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6900238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi%20Rajabzadeh | Mehdi Rajabzadeh | Mehdi Rajabzadeh (; born June 21, 1978) is a retired Iranian footballer who last played for Zob Ahan and Mes kerman Rajabzadeh played as a midfielder and is the second-top scorer in the history of the Persian Gulf Pro League.
Club career
Rajabzadeh started his career at Fajr Sepasi where he impressed enough to be transferred to Zob Ahan FC in 2003. During the 2006/07 season Rajabzadeh became the top goalscorer by scoring 17 goals. He is one of the top all time IPL goalscorers.
Club career statistics
Assist Goals
International career
He made his debut for Iran against Qatar in February 2004. In October 2006, he joined Team Melli in an LG cup tournament held in Jordan. He scored his first goal for Iran on October 4, 2006 in a match against Iraq.
As of February 2008, he has 17 caps and 4 goals for Iran.
International goals
Scores and results list Iran's goal tally first.
The second-top scorer in the Iranian Premier League
Mehdi Rajabzadeh is the second-top scorer in the history of this competition after Gholamreza Enayati, scoring 116 goals with the shirts of Fajr Sepasi Shiraz, Zobahan Isfahan and Mes Kerman in the Premier League.
Honours
Fajr Sepasi
Hazfi Cup (1): 2000-01, 2001-02 Runner up, 2002-03 Runner up
Zob Ahan
AFC Champions League: 2010 Runner up
Iran Pro League: 2004–05 Runner up
Hazfi Cup (2): 2014–15, 2015–16
Iranian Super Cup (1): 2016
Iran National Team
WAFF Championship (1): 2007
LG Cup (1): 2006
Individual
Iran Pro League Top Goalscorer: 2006–07 (17 Goals)
Top scorer in Iran Pro League: 116 goals
References
رجب‌زاده: زمانی ذوب‌آهن به بارسلونای کوچک معروف بود/ در مورد پرسپولیس و آل‌کثیر حرفی نزدم Retrieved in Persian www.farsnews.ir خبرگزاری فارس
رجب‌زاده: عملکرد هر سرمربی از نتایج تیمش مشخص است/ ذوب‌آهن نباید به‌راحتی امتیاز از دست دهد Retrieved in Persian www.tasnimnews.com خبرگزاری تسنیم
مهدی رجب زاده رسما مربی ذوب آهن شد Retrieved in Persian www.mehrnews.com خبرگزاری مهر
رجب زاده در کنار ژاوی قرار گرفت (عکس) Retrieved in Persian www.varzesh3.com ورزش سه
Biography Mehdi Rajabzadeh Retrieved in Persian
نام کاپیتان سابق ذوب آهن در تقویم AFC ثبت شد Retrieved in Persian www.imna.ir خبرگزاری ایمنا
رجب‌زاده: آن‌قدر کارایی فنی دارم که در لیگ برتر کار کنم/ ذوب‌آهن به اصلاح نیاز دارد Retrieved in Persian www.isna.ir news خبرگزاری دانشجویان ایران ایسنا
اقدام جالب توجه ذوب آهن ؛ پیراهن مهدی رجب زاده بایگانی شد Retrieved in Persian www.ilna.news خبرگزاری ایلنا
Seongnam vs. Zob Ahan Retrieved Soccerway 13 November 2010
External links
Mehdi Rajabzadeh at PersianLeague.com
Mehdi Rajabzadeh at febref.com
Mehdi Rajabzadeh at National-Football-Teams.com
Mehdi Rajabzadeh at FootballDatabase.eu
1978 births
Living people
Iranian footballers
Iran international footballers
Association football forwards
Fajr Sepasi players
Zob Ahan Esfahan F.C. players
Sanat Mes Kerman F.C. players
Iranian expatriate footballers
People from Shiraz
Emirates Club players
Al Dhafra FC players
2007 AFC Asian Cup players
UAE Pro League players
People from Kazerun
Sportspeople from Fars province |
23574294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BD%C4%8F%C3%A1r%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Žďár (Mladá Boleslav District) | Žďár is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,500 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Břehy, Doubrava, Příhrazy, Skokovy and Žehrov are administrative parts of Žďár.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
44497333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.%20S.%20L.%20Swamy | K. S. L. Swamy | Kikkeri Shamanna Lakshminarasimha Swamy (21 February 1939 – 20 October 2015), popularly known as K. S. L. Swamy / Lalitha Ravee / Ravee, was an Indian film director, producer, actor and playback singer. He entered cinema at an early age as an assistant to popular directors of the time such as G. V. Iyer and M. R. Vittal. He debuted as an independent film director with the 1966 film, Thoogudeepa. His other films such as Gandhinagara (1968) and Bhagya Jyothi (1975) and Malaya Marutha (1986) proved successful. His 1989 film Jamboo Savari won the National Film Award for Best Children's Film at the 37th National Film Awards.
Swamy was a close associate of director Puttanna Kanagal, and completed two of his films – Masanada Hoovu (1984) and the long delayed Saavira Mettilu that released in 2006, following the latter's death, which also turned out be his own last directorial venture. Recognizing his contribution to cinema, Swamy was awarded the Dr. B. Saroja Devi National Award in 2013. He was married to actress B. V. Radha.
Swamy was also an adept singer well known for the track "Suryangu Chandrangu" for the film Shubhamangala and "Ille Swarga Ille Naraka" for Nagarahole. Swamy died on 20 October 2015 due to breathing complications at Bangalore.
Filmography
As director
Thoogudeepa (1966)
Lagna Pathrike (1967)
Gandhinagara (1968)
Bhagyada Bagilu (1968)
Manku Dinne (1968)
Anna Thamma (1968)
Arishina Kumkuma (1970)
Lakshmi Saraswathi (1970)
Aaru Mooru Ombhatthu (1970)
Bhale Adrushtavo Adrushta (1971)
Sri Krishna Rukmini Satyabhama (1971)
Kulla Agent 000 (1972)
Devaru Kotta Thangi (1973)
CID 72 (1973)
Bhagya Jyothi (1975)
Makkala Bhagya (1976)
Thulasi (1976)
Devara Duddu (1977)
Maagiya Kanasu (1977)
Mugdha Manava (1977)
Banashankari (1977)
Aluku (1977)
Driver Hanumanthu (1980)
Bhoomige Banda Bhagavantha (1981)
Jimmy Gallu (1982)
Matthe Vasantha (1983)
Kranthiyogi Basavanna (1983)
Mutthaide Bhagya (1983)
Karune Illada Kanoonu (1983)
Huli Hejje (1984)
Pithamaha (1985)
Malaya Marutha (1986)
Mithileya Seetheyaru (1988)
Jambu Savari (1989)
Harakeya Kuri (1992)
Maha Edabidangi (1999)
Savira Mettilu (2006)... co-directed
References
Further reading
External links
1939 births
2015 deaths
Male actors from Bangalore
Kannada screenwriters
Kannada film directors
Kannada film producers
Indian male playback singers
Indian male film actors
20th-century Indian film directors
People from Mandya district
Film directors from Bangalore
Singers from Karnataka
Film producers from Bangalore
Producers who won the Best Children's Film National Film Award
Directors who won the Best Children's Film National Film Award
Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2004 |
6900247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder%20Mountain | Boulder Mountain | There are many mountains called Boulder Mountain, including:
Boulder Mountain (Colorado), high mountain summit
Boulder Mountain (Utah), a high plateau in central Utah, near Capitol Reef National Park
Boulder Mountain (British Columbia) near Tulameen, British Columbia, Canada
Boulder Mountain (Monashee Mountains) near Revelstoke, British Columbia
Boulder Mountains (Montana) - a range west of Helena, Montana
Boulder Mountains (Idaho) - a range in central Idaho, north of Sun Valley |
23574297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDer%C4%8Dice | Žerčice | Žerčice a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
6900252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendas%2C%20Malaysia | Pendas, Malaysia | Pendas or Kangkar Pendas () is a fisherman village in Gelang Patah, Iskandar Puteri, Johor Bahru District, Johor, Malaysia.
References
Iskandar Puteri
Villages in Johor |
44497347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Leonard%20%28bishop%29 | John Leonard (bishop) | Right Rev. John Leonard, D.D., was an Irish born priest who served in Ireland and South Africa. Born in Dublin on 15 January 1829, he matriculated in St. Patrick's College, Maynooth in 1849. He was ordained a priest in 1855 by Archbishop of Dublin Paul Cullen.
Dr. Leonard was curate at Blanchardstown, Co. Dublin, when appointed to succeed Dr. Grimley in Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cape Town, as Vicar Apostolic of the Cape of Good Home and Titular Bishop of Corada, serving from 1872 until he died on 19 February 1908, he was succeeded by Dr. John Rooney as Bishop.
References
1829 births
1908 deaths
Alumni of St Patrick's College, Maynooth
Irish expatriate Catholic bishops
Roman Catholic bishops of Cape Town |
23574300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDidn%C4%9Bves | Židněves | Židněves is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
6900259 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askos%2C%20Sochos | Askos, Sochos | Askos () is a small mountain village in northern Greece, part of the municipality Lagkadas. It is located approximately 60 kilometers from Thessaloniki.
The village is also known for the carnival of Sochos that is organized every year to advertise the wines and cheese that it produces.
There is also the historical mountain Tempelis in Askos.
The football team of Askos is Makedonikos and its colours are green and white.
References
Populated places in Thessaloniki (regional unit)
Villages in Greece |
44497353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opistophthalmus%20pugnax | Opistophthalmus pugnax | The pugnacious burrowing scorpion (Opistophthalmus pugnax) is a species of South African scorpion.
Description
These muddy-looking scorpions are characterized by corrugations on the last sternite, stiff hairs (setae), and highly recurved tarsal claws. Males have corrugations on the last two sternites. They grow up to 70 mm in length.
Distribution and habitat
A fan-shaped burrow with an enlarged part for resting or consuming prey is constructed under rocks and other surface debris. It is a very common species on rocky outcrops and ridges in the north-central Free State and Gauteng provinces of South Africa.
Behaviour
Despite its species name, it is not particularly aggressive and very rarely enters houses. The female gives birth to litters of up to 25.
References
http://www.afpmb.org/sites/default/files/pubs/guides/field_guide.pdf
Leeming, Jonathan 2003. Scorpions of southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. 88pp.
Scorpionidae
Scorpions described in 1876
Scorpions of Africa |
6900265 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller%20Coaster%20%28Red%20Bacteria%20Vacuum%20album%29 | Roller Coaster (Red Bacteria Vacuum album) | Roller Coaster is the 2006 album by Osaka all-female band Red Bacteria Vacuum.
Track listing
"Roller Coaster"
"Nightmare"
"I'm Just A Breast Girl"
"Gimme Culture"
"No-Ten Fuck!!"
"Standing Here..."
2006 albums |
23574303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezlogi | Berezlogi | Berezlogi is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Berezlogi and Hîjdieni.
Notable people
Boris Movilă (born 1928), writer
References
Communes of Orhei District |
23574306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chot%C4%9Btov | Chotětov | Chotětov is a market town in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Hřivno is an administrative part of Chotětov.
References
Populated places in Mladá Boleslav District
Market towns in the Czech Republic |
23574307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sov%C3%ADnky | Sovínky | Sovínky is a market town in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Geography
Sovínky is located about southwest of Mladá Boleslav and northeast of Prague. It lies in the Jizera Table plateau.
History
The first written mention of Sovínky is from 1360.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Mladá Boleslav District
Market towns in the Czech Republic |
6900271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart%20Klawans | Stuart Klawans | Stuart Klawans has been the film critic for The Nation since 1988. He also writes a column on the visual arts for The New York Daily News.
Education
He obtained his degree from Yale University.
Awards and honors
He won the 2007 National Magazine Award for Reviews and Criticism and he received a 2003 Guggenheim Fellowship to work on a critical study of Preston Sturges. His 1998 book Film Follies: The Cinema Out of Order was a finalist in the Criticism category for the National Book Critics Circle Award.
Appearances
Klawans appears in the 2009 documentary For the Love of Movies: The Story of American Film Criticism describing the importance and impact of two deceased film critics, Manny Farber and Vincent Canby. His work has appeared in The New York Times.
Books
Film Follies: The Cinema Out of Order
Left in the Dark: Film Reviews and Essays, 1988-2001
Family
Klawans is the son of the late Yoletta Klawans, a first grade teacher, and the late Jack Klawans, a manager of a chain of women's clothing stores. Klawans is married to Bali Miller, a private advisor in modern and contemporary art in New York. He lives in New York City.
References
External links
Stuart Klawans on The Daily Beast
Stuart Klawans on New York Film Critics Choice
American film critics
Living people
The Nation (U.S. magazine) people
Yale University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) |
44497365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone%20Boys%27%20School | Marylebone Boys' School | Marylebone Boys' School is a free school set up by parents, teachers and local people of Marylebone in Central London. It opened on Wednesday 3 September 2014 in temporary accommodation in Priory Park Road, London NW6 7UJ, but later moved to a permanent site in North Wharf Road, near Paddington Station.
The secondary school is for boys aged 11 – 16 years, then there is a co-educational Sixth Form, 200 metres away for young adults aged 16 – 18 years.
History & Location
The main school building was opened in 2014 as a new, purpose-built secondary school, with a separate Sixth Form Centre opened in November 2021.
The school was inspected by Ofsted in 2017 and judged to be Good.
GCSE Results
75 per cent of the pupils received a grade 5-9 in English and Math, 27 per cent of all grades awarded were 9 or 8, 43 per cent of all grades awarded were 9-7. In English, 88 per cent of pupils were awarded a 9-5 grade, In Maths, 82 per cent of pupils were awarded a 9-5 grade, In Science, 76 per cent of pupils were awarded a 9-5 grade.
Notable People
The Marylebone Boys’ School Chair of Governors is Margaret Mountford.
References
External links
Boys' schools in London
Educational institutions established in 2014
Free schools in London
Secondary schools in the City of Westminster
2014 establishments in England |
6900274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyday%20Sport | Everyday Sport | Everyday Sport is Sport England's physical activity campaign.
It was developed following work done in Germany, Australia, New Zealand, Finland and Canada which has shown that a social marketing campaign is a very useful tool in the overall drive to get more people playing sport, alongside development of the infrastructure of community sport.
Everyday Sport was launched as a pilot in the North East of England in May 2004, the campaign was then rolled out to the rest of the country in September 2005.
See also
Sport England
Sport in England
External links
Everyday Sport official website
Sport in England |
23574311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucuruzeni | Cucuruzeni | Cucuruzeni is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Cucuruzeni and Ocnița-Răzeși.
References
Communes of Orhei District |
23574331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AErze%C8%99ti | Mîrzești | Mîrzești is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Mîrzaci and Mîrzești.
References
Communes of Orhei District |
44497383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Woodrow%20Lewis | James Woodrow Lewis | James Woodrow Lewis (1912-1999) was a chief justice on the South Carolina Supreme Court.
Lewis was born in the Swift Creek area of Darlington County, South Carolina on March 8, 1912. Although he began law school in 1931, economic conditions during the Depression forced him to return home to Swift Creek to run a country store owned by his father. He continued studying the law under the tutelage of a local lawyer, and he was admitted to practice on December 6, 1935. At the age of 22, he was elected to the Statehouse. Legislators were exempt from the draft during World War II, but he resigned in midterm to enter the military.
Lewis served for sixteen years as a trial court judge before he was elected as an associate justice of the South Carolina Supreme Court on February 21, 1961. He was elected chief justice on January 21, 1975 to fill the unexpired term of Joseph Rodney Moss; was sworn in on August 14, 1975; and served until his retirement in 1984. Chief Justice Lewis retired upon reaching the state's mandatory retirement age of 72.
References
Justices of the South Carolina Supreme Court
1912 births
People from Darlington County, South Carolina
1999 deaths
Chief Justices of the South Carolina Supreme Court
20th-century American judges |
23574342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolumnia%20urophylla | Tolumnia urophylla | {{Speciesbox
| image = Tolumnia urophylla (as Oncidium urophyllum) - Edwards vol 28 (NS 5) pl 54 (1842).jpg
| image_caption = Illustration of Tolumnia urophylla
| genus = Tolumnia (plant)
| species = urophylla
| authority = (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Braem
| synonyms =
Oncidium urophyllum Lodd. ex Lindl. (basionym)Oncidium urophyllum f. flavum R.J.Midgett
}}Tolumnia urophylla'' is a species of orchid endemic to the Lesser Antilles.
External links
urophylla
Orchids of the Caribbean
Orchids of Îles des Saintes
Flora of the Leeward Islands
Flora without expected TNC conservation status |
20466601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade%20I%20listed%20buildings%20in%20Leicestershire | Grade I listed buildings in Leicestershire | There are over 9,000 Grade I listed buildings in England. This page is a list of these buildings in the county of Leicestershire, by district.
Blaby
|}
Charnwood
|}
City of Leicester
|}
Harborough
|}
Hinckley and Bosworth
|}
Melton
|}
North West Leicestershire
|}
Oadby and Wigston
|}
See also
Grade II* listed buildings in Leicestershire
References
National Heritage List for England
Notes
External links
listed buildings |
23574344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar%20of%20Plagues | Altar of Plagues | Altar of Plagues were an Irish extreme metal band, founded in Cork by James Kelly. After gaining attention in the metal community with a series of self recorded demos and EPs, the band released their first studio album, White Tomb, in April 2009 on Profound Lore Records. Following a year of gigging and some changes to the lineup, the group announced their signing with Candlelight Records in January 2010. They released their second album Mammal in 2011, with US/Can and ROW editions featuring alternate artworks. The album was followed by subsequent touring, including a European headline tour and festival appearances.
