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17328610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmarnock%20Standard | Kilmarnock Standard | The Kilmarnock Standard is a Scottish weekly newspaper published every Wednesday in the town of Kilmarnock.
External links
Kilmarnock Standard website
Newspapers published in Scotland
Newspapers published by Reach plc |
23574423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Boyer | George Boyer | George R. Boyer (born c. 1954) is Professor of Labor Economics in the School of Industrial and Labor Relations at Cornell University. He is best known for his work in the field of economic history, and in particular his research on the English poor laws of the 18th and 19th centuries.
Career
Boyer received a B.A. in economics and history from the College of William and Mary in 1976 and a Ph.D. in economics from the University of Wisconsin in 1982.
Boyer has been a faculty member in Cornell University's School of Industrial and Labor Relations since 1982. He has also been a visiting professor in the Department of Economics at the University of Essex.
Boyer is associate editor of the Industrial and Labor Relations Review and has been a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Economic History and of Social Science History.
Research on the English Poor Laws
Boyer is arguably best known for his extensive research on the English poor laws, culminating in his 1990 book, An Economic History of the English Poor Law, 1750-1850 (published by Cambridge University Press).
Using tools and concepts from economics, Boyer explores in his book the political motivation for the adoption of poor laws in 18th century England, the geographic variation in poor relief administered during that period, and the demographic impacts of these laws. The book challenges many previously held beliefs about poor laws, and argues that the adoption of such laws was a rational response to changing conditions in agricultural England at the time.
In a review of the book published in the Journal of Economic Literature, Martha Olney observes that "Boyer follows the methodological precepts of what has long since stopped being the "new" economic history: explicit theorizing subjected to empirical testing with historical data" (page 1535). While Olney cautions that "it is unclear whether his results will stand up to the poking and prodding his models' assumptions call for" (page 1535-1536), she nonetheless argues that "Boyer has written a commendable book" (page 1535) and that "any student of contemporary or historical systems of poor relief is well advised to place this book near the top of her required reading" (page 1536).
In another review of the book published in the American Journal of Legal History, James W. Ely, Jr. notes that, "In his carefully reasoned monograph, George R. Boyer provides an economic assessment of the poor laws before 1834 and offers an revisionist account of relief policy" (page 340). While Ely highlights some shortcomings in the text, he concludes that "Boyer has authored a provocative work which contributes to the rich literature on the English poor laws. His economic analysis will be helpful to the study of English poor relief policies" (page 342).
In addition to his book on the subject, Boyer has written articles on various aspects of English poor relief in economics and history journals including the Journal of Political Economy, the Journal of Economic History, and Explorations in Economic History.
In more recent work, Boyer is exploring the evolution of social welfare policies in the UK in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Works
Books
An Economic History of the English Poor Law, 1750–1850, Cambridge University Press (1990) [Held in 528 libraries according to WorldCat].
Selected peer-reviewed journal articles
"The Trade Boards Act of 1909 and the Alleviation of Household Poverty" (with Jessica S. Bean), British Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 47, no. 2 (2009): pp. 240–264.
"Poverty Among the Elderly in Late Victorian England" (with T. P. Schmidle), Economic History Review, vol. 62, no. 2 (2009): pp. 249–278.
"Unemployment and the UK Labour Market Before, During and After the Golden Age" (with Timothy J. Hatton), European Review of Economic History, vol. 9, no. 1 (2005): pp. 35–60.
"The Evolution of Unemployment Relief in Great Britain," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, vol. 34, no. 3 (2004): pp. 393–433.
"New Estimates of British Unemployment, 1870-1913" (with Timothy J. Hatton), Journal of Economic History, vol. 62, no. 3: pp. 643–675.
"The Development of the Neoclassical Tradition in Labor Economics" (with Robert S. Smith), Industrial and Labor Relations Review, vol. 54, no. 2 (2001): pp. 199–223.
"The Historical Background of the Communist Manifesto," Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 12, no. 4 (1998): pp. 151–174.
"The Influence of London on Labor Markets in Southern England, 1830-1914," Social Science History, vol. 22, no. 3, (1998): pp. 257–285.
"Migration and Labour Market Integration in Late Nineteenth-Century England and Wales" (with Timothy J. Hatton), Economic History Review, vol. 50, no. 4 (1997): pp. 697–734.
"Poor Relief, Informal Assistance, and Short Time During the Lancashire Cotton Famine," Explorations in Economic History, vol. 34, no. 1 (1997): pp. 56–76.
"Labour Migration in Southern and Eastern England, 1861-1901" European Review of Economic History, vol. 1, no. 2 (1997): pp. 191–215.
"The Union Wage Effect in Late Nineteenth Century Britain" (with Timothy J. Hatton and Roy Bailey), Economica, vol. 61, no. 4 (1994): pp. 435–446.
"Malthus Was Right After All: Poor Relief and Birth Rates in Southeastern England," Journal of Political Economy, vol. 97, no. 1 (1989): pp. 93–114.
"What Did Unions Do in Nineteenth Century Britain?," Journal of Economic History, vol. 48, no. 2 (1988): pp. 319–332.
"The Poor Law, Migration, and Economic Growth" Journal of Economic History, vol. 46, no. 2 (1986): pp. 419–430.
"An Economic Model of the English Poor Law Circa 1780-1834," Explorations in Economic History, vol. 22, no. 2 (1985): pp. 129–167.
References
Cornell University faculty
21st-century American economists
College of William & Mary alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
1950s births
Living people |
17328613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingbourne%20railway%20station | Collingbourne railway station | Collingbourne railway station served the village of Collingbourne Ducis in Wiltshire, England. It was on the Midland and South Western Junction Railway (M&SWJR) and opened on 1 May 1882 on the southern section of the Swindon, Marlborough and Andover Railway (SM&AR) which at that stage terminated at the-then next station to the north, Grafton and Burbage. In 1883, the SM&AR gained running rights over the Great Western Railway branch from Savernake Low Level to Marlborough and through services started between Swindon Town and Andover Junction railway station, and on down the Sprat and Winkle Line to Southampton. The same year, the Swindon and Cheltenham Extension Railway (S&CER) opened north of Swindon as far as Cirencester and in 1884 the SM&AR and the S&CER merged to form the M&SWJR. The line was completed as a through-route from the Midlands to the south coast by the completion of the northern end of the route between Cirencester and Cheltenham in 1891.
Collingbourne was sited to the east of the village of Collingbourne Ducis and originally had a passing loop. The track was doubled through Collingbourne early in the 20th century.
Collingbourne station had a brick building on the up platform towards Swindon and a shelter on the down platform, which also housed a signalbox. The station master's house was behind the up platform. There was a small goods yard, but goods traffic was not high.
In 1932, a halt was opened at Collingbourne Kingston, about 1.5 miles north of Collingbourne station, in an effort by the GWR, which had taken over the M&SWJR on the Grouping in 1923, to generate traffic on a line threatened by increasing road use.
As a whole, traffic on the M&SWJR fell steeply after the Second World War and the line closed to passengers in 1961, with goods facilities withdrawn from this section of the line at the same time. Collingbourne station was demolished, though the station master's house remains.
Routes
References
Wiltshire Railway Stations, Mike Oakley, Dovecote Press, Wimborne, 2004, , pages 42–43
Disused railway stations in Wiltshire
Former Midland and South Western Junction Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1882
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1961 |
44497647 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal%20mobilisation | Legal mobilisation | Legal mobilisation is a tool available to paralegal and advocacy groups, to achieve legal empowerment by supporting a marginalized issues of a stakeholder, in negotiating with the other concerned agencies and other stakeholders, by strategic combined use of legal processes along with advocacy, media engagement and social mobilisation. As per Frances Kahen Zemans (1983) the Legal mobilisation is "a desire or want, which is translated into a demand as an assertion of one's rights".
According to Lisa Vanhala (November 2011) Legal mobilisation in its narrowest sense, may refer to high-profile litigation efforts for (or, arguably, against) social change or more broadly, term legal mobilisation has been used to describe any type of process by which an individual or collective actors invoke legal norms, discourse, or symbols to influence policy or behavior. This typically means that there are policies or regulations to mobilize around and a mechanism by which to do so. Legislative activity does create an opportunity for legal mobilization. The courts become particularly relevant when petitioners have grounds to file suit.
History of conceptualisation
The use of the law and legal systems by disadvantaged people to contest the unfair distribution of power and resources is a real-world phenomenon that predates and exists independently of international law and justice assistance.
study and research
Tool to ensure statutory intervention
Particularly in circumstances where traditional power resources, in terms of bargaining power and worker solidarity, are not firmly established, Use of the legal mobilisation clearly offers important additional tactics.
See also
References
Activism by type
Practice of law |
17328618 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyptotrox%20hamatus | Glyptotrox hamatus | Glyptotrox hamatus is a beetle of the family Trogidae.
References
Glyptotrox
Beetles described in 1940 |
23574428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holbrook%20%28electoral%20division%29 | Holbrook (electoral division) | Holbrook is an electoral division of West Sussex in the United Kingdom and returns one member to sit on West Sussex County Council. The current County Councillor, Peter Catchpole, is also Cabinet Member for Adults' Services.
Extent
The division covers the northern part of the town of Horsham.
It comprises the following Horsham District wards: Holbrook East Ward and Holbrook West Ward; and of the following civil parishes: the western part of North Horsham and the northern part of Horsham.
Election results
2013 Election
Results of the election held on 2 May 2013:
2009 Election
Results of the election held on 4 June 2009:
2005 Election
Results of the election held on 5 May 2005:
References
Election Results - West Sussex County Council
External links
West Sussex County Council
Election Maps
Electoral Divisions of West Sussex |
23574433 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen%20Sussman | Jen Sussman | Jen Sussman (born 8 August 1937, Nanking, China – died 8 August 2002, Vero Beach, Florida), was an artist, graphic designer and children's book illustrator.
Sussman worked as graphic designer for Time Life Books, Raymond Loewy (Paris) and George Nelson & Company (New York). She was also proprietor of her own design firm, Jen Sussman Holdings Ltd, whose clients included Gillette and Pantone.
She created the children's character Muggy based on her own pug. Muggy was briefly the Mascot of the Los Angeles Children's Museum, portrayed on the museum's official poster and other items.
In 1985 she created the artwork for a series of books for children, written by her husband Barth Jules Sussman, and initially sold through the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, and the Book of the Month Club, and in 1997, the artwork for a Muggy CD-based Coloring Book.
Books
Muggy Au Cirque: Hachette Jeunesse, Paris, 1985.
Muggy Recontre Bibi: Hachette Jeunesse, Paris, 1985.
La Journee de Muggy: Hachette Jeunesse, Paris, 1985.
Muggy: CD-ROM Coloring Book for Children – Muggy Press
EPUB picture books:
Muggy the Happy Pug – A Lovely Day
Muggy the Happy Pug – Muggy Meets Bibi
Muggy the Happy Pug – Muggy Goes to the Circus
References
1937 births
2002 deaths
American illustrators |
23574438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical%20Statistics%20of%20the%20United%20States | Historical Statistics of the United States | Historical Statistics of the United States (HSUS) is a compendium of statistics about United States. Published by the United States Census Bureau until 1975, it is now published by Cambridge University Press.
The last free version, the Bicentennial Edition, appeared in two volumes in 1975 and is now available online.
The current commercial version deals with Population, Work and Welfare, Economic Structure and Performance, Economic Sectors and Governance & International Relations, respectively, in five volumes.
The fully searchable and downloadable electronic edition was developed by Data Software Research Company (DSRC) for Cambridge University Press.
References
External links
The last free edition, available from the US Census Bureau
Online Edition
United States Census Bureau
Cambridge University Press books |
23574439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolumnia%20variegata | Tolumnia variegata | Tolumnia variegata, the harlequin dancing-lady orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to the Caribbean. It is the most widespread species of the genus, ranging from the Virgin Islands in the eastern Caribbean westward to Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Cuba and the Cayman Islands. Plants occur mostly on small branches of shrubs and small trees, often in secondary habitats, in dry to wet regions from near sea level to 800 m elevation. It is not found in Jamaica.
References
External links
variegata |
17328619 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastung%2C%20Pakistan | Mastung, Pakistan | Mastung (Balochi and Urdu: ), the capital of Mastung District, is a town in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. It is located at 29°48'0N 66°50'60E and has an altitude of 1701 metres (5583 feet). The town is also the administrative centre of Mastung Tehsil, an administrative subdivision of the district – the town itself is administratively subdivided into two Union Councils.
Mastung is located in Sarawan which is a division of the princely state of Kalat, the Chief Of Sarawan himself is from Mastung.
There are numerous Baloch as well as Pashtun tribes populated in Mastung, the tribes include Bangulzai, Shahwani, Pirkani, Sarpara, Raisani (Tareen) and Muhammad Shahi, which are the most common tribes and are politically active and leading in the area other tribes include Dehwar, Lehri, Satakzai, Bangulzai, Tareen, Ali Zai and several more.
History
Mastung was known to the 10th-century geographers al-Muqaddasi and Istakhri, who both listed it among the towns in the province of Bālis, also called Bālish or Wālishtān, whose capital was Sibi.
The Ain-i-Akbari, written during the reign of the Mughal emperor Akbar in the late 1500s, lists Mastung as one of the 24 mahals included in the Sarkar of Kandahar. At that time, Mastung was defended by a mud brick fort and produced a yearly revenue of 10 tumans and 8,000 dinars in cash alongside 470 kharwars of grain. Its population was a mixture of Afghans and Balochs.
The 2017 Mastung suicide bombing killed 28 and injured 40. A 2018 suicide bombing killed 149 and injured 186.
Languages
Like other Balochistan major urban centers such as Quetta, Sibi, Mach, and Khuzdar, it is a multi-ethnic city where several languages are spoken including Brahui, Persian (Dehwari dialects), Pashto, Baluchi, Sindhi (In Hindki and Frakhi dialects) and Urdu. No language has a clear majority and Urdu serves as lingua franca for inter-ethnic communications.
See also
Mastung Valley
Khwaja Ibrahim Yukpasi
Baluchistan Agency
Notes
References
Populated places in Mastung District |
17328646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trox%20plicatus | Trox plicatus | Trox plicatus is a beetle of the family Trogidae.
References
plicatus
Beetles described in 1940 |
23574442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyantonde%20District | Lyantonde District | Lyantonde District is a district in southern Central Uganda. It is named after the 'chief town' of the district, Lyantonde, where the district headquarters are located.
Location
Lyantonde District is bordered by Sembabule District to the north and northeast, Lwengo District to the east, Rakai District to the south, and Kiruhura District to the west. The 'chief town' of the district, Lyantonde, is located approximately , by road, west of the city of Masaka, the largest metropolitan area in the sub-region. The coordinates of the district are: 00 25S, 31 10E.
History
The district is composed on one county, Kabula County. Prior to 2007, Kabula County was part of Rakai District. In 2007, the county was split off of Rakai District and given autonomous district status.
Population
In 1991, the national population census estimated the population of the district at about 53,100. During the next census in 2002, the population of Lyantonde District was estimated at about 66,000 with an annual population growth rate of 1.9%. In 2012 the district population was estimated at about 80,200.
Economic activities
Agriculture being the major source of livelihood for the population in Lyantonde District. A variety of crops are grown in the district, both for subsistence and economic purposes. The crops grown include:
Cattle are the main livestock kept by farmers in Lyantonde. It is estimated that there are 83,700 of cattle in the District. Other animals that are raised include goats, sheep, pigs and poultry.
Community health
The district has a heavy disease burden. The most prevalent challenges include:
See also
Lyantonde
Central Region, Uganda
Districts of Uganda
References
External links
Lyantonde District Has One Hospital
Districts of Uganda
Central Region, Uganda |
17328652 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Golden%20Anniversary%20Bibliography%20of%20Edgar%20Rice%20Burroughs | A Golden Anniversary Bibliography of Edgar Rice Burroughs | A Golden Anniversary Bibliography of Edgar Rice Burroughs is a bibliography of the works of Edgar Rice Burroughs by Henry Hardy Heins. It was first published by Donald M. Grant, Publisher, Inc. in an edition of 1,000 copies. The book was revised from a mimeograph edition that Heins had produced in September 1962. The book lists books, stories, and articles by Burroughs. It also contains information about Burroughs and a section on magazine illustrations and publisher's announcements.
References
1964 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Burroughs
Books about books
Science fiction studies
Published bibliographies
Edgar Rice Burroughs
Donald M. Grant, Publisher books |
23574463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show%20Your%20Colors | Show Your Colors | Show Your Colors is the fourth studio album by Finnish metal band Amoral.
Background
Amoral's fourth studio album was announced in November 2008 when the band announced Ari Koivunen as their new front man. On January 21, their first single was put up the band's MySpace account. The first single is entitled Year of the Suckerpunch and the song is clearly distinctive from any of Amoral's previous material, and is built around Ari's higher pitched, clean, melodic voice, as opposed to former vocalist Niko Kalliojärvi's growling death metal vocals. The album was released May 6, 2009.
Track listing
Personnel
Amoral
Ari Koivunen - vocals, backing vocals
Ben Varon - guitar
Silver Ots - guitar
Juhana Karlsson - drums
Pekka Johansson - bass
Additional
Janne Saksa - recording, producing, backing vocals
Svante Forsbäck- mastering
Mika Latvala - piano (10)
Release history
References
External links
Amoral's official website
Spinefarm Records website
Amoral´s MySpace Page
Amoral Street Teams´s MySpace Page
Amoral´s Youtube videos
2009 albums
Amoral (band) albums |
17328666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WriteGirl | WriteGirl | WriteGirl is a Los Angeles-based project of Community Partners, founded by Keren Taylor in 2001. Taylor was recognized by CNN as a "CNN Hero" in 2021. The organization's focus is connecting professional women writers in Los Angeles, CA with underserved teenage girls who might not otherwise have access to creative writing or mentoring programs. The mentoring program focuses on creative writing and empowerment through self-expression. WriteGirl Alum Amanda Gorman, was chosen as the Inaugural Poet for the 59th Inaugural Ceremonies on Jan. 20, 2021, when Joe Biden was sworn in as President of the United States. In 2013, WriteGirl was honored by-then first lady, Michelle Obama, with the National Arts and Humanities Youth Program Award.
WriteGirl Mentorship Program
WriteGirl was founded by Keren Taylor in 2001. The program is based on one-on-one mentoring and monthly creative writing workshops where girls are given techniques, insights, and topics for writing in all genres from professional women writers. Workshops and mentoring sessions explore poetry, fiction, creative non-fiction, songwriting, journalism, screenwriting, playwriting, persuasive writing, journal writing, and editing.
Mentees
WriteGirl's mentees have a high success rate of graduating seniors entering college, many on full or partial scholarships. Many of the mentees come from underserved communities. The WriteGirl program was designed to give girls individualized guidance and the education support providing in-depth college entrance guidance to all Core Mentoring Program high school juniors and seniors and their families.
In-Schools/Bold Ink Writers Program
WriteGirl’s In-Schools Program mentee pregnant, parenting and/or incarcerated girls attending alternative schools by bringing them weekly creative writing workshops. Bold Ink Writers, work with incarcerated and system-involved boys at Los Angeles County juvenile detention camps and day reporting facilities, working in partnership with the Arts for Incarcerated Youth Network (AIYN) and the Los Angeles County Probation Department. Volunteers lead weekly writing sessions designed to improve literacy and communication skills.
Lights, Camera, WriteGirl
Lights, Camera, WriteGirl is an annual event benefiting WriteGirl and it’s programming. The event showcases scenes and monologues written by WriteGirl teens, brought to life by a celebrity cast of actors which have included Wendi McLendon-Covey, Seth Rogen, Keiko Agena, Wayne Brady, Angela Bassett, and Kelsey Scott, among others. In 2019, actor, author and WriteGirl volunteer Lauren Graham, emceed the event.
WriteGirl Bold Ink Awards
WriteGirl hosts the Bold Ink Awards, an annual event honoring women writers who serve as positive role models for teens. Recipients of the Bold Ink Awards include Kara DioGuardi, Sarah Silverman, and Aline Brosh McKenna, among others.
References
Non-profit organizations based in California |
23574464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbana%2C%20Italy | Barbana, Italy | Barbana is a small island located at the northern end of the Grado Lagoon, near Trieste in north-east Italy. It is the site of the Santuario di Barbana, an ancient Marian shrine, whose origins date back to 582 when Elia, the Patriarch of Aquileia, built a church near the hut of a hermit from Treviso named Barbanus. The island, which can be easily reached by ferry from nearby Grado, is populated by a small community of Franciscan friars.
History of the shrine
The foundation of the shrine originates from an image of the Virgin Mary carried in by the sea and found at the foot of an elm after a fierce storm. At that time the site was part of the mainland; the Grado Lagoon was formed between the 5th and 7th centuries.
From the foundation to around 1000, Barbana became an island and the shrine was served by a community of monks unique to the island, called the Barbitani. The original church was destroyed by floods and rebuilt. The image of Mary, too, was lost and in the 11th century was replaced by a wooden statue known as the Madonna mora. This Black Madonna is now housed in the Domus Mariae (House of Mary), a chapel near the main church.
In the 11th century, the care of the shrine was entrusted to Benedictine monks, who served there until the 15th century. They were succeeded by a Franciscan community who built a new church in the 18th century.
Art and architecture
The modern church was built in the Romanesque style at the beginning of the 20th century. Ancient remains include two Roman columns from the first church, and a 10th-century relief portraying Jesus. The crowned statue of Mary dates from the 15th century, while the 17th century is represented by several altars and paintings, including one from the school of Tintoretto.
In the wood near the church a small chapel (the Cappella dell'apparizione) was built in 1854 in the place where the original image of Mary was found.
The baptismal font of the church is supported by a figure of the Devil, sculpted in red marble. It is the work of Claudio Granzotto, a Franciscan friar and noted religious artist of the mid-20th century. He has been beatified by the Catholic Church and is being considered for canonization.
Pilgrimages
Barbana is the destination of many pilgrimages, the most famous being the Perdon de Barbana which is held each July to celebrate the end of a visitation of the plague in Grado in 1237.
See also
List of islands of Italy
Grado
Shrines to the Virgin Mary
References
‘Barbana’, Frati Minori del Veneto e Friuli.
Islands of the Adriatic Sea
Catholic pilgrimage sites
Shrines to the Virgin Mary
Churches in the province of Gorizia
Islands of Friuli-Venezia Giulia |
23574472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Atlantic%20%26%20Pacific%20Tea%20Co.%20v.%20Supermarket%20Equipment%20Corp. | Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp. | Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp., 340 U.S. 147 (1950), is a patent case decided by the United States Supreme Court. The Court held that a patent for a cashier's counter and movable frame for grocery stores was invalid because it was a combination of known elements that added nothing new to the total stock of knowledge.
Background
Patent number 2,242,408 ("the Turnham patent") claimed the invention of a cashier's counter equipped with a three-sided frame with no top or bottom which, when pushed or pulled, moved groceries deposited in it by a customer to the clerk and left them there when pushed back to repeat the operation.
The district court found that, although each element of the device was known to prior art, a counter with an extension to receive a self-unloading tray with which to push the contents of the tray in front of the cashier was a novel feature and constituted a new and useful combination. The Court of Appeals affirmed the district court's decision. Both courts found that every element claimed in the Turnham patent was known to prior art, except the extension of the counter.
Supreme Court decision
The Supreme Court disagreed with the lower courts' conclusion that the extension of the counter constituted an invention because (1) the extension was not mentioned in the claim, (2) an invention cannot be found in a mere elongation of a merchant's counter, and (3) the Turnham patent overclaimed the invention by including old elements, unless together with its other old elements, the extension made up a new patentable combination. The Court explained that the key to the patentability of a mechanical device that brings old factors into cooperation is the presence or lack of invention: "[O]nly when the whole in some way exceeds the sum of its parts is the accumulation of old devices patentable." The Court concluded that the invention claimed by the Turnham patent lacked any "unusual or surprising consequences" from the combination of old elements.
The Court added that patents are intended to add to the sum of useful knowledge, and they cannot be sustained when their effect is to subtract from resources freely available. The Court also emphasized that commercial success without invention is not sufficient for purposes of patentability.
Concurrence
In his concurrence, Justice Douglas stated that to be patentable, an invention must push back the frontiers of science. In his view, the Patent Office took advantage of the opportunity to expand its own jurisdiction and granted patents to inventions that had no place in the constitutional scheme of advancing scientific knowledge.
References
External links
1950 in United States case law
The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company
United States patent case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Vinson Court
Retail point of sale systems |
23574473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive%20Wheeler | Olive Wheeler | Dame Olive Annie Wheeler, DBE (4 May 1886 – 26 September 1963) was a Welsh educationist and psychologist, and Professor of Education at University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, now Cardiff University.
Early life
Born at the High Street in Brecon, Olive Wheeler was the younger daughter of Annie Wheeler, Poole, and her husband, Henry Burford Wheeler. Henry Wheeler was a master printer and publisher. She attended Brecon County School for Girls. She received an Honours Central Welsh Board Certificate in 1904. She attended University College of Wales, Aberystwyth and graduated with a BSc in Chemistry in 1907, and a MSc in 1911. At Aberystwyth she was elected president of the Students' Representative Council. In 1908 she was awarded a double first in a Secondary Teachers Certificate, University of Wales.
Wheeler completed a DSc (Doctor of Science) in Psychology at Bedford College, London (now part of Royal Holloway, University of London) in 1916. She enrolled for the DSc in the Michaelmas term of 1911 at the age of twenty five. Her mother, Annie Wheeler, was a signatory on the form (her father was already dead), along with A. H. Lewis, a Baptist Minister in Brecon, and Uma Wright, Secretary to Brecon Gas Company.
Career
Her first teaching appointment was as lecturer in mental and moral science at Cheltenham Ladies College. She was later appointed to a lectureship in education at the University of Manchester, and served as Dean of the Faculty of Education. In 1921 she applied for the Chair in Education at Swansea University College. Wheeler stood as the Labour candidate for the University of Wales parliamentary constituency in the 1922 general election against Thomas Arthur Lewis. She was President of the Aberystwyth Old Students' Association in 1923–24.
Wheeler was appointed as Professor of Education (Women) at University College at Cardiff in 1925, as well as (temporarily) the Dean of the Faculty of Education. She was the first female head of department in the University of Wales. Her title was officially changed to Professor of Education in 1933. In 1947 she became chairperson of the Welsh Advisory Council on Youth Employment and chairman of the South Wales District of the Workers Education Association.
Wheeler was a fellow of the British Psychological Society. Three years after her retirement in 1951 she went to Canada on a lecture tour.
Damehood
She was created a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1950 New Year Honours for education and social work in Wales, particularly for her work with the University of Wales, the Workers’ Educational Association and the Welsh Joint Education Committee.
Death
She died suddenly in the Kardomah Café in Queen Street, Cardiff on 26 September 1963. In her will she left £27,434. She bequeathed her library of educational materials to Cardiff University, as well as funds to create an annual prize of £500 () to be awarded to the university's top student in the department of education. She left £250 to the South Wales District of the Workers' Educational Association and Park End Presbyterian Church, Cardiff.
Affiliations
Fellow, University of Wales
Bibliography
second edition, 1937.
References
1886 births
1963 deaths
Academics of the University of Manchester
British women academics
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Academics of Cardiff University
People from Brecon
Labour Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
Welsh educational theorists
British psychologists
Alumni of Aberystwyth University
Aberystwyth Old Students' Association
20th-century psychologists |
23574478 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis%20Perrey | Alexis Perrey | Alexis Perrey (1807–1882) was a historical French seismologist and compiler of earthquake catalogs. He is considered a pioneer in this area, having published a paper on earthquakes in Algeria as early as 1848, in the journal Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Dijon. He continued to post annual observations on Algerian earthquakes until 1871.
He suspected a correlation between the moon and seismic activity on earth, and developed his theory with the use of statistics. He found that earth tremors occurred most frequently during full and new moons, when the earth is between the sun and moon, when the moon is between the earth and sun, and when the moon is closest in its orbit to the earth. He also found indications in some cases that the moon had crossed the meridian of affected locales at the time of the earthquake.
References
Further reading
Seismologists
French geologists
1807 births
1882 deaths |
23574485 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83l%C4%83ie%C8%99ti%2C%20Orhei | Mălăiești, Orhei | Mălăiești is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Mălăiești and Tîrzieni.
References
Communes of Orhei District |
23574505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piatra%2C%20Orhei | Piatra, Orhei | Piatra is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Jeloboc and Piatra.
References
Communes of Orhei District |
17328698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/454th%20Bombardment%20Group | 454th Bombardment Group | The 454th Bombardment Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 454th Troop Carrier Wing of Continental Air Command at Portland International Airport, Oregon. It was inactivated on 1 January 1953.
The 454th Bombardment Group was activated in 1943 as a United States Army Air Forces combat unit. It served primarily in the Mediterranean Theater during World War II. While in combat the group earned two Distinguished Unit Citations. The group served as a bombardment and as a troop carrier unit in the reserves after World War II.
In 1947 the group was activated as a reserve unit. It continued in this role until 1951 when it was called to active duty and its personnel used to fill out active duty organizations deploying to the Pacific.
The group was reestablished later during the Korean War as the 454th Troop Carrier Group, a reserve organization at Portland International Airport, Oregon. It was discontinued six months later, when the 403d Troop Carrier Group was released from active duty and assumed its mission, personnel and equipment. In 1985 the wing returned to its designation as a bombardment group while remaining inactive.
History
World War II
The group was constituted as 454th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on 14 May 1943 and activated on 1 June at Davis–Monthan Field, near Tucson, Arizona. Training began immediately on Consolidated B-24 Liberators and the ground cadre was sent on 3 July to Army Air Force School of Applied Tactics at Orlando AAB, Florida. On 15 July, planes were sent from Davis–Monthan to join them at Pinecastle AAF, Florida for practical field training.
From their bases in Florida, the ground echelon was transferred on 28 July 1943 to McCook AAF, Nebraska and, on 1 August, the air echelon joined them. This was the first operational unit to use the newly constructed McCook airfield. On 28 September the Group was reassigned to Charleston AAB, South Carolina
On 2 December 1943 the aircrews and some key ground personnel were sent to Mitchel Field, New York in preparation for deployment overseas. These personnel were subsequently transferred to Morrison Field, Florida and flew the southern route to North Africa. After additional training in Tunisia, the air echelon joined the ground echelon, which had previously departed from Camp Patrick Henry by Liberty Ship, at San Giovanni Airfield, west of Cerignola, Italy, and was assigned to Fifteenth Air Force. Although the group flew some interdiction and support missions, it engaged primarily in long range strikes against oil refineries. aircraft and munitions factories and industrial areas, harbors, and airfields.
Flying from Italy, the group flew 243 missions on over 150 primary targets in Italy, Yugoslavia, Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary, Rumania, France, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Greece, and Poland. During this time, 13,389.19 tons of bombs were dropped during 7,091 sorties on enemy marshalling yards, oil refineries, bridges, installations, airdromes, rail lines, etc.
