throughout 18 professional campaigns, being an undisputed starter in ten of those (three in the second division).
Hélio retired at almost 36, after helping Vitória to the 2005 Portuguese Cup in a 2–1 final win against S.L. Benfica, having played 423 league games – club best – and scoring 21 goals. Internationally, he was part of Portugal's squad at the 1989 FIFA World Youth Championship, which was won in Saudi Arabia; in 1994, he earned one cap for the full side.
Coaching career
After retiring, Sousa moved into management. Beginning with his only professional club, he moved in 2008–09 to S.C. Covilhã, helping it retain its second-tier status.
Sousa took the reins of the national team's under-18s in August 2010. He was in charge of several youth categories at the Portuguese Football Federation in the following years.
On 29 July 2018, Sousa led the under-19 team to their first-ever UEFA European Championship after a 4–3 extra time defeat of Italy in Seinäjoki. The following March, he replaced Miroslav Soukup at the helm of Bahrain, but was still in charge of the Portuguese under-20s at the 2019 World Cup, which ended in group stage elimination.
On 14 August 2019, Sousa led Bahrain to their first ever regional title after defeating Iraq 1–0 in the WAFF Championship. On 8 December, he was also on the bench as the team won their first Arabian Gulf Cup, 1–0 against Saudi Arabia.
Honours
Player
Vitória Setúbal
Taça de Portugal: 2004–05
Portugal
FIFA U-20 World Cup: 1989
Manager
Vitória Setúbal
Taça de Portugal runner-up: 2005–06
Portugal U17
UEFA European Under-17 Championship: 2016
Portugal U19
UEFA European Under-19 Championship: 2018
Bahrain
WAFF Championship: 2019
Arabian Gulf Cup: 2019
See also
List of one-club men
References
External links
National team data
1969 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Setúbal
Portuguese footballers
Association football midfielders
Primeira Liga players
Liga Portugal 2 players
Vitória F.C. players
Portugal youth international footballers
Portugal under-21 international footballers
Portugal international footballers
Portuguese football managers
Primeira Liga managers
Liga Portugal 2 managers
Vitória F.C. managers
S.C. Covilhã managers
Bahrain national football team managers
Portuguese expatriate football managers
Expatriate football managers in Bahrain
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Bahrain |
20467975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuriy%20Hudymenko | Yuriy Hudymenko | Yuriy Arkadiyovych Hudymenko (; born 10 March 1966) is a former Kyrgyz-born Ukrainian professional footballer.
Career
Hudymenko is a product of the main Bishkek sports school and later was accepted to the main republican club of Kyrgyzia, FC Alga Bishkek.
In 1990 he made his debut in the Soviet Top League playing for FC Dnepr Dnepropetrovsk, but failed to score any goals in domestic competitions, but did score a goal against Heart of Midlothian F.C. in the 1990-91 UEFA Cup. Next year Hudymenko joined recently relegated FC Rotor Volgograd that was competing in the Soviet First League and gained promotion for the next year, but the Soviet Union fell apart and its football competitions were discontinued.
Upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union, in 1992 he joined the Ukrainian Premier League playing for the Crimean Tavriya Simferopol becoming the Ukrainian Premier League top goalscorer with 12 goals as the Crimean club took the inaugural league title. Hudymenko stayed with Tavriya until the end of the year and played four games for the team in the 1992–93 UEFA Champions League where the team was eliminated in the first round by FC Sion.
In 1993 he joined FC Dynamo Moscow competing in the Russian Premier League and the following year in FC Lada Togliatti.
International
He also earned two caps for Ukraine; the first coming against the US in a scoreless friendly in Piscataway and the second against Hungary in a 2–1 friendly defeat on 26 August 1992 in Nyíregyháza in a match in which he scored a goal.
Career statistics
International goals
Honours
Tavriya Simferopol
Ukrainian Premier League champion: 1992.
Individual
Ukrainian Premier League top scorer: 1992.
Notes
External links
References
1966 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Bishkek
Soviet footballers
Kyrgyzstani footballers
Ukrainian footballers
Ukrainian expatriate footballers
Ukraine international footballers
Soviet Top League players
FC Alga Bishkek players
FC Dnipro players
FC Rotor Volgograd players
SC Tavriya Simferopol players
FC Dynamo Moscow players
FC Lada-Tolyatti players
FC Energiya Volzhsky players
Expatriate footballers in Russia
Russian Premier League players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Kyrgyzstani people of Ukrainian descent
Ukrainian Premier League top scorers
Association football forwards |
44498061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souls%20Grown%20Deep%20Foundation | Souls Grown Deep Foundation | Souls Grown Deep Foundation is a non-profit organization dedicated to documenting, preserving, and promoting the work of leading contemporary African American artists from the Southeastern United States. Its mission is to include their contributions in the canon of American art history through acquisitions from its collection by major museums, as well as through exhibitions, programs, and publications. The foundation derives its name from a 1921 poem by Langston Hughes (1902–1967) titled "The Negro Speaks of Rivers," the last line of which is "My soul has grown deep like the rivers.
The foundation is led by Maxwell L. Anderson, who serves as its president, and a member of its board of trustees. Anderson was previously director of the Dallas Museum of Art and the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York.
Collection
The Souls Grown Deep Foundation Collection contains over 1,100 works by more than 160 artists, two-thirds of whom are women. Ranging from large-scale assemblages to works on paper, the foundation is particularly strong in works dating from the death of Martin Luther King Jr. to the end of the twentieth century. The roots of these works can be traced to slave cemeteries and secluded woods. Following the Civil War, when the southern agrarian economy collapsed and rural African American sharecroppers and tenant farmers were forced to migrate for survival to major population centers—particularly in and around Birmingham, Alabama, where iron and steel production created jobs—a new and more public language of quilts, funerary, and yard arts arose. Beyond painting, sculpture, assemblage, drawing, and textile-making, this tradition also included music, dance, oral literature, informal theater, culinary arts, and more. Much like jazz musicians, the artists of this tradition reflect the rich, symbolic world of the black rural South through highly charged works that address a wide range of revelatory social and political subjects.