They played the third annual Hopscotch Music Festival in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA which took place 6–8 September 2012.
Their third album, Teethed Glory and Injury was released in 2013 and met largely with critical acclaim. Anthony Fantano of the Needle Drop placed it at #3 on The Needle Drop's "Top-50 Albums of 2013" and later placed it at #56 on the "Top 200 Albums of the 2010s. Terrorizer named it #2 on "Terrorizer 50 Albums Of The Year 2013".
On 15 June 2013, the band announced via Facebook that they were splitting up and that their final live performance would be at the Unsound Festival in Poland in October. However, in January 2015, after having teased it for weeks, Altar of Plagues announced a few shows to take place in early 2015. Subsequently, in late 2015, the band announced it would embark on one last tour across mainland Europe with fellow Irish band Malthusian (with whom Altar of Plagues' drummer Johnny King also plays). Their final performance was at the Damnation Festival 2015.
James Kelly now releases music under the name WIFE while Johnny King drums for Conan.
Band members
Current members
James Kelly - guitar, vocals, keyboards, drums
Johnny King - drums
Live musicians
Barry O'Sullivan - guitar
Barry English - drums
Stavros Giannopoulos - guitar
Past members
Dave Condon - Bass, Vocals
Bryan O'Sullivan - guitar
Jeremiah Spillane - guitar
Discography
Studio albums
White Tomb (2009)
Mammal (2011)
Teethed Glory and Injury (2013)
Demos and EPs
First Plague (2006)
Through the Cracks of the Earth (2007)
Tides (2010)
Split with Year of No Light (2011)
References
External links
Irish black metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 2006
Musical groups disestablished in 2013
2006 establishments in Ireland
2013 disestablishments in Ireland
Musical groups from Cork (city)
Musical quartets
Blackgaze musical groups
Profound Lore Records artists |
20466604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermitsiaq%20%28newspaper%29 | Sermitsiaq (newspaper) | Sermitsiaq is one of two national newspapers in Greenland. It is named after the mountain Sermitsiaq.
The newspaper was published for the first time May 21, 1958, as a Kalaallisut-language alternative to the Danish-language newspaper Mikken. The two magazines were printed separately, with Mikken on Saturdays and Sermitsiaq on Mondays for about six months, until Mikken was published for the last time on 22 November the same year. Sermitsiaq was first printed in both Danish and Kalaallisut the week before Mikken closed down.
Sermitsiaq was a local newspaper distributed only in Nuuk city until around 1980 when the newspaper became national. The newspaper became increasingly political in the period around 1980, since Greenland was granted home rule in 1979.
The newspaper is published every Friday, while the online version is updated several times daily.
In 2010 Sermitsiaq merged with Atuagagdliutit/Grønlandsposten (AG), the other Greenlandic newspaper. Both papers' websites now redirect to the combined Sermitsiaq.AG website.
External links
sermitsiaq.ag (in Kalaallisut and Danish)
Newspapers published in Greenland
Publications established in 1958
Weekly newspapers
Companies based in Nuuk
1958 establishments in Greenland |
23574345 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morozeni | Morozeni | Morozeni is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Breanova and Morozeni.
References
Communes of Orhei District |
44497387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr%20Fluffy | Mr Fluffy | Mr Fluffy relates to widespread asbestos contamination of houses in the suburbs of Canberra, the capital city of Australia. Two companies were referred to collectively as "Mr Fluffy", a nickname coined in the 1990s for Asbestosfluf Insulations, and its successor J&H Insulation. The former was run by Canberra businessman Dirk Jansen, and the latter owned by a relative of his. The business only took on that name "Mr Fluffy" after he sold it.
The companies imported and installed fibrous, loose-fill amphibole asbestos, in most cases brown amosite from South Africa, although blue crocidolite has been detected. It was blown into the roof spaces of homes during the 1960s and 1970s, to provide thermal insulation. The companies are also believed to have sold sacks of asbestos fibre direct to home owners to insulate their own homes, and other operators may have also used the hazardous material, trying to copy Jansen's business model.
Medical dangers
At the time, there was limited public knowledge about the dangers of exposure to asbestos. Subsequently, cases of mesothelioma, asbestosis, lung cancer, and other asbestos-related diseases have become well publicised. Testing in the affected houses revealed the ongoing possibility of exposure to loose asbestos fibres. The loose-fill amosite asbestos used by Mr Fluffy was especially hazardous, because its lack of a bonding agent allowed it to migrate easily to hidden corners and cracks inside a residence.
Affected areas
In 2015, the Government of the Australian Capital Territory released a list of places affected by Mr Fluffy insulation contamination, which totalled 1,022 properties. It is believed that up to 30,000 people may have been affected over the years.
A significant number of the houses were developed in the Radburn scheme suburbs, Charnwood, Curtin and Garran, and a small part of Hughes. In 2014, with plans for demolition of houses under the Mr Fluffy asbestos home demolition scheme being developed, it was realised that a significant number of the houses treated with loose asbestos, and thus affected, were in the Radburn areas. This was recognised as having the potential to degrade the remaining legacy of the Radburn scheme.
Loose-fill asbestos has also been found in locations far removed from Canberra, including three confirmed locations in Lithgow, New South Wales, which is approximately 200 kilometres from Canberra. The New South Wales Government announced a buyback scheme for affected properties.
Dirk Jansen ran his company from his family home in Lyons and stored bags of asbestos fluff under his house.
Investigation and clean-up
Jansen started using asbestos as an insulation as early as 1967, and began using it in loose form in 1968, prompting a Commonwealth Government investigation within months. However, despite a subsequent report that indicated community exposure to asbestos was potentially "undesirable", he kept working until 1978. Jansen died in 2001 in a nursing home from a heart attack after suffering from Alzheimers for several years..
Prompted by growing public concern about the hazards of asbestos in general, and Mr Fluffy's product in particular, a Commonwealth audit in 1988 identified most of the homes in the ACT containing the insulation. Between 1989 and 1993, a clean-up program was conducted by the new ACT Government, and was thought to have remediated the problem in about 1,040 homes identified in the audit. However, residual asbestos was later found in some of the cleaned houses and others were missed altogether. That led to the creation of a community action group of affected home owners, that campaigned for a change in the policy relating to the future of their residences.
In response, a home demolition scheme was negotiated between the Government of the Australian Capital Territory and the Government of Australia in 2014. It involved a loan of about A$1 billion from the Australian Government to the ACT Government to fund the purchase of houses treated with loose-fill asbestos fibre insulation in the 1960s and 1970s, the safe demolition of those houses, and the sale of the land for redevelopment. The proceeds of the sales were to be used to assist the repayment of the loan. The first demolitions under the scheme began in July 2015. In 2021, 2 houses with Mr Fluffy asbestos insulation have been found in Canberra.
A number of heritage homes have also been affected and will be lost, including Deasland, one of Canberra's most important historic homesteads, which was built by George Harcourt in 1893 and was demolished in early 2022.
No legal case was ever brought against the Jansen family and the use of amosite asbestos was not banned in Australia until 1989.
References
External links
ACT Asbestos Taskforce
Mr Fluffy Action Group
Canberra
Asbestos disasters
Industrial accidents and incidents in Australia
Health disasters in Australia
Environmental disasters in Australia |
23574350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921%20East%20Dorset%20by-election | 1921 East Dorset by-election | The 1921 East Dorset by-election was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of East Dorset on 16 April 1921.
Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the appointment of the sitting MP for East Dorset, Freddie Guest, to the office of Secretary of State for Air. Under the Parliamentary procedures of the day, he was obliged to resign his seat and fight a by-election.
Candidates
Guest re-contested the seat for the Coalition government of David Lloyd George. As its representative, he was supported by Liberals and Unionists.
He was to be opposed for Labour by the Reverend Fred Hopkins, a Methodist minister and former brickyard worker from the age of just ten years but Hopkins was reported to be very ill at the time for nominations and the local Labour Party decided not to contest the by-election. Hopkins stood for Parliament a number of times for Labour in different constituencies but was never elected.
The result
The election was uncontested and Guest was returned unopposed. At this time the Coalition was experiencing a good run of by-election results and Labour was making little headway in opposing the government.
References
See also
List of United Kingdom by-elections
United Kingdom by-election records
East Dorset by-election
By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in Dorset constituencies
Unopposed ministerial by-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in English constituencies
East Dorset by-election
20th century in Dorset
East Dorset by-election |
20466606 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa%20Petrobras%20S%C3%A3o%20Paulo | Copa Petrobras São Paulo | The Copa Petrobras São Paulo was a tennis tournament held in São Paulo, Brazil from 2009 until 2010. Between 2004 and 2008, it was held in Aracaju except for the 2007 edition which was held in Belo Horizonte. The event was part of the ATP Challenger Tour and played on outdoor red clay courts.
Past finals
Singles
Doubles
External links
Official website
ITF search
ATP Challenger Tour
Sport in São Paulo
Tennis tournaments in Brazil
2004 establishments in Brazil
Clay court tennis tournaments |
20466609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Cooper | Martin Cooper | Martin or Marty Cooper may refer to:
Martin Cooper (musicologist) (1910–1986), English music critic and author
Martin Cooper (inventor) (born 1928), designer of the first mobile phone
Marty Cooper (musician) (born 1942), American musician
Martin Cooper (rugby union) (born 1948), England international rugby union player
Martin Cooper (musician) (born 1958), British painter and a musician
Martin Cooper (born 1974), American drag queen performing under Coco Montrese |
44497394 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20I-League%202nd%20Division | 2015 I-League 2nd Division | The 2015 I-League 2nd Division was the eighth season of the I-League 2nd Division, the second division of football in India. Eight clubs participated this season, including Mohammedan, after they were relegated from the I-League last season. Aizawl F.C. won the league and will be the first team from Mizoram to play in I-League in 2015–16 I-League season.
Venues
The double-leg league was held in two venues Kanchenjunga Stadium, Siliguri and SSB Ranidanga Stadium, Golaghat respectively.
The initial seven rounds of matches were held in Siliguri, the return legs were held in Golaghat.
Team overview
Location and coaches
League table
Results
References
External links
Table, Fixtures, and Results at I-League website.
I-League 2nd Division seasons
3 |
20466623 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Country%20Doctor%20%28film%29 | A Country Doctor (film) | is a 2007 anime short film by Kōji Yamamura.
The film is a direct interpretation of Franz Kafka's short story "A Country Doctor", voiced by kyōgen actors of the Shigeyama house.
The film has won several awards, including the 2008 Ōfuji Noburō Award from the Mainichi Film Concours and the 2007 Grand Prize at the Ottawa International Animation Festival. It was also included in the Animation Show of Shows in 2008.
Plot
The story involves a country doctor who describes his urgent call to look after a young patient.
More and more, the doctor gets involved in surreal experiences as he is transported to his patient by seemingly "unearthly horses" in a blink of an eye. While treating the patient, he fails to find the fatal wound which results in humiliation by the villagers and an endless return trip, losing everything.
It tells the story of the continuous pressure on doctors, and the never-ending impossible expectations laying on their shoulders.
References
External links
2000s animated short films
2007 anime films
Anime short films
Films based on short fiction
Films based on works by Franz Kafka
Medical-themed films
Shochiku films
Films directed by Kōji Yamamura |
17328404 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Sussex%20County%20Council | West Sussex County Council | West Sussex County Council (WSCC) is the authority that governs the non-metropolitan county of West Sussex. The county also contains seven district and borough councils, and 159 town, parish and neighbourhood councils. The county council has 70 elected councillors. The Chief Executive and their team of Executive Directors are responsible for the day-to-day running of the council.
The county elects eight members of parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
Since 1997, West Sussex County Council has been controlled by the Conservative Party. In 2019, the council's Children Services department was described in a Children's Commissioner's report as "clearly failing across all domains in the strongest terms" leading to the resignation of then council leader Louise Goldsmith.
History
The Local Government Act 1888 created the administrative county of West Sussex, with its own county council, from the three western rapes of the ancient county of Sussex, that is the rapes of Chichester, Arundel and Bramber. Except for the three county boroughs of Brighton, Hastings and Eastbourne, the three eastern rapes of Lewes, Pevensey and Hastings came under the control of East Sussex County Council. Until 1898 it existed alongside the Urban and Rural Sanitary Districts when these were abolished in favour of a new network of urban and rural districts.
The Local Government Act 1972 abolished the previous structure of local government in England and Wales. At this time West Sussex became a non-metropolitan county, divided into districts. This act created the two-tier system of government that exists in West Sussex to this day.
Chairmen and chairwomen of West Sussex County Council
Since 2011 most chairs of the council serve a two-year term, previously the term was more usually four years though before 1962 the position could essentially last almost a lifetime. Peter Mursell was the only individual to serve two non-consecutive terms, the second being after his 1969 knighthood. Cliff Robinson (died 2009) was the only chairman elected as a Liberal.
Political control
Paul Marshall (Conservative) has been leader of West Sussex County Council since 2019. He replaced Louise Goldsmith who had been leader since May 2010.
Responsibilities
The council is responsible for public services such as education, transport, strategic planning, emergency services, social services, public safety, the fire service and waste disposal.
District councils
Adur District Council
Arun District Council
Chichester District Council
Crawley Borough Council
Horsham District Council
Mid Sussex District Council
Worthing Borough Council
Parish councils
See List of civil parishes in West Sussex
The Council
The whole County Council is the ultimate decision-making body and the principal forum for major political debate. Its 71 members meet six times a year. The County Council reserves to itself decisions on key policy plans, questions members of the Cabinet, debates major pieces of work by Select Committees and notices of motion.
It appoints the Leader who decides the composition and areas of competence of the Cabinet, to which responsibility is delegated for carrying out many of the County Council's existing policies. It also appoints the Select Committees which examine and review decisions and actions of the Cabinet and Cabinet Members, as well as some non-Executive committees and a Standards Committee. The current leader is Paul Marshall.
Cabinet
The West Sussex Cabinet has eight members selected from the Conservative majority. The Cabinet proposes the key policy decisions of the Council, which are subject to agreement by the full County Council of 71 members. Each member has a portfolio of work for which they take personal responsibility.
Elections
County council elections took place on 6 May 2021. For detailed results for each electoral division see 2021 West Sussex County Council election
|}
Elections took place on 4 May 2017. Results are below.
|}
Since the divisions had been slightly reorganised and there was one less division than previously the gains and losses are not strictly meaningful.
County council elections took place on 2 May 2013. For detailed results for each electoral division see 2013 West Sussex County Council election.
|}
References
External links
West Sussex County Council – Official website
Local government in West Sussex
County councils of England
1889 establishments in England
Local education authorities in England
Local authorities in West Sussex
Major precepting authorities in England
Leader and cabinet executives |
20466624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent%20Social%20Democratic%20Party%20%28Czech%20Lands%29 | Independent Social Democratic Party (Czech Lands) | Independent Social Democratic Party was a Czech political party, formed by Czech trade unionists belonging to the Imperial Trade Union Commission in 1910. The party was supported by the Austrian Social Democracy.
References
Political parties in Austria-Hungary
Political parties established in 1910
Social democratic parties |
44497396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Hours | Bernard Hours | Bernard Hours, born on 5 May 1956 in Strasbourg, is a French businessman. He was the managing director of Danone and a member of the board of directors of the company. He was also a member of the executive committee of Danone.
Education
Hours graduated from the École des Hautes Études Commerciales (HEC) in 1978.
Career
Hours began his career at Unilever in 1979 as Product Manager and Brand Manager. He progressively became an expert in the food sector.
In 1985, he joined the Danone marketing group at Kronenbourg. From 1989 and 2001, he was the Director of Sales of Evian, and then Director of Marketing for Danone France, later becoming the President of Danone Hungary (1994), Danone Germany (1996) and finally President of LU France in 1998.
In November 2001, Hours was named the Vice-President of the Fresh Dairy Products division and became the President in March 2002. In November 2006 he also took charge of the Research and Development at Danone.
Hours contributed significantly to sales growth between 2007 and 2013, which amounted to an increase of 36.4% (from 14 to 22 billion euros) during this period. He exercised is responsible for all activities of Danone, encompassing around 100,000 people in and 100 countries.
In 2014, at the time of a change of governance, Hours ended his position as managing director of Danone, by the decision of the Administrative Counsel.
In 2015, Hours became president of Medvet and Chef Sam. He is also Board Member for Verlinvest and Oatly.
Other Activities
Hours is a member of the Administrative Counsel of Essilor as an independent director and a member of the Administrative Counsel of the investment holding Verlinvest and its participation Vita Coco. He is also e member of the Supervisory Board of Somfy.
References
1956 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Strasbourg |
17328409 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%20Taylor%20Allen | Ann Taylor Allen | Ann Taylor Allen is a professor of German history at the University of Louisville. Allen is the author of four books and more than twenty articles/reviews in peer-reviewed journals. She has a BA from Bryn Mawr College (1965, Magna cum Laude), studied at the University of Hamburg, Germany with a Fulbright Fellowship, received an MA in 1967 from Harvard University and earned a PhD from Columbia University in 1974.
Books
Satire and Society in Wilhelmine Germany: Simplicissimus and Kladderadatsch, 1890–1914. Lexington, Kentucky (University Press of Kentucky), 1984.
Feminism and Motherhood in Germany, 1800–1914. New Brunswick, NJ (Rutgers University Press), 1991.