The 454th participated in the drive to Rome, the invasion of Southern France, and the defeat of Axis forces in northern Italy. The 454th was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for similar action on the high priority Messerschmitt Aircraft Factory at Bad Vöslau, Austria on 12 April 1944. It earned a second DUC for "outstanding performance of duty in armed conflict with the enemy" as a result of their mission against the Hermann Goering Steel Works in Linz, Austria on 25 July 1944.
After the German Capitulation in May 1945, the 454th redeployed to the United States on 8 July. Many personnel were demobilized upon arrival at the port of debarkation; a small cadre of key personnel was formed, and the group was then established at Sioux Falls Army Air Field South Dakota in July, and the unit was redesignated the 454th Bombardment Group, Very Heavy in July, and was equipped with B-29 Superfortresses, and programmed for deployment to the Pacific Theater.
The Japanese Capitulation in August made the group redundant to Air Force requirements and the unit was inactivated on 17 October 1945.
Korean War
The group was allotted to the Air Force Reserve in April 1947, stationed at McChord Field, Washington, and equipped with B-29s removed from storage in the southwest. The group moved in July 1949 to Spokane AFB, Washington, where it served as a corollary unit for the 98th Bombardment Group, retaining only a single squadron.
As a result of the Korean War, the 454th was activated on 1 May 1951. Upon activation, the group's personnel and equipment were reassigned as replacements to the 98th Bombardment Wing, which deployed to Far East Air Forces at Yokota AB, Japan. The group was inactivated as a paper unit on 16 June.
For related subsequent history, see 454th Bombardment Wing.
Continental Air Command established the 454th Troop Carrier Wing at Portland International Airport, Oregon in June 1952 to replace the 922d Reserve Training Wing, which had taken over reserve activities at Portland following the mobilization of the 403d Troop Carrier Wing. Under the wing base organization (Hobson Plan), the group was redesignated the 454th Troop Carrier Group and assigned to the wing as its operational element. It was equipped with Curtiss C-46 Commandos. Its activation as a reserve transport unit was short, as it was inactivated and its mission, personnel and equipment transferred to the 403d Troop Carrier Wing when the 403d was released from active duty in January 1953.
In 1985, the United States Air Force returned the group to its original bombardment designation.
Lineage
454th Bombardment Group
Constituted as 454th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on 14 May 1943
Activated on 1 June 1943
Redesignated 454th Bombardment Group, Very Heavy on 5 August 1945
Inactivated on 17 October 1945.
Allotted to the reserve and activated on 27 April 1947
Redesignated 454th Bombardment Group, Medium on 27 June 1949
Inactivated on 16 June 1951
Redesignated 454th Troop Carrier Group, Medium on 26 May 1952
Activated on 13 June 1952
Inactivated on 1 January 1953
Redesignated 454th Bombardment Group, Heavy on 31 July 1985 (remained inactive)
Assignments
Fourth Air Force 1 June – 31 July 1943
Second Air Force 31 July – October 1943
Third Air Force October–December 1943
304th Bombardment Wing, 25 January 1944 – c. 19 July 1945
20th Bombardment Wing 1 August – 17 October 1945
305th Bombardment Wing (later 305th Air Division), 27 April 1947 – 27 June 1949
Fifteenth Air Force (attached to 91st Bombardment Wing), – 16 June 1951
454th Troop Carrier Wing, 13 June 1952 – 1 January 1953
Components
81st Fighter Squadron: 12 July 1947 – 20 June 1949
736th Bombardment Squadron (later Troop Carrier Squadron): 1 June 1943 – 17 October 1945, 27 April 1947 – 16 June 1951, 13 June 1952 – 1 January 1953
737th Bombardment Squadron (later Troop Carrier Squadron): 1 June 1943 – 17 October 1945, 12 July 1947 – 27 June 1949, 13 June 1952 – 1 January 1953
738th Bombardment Squadron (later Troop Carrier Squadron): 1 June 1943 – 17 October 1945, 16 August 1947 – 27 June 1949, 13 June 1952 – 1 January 1953
739th Bombardment Squadron: 1 June 1943 – 17 October 1945, 12 July 1947 – 27 June 1949
Stations
Alamogordo AAF, New Mexico 1 June 1943
Davis–Monthan Field, Arizona 1 July 1943
McCook AAF, Nebraska c. 31 July 1943
Charleston AAB, South Carolina 3 October – December 1943
San Giovanni Airfield, Italy January 1944 – July 1945
Sioux Falls AAF, South Dakota 1 August 1945
Pyote AAF, Texas 17 August – 17 October 1945
McChord Field, Washington, 27 April 1947 – 27 June 1949
Spokane AFB, Washington, 27 June 1949 – 16 June 1951
Portland International Airport, Oregon 13 June 1952 – 1 January 1953
Aircraft flown
Consolidated B-24 Liberator, 1943–1945
Boeing B-29 Superfortress, 1945
Curtiss C-46 Commando, 1952–1953
Awards and campaigns
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Bombardment groups of the United States Air Force
Bombardment groups of the United States Army Air Forces |
20467185 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT%20representations%20in%20hip%20hop%20music | LGBT representations in hip hop music | LGBT representations in hip hop music have existed since the birth of the genre despite blatant discrimination. Hip hop has long been portrayed as one of the least LGBT-friendly genres of music, with a significant body of the genre containing homophobic views and anti-gay lyrics, with mainstream artists such as Eminem and Tyler, the Creator having used homophobia in their lyrics. Attitudes towards homosexuality in hip hop culture have historically been negative. Slang that uses homosexuality as a punchline such as "sus", "no homo", and "pause" can be heard in hip hop lyrics from some of the industry's biggest artists. However, since the early 2000s there has been a flourishing community of LGBTQ+ hip hop artists, activists, and performers breaking barriers in the mainstream music industry.
Labels such as homo hop or queer hip hop group all artists identifying as members of the LGBTQ+ community into a subgenre of hip hop based solely on their sexuality. These subgenre labels are not marked by any specific production style, as artists within it may simultaneously be associated with virtually any other subgenre of hip hop, or may also make music that falls outside the subgenre entirely. Rather, the terms are defined by a direct engagement with LGBT culture in elements such as the lyrical themes or the artist's visual identity and presentation.
Artists who have been labelled as part of the genre have, however, varied in their acceptance of the terminology. Some have supported the identification of a distinct phenomenon of "LGBTQ+ hip hop" as an important tool for promoting LGBTQ+ visibility in popular music, while others have criticized it for trivializing their music as a "niche" interest that circumscribed their appeal to mainstream music fans.
Many artists have contributed to the increased visibility and social acceptance of the LGBTQ+ community's presence in hip hop music, most notably Frank Ocean, who penned an open letter addressing his sexuality in 2012. There has also been an increased presence of LGBTQ+ supporters in the mainstream hip hop community, such as Jay-Z, Murs, Kanye West, XXXTentacion, Jack Harlow, Kendrick Lamar, Macklemore, and Ryan Lewis.
History
Origins (1970s)
Hip-hop was developed in the late 1970s following the popularity of disco. Disco music, which contains origins within Black American culture, had an impact on hip-hop from samples to early hip-hop fashion. The disco scene which was derived from disco music was known for its vibrant nightlife that was considered a haven for those in the LGBTQ+ community, particularly LGBTQ+ youth of color.
Despite these origins, early hip-hop artists expressed anti-LGBTQ+ sentiments and epithets common of the time in their music. Sugarhill Gang's 1979 song "Rapper's Delight", the first hip hop record to become a top 40 hit, referred to fictional character Superman as a "fairy" for wearing a skin-tight garment.
1980s-1990s
In 1986, the hip hop trio Beastie Boys originally wanted to name their debut album Don't Be A Faggot, but their record label Columbia Records refused to release it under that title, so it changed the title to Licensed to Ill. Years later, the Beastie Boys formally apologized to the LGBT community for the "shitty and ignorant" things they said on their first record.
During what was considered third-wave feminism, there was an infusion of Black feminist thought into hip-hop by way of Black women in the genre who emphasized issues of race, gender, and sexuality. This included Black LGBTQ+ musicians like Meshell Ndegeocello whose 1993 album Plantation Lullabies is considered an example of the evolving attitudes and politics of the hip hop generation, specifically from younger Black feminists. According to Andreana Clay, "Ndegeocello's lyrics are a product of early Black feminism, radical lesbian feminism, and hip-hop feminism."
In her music, Ndegocello has addressed sexuality and Blackness as a Black bisexual woman, garnering a following from LGBTQ+ feminists of color. Her musical content and appearance also drew criticism from certain listeners and radio stations who refused to play her music. The ideas of Black queer and lesbian feminism influenced hip hop during a moment when politics surrounding sexuality, gender, and race were shifting.
Although more radical queer politics were influencing more mainstream areas of music and society, discrimination remained and LGBTQ+ artists continued to face marginalization and barriers in airtime and commercial success.
2000s-present
Kanye West denounced homophobia in hip hop in an August 2005 interview with Sway Calloway for MTV News. He discussed how his environment led him to be homophobic, and how finding out his cousin was gay changed his perspective. This statement was radical at the time; it was the first major statement against homophobia in hip hop by a popular artist.
Further advancements in acceptance of LGBT in hip hop have begun to take place through the mid-2010s and the 2020s. In 2014, rap duo Macklemore and Ryan Lewis joined the United Nations Free & Equal campaign, which aims to advantage equal rights for LGBT people around the world.
In 2017, emo rapper XXXTentacion spoke out during his concert tour against discrimination towards gay people by hate groups, and was praised as a supporter of transgender rights by multiple transgender artists.
In 2018, rapper Eminem made headlines when he apologized for the first time in his career for previously using homophobic slurs, saying that he now realized "[he] was hurting a lot of other people by saying it." Specifically, Eminem said he regretted calling rapper Tyler, the Creator a "faggot" in his diss track, "Fall".
In 2022, rapper Kendrick Lamar received mixed reactions after he released his song "Auntie Diaries", with some praising the track for being pro-transgender.
Homo hop
The homo hop movement first emerged in the 1990s as an underground movement spearheaded by the hip-hop group Rainbow Flava, particularly in California, in part as a reaction to the widespread acceptance of homophobia in the lyrics of mainstream hip hop performers such as Eminem. Lyrics in songs such as "Criminal" on The Marshall Mathers LP demonstrate this homophobia. Initially coined by Tim'm T. West of Deep Dickollective, the term "homo hop" was not meant to signify a distinct genre of music, but simply to serve as a community building tool and promotional hook for LGBTQ+ artists. According to West:
West's bandmate Juba Kalamka offered a similar assessment:
In a 2001 interview with SFGate.com, West elaborated on the movement's goals:
The genre received a mainstream publicity boost in 2002 and 2003 when Caushun was widely reported as the first openly LGBTQ+ rapper to be signed to a major label, although Caushun was later revealed to have been a publicity stunt engineered by heterosexual musician Ivan Matias.
Notable events in the 2000s included the PeaceOUT World Homo Hop Festival, which was founded in 2001 and mounted annually until 2008, and the 2006 documentary film Pick Up the Mic. However, some music critics in this era dismissed the genre as too often sacrificing musical quality in favour of a "didactic" political agenda.
The most commercially successful LGBTQ+ rapper in the 2000s was Cazwell, who emerged as a popular artist in gay dance clubs, and has scored at least six top 40 hits on Billboard'''s Hot Dance Club Songs chart, with a hybrid pop-rap style which he has described as "if Biggie Smalls ate Donna Summer for breakfast". Cazwell described his philosophy of music as "create your own space, your own music and have people come to you," and has noted in interviews that he achieved much greater success by "breaking" the rules of the hip hop industry than he ever did in his earlier attempts to pursue mainstream success with the 1990s hip hop duo Morplay.
One of the first mainstream artists to speak out publicly against anti-gay discrimination in hip hop was Kanye West in a 2004 interview with Sway Calloway on MTV News. In the interview Kanye says, "Hip-hop does discriminate against gay people. I want to just come on TV and tell my rappers, my friends, just stop it, fam. Seriously, that's really discrimination". Kanye criticized the hip-hop community, saying, "Hip-hop seemed like it was about fighting for your rights in the beginning, about speaking your mind, and breaking down barriers or whatever, but everybody in hip-hop discriminates against gay people. To me, that's one of the standards in hip-hop is to be like, 'You fag, you gay'".
Later negative representations
In Byron Hurt's 2006 documentary Hip-Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes, Hurt explores the nuanced relationships between hip-hop, masculinity, misogyny, and homophobia. Recognizing the presence of these issues in hip-hop, a genre he loves, Hurt felt a sense of hypocrisy and began working on the film. In the documentary Hurt travels around the country and interviews rap and hip hop artists, academics, and fans about their perceptions on these issues in the culture. After conducting dozens of interviews, Hurt sees a continued pattern of homophobia linked to the need to prove one's masculinity.
Through the objectification of women and domination of other men to assert another person's masculinity, a pattern of homophobia occurs in the hip hop and rap community. Rapper Busta Rhymes walks out of his interview when he is asked a question about homophobia in the rap community. Rhymes says, "I can't partake in that conversation," followed by, "With all due respect, I ain't trying to offend nobody. . . What I represent culturally doesn't condone [homosexuality] whatsoever." This reaction from Rhymes exemplifies part of the negative perception of homosexuality in the hip-hop community.
Rapper Boosie Badazz has faced criticism for his remarks directed towards artist Lil Nas X on Twitter. Boosie Badazz has repeatedly made homophobic remarks about Lil Nas X since his rise to superstardom.
Song lyrics
Ice-T stated on his autobiography that record-label executive Seymour Stein took exception to a line in his song "409": "Guys grab a girl, girls grab a guy / If a guy wants a guy, please take it outside". Ice-T later became one of the first rappers to condemn homophobia on raps such as Straight Up Nigga and The Tower in his album O.G. Original Gangster (1991).
Many songs by rapper Eminem have been considered homophobic for his frequent use of anti-gay slurs, especially the song "Criminal" from his third album The Marshall Mathers LP (2000), which contains lines like: "My words are like a dagger with a jagged edge, That'll stab you in the head, whether you're a fag or les', Or a homosex, hermaph or a trans-a-vest, Pants or dress, hate fags? The answer's 'yes'". In an interview with Anderson Cooper on 60 Minutes, Eminem denied being homophobic and explained the frequent use of the term "faggot" in his lyrics, that this word was "thrown around constantly" in battle rap, and that he does not use it to refer to gay people.The Marshall Mathers LP was nominated for Album of the Year at the Grammy Awards 2001, which led to protests due to the album's controversial content. At the show, Eminem performed "Stan" with openly gay musician Elton John in response. Eminem experienced more backlash in 2018, after he released his surprise album Kamikaze. On December 11, 2017, rapper Tyler, The Creator tweeted "dear god this song is horrible sheesh how the fuck", which fans quickly realised was directed at Eminem's new single at the time, "Walk On Water". On the track "Fall" from Kamikaze, Eminem responded to Tyler, The Creator's criticisms, where he raps "Tyler create nothin', I see why you call yourself a faggot, bitch / It's not because you lack attention, it's because you worship D12's balls, you're sacreligeous".
This is most likely in relation to Tyler's sexuality being a major spectacle within his fanbase, with a lot of his lyrics hinting at homosexuality. Before the album was released, however, the slur was censored. Eminem joined Sway Calloway in a series of interviews after Kamikaze's release, where he explained that he regretted using the slur against Tyler. "In my quest to hurt him, I realised that I was hurting a lot of other people by saying it. At the time, I was so mad, it was just whatever...", "...it was one of the things I kept going back to, going 'I don't feel right with this.'" Justin Vernon, who provided the chorus for "Fall", publicly condemned Eminem's language on the song, tweeting "Was not in the studio for the Eminem track... came from a session with BJ Burton and Mike Will. Not a fan of the message, it's tired. Asked them to change the track, wouldn't do it...".
In 2020, Eminem released his album Music To Be Murdered By, in which he collaborated on a song with openly queer New York rapper Young M.A. In 2010, while being interviewed by Anderson Cooper for 60 Minutes, Eminem was challenged about his homophobic lyrics, to which he said: "The scene that I came up in, that word was thrown around so much. You know? 'Faggot', it was thrown around constantly to each other, like, in battling." When Anderson Cooper asked Eminem if he 'didn't like gay people', Eminem replied: "I don't have any problem with nobody [sic]."
In 2020, rappers Insane Clown Posse denounced past use of homophobic slurs in their lyrics, saying that their producer Mike E. Clark is gay, and that "We wanted to be like gangsta rap, and gangsta rap said it all the time" but "There was never a time when we had a problem with gay people."
In the lyrics of one song on rapper Trick-Trick's 2008 album The Villain, he refers to Ellen DeGeneres and Rosie O'Donnell as "dyke bitches" and says that he will send a "scud missile right through their fucking cruise ship". Trick-Trick expressed his dislike towards homosexuals in an interview with music site AllHipHop: "Faggots hate me and I don't give a fuck. I don't want your faggot money any goddam way."
The phrase "No Homo" is often used in today's hip hop lyrics and Black culture. It means "no gay things" or "nothing gay". One example of the term's usage is in the Jay-Z song, "Run This Town". Kanye West, one of the featured artists on the song, stated, "It's crazy how you can go from being Joe Blow / to everybody on your dick...no homo."
Evolution
By the early 2010s, a new wave of openly LGBTQ+ hip hop musicians began to emerge, spurred in part by the increased visibility and social acceptance of LGBTQ+ people, the coming out of mainstream hip hop stars such as Azealia Banks and Frank Ocean, and the release of LGBT-positive songs by heterosexual artists such as Murs, Macklemore, and Ryan Lewis.
Although inspired and empowered by the homo hop movement, this newer generation of artists garnered more mainstream media coverage and were able to make greater use of social media tools to build their audience, and thus did not need to rely on the old homo hop model of community building. Many of these artists were also strongly influenced by the LGBTQ+ African American ball culture, an influence not widely seen in the first wave of homo hop, and many began as performance art projects and incorporated the use of drag. Accordingly, many of the newer artists were identified in media coverage with the newer "queer hip hop" label instead of "homo hop".
In 2008, Jipsta released the single "Middle of the Dancefloor" which spent a total of 14 weeks (peaking at #6 for two consecutive weeks) on the Billboard Dance Club Play chart. This achievement was noteworthy for LGBTQ+ hip-hop as it marked the first time an openly gay White rapper earned a Top 10 single on the Billboard Club Play chart. The following year, Jipsta released a cover of the George Michael song "I Want Your Sex", which rose to the #4 position on the Billboard Dance Club Play chart in only 4 weeks time, resulting in the first Top 5 Billboard charting record by an LGBTQ+ hip-hop artist.
In March 2012, Carrie Battan of Pitchfork profiled Mykki Blanco, Le1f, Zebra Katz and House of Ladosha in an article titled "We Invented Swag: NYC Queer Rap" about "a group of NYC artists [who] are breaking down ideas of hip-hop identity".
In October 2012, Details profiled several LGBTQ+ hip hop artists "indelibly changing the face—and sound—of rap".
In March 2014, the online magazine Norient.com published a first overview of queer hip hop videos worldwide. The article talks about topics, aesthetics and challenges of LGBTQ+ hip hop in Angola, Argentina, Cuba, Germany, Israel, Serbia, South Africa and the USA."
Increasingly, focus on the development of Queer voices in the international hip-hop community has gained more precedent with articles published looking at how Queer rappers use the art-form as a type of therapy. A Winter 2016 article from Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education looked at how utilizing the art-form helped challenge traditional notions of hip hop and sexual identity.
In December 2016, Los Angeles-based rapper Thed Jewel, who raps "My skin is black, sexuality is Fuchsia" said: "There are a lot of rappers that are homosexuals and their day to be open with it will come one way or another".
In August 2018, openly gay member of Brockhampton, Kevin Abstract voiced his efforts to change hip hop's issue with homophobia in an interview with the BBC by stating: "I have to exist in a homophobic space in order to make change and that homophobic space would be the hip hop community. So me just existing and being myself is making change and making things easier for other young queer kids".
In June 2019, Lil Nas X, who performed the hit song "Old Town Road", took the opportunity to publicly come out during Pride Month, making him one of the most visible Black queer male singers to do so, especially in country or hip hop genres, which emphasize machismo and "historically snubbed queer artists". Black queer male artists in hip hop gaining mainstream acceptance are relatively new—preceding Nas X by less than a decade—including Frank Ocean (with his 2012 album Channel Orange), Tyler, the Creator, ILoveMakonnen, Brockhampton frontman Kevin Abstract and Steve Lacy. Black queer female artists have been accepted more readily; while the underground queer hip hop movement goes back to the 1990s.
Criticism
Some artists have criticized the genre as an arbitrary label that can potentially limit the artist's audience and may not actually correspond to their artistic goals or career aspirations. In 2013, Brooke Candy told The Guardian:
One unspecified artist declined to be interviewed for the Guardian feature at all, stating that he preferred to be known as a rapper rather than as a "gay rapper". Eric Shorey, author of "Queer Rap is Not Queer Rap", contests "queer rap" labeling, arguing that "comparisons between gay and straight rap (as if they were two distinct genres) simply doesn't make sense without implied bigotry". As Shorey writes, this subversive genre is steeped in racism and homophobia in and of itself, and merely serves to further marginalize the identities and narratives it allegedly gives a voice to.
Though Western society has a predisposition to impose socially construed labels and binaries, Shorey dismisses the notion of heteronormative categorical identification, insisting that listeners ignore these sexuality-based hip hop classifications and listen more closely to the quality of music being produced. He also suggests that queer artists should be booked alongside straight artists, showing that they are equally talented, and deserve the same amount of recognition.
Despite criticism, others have been more circumspect about the dichotomy. British rapper RoxXxan told the Guardian that "I want to be perceived as 'RoxXxan,' but if people label me as 'gay rapper RoxXxan' I'm not offended." Nicky Da B told Austinist'' that "Basically, I perform for a LGBTQ+ crowd but also for everyone. A lot of the bounce rappers that are rapping and touring at the moment are all gay. The LGBTQ+ community just capitalizes on that I guess, from us being gay, and they support us on it, so that's how it goes I guess."
Commercialization
Another criticism arises from the perceived commercialization of LGBTQ+ representation by hip hop artists. A good example of this is with Nicki Minaj and her approach to presenting sexuality and sexual orientation. She often presents queerness in her music videos and lyrics. This approach has been analyzed by critics of Nicki as "strategic queerness". Fly Young Red went viral on YouTube for his song "Throw That Boy Pussy" in 2014. Other artists, such as Azealia Banks, Angel Haze, and Young M.A. have openly discussed their sexuality in their lyrics and expression of style.
Notable artists
070 Shake
Abdu Ali
Angel Haze
Anye Elite
Backxwash
Azealia Banks
Bali Baby
BbyMutha
Big Dipper
Big Freedia
Big Momma
Brooke Candy
Cakes da Killa
Cazwell
Mike E. Clark
D. Smith
Deadlee
Deep Dickollective
D'Lo
Drebae
Drew Mason
Fly Young Red
Frank Ocean
God-Des and She
House of Ladosha
ILoveMakonnen
Jai'Rouge
Jay Dillinger (aka Marlon Williams)
Jesse Dangerously
Jipsta
Jonny Makeup
Jonny McGovern
Juba Kalamka
Katastrophe
Kae Tempest
Katey Red
Kaytranada
Kehlani
Kevin Abstract
K.Flay
Lady Sovereign
Le1f
Lil Darkie
Lil Nas X
Lil Peep
Lil Phag
Lucas Charlie Rose
Melange Lavonne
Mykki Blanco
Nicky da B
Oliver Twixt
ppcocaine
Princess Nokia
QBoy
Queen Pen
Rainbow Flava
Rainbow Noise
RoxXxan
Samantha Ronson
Saucy Santana
Saul Williams
Sissy Nobby
Sasha Sathya
Shorty Roc
Snow Tha Product
Soce, the elemental wizard
Solomon
Steve Lacy
Syd tha Kid
Taylor Bennett
Tim'm T. West
Titica
Tori Fixx
TT the Artist
Tyler, the Creator
Willow Smith
Will Sheridan
Yo Majesty
Young M.A.
Yves Tumor
Zebra Katz
See also
African-American culture and sexual orientation
Homophobia in ethnic minority communities
Misogyny in rap music
References
Criticism of hip-hop |
23574524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of%20Human%20Feelings | Of Human Feelings | Of Human Feelings is an album by American jazz saxophonist, composer, and bandleader Ornette Coleman. It was recorded on April 25, 1979, at CBS Studios in New York City with his band Prime Time, which featured guitarists Charlie Ellerbee and Bern Nix, bassist Jamaaladeen Tacuma, and drummers Calvin Weston and Coleman's son Denardo. It followed the saxophonist's failed attempt to record a direct-to-disc session earlier in March of the same year and was the first jazz album to be recorded digitally in the United States.
The album's jazz-funk music continued Coleman's harmolodic approach to improvisation with Prime Time, whom he had introduced on his 1975 album Dancing in Your Head. This approach emphasized natural rhythmic and emotional responses in a way that Coleman compared to a spirit of collective consciousness. He also drew on rhythm and blues influences from early in his career for Of Human Feelings, which had shorter and more distinct compositions than Dancing in Your Head, while applying free jazz principles from his music during the 1960s to elements of funk.
Following a change in his management, Coleman signed with Island Records, and Of Human Feelings was released in 1982 by its subsidiary label Antilles Records. Critics generally praised the album's expressive music and harmolodic approach, but it made little commercial impact and went out of print. Coleman enlisted his son Denardo as manager after a dispute with his former managers over the album's royalties, a change that inspired him to perform publicly again during the 1980s.
Background
By the end of the 1960s, Ornette Coleman had become one of the most influential musicians in jazz after pioneering its most controversial subgenre, free jazz, which jazz critics and musicians initially derided for its deviation from conventional structures of harmony and tonality. In the mid-1970s, he stopped recording free jazz, recruited electric instrumentalists, and pursued a new creative theory he called harmolodics. According to Coleman's theory, all the musicians are able to play individual melodies in any key, and still sound coherent as a group. He taught his young sidemen this new improvisational and ensemble approach, based on their individual tendencies, and discouraged them from being influenced by conventional styles. Coleman likened this group ethic to a spirit of "collective consciousness" that stresses "human feelings" and "biological rhythms", and said that he wanted the music, rather than himself, to be successful. He also started to incorporate elements from other styles into his music, including rock influences such as the electric guitar and non-Western rhythms played by Moroccan and Nigerian musicians.
Of Human Feelings was a continuation of the harmolodics approach Coleman had applied with Prime Time, an electric quartet introduced on his 1975 album Dancing in Your Head. The group comprised guitarists Charlie Ellerbee and Bern Nix, bassist Jamaaladeen Tacuma, and drummers Ronald Shannon Jackson and Denardo Coleman, Ornette Coleman's son. Tacuma was still in high school when Coleman enlisted him, and first recorded with Prime Time in 1975 for the album Body Meta, which was released in 1978. Tacuma had played in an ensemble for jazz organist Charles Earland, but Earland dismissed him as he felt audiences gave excessive attention to his playing. Coleman found Tacuma's playing ideal for harmolodics and encouraged him not to change. Although Coleman's theory initially challenged his knowledge and perception of music, Tacuma came to like the unconventional role each band member was given as a soloist and melodist: "When we read Ornette's music we have his notes, but we listen for his phrases and phrase the way he wants to. I can take the same melody, then, and phrase it like I want to, and those notes will determine the phrasing, the rhythm, the harmony – all of that."
Recording and production
In March 1979, Coleman went to RCA Records' New York studio to produce an album with Prime Time by direct-to-disc recording. They had mechanical problems with the studio equipment and the recording was rejected. The failed session was a project under Phrase Text, Coleman's music publishing company. He wanted to set up his own record company with the same name, and chose his old friend Kunle Mwanga as his manager. In April, Mwanga arranged another session at CBS Studios in New York City, and Coleman recorded Of Human Feelings there on April 25; the session was originally titled Fashion Faces. Jackson did not record with the band; instead, Calvin Weston was hired in his place to play simultaneously with Denardo Coleman. They recorded all the album's songs on the first take without any equipment problems.
The album's recording session was captured using a Sony PCM-1600 two-track digital recorder, a rare item at the time. According to journalist Howard Mandel, the passages played by the band sounded neither very soft or loud on the album, because it had been mixed with a middle-frequency range and compressed dynamics. Because of the equipment used, Coleman did not embellish the album with added effects and avoided overdubbing, multi-tracking, and remixing. According to him, Of Human Feelings was the first jazz album to be digitally recorded in the United States.
Composition and performance
According to The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music (2004), Of Human Feelings features jazz-funk, a type of music that developed at the turn of the 1970s and was characterized by intricate rhythmic patterns, a recurrent bass line, and Latin rhythmic elements. Lloyd Sachs of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote that, although Coleman was not viewed as a jazz fusion artist, the album can be described as such because of its combination of free jazz and funk. Glenn Kenny disagreed and felt its boisterous style had more in common with the no wave genre and the artists of New York City's downtown music scene such as John Zorn. Jazz writer Stuart Nicholson viewed it as the culmination of Coleman's musical principles that dated back to his free jazz music in 1960, but reappropriated with a funk-oriented backbeat. According to jazz critic Barry McRae, "it was as if Coleman was translating the concept of the famous double quartet" from his 1961 album Free Jazz to what was required to perform jazz-funk.
Coleman incorporated traditional structures and rhythms, and other elements from the rhythm and blues music he had played early his career. According to Mandel, the album's simple, brisk music was more comparable to a coherent R&B band than jazz fusion. Although Coleman still performed the melodies on a song, he employed two guitarists for contrast to make each pair of guitarist and drummer responsible for either the rhythm or melody. Ellerbee provided accented linear counterpoint and Nix played variations of the song's melody, while Denardo Coleman and Weston played both polyrhythms and backbeats. On songs such as "Jump Street" and "Love Words", Ellerbee incorporated distortion into his guitar playing, which gave the songs a thicker texture. Tacuma and Ornette Coleman's instrumental responses were played as the foreground to the less prominent guitars. McRae remarked that Coleman and Prime Time exchanged "directional hints" throughout the songs, as one player changed key and the others modulated accordingly. The band made no attempt to harmonize their radically different parts while playing.
Of Human Feelings features shorter and more distinct compositions than Dancing in Your Head. "Sleep Talk", "Air Ship", and "Times Square" were originally performed by Coleman during his concerts in 1978 under the names "Dream Talking", "Meta", and "Writing in the Streets", respectively. "What Is the Name of That Song?" was titled as a sly reference to two of his older compositions, "Love Eyes" and "Forgotten Songs" (also known as "Holiday for Heroes"), whose themes were played concurrently and transfigured by Prime Time. The theme from "Forgotten Songs", originally from Coleman's 1972 album Skies of America, was used as a refrain. "Jump Street" is a blues piece, "Air Ship" comprises a six-bar riff, and the atonal "Times Square" has futuristic dance themes. "Love Words" heavily uses polymodality, a central feature of harmolodics, and juxtaposes Coleman's extended solo against a dense, rhythmically complex backdrop. Nicholson observed West African rhythms and collective improvisation rooted in New Orleans jazz on "Love Words", and suggested that "Sleep Talk" was derived from the opening bassoon solo in Igor Stravinsky's 1913 orchestral work The Rite of Spring. The latter track is led off by Tacuma's bass playing and, according to Premier Guitar journalist Nick Millevoi, is an ideal example of Prime Time's aesthetic and sound.