Among the artists represented are Thornton Dial, Lonnie Holley, Mary T. Smith, Joe Minter, Nellie Mae Rowe, Purvis Young, Emmer Sewell, Ronald Lockett, Joe Light, and the Gees Bend quilters.
Origins
Souls Grown Deep Foundation was founded in 2010, but traces its roots to the mid-1980s, when William S. Arnett, an art historian and collector, began to collect the artworks of largely undiscovered African American artists across nine southeastern states. Developed outside of the structure of schools, galleries, and museums, these rich yet largely unknown African American visual art traditions present a distinct post–Civil Rights phenomenon that offers powerful insight and fresh perspectives into the most compelling political and social issues of our time. The majority of the works and ephemeral documents held by the foundation were compiled by Arnett and his sons over three decades, with the goal of creating a collection that could serve as a record and legacy of this culture.
By the mid-1990s Arnett's efforts culminated in an ambitious survey exhibition of this tradition titled Souls Grown Deep: African American Vernacular Art of the South, presented in conjunction with the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta and in partnership with the City of Atlanta and the Michael C. Carlos Museum of Emory University. The subsequent two-volume publication Souls Grown Deep: African American Vernacular Art of the South, remains the most in-depth examination of the movement.
Transfer of collection
In 2014 the Souls Grown Deep Foundation began a multi-year program to transfer the majority of works in its care to the permanent collections of leading American and international art museums. To date, this program has led to the acquisition of over 350 works by more than 100 artists from the foundation's collection by 17 museums including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, the High Museum of Art, the New Orleans Museum of Art, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Ackland Art Museum, the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, the Brooklyn Museum, the Morgan Library & Museum, the Dallas Museum of Art, the Spelman College Museum of Fine Art, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Clark Atlanta University Art Museum, the Minneapolis Institute of Art, the Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts, and The Phillips Collection. Forty works by 21 artists were purchased by the National Gallery of Art in 2020.
Exhibitions of acquisitions from the Souls Grown Deep Foundation include Revelations: Art from the African American South (2017-2018) at the de Young Museum in San Francisco; History Refused to Die: Highlights from the Souls Grown Deep Foundation Gift (2018) at The Metropolitan Museum of Art; Cosmologies from the Tree of Life: Art from the African American South (2019) at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts; Souls Grown Deep: Artists of the African American South (2019) at the Philadelphia Museum of Art; and Called to Create: Black Artists of the American South (2022-2023) at the National Gallery of Art.
References
External links
Press Release from Philadelphia Museum of Art: "Museum Celebrates Recent Acquisition of Works from Souls Grown Deep Foundation with Two Summer Exhibitions", May 23, 2019.
2010 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
African-American cultural history
Arts foundations based in the United States
Organizations based in Atlanta
Arts organizations established in 2010 |
20467986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Hatteras%20%28AVP-42%29 | USS Hatteras (AVP-42) | What would have been the third USS Hatteras (AVP-42) was a proposed United States Navy seaplane tender that was never laid down.
Construction and commissioning
Hatteras was to have been one of 41 Barnegat-class small seaplane tenders the U.S. Navy planned to commission during the early 1940s, and was to have been built at Houghton, Washington, by the Lake Washington Shipyard. However, by the spring of 1943 the Navy deemed that number of seaplane tenders excess to requirements, and decided to complete four of them as motor torpedo boat tenders and one as a catapult training ship. In addition, the Navy also decided to cancel six of the Barnegat-class ships prior to their construction, freeing up the diesel engines that would have powered them for use in escort vessels and amphibious landing craft.
Hatteras became one of the first four ships to be cancelled when the Navy cancelled its contract with Lake Washington Shipyard for her construction on 22 April 1943.
References
NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive Small Seaplane Tender (AVP) Index
Cancelled ships of the United States Navy
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
Barnegat-class seaplane tenders
Ships built at Lake Washington Shipyard |
44498064 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive%20Order%2013139 | Executive Order 13139 | Executive Order 13139— entitled Improving Health Protection of Military Personnel Participating in Particular Military Operations — as an executive order (EO) issued by U.S. President Bill Clinton on 30 September 1999. It outlines the conditions under which Investigational New Drug (IND) and off-label pharmaceuticals can be administered to U.S. service members. An “off-label" indication is a use of a drug in a manner (or for a condition) other than that for which they were originally licensed.
EO13139 provides the US Secretary of Defense guidance regarding the provision of IND products or products unapproved for their intended use as antidotes to chemical, biological, or radiological weapons; stipulates that the U.S. government will administer products approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration only for their intended use; provides the circumstances and controls under which IND products may be used.
It also stipulates that to administer an IND product, informed consent must be obtained from individual service members. However, the President of the United States may waive informed consent (at the request of the Secretary of Defense and only the Secretary of Defense) if:
Informed consent is not feasible
Informed consent is contrary to the best interests of the service member
Obtaining informed consent is not in the best interests of national security.
In the 2003 case of Doe v. Rumsfeld, the United States District Court for the District of Columbia enjoined the United States Air Force from requiring administration of an unlicensed anthrax vaccine to personnel pursuant to EO13139, noting that a waiver from the President had not been requested. This injunction dissolved in 2005, when the vaccine was licensed, and no longer considered experimental.
References
External links
EO13139 in the Federal Register.
13139
Legal history of the United States
1999 in American law
Biological warfare |
20468008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus%20Tinnitus | Vitus Tinnitus | Vitus Tinnitus is a live EP by Archers of Loaf, their first officially released live recording. It was released in 1997. The first six tracks were recorded live at The Middle East in Cambridge, MA, on October 26, 1996. The last two tracks are remixes from All the Nations Airports.
Track listing
"Harnessed In Slums"
"Underdogs Of Nipomo"
"Greatest Of All Time"
"Form and File"
"Audiowhore"
"Nostalgia"
"Vocal Shrapnel (Remix)"
"Scenic Pastures (Remix)"
References
1997 EPs
Archers of Loaf albums
Alias Records albums
Live EPs
1997 live albums |
23575035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20South%20Africa | Sexual violence in South Africa | The rate of sexual violence in South Africa is among the highest recorded in the world. During 2015/16, there were 51,895 crimes of a sexual nature reported to the South African Police Service.