Feminismus und Mütterlichkeit in Deutschland, 1800–1914. Weinheim (Beltz Verlag), 2000. German version of Feminism and Motherhood, translated by Regine Othmer.
Feminism and Motherhood in Western Europe, 1890–1970: The Maternal Dilemma. New York (Palgrave-Macmillan), 2005.
Women in Twentieth-Century Europe, Houndmills, Basingstoke (Palgrave-Macmillan), 2008.
References
Historians of Germany
Bryn Mawr College alumni
Columbia University alumni
Harvard University alumni
University of Louisville faculty
Living people
University of Hamburg alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women historians
21st-century American historians
21st-century American women writers |
44497398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslight%20Music%20Hall | Gaslight Music Hall | Gaslight Music Hall is an Australian television series which aired from 1959 to 1960. Originally aired on ABC, it later moved to TCN-9. Produced in Sydney, it was a live variety show spoofing Victorian music hall. Cast included Henry Gilbert, John Bluthal, June Salter, and Michael Cole. According to a section of TV Merry-Go-Round in the 27 September 1959 edition of Sydney Morning Herald, the first episode included a comedy sketch spoofing melodrama.
References
External links
Gaslight Music Hall on IMDb
1959 Australian television series debuts
1960 Australian television series endings
Australian variety television shows
Australian Broadcasting Corporation original programming
Black-and-white Australian television shows
Australian live television series |
17328412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trox%20contractus | Trox contractus | Trox contractus is a beetle of the Family Trogidae.
References
contractus
Beetles described in 1940 |
17328417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Unified%20Leadership%20of%20the%20Honduran%20Revolutionary%20Movement | National Unified Leadership of the Honduran Revolutionary Movement | National Unified Leadership of the Honduran Revolutionary Movement was a front of leftwing groups in Honduras. Formed in 1983, the front consisted of Revolutionary Popular Forces Lorenzo Zelaya, Communist Party of Honduras, Revolutionary Unity Movement, Morazanist Front for the Liberation of Honduras, People's Liberation Movement-Chinchoneros and the Central American Workers' Revolutionary Party.
References
Defunct left-wing political party alliances
Political party alliances in Honduras
Popular fronts
Honduras |
6900275 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagos%20bullhead%20shark | Galapagos bullhead shark | The Galapagos bullhead shark, Heterodontus quoyi, is a bullhead shark of the family Heterodontidae found in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean between latitudes 0° to 10°S, at depths between 3 and 40 m. It can reach a length of 1.07 m.
The reproduction of this bullhead shark is oviparous.
References
External links
Heterodontidae
Fish described in 1840 |
20466627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming%20Down%20%28album%29 | Coming Down (album) | Coming Down is the first solo album by former Bauhaus, Tones on Tail, and Love and Rockets guitar player Daniel Ash, released by Beggars Banquet in September 1990. The first single, "This Love", was a number two hit on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart in the United States. Natasha Atlas sings on many of the album's tracks.
The album peaked at No. 109 on the Billboard 200.
Critical reception
Entertainment Weekly called the album "insidiously listenable — all thick, pulsating drums and sinewy melodies, topped by Ash’s studio-processed and thus inhuman-sounding vocals." Trouser Press wrote that the album "takes off in a bunch of different directions, from sedate cocktail swing to low-key salsa (!) to somber atmospherics to jittering dance noise." The Buffalo News praised the "furtive, moody, electronically draped reflections on reality and romance." Q Magazine described it as 'sometimes playful, sometimes moody tinkering [that] is for close friends and relatives only'.
Track listing
"Blue Moon" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart)
"Coming Down Fast"
"Walk This Way" (Ash, Tito Puente)
"Closer to You"
"Day Tripper" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney)
"This Love"
"Blue Angel"
"Me and My Shadow" (Dave Dreyer, Billy Rose, Al Jolson)
"Candy Darling"
"Sweet Little Liar"
"Not So Fast"
"Coming Down"
Personnel
Bass - Daniel Ash (tracks: 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 to 11)
Producer - Daniel Ash, John Fryer (tracks: 2, 3, 5, 7 to 9, 12), John A. Rivers (tracks: 6, 10)
Vocals - Natacha Atlas (tracks: 1, 3 to 8, 11, 12)
Vocals, guitar - Daniel Ash
References
1991 debut albums
Daniel Ash albums
Beggars Banquet Records albums |
44497403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Tynan | Michael Tynan | Michael John Tynan MD FRCP (born 18 April 1934) was Professor of Paediatric Cardiology at Guy’s Hospital (1982-99) and is a member of Cambridge University’s Paediatric Cardiology Hall of Fame.
Tynan was born on 18 April 1934, the son of Jerry Joseph Tynan (a Squadron Leader in the Royal Air Force) and Florence Ann Tynan. He was educated at Bedford Modern School and the London Hospital.
Tynan was a Teaching Fellow at the Harvard Medical School (1962)
and a Senior Assistant Resident at the Boston Children’s Hospital in Massachusetts (1962). He was Registrar of Westminster Hospital (1964) and Registrar (later Lecturer) at Great Ormond Street Hospital (1966). Tynan was also consultant paediatric cardiologist at Newcastle University Hospitals (1971) and at Guy’s Hospital (1977) before taking up his professorship at Guy’s Hospital in 1982.
Tynan married Eirlys Pugh Williams in 1958. He is a member of the Athenaeum Club, London.
Publications
Paediatric Cardiology, a Textbook, 1983 (jointly)
Articles on Nomenclature and Classification of congenital heart diseases and on heart diseases in children
References
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
British cardiologists
1934 births
People educated at Bedford Modern School
Living people |
20466637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het%20Financieele%20Dagblad | Het Financieele Dagblad | Het Financieele Dagblad is a daily Dutch newspaper focused on business and financial matters. In English, the name translates to The financial daily newspaper. The paper was established in 1943. The company is headquartered in Amsterdam. It was among the newspapers participating in the Panama Papers investigation.
References
External links
Official website
1943 establishments in the Netherlands
Business in the Netherlands
Business newspapers
Dutch-language newspapers
Mass media in Amsterdam
Daily newspapers published in the Netherlands
Newspapers established in 1943 |
20466675 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foolish%20Thing%20Desire | Foolish Thing Desire | Foolish Thing Desire is the second solo album from former Bauhaus, Tones on Tail, and Love and Rockets guitar player Daniel Ash.
Track listing
All songs written by Daniel Ash, except 4, 8 and 9 (Ash, John A. Rivers)
Here She Comes 4:51
Foolish Thing Desire 5:27
Bluebird 5:11
Dream Machine 6:54
Get Out of Control 4:25
The Void 5:39
Roll On 5:30
Here She Comes Again 5:51
The Hedonist 6:44
Higher Than This 3:47
Paris '92 (exclusive to Japanese Version)
Acid Rain (exclusive to Japanese Version)
Firedance (exclusive to Japanese Version)
Personnel
Daniel Ash: Vocals, Guitars, Keyboards, Bass
John A. Rivers: Keyboards and Drum Programming, Bass on "Here She Comes" and "Dream Machine"
Sylvan Richardson: Bass on "Here She Comes"
Natacha Atlas: Backing Vocals on "Bluebird"
She Rocola: Backing Vocals on "Here She Comes"
References
1992 albums
Daniel Ash albums
Beggars Banquet Records albums |
44497450 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne%20znam%20%C5%A1ta%20%C4%87u%20majko | Ne znam šta ću majko | Ne znam šta ću majko (I Don't Know What I'll Do Mother) is the fifth release by Bosnian folk singer Zehra Deović. It was released 11 May 1966 through the label PGP-RTB.
Track listing
Personnel
Ansambl Miodraga Todorovića – ensemble
References
1966 EPs
Zehra Deović albums
PGP-RTB EPs |
20466712 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Ash%20%28album%29 | Daniel Ash (album) | Daniel Ash is the third solo album from former Bauhaus, Tones on Tail, and Love and Rockets guitar player Daniel Ash. The album marks a departure from Ash's musical style as he experiments with electronica and dance elements in addition to his well-known groove rock guitar style of earlier works.
Track listing
Hollywood Fix
The Money Song
Mastermind
Come Alive
Ghost Writer
Kid 2000
Chelsea
Burning Man
Spooky
Sea Glass
Trouble
Walk on the Moon
Rattlesnake
Lights Out (hidden track)
References
External links
2002 albums
Daniel Ash albums |
44497451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1cio | Estácio | Estácio may refer to:
Estácio de Sá, a Portuguese soldier who was a founder of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Estácio Coimbra, a Brazilian politician
Estácio, Rio de Janeiro, a neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Estácio Station, a subway station in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Estácio S.A., an education company in Brazil |
20466766 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Ygnacio%20Creek | San Ygnacio Creek | San Ygnacio Creek is a small stream of water located in Webb County, Texas which runs through Laredo, Texas. The creek is formed 11 miles northwest of Laredo, Texas and runs southwest for until the creek connects to the Lake Casa Blanca. The terrain surrounding the creek is mostly clay. The vegetation surrounding the creek is mostly made up of mesquite, cacti, and grasses. San Ygnacio Creek does not cross any major highway.
Coordinates
Source: Webb County, Texas
Mouth: Casa Blanca Lake at Laredo, Texas
See also
List of tributaries of the Rio Grande
List of rivers of Texas
References
Tributaries of the Rio Grande
Geography of Laredo, Texas
Rivers of Texas |
44497485 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951%20French%20legislative%20election%20in%20Gabon%E2%80%93Moyen%20Congo | 1951 French legislative election in Gabon–Moyen Congo | Elections to the French National Assembly were held in Gabon and French Congo on 17 June 1951.
Results
First college
Second college: Gabon
Second College: Moyen Congo
References
Gabon
Elections in Gabon
Elections in the Republic of the Congo
1951 in Gabon
1951 in Moyen-Congo
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results |
23574353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial%20marriage%20in%20the%20United%20States | Interracial marriage in the United States | Interracial marriage in the United States has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court (Warren Court) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that "anti-miscegenation" laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State."
The number of interracial marriages as a proportion of new marriages has been increasing from 3% in 1967 to 19% in 2019.
Public approval of interracial marriage rose from around 5% in the 1950s to 94% in 2021.
Historical background
The first "interracial" marriage in what is today the United States was that of the woman today commonly known as Pocahontas, who married tobacco planter John Rolfe in 1614.
The first ever law prohibiting interracial marriage was passed by the Maryland General Assembly in 1691.
The Quaker Zephaniah Kingsley married (outside the U.S.) a black enslaved woman that he bought in Cuba. He also had three black common-law enslaved wives; he manumitted all four. In 1828 he published a Treatise, reprinted three times, on the benefits of intermarriage, which according to Kingsley produced healthier and more beautiful children, and better citizens. In Spanish Florida, where Kingsley lived, he was tolerated until Florida became a U.S. territory, for which reason he eventually moved with his family to Haiti (today the Dominican Republic).
The prospect of black men marrying white women terrified many Americans before the Civil War. It was magnified into the greatest threat to society, the result of freeing blacks: According to them, White American women would be raped, defiled, sullied, by these savage jungle beasts. Extramarital "interracial" unions were not rare, most commonly white male and black female (see Sally Hemings, Lydia Hamilton Smith, and Children of the plantation), and although restricted to the lower classes common-law unions of black male with white female are not unknown.
However, the first legal black-white marriage in the United States was that of African-American professor William G. Allen and a white student, Mary King, in 1853. When their plans to marry were announced, Allen narrowly escaped being lynched. Their marriage was secret, and they left the country immediately for England, never to return.
While opposed to slavery, in a speech in Charleston, Illinois in 1858, Abraham Lincoln stated, "I am not, nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people. I as much as any man am in favor of the superior position assigned to the white race". By 1924, the ban on interracial marriage was still in force in 29 states. While interracial marriage had been legal in California since 1948, in 1957 actor Sammy Davis Jr. faced a backlash for his relationship with a white woman, actress Kim Novak. In 1958, Davis briefly married a black woman, actress and dancer Loray White, to protect himself from mob violence.
In Social Trends in America and Strategic Approaches to the Negro Problem (1948), Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal ranked the social areas where restrictions were imposed on the freedom of Black Americans by Southern White Americans through racial segregation, from the least to the most important: basic public facility access, social equality, jobs, courts and police, politics and marriage. This ranking scheme illustrates the manner in which the barriers against desegregation fell: Of less importance was the segregation in basic public facilities, which was abolished with the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
However, the most tenacious form of legal segregation, the banning of interracial marriage, was not fully lifted until the last anti-miscegenation laws were struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren in a unanimous ruling Loving v. Virginia. The court's landmark decision, which was made on June 12, 1967, has been commemorated and celebrated every year on the Loving Day (June 12) in the United States.
Academic researches
Cultural aspects
The differing ages of individuals, culminating in the generation divides, have traditionally played a large role in how mixed ethnic couples are perceived in American society. Interracial marriages have typically been highlighted through two points of view in the United States: Egalitarianism and cultural conservatism. Egalitarianism's view of interracial marriage is acceptance of the phenomenon, while traditionalists view interracial marriage as taboo and as socially unacceptable. Egalitarian viewpoints typically are held by younger generations, however older generations have an inherent influence on the views of the younger. Gurung & Duong (1999) compiled a study relating to mixed-ethnic relationships ("MER"s) and same-ethnic relationships ("SER"s), concluding that individuals part of "MER"s generally do not view themselves differently from same-ethnic couples. Research led by Barnett, Burma, and Monahan in 1963 and 1971 showed people who marry outside of their race are usually older and are more likely to live in an urban setting.
Social enterprise research conducted on behalf of the Columbia Business School (2005–2007) showed that regional differences within the United States in how interracial relationships are perceived have persisted: Daters of both sexes from south of the Mason–Dixon line were found to have much stronger same-race preferences than northern daters did. The study also observed a clear gender divide in racial preference with regards to marriage: Women of all the races which were studied revealed a strong preference for men of their own race for marriage, with the caveat that East Asian women only discriminated against Black and Hispanic men, and not against White men. A woman's race was found to have no effect on the men's choices.
Socio-economic aspects
Several studies have found that a factor which significantly affects an individual's choices with regards to marriage is socio-economic status ("SES")—the measure of a person's income, education, social class, profession, etc. For example, a study by the Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Newcastle University confirmed that women show a tendency to marry up in socio-economic status; this reduces the probability of marriage of low SES men.
Research at the universities of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) and Texas A&M addressing the topic of socio-economic status, among other factors, showed that none of the socio-economic status variables appeared to be positively related to outmarriage within the Asian American community, and found lower-socioeconomically stable Asians sometimes utilized outmarriage to whites as a means to advance social status.
Marital stability
A 2008 study by Jenifer Bratter and Rosalind King conducted on behalf of the Education Resources Information Center examined whether crossing racial boundaries increased the risk of divorce. Comparisons across marriage cohorts revealed that, overall, interracial couples have higher rates of divorce, particularly for those that married during the late 1980s. A 2009 study by Yuanting Zhang and Jennifer Van Hook also found that interracial couples were at increased risk of divorce.
One consistent finding of this research is that gender is significantly related to divorce risk. Interracial marriages involving a White woman have a higher risk of divorce, as compared with interracial marriages involving Asian or Black women.
According to authors Stella Ting-Toomey and Tenzin Dorjee, the increased risk of divorce observed in couples with a White wife may be related to decreased support from family members and friends. They note that White women were viewed as "unqualified" by their non-White in-laws to raise and nurture mixed race children, due to their lack of experience in "navigating American culture as a minority". A 2018 study by Jennifer Bratter and Ellen Whitehead found that white women with mixed race children were less likely to receive family support than were non-white women with mixed race children.
In one study, White women married to Black men were more likely to report incidents of racial discrimination in public, such as inferior restaurant service or police profiling, compared to other interracial pairings. Such prejudicial factors may place these marriages at an increased risk of divorce.
A study published in 2008 reported a lower risk of divorce for inter-ethnic marriages between Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites. However, another study, published in 2011, found that these intermarriages were at an increased risk of divorce. Gender was found to be related to the probability of divorce, with marriages involving White women and Hispanic men having the highest risk of divorce.
Census Bureau statistics
The number of interracial marriages has steadily continued to increase since the 1967 Supreme Court ruling in Loving v. Virginia, but also continues to represent an absolute minority among the total number of wed couples. According to the United States Census Bureau, the number of interracially married couples has increased from 310,000 in 1970 to 651,000 in 1980, to 964,000 in 1990, to 1,464,000 in 2000 and to 2,340,000 in 2008; accounting for 0.7%, 1.3%, 1.8%, 2.6% and 3.9% of the total number of married couples in those years, respectively.
These statistics do not take into account the mixing of ancestries within the same "race"; e.g. a marriage involving Indian and Japanese ancestries would not be classified as interracial due to the Census regarding both as the same category. Likewise, since Hispanic is not a race but an ethnicity, Hispanic marriages with non-Hispanics are not registered as interracial if both partners are of the same race (i.e. a Black Hispanic marrying a non-Hispanic Black partner).
Based on these figures:
White Americans were statistically the least likely to wed interracially, though in absolute terms they were involved in interracial marriages more than any other racial group due to their demographic majority. 2.1% of married White women and 2.3% of married White men had a non-White spouse. 1.0% of all married White men were married to an Asian American woman, and 1.0% of married White women were married to a man classified as "other".
4.6% of married Black American women and 10.8% of married Black American men had a non-Black spouse. 8.5% of married Black men and 3.9% of married Black women had a White spouse. 0.2% of married Black women were married to Asian American men, representing the least prevalent marital combination.