Marketing and sales
A few weeks after Of Human Feelings was recorded, Mwanga went to Japan to negotiate a deal with Trio Records to have the album released on Phrase Text. Trio, who had previously released a compilation of Coleman's 1966 to 1971 live performances in Paris, prepared to press the album once Mwanga provided the label with the record stamper. Coleman was also set to perform his song "Skies of America" with the NHK Symphony Orchestra, but cancelled both deals upon Mwanga's return from Japan. Mwanga immediately quit after less than four months as Coleman's manager. In 1981, Coleman hired Stan and Sid Bernstein as his managers, who sold the album's recording tapes to Island Records. He signed with the record label that year, and Of Human Feelings was released in 1982 on Island's subsidiary jazz label Antilles Records. Billboard magazine published a front-page story at the time about its distinction as both the first digital album recorded in New York City and the first digital jazz album recorded by an American label.
According to jazz writer Francis Davis, "a modest commercial breakthrough seemed imminent" for Coleman, who appeared to be regaining his celebrity. German musicologist Peter Niklas Wilson said the album may have been the most tuneful and commercial-sounding of his career at that point. The album's clean mix and relatively short tracks were interpreted as an attempt for radio airplay by Mandel, who described its production as "the surface consistency that would put it in the pop sphere". Of Human Feelings had no success on the American pop charts, however, only charting on the Top Jazz Albums, where it spent 26 weeks and peaked at number 15. Because the record offered a middle ground between funk and jazz, McRae argued that it consequently appealed to neither demographic of listeners. Sound & Vision critic Brent Butterworth speculated that it was overlooked because it had electric instruments, rock and funk drumming, and did not conform to what he felt was the hokey image of jazz that many of the genre's fans preferred. The album later went out of print.
Critical reception
Of Human Feelings received considerable acclaim from contemporary critics. Reviewing the album for Esquire in 1982, Gary Giddins hailed it as another landmark recording from Coleman and his most accomplished work of harmolodics, partly because of compositions which he found clearly expressed and occasionally timeless. In his opinion, the discordant keys radically transmute conventional polyphony and may be the most challenging part for listeners, who he said should concentrate on Coleman's playing and "let the maelstrom resolve itself around his center". Giddins also highlighted the melody of "Sleep Talk", deeming it among the best of the saxophonist's career. Kofi Natambu from the Detroit Metro Times wrote that Coleman's synergetic approach displays expressive immediacy rather than superficial technical flair while calling the record "a multi-tonal mosaic of great power, humor, color, wit, sensuality, compassion and tenderness". He found the songs inspirational, danceable, and encompassing developments in African-American music over the previous century. Robert Christgau called its "warm, listenable harmolodic funk" an artistic "breakthrough if not a miracle". He found its exchange of rhythms and simple melodies heartfelt and sophisticated, writing in The Village Voice, "the way the players break into ripples of song only to ebb back into the tideway is participatory democracy at its most practical and utopian."
Purist critics in jazz complained about the music's incorporation of danceable beats and electric guitar. In Stereo Review, Chris Albertson deemed the combination of saxophone and bizarre funk occasionally captivating but ultimately unfocused. Dan Sullivan of the Los Angeles Times believed the album's supporters in "hip rock circles" had overlooked flaws, arguing that Tacuma and Coleman's playing sound like a unique "beacon of clarity" amid an incessant background. Leonard Feather wrote in the Toledo Blade that the music is stylistically ambiguous, potentially controversial, and difficult to assess but interesting enough to warrant a listen.
At the end of 1982, Of Human Feelings the year's best album by Billboard editor Peter Keepnews, who viewed it as a prime example of fusing free jazz with modern funk. In year-end lists for The Boston Phoenix, James Hunter and Howard Hampton ranked the album number one and number four, respectively. It was voted 13th best in the Pazz & Jop, an annual poll of American critics nationwide, published in The Village Voice. Christgau, the poll's supervisor, ranked it number one in an accompanying list, and in 1990 he named it the second-best album of the 1980s.
Legacy
Coleman received $25,000 for the publishing rights to Of Human Feelings but said his managers sold it for less than the recording costs and that he did not receive any of its royalties. According to Stan Bernstein, Coleman had financial expectations that were "unrealistic in this business unless you're Michael Jackson". Antilles label executive Ron Goldstein felt the $25,000 Coleman received was neither a great nor a fair amount for someone in jazz. After he had gone over budget to record a follow-up album, Island did not release it nor pick up their option on him, and in 1983, he left the Bernstein Agency. He chose Denardo Coleman to manage his career while overcoming his reticence of public performance, which had been rooted in his distrust of doing business with a predominantly White music industry. According to Nicholson, "the man once accused of standing on the throat of jazz was welcomed back to the touring circuits with both curiosity and affection" during the 1980s. Coleman did not record another album for six years and instead performed internationally with Prime Time.
Retrospective appraisals have been favorable to Of Human Feelings. In a 1986 article for The New York Times on Coleman's work with Prime Time, Robert Palmer said the album was still innovative and radical by the standards of other music in 1982, three years after it was recorded. Because writers and musicians had heard its test pressing in 1979, the album's mix of jazz improvisation and gritty, punk and funk-derived energy sounded "prophetic" when it was released, Palmer explained. "The album is clearly the progenitor of much that has sounded radically new in the ongoing fusion of punk rock, black dance rhythms, and free jazz." AllMusic critic Scott Yanow said although Coleman's compositions never achieved popularity, they succeeded within the context of an album that showcased his distinctive saxophone style, which was high-brow yet catchy. Joshua Klein from The A.V. Club recommended Of Human Feelings as the best album for new listeners of Coleman's harmolodics-based music, while Chicago Tribune rock critic Greg Kot included it in his guide for novice jazz listeners; he named it one of the few albums that helped him both become a better listener of rock music and learn how to enjoy jazz. In 2008, New York magazine's Martin Johnson included it in his list of canonical albums from what he felt had been New York's sceneless yet vital jazz of the previous 40 years; Of Human Feelings exuded what he described as a spirit of sophistication with elements of funk, Latin, and African music, all of which were encapsulated by music that retained a jazz identity.
Track listing
All compositions were written by Ornette Coleman.
Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.
Musicians
Denardo Coleman – drums
Ornette Coleman – alto saxophone, production
Charlie Ellerbee – guitar
Bern Nix – guitar
Jamaaladeen Tacuma – bass guitar
Calvin Weston – drums
Additional personnel
Susan Bernstein – cover painting
Peter Corriston – cover design
Joe Gastwirt – mastering
Ron Saint Germain – engineering
Ron Goldstein – executive direction
Harold Jarowsky – second engineering
Steven Mark Needham – photography
Ken Robertson – tape operation
See also
Loft jazz
Punk jazz
References
Bibliography
External links
1982 albums
Antilles Records albums
Ornette Coleman albums
Jazz-funk albums
Funk albums by American artists
Jazz fusion albums by American artists
Instrumental albums
Albums recorded at CBS 30th Street Studio |
17328710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%20Limestone%20and%20Chemical%20Company | Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company | The Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company (a.k.a. Michigan Limestone) operates the world's largest limestone quarry, which is located near Rogers City, Michigan. It was formed and organized in 1910; however, production did not begin until 1912. Ownership of the quarry has changed a number of times, but it is still one of the country's largest producers of limestone.
The deposits mined at the quarry are underground in the northeastern part of Northern Michigan near Alpena and south of Rogers City along the shore of Lake Huron. The raw material is essential to a variety of industries; the major uses are for various aggregates, road-base stone cement, flux for iron and steel production, railroad ballast, mine dusting, and agricultural lime.
History
The mining engineer and geologist Henry H. Hindshaw, of New York City, started the analysis to established the commercial value of limestone in Northern Lower Michigan in January 1909. He looked over and evaluated certain properties in the northeastern part of Michigan, between the small lumbering community of Rogers City and the nearby open pit mine of Crawford's Quarry. In February, Hindshaw first drilled samples for the Solvay Process Company of Syracuse, New York. The limestone samples were found to be of commercially usable quality, so the company took an option to purchase all the surrounding land by the Lake Huron shore south of Rogers City. Hindshaw then returned to New York City and got in contact with William F. White of the White Investing Company. The investor showed an interest in commercial development of the limestone.
Limestone is a raw material essential in industry. Major uses are for various aggregates, road-base stone cement, manufacture flux for iron and steel production, railroad ballast, mine dusting, and lime manufacture. Hindshaw determined the value was high due to the unusually high grade and purity of the limestone deposit underground in the northeastern region of Lower Michigan along the shore of Lake Huron, near Alpena and south of Rogers City. The quality and size of the limestone deposit at Rogers City, and the availability of easy water transportation, led to the development of the quarry and a port. Both quarry and port are named Calcite, after the principal ingredient of limestone.
Company
Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company was created in 1910 by White and a few of his investor capitalist colleagues, who purchased a parcel of land of prime limestone deposits from the Rogers City Land Company. It was the lumber industry that had brought the first settlers to the northern area of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, around the time of the Civil War. The first pioneer settlers arrived in the Rogers City vicinity in 1869, and they started the Rogers-Molitor Lumber Company. The lumber industry was the backbone of the economy in Rogers City, and Presque Isle County, until the second decade of the 20th century. By that time, most of the forests had been cut down, and the major lumber companies were moving their camps to fresh forests in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (and into the nearby states of Wisconsin and Minnesota). Around this time Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company began construction of facilities for mining limestone.
White, whose residence was in New York City, served as president of Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company when he filed Articles of Association in the Presque Isle County Clerk's office at Rogers City making the company official on May 26, 1910. The Calcite port and quarry plant started operations in June 1910 and maintained offices in New York City and Rogers City. Hindshaw was the first general manager and was paid $3,500 per year. He was replaced in October by Joseph Jenkins of Alpena, Michigan, who was paid $3,000 a year. Carl D. Bradley of Chicago replaced Jenkins on October 12, 1911.
Bradley managed construction of the limestone processing factory, which included a powerhouse, stone crusher, screen-house, conveyor power distribution system, a harbor with loading slip, ship loader, repair shop, and executive office building. Steam shovels were purchased for use in mining, and steam locomotives and dump cars were used to move the stone from the quarry to the crusher. A steam locomotive was purchased to haul the limestone from the quarry.
There was a spur track built by the company that led into the Calcite operations from the Detroit & Mackinac Railroad main line just west of Posen, Michigan. Production at the quarry began in early 1912 and the first cargoes of stone were shipped by steamer freighters in June of that year. The company received orders for limestone that far exceeded the most optimistic expectations.
Most of the stone mined at the Rogers City quarry was shipped on lake freighters to steel mills located along the lower Great Lakes at places like Detroit, Cleveland, Gary, and South Chicago. For most of the plant's history, its biggest customer was United States Steel (also known as U.S. Steel.), the world's largest producer of steel products. Eventually, additional markets were found for the limestone in the agricultural, construction, chemical, and cement industries. The Rogers City area continued to develop and grow as the Calcite plant facilities grew. Within 20 years, the quarry at Rogers was the world's largest producer of limestone.
U.S. Steel
United States Steel Corporation was the first customer of the company. White and his partners were in contact with potential major consumers of limestone even before the company was officially formed. They were in negotiations with several steel companies and other companies that used quantities of limestone and concluded that if they built a massive quarry that they would have potential consumers immediately. US Steel signed a contract within months of when the company was officially formed and a year before limestone was actually produced. Iroquois Iron Company of Chicago signed a contract with Michigan Limestone for the purchase of 50,000 tons of limestone. The limestone company was created, at least in part, with the idea that there was a waiting market for their product. US Steel later purchased a controlling interest in Michigan Limestone in 1920 when the company was producing 1,000 tons of crushed limestone a day.
Bradley was promoted from general manager to president of Michigan Limestone. He also served as president of Michigan Limestone's fleet of self-unloading ships used to deliver the stone. Those ships were operated as the Bradley Transportation Company. Michigan Limestone and Bradley Transportation came under the full ownership of U.S. Steel upon Bradley's death in 1928. At that time U.S. Steel purchased all of the stock of both Michigan Limestone and the associated shipping concern, Bradley Transportation, and made both these companies subsidiaries of U.S. Steel. The company became a division in 1951 when the operations at Rogers City became U.S. Steel's "Northern District", since the main offices were moved to Detroit. The operation is still a major employer in northern Michigan. Its ownership has changed several times in recent years.
Uses
The calcite limestone produced at Michigan Limestone is the white calcium carbonate chemical. It is low in iron, alumina, sulphur, carbonate phosphorus, silica, magnesium and titanium. Steel mills added limestone to molten iron in the blast furnaces. It is used to carry away impurities in the process of making steel. The material is also in widespread use in making cement. The limestone when burned at a temperature up to 2300 degrees Fahrenheit (999 degrees Celsius) produces just pure lime, which is used in everything from making paints, varnishes, sugar, glass, baking powder and ammonia. Lime is also used in making chemicals such as soda ash, caustic soda, bleaching powders, and water softening salt. Limestone was used to fill the caissons that support the Mackinac Bridge.
Pulverized limestone is used to restore lime that is needed to make plants grow. Continuous cultivation depletes lime out of the soil, making it acidic. Crops will not grow very well in that type of soil. Pulverized limestone is used to restore lime in the soil so crops grow properly. This type of soil conditioner is known as agricultural lime. Where soils are acidic crushed limestone can improve the crop yield. It does this by making the soil balanced and thereby allowing the plants to absorb more nutrients from the soil like they should through their roots. While lime is not a fertilizer itself, it can be used in combination with fertilizers. Agricultural lime can also be beneficial to soils where the land is used in raising farm animals like cows and goats. Bone growth is key to an animal's development and bones are composed primarily of calcium. Young calf get their needed calcium through milk, which has calcium as one of its major components so dairymen frequently apply agricultural lime to their fields because it increases milk production.
Self-unloading ships of the company
Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company built three ships between 1912 and 1917. They were named SS Calcite, SS W.F. White and the SS Carl D. Bradley (in 1927, this ship would be renamed John G. Munson, and a new SS Carl D. Bradley would be built). These ships were revolutionary in their own right. They represented the latest technology in "self-unloading" ships, then simply called "unloading ships".
In 1912, the company built its first steamship, SS Calcite. It was considerably larger than the first modern self-unloader ever built on the Great Lakes, which was the SS Wyandotte built in 1908. The Calcite was used to haul limestone from the company's quarry at Rogers City to Buffalo and Fairport, New York. The steamships W.F. White and Carl D. Bradley followed over the next few years. All the steamships' hulls were painted grey to minimize the appearance of the limestone dust that accumulated during loading and unloading.
The design of these early self-unloaders was pretty much the same as today. The idea is that the "cargo hold" is built with its sides sloping toward the center of the ship along the keel. Where the two sides come together, a series of steel gates can be opened. This allows the material to drop onto a conveyor belt running the length of the ship beneath the "cargo hold." The conveyor belt carries the material up to an exchanger, where it is transferred to a second belt which runs up to the main deck, then through a long boom on deck. The unloading swing boom hangs over the ship's side to discharge the material load onto the waiting customer's dock. The advantage of self-unloaders is that they can deliver the limestone material directly to a customer's dock without requiring expensive shore side unloading rigs.
As business grew over the years, the company built several more of these self-unloaders. These ships were operate under the name Bradley Transportation Company after 1920 and were known as the Bradley boats or the Bradley fleet. There are self-unloaders today that carry limestone from the Calcite plant through the Port of Calcite to industrial ports all around the Great Lakes. The SS Carl D. Bradley was lost in a storm in November 1958 while returning from delivering a load of limestone; 33 of the 35 crewmembers died, most of whom lived in or around the small town of Rogers City. No larger loss of lives has occurred in the lake freighter fleet since the Bradley's sinking.
Michigan historical marker
There is a Michigan State Historic Site historical marker at a viewing point over Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company facilities that reads:
References
Sources
Limestone industry
Mines in Michigan
Mining companies of the United States
Chemical companies of the United States
Companies based in Michigan
Chemical companies established in 1910
1910 establishments in Michigan
Michigan State Historic Sites
Buildings and structures in Presque Isle County, Michigan
American companies established in 1910 |
17328762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Villalon | Eric Villalon | Eric Villalón Fuentes (born April 30, 1973 in Barcelona) is a Paralympic alpine skier from Spain. In his career, he has won five gold medals, three silvers, and a bronze. At the 1998 Winter Paralympics he won three golds, at the 2002 games he won two gold and two silvers, and at the 2006 Paralympics he won a silver and a bronze.
In 2014 Villalon was inducted into the Paralympic Hall of Fame.
Notes
External links
Spanish Paralympics site Profile
Spanish male alpine skiers
Paralympic alpine skiers of Spain
Alpine skiers at the 1998 Winter Paralympics
Alpine skiers at the 2002 Winter Paralympics
Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Paralympics
Paralympic gold medalists for Spain
Paralympic silver medalists for Spain
Paralympic bronze medalists for Spain
1973 births
Living people
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Paralympics
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Paralympics
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Paralympics
Paralympic medalists in alpine skiing |
23574542 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri%20Bondarev | Yuri Bondarev | Yuri Vasilyevich Bondarev (, 15 March 1924 — 29 March 2020) was a Soviet and Russian writer and screenwriter. He was best known for co-authoring the script for the serial film franchise Liberation (1968–71).
Biography
Bondarev took part in World War II as an artillery officer and became a member of the CPSU in 1944. He graduated in 1951 from the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute. His first collection of stories entitled On a Large River was published in 1953.
His first successes in literature, the novels The Battalions Request Fire (1957) and The Last Salvoes (1959) were part of a new trend of war fiction which dispensed with pure heroes and vile villains in favor of emphasizing the true human cost of war. The Last Salvos was adapted for the cinema in 1961. His next novels Silence (1962), The Two (1964) and Relatives (1969) established him as a leading Soviet writer. His novel Silence became a landmark as the first work to depict a citizen who had been wrongly sentenced to the Gulag. His novels generally cover topics of ethics and personal choices.
In the novel The Hot Snow (1969) he again used the theme of war, creating an epic canvas dealing with the Battle of Stalingrad from the viewpoint of its many participants including common soldiers and military commanders. In his novel The Shore (1975), a Soviet writer learns that a German woman, with whom he had a passionate love affair as a young officer, still loves him. He dies before reaching the promised "shore" of his youthful dream. In The Choice (1980) a terminally ill expatriate kills himself on a visit to Moscow so that he can be buried in the city of his youth. His fate causes an old Soviet friend of his to engage in a painful exploration of existential questions.
Bondarev did also much work for the cinema. Besides adapting his own novels for the screen, he co-authored the script for the serial film Liberation.
In political life during the early 1990s, Bondarev participated in Russia's national-communist opposition politics, belonging to the National Salvation Front leadership. Bondarev was a member of the central committee of the hardline Communist Party of the RSFSR at the end of the Mikhail Gorbachev era; in July 1991 he signed the anti-Perestroika declaration "A Word to the People".
Bondarev died on 29 March 2020 in Moscow at the age of 96.
Awards
Hero of Socialist Labour
Order of Lenin, twice
Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Order of the October Revolution
Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd class
Order of the Badge of Honour
Medal For Courage, twice (14 October 1943, 21 June 1944)
Honorary Citizen of the Hero City of Volgograd
Alexander Fadeyev Medal for Military Literature
State Prize of the USSR, 1977, for his novel The Shore
State Prize of the USSR, 1983, for his novel The Choice
State Prize of the RSFSR Vasiliev brothers (1975) – a script for the movie "Hot Snow" (1972)
Alexander Dovzhenko Gold Medal for the screenplay of The Hot Snow (1972)
Leo Tolstoy Award for Literature
Mikhail Sholokov Award for Literature
Medal "For the Defence of Stalingrad"
Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
Lenin Prize (1972) – script for epic Liberation
National Award "Stalingrad".
Medal of the CPRF Central Committee, 90 years of the Great October Socialist Revolution.
Award CCF (1984) – a script for the film The Coast (1983)
In 1994 he refused to accept the award of Order of Friendship of Peoples from Boris Yeltsin.
English translations
Silence, Houghton Mifflin, 1966.
The Last Shots, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1970.
The Hot Snow, Progress Publishers, 1976.
The Vigil, from Anthology of Soviet Short Stories, Vol 2, Progress Publishers, 1976.
The Shore, Raduga Publishers, 1984.
The Choice, Raduga Publishers, 1984.
On Craftsmanship, Raduga Publishers, 1984.
Filmography (writer)
The Last Salvos (1961)
Silence (1963)
Liberation (1968–71)
References
1924 births
2020 deaths
20th-century Russian male writers
20th-century Russian short story writers
People from Orsk
Eleventh convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities
Maxim Gorky Literature Institute alumni
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Lenin Prize winners
Recipients of the Medal "For Courage" (Russia)
Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
Recipients of the Vasilyev Brothers State Prize of the RSFSR
Russian male novelists
Russian male short story writers
Russian male writers
Russian non-fiction writers
20th-century Russian screenwriters
Male screenwriters
Socialist realism writers
Soviet male writers
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Soviet non-fiction writers
Soviet novelists
Soviet screenwriters
Soviet short story writers
Burials in Troyekurovskoye Cemetery |
23574550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonstorf%20Barrows | Bonstorf Barrows | The Bonstorf Barrows () are the remains of a much larger barrow cemetery on the Lüneburg Heath in north Germany dating to the late Neolithic or early Bronze Age. They are located east of the village of Bonstorf, part of the municipality of Hermannsburg in the Lower Saxon district of Celle. The site comprises six, closely packed burial mounds or barrows.
The largest barrow was located originally in a field, but due to its vulnerable location it was dug out in 1973 and reconstructed nearby. Of interest are the internal stones which were found in the burial mound. The barrow was surrounded by a stone circle.
Under the earth mound was a wooden chamber, in which a man had been buried in an east–west orientation. Grave items included an earthenware jar, a palstave, a sword and bronze dagger.
On the northern perimeter of the mound a woman was interred on a stone bed. She wore two, seven-ribbed bangles and a headdress made of clusters of small, sheet bronze pipes. Furthermore, a round bronze needle (Radnadel) lay on her chest. It is very likely that the woman had a personal relationship to the interred man.
The grave finds are characteristic of the old Bronze Age (i.e. from about 1500 to 1200 B.C.) in the Lüneburg Heath.
Photos
Sources
E. L.Voss: Ein reichhaltiger Grabhügel der älteren Bronzezeit von Bonstorf, Kr. Celle 1975 S. 59-83
GDMP: Bonstorf Barrows - Relax And Be Free, ambient video, amazon 2017
Prehistoric sites in Germany
Archaeological sites in Germany
Tumuli in Germany
Neolithic Germany
Indo-European archaeological sites
Bronze Age sites in Europe
Lüneburg Heath
Celle (district)
Bronze Age Germany
Archaeology of Lower Saxony |
23574556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemble%20Head%20in%20Sunburst%20Sound | Assemble Head in Sunburst Sound | Assemble Head in Sunburst Sound is a psychedelic rock band formed in San Francisco, California, in the early 2000s. Originally consisting of a trio – Michael Lardas, Jefferson Marshall, and Charlie Saufley – Assemble Head in Sunburst Sound grew to a five-piece by 2009 with the additions of multi-instrumentalists Anderson Landbridge and Camilla Saufley
Following the band's self-released 2005 debut, which was limited to 500 copies, they signed to Tee Pee Records and have since released three studio albums: Ekranoplan (2007), When Sweet Sleep Returned (2009), and Manzanita (2012).
Discography
Assemble Head in Sunburst Sound (2005)
Ekranoplan (2007)
When Sweet Sleep Returned (2009)
Manzanita (2012)
References
Musical groups from San Francisco
Psychedelic rock music groups from California |
17328764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Congregational%20Church%20%28Newport%2C%20Rhode%20Island%29 | United Congregational Church (Newport, Rhode Island) | The United Congregational Church (also called First Congregational Church, Second Congregational Church and Newport Congregational Church) is a historic former church building in Newport, Rhode Island. The congregation was formerly affiliated with the United Church of Christ (UCC). Built in 1857, the church was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2012, in recognition for the unique interior decorations executed in 1880–81 by John La Farge.
History
The congregation was gathered as Newport's First Congregational Church in 1695 by Rev. Nathaniel Clap, a Harvard College graduate who ministered to the Newport congregation until his death in 1745. The Second Congregational Church of Newport started another congregation in 1735, but the two later reunited. The congregation was active during the American Revolution and both churches' meeting houses were used as barracks and hospitals by the British and French troops in Newport. Dr. Samuel Hopkins was the minister of the church in the late eighteenth century.
As of 2009, the church was pastored by the Reverends Mary Beth Hayes and Nan L. Baker. The church has since closed, and the has undergone renovation to become an events center.
Building
The current building is a Romanesque Revival structure, designed by Joseph C. Wells of New York City and completed in 1857. It is a basically rectangular building, built out of Connecticut brownstone, with two ornately decorated towers. In the 1880s the congregation retained the artist John LaFarge to redecorate its interior. LaFarge had recently completed work on Trinity Church, Boston, and sought to provide a more elaborate interior than he was able to in Boston. He produced twenty stained glass windows and a series of murals, which represent the only fully integrated ecclesiastical interior he produced. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971, and designated a National Historic Landmark in 2012.
See also
Clarke Street Meeting House
List of National Historic Landmarks in Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island
References
Further reading
External links
Romanesque Revival architecture in Rhode Island
Romanesque Revival church buildings in the United States
United Church of Christ churches in Rhode Island
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Churches completed in 1857
19th-century United Church of Christ church buildings
Churches in Newport, Rhode Island
1695 establishments in Rhode Island
Historic American Buildings Survey in Rhode Island
National Historic Landmarks in Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Newport, Rhode Island
Historic district contributing properties in Rhode Island
Congregational churches in Rhode Island |
23574564 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj%20Attari | Burj Attari | Burj Attari is a town located only 14 km from Lahore at Lahore-Jaranwala Road, Pakistan and 12 km from Shahdara, but it is in the Sheikhupura District, Punjab (Pakistan).
Burj Attari is famous for agriculture products and fruits like guavas, leechee and strawberries. It is a very ancient village from since 1400 A.D.
Noorewala Road a 6 km long sub-road leads to a small village Noor-e-wala and Khanpur Canal (Bann), further goes village Bansi-Nagar and Battiyanwala (located at Lahore-Shekhupura road) making a total length of 13.2 km. Burj road connects village Burj with the M-2 motorway. Noorewala Road also goes to Nankana Sahib.
Education
Burj Attari has a number of government and private schools but no any colleges.
Government institutes
Vocational Training Institute, Noorewala Road, Burj Attari
Govt. High School for Boys, Burj Attari
Govt. High School for Girls, Burj Attari
Well-known historical figures
The history of Burj-Attari is filled with tales of people who had a great influence and effect in their times and are still recalled to this day. Worth mentioning are people like:
Malik Maula Baksh Chohan (marhoom)
Malik Shah Muhammad Chohan (marhoom)
Zail Dar
Ch. Feroz-ul-Din'''(marhoom)(ex-member dist. board Skp.) son of Ch. Allah Bakhsh (marhoom)
Malik Zakir Khan Chohan (marhoom)
Ch. Muhammad Ismail Dohta (marhoom)
Malik Muhammad Afzal Chohan (marhoom)(ex-chairman UC Burj Attari)
Malik Mehmood Ahmed Khan Chohan (marhoom)(ex-chairman UC Burj Attari)
Ch. Barkat Ali Dohta (marhoom)(ex-chairman UC Burj Attari, ex_chairman Markaz Council Sharaqpur Sharif) son of Ch. Muhammad Ismail Dohta (marhoom)
Ch. Asghar Ali Dhota son of Ch. Muhammad Ismail Dhota (ex-chairman U.C Burj Attari)
Ch. Riaz Ahmed Sapal (marhoom)(ex-chairman UC Burj Attari)
Baba Nazeer Ahmed (marhoom)(ex-member UC Burj Attari)
Ch. Jalil Ahmed adv.(marhoom) grandson of Ch. Allah Bakhsh (Arrayin Saghi)(marhoom)
Malik Ahmad Khan Chohan
Localities
Chohana pher (Main Bazar)
Noorywala Road
Madina Block
Hassan Pora
Shaik Colony
Quarter
chabil
Populated places in Sheikhupura District |
6900324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Baux | House of Baux | The House of Baux is a French noble family from the south of France. It was one of the richest and most powerful families of Medieval Provence, known as the 'Race d’Aiglon'. They were independent Lords as castellans of Les Baux and Arles and wielded very considerable authority at local level. They held important fiefs and vast lands, including the principality of Orange.
In (and in Provençal-Occitan, ) is the word for 'cliffs, escarpment'. In its use as the family name, it refers to the natural fortress on which the family built their castle, the Château des Baux and the village that surrounded it. The escarpment provided a raised and protected mountain valley that protected their food supply; the natural ridge of the Alpilles allowed control of all the approaches to the citadel of Les Baux-de-Provence and the surrounding countryside, including the passage up and down the Rhone, and the approaches from the Mediterranean. Together, these natural advantages made the fortress impervious to the military technology of the time.
The family of des Baux exists today in Naples in the person of several noble families ("del Balzo") descended from younger sons who followed Charles of Anjou south.
After the death of , the last sovereign of Baux, the chateaux and town were seized by King Rene, who gave it to his 2nd wife, Queen Jeanne of Laval. When Provence was united with the crown, almost 150 yrs of royal governors followed, including the lords, later counts and princes de Manville. Les Baux became a centre for Protestantism. Its unsuccessful revolt against the crown led Cardinal Richelieu in 1632 to order that the castle and its walls should be demolished. This was accomplished with the aid of artillery.
Lords of Baux
The earliest definite ancestor was Pons (, 'Pons the younger'). The name may indicate a trader from Greece, while his soubriquet, the younger, distinguished him from his father Pons the elder. Pons the younger was mentioned in three legal acts:
1st in the act of donation of 14 May 971 donating Montmajour to Boson & his wife Folcoare,
2nd in 975 in the act of donation of land to St Etienne d'Arles, now called St. Trophime (Arch. du chap. d'Arles, liv. autent. f. 22)
3rd with his wife Profecte in an act of donation in 981
The family descent then is:
Pons the Younger (born , ), father of
Hugh I (born after 1059), father of
or "Guilhem Uc" (after 10301105), father of
Raymond I (before 10951150), father of
Hugh II (reigned 11501167; retired to Sardinia where he died in 1179)
Betrand I (1167–1181), brother of Hugh II
Hugh III (1181–1240), lord of Baux, viscount of Marseille, eldest son of Bertrand I
Barral of Baux (Barral I, 1240–1268), father of
Bertrand III (1268–1305), father of
Raymond II (1305–1322), father of
Hugh IV (1322–1351), father of
Robert (1351–1353)
Raymond III (1353–1372), brother of Robert, father of
John I (1372–1375)
Alice I (1372–1426), sister of John
This branch of the House of Baux was declared extinct in 1426. The domains were inherited by Counts of Provence.