Statistics
Official police statistics
South Africa's Police Service releases the country's crime statistics. The crime category "sexual offences" includes a wide range of sexual offences, including rape, sexual assault, incest, bestiality, flashing and other crimes.
The South African Police Service releases rape statistics every quarter of the year as well as an annual report.
Prevalence
According to the report by the United Nations Office on Crimes and Drugs for the period 1998–2000, South Africa was ranked first for rapes per capita. In 1998, one in three of the 4,000 women questioned in Johannesburg had been raped, according to Community Information, Empowerment and Transparency (CIET) Africa. While women's groups in South Africa estimate that a woman is raped every 26 seconds, the South African police estimates that a woman is raped every 36 seconds.
A survey from the comprehensive study "Rape in South Africa" from 2000 indicated that 2.1% of women aged 16 years or older across population groups reported that they had been sexually abused at least once between the beginning of 1993 and March 1998, results which seem to starkly conflict the MRC survey results. Similarly, The South African demographic and health survey of 1998 gave results of rape prevalence at 4.0% of all women aged between 15 and 49 years in the sampled households (a survey also performed by the Medical Research Council and Department of Health). So far no attempts have been made to address these large statistical disparities.
Regional differences
There are deviations in sexual violence rates in different provinces of South Africa.
In a study of three South African provinces (Eastern Cape, Mpumalanga, and Limpopo) in 1997, 6.8% of women surveyed in Mpumalanga said they had been raped during their lifetime, 5.0% of women surveyed in Limpopo had been raped, and 4.5% of women in Eastern Cape had been raped. In 1998, the region of Gauteng accounted for the largest percentage of prisoners in custody for sexual offences with 20.6% and Western Cape had the second largest percentage with 17.3%. The province with the least percentage of prisoners convicted of sexual offences was Northern Cape with 3.8% and Limpopo with 2.6%.
The South African Crime Survey 2003 highlights the regional differences of citizens' perceptions and fears. Surveying what type of crime respondents thought occurred most in their area of residence, 14.6% of Northern Cape respondents reported that they believed rape to be the most prevalent type of crime. While the Northern Cape had the largest percentage of respondents who believed rape to be most prevalent, the province of KwaZulu-Natal had the least with 1.7%.
Averaging all provinces, rape ranked 7th in the crime that respondents thought was most prevalent, after housebreaking, property theft, robbery, murder, livestock theft, and assault. This survey also investigated what type of crime respondents feared most in their area. Rape ranked third in this category after only murder and housebreaking. 40.8% of respondents in the Northern Cape and 31.8% of respondents in Free State feared rape the most. On the other side of the spectrum, 11.6% of KwaZulu-Natal and 12.1% of respondents in Mpumalanga stated rape as the crime they were most afraid of in their area.
By September 2019, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa acknowledged that sexual violence against women had grown in South Africa, The nation's "Mother City" Cape Town has seen an extended use of military deployment to combat sexual violence against women as well.
Types
Violence against women
The South African government reports that one of these reasons is the culture of patriarchy in South Africa. Its report states that patriarchy is firmly rooted in black and white culture and fighting it is seen as attempting to destroy South African tradition or South African ideals.
The danger from rape and sexual assault is compounded because of the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in South African townships. A woman being raped over the age of 25 has a one in four chance that her attacker is HIV positive and more women than men are affected from HIV/AIDS.
The perpetrators of rape in South Africa tend to be men known to the victim. It is reported that a husband or boyfriend kills a woman every six hours in South Africa. Many men and women say that rape cannot occur in relationships; however, one in four women reported having been abused by an intimate partner. In 1993 South Africa outlawed marital rape. In September 2019, President Ramaphosa responded to a surge in violence against women by calling for the passage of laws making rape punishable by death and called an emergency session of the South African Parliament.
Violence against infants and children
South Africa has some of the highest incidences of child and infant rape in the world. The Tears Foundation and the MRC stated 50% of South Africa's children will be abused before the age of 18. The MRC study stated that, in 2009, 15% were under 12 years old. In 2017, the police reported that 9% of reported rape are those of 9 years old or younger with agencies reporting an increase throughout the country. Although there are varying numbers on the number of reported rapes of children, one report states that in 2000, 21,538 rapes and attempted rapes of children under the age of 18 were reported and another from 2001 states that there were 24,892 rapes. Child welfare groups believe that the number of unreported incidents could be up to 10 times that number. The largest increase in attacks was against children under seven. A trade union report said a child was being raped in South Africa every three minutes. Some cite a 400% increase in sexual violence against children in the decade preceding 2002 and that it may still be on the rise. A third of the cases are committed by a family member or close relative.
A number of high-profile infant rapes appeared since 2001 (including the fact that they required extensive reconstructive surgery to rebuild urinary, genital, abdominal, or tracheal systems). In October 2001, a 9-month-old girl named Tshepang was raped by an HIV-positive man and had to undergo extensive reconstructive surgery in Cape Town. In February 2002, an 8-month-old infant was reportedly gang raped by four men. One has been charged. The infant has required extensive reconstructive surgery. The 8-month-old infant's injuries were so extensive, increased attention on prosecution has occurred.
A significant contributing factor for the escalation in child abuse is the widespread myth in HIV ravaged South Africa that having sex with a virgin will cure a man of AIDS. This virgin cleansing myth exists in Zambia, Zimbabwe and Nigeria. The child abusers are often relatives of their victims and are at times their fathers or providers.
Corrective rape
Lesbians in certain parts of South Africa also face a dangerous environment. Raping lesbians (a practice referred to as corrective rape) is believed to convert them to heterosexuality. The South African government reported to CEDAW that lesbians and gays are discriminated against in many spheres. The government has been accused of condoning the practice for fear of not appearing "macho."