There is a notable disparity in the rates of exogamy by Asian American males and females. Of all Asian American/White marriages, only 29% involved an Asian American male and a White female. However Indian American males married more non-Indians than females, although Indian Americans displayed the highest rates of endogamy, with very low levels of outmarriage overall. Of all Asian American/Black marriages only 19% involved an Asian American male and a Black female. 17.5% of married Asian American women and 8.2% of married Asian American men had a non-Asian American spouse.
The most common interracial marriage in the United States is an Asian American female married to a White American male, this is followed by a White American female married to a Black American male.
In 2006, 88% of foreign-born White Hispanic males were married to White Hispanic females. In terms of out-marriage, Hispanic males who identified as White had non-Hispanic wives more often than other Hispanic men.
2008 Pew Research Center Report
The table (U.S. Census Bureau's 2008 American Community Survey) shows that among whites who out-married in 2008, there were different patterns by gender in the race of their spouses. More than a quarter of white men (26.9%) married an Asian woman, and about 6.9% married a black woman. In contrast, 20.1% of white women married a black man, while just 9.4% married an Asian man.
A slightly higher proportion of white women than white men married a Hispanic person (51% versus 46%), and a similar share of each
gender married someone in the other group.
The study found that in 2008:
A record 14.6% of all new marriages in the United States in 2008 were between spouses of a different race or ethnicity from one another. This compares to 8.0% of all current marriages regardless of when they occurred. This includes marriages between a Hispanic and non-Hispanic (Hispanics are an ethnic group, not a race) as well as marriages between spouses of different races – be they white, black, Asian, American Indian or those who identify as being of multiple races or some other race.
Among all newlyweds in 2008, 9% of whites, 16% of blacks, 26% of Hispanics and 31% of Asians married someone whose race or ethnicity was different from their own.
Among all newlyweds in 2008, intermarried pairings were primarily White-Hispanic (41%) as compared to White-Asian (15%), White-Black (11%), and Other Combinations (33%). Other combinations consists of pairings between different minority groups, multi-racial people, and American Indians.
Among all newlyweds in 2008, native-born Hispanics and Asians were far more likely to intermarry than foreign-born Hispanics and Asians: 41.3% of native-born Hispanic men out-married compared to 11.3% of foreign-born Hispanic men; 37.4% of native-born Hispanic women out-married compared to 12.2% of foreign-born Hispanic women; 41.7% of native-born Asian men out-married compared to 11.7% of foreign-born Asian men; 50.8% of native-born Asian women out-married compared to 36.8% of foreign-born Asian women. Foreign-born excludes immigrants who arrived married.
Gender patterns in intermarriage vary widely. Some 22% of all black male newlyweds in 2008 married outside their race, compared with just 9% of black female newlyweds. Among Asians, the gender pattern runs the other way. Some 40% of Asian female newlyweds married outside their race in 2008, compared with just 20% of Asian male newlyweds. Among whites and Hispanics, by contrast, there are no gender differences in intermarriage rates.
Rates of intermarriages among newlyweds in the U.S. more than doubled between 1980 (6.7%) and 2008 (14.6%). However, different groups experienced different trends. Rates more than doubled among whites and nearly tripled among blacks. But for both Hispanics and Asians, rates were nearly identical in 2008 and 1980.
These seemingly contradictory trends were driven by the heavy, ongoing Hispanic and Asian immigration wave of the past four decades. For whites and blacks, these immigrants (and, increasingly, their U.S.-born children who are now of marrying age) have enlarged the pool of potential spouses for out-marriage. But for Hispanics and Asians, the ongoing immigration wave has also enlarged the pool of potential partners for in-group marriage.
There is a strong regional pattern to intermarriage. Among all new marriages in 2008, 22% in the West were interracial or interethnic, compared with 13% in both the South and Northeast and 11% in the Midwest.
Most Americans say they approve of racial or ethnic intermarriage – not just in the abstract, but in their own families. More than six-in-ten say it would be fine with them if a family member told them they were going to marry someone from any of three major race/ethnic groups other than their own.
More than a third of adults (35%) say they have a family member who is married to someone of a different race. Blacks say this at higher rates than do whites; younger adults at higher rates than older adults; and Westerners at higher rates than people living in other regions of the country.
2010 Pew Research Center Report
The study (U.S. Census Bureau's 2010 American Community Survey) found that in 2010:
A record 15.1% of all new marriages in the United States were between spouses of a different race or ethnicity from one another. This compares to 8.4% of all current marriages regardless of when they occurred. This includes marriages between a Hispanic and non-Hispanic (Hispanics are an ethnic group, not a race) as well as marriages between spouses of different races – be they white, black, Asian, American Indian or those who identify as being of multiple races or some other race.
Among all newlyweds, 9.4% of whites, 17.1% of blacks, 25.7% of Hispanics and 27.7% of Asians married someone whose race or ethnicity was different from their own.
Among all newlyweds, intermarried pairings were primarily White-Hispanic (43.3%) as compared to White-Asian (14.4%), White-Black (11.9%), and Other Combinations (30.4%). Other combinations consists of pairings between different minority groups, multi-racial people, and American Indians.
Among all newlyweds, native-born Hispanics and Asians were far more likely to intermarry than foreign-born Hispanics and Asians: 36.2% of native-born Hispanics (both men and women) out-married compared to 14.2% of foreign-born Hispanics; 32% of native-born Asian men out-married compared to 11% of foreign-born Asian men; 43% of native-born Asian women out-married compared to 34% of foreign-born Asian women. Foreign-born excludes immigrants who arrived married.
Gender patterns in intermarriage vary widely. Some 24% of all black male newlyweds in 2010 married outside their race, compared with just 9% of black female newlyweds. Among Asians, the gender pattern runs the other way. Some 36% of Asian female newlyweds married outside their race in 2010, compared with just 17% of Asian male newlyweds. Among whites and Hispanics, by contrast, there are no gender differences in intermarriage rates.
Rates of intermarriages among newlyweds in the U.S. have nearly tripled since 1980 (6.7%) increasing to 14.6% in 2008 and 15.1% in 2010.
There is a strong regional pattern to intermarriage. Among all new marriages in 2010, 22% in the West were interracial or interethnic, compared with 14% in the South, 13% in the Northeast and 11% in the Midwest.
Interracial marriage by pairing
Asian and White
Marriages between European Americans and Asian Americans are increasingly common for both genders in the United States.
Asian Americans of both genders who are U.S.-raised are much more likely to be married to Whites than their non-U.S.-raised counterparts. A 1998 Washington Post article states 36% of young Asian Pacific American men born in the United States married White women, and 45% of U.S.-born Asian Pacific American women took White husbands during the year of publication.
The 1960 census showed Asian-White was the most common marriages. White women most common intermarriage pairings with Asian American was with Filipino males (12,000), followed by Indian males (11,200), followed by Japanese males (3,500) and Chinese males (3,500). For White males, the most common was with Japanese females (21,700), Indian females (17,500), followed by Filipina females (4,500) and Chinese females (2,900).
Anti-miscegenation laws discouraging marriages between Whites and non-Whites were affecting Asian immigrants and their spouses from the late 17th to early 20th century. By 1910, 28 states prohibited certain forms of interracial marriage. Eight states including Arizona, California, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Texas, and Utah extended their prohibitions to include people of Asian descent. The laws of Arizona, California, Mississippi, Texas, and Utah referred to "Mongolians". Asians in California were barred by anti-miscegenation laws from marrying White Americans (a group including Hispanic Americans). Nevada and Oregon referred to "Chinese," while Montana listed both "Chinese" and "Japanese" persons. For example, a Eurasian daughter born to an Indian father and Irish mother in Maryland in 1680 was classified as a "mulato" and sold into slavery, and the Bengali revolutionary Tarak Nath Das's white American wife, Mary K. Das, was stripped of her American citizenship for her marriage to an "alien ineligible for citizenship."
In 1918, there was controversy in Arizona when an Indian farmer married the sixteen-year-old daughter of one of his White tenants. California law did not explicitly bar Filipinos and whites from marrying, a fact brought to wide public attention by the 1933 California Supreme Court case Roldan v. Los Angeles County; however, the legislature quickly moved to amend the laws to prohibit such marriages as well in the aftermath of the case. Virginia in addition implicitly forbade marriage between white and Asians in the 1924 Racial Integrity Act, which banned marriages between whites and people who had "a trace whatsoever of any blood other than Caucasian" except for people with 1/16 or less Native American ancestry.
Research conducted in the late 1970s in Los Angeles County, California, showed Japanese were, on average, more likely to marry outside of their race compared to Chinese and Koreans in the county. In 1979, 41.2% of Chinese marriages had a spouse of a different race. Koreans had a 27.6% rate of interracial marriages, and Japanese had a rate of 60.6%. The research also showed that, among Asians living in the United States, the percentage of women who married outside their race was higher than the percentage of men. Specifically, Korean-American women are involved in a higher percent of interracial marriages than Chinese or Japanese women. The research considered marriages to other Asians outside a person's ethnicity to be interracial marriages, for example, a Korean marrying a Japanese person.
Black and White
In the United States, there has been a historical disparity between Black female and Black male exogamy ratios: according to the United States Census Bureau, there were 354,000 White female/Black male and 196,000 Black female/White male marriages in March 2009, representing a ratio of 181:100. This traditional disparity has seen a rapid decline over the last two decades, contrasted with its peak in 1981 when the ratio was still 371:100. In 2007, 4.6% of all married Blacks in the United States were wed to a White partner, and 0.4% of all Whites were married to a Black partner.The role of gender in interracial divorce dynamics, found in social studies by Jenifer L. Bratter and Rosalind B. King, was highlighted when examining marital instability among Black/White unions. White wife/Black husband marriages show twice the divorce rate of White wife/White husband couples by the 10th year of marriage, whereas Black wife/White husband marriages are 44% less likely to end in divorce than White wife/White husband couples over the same period.
According to Census Bureau data, in 1985 black men participated in 143,000 interracial marriages (approximately 3% of all married black men in the U.S.).
Historically, mixed-race offspring of black and white people such as mulattos and quadroons were often denominated to whichever race was the minority, an example of the "one-drop rule", as a way to maintain the racial hierarchy. When slavery was legal, most mixed children came from an African American mother and white father. Relations between an African American man and white woman were deeply frowned upon, often due to the frequent portrayal of the men as sexual dangers. (By the 1970s, intermarriages flipped to be more common between a white woman and African American man). Once slavery was abolished, intermarriage was more common among higher educated and more affluent African Americans. There became a balance between racial prestige and socioeconomic prestige in intermarriages. Intermarriage between African Americans and whites was seen as the ultimate objective of integrationism. They believed these intermarriages were the solution to racism and discrimination.
The 1960 and 1970 censuses showed that interracial marriage between black people and white people was least likely to occur in the South and most likely to occur in the West, specifically the West coast. In the 1960 census, 0.8% of black women and 0.6% of black men in the South were married to a white person. Ten years later, 0.5% of black women and 0.5% of black men in the South were married to a white person. By contrast, in the western U.S., 1.6% of black women and 2.1% of black men had white spouses in the 1960 census; the comparable figures in the 1970 census were 1.6% of black women and 4.9% of black men. In the 1980 census, the percentage of black men in the western U.S. in interracial marriages had increased to 16.5%. However, in 2020, births between blacks and whites were much more common in the South than other regions with approximately half occurring there and were least common in the West due to the low black percentage.
Native American and Asian
Filipino Americans have frequently married Native American and Alaskan Native people. In the 17th century, when Filipinos were under Spanish rule, the Spanish colonists ensured a Filipino trade between the Philippines and the Americas. When the Mexicans revolted against the Spanish, the Filipinos first escaped into Mexico, then traveled to Louisiana, where the exclusively male Filipinos married Native American women. In the 1920s, Filipino American communities of workers also grew in Alaska, and Filipino American men married Alaskan Native women. On the west coast, Filipino Americans married Native American women in Bainbridge Island, Washington.
Asian and Black
With African Americans and Asian Americans, the ratios are even further imbalanced, with roughly five times more Asian female/African male marriages than Asian male/African female marriages. However, C.N. Le estimated that among Asian Americans of the 1.5 generation and of the five largest Asian American ethnic groups this ratio narrows to approximately two to one. Even though the disparity between African American and Asian American interracial marriages by gender is high according to the 2000 US Census, the total numbers of Asian American/African American interracial marriages are low, numbering only 0.22% percent for Asian American male marriages and 1.30% percent of Asian female marriages, partially contributed by the recent flux of Asian immigrants.
Historically, Chinese American men married African American women in high proportions to their total marriage numbers due to few Chinese American women being in the United States. After the Emancipation Proclamation, many Chinese Americans immigrated to the Southern states, particularly Arkansas, to work on plantations. The tenth year of US Census of Louisiana alone had counted 57% of interracial marriages between these Chinese Americans to be with African Americans and 43% to be with European American women. After the Chinese Exclusion Act, Chinese American men had fewer potential ethnically Chinese wives, so they increasingly married African American women on the West Coast. In Jamaica and other Caribbean nations as well many Chinese males over past generations took up African wives, gradually assimilating or absorbing many Chinese descendants into the African Caribbean community or the overall mixed-race community.
Native American and White
The interracial disparity between genders among Native Americans is low. Women are slightly more likely to “marry out” than men in this group: 61% of American Indian female newlyweds married outside their race, compared with 54% of American Indian male newlyweds.
Historically in Latin America, and to a lesser degree in the United States, Native Americans have married out at a high rate. Many countries in Latin America have large Mestizo populations; in many cases, mestizos are the largest ethnic group in their respective countries.
Native American and Black
In the United States, interracial unions between Native Americans and African Americans have also existed throughout the 16th through early 20th century resulting in some African Americans having Native American heritage.
Throughout American history, there has been frequent mixing between Native Americans and black Africans. When Native Americans invaded the European colony of Jamestown, Virginia in 1622, they killed the Europeans but took the African slaves as captives, gradually integrating them. Interracial relationships occurred between African Americans and members of other tribes along coastal states. During the transitional period of Africans becoming the primary race enslaved, Native Americans were sometimes enslaved with them. Africans and Native Americans worked together, some even intermarried and had mixed children. The relationship between Africans and Native-Americans was seen as a threat to Europeans and European-Americans, who actively tried to divide Native-Americans and Africans and put them against each other.
During the 18th Century, some Native American women turned to freed or runaway African men due to a major decline in the male population in Native American villages. At the same time, the early slave population in America was disproportionately male. Records show that some Native American women bought African men as slaves. Unknown to European sellers, the women freed and married the men into their tribe.
Some African men chose Native American women as their partners because their children would be free, as the child's status followed that of the mother. The men could marry into some of the matrilineal tribes and be accepted, as their children were still considered to belong to the mother's people. As European expansion increased in the Southeast, African and Native American marriages became more numerous.
Public opinion
Historically, interracial marriage in the United States was subject to great public opposition (often a taboo), especially among whites. According to opinion polls, by 1986 only one third of Americans approved of interracial marriage in general. In contrast, in 2011, the vast majority of Americans approved of marriages between different races in general, while just 20 years earlier, in 1991, less than half approved.
It was only in 1994 when more than half of Americans approved of such marriages in general. The approval/disapproval rate differs between demographic groups (for example by race, gender, age, and socioeconomic and marital status).
A 2018 YouGov/Economist poll found that 17% of Americans oppose interracial marriage; with 19% of "other" ethnic groups, 18% of blacks, 17% of whites, and 15% of Hispanics opposing.
Attitudes towards interracial marriage can vary depending upon the race of the union and the person judging them - for example, black women expressed less approval for black men-white women marriages than the reverse, and Asian men less approval of white men-Asian women marriages than the reverse, seemingly due to concerns over mate competition.
Relevant fields
Marriage squeeze
A term has arisen to describe the social phenomenon of the so-called "marriage squeeze" for African American females. The "marriage squeeze" refers to the perception that the most "eligible" and "desirable" African American men are marrying non-African American women at a higher rate, leaving African American women who wish to marry African American men with fewer partnering options. According to Newsweek, 43% of African American women between the ages of 30 and 34 have never been married.
Religion and interracial marriage
Historically, many American religions disapproved of interracial marriage. Religious tradition and church attendance are consistent predictors for attitudes towards interracial marriages. Biblical literalists are less likely to support interracial marriage to Asians and Latinos. Whites who attend multiracial congregations or engage in devotional religious practices are more likely to support interracial marriages. Region also moderates the relationship between religion and interracial dating. Children with a religious upbringing in non-Western states, particularly the South, were less likely to have interracially dated than those without religious upbringings. Religious attitudes combined with Christian nationalism increased opposition to intermarriage more than either attribute measured independently.
According to a Baylor University study "people with no religious affiliation were not statistically more likely to be in intermarriages than evangelical or mainline Protestants or people from other religions" with one exception, Catholics. Catholics were twice as likely to be in an interracial marriage than the general population. It is speculated that the reason for this is twofold: the increasing diversity of the Catholic population (which has seen a huge influx of immigrants, Catholicism has sizable to significant number of adherents from many nationalities worldwide) and the fact that Catholics typically base their choice of parish on geography rather than on its ethnic or racial makeup which creates more opportunities for interracial mixing. Jews were also more likely to date interracially than Protestants.
Some religions actively teach against interracial marriages. For example, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints recommends against interracial marriages, but does not prohibit it. On the other hand, the Baháʼí Faith promotes interracial marriage as a prerequisite to achieving world peace.