Lords of Berre, Meyragues, Puyricard and Marignane
, second oldest son of , lord of Berre, Meyragues and Puyricard, and Marignane (1181–1201)
...
From this branch originated the family branches of the , Lords of Meyrargues and Puyricard, who became extinct in 1349, and lords of Marignane, acquired by House of Valois-Anjou, as well as the Dukes of Andria.
Princes of Orange
(1171–1181)
Raymond II of Baux, (1218–1282)
William I, youngest son of (1181–1218)
William II, co-Prince (with brothers),1218-1239
Bertrand II, (1281–1314)
Raymond III (1314–1340)
Raymond V (1340–1393)
Mary of Baux-Orange (1393–1417), daughter, married John III of Châlon-Arlay
In 1417, the House of Ivrea or House of Châlon-Arlay succeeded as princes of Orange.
A brother of William I started the branch of the Lords of Courbezon (House of Baux-Courbezon), which became extinct in 1393. Another brother started the line of Lords of Suze, Solerieux and Barri (House of Baux-Suze-Solerieux-Barri), which became extinct and reverted afterwards to the counts of Orange.
Family Genealogy
Ancestors of the Lords of Baux
The ancestors of the Lords of Baux:
Leibulf de Provence (vers 750-835)
x Odda ?
|
| → Leibulf des Baux (middle of the 9th century).
x ??
|
| → Pons d’Arles (end of the 9th century)
x Blismodis de Mâcon
|
| → Humbert, Bishop of Vaison-la-Romaine (890-933)
|
| → Ison d’Arles (890-942),
x Princess ? of Benevento
|
| → Lambert Ursus seigneurs de Reillanne
| x Galburge de Bénévent
| |
| | → Seigneurs de Reillanne
|
| → Pons de Marseille (910-979),
x Judith de Bretagne, daughter d'Alain II de Bretagne
|
| → Honoratus de Marseille (930-978), Bishop of Marseille
|
| → William of Marseille (935-1004)
| x Bellilde, daughter d’Arlulf de Marseille
| |
| | → Vicomtes de Marseille
|
x Belletrude
|
| → (hyp) Pons de Fos (vers 945-1025)
x Profecta de Marignane
|
| → Seigneurs de Fos
|
| → (hyp) Hugues des Baux (981-1060)
x Inauris de Cavaillon (?)
|
| → Guillaume Hugues de Baux (1060–1095)
x Vierne
|
| → Raymond-Raimbaud des Baux (1095–1150)
x Étiennette de Gévaudan
|
| → Bertrand des Baux
x Thiburge II d'Orange
Simplified Family Tree of the Lords of Baux
The family tree of the lords of Baux:
See also
Les Baux de Provence
Les Baux de Provence AOC
Baussenque Wars (1144–1162)
Il signore di Baux
:fr:Alix des Baux
Notes
References
Bibliography
Sources for the Vicomtes de Marseille
Édouard Baratier, Ernest Hildesheimer et Georges Duby, Atlas historique...
and the table of Henry de Gérin-Ricard, Actes concernant les vicomtes de Marseille et leurs descendants...
Sources: Ancestors of the Lords of Baux section
Genealogy works
Georges de Manteyer, La Provence du premier au douzième siècle, études d'histoire et de géographie... (1908),
Juigné de Lassigny, Généalogie des vicomtes de Marseille...,
Fernand Cortez, Les grands officiers royaux de Provence au moyen-âge listes chronologiques...,
Papon, de Louis Moréri, du marquis de Forbin, Monographie de la terre et du château de Saint-Marcel, près Marseille: du Xe au XIXe siècle... ("Monograph of the land and the castle of Saint-Marcel, near Marseille, from the tenth to the nineteenth century ..."), Marseille, 1888
J. Berge, Origines rectifiées des maisons féodales Comtes de Provence, Princes d'Orange ..., France-Riviera, 1952
Poly, Jean-Pierre, La Provence et la société féodale (879-1166), Paris: Bordas, 1976,
Jacques Saillot, Le Sang de Charlemagne...
Sources: Simplified family tree section
Genealogy works
Gioacchino del Balzo di Presenzano, http://www.delbalzo.net/genealogia2.htm GENEALOGY Maison del Balzo/des Baux extensive bibliographyG.Noblemaire, Histoire de la Maison des Baux, Parigi: 1912 and 1975
J.Dunbabin, Charles I of Anjou, London/New York: 1998
E.Leonard,Les Angevins de Naples, Paris: 1954
Almanach of Gotha, 1888-1943
F. Mazel,La Noblesse et l’Eglise en ProvenceFin X – debut XIV siecle, L’Exemple des familles d’Agoult-Simiane, des Baux et de Marseilles, CTHS – Paris: 2002
H.Aliquot et R.Merceron,Armorial d’Avignon et Du Comtat Venaissin'', Avignon:1987
Cambridge Medieval History, Volumes I – IX, Cambridge: 1911
Cambridge Medieval History, Vol II, III, IV, Revised Edition 1996 -2003
Cambridge Modern History, Volumes I-XII, Cambridge: 1962-63
External links
GENEALOGY Maison del Balzo/des Baux by Gioacchino del Balzo with extensive bibliography
Grand Armorial du Comtat Venaissin by Jean Gallian
History of Les Baux en Provence
Bouches-du-Rhône
Baux
ca:Senyoria dels Baus
de:Les Baux (Adelsgeschlecht)
fr:Liste des seigneurs des Baux |
23574574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandele%20Omoniyi | Bandele Omoniyi | Bandele Omoniyi (6 November 1884 – 1913) was a Nigerian nationalist who is best known for his book A Defence of the Ethiopian Movement (1908), which urged for political reforms in the colonies, warning that otherwise a revolution in Africa might end British rule. According to Hakim Adi, he is one of the earliest examples of the politically active West African student in Britain.
Biography
Bandele Omoniyi was born in Lagos, in present-day Nigeria, and his parents sold their land to finance his studies in Britain, where Omoniyi first went in 1905. Enrolling at Edinburgh University in 1906 to study law, he eventually gave up his studies as he became increasingly involved in political activities, taking up anti-imperial journalism in socialist, Scottish and Nigerian publications. He wrote to various British politicians, including the Prime Minister, Henry Campbell-Bannerman, and the future Labour Party leader Ramsay MacDonald, demanding representation for Africans in the colonies. In 1907 Omoniyi criticised colonial rule in a series of letters to the Edinburgh Magazine. He also wrote articles for the West African press, and in 1908 published his major work, A Defence of the Ethiopian Movement, in Edinburgh, dedicating it "to The Right Honourable and Honourable Members of the British Parliament".
Omoniyi later moved to Brazil around 1910, where he was subsequently arrested for his political activities. He refused assistance from the British Consul. Imprisoned, he contracted beriberi and died, aged 28.
References
1884 births
1913 deaths
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
19th-century Nigerian people
20th-century Nigerian writers
Nigerian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Writers from Lagos
Yoruba writers
Prisoners and detainees of Brazil
Nigerian expatriates in Brazil
English-language writers from Nigeria
Nigerian critics
Anti-imperialism in Africa
Nigerian nationalists
People of colonial Nigeria
Black British history
Prisoners who died in Brazilian detention |
17328790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20the%20Rain | In the Rain | "In the Rain" is a 1972 soul single, written by Tony Hester. It was released in February 1972 by American the vocal group, The Dramatics, from their first album, Whatcha See Is Whatcha Get. The track is notable for its use of sounds of rain and thunder, first heard before the song's introduction, then throughout the instrumental and chorus sections.
Chart performance
"In the Rain" reached No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and spent four weeks at No. 1 on the Best Selling Soul Singles chart. It sold over one million copies and is the group's biggest hit. Billboard ranked it as the No. 53 song for 1972.
Song background
The song's lyrics state that, because of a broken love relationship, the singer wants to go out and stand in the rain so that no one can see him cry.
"Once the rain starts falling on my face,
You won't see a single trace,
Of the tears I'm crying,
Because of you I'm crying.
Don't want you to see me cry.
Let me go, Let me go
Let me go!"
Chart positions
Cover versions
Keith Sweat, on his 1987 album Make It Last Forever.
The R&B group Xscape, in 1997, from the soundtrack of Love Jones starring Larenz Tate and Nia Long.
The smooth jazz artist Boney James, featuring Dwele, on the Shine album in 2006.
Sampling
The song has been sampled by many hip hop artists such as Wu-Tang Clan, Jadakiss, Big L, and Lil Wayne. As of 2022, music data website WhoSampled lists that it has used in sampling over 90 times.
See also
List of number-one R&B singles of 1972 (U.S.)
References
External links
1971 songs
1972 singles
The Dramatics songs
Stax Records singles |
23574581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S33%20%28ZVV%29 | S33 (ZVV) | The S33 is a regional railway line of the S-Bahn Zürich on the Zürcher Verkehrsverbund (ZVV), Zürich transportation network, and is one of the network's lines connecting the cantons of Zürich and Schaffhausen.
Route
The line runs from the northwest of the canton of Zürich from Winterthur and heads for Schaffhausen.
Stations
Winterthur Hauptbahnhof
Hettlingen
Henggart
Andelfingen
Marthalen
Dachsen
Schloss Laufen am Rheinfall
Neuhausen
Schaffhausen
Rolling stock
All services are operated by THURBO rolling stock.
Scheduling
The train frequency is usually 30 minutes and the trip takes 33 minutes.
See also
Rail transport in Switzerland
Trams in Zürich
References
ZVV official website: Routes & zones
Zürich S-Bahn lines
Canton of Schaffhausen
Transport in the canton of Zürich |
23574582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekranoplan%20%28album%29 | Ekranoplan (album) | Ekranoplan is the second studio album by American psychedelic rock band Assemble Head in Sunburst Sound, released in March 2007 on Tee Pee Records.
Track list
"Ekranoplan" – 3:17
"Mosquito Lantern" – 3:51
"Rudy on the Corner" – 3:44
"Summon the Vardig" – 6:09
"Occult Roots" – 4:15
"Message by Mistral and Thunderclap" – 3:45
"D. Brown" – 5:36
"The Chocolate Maiden's Misty Summer Morning" – 4:15
"Gemini 9" – 3:29
References
2007 albums
Assemble Head in Sunburst Sound albums
Tee Pee Records albums |
23574584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalia | Zalia | Zalia may refer to:
Zalia, West Virginia
Manuel Zelaya (born 1952), Honduran businessman & politician
See also
Zulia (disambiguation) |
17328792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ%20School%2C%20Bangalore | Christ School, Bangalore | Christ School in Bangalore, India is an educational institution run by the Catholic Minority Community with all the rights and privileges granted by the Constitution of India and recognized but un-aided by the Department of Education of Karnataka State. It is run by the fathers of the Congregation of the Carmelites of Mary Immaculate (CMI) in the Catholic Church through a Registered Body - "Christian Educational Society of Bangalore".
The school, with a roll of 3267, is reputed to be one of the largest schools in India. It is associated with Christ University, another CMI institution in Bangalore. The school attracts some of the best faculty given the rich academic and co-curricular environment that prevails in the institution.
The school imparts education to students from Kindergarten to Std X in English medium, across the ICSE, CBSE and the State Boards. It is open to all irrespective of religion, caste or community.
In honor of the founding father of the CMIs who run the school, the school has a week-long celebration called The Chavara Cultural Festival and Inter School Tournament, to which all the schools in the city are invited.
The school conducts flagship events such as the Annual Science Exhibition and provides state-of-the-art facilities in their laboratories (including their Robotics lab). In addition, the students of Christ School regularly participate in multiple Olympiad contests, both at the State and at the National level.
Moral and religious instructions are also part and parcel of the curriculum. There is an Ecumenical Prayer Room for the children of all religions to meet and pray. Once in a month there is general prayer service for all non-Catholics (who form the majority) and a Catholic mass for the others.
The school owns a fleet of buses for transporting students from different parts of Bangalore.
Programs
The school has a numerous events throughout. In 2016, for commemorating Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing, Japanese people were invited and a Skype call was held to interact with the Japanese. There is an Annual Day held every year usually in February.
Management
The school is presently being run by Fr. Nilson until 2024. The principals were:
*Note: The year of end of service is calculated per academic year that is June-March.
External links
Carmelite educational institutions
Catholic secondary schools in India
Christian schools in Karnataka
Primary schools in Karnataka
High schools and secondary schools in Bangalore |
17328799 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ%20School | Christ School | Christ School may refer to:
Christ School (North Carolina), Arden, North Carolina, USA
Christ School, Bangalore, Bangalore, India |
23574587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Costain | Richard Costain | Richard Costain (1839–1902) was the founder of Costain Group, one of the United Kingdom's largest, oldest and best-known construction businesses.
Career
Born and raised in the Isle of Man, Richard Costain moved to Crosby, Merseyside where, in 1865, he founded a small but well-equipped construction business. In the early days of the business, he worked in partnership with his brother-in-law William Kneen and together they expanded the business until it was operating both in Lancashire and on the Isle of Man. Kneen and Costain purchased tracts of land, then built many houses on them. Masons and joiners were recruited from Arbory on the Isle of Man.
Richard Costain later lived at Blundellsands, located near Crosby.
He died in West Derby in 1902 leaving the business, by then known as Richard Costain Limited, to his son William Percy Costain.
Family
In 1866, Costain married Margaret Kneen.
References
1839 births
1902 deaths
19th-century English businesspeople
People from Crosby, Merseyside
20th-century English businesspeople
British construction businesspeople |
44497653 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20tallest%20buildings%20in%20Brooklyn | List of tallest buildings in Brooklyn | Brooklyn, the most populous of New York City's five boroughs, contains over 60 high-rises that stand taller than . The Brooklyn Tower, a condominium and rental tower in the Downtown neighborhood of the borough, is Brooklyn's tallest building at following its topping out in October 2021. The Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower in Fort Greene, at , was the tallest building in Brooklyn for 80 years from its completion in 1929 until 2009, when The Brooklyner was topped out at .
History
The construction of high-rise buildings in Brooklyn began during the late 19th century, following the completion of the Brooklyn Bridge in 1883 and the building of elevated railroads and streetcar lines during the late 1880s. Increased accessibility to Downtown Brooklyn brought greater economic growth and propagated denser commercial development, which increased the heights of downtown buildings throughout the 1890s. This led to the 1891 construction of Brooklyn's first skyscraper, the 10-story Franklin Trust Company Building. By 1901, the 13-story Temple Bar Building was completed and was the borough's first steel-beam high-rise, its largest office building, and its tallest at . In the early 20th-century, the opening of multiple New York City Subway lines in Downtown Brooklyn spurred further development of tall commercial buildings. The Zoning Resolution of 1916, which required buildings to incorporate setbacks from the street to allow for sunlight, influenced the construction of taller, more slender buildings.
In 1918, the 22-story and building at 32 Court Street was completed and regarded as Brooklyn's first "true skyscraper", and thus initiated a skyscraper building boom in Brooklyn centered on Court and Montague Streets. Brooklyn's high-rise development continued unabated into the 1920s. The Court and Remsen Building, built in 1926 at in height, was the first of the major high-rises to be built in Brooklyn during the 1920s and briefly held the title of Brooklyn's tallest building until 1927, when the Montague–Court Building was completed and became Brooklyn's tallest building at . Brooklyn's skyscraper building boom ceased during the Great Depression, and the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower in Fort Greene, which was completed in 1929, remained Brooklyn's tallest building until 2009.
In 2004, several portions of Downtown Brooklyn were rezoned to promote more commercial, residential, and retail development. This rezoning allowed for greater density of development, and combined with an increased demand for housing, these areas experienced a boom in the construction of tall buildings. In addition to Downtown Brooklyn, high-rise buildings are also concentrated in the Brooklyn Heights, Fort Greene, and Williamsburg neighborhoods, although other Brooklyn neighborhoods have significant numbers of high-rises.
Tallest buildings
There are over 60 completed or topped out skyscrapers in Brooklyn that stand at least tall, based on standard height measurement which includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. An equal sign (=) following a rank indicates the same height between two or more buildings. An asterisk (*) indicates that the building is still under construction, but has been topped out. The "Year" column indicates the year in which a building was completed.
Tallest buildings under construction or proposed
Under construction
There are a number of buildings under construction in Brooklyn that are expected to rise at least in height. The Brooklyn Tower, which has started initial construction work relating to foundation preparation, is set to rise over 1,000 feet. If completed, the tower will become the tallest building in the NYC area outside of Manhattan, and the tallest building on Long Island.
Tallest buildings proposed
Tallest buildings cancelled
Timeline of tallest buildings
This lists buildings that once held the title of tallest building in Brooklyn.
See also
Architecture of New York City
List of tallest buildings in New York City
List of tallest buildings in Queens
List of tallest buildings on Long Island
References
Explanatory notes
a. An asterisk (*) indicates that the building is still under construction, but has been topped out.
Citations
Sources
External links
Diagram of New York City skyscrapers on SkyscraperPage
Brooklyn
Brooklyn
Tallest buildings in Brooklyn
Tallest in Brooklyn |
23574596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20the%20Springtime%20of%20the%20Year | In the Springtime of the Year | In the Springtime of the Year is a 1973 novel by Susan Hill. Hill has stated that the book was inspired by the sudden death of a man to whom she had been close for eight years.
Reception
A 1974 book review by Kirkus Reviews concluded; "Susan Hill is the most uncompromising of writers and this is a monochrome of rural England where lives proceed in synergistic harmony with the natural world around them were it not for that whim of fate... Once again Miss Hill's novel achieves a consummate simplicity—we cannot fault its deliberate tonelessness without acknowledging its universality."
References
Novels by Susan Hill
1973 British novels
Hamish Hamilton books |
17328826 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20E.%20Carter | David E. Carter | David E. Carter is an entrepreneur and writer on graphic design, logo design, and corporate branding. He has written many trademark and logo books and won a number of regional Emmys for his local television productions. Since moving to Sanibel Island, Carter has teamed with Pfeifer Realty Group owner Eric Pfeifer to make several historical documentaries about Sanibel Island including "Sanibel Before the Causeway" and "Postcards and Pictures from Sanibel".
References
Advertising theorists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Businesspeople from Florida |
6900330 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howqua | Howqua | Wu Bingjian (; 17694 September 1843), trading as "Houqua" and better known in the West as "Howqua", was a hong merchant in the Thirteen Factories, head of the E-wo hong and leader of the Canton Cohong. He was once the richest man in the world.
Biography
A Hokkien by his paternal ancestry with ancestry from Quanzhou, Wu was known to the West as Howqua, as was his father, Wu Guorong, the founder of the family business or hong. The name "Howqua" is a romanization, in his native Hokkien language, of the business name under which he traded, "浩官" (). He became rich on the trade between China and the British Empire in the middle of the 19th century during the First Opium War. Perhaps the wealthiest man in China during the nineteenth century, Howqua was the senior of the hong merchants in Canton, one of the few authorized to trade silk and porcelain with foreigners. In an 1822 fire which burned down many of the cohongs, the silver that melted allegedly formed a little stream almost two miles in length. Of the three million dollars that the Qing government was required to pay the British as stipulated in the Treaty of Nanking, Howqua single-handedly contributed one million. He died the same year in Canton.
The founders of then world-renowned firms including James Matheson, William Jardine, Samuel Russell and Abiel Abbot Low all had a close relationship with Howqua. Portraits of the pigtailed Howqua in his robes still hang in Salem and Newport mansions built by American merchants grateful for his assistance.
Legacy
Following the 1842 Treaty of Nanking, which spelled the end of the Thirteen Factories, Jardine Matheson & Co continued to use "Ewo" as their Chinese name.
A settlement on the east bank of Lake Eildon, from Mansfield, in Victoria, Australia, is named after him, possibly by Chinese miners who passed through the area during the Victorian gold rush.
See also
Houqua, 1844 clipper ship
References
Further reading
External links
In Chinese – Howqua's Bio on NetEase
In Chinese – Howqua's Bio on Hudong
In English – The story of the merchant (site maintained by tea importer)
1769 births
1843 deaths
History of Hong Kong
History of foreign trade in China
Businesspeople from Fujian
People from Quanzhou
Hokkien people
Billionaires from Guangdong
18th-century Chinese businesspeople
19th-century Chinese businesspeople |
23574602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When%20Sweet%20Sleep%20Returned | When Sweet Sleep Returned | When Sweet Sleep Returned is the third studio album by American psychedelic rock band Assemble Head in Sunburst Sound, released in April 2009 on Tee Pee Records.
Track listing
"Two Stage Rocket" – 3:27
"Two Birds" – 7:37
"Drunken Leaves" – 4:18
"The Slumbering Ones" – 4:50
"Kolob Canyon" – 5:55
"By the Ripping Green" – 5:07
"Clive and the Lyre" – 3:51
"End Under Down" – 5:36
References
2009 albums
Assemble Head in Sunburst Sound albums
Tee Pee Records albums |
23574603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bie%C8%99ti | Biești | Biești is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of three villages: Biești, Cihoreni and Slobozia-Hodorogea.
Notable people
Andrei Hodorogea (1878 in Slobozia-Hodorogea – 1917 in Chișinău) was a politician from Bessarabia
Protosinghelul Dosoftei Vîrlan (?–1933)
Gheorghe Andronache (1883–?)
Teodor Vicol (1888–?)
Nicanor Crocos (1890–1977)
Stela Popescu (1935–2017), actress
Andrei Munteanu (born 1939)
References
Communes of Orhei District |
17328838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Martin%20Easterly | Thomas Martin Easterly | Thomas Martin Easterly (October 3, 1809 – March 12, 1882) was a 19th-century American daguerreotypist and photographer. One of the more prominent and well-known daguerreotypists in the Midwest United States during the 1850s, his studio became one of the first permanent art galleries in Missouri.
Although his reputation was limited to the Midwest during his lifetime, he is considered to have been one of the foremost experts in the field of daguerreotype photography in the United States during the mid-to-late 19th century. He took the very first known photograph of a lightning bolt in history.
Biography
Born in Guilford, Vermont, he was the second of five children born to Tunis Easterly and Philomena Richardson. He reportedly came from a poor background, his father being a farmer and part-time shoemaker, and was living away from home at age 11. Around 1830, he was living in St. Lawrence County, New York although little is known of his early years.
He began working as itinerant calligrapher and a penmanship teacher traveling throughout Vermont, New Hampshire and New York during the 1830s and 40s. By 1844, he had begun practicing photography taking outdoor photographs of architectural landmarks and scenic sites in Vermont. Among his earliest daguerreotypes, made a decade before outdoor photography was popular or profitable, those of the Winooski and Connecticut rivers are the only known examples to be self-consciously influenced by the romantic landscape paintings of the Hudson River School artists. He was also the first and only daguerreotypist to identify his work using engraved signatures and descriptive captions.
In the fall of 1845, Easterly traveled to the Midwest United States and toured the Mississippi River with Frederick F. Webb as representatives of the Daguerreotype Art Union. The two gained some notoriety from their photography of the criminals convicted of the murder of George Davenport in October of that year. Iowa newspapers reported that Easterly and Webb had achieved a "splendid likeness" of the men shortly before their execution. Easterly and Webb continued touring on the Mississippi and Missouri rivers for several months before spending the winter of 1846-47 in Liberty, Missouri.
The only known photograph of the first St. Charles Hotel in New Orleans, built to be the world's finest, was taken by Easterly ca. 1847.
The following spring, Easterly and Webb went their separate ways with Easterly traveling on his own to St. Louis. He soon became popular for his portraits of prominent residents and visiting celebrities which were displayed in a temporary gallery on Glasgow Row. One of these portraits was that of Chief Keokuk taken March 1847. He also took a daguerreotype of a lightning bolt, one of the first recorded "instantaneous" photographic images, while in St. Louis. This was later recorded in the Iowa Sentinel as an "Astonishing Achievement in Art". Before returning to Vermont in August 1847, the St. Louis Reveille described his as an "unrivaled daguerreotypist".
He was brought back to Missouri by John Ostrander, founder of the first daguerreotype gallery in St. Louis, in early 1848. Preparing for an extended "tour of the south", Ostringer asked Easterly to manage his portrait gallery. Esterly would continue running the gallery when Ostringer died a short time later. Many of his unique streetscapes depicting mid-19th-century urban life were taken from the windows of Ostringer's gallery. In June 1850, he married schoolteacher Anna Miriam Bailey and settled in St. Louis permanently.
During the 1860s, improvements in photographic development caused daguerreotypes to become out of fashion. Easterly refused to acknowledge these changes believing the highly detailed daguerreotypes were far superior in terms of beauty or permanence urging the public to "save your old daguerreotypes for you will never see their like again". During the next decade, both his health and financial situation worsened. Despite the declining interest for pictures on silver, he was able to maintain his gallery until it burned in a fire in 1865. He was forced to move to a smaller location and continued working in near obscurity until his death in St. Louis on March 12, 1882. He had suffered from a long illness and partial paralysis in his final years and is thought to have been caused by prolonged exposure to mercury, one of the key ingredients used in the daguerreotype process.
After his death, his wife sold most of his personal collection to John Scholton, another noted St. Louis photographer. The Scholton family eventually donated the plates to the Missouri Historical Society where they remained for nearly a century before being rediscovered during the 1980s by art scholars studying pre-American Civil War photography.
References
Further reading
Davidson, Carla. "The View from Fourth and Olive". American Heritage 13 (December 1971): 76-91.
Guidrey, Gail R. "Long, Fitzgibbon, Easterly, Outley: St. Louis Daguerreans". St. Louis Literary Supplement 1 (November–December 1977): 6-8.
Kilgo, Dolores A. Likeness and Landscape: Thomas M. Easterly and the Art of the Daguerreotype. St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society Press, 1994.
Van Ravenswaay, Charles. "Pioneer Photographers of St. Louis". Missouri Historical Society Bulletin 10 (October 1953): 49-71.
External links
Thomas Easterly Collection from Missouri History Museum's Flickr page
Easterly Photos in the Missouri History Museum Collections
Thomas Easterly Daguerreotypes at the Newberry Library
Commercial photographers
1809 births
1882 deaths
Artists from St. Louis
People from Guilford, Vermont
19th-century American photographers
Photographers from Vermont |
44497669 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Leach | Maria Leach | Maria Leach (April 30, 1892 – May 22, 1977) was an American writer and editor of books on folklores of the world. A noted scholar, she compiled and edited a major reference work on folklore and was the author or editor of thirteen books for adults, young people, and children.
Early life, education, and marriage
Born in New York City, Maria Leach was the former Alice-Mary Doane, daughter of Benjamin H. Doane and Mary (Davis) Doane. Her father was a native of Nova Scotia, one of Canada's three Maritime provinces. Born in Barrington, in Shelburne County, he was a descendant of the venerable family called Doane (an Anglicized form of a Gaelic name common in southern Ireland since the 1500s). In Nova Scotia he had connections to seafaring through his own father, a ship's captain. In the late 1870s or early 1880s, Benjamin Doane and his wife Mary, a native of South Carolina and an unreconstructed Rebel, moved to New York and established a home in Manhattan, where they lived for some years and raised their children.
Alice-Mary Doane spent her youth and received her early education in New York City. Upon graduation from high school she went to Earlham College in Richmond, Indiana, whose curriculum was shaped by the perspective of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). She then went on to study for a master's degree in anthropology at the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign. There she met MacEdward Leach, a student of medieval literature and philology with a strong interest in folklore. His fascination with the oral tradition of medieval folk tales was shared by Alice-Mary, who by then was known as Maria (pronounced "Ma-RYE-uh" in the British fashion), which she had adopted as a pen name. After MacEdward Leach earned a bachelor's degree in 1916 and completed his military service in World War I, he and Maria married in 1917 and moved to Baltimore, where both of them pursued graduate studies at Johns Hopkins University.
MacEdward Leach earned a master's degree at Johns Hopkins that same year, 1917. Maria continued her studies toward a doctorate in folklore in 1918–19. In 1920 he entered the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia and began teaching as an instructor of English. Not long after, in 1924, the Leaches became the parents of a son, Macdonald, their only child. As a young father, MacEdward Leach obtained his doctorate in English in 1930 and joined the faculty of the university in 1931 as an assistant professor of English.
Later life and professional career
In 1936, Maria Leach found employment in the Philadelphia offices of Funk & Wagnalls, a scholarly publishing firm. As working parents, the Leaches then set up house in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and some years later, once their son was away at boarding school, decided to follow mostly independent pathways. While he remained in Pennsylvania, she moved back to New York, returning to their home in Bucks County for occasional weekends. MacEdward Leach would subsequently devote his entire career to teaching and working at the university, where, among other accomplishments, he founded the program in folklore.
Maria Leach also continued to work in the burgeoning field of folklore. Having resettled in Manhattan, in Greenwich Village, she worked in the New York offices of Funk & Wagnalls as a dictionary editor. There, after her amicable divorce from MacEdward Leach in the mid-1940s, she compiled and edited the major reference work on folklore, mythology, and legend for which she is best known. From 1953 to 1958 she was a textbook editor at McGraw-Hill Book Company. During this time, in 1954, she wrote the first of what would become a substantial list of published works. In the late 1950s, she decided to retire and move to Nova Scotia. Her connection to the people of Cape Breton led her to establish residence in Shelburne County, at first in Barrington, in the Doane's family home, and then, finally, at Coffinscroft. A folklorist of international renown, she was still actively engaged in writing at the time of her death in 1977.
During her lifetime, Maria Leach was a prominent member of the American Folklore Society, for which she served as councilor. She also held memberships in the American Anthropological Association, the American Dialect Society, the Northeast Folklore Society, the Society for Ethnomusicology, the American Indian Ethnohistoric Conference, and the Religious Society of Friends. In Nova Scotia, she was active in the Canadian Folklore Society and the Cape Breton Historical Society.
Published works
Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology, and Legend, 2 vols., edited by Leach (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1949); reissued in a one-volume, unabridged edition by Harper & Row in 1972 – encyclopedic
The Turnspit Dog, illustrated by Winifred Bromhall (New York: Aladdin Books, 1952)
The Soup Stone: The Magic of Familiar Things, with decorations by Mamie Hannon (Funk & Wagnalls, 1954)
The Beginning: Creation Myths around the World, illus. Jan Bell Fairservis (Funk & Wagnalls, 1956)
The Rainbow Book of American Folk Tales and Legends, illus. Marc Simont (Cleveland: World Publishing, 1958)
The Thing at the Foot of the Bed and Other Scary Tales, illus. Kurt Werth (World, 1959; London: Collins, 1959); reissued by Philomel Books in 1982
God Had a Dog: Folklore of the Dog (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1961)
Noodles, Nitwits, and Numbskulls, illus. Kurt Werth (World, 1961)
The Luck Book, illus. Kurt Werth (World, 1964)
How the People Sang the Mountain Up: How and Why Stories, illus. Glen Rounds (New York: Viking, 1967)
Riddle Me, Riddle Me, Ree, illus. William Wiesner (Viking, 1970); reissued by Puffin Books in 1977
Whistle in the Graveyard: Folktales to Chill Your Bones, illus. Ken Rinciari (Viking, 1974); reissued by Penguin Books in 1982
The Lion Sneezed: Folktales and Myths of the Cat, illus. Helen Siegel (New York: Crowell, 1977)
The Importance of Being a Wit: The Insults of Oscar Wilde, compiled by Leach (New York: Carrol & Graf, 1997; London: Michael O'Mara, 1997) – published posthumously
Notes
References
External links
20th-century American writers
Folklore
1892 births
1977 deaths
Writers from New York City
20th-century American women writers |
17328844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadim | Tadim | Tadim is a Portuguese parish, located in the municipality of Braga.