One notable case of this was the gang-rape and murder of Eudy Simelane, a member of the South African football team and LGBT-rights activist. 31 lesbians have died from these attacks in the last 10 years and more than 10 lesbians per week are raped or gang-raped in Cape Town alone.
Corrective rape is also perpetrated against gay men. A 2003 study conducted by Out LGBT Well-Being (Out) and the University of South Africa Centre for Applied Psychology (UCAP) discovered that the percentage of black gay men who said they have experienced corrective rape matched that of the black lesbians who partook in the study. Stigmatization of male victims was said to be the cause of low reporting rates for corrective gay rape.
Violence against men
About 3.5% of men have been forced to have sex with other men in a 2009 Medical Research Council survey. About 19.4% of all adult victims of sexual assault in South Africa in 2012 were male. Another group's survey estimates that one in five adult males become victims of sexual offences, and this figure could be much higher as a male is 10 times less likely to report a sexual violation than a woman. There are very few support networks for male victims of rape in the country, which makes it difficult for men to report being raped.
Prison rape
Nearly half of all South African inmates surveyed by the Judicial Inspectorate for Correctional Services reported that sexual abuse happens "sometimes", "often" or "very often". Sexual violence in prisons is linked to gang violence and its power structures, and inmates who are sexually abused are targets for repeated abuse, and usually are victimized again and again. Survivors of prison rape have told that officials in the country are of the opinion that "[males should] expect this treatment in prison," and scholarship has found that "new inmates in male prisons are raped upon arrival by all members of any given cell." The high prevalence of prison rape has been tied to the high rate of HIV infection in the country.
Perpetrators
Men
In 2014 and 2015, a Western Cape study estimated that 15% of men had raped a woman who was not their partner. A Gauteng study conducted in 2010 revealed that 37.4% of men admitted to raping a woman. More than 25% of a sample of 1,738 South African men from the KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape Provinces admitted to raping someone when anonymously questioned in 2009; of these, nearly half said they had raped more than one person, according to a non-peer reviewed policy brief issued by the Medical Research Council (MRC). Several news publications wrongly extrapolated these results to the rest of the South African population, giving reported rape prevalence several times higher in the two provinces in question. Nearly three out of four men who admitted rape stated they had first forced a woman or girl into sex before the men were the age of 20, and nearly one in ten admitted to doing so before the age of 10.
The Medical Research Council states, "Many forms of sexual violence, particularly sexual harassment and forms of sexual coercion that do not involve physical force are widely viewed as normal male behaviour." It also said practices such as gang rape were common because they were considered a form of male bonding. Market Research Africa, a Johannesburg-based market research agency, reported in 1994 that 76% of men felt that women had a right to say no to sex, one third thought that women could not decide for themselves on abortion, and 10% condoned a man beating a woman or his wife.
Children and adolescents
Among children, a 2007 survey by CIET found 60% of both boys and girls, aged 10 to 19 years old, thought it was not violent to force sex upon someone they knew, while around 11% of boys and 4% of girls admitted to forcing someone else to have sex with them. The study also found that 12.7% of the students believed in the virgin cleansing myth.
In a related survey conducted among 1,500 school children in the Johannesburg township of Soweto, a quarter of all the boys interviewed said that 'jackrolling', a term for gang rape, was fun. Furthermore, more than half the interviewees insisted that when a girl says no to sex she really means yes. It is also noteworthy that those in this study were school children as age is significantly associated with rape. Men from ages 20–40 are more likely to have raped younger or older men.
Teachers
Another issue with sexual violence against minors in South Africa is the sexual abuse and harassment that is reported to occur in schools by teachers and other students. According to the Human Rights Watch, girls from all levels of society and ethnic groups have been subjected to sexual violence at school in bathrooms, empty classrooms, dormitories, and more. Police, prosecutors, and social workers have also complained that many incidents of sexual violence in schools are not reported to them because schools often prefer to deal with it internally, thus hindering justice against the perpetrators. The danger of sexual violence in schools has created a barrier for girls to seek education. HRW also reported that South African girls' school performance suffers after an incident of sexual violence.
Law
The government of the Republic of South Africa is cognizant of this problem. The Bill of Rights in the Constitution of South Africa sets to ensure rights of all of the people in South Africa with the democratic values of human dignity, equality and freedom. Furthermore, it calls for the right to freedom and security, including freedom from all forms of violence by either public or private sources and the right to bodily and psychological integrity, including reproduction and bodily security. South Africa is also a member of the UN Convention for the Elimination of all Discrimination Against Women, where it reported on some issues of sexual violence. It reported about how the Truth and Reconciliation Commission offered a platform for the voices of victims of violence and sexual violence during the Apartheid. It also reported details on the Judicial Authority of South Africa, where the lower courts are responsible for important issues such as sexual assault and family violence.
The Parliament of South Africa has enacted the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007, which has been in effect since 16 December 2007. The comprehensive act looks to review and amend all laws dealing with sexual offences and strengthening them. The preamble of the amendment calls to scrutinize the problem in South Africa, noting that the problem "is reflective of deep-seated, systemic dysfunctionality in our society". The amendment defines sexual violence as including, but not limited to, the following forms:
rape and compelled rape
sexual assault
compelled assault and compelled self-sexual assault
forced witness of sexual body parts
child pornography
incest
bestiality
acts of necrophilia
It also adds measures in the matters of sexual offences against children (including consensual sexual acts), sexual exploitation, exposure to pornography, forced witness of sexual acts, and sexual offences against mentally disabled. Furthermore, the amendment provides services for victims of sexual offences and compulsory HIV testing of alleged sex offenders and creates a national registry for sex offenders. The Department of Justice also conducted a major national Campaign on Prevention of Violence Against Women, launched on 25 November 1996, as an education campaign.
The offense of rape is defined by the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007. This act has repealed the common law offence of rape, replacing it with a broader statutory offense which is defined in section 3 of the act as follows:
and "sexual penetration" is defined as:
Marital rape is illegal; section 56 of the act provides that:
With regard to sentencing, S.3(aA) of the Criminal Law (Sentencing) Amendment Act 2007 provides that:
Report and conviction rates
It is estimated that over 40% of South African women will be raped in their lifetime and that only 1 in 9 rapes are reported. It is also estimated that 14% of perpetrators of rape are convicted in South Africa. In 1997, violence against women was added as one of the priority crimes under the National Crime Prevention Strategy; nevertheless, the rates of reported rape, sexual abuse of children and domestic violence continue to rise.