Even into the twentieth century, marriage between subcultures of Judaism was rare. Eastern European Jews were the most analyzed subgroup due to having the largest presence in the U.S. During 1908–1912, only 2.27% of Jews in New York City were part of an intermarriage. This figure only rose to 3.6% by 1919. Despite enjoying new freedom in America after escaping the oppression of the Old World, some Jews were still hesitant about interfaith marriage. One of the greatest factors that swayed Jews away from intermarriage was a fear of assimilation and loss of identity. Although the beginnings of a melting pot culture appeared to encourage diversity, it was also seen as a threat to the Jewish culture and religion. However, there was also fear of persecution due to racial tensions and frequent discrimination.
Not all Jews were hesitant about assimilating into American culture. Some early Jewish authors such as Mary Antin were strong proponents of abandoning their Jewish heritage and encouraged interfaith marriage. It was suggested as a way to make immigration easier and reflect positively on the Jews in a time of prevailing discrimination. They believed that intermarriage was beneficial to both the Jewish community and America as a whole.
While intermarriage was relatively common among ethnic groups like the German and Italians, the practice of endogamy was still the domineering practice among the newer ethnic groups. It has been found that rates in Jewish intermarriage increase from the initial immigrant wave with each subsequent generation.
Immigrants and interracial marriage
Racial endogamy is significantly stronger among recent immigrants. This result holds for all racial groups, with the strongest endogamy found among immigrants of African descent. Gender differences in interracial marriage change significantly when the non-white partner is an immigrant. For instance, female immigrants of Chinese descent are more likely to marry U.S.-born Caucasians than are their male counterparts.
Interracial marriage versus cohabitation
In the United States, rates of interracial cohabitation are significantly higher than those of marriage. Although only 7% of married African American men have European American wives, 12.5% of cohabitating African American men have European American partners. 25% of married Asian American women have European spouses, but 45% of cohabitating Asian American women are with European American men—higher than the percentage cohabiting with Asian men (less than 43%).
Of cohabiting Asian men, slightly over 37% of Asian men have white female partners and over 10% married to white women. These numbers suggest that the prevalence of intimate interracial contact is around double that of what is represented by marriage data.
See also
Same-sex marriage in the United States
Hispanic and Latino Americans#Intermarriage
Multiracial American
Race (United States Census)
References
Further reading |
20466834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chill%20%28film%29 | Chill (film) | Chill is a 2007 horror film written and directed by Serge Rodnunsky and starring Thomas Calabro, Ashley Laurence, Shaun Kurtz, and James Russo.
Development and plot
The film was based on H. P. Lovecraft's "Cool Air". Similar plot elements include the fact that the doctor in the film (played by Shaun Kurtz) is named Dr. Muñoz as in Lovecraft's story, and must live in refrigerated conditions in order to survive. There is also a mention of the Necronomicon in the film; while this does not occur in Lovecraft's "Cool Air", it does serve in the movie as a clue to its Lovecraftian inspiration. Part of the plot hinges on the refrigeration system breaking down, again as in the Lovecraft story. Physically, the character of Dr Muñoz in the film does not resemble the character described in Lovecraft's story, nor does he speak with a Spanish accent.
Overall, however, the plot of the movie moves away from the Lovecraft story in depicting Muñoz as the controller of a serial killer preying on prostitutes. Muñoz lives in the back of a deli which he runs, and the protagonist Sam (Thomas Calabro), a writer who comes to work at the deli for survival money, gets dragged into the web of killings. Sam also falls in love with a woman named Maria (Ashley Laurence) who runs a clothing stores across the street and is being threatened by a local cop, Detective Defazio (James Russo), whom she dated once.
The DVD packaging for the Australian release through Flashback Entertainment does not feature Lovecraft's name anywhere, though the American packaging indicates that Lovecraft's tale inspired the movie. The film is omitted from Charles P. Mitchell's otherwise fairly comprehensive The Complete H.P. Lovecraft Filmography (Greenwood Press, 2001), possibly because the makers of Chill did not overtly capitalise on Lovecraft's name.
The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette summarizes the plot as "Let's just say someone dies but cheats Death by harvesting flesh and dabbling in the occult."
Cast
Thomas Calabro as Sam
Ashley Laurence as Maria
Shaun Kurtz as Dr. Munoz
James Russo as Detective Defazio
Victor Grant as Tre
Clark Moore as Tor
Barbara Gruen as Mrs. Herrero
Adam Vincent as Steven
Reception
The film won Best Achievement in Fantasy and Horror at the Worldfest International Film Festival, was nominated for Best Horror Feature Film at the Shockerfest International Film Festival, and was an Official Selection at both the H.P. Lovecraft Film Festival and World Horror Convention in Toronto. DVD Verdict gave the film a reasonably complimentary review, while Home Theater Info is definitely praiseful of the film asking readers of the review to "give this movie a chance and enjoy." Slasherpool.com described a number of positives (the casting and directing) and negatives (the pacing and atmosphere).
References
External links
2007 films
2000s supernatural horror films
American supernatural horror films
Films based on works by H. P. Lovecraft
2000s English-language films
2000s American films |
6900276 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren%20Bradley%20%28footballer%29 | Warren Bradley (footballer) | Warren Bradley (20 June 1933 – 6 June 2007) was an English footballer who played for Manchester United and England.
Bradley was born in Hyde, Cheshire, and educated at Hyde Grammar School, where he played for Bolton Wanderers youth and B teams for eight years. He then attended Hatfield College at the University of Durham, and appeared for Durham City before joining Northern League side Bishop Auckland, one of the leading amateur clubs in the country, in 1955.
In February 1958, many of the players and staff of Manchester United were killed or injured in the Munich air crash. To fulfil their immediate fixture commitments, they needed to find several good players at short notice, and turned to Bishop Auckland for help. Three England amateur internationals, including Bradley, were loaned to United's reserve team while the club tried to rebuild. After a few months, having recovered from his injuries received in the crash, United's manager Matt Busby returned to work and was impressed by Bradley. He was signed as a part-time professional in November 1958, taking a job as a teacher in Stretford, and made his first-team debut for United against his old club, Bolton Wanderers.
In May 1959, Bradley was selected by England manager Walter Winterbottom, and became the first and only player to play for both the professional and amateur England teams in the same season. He played just three games for the full England team, including a tour of Mexico and the United States, and scored twice. However, his career at Manchester United never progressed any further, and he was transferred to Bury in 1962 for £2,500. He left Bury after a couple of seasons, and after brief spells with Northwich Victoria, Macclesfield Town and Bangor City, he retired in 1966.
After his retirement from football he had a long career as a headteacher, latterly at Deane School in Bolton, and worked with the Manchester United ex-players association.
Honours
Bishop Auckland
FA Amateur Cup: 1956, 1957
References
External links
Profile at StretfordEnd.co.uk
Obituary at www.bigsoccer.com
1933 births
2007 deaths
People from Hyde, Greater Manchester
English footballers
England international footballers
England amateur international footballers
Association football wingers
Durham City A.F.C. players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Bishop Auckland F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Bury F.C. players
Northwich Victoria F.C. players
Bangor City F.C. players
Macclesfield Town F.C. players
English Football League players
Schoolteachers from Greater Manchester
Alumni of Hatfield College, Durham |
20466851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madsen%20LAR | Madsen LAR | The Madsen LAR was a battle rifle of Danish origin chambered in the 7.62×51mm NATO caliber. It is based on the Kalashnikov rifle and was made from lightweight, high tensile alloys and steel similar to that used on the M16 rifle. Its layout is similar to a number of rifles at the time, such as the GRAM 63 and the Valmet M62. Development of the Madsen LAR can be traced back to 1957 when various arms manufacturers such as FN Herstal and Heckler & Koch were producing the FN FAL and the Heckler & Koch G3, respectively.
Variants
Variants of the LAR came with solid wood stocks that covered the receiver from the handguard to the buttplate, then with a fixed steel tube and side/underfolding stocks. The earlier assault rifle variant (chambered for the 7.62×39mm M43 round but incompatible with AK magazines) was intended for the armed forces of Finland and to draw them away from using a Soviet-based design, the Valmet M62. However, Finland, being a neutral country, ignored this and went ahead with the Valmet M62, adopting it as their standard service rifle due to its cheaper cost for production and potentially better reliability.
See also
List of battle rifles
References
Madsen LAR at Modern Firearms
Madsen LAR at securityarms.com
DISA Type 2
DISA Type 1
Small Arms of the World: A Basic Manual of Small Arms December 1983
7.62×39mm assault rifles
7.62×51mm NATO battle rifles
Rifles of the Cold War
Rifles of Denmark
Infantry weapons of the Cold War
Kalashnikov derivatives |
6900285 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Skies%20Over%20Europe | Red Skies Over Europe | Red Skies Over Europe is a 2004 action video game developed by Polish studio Interactive Vision and published by Akella. The game is set in the Eastern Front conflict between the Axis Powers Luftwaffe and the Soviet Air Force in World War II. The player can fly in aircraft such as the MiG-3, Yak-9, IL-2, Messerschmitt Bf 109, Junkers Ju 87. There are 40 missions in the game.
References
2004 video games
Combat flight simulators
Video games developed in Poland
Video games set in the Soviet Union
Windows games
Windows-only games
World War II video games
Akella games |
20466863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Doud%20Packard | William Doud Packard | William Doud Packard (November 3, 1861 – November 11, 1923) was an American automobile manufacturer who founded the Packard Motor Car Company and Packard Electric Company with his brother James Ward Packard.
Life and career
Packard was born in Warren, Ohio on November 3, 1861, to Warren and Mary Elizabeth Doud Packard. While his younger brother James Ward Packard (1863-1928) joined him in founding the Packard Electric Company there in 1890 where they manufactured incandescent carbon arc lamps, his sister Alaska P. Davidson (1868-1934) later became the first female FBI agent.
After disappointment with a Winton Company car he purchased, James formed a partnership with his brother and Winton investor George L. Weiss called Packard & Weiss. The first Packard automobile was released in 1899. In 1900, the company incorporated as the Ohio Automobile Company and was renamed the Packard Motor Car Company in 1902. The company relocated to Detroit in 1903. The company eventually merged with the Studebaker Corporation in 1954, and the last Packard was made in 1958.
Following Packard Motor Company's relocation to Detroit, the Packard brothers focused on making automotive electrical systems through the separate Packard Electric Company. General Motors acquired Packard Electric in 1932, renaming it Delphi Packard Electric Systems in 1995. The company was spun off and became independent of GM in 1999.
In 1915, W.D. Packard commissioned a summer home to be designed by a famous architectural firm in New York City, Warren and Wetmore. This home is located on the Chautauqua Institution. It still serves as a single-family residence. There is a duplicate in Warren, Ohio.
Packard Park in Warren, Ohio is on land donated by Packard, and the W.D. Packard Music Hall and Packard Band were funded by him.
References
External links
William Doud Packard via Automotive Hall of Fame
1861 births
1923 deaths
People from Warren, Ohio
Packard people
American founders of automobile manufacturers
American automotive pioneers
Businesspeople from Ohio
19th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American businesspeople |
23574359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%20ICF%20Canoe%20Slalom%20World%20Championships | 1969 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships | The 1969 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held in Bourg St.-Maurice, France under the auspices of International Canoe Federation. It was the 11th edition. The mixed C2 team event returned for the third and final time after not being held at the previous championships. East Germany did not win any medals for the first time since 1951.
Note
Only two teams completed the course in the women's K1 team event.
Medal summary
Men's
Canoe
Kayak
Mixed
Canoe
Women's
Kayak
Medals table
References
External links
International Canoe Federation
Icf Canoe Slalom World Championships, 1969
ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships
International sports competitions hosted by France
Icf Canoe Slalom World Championships, 1969 |
6900290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashio-class%20submarine | Hayashio-class submarine | The Hayashio-class submarine was the successor design to the , and the predecessor of the .
Boats
Submarine classes |
23574368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelivan | Pelivan | Pelivan is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Cișmea and Pelivan.
References
Communes of Orhei District |
17328423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon%20County%20Council | Devon County Council | Devon County Council is the county council administering the English county of Devon. Based in the city of Exeter, the council covers the non-metropolitan county area of Devon. Members of the council (councillors) are elected every four years to represent the electorate of each county division, almost all being nominated by the major national political parties.
The population of the area administered by the council was estimated at 795,286 in 2018, making it the largest local authority in South West England.
Devon is an area with "two-tier" local government, meaning that the county is divided into non-metropolitan districts carrying out less strategic functions, such as taking most planning decisions. In Devon there are eight such districts, each with its own district, borough, or city council.
History
Administration
Before 1888, the small towns and rural areas in Devon were governed by magistrates through the Devon Court of Quarter Sessions. The magistrates were based at Rougemont Castle, Exeter, and were not elected by the people. In 1888, the Local Government Act 1888 was passed, which paved the way for democracy at the county level throughout England and Wales. On 16 January 1889, the first County Council elections were held, and the council began life with a budget of £50,000. In 1907, women became eligible for election and the first female councillor was elected in 1931. From the beginning in 1889, the county boroughs of Exeter, Devonport and Plymouth were outside the jurisdiction of the county council. Devonport was afterwards absorbed by the City of Plymouth. Torbay received county borough status and left the area of Devon County Council in 1968. Devon County Hall, designed by Donald McMorran, was completed in 1964.
In 1971, Devon County Council signed a Twinning Charter with the Conseil General of Calvados to develop links with the French department of Calvados.
In 2018, the council introduced a "new IT printing system" which caused its education department online embarrassment due to its inability to produce grammatically correct correspondence.
Data protection
In 2012 the Council was fined £90,000 by the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) after it sent confidential and sensitive information about twenty-two people, including criminal allegations and information about their mental health, to the wrong recipient. Commenting on Devon and other authorities who had made similar data protection breaches, the ICO said "It would be far too easy to consider these breaches as simple human error. The reality is that they are caused by councils treating sensitive personal data in the same routine way they would deal with more general correspondence. Far too often in these cases, the councils do not appear to have acknowledged that the data they are handling is about real people, and often the more vulnerable members of society."
Political composition
In Devon, most county councillors who are elected have been nominated by one of England's major political parties, although there are also a small number of independents. At present the majority of councillors in the chamber are Conservatives, who hold 39 of the 60 seats. The council currently operates the local government Cabinet system which was introduced by the Local Government Act 2000, with the Leader of the Cabinet (and effective head of the authority) elected by the full council. In practice, the Leader is chosen from among the majority Conservative group. After being elected, the Leader chooses the other cabinet members, currently nine, all from the Conservative group.
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Responsibilities for services
Devon County Council's responsibilities include schools, social care for the elderly and vulnerable, road maintenance, libraries and trading standards. It is the largest employer in Devon, employing over 20,000 people, and has the largest minor road length ( — 2014) of any UK local authority; major roads are managed by Highways England. Devon County Council appoints eleven members to the Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Authority. The Office for National Statistics estimated that the mid-2014 population of the non-metropolitan area of Devon was 765,302, which is the largest in the South West England region.
The county council's area is also administered by eight smaller authorities that have their own district, borough or city councils. The responsibilities of these councils include local planning, council housing, refuse collection, sports and leisure facilities, and street cleaning. The district areas are further divided into civil parishes, which have "parish councils" or "town councils"; the latter of which often use a town hall. Typical activities undertaken by a parish council include maintaining allotments, footpaths, playing fields and the local community or village hall. On some matters, the county council share responsibilities with the district and parish councils. These include economic development and regeneration, emergency planning, tourism promotion and coastal protection.
Graphic symbols
There was no established coat of arms for the county until 1926: the arms of the City of Exeter were often used to represent Devon, for instance in the badge of the Devonshire Regiment. During the formation of a county council by the Local Government Act 1888, adoption of a common seal was required. The seal contained three shields depicting the arms of Exeter along with those of the first chairman and vice-chairman of the council (Lord Clinton and the Earl of Morley).
On 11 October 1926, the county council received a grant of arms from the College of Arms. The main part of the shield displays a red crowned lion on a silver field, the arms of Richard Plantagenet, Earl of Cornwall. The chief or upper portion of the shield depicts an ancient ship on waves, for Devon's seafaring traditions. The Latin motto adopted was Auxilio Divino ("by divine aid"), that of Sir Francis Drake. The 1926 grant was of arms alone. On 6 March 1962 a further grant of crest and supporters was obtained. The crest is the head of a Dartmoor Pony rising from a "Naval Crown". This distinctive form of crown is formed from the sails and sterns of ships, and is associated with the Royal Navy. The supporters are a Devon bull and a sea lion.
The County Council adopted a 'ship silhouette' logo after the 1974 reorganisation, adapted from the ship emblem on the coat of arms, but following the loss in 1998 of Plymouth and Torbay re-adopted the coat of arms. In April 2006 the council unveiled a new logo which was to be used in most everyday applications, though the coat of arms will continue to be used for "various civic purposes".
In 2002, the BBC Devon website held a poll in response to a discussion for a flag of Devon. Ryan Sealey's winning design of green, white, and black was raised outside County Hall in 2006 to celebrate Local Democracy Week and is endorsed by Devon County Council.
Proposed structural changes
From 2007 to 2010 there was a strong possibility that Devon's two-tier council structure might be reorganised. In December 2007, a bid by Exeter City Council to become a unitary council was referred by the Department for Communities and Local Government to the Boundary Committee for England, as they felt the application did not meet all their strict criteria. Had the bid succeeded, Devon County Council, headquartered in Exeter, would have had no local governmental control of the City of Exeter.