References
Freguesias of Braga |
17328847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%20of%20the%20Imhoff%20Altar | Master of the Imhoff Altar | The Master of the Imhoff Altar (fl. c. 1410–1420) was a German painter. His name comes from an altarpiece, dating to between 1418 and 1422, commissioned by Konrad Imhoff for the Lorenzkirche in Nuremberg. Only the central panel, depicting the Coronation of the Virgin, and the wings, depicting several apostles, are still preserved in the church, albeit partially disassembled. On the inner wings, flanking the Coronation, may be found a donor portrait of the donor with three of his four wives. Originally the back of the altarpiece held an image of Christ as the Man of Sorrows, with the Virgin Mary and Saint John. This piece, which has since been removed to the Germanisches Nationalmuseum, is now believed to be the work of the Master of the Bamberg Altar.
It is believed by some historians that the Master of the Imhoff Altar is also the so-called Master of the Deichsler Altarpiece, whose work is known from two surviving altarpiece wings in Berlin. Attempts have been made to link both artists to Berthold Landauer, but these have been based entirely on his activity in Nuremberg at the time in question. The Deischler paintings are believed to predate the Imhoff Altar by five to ten years, and are the work of an artist deeply familiar with the art of Bohemia from around 1400. The Imhoff Altar, by contrast, represents a marked shift towards a firmer and sparer manner, coupled with the use of stronger colors.
References
Master of the Imhoff Altar
14th-century births
15th-century deaths
15th-century German painters
Imhoff Altar, Master of the
Gothic painters |
17328858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid%20Kuller | Sid Kuller | Sid Kuller (27 October 1910 New York City, New York – 16 September 1993 in Sherman Oaks, California) was an American comedy writer, producer and lyricist/composer, who concentrated on special musical material, gags and sketches for leading comics. He collaborated with Ray Golden and Hal Fimberg on the screenplay of the Marx Brothers' vehicle The Big Store, for which he also supplied the lyrics to the musical climax, "The Tenement Symphony". Earlier in their careers, Kuller and Golden wrote comedy songs and special material for the Ritz Brothers. Although he wrote prodigiously and with facility throughout his life, Kuller admitted, "The creation of comedy is a painful experience".
Vaudeville
After attending Columbia University, Kuller began contributing jokes and songs to vaudeville performers, such as Bert Lahr and Jack Benny, and became a ghost-gag-writer for the legendary Al Boasberg. While working on an Earl Carroll Vanities show he started to write comedy bits for the precision-dancing Ritz Brothers, who brought him and fellow-writer Ray Golden with them to Hollywood in 1937.
On Broadway Kuller and Golden were part of the team which wrote the book for the progressive 1940 revue Meet the People, which included one of his early hit songs Elmer's Wedding Day (with music by Jay Gorney). He also wrote the political musical revue, O Say Can You Sing, which was performed in Chicago, and may have been one of the producers of the original Chicago production of the Federal Theater Project's groundbreaking all-black Swing Mikado., which transferred to Broadway without him.
Hollywood career
Through a string of Ritz Brothers' credits, the team of Kuller and Golden became known as one of Hollywood's best special material writers. At this time Kuller, who specialized in funny, though politically aware sketches and clever blackouts, kept an open house in the Hollywood Hills where jazz and swing bands regularly jammed, including Duke Ellington's. Groucho Marx quickly recognized in Kuller a fellow wit (and admirer of Gilbert and Sullivan), and kept him on set to zing up lines for The Big Store as they went along (e.g., he's credited with, "You mean a woman of your culture and money and beauty and money would marry this impostor?").
Returning after war service with the U.S. Army Air Corps First Motion Picture Unit, Kuller divided his time between writing and producing for Broadway (Alive and Kicking, debuting Gwen Verdon 1950); television (Colgate Comedy Hour, hosts Martin and Lewis, Donald O'Connor 1952-3; The Milton Berle Show 1951; The Jackie Gleason Show 1970); and various night-club acts (e.g. The Sportsmen Quartet). In 1952 he executive produced with Ben Hecht Actor's and Sin, using archive footage of Louis B. Mayer and Jack L. Warner, which ran into trouble when some theater chains refused to show it on the grounds that it lampooned Hollywood.
In the 1970s Sid collaborated with Sandy Matlowsky and Tige Andrews (of Mod Squad fame) on two original songs on the Tiger Records label in Los Angeles, California. "The Modfather" and "Keep America Beautiful" were the A and B sides of the vinyl 45 single release. These songs had humor and poignancy for the post 60s youth culture that was embracing political awareness and the social revolution. Sid's clever writing techniques are at its finest in this rare collection that contributed to the advocacy of world peace and the environmental movement.
Black Entertainment Involvement
Redd Foxx recalled that Kuller had become a household name among black performers of the 1940s. While working on the cotton-picking pastiche in The Big Store ("Up n' down the ole plantation, All the cotton was-a rottin away etc."), Kuller conceived with Duke Ellington the idea for a black, topical revue that would challenge segregation and try to break down the old Uncle Tom and Stepin Fetchit stereotypes still prevalent in the industry at that time. Their stated aim was to correct the race situation through theatrical propaganda.
Jump for Joy, starring Dorothy Dandridge, Ellington and other leading black performers, ran for three months at the Mayan Theater in Los Angeles before an integrated audience, with the backing of the Marx Brothers, Orson Welles and other Hollywood liberals. Kuller co-directed most of the skits he wrote, and together with Paul Francis Webster contributed biting lyrics to the music of Hal Borne and Ellington (e.g. "Fare thee well, land of cotton; cotton lisle is out of style"). As Kuller later explained: "Traditionally, black humor had been portrayed by blacks for white audiences from a white point of view. Our material was from the point of view of black people looking at whites." Although the show was an artistic and popular success, it had to be shut down with the outbreak of the Pacific War.
Kuller was also an early supporter of comedian and jazzman Scatman Crothers, with whom he worked on television. Kuller cast him in a featured role in his directorial debut, the 1950 swing version of The Return of Gilbert and Sullivan, filmed in the United Kingdom. For Louis Armstrong Kuller created a jazz versus opera routine featuring Robert Merrill. Kuller together with Borne also contributed to the successful revitalization of the Will Mastin Trio song and dance act in the early 50s, helping launch the breakthrough of Sammy Davis Jr. .
During the 1950s he was involved with some other projects for black performers, most of which did not come to fruition: including another revue entitled Swing Family Robinson, a biopic of Ellington and a revival of Jumpin for Joy in Las Vegas.
Later career
Kuller joined ASCAP in 1942 and was active in organizing many Variety Club charity shows. In the 1956 Jule Styne production Mr. Wonderful, one of Kuller's interpolated songs ("Daddy, Uncle and Me") was performed by Sammy Davis, Jr.
He was also the writer and producer of Miltown Revisited, the disastrous last Las Vegas show of Abbott and Costello, when the partnership finally split up in 1956. Kuller recalled that after Abbott turned up drunk for the second show at the Sahara Hotel, Costello never forgave him: "It was the most terrible night of [Kuller's] life in show business."
Nevertheless, Kuller continued producing night-club acts until his death and was responsible for writing two fondly remembered parody shows for the Jewish dialect comedians Mickey Katz and Billy Gray: The Cohen Mutiny (i.e. Caine takeoff) and My Fairfax Lady, where an upperclass British woman is taught to speak with a Jewish accent!
In 1963 Kuller was heavily involved in writing (and rewriting) the ambitious, but troubled Vernon Duke musical Zenda, based on The Prisoner of Zenda, for the San Francisco Light Opera Company with Alfred Drake and Chita Rivera. But his final stage experience was to be the hit 1981-3 revue Sophisticated Ladies, starring Gregory Hines, where famous songs he and others wrote with Ellington (e.g. "Bli-Blips") were introduced to a new generation.
He and his wife Morine were supporters of Oakwood, the cooperative school established in Hollywood by the actor Robert Ryan, a fellow liberal active in the Civil rights movement, and his Quaker wife.
Filmography
As writer/lyricist
1937 : Life Begins in College (Ritz Bros. with Tony Martin
1938 : Damon Runyon's Straight, Place & Show
1938 : Kentucky Moonshine (Ritz Bros., Tony Martin)
1938 : The Goldwyn Follies (Ritz Bros.)
1939 : The Three Musketeers (Ritz Bros.)
1940 : Argentine Nights (Ritz Bros.)
1940 : Melody Ranch (Gene Autry singing cowboy picture)
1940 : Road to Singapore (first road picture of Bob Hope and Bing Crosby)
1941 : The Big Store (Marx Bros. with Tony Martin)
1945 : Spreadin' the Jam
1950 : The Return of Gilbert and Sullivan
1951 : Slaughter Trail (a Howard Hughes production notorious for the beginning of the blacklist)
1959 "Blues, the Mother of Sin", "Little Mama" and "Piano Man" with Billy Eckstine for a record "Billy Eckstine & Count Basie Inc."
as director
1950 : The Return of Gilbert and Sullivan (swing version of Gilbert and Sullivan, featuring Scatman Crothers and Sportsmen Quartet)
as producer
1952 : Actor's and Sin (Sid Kuller Productions)
1960 : Stop! Look! and Laugh! (an unauthorized Three Stooges compilation, ending with a voice-over chimp fairy tale produced by Kuller)
as composer
1950 : The Return of Gilbert and Sullivan
1956 - Mr. Wonderful - song "Daddy, Uncle, and Me"
1960 : Stop! Look! and Laugh!
References
External links
1910 births
1993 deaths
American male composers
American film directors
American film producers
American male screenwriters
First Motion Picture Unit personnel
20th-century American composers
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters |
17328914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n%20Nacional%20de%20Trabajadores%20%281952%29 | Confederación Nacional de Trabajadores (1952) | The Movimiento Sindical Independiente de Trabajadores (MOSIT) was a Venezuelan trade union federation, founded at a conference in 1952. At the conference there were two delegates from each state. Rafael Garcia was the head of MOSIT.
The founding of MOSIT came shortly ahead of the 1952 ILO conference. MOSIT claimed to be apolitical, but in practice the movement was largely supportive of the Marcos Pérez Jiménez government. After MOSIT had been founded, the Venezuelan government appointed MOSIT as the Venezuelan trade union representatives to the ILO conference, a move that was protested by the ICFTU and U.S. unions AFL and CIO.
In 1954 MOSIT changed name to Confederación Nacional de Trabajadores. The organization also joined Agrupación de Trabajadores Latinoamericanos Sindicalistas.
After the fall of Pérez Jiménez in 1958, CNT and most of its affiliated unions were dissolved.
References
Trade unions in Venezuela
Trade unions established in 1952
Trade unions disestablished in 1958
1952 establishments in Venezuela
1958 disestablishments in Venezuela |
20467208 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Payne | Max Payne | Max Payne is a neo-noir third-person shooter video game series developed by Remedy Entertainment (Max Payne and Max Payne 2) and Rockstar Studios (Max Payne 3). The series is named after its protagonist, Max Payne, a New York City police detective turned vigilante after his family was murdered by drug addicts. The series' first and second installments were written by Sam Lake, while Max Payne 3 was primarily written by Rockstar Games' Dan Houser.
The first game of the series, Max Payne, was released in 2001 for Microsoft Windows and in 2002 for PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Apple Macintosh; a different version of the game was released for the Game Boy Advance in 2003. A sequel entitled Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne was released in 2003 for PlayStation 2, Xbox and Microsoft Windows. In 2008, a movie adaption, loosely based on the original game, entitled Max Payne, was released, starring Mark Wahlberg and Mila Kunis in the roles of Max Payne and Mona Sax, respectively. Max Payne 3 was developed by Rockstar Studios and released on May 15, 2012 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, and on June 1, 2012 for Microsoft Windows.
On November 15, 2021, Microsoft announced that in celebration of 20 years of Xbox, they would be adding over 70 more games to their backwards compatibility program. Headlining these games was the Max Payne trilogy, making the games available to play on Microsoft's Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S consoles.
The franchise is notable for its use of "bullet time" in action sequences, as well as being positively received by critics, although Max Payne 2s sales were considered underwhelming. , the Max Payne franchise has sold over 7.5 million copies. The film rendition received negative reviews but was commercially successful.
On April 6, 2022, Remedy announced that a remake of Max Payne and Max Payne 2 is in development, in a development agreement with Rockstar Games. The two games will be released as a single title.
Games
Max Payne
Renegade DEA agent and former NYPD officer Max Payne attempts to hunt down the ones responsible for murdering his wife and child, as well as framing him for the murder of his NYPD partner, Alex Balder. As the story unfolds, he gains a number of "allies", including Vladimir Lem (a suave, old-fashioned Russian mobster) and Mona Sax (a vigilante who is out to avenge the death of her twin sister) and uncovers a major conspiracy involving the trafficking of a narcotic called V, or Valkyr—after the mythological figures in Norse mythology—which is somehow connected to the death of Max's family.
Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne
Two years after the first game, Max Payne has rejoined the NYPD and has been cleared of the charges for his killing spree thanks to his connection to Senator Alfred Woden, the leader of a secret society called the Inner Circle. During a routine murder investigation, Max finds himself face-to-face with the fugitive Mona Sax, who reluctantly joins him in his investigation. As the two work together to uncover the truth, they begin to develop feelings for each other, and come across another major conspiracy, which this time involves Vladmir Lem, the Italian Mob, and the Inner Circle.
Max Payne 3
Nine years after the second game, Max Payne has left New York and is working on a private security detail in São Paulo, Brazil. When the wife of his employer is kidnapped by a local street gang, Max and his old friend Raul Passos join forces in an attempt to rescue her, igniting a war that will lead them to confront a larger conspiracy.
Additional titles
Remedy, with funding from Rockstar who holds the rights to the series, announced plans to remake Max Payne and Max Payne 2 for personal computers, PlayStation 5, and Xbox Series X and Series S in April 2022. At the time of the announcement, the remakes were at an early development state, and no planned release date was announced. It was confirmed that the two games will be released as a single title.
Film adaptation
Early in 2003, it was confirmed that 20th Century Fox had bought the rights to adapt the game to film. The Max Payne movie went into production in 2008 and was directed by John Moore. The movie was produced by Collision Entertainment and Firm Films in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Mark Wahlberg and Mila Kunis play the roles of Max Payne and Mona Sax respectively. Beau Bridges, Chris O'Donnell, Nelly Furtado and Ludacris have roles as B.B. Hensley, Jason Colvin, Christa Balder and Jim Bravura respectively. On July 10, 2008, a teaser trailer was released, featuring an instrumental version of the Marilyn Manson song, "If I Was Your Vampire". The film was released to theaters in the U.S. on October 17, 2008 with a PG-13 rating. While it was ranked first on its opening weekend, grossing US$18 million at the box office, the film received mainly negative reviews, having a 16% rating at Rotten Tomatoes, based on 129 reviews. In June 2022, 20th Century Studios announced that a Max Payne reboot movie is in development.
Characters
Note: A gray cell indicates that the character does not appear in that medium.
References
External links
Max Payne franchises at MobyGames
The History of Max Payne, The Escapist, May 12, 2012
Celebrate 20 years of Xbox with over 70 new Backward Compatible Games, Xbox Wire, November 15, 2021
Rockstar Games franchises
Take-Two Interactive franchises
Video game franchises
Video game franchises introduced in 2001 |
17328927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingbourne%20Kingston%20Halt%20railway%20station | Collingbourne Kingston Halt railway station | Collingbourne Kingston Halt was a small railway station that served the village of Collingbourne Kingston in Wiltshire, England for less than 30 years. The station was on the former Midland and South Western Junction Railway, which was a north–south through-route between the Midlands and the south coast ports and which had been built through Collingbourne Kingston in 1882.
The M&SWJR did not provide a station at Collingbourne Kingston, which was served by Collingbourne railway station at Collingbourne Ducis, 1.5 miles away. But in 1932, after the M&SWJR had been taken over by the Great Western Railway in the 1923 Grouping, a halt was built for the village in an effort to generate traffic in the face of competition from road transport. The construction of the station was fairly rudimentary: railway sleeper platforms with corrugated iron shelters. No staff were ever provided and tickets were sold at No 54 High Street.
Traffic on the M&SWJR line declined heavily after the war and the line closed to passenger and goods traffic in 1961. There are no traces of Collingbourne Kingston Halt today, apart from a road bridge over the former line.
Routes
References
Wiltshire Railway Stations, Mike Oakley, Dovecote Press, Wimborne, 2004, , pages 43–44
Disused railway stations in Wiltshire
Former Great Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1932
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1961
1932 establishments in England
1961 disestablishments in England |
44497691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Hinman | Charles Hinman | Charles Hinman born 1932 in Syracuse, New York is an Abstract Minimalist painter, notable for creating three-dimensional shaped canvas paintings in the mid-1960s.
Early years
Charles Hinman was born in 1932, in Syracuse, New York. He initiated his artistic education at the Syracuse Museum of Fine Arts, now the Everson Museum of Art, where he attended classes. He went on to complete his BFA in 1955 at Syracuse University. Alongside his artistic talent, Charles Hinman was also dedicated to sports. While studying at university he was a professional baseball player for the Milwaukee Braves in the minor league. He moved to New York to study at the Arts Student League before serving two years in the army. Upon his return he was a mechanical drawing teacher at the Staten Island Academy from 1960 to 1962 and a carpentry shop instructor at the Woodmere Academy on Long Island.
New York art scene
In the early 1960s Hinman lived on Coenties Slip in Lower Manhattan where he shared an abandoned sail-making loft with James Rosenquist. It was an ideal art studio offering large open spaces to work at an affordable rent. Along with Robert Indiana, Ellsworth Kelly, Jack Youngerman and Agnes Martin who resided in the neighbouring buildings, they formed a small artistic community away from the Upper-East side and the Abstract Expressionists from whom they wished to differentiate themselves. They did not constitute an art movement as such, but rather a "support and critique family that helped each other go on their individual paths." Throughout the 1960s they produced works that prefigured Pop, Minimal and Feminist Art. In 1965, Charles Hinman and Robert Indiana left Coenties Slip for the Bowery where they shared a building at 2 Spring Street. In 1971, he moved a block away on the Bowery where he settled in an 8000 sq/ft studio where he has remained ever since. Below Hinman's studio was that of Tom Wesselmann and above worked Will Insley, across the street were the studios of Adolph Gottlieb and Roy Lichtenstein. In 2002, the New Museum became his neighbor when it was built on the adjacent lot.
Shaped canvas
In the 1960s Charles Hinman played a significant role in redefining the physical shape of paintings. The shaped canvas was born from the desire to break away from the traditional square or rectangular frame of painting. Rather than a formalized medium or window that contained the subject, the contours of the painting became part of the subject itself. In the mid-1960s several abstract minimalist painters were experimenting with its possibilities, the most famous of which is Frank Stella. Charles Hinman drove the concept further by pushing the canvas out from the wall; his works were a form of hybrid between painting and sculpture. This type of painting is known as a three-dimensional shaped canvas. As early as 1963-64 Charles Hinman created sculptural paintings with protruding geometric and undulating forms. While Sven Lukin and Richard Smith were also experimenting with the use of the three-dimensional canvas around the same time, Charles Hinman's defining particularity was his focus on the illusion of space and subtly suggested volume, embracing the use of color, shadow and reflection. He was influenced by Ellsworth Kelly in his flat and contrasting Hard-edge use of color but with the objective of generating and accentuating a perception of volume. In the subsequent years until the early 1970s, Hinman examined the possibilities offered by this new medium: strongly protruding canvases, geometric and sensual profiles, color contrasts, color reflections on the adjacent wall, shadows, monochrome canvases.
Early recognition
It was through James Rosenquist, that Charles Hinman caught the attention of prominent New York gallery owners and museum directors who visited the studio they shared. Two exhibitions in 1964-65 introduced Hinman's work to the grand public and to critical attention; "Seven New Artists" at the Sidney Janis Gallery and a solo exhibition at the Richard Feigen Gallery. In 1965 Frank Stella and Henry Geldzahler included Hinman's work in their group show "Shape and Structure" at Tibor de Nagy, alongside Donald Judd, Larry Bell, Sol LeWitt, Carl Andre and Will Insley. His work was shown at the Whitney Museum's landmark show "Young America 1965" and the following year in "United States 1670-1966". Hinman was represented by Richard Feigen who showed his work at his New York and Chicago galleries. While major museums such as the MOMA, the Whitney Museum and the Albright–Knox Art Gallery soon bought his work for their permanent collections, his paintings also found a home in the collection of Nelson Rockefeller. From 1971 to 1973 the Parisian gallerist Denise René showed his work at her Paris and New York galleries.
Artistic concepts
Process
Throughout his career, Charles Hinman has developed a methodical process by which he creates his works. First, he draws sketches of the final shape he wishes to create. He then designs a minute blueprint of the frameworks he needs to construct to achieve this shape, comprising all the angles and lengths of the frame. His works are often composed of a juxtaposition of shaped canvases, which he bolts together into an integral form. He adds the third dimension to his paintings by fixing protuberant forms to the underpinnings. These shapes push the canvas out from the wall and create the volume in his paintings. He then paints various planes of his work in order to create volume and to play with the eye of the viewer. He sometimes paints the reverse side of the canvas which sits off the wall, so as to produce a halo effect around his work. The use of light and shadows as well as contrasting colors and reflections play an important role in his creations.
6 dimensions
Hinman's work focuses on the perception of volume as opposed to literal space. He uses an array of techniques to create volume in the eye of the viewer. It is a form of trompe-l'œil that constantly evolves depending on the spectator's vantage point. Hinman describes his concept as "My concept of my work is dynamic---never static. I think of my paintings as occupying a 6-dimensionnal space(…) the three dimensions of space and one each of time, light and color." According to him, space and time imply movement and the change of light: "As light moves across the object, the forms and the color appear to change with the rearrangement of the shadows. (…)The brightness causes a surface to move forward—the darkness causes the surface to recede. Further, the choice of adjacent colors causes a sensation of motion of the surfaces"
Series
Throughout his career, Hinman has continuously created works in series. His early works from the mid-1960s are voluptuous and organic with strongly contrasting hard-edge colors and projecting forms. He then moved to a two-dimensional, minimalist and geometric style in the early 1970s. By the late 1970s he was exploring the potential of arched "double curved" profiles to shape his canvases. These structures became increasingly complex throughout the 1980s, reaching for scale and color in leaf-like arrangements.
Since 2000, he has returned to a pure and minimal style working with light as much as with color. "A single facet or canvas may have its own color, or the shadow across it may serve as color (…) Sometimes the color solely belongs to the edge of a work, or so it seems, until one notices that Hinman has painted the back (…) He is not just shaping an object, but also taking it out from the wall."
The Shaped Canvas revisited
In 1964, the Guggenheim Museum organised the show "The Shaped Canvas". Laurence Alloway, the curator of the exhibition decided to focus on two-dimensional Minimal works only, de facto excluding three dimensional as well as Pop art works from this movement. This initial selection has been questioned and broadened over the years by several retrospective group shows that hosted a wider variety of shaped canvases. Frank Stella's 1965 group show "Shape and Structure" immediately refuted Olloway's position by including Charles Hinman's paintings. In 1979, The Visual Arts Museum in New York organised a show named "Shaped Paintings". It opened the scope of the shaped canvas to Pop Art works as well as to three-dimensional shaped canvases. Charles Hinman's work was presented alongside that of Kenneth Noland, Ellsworth Kelly, Robert Mangold, Bernard Venet and Tom Wesselmann. In 2014, Charles Hinman was included in the group show "Shaped Canvas Revisited" at the Luxembourg and Dayan Gallery in New York. This exhibition, which celebrated the fifty years of the original Guggenheim show, places Hinman among the fathers of the shaped canvas movement alongside artists such as Lucio Fontana, Kenneth Noland, Frank Stella and Tom Wesselmann.
Reception
In recent years, Charles Hinman's work has garnered increasing attention both for his contemporary as for his "modern" (historic) works. According to some critics, his latest series of "Gems" and "Black Paintings" are arguably amongst his most interesting works. In 2013, the Marc Straus Gallery in New York organized a retrospective covering the six decades of his career.
Documentaries and videos
"The Art of Charles Hinman", Vimeo.com, Adam Ben Cohen, http://vimeo.com/89413358
"In the Studio with Charles Hinman", Vimeo.com, Ghostly International, Will Calcutt, http://vimeo.com/109732185
"Charles Hinman", Vimeo.com, Thomas Auriol, http://vimeo.com/112290770
Selected solo shows
2017 Charles Hinman - Shaped Paintings. WESTWOOD GALLERY NYC
2013 Charles Hinman - 6 Decades. MARC STRAUS, New York, NY, USA
2011 GEMS at the Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, OH, USA
2004 Boca Raton Museum of Art, FL, USA
1980 Everson Museum of Art, Syracuse, NY, USA
1971-5 Galerie Denise René, New York, NY, USA
1967 Richard Feigen Gallery, New York, NY, USA
1966 Tokyo Gallery, Tokyo, Japan
Source:
Selected group shows
2014 Shaped Canvas Revisited, Luxembourg and Dayan, New York, NY, USA
2004 Blast from the Past, Pace Editions, New York, NY, USA
1989 American Painting Since the Death of Painting, curated by Donald Kuspit, Kuznetsky Most Exhibition Hall, Moscow, USSR
1967 Whitney Annual Exhibition, Whitney Museum, New York, NY, USA
1965 Recent Acquisitions, MOMA (Museum of Modern Art), New York, NY, USA
1965 Shape and Structure, Tibor de Nagy Gallery, New York, NY, USA
Source:
Selected institutional collections
Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, USA
Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY, USA
Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Hirshhorn Museum, Washington, DC, USA
Musee' des Beaux Arts de l'Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Tel Aviv Museum, Tel Aviv, Israel
Albright Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY, USA
Source:
Selected corporate collections
Chase Manhattan Bank, New York, NY, USA
The Rockefeller Collection, New York, NY, USA
Source:
Selected awards and honors
Guggenheim Fellowship
Pollock-Krasner Foundation Grant
Lee Krasner Award
Source:
References
American abstract artists
Minimalist artists
Artists from Syracuse, New York
1932 births
Living people |
20467212 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Devil%27s%20Game%20%28film%29 | The Devil's Game (film) | The Devil's Game (; lit. "The Game") is a 2008 South Korean film.
Plot
Struggling artist Min Hee-do (Shin Ha-kyun), is offered three billion won to bet his life to a game against a rich old man, Kang No-sik (Byun Hee-bong), who is dying from a terminal illness. The game is for each man to dial a random phone number and guess if the person who answers will be male or female. He loses the bet, and after a monthlong brain operation, he wakes up to find that they have swapped bodies.
Cast
Shin Ha-kyun ... Min Hee-do
Byun Hee-bong ... Kang No-sik
Lee Hye-young ... Lee Hye-rin, No-sik's wife
Son Hyun-joo ... Min Tae-seok, Hee-do's uncle
Lee Eun-sung ... Joo Eun-ah, Hee-do's girlfriend
Jang Hang-sun ... Park Chang-ha
Kim Hyeok ... Secretary Mr. Ahn
Choo Sang-rok ... Dr. Kim
Maeng Bong-hak ... Trustee Mr. Yoon
Jo Cheong-ho ... President Kim
Release
The Devil's Game was released in South Korea on 31 January 2008, and topped the box office on its opening weekend with 361,650 admissions. As of 31 March 2008 it had received a total of 1,496,215 admissions, and as of 16 March 2008 grossed a toal of .
References
External links
2008 films
2000s Korean-language films
South Korean thriller drama films
2000s South Korean films |
44497693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude%20A.%20Taylor | Claude A. Taylor | Claude A. Taylor (1902-1966) was an American politician and jurist who served as chief justice on the South Carolina Supreme Court. He was born in 1902 in Gilbert, South Carolina. He spent ten years serving in the General Assembly of South Carolina including as the House of Representatives' Speaker between 1935 and 1936. In 1944, Taylor gained election to the South Carolina Supreme Court and became its chief justice in 1961. Taylor began the practice of opening sessions of the court with a prayer. He died on January 21, 1966, and is buried in Spartanburg, South Carolina's Greenlawn Memorial Gardens.
References
Justices of the South Carolina Supreme Court
Chief Justices of the South Carolina Supreme Court
1902 births
1966 deaths
20th-century American judges |
20467220 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrabury%20and%20Minster | Forrabury and Minster | Forrabury and Minster is a civil parish on the north coast of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The parish was originally divided between the coastal parish of Forrabury and inland parish of Minster until they were united on the 1st of April 1919.
The parish was in the Registration District of Camelford. It is bounded to the north by the Atlantic; to the east by the parishes of St Juliot, Lesnewth and Davidstow; to the south by Camelford parish (ecclesiastical parish of Lanteglos by Camelford); and to the west by Trevalga parish. The population of Forrabury and Minster parish in the 2001 census was 888, which decreased slightly to 838 at the 2011 census.
Settlements and churches
Boscastle is the principal settlement in the parish of Forrabury and Minster. It is 14 miles (23 kilometres) south of Bude and 5 miles (8 kilometres) north-east of Tintagel. Forrabury parish church, dedicated to St Symphorian, is in Boscastle at .
However, the mother church of Boscastle is dedicated to St Materiana and nestles among the trees of Minster Wood in the valley of the River Valency half-a-mile east of Boscastle at . The original Forrabury / Minster boundary crossed the river so the harbour end of the village was in Forrabury and the upriver area in Minster. The churches were established some time earlier than the settlement at Boscastle (in Norman times when a castle was built there). The Celtic name of Minster was Talkarn but it was renamed Minster in Anglo-Saxon times because of a monastery on the site. Until the Reformation St Materiana's tomb was preserved in the church. (Another spelling of her name sometimes used is 'Mertheriana' but the usual Latin form is Materiana.) In 1187 the advowson of Forrabury Church was granted to the newly founded Hartland Abbey by William de Botreaux of Boscastle, who also gave the Abbey the advowsons of other of his manors in Devon. For many years the Anglican parishes of Forrabury and Minster have been in the charge of a Rector who is responsible for a group of adjoining parishes as well as these. Minster Church was damaged by the flood of August 2004 and in the following year archaeological work was done at the church to obtain a clearer idea of the history of the building.