The South African report to CEDAW partly attributes the low report and conviction rate to the post-apartheid public perception of the police force. Moreover, the report states that the attitudes and prejudices of law enforcement agencies and other government personnel and the inaccessibility of services, particularly in rural areas, are also part of the problem. Much of the South African public regard the police as symbols of the oppressors during the apartheid; thus, poor faith in the police is still instituted in the post-apartheid country.
Other institutional barriers contribute to lack of report and conviction rates. The "cautionary rule" is a law that requires that a judge must show awareness to special dangers on relying on uncorroborated evidence of a complainant, lowering this rate and making victims of sexual violence feel as if the court will deem them untrustworthy. According to a survey that questioned rape victims who did not report the crime to the police, 33.3% of victims cited they feared reprisals, 9.6% cited that they felt the police would not be able to solve the crime, and 9.2% cited embarrassment as their reasons for not reporting the crime.
Media portrayal
This problem is portrayed in the media to the public through different avenues. Media reports documenting high levels of sexual violence in South Africa have increased in the media since the 1990s.
Others have condemned South African sexual violence in the media as fitting into a specific narrative of only broadcasting incidents where the victims are white, middle-class and educated and are not attacked by their peers or family members.
News and events
However, there are many news stories and events dealing with sexual violence in South Africa that have garnered a lot of international attention.
In April 1999, a female American UNICEF official visiting South Africa on business was gang raped during a robbery of the home where she was staying.
The former president of South Africa, Jacob Zuma, was accused of raping the HIV-positive 31-year-old daughter of a family friend in November 2005 before he was president. He was acquitted by the court in 2006, yet he did admit to consensual unprotected sex with the woman. This event was widely covered by the press.
One particularly well-known publication of rape in South Africa was Charlene Leonora Smith's report of her own rape. As a journalist of the Mail and Guardian and having contributed to articles for the Washington Post and BBC, Smith claimed that 'rape is endemic' in the culture of South Africa.
Another scandal of sexual violence in South Africa involved the media tycoon Oprah Winfrey's, school, Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls, in Johannesburg, South Africa. The dormitory matron, Tiny Virginia Makopo, was charged with 13 separate counts of abuse against students at the school.
A particularly controversial issue was an episode of Big Brother Africa in South Africa where Richard Bezuidenhout, a 24-year-old film student, allegedly sexually assaulted his housemate, Ofunneka Molokwu, a 29-year-old medical assistant. While many watchers disagree on what was actually shown, some saw Bezuidenhout manually penetrating Molokwu while she was unconscious or intoxicated while another housemate pleaded with him to stop. After the contested un-consensual act ceased, the producers intervened, sending paramedics into the house and cutting the live feed. News publications and blogs have widely discussed this controversy.
Another contentious issue was when the only black player in the South African cricket team, Makhaya Ntini, was convicted of the rape of a 22-year-old student. This was particularly controversial as Ntini was the first black cricketer to represent South Africa on an international level and was viewed as a role model. However, Ntini won his appeal against his rape conviction and had his six-year jail sentence overturned.
In contrast to these scandals of sexual violence, action against sexual violence in South Africa has also been featured in the news and media.
A protest against sexual violence that was portrayed in the media occurred in 2012, when the African National Congress Women's League called on hundreds of South Africans to engage in a "mini-skirt march" to protest the attack of two women in Johannesburg for wearing short skirts. In response to corrective rape, the New York Festivals Television and Film Awards Gala at the NAB Show in Las Vegas will award ESPN for their E:60 production, "Corrective Rape," with the Gold Award. This award was established in 1990 to films that reflected the ideals of the United Nations and signifies that the issue of corrective rape is becoming more discussed on an international level.
In late August 2019, student Uyinene Mrwetyana was raped and murdered by a post office attendant who was working in Claremont, Cape Town. Her death highlighted the broader national problem of gender based violence and femicide in South Africa, and is credited with "shifting the South African collective consciousness" and "igniting a movement".
Literature and fiction
Some novels and movies have also delved into this issue in its connection to the Apartheid. Antjie Krog's Country of My Skull delves into the Truth and Reconciliatory Commission and the reports of women that were victims of sexual violence during the Apartheid. J.M. Coetzee's novel, Disgrace, has been accused of racism as it depicts a young white woman being raped by three black men in her house in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. The book, The Writing Circle, by Rozena Maart, depicts a group of young women's experiences with rape and other forms of violence living in Cape Town, South Africa. The 2006 documentary, Rape for Who I Am, delves into the lives of black lesbians living in South Africa.
See also
RapeaXe, an anti-rape device which was invented in South Africa
Rape statistics
Estimates of sexual violence
Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea
Crime in South Africa
Corrective rape
HIV/AIDS in South African townships
Further reading
Pamela Scully. "Rape, Race, and Colonial Culture: The Sexual Politics of Identity in the Nineteenth-Century Cape Colony, South Africa" The American Historical Review, 100, 2 (1995): 335-359 Academia.edu
References
South Africa
South Africa
Violence
Violence in South Africa
Human rights abuses in South Africa |
20468012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassarius%20granifer | Nassarius granifer | Nassarius granifer, common name the granulated dog whelk or granulated nassa, is a species of sea snail with an operculum, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Nassariidae, the mud snails or dog whelks.
Description
The length of the shell of this species varies between 10 mm and 18 mm.
The shell is rather small, ovate, thick and globular. Its color is of an ash-white. The spire is conical and, pointed, composed of six whorls, the lowest much larger than all the other. This body whorl presents on its surface conical, distant tubercles, disposed in four series. A few transverse striae ornament the base. The upper whorls have only a single row of tubercles. The ovate aperture is narrow, emarginated at the upper part, at its union with the outer lip, which is thick, striated internally. The columella is arcuated, covering the inner lip, which is expanded into a white, thick callosity, covering the whole lower surface, and a portion of the upper whorls.