The Boundary Committee was asked to look at the feasibility of a unitary Exeter in the context of examining options for unitary arrangements in the wider Devon county area, and reported back in July 2008 recommending a 'unitary Devon' (excluding Plymouth and Torbay), with a second option of a 'unitary Exeter & Exmouth' (combined) and a unitary 'rest of Devon'. This would have abolished lower-tier district councils which work together with Devon County Council. These proposals were put out to consultation until September 2008 and the Committee was expected to make final recommendations to the Secretary of State by the end of the year. As a result of a number of legal challenges to the process and also dissatisfaction on the part of the Secretary of State with the manner in which the Boundary Committee assessed proposals, a recommendation was unlikely until March or April 2009.
The Boundary Committee was delayed again following legal challenge by a group of councils in the county of Suffolk. The Court of Appeal rejected the legal challenge in December 2009 and the Boundary Committee was expected to return to making recommendations on the proposals, to be published at an unknown date.
On 10 February 2010, local government ministers gave the go-ahead for Exeter's unitary authority status and ruled out the chance of Devon's unitary authority status, leaving it as a rural county. However, following the 2010 general election the new government announced in May 2010 that the reorganisation would be stopped.
See also
List of articles about local government in the United Kingdom
References
County council
County councils of England
Local authorities in Devon
1889 establishments in England
Local education authorities in England
Major precepting authorities in England
Leader and cabinet executives |
6900298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Dellegatto | Paul Dellegatto | Paul N. Dellegatto (born August 3, 1960 in Natick, Massachusetts) is an American meteorologist and television weather forecaster. He is the chief meteorologist at WTVT in Tampa, Florida. Before coming to WTVT, he became a Meteorologist for WGME-TV in Portland, Maine in 1984. He then went on to become the Chief Meteorologist at WXII-TV in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. He has been with WTVT since 1990, and took over for Roy Leep as the chief meteorologist in November 1997 (he previously served as morning meteorologist until 1997).
He is AMS Certified and one of the five (5) meteorologists that are certified broadcast meteorologists of the WTVT weather department. The only other certified broadcast meteorologists outside of WTVT in the market are Mike Clay, Josh Linker, Brian McClure, and Juli Marquez of Bay News 9, Tammie Souza of WTSP, and Steve Jerve and Leigh Spann of WFLA. Dick Fletcher of WTSP also held the seal prior to his passing in 2008.
On April 30, 2020, Dellegatto became the subject of a viral video when his golden retriever Brody crashed in the middle of a weather report filmed at Dellegatto's home.
External links
Official WTVT bio
WTVT Weather History (includes information about Dellegatto)
References
Living people
People from Natick, Massachusetts
Television anchors from Tampa, Florida
American television meteorologists
1960 births
Natick High School alumni |
23574371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatti | Gatti | Gatti is an Italian name. Notable people with the surname include:
Alessandra Mirka Gatti, Italian Eurobeat singer
Annibale Gatti, Italian 19th-century fresco painter
Armand Gatti (1924–2017), French playwright
Arturo Gatti, Italian-Canadian professional boxer
Attilio Gatti, Italian explorer of Africa
Bernardino Gatti, Italian painter of the Renaissance
Bruno Gatti (* 1941), Swiss footballer
Carlo Gatti, Swiss entrepreneur in the Victorian era
Carmine Biagio Gatti (born 1988), Italian professional football player
Claudio Gatti, Italian investigative journalist based in New York City
Daniele Gatti, Italian conductor
Darío Javier Franco Gatti (born 1969), Argentine football manager and a former international footballer
Eduardo Gatti (born 1949), Chilean singer-songwriter
Elena Gatti Caporaso (1918–1999), Italian socialist politician and feminist
Emilio Gatti (1922–2016), Italian engineer and professor of nuclear electronics at the Politecnico of Milan
Enrico Gatti (born 1955), Italian violinist, known for playing Baroque music
Enrique Gatti, German musician of the English and German indie rock band Art Brut
Fabio Gatti, Italian footballer
Fabrizio Gatti (born 1966), Italian investigative journalist and author
Fortunato Gatti (early 17th century) was an Italian painter active near Parma and Modena
Franco Gatti (born 1942), the founder of the Italian group Ricchi e Poveri
Gabriele Gatti, Sammarinese politician
Gabriella Gatti (1908–2003), Italian operatic soprano
Gervasio Gatti (c. 1550–c. 1631), Italian late-Renaissance, active in Parma, Piacenza, and Cremona
Giacomo Gatti (died 1817), Italian painter of the late-Baroque, active mainly in his native Mantua
Girolamo Gatti (1682–1726), Italian painter, active mainly in Bologna.
Giulio Gatti-Casazza, Italian opera manager
Guido Carlo Gatti (born 1938), Italian former basketball player
Héctor Gustavo Gatti (born 1972), former Argentine footballer
Hugo Gatti, former Argentine professional football goalkeeper
Isabelle Laure Gatti de Gamond (1839–1905), Belgian educationalist, feminist, and politician
Jennifer Gatti, American television actress
Joe Gatti (born 1967), Canadian former middleweight boxer
John Maria Emilio Gatti, Sir (1872–1929), Anglo-Swiss theatre manager, restaurateur and businessman
Lou Gatti (1915-1977), Australian rules footballer
Lucas Cassius Gatti (born 1978), retired Argentine football midfielder
Luigi Gatti (composer) (1740–1817), Venetian classical composer
Luigi Gatti (businessman) (1875–1912), restaurateur
Luigi Gatti (weightlifter), Italian weightlifter
Luigi Gatti (politician) (1913–1945), Italian politician
Luigi Gatti (nuncio) (born 1946), Vatican diplomat
Marcello Gatti (1924–2013), Italian cinematographer
María Ester Gatti de Islas (1918–2010), Uruguayan teacher and human rights activist
Natalia Gatti (born 1982), Argentine female football forward
Mauro Gatti (born 1937), a retired Italian professional football player and coach
Nando Gatti (1927-date of death unknown), former South African international lawn bowler
Oliviero Gatti (1579–1648), Italian painter and engraver
Pierluigi Gatti (born 1938), Italian athlete
Rafael Savério Gatti (born 1984), Brazilian football goalkeeper
Riccardo Gatti (born 1997), Italian football player
Federico Gatti (born 1998), Italian football player
Roberto Gatti (born 1954), retired Italian football defender and later manager
Roberto Cazzolla Gatti (born 1984), Italian environmental and evolutionary biologist
Saturnino Gatti (1463–1518), Italian painter and sculptor
Simon Gatti, Canadian footballer
Stanlee Gatti (born 1955), American event designer
Theobaldo di Gatti (c.1650-1727), Florentine composer and musician
Italian-language surnames |
6900300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartland%20Corridor | Heartland Corridor | The Heartland Corridor is a public-private partnership between the Norfolk Southern Railway (NS) and the Federal Highway Administration and three U.S. states to improve railroad freight operations.
The $150 million plan was developed to facilitate more efficient travel on NS rail lines between the Norfolk, Virginia port region and two Midwest destinations—Chicago, Illinois and Columbus, Ohio. One of the project goals was to increase clearances in tunnels to permit the operation of double-stack intermodal trains, increasing the capacity of rail lines, shortening rail journeys and reducing tractor-trailer traffic. New shipping terminals for intermodal connections are also planned for key locations.
Construction began in 2007, and the route opened for double stack service on September 9, 2010.
The project involved raising clearances in 28 tunnels and 24 other overhead obstacles. A total of around of tunnels were modified. When completed, the new routing was expected to reduce travel times from port facilities in Virginia to Chicago to three days, improving on the previous four-day travel time and to reduce the distance traveled by .
In June 2010, NS announced that it had reached an agreement with Ohio to extend a leg of the Heartland Corridor southwesterly from Columbus to Cincinnati, which is located on the Ohio River near the border where Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana converge. The $6.1 million cost will be funded with federal economic stimulus funds and the Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Regional Council of Governments, plus money from NS.
See also
National Gateway – railroad improvement project by CSX Transportation
Norfolk Southern Crescent Corridor – proposed railroad project running between Louisiana and New Jersey
Virginia Port Authority operator of three major port terminals on the harbor of Hampton Roads
Chicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency Program (CREATE)
References
External links
NS Photos of Heartland Corridor Tunnel Expansion Projects
Norfolk Southern Railway
Rail freight transportation in the United States
Rail infrastructure in Illinois
Transportation planning
Rail infrastructure in Virginia |
23574374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo%20Gulotta | Guglielmo Gulotta | Guglielmo Gulotta has been a full professor (retired since 2009) at the University of Turin, Department of Psychology. He continues his career in law as a criminal barrister of the Milan Court, and his law activity takes him all around Italy. He is a psychologist and a psychotherapist.
Despite his retirement as an academic, Guglielmo Gulotta continues to give lectures and participate in important national debates regarding psychology as a science of human facts. His major expertise concerns the forensic setting, having been one of the first Italian criminal barristers to have a psychology specialisation. This dual competence (law and psychology) has promoted a novel and enriched approach to studying criminal law and to go beyond the mechanical application of the legal norms to the forensic case.
His scientific career has been witnessed by his work done in various areas of psychology and the law.
Gulotta is the Editor of two scientific series with the Milan Publisher – [Giuffrè]: Juridical and Criminal Psychology Series and Notebooks on Psychology Series.
He has published up to now, as an author and a co-author, 50 books, and more than 300 scientific papers, some of them in different languages.
Gulotta is considered one of the most prominent contemporary authorities in Juridical and Forensic Psychology in Italy.
His fundamental scientific work lies in the complex and controversial task of reducing the gap between the law and psychology, and in creating a bridge between these two areas of human investigation and behaviour.
The scientific influence of Guglielmo Gulotta has spread widely from criminal law through:
attribution theory;
child abuse allegations;
ethics in psychology and in professional practice;
forensic neuroscience;
forensic psychology;
humour in life and in psychotherapy;
interpersonal influence studies;
mobbing;
psychoanalysis and individual responsibility;
psychology of last will and testament;
social psychology as a science of everyday life;
systemic theory and family conflicts;
touristic psychology;
victimology.
Personal life
Guglielmo Gulotta was born in Milan on 11 July 1939. His family can be traced back to Sicily and Naples, and his pride in his roots is warmly expressed by his high spirit and vibrant character, which broadens his personality.
Gulotta lives between Milan and Turin, and travels around all Italy.
Academic life
After his Upper Honour Degree in Law cum laude at the University of Milan in 1964, Gulotta continued his practice in law, and in 1966 he passed the exam to be on the Board of Lawyers of the Milan Tribunal.
His curiosity for human behaviour and interpersonal relationships continued to grow and in 1968 he was awarded a scholarship, which lasted until 1970, to follow a research programme at the Institute of Criminal Law in the University of Milan. Since the beginning of his life as a researcher he has believed that the science of psychology could shed some light on the complexity of mental dimensions and human relationships of the different actors in the court.
He started to study psychology avidly and in 1969 obtained his specialisation in Psychology at the University of Turin, where he subsequently returned as a Full Professor in 1995.
He always remembers a film that he went to watch at the cinema, when it was first released in 1962, which apparently changed his life and his way of thinking for ever: Freud: The Secret Passion, also known as Freud. The film was a drama based on the life of the Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud.
Gulotta started then to see the possible and amazing use of psychology within the legal and criminal law scenarios. His career as a criminal barrister and as an academic started to take off.
He believes that the law and psychology are two overlapping disciplines; they both study human behaviour. The first to control it; the second to explain it.
In 1974 he became a collaborator, in a four-year research contract, with Prof. Pietro Nuvolone at the Institute of Criminal Law, University of Milan. In 1978 he worked at the Institute of Psychology alongside professor Marcello Cesa-Bianchi, director of the Juridical Psychology Section at the Department of Medicine (University of Milan). From 1982 to 1984 he was the President of AGAM (Association of Young Lawyers in Milan).
In 1982 he obtained a researcher post at the Institute of Criminal Law, University of Milan, where is stayed until 1986, the year in which his interest and specialisation in psychology took him to Sardinia. At the University of Cagliari he was appointed as a full Professor in Social Psychology.
He enjoyed his academic life in Cagliari and his interest in joining law and psychology even closer developed greatly. In 1995 he was granted a post as a Full Professor in Juridical Psychology, at the University of Turin.
The cathedra of Juridical Psychology granted to him was the first in Italy. His high commitment and work in the field was starting to pay off, not only within his practice as a barrister, but also as an academic. In 2000 he directed a group of research about serial homicides and murder without a probable cause.
He retired as university professor in 2009.
Among his many students should be mentioned professor Cristina Cabras, doctor Roberta Bruzzone, doctor Alessandra Bramante, doctor Angelo Zappalà and doctor Fabrizio Russo.
Scientific and professional life
The most crucial insight within his scientific legacy is that human behaviour can be assessed and judged, as it happens every day in the Court, only by contextualising human actions and choices within the psychosocial reality of the defendant, the witnesses, the public prosecutor, the jury, and the Judge, and by recognising the psychological influences upon them.
This was a remarkable insight by a person who was first trained in law and who first practiced in a field in which psychology was seen as something akin to astrology, and remote from the certainty and clear cut attitude required in Court.
In one of his edited books Treatise of Juridical Psychology [Trattato di Psicologia giudiziaria], 1987, inspired by the novels and plays of Luigi Pirandello and in line with the work of Erving Goffman, he described the Court as a theatre. He identified the different figures operating there, both on the stage and in the backstage, with actors reciting their own roles within their specific status.
In this forensic theatre, the drama of life is unfolded daily, and every day the case presented to the Judge exists only by virtue of how the evidence was gathered and collated; how the public accuser perceives and understands the dynamics of personal and social responsibilities involved; how the lawyer or the barrister introduces and argues the defense; how the defendant furnishes information about their behaviour and their possible involvement, or not, in the case; how the alleged victim reports the experience; how the witnesses contribute to the understanding of the case; how the experts provide clarity.
Many of these dimensions imply that what we deal with in the Court is not actually anymore the factual historical reality of events, but has something to do with the [procedural reality], which is how events are reconstructed via a process affected by personal memory, perception, and understanding of what was and is going on.
Inspired by the work of scientists such as Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, and of the Scottish psychiatrist R. D. Laing, Gulotta believes that reality is a social construction, and that human beings are directly responsible for this natural fabrication of life and interpersonal relationships. Gulotta has also devoted some attention to victimology, paying a specific tribute to family violence.
Guglielmo Gulotta calls his interdisciplinary approach the psychology of everyday life in which he thinks it is essential to include forensic psychology as well. 'How' and 'why' people respect the law, as well as 'how' and 'why' people break the law, can depend on the extent to which individuals are supported by or alienated from their own individual and social conditions, and also on the opportunities that society gives them to develop (or not) who they are and can be. His prolific publication track record is an example of how he can move easily from one subject to another. For those interested in the list of his publications, the website of the Guglielmo Gulotta Foundation lists them in detail: see link publications
Protocols and guidelines
Guglielmo Gulotta is actively involved in applying theory to practice and in the course of his long professional career he has been the creator and the promoter of many published protocols and documents.
The Noto Charter [Carta di Noto], created and developed with Luisella DeCataldo and other professionals in 1996, was then revised on July 7 2002, on June 12 2011 and again on October 14 2017, in its fourth edition. It is a document which contains guidelines for the examination of a minor in cases of sexual abuse.
The Venice Protocol [Protocollo di Venezia] was crafted and produced on September 21–23 2007, with a group of professionals from different scientific disciplines such as law, psychology, criminology, child neuropsychology, and psychiatry. The document intends to be a guideline and a methodological tool to assist professionals in those cases in which a forensic diagnosis of an alleged sexual collective abuse of a minor is required.
Both documents have been shaped: with faithful reference to the jurisprudence and legislative developments in law; with wide recognition of the specialised international literature; with humble respect of the evidence-based findings offered by the progress of scientific research in this area.
The Forensic Psychology Guidelines have been published as a book entitled Innocenza e colpevolezza sul banco degli imputati (Innocence and guilt in the dock) in 2018, with the famous Italian Publisher Giuffrè. This work is the highest expression of the combination of forensic activity and psychology in its various expressions, such as cognitive, social, neuroscience, communication and interpersonal relationships. It is a commentary on the Guidelines drawn up by a group of scholars, academics and professionals in the legal and psychosocial sciences who have drafted them with the intention of limiting the numerous judicial errors - both in the sense of the acquittal of a guilty person and the conviction of an innocent person - that afflict the criminal justice system and, as a consequence, our society. The book provides a description of the entire criminal process, from the investigation to the trial, and all criminal matters are examined to counter the errors, to reduce preconceptions and biases that can pollute the forensic action, with the aim of achieving an informed and critical cognitive vigilance.
Guglielmo Gulotta is, along other colleagues, the developer of the Patavino Memorandum, which is concerned with the application of neuroscience to legal capacities. This memorandum is a compendium about the most recent neuroscientific techniques used in the forensic field in Italy; it is, therefore an indispensable tool for professionals: forensic experts, technical consultants, magistrates, judges, and lawyers.