Notable buildings and antiquities
Minster church was built in Norman times (some late medieval additions and restoration work carried out in the 19th century): it is listed Grade I. Forrabury church also has some Norman work but the tower was added in 1750. The Rev R. S. Hawker wrote a poem on "The Bells of Forrabury": it was based on a local legend arising from the absence of a peal of bells in the tower. At Welltown in Forrabury parish is a manor house dating from about 1640 and at Worthyvale and Redevallen in Minster parish are two manor houses also of the 17th century. Not far from Worthyvale is an inscribed stone (Latini [h]ic iacit filius Macari = Latin son of Macarus lies here). This stone is popularly known as King Arthur's Grave due to the erroneous identification of Slaughter Bridge with the site of Camlann. At Waterpit Down (on the road towards Launceston in Minster parish) are the remains of a cross probably from the 10th century. Camelford railway station (now occupied by the British Cycling Museum) was built in 1893 and was closed in 1966. (Though named after nearby Camelford it was in Minster parish.)
Views in Forrabury and Minster
Bibliography
Maclean, Sir John, The Parochial and Family History of the Parishes of Forrabury and Minster in the County of Cornwall, 1873 (part of MacLean's Parochial and Family History of ... Trigg Minor)
Armstrong, W. J. C., A Rambler's Guide to Boscastle; Together with St Juliot, Lesnewth [and] Trevalga; 2nd ed., 1931, privately printed at Boscastle
References
External links
Parish council website
Information about an archeological project on the area
Civil parishes in Cornwall
Boscastle |
17328928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%20cruiser%20Isla%20de%20Luz%C3%B3n | Spanish cruiser Isla de Luzón | Isla de Luzón was an protected cruiser of the Spanish Navy which fought in the Battle of Manila Bay.
Technical characteristics
Isla de Luzón was built by Elswick in the United Kingdom. She was laid down on 25 February 1886, launched on 13 November 1886, and completed on 22 September 1887. She had a steel hull and one funnel. She had a large beam for her length, and tended to have poor seakeeping qualities, burying her bow into waves. Small for a protected cruiser, she was often called a gunboat by 1898.
Operational history
Upon completion, Isla de Luzón joined the Metropolitan Fleet in Spain. She participated in the Rif War of 1893–1894, bombarding the reef between Melilla and Chafarinas. When the Philippine Revolution of 1896–1898 broke out in the Philippines, Isla de Luzón was sent there to join the squadron of Rear Admiral Patricio Montojo de Pasaron.
Isla de Luzón was still part of Montojo's squadron when the Spanish–American War broke out in April 1898. She was anchored with the squadron in Cañacao Bay under the lee of the Cavite Peninsula east of Sangley Point, Luzon, eight miles southwest of Manila, when, early on the morning of 1 May 1898, the United States Navy's Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey, found Montojo's anchorage and attacked. The resulting Battle of Manila Bay was the first major engagement of the Spanish–American War.
The American squadron made a series of firing passes, wreaking great havoc on the Spanish ships. At first, Dewey's ships concentrated their fire on Montojo's flagship, unprotected cruiser , and on unprotected cruiser , and Isla de Luzón suffered little damage. When Reina Cristina became disabled, Isla de Luzón and her sister ship, , came alongside to assist her under heavy American gunfire.
With Montojo's squadron battered into submission, Isla de Luzón was scuttled in shallow water to avoid capture. She had taken three hits, one of which had disabled one of her guns, and six of her crew had been wounded. After she sank, her upper works remained above water, and a team from gunboat went aboard and set her on fire.
After the United States occupied the Philippines, the United States Navy seized, salvaged, and repaired her and commissioned her as gunboat in 1900 for service in the United States.
See also
Notes
References
Alden, John D. The American Steel Navy: A Photographic History of the U.S. Navy from the Introduction of the Steel Hull in 1883 to the Cruise of the Great White Fleet, 1907–1909. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1972. .
Chesneau, Roger, and Eugene M. Kolesnik, Eds. Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. New York, New York: Mayflower Books Inc., 1979. .
Nofi, Albert A. The Spanish–American War. Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: Combined Books Inc., 1996. .
External links
The Spanish–American War Centennial Website: Isla de Luzon
Department of the Navy: Naval Historical Center: Online Library of Selected Images: Spanish Navy Ships: Isla de Luzon (Cruiser, 1886–1898)
Navsource.org: USS Isla de Luzon
Isla de Luzon-class cruisers
Ships built on the River Tyne
1886 ships
Spanish–American War cruisers of Spain
Maritime incidents in 1898
Vessels captured by the United States Navy
Shipwrecks of the Spanish–American War
Shipwrecks in the South China Sea
Shipwrecks of the Philippines
Ships built by Armstrong Whitworth |
20467265 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrose%20School | Montrose School | Montrose School is an independent school for girls in grades 6–12 located in Medfield, Massachusetts, USA.
History
Montrose was founded in 1979 in Brookline, Massachusetts, by a group of parents and educators with a vision of girls’ education inspired by the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and St. Josemaria Escriva. The founders asked the Prelature of Opus Dei to provide chaplains to oversee religious teachings, celebrate mass, hear confessions and lead reflections. One of the school's founders was marketing consultant Bill Bowman, later co-founder of the educational software company Spinnaker Software in 1982.
After its initial period in Brookline, the school spent a few years each in the towns of Westwood and Natick. In 2007, Montrose moved to its permanent location in Medfield.
Curriculum
Montrose offers a classical liberal arts curriculum, as well as character education integrated throughout the seven-year curriculum. Students participate in a mentoring program, daily enrichment opportunities for mass or non-academic individual reading, a guest speaker series, class and school service projects and the development of habits of heart, mind and character.
The upper school curriculum includes four years of English, mathematics, history, science and theology or philosophy, as well as at least three years of foreign language and fine arts. Languages offered include Spanish, French and Latin. During their senior year, students complete and present final capstone projects focusing on social issues or other interdisciplinary questions.
The middle school curriculum has two English classes in grade 6 and 7 and a full year of geography. In 7th grade, the girls study ancient civilizations. In 8th grade, the girls are introduced to the language program by taking a full year of Latin; they also take civics.
Montrose also offers study abroad trips for students: the "In the Footsteps of Dante" trip to Italy for upper school students. The school has recently introduced an exchange student program for 10 days with one of its sister schools, Rosemont in Ireland.
Other activities during school days
Girls have at least one study period on almost every day. During one day a week they have an all-school gathering which may consist of a speaker, a game, red and white team competitions, or a Big/Little sister activity.
At the beginning of the year, girls are sorted into either the red or white team, each representing one of the school's colors. These teams compete throughout the year in different activities with a winner announced on the annual themed field day.
The Big/Little sister program pairs one or more upper school (9-12th grade) students and one or more middle school (grades 6–8) students together to have someone to talk to or ask for advice from during the school year. The program is supposed to bond students across grades and create a cohesive environment.
Extracurricular
Sports
Montrose offers seven varsity sports, plus club sports and other athletic offerings. During fall, soccer, field hockey, volleyball and cross country are offered. Basketball, ski club and indoor track are offered during the winter season, and lacrosse, softball, and track and field club during the spring. Students are encouraged to start a club if they would like to see another sport on the Montrose campus.
Music and drama program
The Montrose Players put on three major productions each year: a middle school musical, an upper school play and an all-school musical. There are also two major music productions annually. These concerts include pieces from The Upper School and Middle School Chorus, Tone Chimes, Instrumental Ensemble and the school's a cappella groups. Montrose School has two a cappella groups, the Treblemakers (upper school) and the Clef Hangers (middle school).
Sources
Schools in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Private high schools in Massachusetts
Private middle schools in Massachusetts
Opus Dei schools |
23574604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Returns%20%28album%29 | Returns (album) | Returns is a live album by the fusion band Return to Forever. Released in 2009 by Eagle Records, it is the first recording by the band after a hiatus of 32 years. Also in 2009 a video recording of the band's live performances from the "Returns" tour at Montreux, Switzerland and (bonus material) Clearwater, Florida was released by Eagle Rock Entertainment as Return to Forever – Returns: Live at Montreux 2008.
CD track listing
Disc one
"Opening Prayer" (Chick Corea) – 2:03
"Hymn of the Seventh Galaxy" (Corea) – 3:43
"Vulcan Worlds" (Stanley Clarke) – 13:45
"Sorceress" (Lenny White) – 11:22
"Song to the Pharaoh Kings" (Corea) – 27:13
Al's Solo, including – 8:54
"Children's Song #3" (Corea) duet with Chick Corea
"Passion Grace & Fire" (di Meola)
"Mediterranean Sundance" (di Meola)
"Café 1930"(Astor Piazzolla)
"Spain"(Corea, Joaquín Rodrigo) duet with Chick Corea
"No Mystery" (Corea) – 8:52
Disc two
"Friendship" (Corea) Chick's Solo, including "Solar" (Miles Davis) – 8:52
"Romantic Warrior" (Corea) – 7:19
"El Bayo de Negro" Stanley's Solo (Clarke) – 11:25
"Lineage" Lenny's Solo (White) – 7:39
"Romantic Warrior" (continued) (Corea) – 3:03
"Duel of the Jester and the Tyrant" (Corea) – 14:03
Bonus tracks
"500 Miles High" (Corea) – 12:48
BBC Lifetime Achievement Award to RTF as presented by Sir George Martin, including a performance of "Romantic Warrior" – 8:20
Recorded at the:
Ruth Eckerd Hall, Clearwater, Florida, US, 31 July 2008 (tracks 1.1–2.5)
Bank of America Pavilion, Boston, Massachusetts, US, 6 August 2008 (track 2.6)
Stravinski Auditorium, Montreux Jazz Festival, Switzerland, 18 July 2008 (track 2.7)
Video track listing
Main show – Stravinski Auditorium, Montreux Jazz Festival, Switzerland, 18 July 2008
Introduction
"Hymn of the Seventh Galaxy" (Chick Corea)
"Vulcan Worlds" (Stanley Clarke)
"Sorceress" (Lenny White)
"Song to the Pharaoh Kings" (Corea)
Al's solo
"No Mystery" (Corea)
"Chick's Solo
"Romantic Warrior" (Corea)
"El Bayo de Negro" (Stanley's solo)
"Lineage" (Lenny's solo)
"Romantic Warrior" (conclusion) (Corea)
Bonus tracks – Ruth Eckerd Hall, Clearwater, Florida, 31 July 2008
"Lineage" (Lenny's solo)
Al's solo
"Friendship" (Chick's solo)
"El Bayo de Negro" (Stanley's solo)
"Duel of the Jester and the Tyrant" (Corea)
Personnel
Chick Corea – Yamaha grand piano C3MP, Rhodes Midi Piano Mark V, synthesizers (Minimoog Voyager, Sequential Circuits Prophet-5, Yamaha Motif)
Al Di Meola – acoustic and electric guitar
Stanley Clarke – electric and acoustic bass
Lenny White – drums
CD recording credits
Artist coordination: Julie Rooney
Consultant: Bob Belden
Cover design: Marc Bessant
Drum technician: Gary Grimm
Engineer: Bernie Kirsh
Executive producer: Terry Shand, Claude Nobs
Guitar technician: Andy Brauer
Keyboard technician: Brian Alexander
Liner notes: Russell Davis
Management: Bill Rooney
Poetry: Neville Potter
Production coordination: Terry Cooley
Wardrobe design: Claudio Lugli
Chart performance
References
Review of video at Jazztimes.com by Meredith, Bill
External links
Return to Forever - Returns (2009) album review by Hal Horowitz, credits & releases at AllMusic
Return to Forever - Returns (2009) album releases & credits at Discogs
Return to Forever - Returns (2009) album to be listened as stream on Spotify
Return to Forever - Returns: Live at Montreux 2008 (2009) Blu-ray/DVD releases & credits at Discogs
Return to Forever albums
2009 live albums
Live jazz fusion albums |
17328929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Sudden%20Fall | Operation Sudden Fall | Operation Sudden Fall was a 2008 joint operation between the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and San Diego State University (SDSU) campus police investigating drug abuse in the College Area of San Diego, California. It was the largest campus drug bust in San Diego County history and one of the largest college drug busts in U.S. history.
Background
The sting operation was triggered by the overdose death of a 19-year-old female student, who died of a cocaine overdose on May 6, 2007. Another student, from Mesa College, died of an oxycodone overdose on February 26, 2008 while the covert investigation was being conducted. SDSU campus police, initially investigating alone, invited the DEA and the San Diego County District Attorney's office to get involved in the operation starting in December 2007, after the department became overwhelmed by the leads they uncovered.
Results of sting
On May 6, 2008, San Diego State University Police in collaboration with the Drug Enforcement Administration culminated a year-long investigation into drug abuse in the college area with a series of early morning raids at several residences in the college area. The DEA initially announced the arrests of 96 individuals, of whom 75 were San Diego State University students, (many of them interns at Adobe Systems Incorporated) on a variety of drug charges. One day later, on May 7, SDSU officials stated that only 33 were students, and that the inflated numbers issued originally included all drug-related arrests made over the course of the year-long investigation, many of which were months before the raid and most cases for simple possession.
In total, two kilograms of cocaine were seized, along with 350 Ecstasy pills, 50 pounds of marijuana, psychedelic mushrooms, hash oil, methamphetamine, illicit prescription drugs, other drug paraphernalia, three guns, and $60,000 in cash. The day of the sting, SDSU President Stephen Weber spoke at a news conference, while authorities identified 22 SDSU students as drug dealers who sold to undercover agents, and 17 others that had supplied the drugs. The rest of the suspects apparently bought or possessed illegal drugs. Authorities further found that those arrested included students in the campus's Homeland Security and Criminal Justice programs.
Students belonging to campus fraternities were also among those arrested as result of the operation. In the immediate aftermath of the sting, the university placed six of its fraternity chapters on interim suspensions, as each had one or more members or former members arrested as result of the investigation.
Some student groups, including SDSU group "Students for Sensible Drug Policy," protested the arrests, especially SDSU's decision to involve the DEA, a federal agency, in the operation. In addition, they urged the university to adopt a "Good Samaritan" policy that would allow students in an overdose situation to call for help without fear of repercussions.
On May 15, SDSU Vice President for Student Affairs James Kitchen announced that the interim suspensions for three of the fraternities had been lifted after an administrative review found that those arrested in connection to the controlled substances investigation were either inactive/former members of the fraternity and/or were not presently residents of chapter houses.
On November 22, SDSU announced that Phi Kappa Psi had been suspended for 18 months and Theta Chi had been suspended for four years.
Sentencing
Several months after the May 6 announcement, it was reported that the majority of the defendants had pleaded guilty to the felony charges. The defendants were then either placed on probation or were required to enter drug diversion programs. Other defendants only received citations or had their cases dismissed.
See also
California State University Police Department
References
External links
SDSU President Stephen L. Weber Statement as to SDSU Police 2008 Controlled Substances Investigation (accessed May 9, 2008)
SDSU Department of Public Safety (SDSU Police Department)
2008 in California
Drug control law in the United States
Drug Enforcement Administration operations
San Diego State University |
20467276 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion%20to%20Rejoin | Motion to Rejoin | Motion to Rejoin is the third full-length album by Brightblack Morning Light. It was released on September 23, 2008 by Matador Records.
Track listing
"Introduction" – 0:42
"Hologram Buffalo" – 5:18
"Gathered Years" – 8:00
"Oppressions Each" – 3:26
"Another Reclamation" – 7:05
"A Rainbow Aims" – 9:46
"Summer Hoof" – 5:27
"Past a Weatherbeaten Fencepost" – 6:49
"When Beads Spell Power Leaf" – 2:43
References
2008 albums
Brightblack Morning Light albums
Matador Records albums |
44497694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asue%20Ighodalo | Asue Ighodalo | Asue Ighodalo is a Nigerian lawyer. He is alongside Femi Olubanwo, a founding partner of the law firm of Banwo-and-Ighodalo a corporate and commercial law practice in Nigeria specializing in advising major corporations on Corporate Finance, Capital Markets, Energy & Natural Resources, Mergers & Acquisitions, Banking & Securitization and Project Finance. He is the chairman sterling Bank, Director, NSIA - Nigerian Sovereign Investment Authority, Chairman NESG - Nigerian Economic Summit Group.
Early years
Asue Ighodalo is a product of King's College, Lagos. He obtained B.Sc degree in Economics from the University of Ibadan in 1981, an LL.B from the London School of Economics and Political Science (1984) and a B.L from the Nigerian Law School, Lagos (1985).
Later career
Upon graduation from Nigerian Law School, Lagos, Ighodalo worked as an Associate in the law firm of Chris Ogunbanjo & Co between 1985 and 1991, and in 1991 he set up Banwo & Ighodalo in partnership with Femi Olubanwo. The firm today is consistently ranked as a leading Nigerian law firm in the areas of Capital Markets, Securities, Mergers & Acquisitions. Mr. Ighodalo's core areas of practice include Corporate Finance, Capital Markets, Energy; Natural Resources, Mergers; Acquisitions, Banking; Securitization and Project Finance.
Ighodalo in 2014, successfully advised Zenith Bank Plc in connection with a US$500 million eurobond issuance and Diamond Bank Plc in connection with a US$200 million eurobond issuance respectively.
Publications and works
Ighodalo has presented several papers on capital markets issues both within and outside Nigeria, and also authored many articles in leading law publications. He sometimes lectures on corporate governance, directors' duties and responsibilities, and entrepreneurship at the Institute of Directors, Lagos Business School and FATE Foundation entrepreneurial training sessions, respectively.
Boards, memberships and awards
Asue is the Chairman, Board of Directors, Sterling Bank Plc, Dangote Flour Mills Plc and The Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG). He also sits on the boards of other public and private companies, Non-Governmental Organizations (“NGOs”) and a statutory body including the Okomu Oil Palm Company Plc Nigeria Sovereign Investment Authority (NSIA) FATE Foundation (an NGO committed to the development of entrepreneurs in Nigeria)
Ighodalo became the Chairman of Sterling Bank in August 2014. He is a member of Nigerian Bar Association (NBA), and is a past chairman of The NBA – Section on Business Law (NBA SBL) . He is also a member of Association of International Petroleum Negotiators (AIPN), USA, Nigerian Economic Summit Group, International Bar Association (IBA), Nigerian Maritime Law Association, Commercial Law & Taxation Committee of the Lagos Chamber Of Commerce & Industry, London School of Economics Lawyers' Group and Associate Member Chartered Institute of Taxation.
Family
Asue is happily married to Ifeyinwa, and they are blessed with a daughter.
References
Living people
20th-century Nigerian lawyers
University of Ibadan alumni
King's College, Lagos alumni
21st-century Nigerian businesspeople
Alumni of London Business School
Corporate lawyers
Nigerian chairpersons of corporations
Nigerian Law School alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Nigerian lawyers |
17328933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyd%27s%20Windmill | Boyd's Windmill | Boyd's Windmill, also known as Boyd's Wind Grist Mill, is a historic smock mill at Paradise Valley Park on Prospect Avenue in Middletown, Rhode Island. John Peterson built the windmill at the corner of Mill Lane and West Main Rd. in Portsmouth, Rhode Island in 1810, and William Boyd purchased it in 1815. It originally had four common sails, but four more were added by the family. The mill is a timber-frame structure, octagonal in shape, and about tall, with a rotating cap powered by eight vanes with canvas sheets. The grindstones in the middle of the mill are Fall River granite; the upper one, which is connected to the power mechanisms, rotates six times for each turn of the mill's main shaft. In 1916 Benjamin Boyd removed the original vanes and powered the mill using a gasoline engine. It is one of only two historic windmills (out of what was estimated to be more than thirty) to survive on Aquidneck Island.
Boyd's Mill features prominently on the town seal of Middletown.
The windmill was restored by the Middletown Historical Society after receiving it as a donation in 1990 and moving it to Paradise Valley Park in Middletown. The windmill is open to the public on Sunday afternoons in July, August and September.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island
References
External links
Boyd Windmill History
Middletown Historical Society
Agricultural buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Mill museums in the United States
Windmills completed in 1810
Museums in Newport County, Rhode Island
Smock mills in the United States
Multi-sailed windmills
Industry museums in Rhode Island
Agricultural buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places
Octagonal buildings in the United States
Buildings and structures in Middletown, Rhode Island
Windmills in Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Newport County, Rhode Island
1810 establishments in Rhode Island |
23574608 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsham%20Hurst%20%28electoral%20division%29 | Horsham Hurst (electoral division) | Horsham Hurst is an electoral division of West Sussex in the United Kingdom and returns one member to sit on West Sussex County Council.
Extent
The division covers the western part of the town of Horsham.
It comprises the following Horsham District wards: the western part of Horsham Park Ward and Trafalgar Ward.
Election results
2013 Election
Results of the election held on 2 May 2013:
2009 Election
Results of the election held on 4 June 2009:
This division as it came into existence as the result of a boundary review recommended by the Boundary Committee for England, the results of which were accepted by the Electoral Commission in March 2009.
References
Election Results - West Sussex County Council
External links
West Sussex County Council
Election Maps
Electoral Divisions of West Sussex |
23574612 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakkattoor | Lakkattoor | Lakkattoor is a small village in Kooroppada panchayat, about 17 km east of Kottayam, Kerala located between Kottayam, Ettumanoor, Pala & Ponkunnam. Surrounded by small hills, valleys, streams and rubber trees. Lakkattoor is a unique name. It is believed that the name might have changed from 'Plakkattoor', because the area has lot of jack fruit trees known as 'Plavu' (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam). Jack fruit is also known as 'Plakka'.
Schools/colleges in this village: MGM NSS College, MGM NSS Higher Secondary School, Cluny public school cheppumpara (CBSE)
KR Narayanan National film institute Kanjiranamattam is located few kilometers from the heart of Lakkattoor.
References
Villages in Kottayam district |
17328938 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports%20league%20ranking | Sports league ranking | In a sports league, the ranking of a team is the place where it is within the division. Generally, ranking is based on won-lost record of games, with the team with the best record at the top, and the worst record at the bottom. Another common method is a points-based ranking system, where a team is awarded a certain number of points per win, fewer points per tie, and none for a loss.
In most sports, with association football generally being an exception, teams with the better records are awarded the advantage of playing in the postseason and all the glory that accompanies this privilege.
In leagues that use promotion and relegation, being in or near last place typically results in relegation to the next-lower league, although in some leagues, teams that finish near but not at the bottom may enter a promotion/relegation playoff with one or more teams from the next-lower league, and some other leagues relegate teams based on performance over multiple seasons. In leagues with franchise systems, such as those in the US and Canada and in Australia, being in last place is only harmful to the team's reputation and not its place in the league. However, in some franchised leagues, the last place finisher may receive special compensation, such as being offered the first draft choice.
By sport
Association football
Most association football leagues do not directly use teams' won-drawn-lost record to determine ranking. Instead, a points system is used: 3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw and 0 points for a loss.
This system is also used in group stages of major international competitions (such as the FIFA World Cup) and international club competitions (such as the UEFA Champions League and Copa Libertadores).
All competitions also have a tiebreaking procedure to separate teams that are level on points.
Most leagues determine their champions solely by regular-season standings. The most notable exceptions to this rule are leagues in North America and Australia. The top leagues in both regions—Major League Soccer (MLS) in the United States and Canada, Liga MX in Mexico, and the A-League in Australia (plus one team in New Zealand)—operate playoff systems to determine the season champion (or, in Mexico, two season champions). MLS and the A-League are franchised, while Liga MX uses promotion and relegation.
As a general rule, teams that finish sufficiently high on the regular-season table also earn the right to play in the next edition of one of the international club competitions for their region. For example, European clubs (more precisely, clubs in areas governed by UEFA, which includes several countries that lie partially or totally outside geographic Europe) can qualify for the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League, or UEFA Europa Conference League. Similarly, top teams in other parts of the world can qualify for the Copa Libertadores, AFC Champions League, CAF Champions League, CONCACAF Champions League, or OFC Champions League.
Cricket
In most T20 cricket leagues, the top four teams from the group stage advance to the playoffs, which are held under the Page playoff format.
Initially in the Indian Premier League, there were 52 matches in each league. This was increased to 96 matches in 2011. The top three teams in this league used to automatically make it to the now-defunct Champions League Twenty20, held by International Cricket Council every year.
Baseball
In Major League Baseball, there are three divisions in each league. The leader in each division automatically makes the playoffs, regardless of record. As of 2012, two additional teams, known as the wild cards, play one game to determine who will face the division winner with the best record. From 1995 to 2011, a single wild card team reached the playoffs; before 1969 one team from each league reached the World Series, and from 1969 to 1993 each league had two divisions, whose leaders played a series to determine the league champion and entrant in the World Series. The 1994 season was played using a three-division, one-wild-card setup, but a labor dispute ended the season before these honors could be earned by any team (the first time in 90 years the United States would be without a World Series).
In the Division Series, the team with the best record of the three plays the wild card survivor, and the other two teams play each other in a best-of-five playoff. Beginning with the 2012 postseason, the team with the best record plays the wild-card survivor, regardless of divisional alignment. Previously, teams from the same division were not allowed to meet in the Division Series. The winners of each series play each other in a League Championship Series in a best-of-seven playoff to determine the pennant winner. The two pennant winners then play a best-of-seven series known as the World Series to determine the champion.
Basketball and Hockey
In the NBA and NHL, finishing in last place does not guarantee the first draft choice. Rather, a lottery is used between all of the lower-ranking teams (The 14 out of 30 that failed to reach the postseason). The team with the worst record is given the highest odds of winning the lottery (often 4-to-1), but is not guaranteed the first choice. In the NBA, the first three draft choices are chosen via the lottery, and each winning team receives the draft place it won in the lottery. In the NHL, only one lottery winner is chosen, and if the team is not one of the four worst teams record-wise in the league, it improves four positions in the draft. If the team is one of the worst four, it receives the first draft choice. In both leagues, the remaining teams are sorted by their records during the regular season (lottery teams) or playoff performance. The lottery only affects the first round of the draft. This format is used to prevent a team from losing intentionally in order to automatically gain the first draft choice privilege.
American football
In the NFL, there are two conferences—the AFC and NFC—which are each divided into four divisions—North, South, East, and West. The winner of each division plus three "wild card" teams from each conference advance to the playoffs. The team with the best record in each conference receives a bye in the first round of the playoffs, known as the Wild Card Round, and automatically advances to the Divisional Round (second round). The six other teams play single-elimination games; the lowest seed of the three winners advances to play the bye team, while the other two Wild Card Round winners play one another. The Divisional Round winners advance to the conference championship games and then to the Super Bowl, where the winner receives the Lombardi Trophy and title of Super Bowl Champion, along with championship rings for each member. The NFL Draft is held every April and the order of selection is based on the records from the 16-game regular season, from worst to best, with the Super Bowl champions selecting last. Trading rules are the same as in basketball and hockey, and trading the rights of players after they have been drafted but before they have signed a contract is not uncommon.
Rugby union
As with association football, most leagues in rugby union use a points system to determine ranking. The most commonly used system in the sport is:
Base points: Win: 4, Draw: 2, Loss: 0
Bonus points:
1 point for scoring 4 or more tries. In France's professional league, the try bonus is awarded to a team that scores at least 3 more tries than its opponent.
1 point for losing by 7 points or less (the value of a converted try)
This system is used in the group stages of all competitions operated by World Rugby, such as the Rugby World Cup. It is also used in group stages of most international club competitions, including the Heineken Cup.
While The Rugby Championship in the Southern Hemisphere has always used the standard bonus points system, its Northern Hemisphere counterpart, the Six Nations Championship, did not use said system until 2017. It instead used a system with no bonus points: Win: 2 points, Draw: 1 point, Loss: 0 points. When the Six Nations adopted the standard bonus points system, it added a provision that a team that completes the Grand Slam by defeating all other opponents receives 3 extra table points. This ensures that a Grand Slam winner will win the championship regardless of bonus points earned by any other teams. All competitions also have a tiebreaking procedure to separate teams that are level on points.
Unlike most association football leagues, rugby union leagues generally determine their champions in a knockout playoff. The most common system is a four-team Shaughnessy playoff, though France's Top 14 has a six-team playoff.
See also
Elimination from possibility of reaching postseason
Footnotes
References
Terminology used in multiple sports |
20467282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian%20Potter | Vivian Potter | Vivian Harold Potter (23 October 1878 – 19 November 1968) was a New Zealand Member of Parliament, miner, trade unionist, and soldier.
Private life
Potter was born in Hamilton in 1878, the son of Albert Potter. His mother was Catherine Potter (née Whitehouse), Albert Potter's second wife. Albert Potter left his first wife in 1862 in Hobart when he discovered that both she and Catherine Whitehouse were pregnant with his children; he secretly took four of their five children with them to Auckland. His first wife tracked him down in Mount Eden in 1892.
Vivian Potter mostly lived in Auckland during his early life. He fought in the Second Boer War with the 7th Contingent for about two years; he was a Squadron Quartermaster Sergeant with registration number 4045.
After the Boer War, he married Lillah Coleman at Waihi in January 1904. He was a miner at Waihi and was a member of the Waihi Miners' Union, but opposed the 1912 strike. After the strike was over, he travelled the North Island and lectured on labour arbitration and conciliation.
He was a Second Lieutenant in World War I. He was granted indefinite leave from military service in March 1918 because he suffered from sciatica.
Political career
Potter served on the Waihi Borough Council. He chaired the Waihi school committee for some time, and was on the advisory committee for the Technical School.
Potter represented the Roskill electorate for the Reform Party in the New Zealand House of Representatives from 1919 to 1928. In the , Potter stood in the electorate for the Reform Party but was beaten by Arthur Stallworthy. In the 1931 election, he was one of five candidates in Eden and came last. In the , he stood in Roskill electorate again, and came fourth of the five candidates.
He died on 19 November 1968 and was buried at Mangere Lawn Cemetery.
References
1878 births
1968 deaths
Reform Party (New Zealand) MPs
Local politicians in New Zealand
New Zealand military personnel of the Second Boer War
New Zealand military personnel of World War I
New Zealand miners
New Zealand trade unionists
People from Hamilton, New Zealand
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand MPs for Auckland electorates
Burials at Mangere Lawn Cemetery
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1928 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1931 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1935 New Zealand general election |
23574616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiperceni | Chiperceni | Chiperceni is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of three villages: Andreevca, Chiperceni and Voroteț.
Notable people
Ilarion Buiuc
References
Communes of Orhei District
Orgeyevsky Uyezd |
17328940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawyawm | Gawyawm | Gawyawm is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
20467291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum%20deficiency | Molybdenum deficiency | Molybdenum deficiency refers to the clinical consequences of inadequate supplies of molybdenum in the diet.
The amount of molybdenum required is relatively small, and molybdenum deficiency usually does not occur in natural settings. However, it can occur in individuals receiving parenteral nutrition.
Signs and symptoms
Descriptions of human molybdenum deficiency are few. A patient receiving prolonged parenteral nutrition acquired a syndrome described as ‘acquired molybdenum deficiency.’ This syndrome, exacerbated by methionine administration, was characterized by high blood methionine, low blood uric acid, and low urinary uric acid and sulfate concentrations. The patient suffered mental disturbances that progressed to a coma. Pathological changes occurring in individuals with a genetic disease that results in a sulfite oxidase (a molybdoenzyme) deficiency include increased plasma and urine sulfite, sulfate, thiosulfate, S-sulfocysteine and taurine; seizures, and brain atrophy/lesions; dislocated lenses; and death at an early age..