Distribution
The shell occurs in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean off Réunion, Aldabra, Chagos, Mascarene Basin. Specimens of this species were gathered by Rizal in Dapitan in 1894 although he labeled them as Nassa arcularia; also off many islands in Oceania and off Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland).
References
Bruguière, J.G. 1789. Buccinum. Encyclopédie Méthodique ou par de matieres. Historie Naturelle des Vers et Mollusques 1: 236-285
Marrat, F.P. 1880. On the varieties of the shells belonging to the genus Nassa Lam. 104 pp.
Cernohorsky W. O. (1984). Systematics of the family Nassariidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum 14: 1-356
Cernohorsky, W.O. 1991. Mollusca Gastropoda: On a collection of Nassariidae from New Caledonian waters. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section A. Zoologie. Series A Zoologie, Tome 150 7: 187-204
Wilson, B. 1994. Australian Marine Shells. Prosobranch Gastropods. Kallaroo, WA : Odyssey Publishing Vol. 2 370 pp.
Marais J.P. & Kilburn R.N. (2010) Nassariidae. pp. 138–173, in: Marais A.P. & Seccombe A.D. (eds), Identification guide to the seashells of South Africa. Volume 1. Groenkloof: Centre for Molluscan Studies. 376 pp.
External links
Nassariidae
Gastropods described in 1834 |
20468013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia%20Ryder | Cynthia Ryder | Cynthia Louise "Cindy" Ryder (born August 12, 1966) is an American Olympic athlete who won the gold medal in women's single sculls rowing event at the 1991 Pan American Games and participated in the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona.
External links
American female rowers
Olympic rowers of the United States
Rowers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
1966 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in rowing
Rowers at the 1991 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games
21st-century American women |
6900527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Jane | Bob Jane | Robert Frederick Jane (18 December 1929 – 28 September 2018) was an Australian race car driver and prominent entrepreneur and business tycoon. A four-time winner of the Armstrong 500, the race that became the prestigious Bathurst 1000 and a four-time Australian Touring Car Champion, Jane was well known for his chain of tyre retailers, Bob Jane T-Marts. Jane was inducted into the V8 Supercars Hall of Fame in 2000.
Early life
Bob Jane grew up in Brunswick, an inner-city suburb of Melbourne. His passion for racing began in the early 1950s as a champion bicycle rider, holding many state records before turning to four wheels. In the later 1950s, he started Bob Jane Autoland, a company that distributed parts for Jaguar and Alfa Romeo. Through this venture, a love of cars and motor sport blossomed and he first entered competitive racing in Australia in 1956; by 1960, he was racing with some of Australia's top sedan drivers.
Racing career
In 1961, Jane and co-driver Harry Firth won the Armstrong 500 at Phillip Island, Victoria, driving a Mercedes-Benz 220SE. Jane and Firth, driving a Ford Falcon XL, won the race again the following year, the last before the event moved to Mount Panorama at Bathurst, New South Wales, retaining the Armstrong 500 name. Jane, driving for the Ford works team, won a further two Armstrong 500s at the new venue, the first with Firth in 1963 and the second in 1964 with George Reynolds as co-driver. Despite the change of venue, Jane is officially credited with winning Australia's most famous endurance race four times in a row, something no other driver, not even nine-time race winner Peter Brock, has ever done.
Jane won the Australian Touring Car Championship (now known as the V8 Supercars Championship) in 1962, 1963, 1971 and 1972. His 1971 ATCC win was in a Chevrolet Camaro ZL-1 with a 427 cubic inch engine. Jane was forced by a rule change to replace the 427 engine with a 350 cubic inch engine for the 1972 championship but the Camaro still managed to beat the opposition, which included Allan Moffat's Ford Boss 302 Mustang, Ian Geoghegan's Ford XY Falcon GTHO Phase III, and Norm Beechey's Holden HT Monaro GTS350. Of the 38 races he started in the ATCC, he finished on the podium 21 times.
Jane also won the 1963 Australian GT Championship at the wheel of a Jaguar E-type, and the Marlboro Sports Sedan Series, in both 1974 and 1975, at his own Calder Park Raceway driving a Holden Monaro GTS 350 (at times he also drove his Repco V8 powered Holden LJ Torana GTR XU-1 which was mostly driven by John Harvey).
Jane retired from competitive motor racing at the end of 1981 due to sciatica. At the time of his retirement he had been driving a 6.0 litre Chevrolet Monza in the Australian Sports Sedan Championship. After giving up driving, Jane asked touring car star Peter Brock to drive the Monza in the re-formed Australian GT Championship. Brock raced the car in 1982 and 1983 before Jane sold the car in early 1984 to Re-Car owner Allan Browne.
Bob Jane T-Marts
In 1965, Jane opened the first Bob Jane T-Marts store in Melbourne. The company remains an independent, family-owned business to this day; Bob's son, Rodney Jane, is the current CEO. In 2011, 81-year-old Jane resigned as chairman of T-Marts citing difficulties in the relationship with his son Rodney.
From 1984 To 1997 Bob Jane formed a cross shareholding partnership with Ian Diffen. Bob Jane operated in Queensland and Ian Richard Diffen operated Ian Diffen's World of Tyres and Mufflers in Western Australia.
From 2002 to 2004, Bob Jane T-Marts held the naming rights sponsorship for the Bathurst 1000, the race Jane dominated early in his career. The company also held the naming rights to the former Bob Jane Stadium, home of South Melbourne FC.
Bob Jane T-Marts is the only major tyre retailer in Australia who do not sell retread tyres. Jane's personal reason for this is that his second eldest daughter Georgina had died in a car accident in 1991 due to a retreaded tyre blowing out.
Having lost control of Bob Jane T-Marts, Jane attempted to create a new tyre business using his name. It was blocked by son Rodney in court which also ruled Jane pay legal costs. In May 2015, his Diggers Rest farm was seized by the state sheriff in order to settle the outstanding costs.