The commission of a crime is a human phenomenon which is profoundly complex and affected by many factors and variables, not always controllable. It must be understood and defined according to the interactionist language. The concepts of "mind", "consciousness" and "awareness" are parts of a much larger context of the interaction between cognitive functioning, individual psychological and psychophysiological responses, social, environmental and cultural influences. It is in the light of this perspective that the Memorandum speaks of individual responsibility as a derivative of the so-called "social brain", whose structure and function are represented by human interaction. The Patavino Memorandum was inspired by the Brain Waves Module 4: Neuroscience and the law (2011), and suggests that, in the current state of the art, neuroscience is not able to be the keystone of judicial diagnoses on its own. Neuroscience constitutes rather a contribution which, however authoritative and fascinating, is likely to continuously require interaction with and contribution from other sciences, in particular, empirical-social sciences.
Family violence
International studies have underlined a preoccupying rise in family dysfunction, abuse and violence, and yet these domestic troubles remain, in most cases, secrets or, at best, unknown to the extent that the shifting manifestation of deviance stays underestimated.
At the Septieme Congress Des nations Unies Pour la Prevention du Crime et le Traitment des Delinquants, in 1985, Gulotta, in his personal communication entitled "Victims within the family" offered the following discerning words on family victimology:
"The fact that the family has the delicate function of first adapting the individual to society and also serv[ing] as a refuge from the stresses of social life outside its confines, means that victimization within the family represents a phenomenon of special gravity, calling for particular intervention […] (Gulotta, 1985, p. 13)”.
Family victimology has been the stepping stone for his work on child abuse.
No doubt children have been often and for lengthy periods, silent victims of maltreatment, neglect, physical, psychological and sexual violence.
The family setting is at times the most privileged environment for this type of crime to take place. It makes it easier to get access to children, to groom them and viciously entangle him/her in a promiscuous relationship. Family settings, once they permit the abuse dynamic to take place, can easily sustain it because of the claim to family privacy that allows the clearance of all external interferences.
Family is supposed to provide a child with a climate of protection, love and care.
Who can then be allowed to unveil the truth behind this paradisiacal scenario?
Real experiences and scientific evidence are extensively gathering data to reveal, unfortunately, that family members, and not least parents, can, at times, be responsible for such heinous acts.
In all this drama, which clusters together political, scientific, and professional forces, there exists another form of silent victimology, the one that focuses on false positives, that is the cases in which children of any age, and even adults, become convinced or are made to believe that they have experienced some form of sexual abuse either at present or in their past.
The reality of false positives was born within the realm of public hysteria in which the urgency to protect children has been made so extreme that everything, every gesture or word that an adult performs, is considered abuse unless otherwise proved. In all this paraphernalia, Gulotta is convinced that the result of all this is that more victims are made and more suffering emerges.
Gulotta considers that for a child to believe and to grow up with the credence that he/she has been abused by either their mother or father, or by one of their relatives, or by their school teacher or neighbour, when in fact it has not actually occurred, can perhaps be as emotionally damaging and traumatic as a real endured abuse.
Cross examinations studies
In 2018 Guglielmo Gulotta published the new edition of his book (edited in 2012) on the cross-examination, what he calls a "scientific art". This volume identifies two hundred rules for cross-examination. The origin of these rules derives from the Code of Criminal Procedure, from the professional experience of Guglielmo Gulotta and other professionals in court, from an extensive Italian and Anglo-American literature on the subject of cross-examination, and from practices and customs that make up what could be defined as "procedural etiquette". On the one hand, Guglielmo Gulotta defines this activity as a scientific art because it involves a certain talent composed of critical sense, flexibility, and creativity. On the other hand, this definition suggests that the compass of implied behaviours is of a scientific nature. There is a dual reference to the science of law and to psycho-social sciences that study human conduct, and in particular psychology and psycho-socio-linguistics. The volume is organized by charts associated with the 200 rules, and that helps to explain, justify, encourage and criticize behaviours that are suggested or discouraged within the forensic setting and in the court.
Other areas of scientific interest
Guglielmo Gulotta has been using "everyday life" as a laboratory to explore empirically many of the concepts of social psychology and of the psychology of communication. His versatile mind has allowed Guglielmo Gulotta to develop in Italy the psychology of tourism. Because of his achievement he is now the President of ARIPT - Associazione Ricerche Interdisciplinari Psicologia del Turismo – (The Association of the Interdisciplinary Research of the Psychology of Tourism).
How to communicate is particularly important in the academic and legal career of any professional. Gugliemo Gulotta has made his interest for communication a topic of his research attention. This scientific interest has led to different scientific publications. One of the most important ones is Sapersi esprimere, published with another colleague, and by the publisher Giuffrè in 2009. This works is related to the know-how of how to express oneself, combined with the analysis of two dimensions of communication and human behaviour: lying and falsehood, and sincerity and honesty. An assumption addressed in the book is that if communication between humans could be carried out telepathically, there might be less interference, than what happens with expressing ourselves in words and gestures, and with all our behaviour. Guglielmo Gulotta and Luisella De Cataldo (the co-author) have taken on the task of addressing the complex topic of communication using the results of the most up-to-date psychological research available. The conclusions are encouraging: communication competence, both in the private and professional context, can be learned and improved.
Psychotherapy and hypnosis are two other areas of interests for Guglielmo Gulotta, which highlights his versatile professional and vibrant personality, which conveys curiosity, creativity and an interest to integrate ideas and areas of knowledge.
Recent achievements
Justice, and this is the great value, which has inspired the professional and scientific work of Gulotta, can be achieved only when a scientific-evidence methodology is appropriately used to explore, address and resolve the complexity of sex abuse allegations.
Within his long track record of studies done in forensic psychology, with the aim of addressing the matter of false negative allegations of child abuse, two important documents should be remembered and be associated with his name: the above mentioned Noto Charter and Venice Protocol.
One of Gulotta's books, Juridical psychology and psychological law is a comprehensive theoretical and empirical analysis of how these two main domains (law and psychology) are intertwined in the real world. The book collects some of the work Gulotta has shared with his collaborators. It moves from a similar point of view Gulotta's Compendium of legal-forensic, criminal and investigative psychology, recently published in a new edition with multimedia content.
He has been involved in hundreds of conferences and symposiums, in numerous radio and TV programmes and his competence has been widely appreciated.
A recent achievement of Gulotta is the creation of a Foundation under his name, Guglielmo Gulotta Foundation (see link). The aims are the promotion, realisation, and dissemination of studies, scientific research, and professional training in forensic and social psychology, and strategic communication. The scope is to help experienced professionals to update and enrich their competence, or to develop in new generation of professionals, those skills – the social and forensic psychology know how – which have become so indispensable and fundamental within the social and forensic fields where they are called upon to perform.
The rationale of the Guglielmo Gulotta Foundation is to make a contribution to the development of professionals who show fairness in the words they proffer, justice in their decisions, honesty in their actions, and sensitivity in their handling of cases.
The gratitude of all his students and colleagues goes out to him not just for what he has been able to teach, but for making them appreciate that what is also important in science is to have the courage to make one's own choice, and to address it with a sense of personal and professional responsibility.
A recent book (Il nuovo codice deontologico degli psicologi. Commentato articolo per articolo con decisioni ordinistiche e giurisprudenza ordinaria) which was published in 2018 with two other colleagues (Eugenio Calvi and Elena Leardini) is a new edition of the commentary on the Code of Ethics for Psychologists, in which each article of the Code of Ethics is analysed with ordinary decisions and case law, and contextualised with how they are applied to the professional practice of psychologists.
Major works
Gulotta G. (1976). Commedie e drammi nel matrimonio [Comedy and drama in marriage]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (1984). Famiglia e violenza [Family and violence]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (1985). Victims within the family. Septieme Congress Des nations Unies Pour la Prevention du Crime et le Traitment des Delinquants.
Gulotta G. (1987). Trattato di Psicologia giudiziaria [Treatise of Juridical Psychology]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (1995). La psicologia della vita quotidiana [The psychology of everyday life]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (1997). L'intelligenza sociale [Social Intelligence]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (2002) (Ed.). Elementi di psicologia giuridica e di diritto psicologico [Juridical psychology and psychological law]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (2008) (Ed.). La vita quotidiana come laboratorio di psicologia sociale [The daily life as a laboratory of social psychology]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Bianchi A., Gulotta G., & Sartori G. (2009), Manuale di neuroscienze forensi [Manual of Forensic Neuroscience], Milano: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. e Cutica I. (2009), Guida alla perizia in tema di abuso sessuale e alla sua critica [A guide for the evaluation of sexual abuse and its critic], Milano: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G., & Tuosto E.M. (2017), Il volto nell'investigazione e nel processo. Nuova fisiognomica forense [New Forensic physiognomic], Milano: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (2018). Le 200 regole della cross-examination. Un’arte scientifica [The 200 rules of cross-examination]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (2018). Innocenza e colpevolezza sul banco degli imputati [Innocence and guilt in the dock]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G., Calvi E., & Leardini E. (2018). Il nuovo codice deontologico degli psicologi. Commentato articolo per articolo con decisioni ordinistiche e giurisprudenza ordinaria [The new Code of Ethics for psychologists. Commented article by article with ordinary decisions and case law]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (2020). Compendio di psicologia giuridico-forense, criminale e investigativa [Compendium of legal-forensic, criminal and investigative psychology. Update in 2020 with multimedia references]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Notes
References
Brown J. & E. Campbell (in press) (Eds.). Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.
De Cataldo L. (1997). Abuso sessuale di minore e processo penale: ruoli e responsabilità. Padua: Cedam.
De Cataldo L. (1988). Psicologia della testimonianza e prova testimoniale. Milan: Giuffrè.
De Leo G. (1995). Oggetto, competenze e funzioni della psicologia giuridica. In A. Quadrio & G. De Leo (Eds.). Manuale di psicologia giuridica (pp. 17–30). Milano: Led.
Quadrio A. & De Leo G. (1995) (Eds.). Manuale di psicologia giuridica. Milan: Led.
Di Blasio P. (1995). Interazioni tra psicologia e giustizia nelle problematiche del maltrattamento ai minori. In A. Quadrio & G. De Leo (Eds.). Manuale di psicologia giuridica (pp. 425–441). Milano: Led.
Fornari U. (2004, 3rd ed.). Trattato di psichiatria forense. Turin: UTET.
Mazzoni G. (2003). Si può credere a un testimone?. Bologna: Il Mulino Contemporanea.
Ost J., Foster S., Costall A., & Bull R. (2005). False reports of childhood events in appropriate interviews. Memory, 13, 700–710.
Partlett D.F. & Nurcombe B. (1998). Recovered memories of child sexual abuse and liability: Society, science, and the law in a comparative setting. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 4(4), 1253–1306.
Poole D.A. & Lindsay S.D. (2002). Reducing child witnesses' false reports of misinformation from parents. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 81, 117–140.
People in health professions from Turin
1939 births
Living people
University of Turin faculty
University of Cagliari faculty
Italian psychologists
Jurists from Turin
20th-century Italian lawyers
21st-century Italian lawyers |
23574380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step-Soci | Step-Soci | Step-Soci is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Budăi and Step-Soci.
References
Communes of Orhei District |
6900303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-Big-Silence | No-Big-Silence | No-Big-Silence (often abbreviated as "NBS"), originally known as Aggressor, is an Industrial metal/rock band from Estonia.
History
Early years as Aggressor (1989–1995)
The beginnings of Aggressor date back to 1989 when Villem Tarvas, Marek Piliste, Kristo Kotkas and Marko Atso started playing together as an unnamed band. At the start of 1990 they released their first demo album named Indestructible – the music on this recording was influenced by German thrash metal band Kreator. Their first big performance was on 17 April 1990, and a year later they put together a 4 track demo which resulted in the recording of their first album, Procreate the Petrifactions at the end of 1992. Later on they played several shows in Moscow and in 1994 they released their second album Of Long Duration Anguish. The band was first introduced to a wider audience in the summer of 1995 at the Rock Summer festival in Estonia, where Aggressor headlined the B-stage – the crowd gave them a warm welcome.
Change of style and renaming to No-Big-Silence (1995–1996)
In 1994 bass guitarist Cram (Marek Piliste) sung a cover version of Corrosia Metalla's "Russian Vodka" for the album Of Long Duration Anguish. This later resulted in the idea of changing the band's name and style.
In 1995 the band went to studio (still as Aggressor) and were suggested a name-change. In 1995 they wrote lyrics to a song titled "No-Big-Silence 99" (a street in the USA where a mass murder was committed) – so the album was titled 99 and band renamed to "No-Big-Silence".
Success (1996–present)
After the 1995 Rock Summer festival, No-Big-Silence has successfully performed at larger festivals as well as at smaller clubs in Estonia, the Baltic States, Russia and Scandinavia. No-Big-Silence is valued as a live-act with an impressive show, esteemed by world class bands such as Metallica, Iron Maiden, Rammstein, HIM, Motörhead, Waltari, etc., who have chosen NBS to be their supporting act.
The chairman of the concert agency Baltic Development Group, Peeter Rebane, the local promoter for Metallica, Iron Maiden and Rammstein, comments: "In our opinion, No-Big-Silence is the most professional industrial band in the Baltics. Besides, they are a great live-act."
Their second release Successful, Bitch & Beautiful was already the album of current hit-songs such as "On the Hunt" and "Vamp-o-Drama". In 2001 the album was sold in Scandinavia, Germany, Italy and other European countries through the Finnish label Cyberware Productions. The homepage of Cyberware states that this album of No-Big-Silence is a magnificent masterpiece and regards it as one of the label's strongest releases today. According to Cyberware, the bonus video "Star DeLuxe" on the western version of the album gives a good overview of the band's glamorous live-show and enthusiastic fanbase. The Scandinavian music magazine Prospective Magazine thinks that Successful, Bitch & Beautiful is a "must listen to"-album. The review in the same magazines gives No-Big-Silence 8 out of 10 points. Johan Carlsson, a reviewer for the Swedish Release Magazine distinguishes the even and uniform quality of the album. "Metal riffs melded with electronic sounds on top of rock song structures make an interesting mixture, and the vocals fit perfectly." He continues: "It is nice to see an Estonian band, but don't buy it because of that. Buy it because it is good."
Musical style
The music of NBS has been variously described as sounding very much like Marilyn Manson and at times even Rammstein or Nine Inch Nails.
The band's style saw small changes throughout their albums apart from their first two, Procreate the Petrifactions and Of Long Duration Anguish, which are death metal. "99", recorded in 1995, featured a more thrash metal sound, but at the time of the album's release the band had taken on an industrial sound which was reflected in the supposed following album "new race" which was never released until 2003 under the compilation title Unreleased.
Successful, Bitch & Beautiful can be considered their softest album as it contains a mix of metal, rock and electronic. Unreleased is their heaviest and most electronic album and War in Wonderland is one of the darker and most "metal" of the band's albums.
Starstealer, released in 2009, shows the band turning darker and heavier. The artwork of the album shows a darker side of the band and the music bears much darker sound and a small hint of thrash metal from the old days.
"No-Big-Silence, unlike most of the hard rock bands, that get their inspiration from mysticism, concentrates on expressing the twists and turns of human psychology in the language of pop music. It is a great achievement in itself – to sound tough and delicate at the same time."
– Marko Mägi from Eesti Ekspress weekly
Band members
As Aggressor
Villem Tarvas – vocals, guitar (1989–1995)
Marek Piliste – bass (1989–1995)
Kristo Kotkas – guitar (1989–1995)
Marko Atso – drums (1989–1995)
As No-Big-Silence
Marek Piliste (a.k.a. Cram) – lead vocals (1995–present)
Villem Tarvas (a.k.a. Willem) – bass, guitar, backing vocals (1995–present)
Kristo Kotkas (a.k.a. Kristo K) – guitar, keyboards and programming (1995–present)
Rainer Mere – drums (2008–present)
Former members
Marko Atso – drums (1995–2000)
Kristo Rajasaare (a.k.a. Kristo R) – drums (2000–2008)
Raimo Jussila – bass (1994–1996)
Discography
As Aggressor
1990: Indestructible (demo)
1993: Procreate the Petrifactions
1994: Of Long Duration Anguish
2004: Procreate the Petrifactions 2004 (re-release with 4 bonus tracks)
Singles
1994: Path of the lost god
As No-Big-Silence
produced 1995 but released as late as 1997: 99
2000: Successful, Bitch & Beautiful
2003: Unreleased (late internet-only release of tracks recorded between 1996–1999)
2004: Kuidas kuningas kuu peale kippus (with Kosmikud)
2006: War in Wonderland
2007: Suurte Masinate Muusika (with Tiit Kikas) (live DVD of their concert at Leigo Järvemuusika in 2005)
2009: Starstealer
Singles
1996: Come
1997: New Race
1999: Vamp-O-Drama
2000: On The Hunt
2001: Star Deluxe
2001: The Fail
2006: Robot Super Lover Boy
2009: Chain Me
2011: Это не любовь (This Is Not Love) (Kino cover)
2011: üks imelik masin (A strange machine) (Gunnar Graps cover)
2013: The Falling
2013: Kõnetraat (Speaker cable) (Ummamuudu cover)
2014: Supersonic Night
2016: A Question of Time (Depeche Mode cover)
External links
No-Big-Silence at Estonian Metal
Aggressor at Estonian Metal
Official MySpace
Silencers – official fanclub
Silencers blog
Estonian industrial music groups
Techno music groups
Estonian musical groups
Musical groups established in 1989 |
23574402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Tomb | White Tomb | White Tomb is the debut album by Irish ambient black metal band Altar of Plagues. It was recorded at Data Studios, Kerry.