Diagnosis
Treatment
300 mcg Ammonium Molybdate per day can bring about recovery of “acquired molybdenum deficiency” [3]
See also
Molybdenum cofactor deficiency
References
Further reading
External links
Mineral deficiencies
Deficiency |
17328944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20Robalo | Carlos Robalo | Carlos Robalo (died April 24, 2008) was a Portuguese politician and a member of the CDS – People's Party. Robalo served as Portugal's Secretary of State in 1980 and 1981 He was also instrumental in the creation of the Entidade Reguladora do Sector Eléctrico (ERSE).
Carlos Robalo died on April 24, 2008, at the age of 76 at a hospital in Tomar, Portugal.
References
External links
RTP News: Carlos Robalo, Portuguese Secretary of State, dies
Year of birth missing
2008 deaths
CDS – People's Party politicians
Government ministers of Portugal |
17328957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hkamkawn | Hkamkawn | Hkamkawn is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
23574620 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed%20Idris%20Wase | Ahmed Idris Wase | Ahmed Idris (known as Ahmed Idris Wase; born 1 June 1964) is a Nigerian politician who serves as the Deputy Speaker of the 9th Nigerian House of Representatives. He is a member of All Progressive Congress
Education and personal life
Idris attended LSB Primary School Bashar in Wase, Plateau, Government Secondary school Mbar, Government Secondary school Dengi, Plateau Polytechnic, Kaduna Polytechnic and Harvard Kennedy School of Government United States.
Non-political offices
Civil & Maintenance, Works Dept. C.O.E., Gindiri Member.
Sub-Establishment Committee, C.O.E., Gindiri.
Chairman, Non-Academic Staff Union, C.O.E., Gindiri (1989–1994).
Chairman, Senior Staff Welfare Committee (1990–1993).
Chairman, Joint Academic & Non-Academic Staff Union of Plateau State Tertiary Institutions (1992–1994).
President, Civil Eng. Students Asso., Kaduna Poly Branch (1994–1995).
Dir. Of organization, Gamji Memorial Club, KadPoly Branch (1994–1995).
Chairman, Non-Academic Staff Union, Plateau State Council (1999–2002).
Political career
Deputy House Leader of the Federal House of Representatives, 2018–2019.
Member of the Federal Government Delegation to the 89th Session of the United Nations General Assembly held in New York, United States, 2016.
Governing Council Member of the National Institute of Legislative and Democratic Studies (NILDS), 2015.
Member into the Federal House of Representatives in Nigeria, 2007-
Executive Secretary of State Pilgrims Board, Plateau State, 2005–2006
Ahmed Wase was elected into the lower Chamber of the National Assembly in 2007 and is currently serving his fourth term as a member of House of Representatives, Wase Federal Constituency. He worked in the following committees as Member House Of Representatives: Federal Character, Environment, Emergency & Disaster, Public Account, Area Council, Housing and Habitat, Capital Market, Poverty Alleviation, Petroleum (Upstream), Justice, Public Petitions and Labour, and Youth and Employment Head of Section.
His political priorities are education, health, good roads and water. Also accredited to him are the following; sponsorship of students scholarships, infrastructural development which includes: solar street lights, hand pump and motorized boreholes, renovation of primary healthcare centres, the building of skills acquisition centres, lobbying for the construction of roads and renovation of secondary and primary schools.
He is an advocate for Youth Empowerment and poverty alleviation. He has achieved these through: issuing of grants to the Youths and providing welfare packages to the less privileged.
He was elected Deputy speaker in 9th National Assembly, House of Representative, with 358 votes unopposed.
Hon. Ahmed Wase came under fire after an incident that unfolded itself on 10 March where the Deputy Speaker of the House refused to consider a petition being put on the table by the Mutual Union of Tiv in America (MUTA) through Mark Gbillah, the representative for Gwer East Federal Constituency of Benue State. The petition was regarding the dispossession of the Tiv people off their ancestral lands due to the herdsmen crisis. Hon. Wase responded "If they are in America could they really be an interested party here? Do they really know what is exactly going on?". Hon. Wase spokesperson concluded he was only questioning the legitimacy of the organization.
Awards
Best Legislator in Plateau State- Plateau State Award Committee
Award for Excellence by Centre for Values and Ethics
Leadership Excellence Award by University of Jos
References
External links
http://ahmedidriswase4speaker.com.ng/about-us/ personal website.
https://www.nassnig.org/mps/single/360#
https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/ahmed-idris-maje/
Living people
Members of the House of Representatives (Nigeria)
1964 births |
17328964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyruk%20%28Shabak%29 | Buyruk (Shabak) | The Buyruk or Kitab al-Manaqib (Book of Exemplary Acts) is the sacred book of the Shabak. It is written in Turkmen.
The Buyruk is written in the form of an interlocution between Shaykh Safi-ad-din Ardabili, founder of the Safaviyya order, and his son Sadr al-Dīn Mūsā on different religious matters, and particularly on the life and principles of the Sufi order. It also contains poems composed by Shah Ismail I under the pseudonym 'Khatai', which indicates it must have been compiled in the sixteenth century at the earliest.
References
Religion in Iraq
Religious texts
Shabak people |
23574632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreevca | Andreevca | Andreevca (, Andriyivka, , Andreyevka) is a commune in Transnistria, Moldova. It is composed of three villages: Andreevca, Pîcalova (Пикалово, Пыкалово) and Șmalena (Шмалена). It has since 1990 been administered as a part of the breakaway Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR).
References
Communes of Transnistria
Rîbnița District |
17328971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hkasuhpa | Hkasuhpa | Hkasuhpa is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
20467301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOSCO%20II%20process | TOSCO II process | The TOSCO II process is an above ground retorting technology for shale oil extraction, which uses fine particles of oil shale that are heated in a rotating kiln. The particularity of this process is that it use hot ceramic balls for the heat transfer between the retort and a heater. The process was tested in a 40 tonnes per hour test facility near Parachute, Colorado.
History
TOSCO II process is a refinement of the Swedish Aspeco process. The Tosco Corporation purchased its patent rights in 1952. In 1956, the Denver Research Institute performed research and development of this technology, including testing of a 24 ton per day pilot plant, which operated until 1966. Later the technology development was continued under Tosco's own directions. In 1964 Tosco, Standard Oil of Ohio, and Cleveland Cliffs Iron Company formed Colony Development, a joint venture company to develop the Colony Shale Oil Project and to commercialize the TOSCO II technology. The project was ended in April 1972.
Technology
The TOSCO II process is classified as a hot recycled solids technology. It employs a horizontal rotating kiln-type retort. In this process, oil shale is crushed smaller than and enters the system through pneumatic lift pipes in which oil shale is elevated by hot gas streams and preheated to about . After entering into retort, oil shale is mixed with hot ceramic balls with temperature from to . This increase the oil shale temperature to between and , in which pyrolysis occurs. In the pyrolysis process, kerogen decomposes to oil shale gas and oil vapors, while the remainder of the oil shale forms spent shale. Vapors are transferred to a condensor (fractionator) for separation into various fractions. At the kiln passage, the spent shale and the ceramic balls are separated in a perforated rotating separation drum (trommel). The crushed spent shale falls through holes in the trommel, while ceramic balls are transferred to the ball heater. Combustible shale gas is burned in the ball heater to reheat the ceramic balls.
The overall thermal efficiency of TOSCO II process is low because the energy of spent shale is not recovered and much of the produced shale gas is consumed by the process itself. The efficiency could be increased by burning char (carbonaceous residue in the spent shale) instead of shale gas as a fuel of the ball heater. The process' other disadvantages are mechanical complexity and large number of moving parts. Also the lifetime of ceramic balls is limited. Disposal of spent shale includes environmental problems because it is very finely crushed and contains carbon residue.
See also
Alberta Taciuk Process
Kiviter process
Petrosix process
Galoter process
Fushun process
Paraho process
Lurgi-Ruhrgas process
References
Oil shale technology |
20467313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riker%20Hall%20%28Gainesville%2C%20Florida%29 | Riker Hall (Gainesville, Florida) | Riker Hall built in 1950 is a historic building on the campus of the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, in the United States. It was designed by Guy Fulton in a modified Collegiate Gothic style to provide housing for the student body. Known as South Hall for the first five decades of existence, it was named for Harold C. Riker in 2000.
References
Buildings at the University of Florida
Guy Fulton buildings
School buildings completed in 1950
Residential buildings completed in 1950
1950 establishments in Florida |
23574642 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20Meta | Body Meta | Body Meta is an album by Ornette Coleman and Prime Time.
Reception
In a review for AllMusic, Michael G. Nastos wrote that the musicians on Body Meta are "loud, boisterous, imaginative, unfettered by conventional devices, and wail beyond compare with Coleman within relatively funky, straight beats." Regarding the album, he stated: "As every track is different, Coleman's vision has a diffuse focus, but it's clear that things have changed. Even his personal sound is more pronounced, unleashed from shackles, and more difficult to pin down." Robert Christgau awarded the album an "A minus", and wrote: "Hidden in Coleman's dense electric music are angles deep enough to dive into and sharp enough to cut your throat. This isn't quite as dense or consistent as Dancing in Your Head -- 'Fou Amour' does wander. But 'Voice Poetry' is as funky as James Chance if not James Brown. And 'Home Grown' is as funky as Robert Johnson."
Writing for Fact Magazine, Frank Schindelbeck stated: "While many regard Dancing [In Your Head] to be the key Prime Time document, in my opinion it's Body Meta that first showed the full depth of Ornette's new band. The inaugural release on Coleman's own Artists House label, Body Meta touches on juke joint blues vamps, cubist refractions of James Brown's 'on the one' style, and even militaristic waltzes. It is perhaps the most loose-limbed and deceptively relaxed of any release featuring the Prime Time band, who were known for their taut intensity. The album is also hugely important in that by setting up the Artists House label, Coleman showed that an artist of his stature and reputation could operate outside of the confines of major label hierarchy, ushering in a new era of independent and underground jazz distribution."
Track listing
All tracks composed by Ornette Coleman
Side A
"Voice Poetry" – 8:00
"Home Grown" – 7:36
Side B
"Macho Woman" – 7:35
"Fou Amor" – 8:01
"European Echoes" – 7:40
Personnel
Ornette Coleman - Saxophone, Alto Saxophone
Charlie Ellerbie - Guitar
Ronald Shannon Jackson - Drums
Bern Nix - Guitar
Jamaaladeen Tacuma - Bass
Elisabeth Atnafu - Artwork
References
1978 albums
Ornette Coleman albums
Artists House albums |
20467330 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elma%20Dienda | Elma Dienda | Elma Jane Dienda (born 16 November 1964 in Upington, Northern Cape, South Africa) is a Namibian politician and teacher. Currently a member Democratic Turnhalle Alliance which she joined four years after her resignation from the CoD, Dienda was a member of the National Assembly of Namibia from taking CoD's final spot in 2004 until CoD did not receive enough votes for her re-election in 2009. She is of South African and Malawian descent.
Career
Dienda is a teacher by profession, having earned an education diploma at the Windhoek College of Education and worked at Eldorado High School in Khomasdal. She also has a paralegal diploma from the Legal Assistance Centre. She received training as a counselor at Catholic AIDS Action.
Political positions
Dienda joined the Congress of Democrats in 1999, the year of its foundation. She also held the position of the secretary of the Women Democrats Party. In 2007, she opposed the election of Ben Ulenga as party president.
Dienda led a drive in the National Assembly which called for the distribution of condoms to prison inmates as a means of preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS. Dienda and other opposition politicians were shouted down, with Utoni Nujoma and Petrus Iilonga vocally opposing the idea. Several SWAPO members denied that sexual activities ever occurred in prisons.
The PDM legislator said she does not support husbands and wives claiming rape in marriage. Dienda was responding to a point raised by the minister of home affairs, immigration, safety and security Albert Kawana, who asked whether there would be a conviction if boyfriends and girlfriends, or husbands and wives, claim rape when there is no semen and bodily fluids as part of the court evidence, during a pariament session in April 2022.
References
1964 births
Living people
People from Upington
Congress of Democrats politicians
Members of the National Assembly (Namibia)
Namibian people of Malawian descent
Namibian people of South African descent
21st-century Namibian women politicians
21st-century Namibian politicians
Women members of the National Assembly (Namibia)
Windhoek College of Education alumni |
44497716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Geyer | Frank Geyer | {{Infobox police officer
| name = Detective Frank P. Geyer
| image = File:Philadelphia City Detective Frank Geyer.jpg
| caption =Geyer in 1896
| currentstatus =
| department =City of Philadelphia Police Department
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| nickname =
|rank=Detective, January 1888 until retirement, August 1903, appointed by Philadelphia Mayor Edwin Henry FitlerSpecial Officer, from February 1877 to January 1888Patrolman, May 6, 1876 to February 1887, appointed by Mayor William Stokley
|birth_place=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
|death_place= Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
|resting_place=Hillside Cemetery, Roslyn, Pennsylvania|badgenumber=840, 887, and detective badge|serviceyears=27 years at City of Philadelphia Police Department|laterwork=Author of Holmes-Pitezel case: a history of the greatest crime of the century and of the search for the missing Pitezel children, 1896Invented "Shutter or Door Fastener," 1896Invented "Safety-Lock," 1907Founded "Frank P. Geyer Detective Agency," Philadelphia, PA, after retirement
|spouse=
|children = 1 daughter
}}
Frank Geyer (July 28, 1853 – October 4, 1918) was an American police detective from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, best known for his investigation of H. H. Holmes, one of America's first serial killers. Geyer was a longtime city employee of the Philadelphia Police Department, and in 1894 was assigned to investigate the Holmes-Pitezel Case. He published the story in his book The Holmes-Pitezel Case: a history of the greatest crime of the century and of the search for the missing Pitezel children.
Son of Reuben K. Geyer and Camilla Buck, Frank Geyer died at the age of 65 due to La Grippe (Spanish Flu) and his funeral was attended by hundreds of policemen and detectives.
The Holmes–Pitezel Case
H.H. Holmes's recorded crimes began in Chicago in 1893 when he opened a hotel called The World's Fair Hotel for the World's Columbian Exposition. The structure, built by Holmes, would later be known as the 'Murder Castle', as demonstrably false press accounts averred that labyrinthine constructions on the top two floors were used by Holmes to torture and kill numerous victims. Reports by the yellow press claimed the structure contained secret torture chambers, trap doors, gas chambers and a basement crematorium; none of these claims were true. Even a 1937 article in the Chicago Tribune described: "There were rooms that had no doors. There were doors that had no rooms. A mysterious house it was indeed -- a crooked house, a reflex of the builder's own distorted mind. In that house occurred dark and eerie deeds.". While Holmes' "Murder Castle" is a total fabrication, it is true that he killed multiple times, partly in furtherance of an insurance fraud scheme. In doing so, Holmes left a complicated trail of evidence through several US states and the Canadian province of Ontario.
Boston police inspectors and a Pinkerton detective apprehended Holmes in 1894 in Boston on a coroner's warrant for insurance fraud perpetrated in Philadelphia; however, Boston officials did not find the warrant sufficient to hold Holmes so they contacted Fort Worth, Texas for an outstanding warrant of horse theft. Holmes volunteered to be extradited to Philadelphia for the insurance fraud as he felt he would receive a much lighter sentence. Texas was notorious for rendering harsh sentences to horse thieves. The City of Philadelphia Police Department sent Detective Thomas Crawford to Boston to bring H. H. Holmes and his accomplice, Mrs. Carrie Pitezel, to Philadelphia for a trial.
Philadelphia city detective Frank Geyer was tasked with investigating and the trail led him through the Mid West and Toronto, Canada, where he found the remains of two of the Pitezel children. They were the children of Benjamin Pitezel, Holmes's former partner in crime, whom he had murdered to commit life insurance fraud. Pitezel, however, was only involved in fraud and had no knowledge of the murders.
The initial investigation was concerned with the insurance fraud but it soon became apparent that Holmes had killed Pitezel. In June 1895 Frank Geyer left Philadelphia to retrace Holmes's steps. His findings in Toronto led to further investigations of Holmes's Chicago property, which sealed his fate. Geyer used information from the unsent letters written by the Pitezel children which, for an unknown reason, were kept by Holmes. In Toronto, he found the bodies of Alice and Nellie Pitezel. He continued his search and found the burnt remains of Howard Pitezel, the third child, in a house Holmes had rented in Irvington, Indianapolis.
Holmes was found guilty murder in the first degree and executed in May 1896 at the age of 34. Wildly exaggerated accounts have estimated Holmes' total number of victims at around 200, but with no sources to back up the figure. Erik Larson, who wrote extensively about Holmes in The Devil in the White City (2003), thought this was a gross exaggeration. Holmes himself confessed to 27 murders, although some of the people he claimed to have killed were still in fact alive. Modern thought links Holmes to the murders of Ben Pitezel and his three children, as well as very possibly (though by no means unquestionably) to five women he had various personal and business dealings with in the late 1880s and early 1890s, and who disappeared at various points and were never found. The murder of Ben Pitezel was the only murder for which Holmes was charged and convicted.
That same year Frank Geyer published his book detailing the case. In the book George S. Graham, District Attorney of Philadelphia, described the story as "one of the most marvellous [sic] stories of modern times".
False Claims of Geyer's Family Dying in Fire
Several popular books falsely claimed Detective Geyer's wife and twelve-year-old daughter died in a fire shortly after he was assigned to investigate H. H. Holmes and the three missing Pitezel children.
However, Geyer's beloved wife and daughter never died in a fire and continued to live well past his death in 1918.
Other Work by Detective Geyer
In 1896, Detective Geyer became an author and inventor. He authored the Holmes-Pitezel case: a history of the greatest crime of the century and of the search for the missing Pitezel children, which became an instant best seller. Shortly after its release, his "Shutter or Door Fastener" patent application was approved by the United States Patent Office on March 10, 1896, Patent No. 556,141. After 27 years with the City of Philadelphia Police Department, Geyer opened the Frank P. Geyer Detective Agency, located at 1328 Arch Street in Philadelphia and investigated high profile cases, mostly in the Pennsylvania and New Jersey areas. In 1907, he invented the "Safety-Lock for Pocket Books and Hand Bags, which was approved by the Patent Office December 3, 1907, Patent No. 872,619.
References
1853 births
1918 deaths
Private detectives and investigators
People from Philadelphia
Philadelphia Police Department officers
19th-century American inventors
20th-century American inventors
Deaths from Spanish flu |
20467347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Hall%20%28Gainesville%2C%20Florida%29 | North Hall (Gainesville, Florida) | North Hall built in 1950 is a historic building on the campus of the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, in the United States. It was designed by Guy Fulton in a modified Collegiate Gothic style to provide housing for the student body.
See also
University of Florida
Buildings at the University of Florida
University of Florida student housing
References
Buildings at the University of Florida
Guy Fulton buildings
University and college buildings completed in 1950
Residential buildings completed in 1950
1950 establishments in Florida |
23574657 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cioc%C3%AElteni | Ciocîlteni | Ciocîlteni is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of three villages: Ciocîlteni, Clișova Nouă and Fedoreuca.
References
Communes of Orhei District
Orgeyevsky Uyezd |
20467348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef%20Tajti | József Tajti | József Tajti (Jászapáti, 8 October 1943) is a Hungarian footballer, currently coaches Nyíregyháza Spartacus FC.
References
Ki kicsoda a magyar sportéletben? [Who's Who in the Hungarian Sports Life?], Volume 3 (S–Z). Szekszárd, Babits Kiadó, 1995, p 85,
1943 births
Living people
People from Jászapáti
Hungarian footballers
Hungarian football managers
Association football defenders
Budapest Honvéd FC players
Kaposvári Rákóczi FC players
Fehérvár FC managers
Nemzeti Bajnokság I managers
Sportspeople from Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County |
20467366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28It%27s%20Gonna%20Be%20a%29%20Lonely%20Christmas | (It's Gonna Be a) Lonely Christmas | "(It's Gonna Be a) Lonely Christmas" is a Christmas song recorded by The Orioles in 1948. It was their second hit (following "It's Too Soon to Know"), reaching position #8 on Billboard’s Juke Box charts in December 1948, and #5 the following Christmas.
References
American Christmas songs
Songs about loneliness
1948 songs |
44497729 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varam%20%28film%29 | Varam (film) | Varam is a 1993 Indian Malayalam film, directed by Haridas and produced by Hamsa Muhammed. The film stars Mukesh, Mohini, Sukumari and Thilakan in the lead roles. The film has musical score by Ouseppachan.
Cast
Mukesh as Eby Perera
Mohini as Neelima
Sukumari as Neelima's Aunt
Thilakan as Dr. Uncle
A. C. Zainuddin as Peter Fernadez
Ganesh Kumar as Daniel Dizuza
Janardanan as Gangadhara Menon (Neelima's Father)
Mamukkoya as patient
Beena Antony as Leena (Neelima's Friend)
Soundtrack
The music was composed by Ouseppachan and the lyrics were written by Gireesh Puthenchery.
References
1993 films
1990s Malayalam-language films
Films scored by Ouseppachan |
23574660 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Fletcher%20%28rower%29 | William Fletcher (rower) | William Alfred Littledale Fletcher, DSO (25 August 1869 – 14 February 1919) was both a successful English oarsman and coach, and soldier.
Fletcher was born at Holly Bank, Green Lane, Wavertree, near Liverpool, the eldest son of Alfred Fletcher, a Director of the London and North-Western Railway. He was educated at Cheam School and Eton. He went up to Christ Church, Oxford where he rowed to win the Ladies' Challenge Plate and the Thames Cup at Henley Royal Regatta in 1889. In 1890 he stroked the Oxford Eight in the Boat Race to end a Cambridge run of four victories. He rowed in the 1891, 1892 and 1893 Boat Races. With Vivian Nickalls he won the Silver Goblets at Henley in 1892 and 1893 and both the Pairs and the Fours at Oxford. He rowed in winning Leander Club crews at Henley. He was a member of the Oxford Varsity Water Polo team and was on the Committee of Vincent's Club.
Having access to considerable private wealth, Fletcher became a rowing coach. He had learned a technique at Oxford comprising a combination of swing and slide, together with a lightning entry, and he taught it to the Cambridge crews in 1898 and 1899, which led to the creation of a magnificent Cambridge crew in 1900. He missed coaching for the 1901 Boat Race as he was serving in the South African War. On return from South Africa he coached both the Oxford varsity crew and that of his old college, Christ Church, to great success and acclaim, reaching the peak of his fame as a coach. He afterwards coached many Oxford and House crews.
Fletcher was also a big game hunter and explorer. He went hunting and exploring in Siberia, Kenya, and Tibet.
He became part of the patriotic volunteer movement at the beginning of 1900, joining the 32nd Company Imperial Yeomanry on 7 February 1900. The Company was raised in Lancashire by the Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry Cavalry and The Lancashire Hussars. He was appointed Lieutenant and served with the 2nd Battalion Imperial Yeomanry in South Africa. On return home he relinquished his commission and was granted the honorary rank of lieutenant in the Army from 10 July 1901. He had proved to be a very successful officer and was Mentioned in Despatches (MID) twice. First on 7 May 1901 for valuable services rendered in connection with operations, and second on 10 September 1901 for special and meritorious service in South Africa. He was made a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) on 27 September 1901.
He enlisted again on the outbreak of the Great War, joining the Territorial Force Reserve as a captain on 23 September 1914. He was appointed adjutant of the 6th (Rifle) Battalion The King's (Liverpool Regiment) on 10 November 1914; a position he held until 27 April 1915. On 6 August 1915 he was promoted temporary lieutenant-colonel and appointed commanding officer of the 2nd/6th Battalion, which was in training. It deployed to France on 14 February 1917, and he was one of the 457 casualties suffered by the battalion during the second mustard gas attack of the war, at Armentières on 29 July 1917. He had recovered sufficiently to return to duty on 11 September 1917. His successful command was recognized on 1 January 1918 when, as a captain (temporary lieutenant-colonel) he was appointed brevet major for distinguished service in the field. On 2 May 1918 the French honoured his service by the award of the Légion d'honneur, Croix de Chevalier.
"On the 23rd of July [1918], to everyone's regret, Lieutenant-Colonel W A L Fletcher proceeded to England, broken in health."
He became acting chairman of the Henley Regatta, putting forward a motion which was carried unanimously, to hold a scaled-down Regatta in the following summer. However, he never saw it to fruition, dying in the 1918 flu pandemic from broncho-pneumonia which caught hold in his gas-weakened lungs. He is buried in a family grave in St Nicholas Church-yard Halewood.
See also
List of Oxford University Boat Race crews
References
1869 births
1919 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
English male rowers
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
British Army personnel of World War I
People educated at Cheam School
British military personnel killed in World War I
Deaths from the Spanish flu pandemic in England
Deaths from pneumonia in England
Deaths from bronchopneumonia |
20467374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Until%20They%20Sail | Until They Sail | Until They Sail is a 1957 American black-and-white CinemaScope drama film directed by Robert Wise and starring Jean Simmons, Joan Fontaine, Paul Newman, Piper Laurie, and Sandra Dee. The screenplay by Robert Anderson, based on a story by James A. Michener included in his 1951 anthology Return to Paradise, focuses on four New Zealand sisters and their relationships with U.S. Marines during World War II.
Plot
The film opens in a Christchurch courtroom, where testimony prompts Barbara Leslie to flashback to the events that led to the trial. She and her sisters Anne, Evelyn, and Delia live in Christchurch, where most of the male residents, including their brother Kit and Barbara's new husband Mark, are preparing to leave for World War II duty. Delia announces her engagement to Phil "Shiner" Friskett, who is one of the city's few remaining bachelors, but word of Kit's death dampens the celebration. Repressed and judgmental spinster sister Anne disapproves of the upcoming nuptials, but Barbara defends Delia's decision.
Within weeks of the marriage, the sisters come to resent Shiner's abuse and are happy to see him leave for active duty. Delia moves to Wellington to work for the New Zealand Navy. When several hundred U.S. Marines are shipped to Christchurch following the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, the lonely local women are flattered by the attention they pay them. When Evelyn invites Capt. Richard "Dick" Bates to dinner, he declines the offer, but not without attracting Anne's eye.
Concerned about Delia, Anne sends Barbara to Wellington, where she discovers her sister is registered at the St. George Hotel under her maiden name. Shiner is now a prisoner of war, and Delia has become involved with an American lieutenant named Andy. She plans to divorce Shiner and emigrate to the United States. Andy introduces Barbara to his friend Jack Harding, a Marine reviewing the backgrounds of prospective New Zealand brides of American soldiers. Although Barbara intends to remain faithful to her husband, she finds herself attracted to Jack.
Back in Christchurch, Anne is outraged by the lewd comments made by American servicemen in the lingerie shop where she works and writes a letter of complaint to the local paper. Following its publication, Dick is sent to the Leslie home to deliver a formal apology on behalf of the Marine Corps. Anne invites him to dinner, and Dick arrives with a gift of perfume for each sister. Anne accuses him of trying to seduce them.
Soon after, Barbara and Anne learn of Mark's death in North Africa and Dick's departure for active duty. He eventually returns to New Zealand to recuperate from an injury, and a romance between him and Anne blossoms. He proposes, but before the required marital investigation can take place, he is given offshore duty, leaving Anne expecting their child and unsure of what the future holds for them.
Jack arrives at the Leslie home to conduct his investigation of Anne, and he advises her that wartime romances stem from loneliness rather than love. Barbara tells him his assessment is heartless. Shortly after, she discovers Dick's name on the latest casualty list. Weeks later, Jack runs into Barbara at a local dance, where she suggests he uses alcohol to avoid intimacy. He breaks down in her arms, and a strong friendship between the two blossoms.
Jack celebrates Christmas Eve with the Leslie family, which now includes Anne's newborn son. When he announces his imminent departure, he and Barbara share an amorous embrace. Months later, Evelyn's sweetheart Tommy returns from war and proposes to her. Barbara sees an item from Richard's mother in the personals section of the newspaper, containing a request from Dick's mother to hear from any New Zealand family who knew her son. After Barbara writes to her, Dick's mother sends money to finance Anne and her baby's move to Oklahoma to live with their family.
The day of Anne's departure coincides with the Japanese announcing the end of hostilities. Delia has arrived in Wellington to see Anne off and to ask Shiner, recently rescued from a P.O.W. camp, for a divorce so she can leave for America with her latest lover. Infuriated, Shiner kills his wife with a Japanese sword he brought back from the war.
Weeks later, during the murder trial, Jack is forced to reveal his investigation report detailing Delia's seven affairs with American soldiers. Upset that her sister's infidelities seemingly have justified her savage murder, Barbara refuses Jack's invitation to leave New Zealand with him. Upon reflection, she packs her belongings and arrives at Jack's hotel to tell him she's ready to embark upon a new life with him.
Cast
Jean Simmons as Barbara Leslie Forbes
Joan Fontaine as Anne Leslie
Paul Newman as Capt. Jack Harding
Piper Laurie as Delia Leslie Friskett
Charles Drake as Capt. Richard Bates
Sandra Dee as Evelyn Leslie
Wally Cassell as Phil Friskett
Alan Napier as Prosecution Attorney
Ralph Votrian as Max Murphy
John Wilder as Tommy
Tige Andrews as US Marine #1 (store customer)
Adam Kennedy as Lt. Andy
Mickey Shaughnessy as US Marine #2 (store customer)
Music
The score for the film was composed and conducted by David Raksin. The title song included lyrics by Sammy Cahn and was performed under the main titles by vocalist Eydie Gorme.
The complete score was issued on CD in 2009, on Film Score Monthly records.
Production
Robert Wise and Mark Robson had originally purchased the rights for Michener's story when they were at RKO. Casting problems forced them to delay the filming when the rights went to Hecht-Hill-Lancaster Productions who were going to cast Burt Lancaster. When the company made The Kentuckian instead, MGM acquired the rights, first intending their contract lead Glenn Ford playing the lead Marine. Robert Wise then reacquired the film through MGM in his last film of his contract with the studio.
Wise visited New Zealand to familiarise himself with the nation and the people, but filmed the movie on the MGM back lot.
He had originally intended to shoot the film in colour.
It was Sandra Dee's first film. (The 1957 Soviet animated feature The Snow Queen is often listed as Dee's first film credit, because she and other Hollywood stars did the voices for the English-language version, but that English-language audio was not actually made until 1959.)
Stewart Granger was once announced for the lead.
Box office
According to MGM records the film earned $745,000 in the US and Canada and $675,000 elsewhere, resulting in a loss of $1,055,000.
Critical reception
Bosley Crowther of The New York Times observed, "The genuine tugs at the heart are few and far between in this bittersweet but basically restrained chronicle. Robert Anderson's adaptation . . . is honest and straightforward . . . Unfortunately there is a good deal of introspective soul-searching before this narrative arrives at its sad and happy endings."
William K. Zinsser of the New York Herald Tribune wrote that the film "has moments of genuine tenderness and truth."