Contributions to Australian motorsport
Australian Grand Prix
From 1980 to 1984, the Australian Grand Prix was held at his Calder Park Raceway in the outer suburbs of Melbourne, Jane taking over the promoting and staging of the Grand Prix in the hope of Calder Park being granted a round of the Formula One World Championship (an ambitious plan at best as Calder was a 1.6 km long circuit which the faster cars lapped in less than 40 seconds). The 1980 Grand Prix was open to Formula 5000, Formula Pacific and Formula One cars and was won by Australia's 1980 Formula One World Champion Alan Jones driving his World Championship winning Williams FW07B-Ford. Second home was fellow F1 driver Bruno Giacomelli driving his Alfa Romeo 179, with Ligier F1 driver Didier Pironi finishing 3rd, driving an Elfin MR8 Formula 5000 for leading Australian team Ansett Team Elfin.
From 1981 until 1984 the races were run under Formula Mondial regulations and Jane succeeded in attracting many of the best Formula One drivers of the era. Each race from 1981 to 1984 was won by those driving the popular Ralt RT4-Ford.
The 1981 Australian Grand Prix was won by future F1 driver Roberto Moreno from Brazil. Finishing second, also in an RT4 was 1981 World Champion Nelson Piquet (Brazil) with Australian Geoff Brabham finishing 3rd in his RT4. Alan Jones and Ligier's Jacques Laffite also participated in the race, though both failed to finish. The 1981 race was the first time since 1968 that the AGP had two or more, current or past World Champions, on the starting grid. On that occasion, Jim Clark (1st), Graham Hill (3rd), Denny Hulme (9th), and Australia's own triple World Champion Jack Brabham (DNF) participated as the race was part of the popular off-season Tasman Series.
For the 1982 Australian Grand Prix, Jane again attracted F1 drivers in Piquet, Laffite, the then retired Jones, plus future Formula One World Champion Alain Prost. Frenchman Prost won the 100 lap race from Laffite and 1981 winner Roberto Moreno. When Prost later won his second AGP in Adelaide in 1986 to win his second of four Formula One World Championships, he became the only driver to ever win the Australian Grand Prix in both World Championship and non-championship formats.
The 1983 race, while only attracting one current F1 driver in Jacques Laffite, as well as Alan Jones, who had made an abortive F1 comeback earlier in the year, did attract 24 entries (mostly the Ford powered RT4), including former winner Moreno, Geoff Brabham and future F1 driver Allen Berg. Moreno won his second AGP from local drivers John Smith and Laffite. Geoff Brabham finished 4th with Jones in 5th and Charlie O'Brien. Reigning Australian Drivers' Champion Alfredo Costanzo led the race early in his Tiga FA81 before suffering a differential failure on lap 25. Moreno would later claim that had 'Alfie' not retired then he would likely have won as he didn't believe he would have caught the Australian. The 1983 race was the last time the Grand Prix was included as a round of the Australian Drivers' Championship.
During 1984 it was announced that from 1985, the Australian Grand Prix would be held on the Streets of Adelaide and would be the 16th and final round of the 1985 Formula One season, giving the Grand Prix "World Championship" status for the first time in its history. Despite this, Jane was still able to successfully attract current Formula One drivers to participate in the 1984 Australian Grand Prix. Headlining the 'imports' was three time (including 1984) World Champion Niki Lauda, and 1982 World Champion Keke Rosberg. Joining them were 1984 Ligier drivers Andrea de Cesaris and François Hesnault and 1981 and 1983 AGP winner Roberto Moreno to face off against local stars Costanzo and 1984 Gold Star champion John Bowe. Moreno would win his 3rd AGP in 4 years from Rosberg, who fought back from a bad start and a collision another car, with de Cesaris putting in the drive of the race to finish 3rd after starting early from the pit lane and being almost half a lap down when he took the green flag.
NASCAR
Jane is credited with bringing stock car racing to Australia. Long resistant to oval racing (seeing it as dull and monotonous when compared to circuit racing, although speedway (Dirt track racing), held on smaller ¼ or ⅓ mile oval tracks, has been popular in Australia since the 1920s), Australian motorsport fans finally had their own NASCAR-style high banked superspeedway when Jane spent A$54 million building the Thunderdome on the grounds of Calder Park Raceway. The 1.801 km (1.119 mi) Thunderdome, with 24° banking in the turns, was built as a quad-oval with Jane modelling the track on the famous Charlotte Motor Speedway.
Opened on 3 August 1987, the Thunderdome played host to the first ever NASCAR event held outside North America on 28 February 1988 with the Goodyear NASCAR 500. Several prominent drivers from the United States came to Australia for this race including Alabama Gang members Bobby Allison and Neil Bonnett, along with Kyle Petty, Michael Waltrip, Dave Marcis, and others from the Winston West Series. Bonnett, who had won the Winston Cup's Pontiac Excitement 400 at the Richmond International Raceway the previous weekend, and Allison, who had won the 1988 Daytona 500 just one week prior to that, dominated the race, swapping the lead several times on a hot summer afternoon in which cabin temperatures were reported to reach over 57° Celsius (135° Fahrenheit). Bonnett won the 280 lap race from Allison with Dave Marcis finishing 3rd.
The race was marred by an early multi-car crash in turns 3 and 4 involving 8 cars including the Ford Thunderbird of local touring car champion Dick Johnson, and the Oldsmobile of Allan Grice who, after running out of brakes, couldn't slow down coming off the back straight and ran into the wreck at speed. Grice, whose car was a write-off, suffered a broken collarbone and was taken to hospital for x-rays.
Jane also owned the Adelaide International Raceway which features the only other paved NASCAR type oval in Australia with its half mile Speedway Super Bowl, which, unlike the Thunderdome, is a permanent part of the road circuit.
In 1992, Jane and Sydney based speedway promoter and Channel 7 television commentator Mike Raymond also announced plans to turn the old half mile harness racing track that surrounded the Parramatta Speedway in Sydney into a paved oval for NASCAR and the Australian AUSCAR category, giving Australia a third paved oval speedway. However, the project never got past the planning stage.
Personal life
On 23 February 2007, Jane was granted a 12-month intervention order against his estranged wife, Laree Jane (born 1967). At the time, she was 39 and they had been married for 20 years. He accused her of threatening to shoot him and threatening him with a kitchen knife. In a Victorian County Court, on 22 January 2009, a jury found Laree Jane not guilty of five charges, including assault, related to the domestic dispute.
Jane met Laree when he performed Grand Marshal duties for the 1986 James Hardie 1000 at Bathurst.
Jane declared bankruptcy on 8 July 2016.
On 28 September 2018, Jane died from prostate cancer, 21 years after his diagnosis. He was 88.
Career results
Complete Australian Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete British Saloon Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)
Complete Phillip Island/Bathurst 500/1000 results
References
Businesspeople from Melbourne
1929 births
2018 deaths
Bathurst 1000 winners
Tasman Series drivers
Australian Touring Car Championship drivers
Racing drivers from Melbourne
Tire industry people
Deaths from prostate cancer
Deaths from cancer in Victoria (Australia) |
23575050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian%20Zbik | Sebastian Zbik | Sebastian Zbik (born 17 March 1982) is a German professional boxer and the former WBC middleweight Champion of the world. He resides in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
Professional career
Zbik won the interim WBC middleweight title against Italian Domenico Spada on 11 July 2009. He was given the full title in January 2011 when the WBC promoted Sergio Martínez to Emeritus champion.
Zbik lost his newly awarded WBC Middleweight Championship against undefeated Mexican Julio César Chávez Jr. at Staples Center Los Angeles, California on 4 June 2011.
On 13 April 2012, Zbik went to Cologne, Germany, to face fellow German and current WBA Super World Middleweight Champion Felix Sturm in a German world title showdown. Sturm would go on to earn his 16th KO in his 37 wins with a 9th round TKO stoppage of Zbik.
See also
List of WBC world champions
List of middleweight boxing champions
References
External links
Boxing-Encyclopedia
1982 births
Living people
People from Neubrandenburg
World boxing champions
World middleweight boxing champions
World Boxing Council champions
Middleweight boxers
German male boxers
Sportspeople from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania |
20468015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Benin | Operation Benin | Operation Benin, also known as Operation Cotonou, was a rescue mission carried out by the Lebanese Navy SEALs Regiment in Cotonou, Benin between December 26, 2003 and December 30, 2003 This operation is considered to be the first mission carried out by Lebanese Armed Forces units abroad. Its task was to recover bodies and two black boxes from UTA Flight 141.
Background
A UTA Boeing 727-223 heading to Beirut carrying 161 people, mainly Lebanese going to spend the New Year vacation in Lebanon, crashed into the sea shortly after take off resulting in 139 dead on December 25, 2003. The crash is considered to be the worst accident in the Lebanese aviation history as per the number of Lebanese citizens affected. The plane was a private jet operated by a Libyan businessman, who was amongst the few survivors.
Mission Details
Receiving Orders
At 12:20 a.m., night of December 25–26, 2003, commander of the Lebanese Navy SEALs Regiment General George Chraim receives a call from the Lebanese Armed Forces commander-in-chief General Michel Suleiman ordering him to prepare a Navy SEALs unit to be fully equipped and immediately dispatched to Beirut International Airport, and then fly for a rescuing and bodies recovering mission in Benin, that's in addition to locating the two black boxes.
Getting Ready
According to Colonel Chraim, some soldiers were called after from their homes; in addition, getting the diving gears and equipment, and boats ready was done within a very short time, as the unit was ready at 2:10 a.m. in the airport, and then boarded an MEA airliner that took off at 2:30 a.m.
Arrival at Cotonou
The plane reached Cadjehoun Airport at 10 a.m, a French military attache officer and another Beninese were waiting the team in order to guide them through and cooperate on their needs. For the next step the team had to take vehicles prepared by the local Lebanese community to reach the crash scene and start surveying it.
Operations
Upon arrival to the crash site, the team started clearing the people off the area, and started preparing the gears and equipment. The team then started diving under the plane remains in the water which was mixed up with jet fuel. Shortly after, they started pulling the wreckage to the shore using the available vehicles. The first day ended at 6:00 p.m. as the sunset began. At the morning of the second day, the team returned to the crash site, and divided into two groups:
First one equipped with two Rigid-hulled inflatable boats, their goal was to scan the surface of the water as far as 10 kilometers into the sea, and to pull out bodies and bring them to shore
Second group, composed of 7 divers, 3 of which were French, their goal was to dive as deep as 600 meters scanning for bodies and the two black boxes.
At around 1 O'clock the second team was able to find the first black box, later that day, the other box was found. Searching and rescuing continued later that night.
On the third day, a meeting with the officials from Benin, Lebanon, and France was held at the airport to discuss and assess the situation, and concluded that it was time to return to Lebanon.
Returning to Lebanon
At 1:10 p.m. of the third day, a plane carrying the team and Lebanese officials, in addition to the bodies of the victims took off to Lebanon, and arrived to Beirut International Airport at around 9 p.m. The team directly left the airport to their base to present a report about the mission.
The team
The rescue team included ten members:
Colonel George Chraim, commander of the Lebanese Navy SEALs regiment.
Captain Fadi Makhoul
Captain Haidar Skini
Captain Fadi Kfoury
First Class Sergeant Mohamed Mrad
First Class Sergeant Simon Makhlouf
First Class Sergeant Talal Zein
First Class Sergeant Mohamed Msheimesh
Corporal Antranique Youssef
See also
Lebanese Navy SEALs Regiment
External links
Lebanese Army divers recover bodies from UTA plane in Benin
Lebanese Divers Search Sea for Victims of Benin Plane Crash
References
Lebanese Army Operations |
20468029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICCN | ICCN | ICCN is an initialism for:
Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature
International Conference on Computational Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
Interfaith Climate Change Network
Indiana Classic Car Network or Illinois Classic Car Network
International Center on Conflict and Negotiation
Inner City Computer Network
Intercultural Conflict, Communication and Negotiation |
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