See also
List of American films of 1957
List of films set in New Zealand
References
External links
1957 films
American World War II films
Films set in New Zealand
1950s English-language films
American black-and-white films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
CinemaScope films
Films about the United States Marine Corps
1957 drama films
Films based on short fiction
Films directed by Robert Wise
Films scored by David Raksin
Films based on works by James A. Michener
Films set on the home front during World War II
Christchurch in fiction |
44497731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945%20French%20legislative%20election%20in%20Gabon%E2%80%93Moyen%20Congo | 1945 French legislative election in Gabon–Moyen Congo | Elections to the French National Assembly were held in Gabon and French Congo on 21 October 1945, with a second round of voting on 18 November. Gabriel d'Arboussier and Jean-Félix Tchicaya were elected.
Electoral system
The two seats allocated to the constituency were elected on two separate electoral rolls; French citizens elected one MP from the first college, whilst non-citizens elected one MP in the second college.
Campaign
The election campaign was largely a contest between three large ethnic groups; the Fang of Gabon, the Mbochi in the north of Congo and the Vili from the Pointe-Noire coastal area. One other large group, the Kongo, refused to vote or wrote the name of the religious figure André Matsoua (who had died in prison in 1942) on the ballot paper.
The Fang candidate was Jean-Hilaire Aubame, whilst the Vili candidate was Jean-Félix Tchicaya.
Results
First college
Second college
Aftermath
Following the elections, Senegalese MP Lamine Guèye attempted to persuade all the African MPs to form an African Bloc, which would be affiliated with the SFIO. However, the attempt failed, and although Tchicaya did sit with the SFIO, d'Arboussier joined the MUR.
References
Gabon
October 1945 events in Africa
Elections in Gabon
Elections in the Republic of the Congo
1945 in Gabon
1945 in French Equatorial Africa
1945 elections in France |
23574669 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatters%27%20riot | Squatters' riot | The Squatters' riot was an uprising and conflict that took place between squatting settlers and the government of Sacramento, California (then an unorganized territory annexed after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo) in August 1850 concerning the lands that John Sutter controlled in the region and the extremely high prices that speculators set for land that they had acquired from Sutter. The influx of squatters was a consequence of the 1848 California Gold Rush; when courts began to take legal action against squatters in the area, the squatters mobilized under Dr. Charles L. Robinson and Joseph Maloney and challenged mayor Hardin Bigelow and sheriff Joseph McKinney; the conflict was ultimately resolved, and the speculation in Sacramento ended as a result.
Background
The California Gold Rush, which began in 1848, attracted thousands of gold seekers to the Sacramento Valley region after flakes of gold were discovered at a sawmill owned by John Sutter, Sr. in Coloma. Founding an embarcadero on the confluence of the American and Sacramento Rivers to facilitate trade, the Gold Rush made Sutter disillusioned and he replaced himself with his son as tender of business affairs in Sutter's New Helvetia. Sutter's temporary succession by his son gave Sutter, Jr. the power and opportunity to develop the embarcadero into a settlement that he dubbed "Sacramento City" with his partner, Samuel Brannan from San Francisco in the south. However, even after the hype that accompanied the Gold Rush began to settle down, settlers continued to move into Sacramento City, attracted by the trade that continued to bustle along its location on the Sacramento and American.
Settlers who had recently arrived in California found that unclaimed land in key locations was difficult to find and possess. Of the of claimed land in California, eight hundred people held the deed to differing quantities of this land. With no convenient location in which they could stay, new arrivals who could not afford lodging in the city squatted on claimed land circling the settlement. Contentious squatters challenged the right of John Sutter's Mexican-era claim to the Sacramento Valley, as his possessions encompassed much of the Sacramento region.
Prelude to conflict
The squatters were roused initially by an October 1849 lawsuit filed against a logger named Z. M. Chapman, who had constructed a log cabin nearby Sutter's Fort on Priest, Lee, & Company-owned land. When the commercial institution could not pool sufficient evidence displaying their ownership of the land, Chapman extended his claim, challenging at first Sutter's grants and later on all city-owned land. Charles L. Robinson approved of Chapman's actions and built his own shack on another's private land. The squatting settlers organized the Sacramento City Settlers Organization; Robinson became the group's president.
Headed by Samuel Brannan, landowners in the area spoke against Robinson's actions and convinced the Sacramento City Council to issue a document that permitted the destruction of Robinson's property. However, a major January flood washed through and destroyed much of Sacramento City, scattering most of the squatters in the vicinity of the city center. This temporarily dealt with the problem. Many former squatters headed north to placer mines in search of gold, although after the floods had ended and the former squatters realized that there was little gold to be had, hundreds returned to the city.
The settlers who supported government recognition of squatters' rights began to host public meetings in the spring of 1850, at which they swore to defend their lands if confronted. A "Law and Order Association" was formed and an irregular militia was organized to challenge the speculators who charged high prices for the land they had purchased from Sutter, as well as Sutter himself. Tension in the city began to increase after a group of speculators had a squatter-built and squatter-owned fence demolished.
In May 1850, the newly elected judge of Sacramento County, named E. J. Willis, charged a squatter named John T. Madden with unlawful occupation. When the court ruled against Madden on August 8, squatter-sympathetic settlers charged the speculators with "brute force" in handbills distributed across the city. The squatters chose to rally under Dr. Charles L. Robinson, who became the movement's de facto leader; Robinson worked with future Sacramento Bee editor James McClatchy to found the Settlers and Miners Tribune, which attacked the land monopoly that stifled new immigration to the city. He also enlisted Joseph Maloney to head a company of squatters in case military action was required. Protracting peace for an additional day, mayor Hardin Bigelow promised that writs for arrest against those who joined Robinson would not be issued.
However, the next day on August 13, a writ of restitution was issued of the locale at which John T. Madden had stayed as a squatter prior to his trial; the writ of restitution called forth James McClatchy and another Free Soil advocate named Richard Moran. Along with others who had opposed the sheriff's decision to execute the writ, McClatchy and Moran were jailed aboard a ship that served as the city's prison brig, the La Grange. On August 14, Maloney and Robinson mobilized their military force of approximately forty or fifty and marched through downtown Sacramento, intent on freeing the Madden residence from government confiscation; however, Hardin Bigelow believed that they were marching towards the La Grange to free McClatchy and Moran, and mobilized a military force. Fearing a full-scale uprising, Bigelow marched with his fellow settlers and confronted Maloney and Robinson at the corner of streets Fourth and J.
Battles
The details of the following fight were not clear, although the local Placer Times worked to document the battle. At the confrontation in downtown Sacramento, Hardin Bigelow at first ordered the squatters to stand down and relinquish their arms; shooting began instead. Hardin Bigelow was severely injured and Charles Robinson was wounded. City assessor J. W. Woodland, Joseph Maloney, a squatter named Jesse Morgan, and two civilian bystanders were killed.
General Albert Maver Winn, who was the head of the Sacramento City Council at the time, ordered 500 militiamen towards the city and declared a state of martial law until the matter could be resolved. Meanwhile, as Bigelow recovered from his wounds, Joseph McKinney lead a party of twenty men and attacked a squatter camp at Brighton, a settlement to the east of Sacramento. Although McKinney and three of the squatters were killed, the conflict wound down and ended.
Aftermath
Hardin Bigelow was unable to resume his duties as mayor, and headed south to San Francisco to recuperate. He was replaced by Demas Strong, the president of the Common Council. Charles Robinson, although tried for murder, remained extremely popular with the populace of Sacramento, and was elected to the California State Legislature while still in prison, after supporters placed his name on the ballot. Robinson also became the first governor of the state of Kansas. McClatchy and Moran were released from the La Grange two days after the Squatters Riot ended, and the speculation that moved the squatters to action began to disappear, although the federal government agreed to uphold Sutter's pre-American grant and the squatters lost the legal battle.
References
Notes
Bibliography
1850 in American politics
Riots and civil disorder in California
History of Sacramento, California
Law enforcement operations in the United States
1850 in California
Squatting in the United States
Political riots in the United States |
20467381 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overchoice | Overchoice | Overchoice or choice overload is a cognitive impairment in which people have a difficult time making a decision when faced with many options. The term was first introduced by Alvin Toffler in his 1970 book, Future Shock. This phenomenon in particular has come under some criticism due to increased scrutiny of scientific research related to the replication crisis and has not been adequately reproduced by subsequent research, thereby calling into question its validity.
Psychological process
The phenomenon of overchoice occurs when many equivalent choices are available. Making a decision becomes overwhelming due to the many potential outcomes and risks that may result from making the wrong choice. Having too many approximately equally good options is mentally draining because each option must be weighed against alternatives to select the best one. The satisfaction of choices by number of options available can be described by an inverted "U" model. In this model, having no choice results in very low satisfaction. Initially more choices lead to more satisfaction, but as the number of choices increases it then peaks and people tend to feel more pressure, confusion, and potentially dissatisfaction with their choice. Although larger choice sets can be initially appealing, smaller choice sets lead to increased satisfaction and reduced regret. Another component of overchoice is the perception of time. Extensive choice sets can seem even more difficult with a limited time constraint.
Examples of overchoice include increased college options, career options, and prospective romantic relationships. Many of these increased options can be attributed to modern technology. In today's society we have easy access to more information, products and opportunities.
Preconditions
Choice overload is not a problem in all cases, there are some preconditions that must be met before the effect can take place. First, people making the choice must not have a clear prior preference for an item type or category. When the choice-maker has a preference, the number of options has little impact on the final decision and satisfaction. Second, there must not be a clearly dominant option in the choice set, meaning that all options must be perceived of equivalent quality. One option cannot stand out as being better from the rest. The presence of a superior option and many less desirable options will result in a more satisfied decision. Third, there is a negative relationship between choice assortment (quantity) and satisfaction only in people less familiar with the choice set. This means that if the person making a choice has expertise in the subject matter, they can more easily sort through the options and not be overwhelmed by the variety.
Psychological implications
Decision-makers in large choice situations enjoy the decision process more than those with smaller choice sets, but feel more responsible for their decisions. Despite this, more choices result with more dissatisfaction and regret in decisions. The feeling of responsibility causes cognitive dissonance when presented with large array situations. In this situation, cognitive dissonance results when there is a mental difference between the choice made and the choice that should have been made. More choices lead to more cognitive dissonance because it increases the chance that the decision-maker made the wrong decision. These large array situations cause the chooser to feel both enjoyment as well as feel overwhelmed with their choices. These opposing emotions contribute to cognitive dissonance, and causes the chooser to feel less motivated to make a decision. This also disables them from using psychological processes to enhance the attractiveness of their own choices.
The amount of time allotted to make a decision also has an effect on an individual's perception of their choice. Larger choice sets with a small amount of time results in more regret with the decision. When more time is provided, the process of choosing is more enjoyable in large array situations and results in less regret after the decision has been made.
Reversal when choosing for others
Choice overload is reversed when people choose for another person. Polman has found that overload is context dependent: choosing from many alternatives by itself is not demotivating.
Polman found that it is not always a case of whether choices differ for the self and others at risk, but rather “according to a selective focus on positive and negative information."
Evidence shows there is a different regulatory focus for others compared to the self in decision-making. Therefore, there may be substantial implications for a variety of psychological processes in relation to self-other decision-making.
Among personal decision-makers, a prevention focus is activated and people are more satisfied with their choices after choosing among few options compared to many options, i.e. choice overload. However, individuals experience a reverse choice overload effect when acting as proxy decision-makers.
In an economic setting
The psychological phenomenon of overchoice can most often be seen in economic applications. There are limitless products currently on the market. Having more choices, such as a vast amount of goods and services available, appears to be appealing initially, but too many choices can make decisions more difficult. According to Miller (1956), a consumer can only process seven items at a time. After that the consumer would have to create a coping strategy to make an informed decision. This can lead to consumers being indecisive, unhappy, and even refrain from making the choice (purchase) at all. Alvin Toffler noted that as the choice turns to overchoice, "freedom of more choices" becomes the opposite—the "unfreedom". Often, a customer makes a decision without sufficiently researching his choices, which may often require days. When confronted with too many choices especially under a time constraint, many people prefer to make no choice at all, even if making a choice would lead to a better outcome.
The existence of over choice, both perceived and real, is supported by studies as early as the mid-1970s. Numbers of various brands, from soaps to cars, have been steadily rising for over half a century. In just one example—different brands of soap and detergents—the numbers of choices offered by an average US supermarket went from 65 in 1950, through 200 in 1963, to over 360 in 2004. The more choices tend to increase the time it requires to make a decision.
Variety and complexity
There are two steps involved in making a choice to purchase. First, the consumer selects an assortment. Second, the consumer chooses an option within the assortment. Variety and complexity vary in their importance in carrying out these steps successfully, resulting in the consumer deciding to make a purchase.
Variety is the positive aspect of assortment. When selecting an assortment during the perception stage, the first stage of deciding, consumers want more variety.
Complexity is the negative aspect of assortment. Complexity is important for the second step in making a choice—when a consumer needs to choose an option from an assortment. When making a choice for an individual item within an assortment, too much variety increases complexity. This can cause a consumer to delay or opt out of making a decision.
Images are processed as a whole when making a purchasing decision. This means they require less mental effort to be processed which gives the consumer a sense that the information is being processed faster. Consumers prefer this visual shortcut to processing, termed "visual heuristic" by Townsend, no matter how big the choice set size. Images increase our perceived variety of options. As previously stated, variety is good when making the first step of choosing an assortment. On the other hand, verbal descriptions are processed in a way that the words that make up a sentence are perceived individually. That is, our minds string words along to develop our understanding. In larger choice sets where there is more variety, perceived complexity decreases when verbal descriptions are used.
See also
Analysis paralysis
Buyer's remorse
Choice architecture
Information overload
Market cannibalism
Satisficing
The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less, a 2004 book by Barry Schwartz
Tyranny of small decisions
References
Further reading
Schwartz, Barry (2004). "Choice overload burdens daily life". USA Today.
Sociological terminology
Cognitive psychology
Consumer behaviour
Decision theory |
20467404 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensor%20minor | Defensor minor | The Defensor minor is a work by Marsilius of Padua written around 1342. The Defensor minor is a restatement and defense of Marsilius's best known work, the Defensor pacis.
The text discusses civil and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, the confession, penance, indulgences, the Crusades, pilgrimages, plenitudo potestatis, legislative power, the origin of the sovereignty, wedding, and divorce.
Civil jurisdiction
With regard to jurisdiction, Marsilius distinguishes between divine and human laws, the first event which is independent of any human will and on the conduct of man in view of the afterlife, the second which determines the will of the people, endowed with coercive power and not modifiable by any clergyman.
This applies also to the Pope that even with his decrees may waive the law, manifestation of the people's sovereignty. While the beneficiaries of the two laws are identical, its object and purpose are different. The one seeks the good of the soul and the other cares for earthly well-being, with the result that the church is denied the power to make laws, even in the persistent silence of human legislation. The same applies to amendments and changes, which should remain solely with the people. The only thing that is relevant to the clergy is the non-legal rules that affect morality and resolve themselves into simple counsels and take effect with counsellors.
The clergy
The task and the main function of the clergy is to teach the sacred texts and preparing souls for the afterlife. The Church has repeatedly stated that for the sinner there is no other system of redemption from sin but confession. Marsilius, in an effort to bring man to God, regardless of any broker, says that confession should be done directly to God and that salvation comes only by true repentance. This anticipates what will be one of the tenets of Protestantism. The necessity of this Sacrament, that is only recommended and not required, is not detected from the Holy Scriptures. Only sincere repentance to the outside of any denominational can give that peace in the soul that is the prelude of eternal salvation. Absolution from sin belongs only to God and the priest, who may do so, does so only within the Church. Sufficit soli Deo confiteri peccata ipsa, videlicet recognoscendo, et de ipsis poenitendo cum proposito talia alterius non committendi.
These words can be regarded as harbingers of what will be the principles of the Lutheran Reformation.
Marsilio does not exclude absolutely confession: he says only that it is useful but not essential, which it would be if it were a precept, therefore he also denies the priestly power to inflict penalties.
Only contrition frees from sin, not repentance of any material or spiritual character almost like a compensation for the sin.
Indulgences
Votes
Excommunication
"Plenitudo Potestatis" - papal jurisdiction
The Ecumenical Council
Divorce
References
Medieval literature
Political philosophy |
23574670 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior%20Pursglove%20and%20Stockton%20Sixth%20Form%20College | Prior Pursglove and Stockton Sixth Form College | Prior Pursglove and Stockton Sixth Form College is a sixth form college with sites in Guisborough and Stockton-on-Tees. The college is a result of a merger between Prior Pursglove College and Stockton Sixth Form College in May 2016. The college is led by the Principal (Asma Shaffi) who is accountable to the board of governors.
The college educates around 1,600 students on the Guisborough campus, and 700 students on the Stockton campus.
History
In 1561, Robert Pursglove set up a free school on the site which would later come to house Prior Pursglove College. The school existed to enable local boys to learn Latin and also served as an Almshouse for twelve local elderly residents. The school and almshouse was reformed in the 1880s to become Guisborough Grammar School, which lasted until 1971 before becoming Prior Pursglove College. Prior Pursglove merged with South Park Sixth Form College in 1997, eventually consolidating the provision of education on to the Guisborough campus.
Prior Pursglove College
Buildings
The oldest building on site was built by architect Alfred Waterhouse in 1887 for Guisborough Grammar School, and is Grade II listed. A tablet over the archway reads: "Founded in the reign of Queen Elizabeth AD 1561 Guisborough Grammar School re-erected in the reign of Queen Victoria AD 1887". The Waterhouse Building was refurbished in 2013 and now houses Foundation Learning provision. The Coverdale building is named after the creator of the English translated bible and houses humanity and language education.
Construction of a specialist arts & media building was completed in October 2012. The building was named after Guisborough-born Olympic gold medalist Willie Applegarth and was opened by his descendants and Jade Jones, a then-current Prior Pursglove College student who competed at the London Paralympics in 2012.
Other buildings include the Southpark Centre which houses the music, English and drama department and the Priory Centre which houses science, geography, geology, maths, ICT, business studies and psychology. The Prior Centre also contains a Resource Centre where students can spend private study time.
The site is also home to a campus of Askham Bryan College.
Educational provision
The college mainly specializes in full-time courses for the 16-19 age group, with a wide choice of Advanced level and intermediate courses.
Approximately 1,700 full-time students are enrolled at the college studying a range of courses including AS/A level, BTEC National Diploma and GCSEs.
The college also offers Foundation Learning courses, the Elite Project or Pathways Programme which are designed for 16- to 19-year-olds to help them get back into education, training or employment as well as a number of adult courses.
Students' Union
The college also has a students' union which is a member of the National Union of Students. The Union is led by a President and Vice President - elected by all students - and who also serve as student members of the Governing Body. The college has received two awards from the Learning and Skills Improvement Service relating to its student voice provision. In 2011, the college received a Leading the Learner Voice Award in 'Most improved Provider’, for progress in raising the profile of student voice within the college. In 2013 the then-Students' Union President, Darren Melroy, was recognised with a 'Student Governor of the Year' award .
Stockton Sixth Form College
Stockton Sixth Form College is the sixth form college in Stockton-on-Tees providing a range of A-level, BTEC and GCSE courses to 16-19 students in Stockton and the surrounding area.
The college was established in 1973 after a reorganisation of post-16 education in the Teesside area and is based on one site at Bishopton Road West, two miles from the town centre.
Notable alumni
Prior Pursglove College
Abi Alton - X Factor Contestant
Sarah Borwell - Tennis Player
Jonny Cocker - Racing Driver
Brad Halliday - Professional Footballer
Johanna Jackson - Commonwealth Champion Race Walker
Rod Liddle - Journalist
Katy Livingston - Modern Pentathlete
Faye Marsay - Actress known for The White Queen (miniseries) and Game of Thrones
Richard Milward - Author
Chris Tomlinson - Long Jumper
David Sharp - Mountaineer whose death on Everest in 2006 sparked controversy
Jade Jones - Paralympic athlete, wheelchair racing
Guisborough Grammar School
Alan Appleton - Physicist - Author of "Thermodynamic & Mechancial Properties of Matter" & "The Whitby Timeline"
Eric Garrett - Opera Singer (1931-2009)
Robert Holman - Dramatist
Dave Nellist - Politician
Derek Thompson - Sports Commentator
Keith Williams - former British Airways chairman and CEO
Stockton Sixth Form College
Bethany Bryan - Junior Team GB Athlete, Rowing
Paul Smith - Musician, Maximo Park
Dave Robson - Race Engineer, Williams F1
Callum Woodhouse - Actor known for The Durrells
Helen Hammill - Musician, Cattle & Cane
Allison Curbishley - BBC Five Live
References
External links
Official site
College Virtual Learning Environment
Education in Redcar and Cleveland
Sixth form colleges in North Yorkshire
Guisborough
Sixth form colleges in County Durham
Education in the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees
Educational institutions established in 1971
1971 establishments in England
Educational institutions established in 1973
1973 establishments in England |
23574671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crihana | Crihana | Crihana is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of three villages: Crihana, Cucuruzenii de Sus and Sirota.
References
Communes of Orhei District |
23574696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetlova | Ghetlova | Ghetlova is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of three villages: Ghetlova, Hulboaca and Noroceni.
References
Communes of Orhei District |
17328976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene%20oxide | Styrene oxide | Styrene oxide is an epoxide derived from styrene. It can be prepared by epoxidation of styrene with peroxybenzoic acid, in the Prilezhaev reaction:
Styrene oxide is slightly soluble in water. A trace amount of acid in water causes hydrolysis to racemic phenylethyleneglycol via a benzylic cation. If the amount of water is not sufficient, acid-catalyzed isomerization for phenylacetaldehyde will occur.
Styrene oxide in the body is metabolized to mandelic acid, phenylglyoxylic acid, benzoic acid and hippuric acid.
Hydrogenation of styrene oxide affords phenethyl alcohol.
Stereospecific reactions
Since styrene oxide has a chiral center at the benzylic carbon atom, there are (R)-styrene oxide and (S)-styrene oxide. If optically pure reagent is used, only one optically pure compound will be obtained.
Toxicology
Styrene oxide is a main metabolite of styrene in humans or animals, resulting from oxidation by cytochrome P450. It is considered possibly carcinogenic from gavaging significant amounts into mice and rats. Styrene oxide is subsequently hydrolyzed in vivo to styrene glycol by epoxide hydrolase.
Styrene oxide has a chiral center and thus two enantiomers. It has been reported that the two enantiomers had different toxicokinetics and toxicity. It was reported that the (R)-styrene oxide was preferentially formed in mice, especially in the lung, whereas the (S)-styrene oxide was preferentially generated in rats. In human volunteers, the cumulative excretion of the (S)-enantiomer of styrene glycol and mandelic acid were higher than the R form after exposure to styrene. In human liver microsomes, cytochrome P450-mediated styrene oxidation showed the production of more S enantiomer relative to the R enantiomer. It was also found that (S)-styrene oxide was preferentially hydrolyzed than the R enantiomer in human liver microsomes. Animal studies have shown that the (R)-enantiomer of styrene oxide was more toxic than the (S)-enantiomer in mice.
References
Epoxides
Phenyl compounds
IARC Group 2A carcinogens |
20467412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving%20P.%20Krick | Irving P. Krick | Irving P. Krick (1906 – June 20, 1996) was an American meteorologist and inventor, the founding professor of Department of Meteorology at California Institute of Technology (1933–1948), one of the U.S. Air Force meteorologists who provided forecasts for the Normandy Landings in 1944, a controversial pioneer of long-term forecasting and cloud seeding, and "a brilliant American salesman" who in 1938 started the first private weather business in the United States.
Early years
Krick was born in San Francisco in 1906. He attended college at the University of California at Berkeley, achieving a bachelor's degree in physics. However, his first career aspiration was music. Krick was an accomplished pianist and pursued music professionally but found it financially unrewarding. Still in early twenties he worked at the radio station and at a stock brokerage – until the Wall Street Crash of 1929. Finally, working for an airline and advice from his brother-in-law, Horace Byers, an MIT graduate, helped him find his true interest in weather.
Caltech
Around 1930, he began studying at the California Institute of Technology in the Department of Aeronautics, which provided only a few courses in meteorology, notably by Beno Gutenberg (atmospheric structure) and Theodore von Kármán (aeronautics), Krick's advisors in his doctoral studies. Caltech offered the first dedicated meteorology class in the 1933–34 season. Krick made his name known by a controversial paper asserting that the 1933 crash of USS Akron was a direct consequence of a mistaken forecast by the Weather Bureau. Krick's paper was instrumental to von Kármán's work explaining the actual cause of Akron disaster; he was also instrumental in determining the cause of the USS Macon crash in 1935. These publications brought Krick to the attention of the US Air Force; Krick befriended Air Force chief Hap Arnold, then a colonel stationed at March Field not far from Caltech.
Krick completed his doctoral degree in 1934 and remained at Caltech as an instructor. In 1937 he helped found the school's meteorology department and became its head. The department was unique in its commercial focus on the needs of profitable industries, including not just aviation, but almost anyone willing to pay, including the movie industry, for which Krick famously forecast the weather for the burning of Atlanta in Gone With The Wind. Krick was determined about making money; "weather forecasting was his product line, although, like many a great salesmen, his number one product was himself". He then stayed as a professor, offering a special curriculum for Arnold's nascent Air Force Weather Service.
Caltech terminated the meteorology department in 1948. In response, Krick left the school to start his own firm, taking with him most of the department staff.
World War II
With the outbreak of World War II Arnold recruited Krick into the United States Army Air Corps. Krick prevailed over other, scientifically inclined meteorologists: while they searched for causes of natural phenomena, Krick relied on analyzing historic patterns and cycles. He reused old weather maps that resembled current situation, arguing that future weather developments will most likely follow the recorded patterns - the same "weather typing" that brought him commissions from Hollywood studios. Critics called Krick's methods "canned memory". The primitive methods and aggressive salesmanship made Krick an enemy of scientific elite like George Cressman and Carl-Gustaf Rossby and Weather Bureau chief Francis W. Reichelderfer, who detested Krick as a "smug, supremely self-confident self-promoter". However, with Arnold's backing Krick was nearly invincible.
In 1944 Krick was engaged in meteorology support for the upcoming Allied Normandy Landings (see Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord), along with rival weather services from the United Kingdom. On May 28 Sverre Petterssen, a Norwegian meteorologist in British service, raised concerns that a coming storm would break out on June 2 and interfere with the landings planned on June 5. Krick argued to the contrary, asserting that there was no need to postpone the offensive – he envisaged nothing but continuously quiet weather over the following five days. Krick based his confidence on studies of 50 years of recorded weather; he was certain that the English Channel would be protected by the Azores High, a pressure pattern dominating over the eastern Atlantic. Unusually, as time passed by the uncertainties of the vital weather forecast did not dissolve, and consequently tension between Krick and Petterssen increased further. Finally, on June 3, Colonel Donald Yates (deputy to chief meteorologist James Stagg), a former student of Krick and one of the few people who could handle him, intervened in the rivalry and persuaded the Allied meteorologists to produce a joint weather forecast. In the end, Petterssen's opinion prevailed; despite Krick's initial objection, the landings were delayed by one day, saving the troops from a major disaster.
The controversy was fictionalised in the 2014 play Pressure by David Haig, with Krick appearing as a central character; the play however does not make reference to Petterssen's role, instead making an uncompromising Stagg the hero who, by persuading Eisenhower that he was right and Krick wrong, saved countless lives by insisting that the landing be postponed by a day.
Post-war practice
After leaving Caltech, Krick continued offering commercial long-term weather forecasts. He also added the service of cloud seeding, forcing precipitation in drought-affected areas.
In summer of 1948 Krick performed the first series of 27 airborne cloud seeding tests over central Arizona, dropping up to of ice particles on each flight. Indeed, the seeded clouds released rain, raising water levels in local reservoirs. The "rain makers" admitted that the result had other, natural, causes, but in a year that was one of the driest on record it was a significant success. Financially, the volume of water added by Krick's experiment cost only $2.50, compared to $14 going rate. In December 1949 Krick suggested cloud seeding without resorting to airborne devices; his proposal employed ground-based smoke generators dispersing vaporized silver iodide. A single smoke dispenser set, asserted Krick, could be moved by two wheelbarrows; it theoretically provided cloud-seeding particles for an area of . Tests demonstrated a fourfold increase in precipitation. By 1951 his cloud-seeding business had 120 employees and had been hired to seed clouds over in the western United States as well as parts of Mexico and San Salvador.
However, the American meteorological establishment opposed his practice, asserting his methods of cloud seeding were bogus and the weather could not be forecast for more than five days in the future. Krick decided to offer his long term forecasting to the Weather Bureau, but they too did not believe in his methods, so he started a private business. He successfully proved his basic premises, making a substantial profit from forecasts and weather making. Krick's practice caught the eye of many famous figures, and he was hired to forecast the weather for presidential inaugurations and movie shoots. He garnered attention in 1957 when his prediction of sunny weather for President Eisenhower's second inauguration, made 17 days before the event, came true. Of his most notable achievements, Dr. Krick also made rain in Israel after a severe drought, made it stop hailing in Alberta, Canada, and made enough snow for the 1960 Winter Olympics to take place.
During the mid-sixties, Irving P. Krick & Associates operated a successful cloud seeding operation in the area around Calgary, Alberta. This utilized both aircraft and ground-based generators that pumped silver iodide into the atmosphere in an attempt to reduce the threat of hail damage. Ralph Langeman, Lynn Garrison, and Stan McLeod, all ex-members of the RCAF, attending the University of Alberta, spent their summers flying hail suppression. A number of surplus Harvard aircraft were fitted with racks under each wing containing 32 railroad fuzees that were impregnated with silver iodide. These could be ignited individually or all at once, depending upon the threat. In coordination with ground units, the aircraft would lay a plume of silver iodide in front of approaching cumulonimbus clouds with noticeable effect. Large, active CBs were reduced to nothing. Heavy hail storms were reduced in intensity.
This effective program was funded by farmer contributions and government grants. The program was run each summer and did much to reduce crop damage by hail, otherwise the farm community would not have continued to finance the project.
In 1990 Krick sold his weather business to Strategic Weather Services, remaining with that company as chairman emeritus until his 1996 death from heart failure.
References
Fourth edition: Crest Publishers, 1997.
MIT Press.
MacMillan.
Notes
Bibliography
American meteorologists
1906 births
1996 deaths
California Institute of Technology faculty
California Institute of Technology alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
People from San Francisco
Scientists from California |
23574704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusume%20Rumal%202 | Kusume Rumal 2 | Kusume Rumal 2 (, translation: Pink Handkerchief 2) is a 2009 Nepali romantic film directed by Nirak Poudel, son of veteran Nepali Producer Uddab Poudel. This is not technically a sequel to the 1985 film Kusume Rumal but it pays homage to the old film and it shows the next generation where the lead actress is Suniti (Tripti)'s daughter. This was the first film for Niraj Baral, Usha Rajak, and Rubi Bhattarai.
Cast
Niraj Baral
Usha Rajak
Rubi Bhattarai
Tripti Nadakar
Laxmi Giri
Nikhil Upreti (special appearance)
References
Nepalese romantic drama films
Nepali-language films
2009 romantic drama films
2009 films
Nepalese sequel films |
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