Track listing
Personnel
Altar of Plagues
James Kelly – vocals, guitars, keyboards
Jeremiah Spillane – guitars
Dave Condon – bass, vocals
S. MacAnri – drums
Guest musicians
Stephen Lordan - guest vocals on "Gentian Truth"
Nathan Misterek - guest vocals on "Earth: As a Furnace" and "Gentian Truth"
Production and recording
Ross O'Donovan - recording and mixing
Jason Carroll - assistant engineering
Colin Marston - mastering
References
2009 albums
Altar of Plagues albums
Profound Lore Records albums |
23574413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusume%20Rumal | Kusume Rumal | Kusume Rumal (; ) is a 1985 Nepali romantic film written and directed by Tulsi Ghimire. It was produced by Sumitra Paudel under the banner of Sayapatri Films. The film featured Bhuwan K.C, Tripti Nadakar, Udit Narayan and Neer Shah in lead roles. This was the first film in which singer Udit Narayan acted. It is one of the most loved films in Nepal and was the first Nepali film to celebrate silver jubilee.
The film received critical acclaim for its story, portrayal of class discrimination, performance of the cast, especially Bhuwan K.C., and the chartbuster music. The movie was a big commercial success and went on to become the highest grossing Nepali film of all time, a record it held for 16 years until it was broken by another Tulsi Ghimire film, Darpan Chaya. The film's songs with music by Ranjit Gazmer were all huge hits and are remembered till today. The film's music album is considered one of the best music albums ever made. In 2009, the son of the producer of this film directed Kusume Rumal 2, which was the story of the second generation of the original cast. Both Tripti Nadakar and Neer Shah acted in minor roles as an ode to the original film.
Storyline
The film is a triangular love story about Amar (Udit Narayan) and Suniti (Tripti Nadakar) who are collegemates and lovers. When she returns to her hometown, she spends some time with Arjun (Bhuwan K.C.) who works at her house; without her knowledge; he falls for her. The rest of the story is about the conclusion of this love story when another classmate of Suniti's college forcibly tries to marry her.
Cast
Udit Narayan as Amar
Tripti Nadakar as Suniti
Bhuwan K.C. as Arjun
Neer Shah
Biswa Hingmang as Jetay
Box office
Kusume Rumal was a huge box office success becoming the highest-grossing movie of the time until another Tulsi Ghimire film Darpan Chaya broke its record in 2001. The movie was the first Nepali movie to spend 25 weeks in the box office top ten list and the first actual blockbuster.
Soundtrack
References
External links
1985 films
Nepalese romantic drama films
Nepali-language films
1985 romantic drama films
Films shot in Kathmandu
Films directed by Tulsi Ghimire
Films scored by Ranjit Gazmer |
6900304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baussenque%20Wars | Baussenque Wars | The Baussenque Wars (from French Guerres Baussenques, meaning "wars of Baux") were a series of armed conflicts (1144–1162) between the House of Barcelona, then ruling in Provence, and the House of Baux. They are held up in Provence as the idealistic resistance by one of her native families against Catalan "occupation." In reality, they were the first of many successful expansions of Catalan power and influence in the Mediterranean world.
Causes
Three major factors played into the eruption of this conflict: the competition between the counts of Toulouse and those of Barcelona for influence in the region of Provence, the succession crisis of the first ruling dynasty of the county of Provence, and the ambitions of the Baux family.
Due to a lack of success in the Reconquista on their southern frontier, the Catalans turned towards the Mediterranean littoral and northwards. They coveted the region between the Cévennes and the Rhône, then under the control of Toulouse. In 1112, the count of Barcelona, Ramon Berenguer III, married the heiress of Provence, Douce, who was the daughter of Countess Gerberga of Provence, Gévaudan, Carlat, and part of Rodez. The marriage was probably taken at the urging of the church, which was then in conflict with house of Toulouse. In 1076, its count, Raymond IV, was excommunicated but he still lent his support to Aicard, the deposed archbishop of Arles (since 1080). With the count away on the First Crusade, the church took the opportunity to seize the balance of power in the region. This marriage effectively put Provence under Catalan control.
In 1125, Raymond's heir, Alfonso Jordan, signed a treaty that recognized his family's traditional claim to the title of "Margrave of Provence" and defined the march of Provence as the region north of the lower Durance and on the right of the Rhône, including the castles of Beaucaire, Vallabrègues, and Argence. The region between the Durance, the Rhône, the Alps, and the sea was that of the county and belonged to the house of Barcelona. Avignon, Pont de Sorgues, Caumont, and Le Thor remained undivided.
Internally, Provence was racked by uncertainties over the rights of succession. Douce and Ramon Berenguer signed all charters jointly until her death in 1127, after which he alone appears as count in all charters until his death in 1131. At that time, Douce's younger sister Stephanie was married to Raymond of Baux, who promptly laid claim to the inheritance of her mother, even though Provence had peacefully passed into the hands of her nephew, Berenguer Ramon I.
Opening moves
As a result of these crises, le Midi was divided into two factions. Berenguer Ramon was supported by his elder brother, Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona, and the viscounts of Carcassonne, Béziers and Nîmes. The other supporters of Stephanie and Raymond included Toulouse, the county of Foix, Arles (until 1150), and even the Republic of Genoa, who carried out an attack on Melgueil in 1144 during which Berenguer Ramon died. He was succeeded in his claim by his young son Ramon Berenguer II.
According to the historian and Arles-native Louis Mathieu Anibert, his city appointed a consulate to prepare for war (1131):
At the opening of the conflict, Raymond of Baux made an appeal to Conrad III, who was technically the King of Burgundy, though this title meant more in theory than in practice, Provence being legally a fief of the Burgundian kingdom. Raymond begged for his sovereign's recognition of the rights of Stephanie as heir to the possessions of Gerberga. By an act of 4 August 1145, Conrad validated the right of Stephanie and Raymond to their titles and granted them the power of coining money at Arles and at Trinquetaille. The latter was a great aid to their aspirations.
War
The conflict itself, which had been ongoing since the succession of Berenguer Ramon, accelerated after his death. The rest of the war can be seen as three successive armed conflicts. The first began in 1144, with Berenguer Ramon's war with Genoa, and continued until an accord was signed in 1150. The second lasted a short while (1155 – 1156). The third and final war was most short-lived, lasting less than a year. It saw the house of Barcelona victorious in permanently laying to rest the claims of the House of Baux in spite of the latter having enjoyed the royal approval of Conrad and subsequently of his nephew.
Despite Conrad's proclamation, the war gained pace in 1147, generally in favour of Barcelona, for the count of Toulouse was away on the Second Crusade. In view of his impotence, with only the backing of Arles, Raymond of Baux entered into negotiations and made submission to the house of Barcelona. He left for Spain, where he died before the peace could be concluded. Stephanie's four sons — Hugh, William, Bertrand, and Gilbert — were recompensed for relinquishing their rights to the counties of Gerberga and a treaty was signed at Arles in 1150.
The truce did not last and Stephanie and her sons renewed the conflict in 1155 in alliance with the count of Toulouse. Hugh achieved a diplomatic victory with his confirmation by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, but like that of Conrad years earlier, it meant nothing to the Catalans. This second war, too, did not go well for the house of Baux. In 1156, they were forced to relinquish the castle of Castillon and other fortified places. They did retain Baux itself and its outer defences, like the castle of Trinquetaille.
In August 1161, Ramon Berenguer travelled to Turin with his uncle, the count of Barcelona, to obtain the confirmation of his countship in Provence from the emperor. There he met Richeza of Poland, the daughter of the exiled Polish high duke, Ladislaus II. He married her on 17 November and on the return journey, his uncle died. In 1162, open war erupted again. Baux was razed and its environs ravaged. Ramon Berenguer was recognised as victor by the chancelleries of the Empire, but Hugh made a last attempt to salvage victory by reminding the emperor of the two chrysobull-attended letters issued on his behalf, one of Conrad the other of Frederick himself. Barbarossa wisely kept silent about his reasons for a change of heart.
In 1166, Ramon Berenguer renewed the war with Genoa which his father had waged. He died besieging Nice in that year.
Notes
External links
Les guerres Baussenques.
There is a part in the movie "The Old Guard (2020)" in which there is a reference to this war
County of Barcelona
Medieval Occitania
Wars involving France
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe
Civil wars of the Middle Ages
Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe
12th century in Europe
1140s conflicts
1150s conflicts
1160s conflicts |
20466879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Thompson%20%28New%20Zealand%20politician%29 | Robert Thompson (New Zealand politician) | Robert Thompson (1840 – 21 April 1922) was a Member of Parliament for Marsden, in Northland, New Zealand.
Early life
Born at Newtownbutler, County Fermanagh, Thompson migrated to New South Wales in 1864, and New Zealand in 1870. He was a commission agent and auctioneer in Whangarei.
He married Mary Catherine Aubrey, eldest daughter of Harcourt Richard Aubrey, Resident Magistrate for Kaipara and Whangarei, in 1879.
Member of Parliament
Robert Thompson represented Marsden in the House of Representatives for fifteen years from to 1902.
According to Wilson, he changed his political allegiance; initially a Conservative he was a Liberal in , but in was Independent and in was an Independent Liberal but was not part of the governing Liberal Government.
He acquired the labels 'Marsden Thompson' and 'the member for roads and bridges' in Parliament. He was known for his devotion to the interests of his district, which was desperately in need of good roads, and his only reason for being a Liberal was that the government was the only source of funding for roads and bridges. He was pro-freehold (land), and was opposed to Liberal policies such as labour legislation and old age pensions. In , when he stood unsuccessfully for Auckland West against a sitting Liberal member, he was once more an Independent, and his programme – freehold (land), acquisition of Maori land and opposition to prohibition had not altered.
Death
He died on 21 April 1922 at his residence, Pentland House, in Whangarei, and was buried at Kamo. His wife had died some 18 years before him. He was survived by one daughter.
References
1840 births
1922 deaths
Date of birth unknown
Independent MPs of New Zealand
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
Local politicians in New Zealand
Irish emigrants to New Zealand (before 1923)
New Zealand businesspeople
New Zealand farmers
New Zealand Liberal Party MPs
People from County Fermanagh
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1902 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1905 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1908 New Zealand general election
New Zealand auctioneers
New Zealand MPs for North Island electorates
19th-century New Zealand politicians
Irish expatriates in Australia |
44497498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor%20Darul%20Ta%27zim%20III%20F.C. | Johor Darul Ta'zim III F.C. | The Johor Darul Ta'zim III or simply known as JDT III (formerly known as Johor Pasir Gudang FC), is an under-21 football team. Johor Darul Ta'zim III is a feeder team for Johor Darul Ta'zim II F.C., which plays in the Malaysia Premier League.
The team currently plays in the Malaysia President Cup, the under-21 competition of the Malaysian football. JDT III is managed by Ervin Boban.
History
Club's names
2015: Johor Darul Ta'zim III Football Club (Johor Darul Ta'zim III FC) (U23)
2016: Johor Darul Ta'zim III Football Club (Johor Darul Ta'zim III FC) (U21)
Honours
Domestic
League
Cups
Malaysia President Cup
Winners (2): 2009, 2022
Current squad
Johor Darul Ta'zim IV
Transfers
For recent transfers, see List of Malaysian football transfers 2020
Current coaching staff
References
External links
Youth and Academy
Football clubs in Malaysia
Malaysian reserve football teams
Football academies in Malaysia
2014 establishments in Malaysia |
20466905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onchocercidae | Onchocercidae | The Onchocercidae are a family of nematodes in the superfamily Filarioidea. This family includes some of the most devastating human parasitic diseases, such as lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, loiasis, and other filariases.
Representative genera and species
The taxonomy of nematodes in the order Spirurida is still in a state of flux, and the family Onchocercidae contains around 70–80 genera.<ref>Anderson, R.C. (2000) "Family Onchocercidae." In: Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates: Their Development and Transmission. 2nd Edition. CABI Publishing: Wallingford, England. . pp. 472-532.</ref> The following genera are included in the family Onchocercidae in the Wikispecies project and the Entrez Taxonomy Browser. The latter is the taxonomic system used in the NCBI family of databases, including PubMed.AcanthocheilonemaAcanthocheilonema viteae (parasite of gerbils in Eastern Europe, Iran, and North Africa)Acanthocheilonema reconditum (parasite of dogs)BrugiaBrugia malayi (one cause of filariasis in humans)Brugia pahangi (parasite of domestic cats and wild animals)Brugia timori (cause of "timor filariasis" in humans)BreinliaCercopithifilariaCercopithifilaria johnstoni (parasite of rodents and marsupials in Australia)ChandlerellaChandlerella quiscali (parasite of birds in North America)DipetalonemaDipetalonema reconditum (parasite of dogs, and sometimes humans)Dipetalonema repens (parasite of dogs, and sometimes humans)DirofilariaDirofilaria immitis (heartworm in dogs and cats, occasionally humans)Dirofilaria repens (parasite of dogs, and sometimes humans)Dirofilaria tenuis (parasite of raccoons, and rarely humans)Dirofilaria ursi (parasite of bears, and sometimes humans)ElaeophoraElaeophora abramovi (parasite of moose in Russia)Elaeophora bohmi (parasite of horses in Austria and Iran)Elaeophora elaphi (parasite of Red Deer in Spain)Elaeophora poeli (parasite of various cattle in Africa and Asia)Elaeophora sagitta (parasite of several mammal groups in Africa)Elaeophora schneideri (parasite of various ruminants in North America)FoleyellaFoleyella furcata (parasite of lizards)LitomosaLitomosa westi (parasite of bats)LitomosoidesLitomosoides brasiliensis (parasite of bats)Litomosoides scotti (parasite of the marsh rice rat)Litomosoides sigmodontis (parasite of rodents)Litomosoides wilsoni (parasite of opossums)Loa (see also Loa loa filariasis)Loa loaMansonella (see also mansonelliasis)Mansonella ozzardi (parasite of man in Central and South America)Mansonella perstans (parasite of humans and primates in Africa and South America)Mansonella streptocerca (parasite of humans in Africa)OchoterenellaOchoterenella digiticauda (parasite of amphibians)OnchocercaOnchocerca gibsoni (parasite of cattle in Asia and Australia)Onchocerca gutturosa (parasite of cattle in Africa, Europe, and North America)Onchocerca volvulus (parasite of humans in Africa, six countries in Latin America, and Yemen), cause of river blindness)Onchocerca lupi (parasite of canines in the United States, Greece, Portugal, Germany, Hungary, Switzerland, and Canada), cause of Canine Ocular Onchocerciasis)PiratubaPiratuba digiticauda (parasite of amphibians)SarconemaSarconema eurycerca (cause of heartworm in swans)WaltonellaWaltonella flexicauda (parasite of bullfrogs)WuchereriaWuchereria bancrofti (parasite of humans, cause of "bancroftian filariasis")Wuchereria kalimantani'' (parasite of monkeys in Indonesia)
See also
List of parasites of humans
References
External links
Spirurida
Parasitic nematodes of mammals
Nematode families
Taxa named by Alain Chabaud |
20466939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg%20Unger | Georg Unger | Georg Unger (1837 – 1887) was a German operatic tenor most famous for playing Siegfried in Der Ring des Nibelungen written by Richard Wagner.
Unger was born in Leipzig (Germany), and as a student studied Theology and music. He made his singing debut aged 37, going on to make appearances at Cassel, Zurich, Bremen, Neustrelitz, Brunn, Elberfeld and Mannheim.
He was recommended to Richard Wagner for the role of Siegfried by Hans Richter, and, after close supervision from a singing tutor, he performed the part in Siegfried and Götterdämmerung with great success at Bayreuth in 1876 and at other venues in the premiere of the complete cycle of Der Ring des Nibelungen, conducted by Richter. In the same cycle, Unger also played Froh in Das Rheingold.
He made regular appearances at Leipzig from 1877 to 1881. He was married to soprano Marie Haupt.
References
External links
Unger and Der Ring des Nibelungen
Wagner And Scenic Art
1837 births
1887 deaths
German operatic tenors
19th-century German male opera singers
Musicians from Leipzig
Heldentenors |
20466941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come%20Alive%20%28Daniel%20Ash%20album%29 | Come Alive (Daniel Ash album) | Come Alive is Daniel Ash's first solo live album and was recorded in early 2002 at The Galaxy Theater in Santa Ana, California, and Slim's in San Francisco, California. The setlist features songs from Ash's time with Love and Rockets, Tones on Tail and Bauhaus as well as his solo career.
Track listing
Come Alive
Trouble
Walk on the Moon
Get Out of Control
Sweet FA
Spooky
So Alive
Ghost Writer
Christian Says
Mirror People
Slice of Life
An American Dream
Coming Down
OK This Is the Pops
Go
Performers:
Daniel Ash: Guitar and Vocals,
John Desalvo: Drums,
Mike Peoples: Bass
Daniel Ash albums
2005 live albums |
44497504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townpark | Townpark | In the history of land use in Ireland, a townpark or town park was a smallholding near a town and farmed by someone resident in the town. Typically, a major landowner provided a contiguous area near the town which was subdivided into multiple townparks, each rented on a short-term lease, for a higher rent than that paid by a full-time resident farmer.
Townlands
The Boundary Survey of 1825–44, associated with Griffith's Valuation and the Ordnance Survey of Ireland, set down the names and denominations of subdivisions of land. Griffith often erected a contiguous block of townparks into a single townland named "Town Parks" or "Town Parks of [name of town]". The 1901 townland index recorded such townlands by the following towns: Ballycastle, Larne, Ballymena, Antrim, Ballymoney, Ballyhaise, Cavan, Cloyne, Midleton, Lifford, Ballyshannon, Newtownards, Skerries (Holmpatrick civil parish), Swords, Ballinasloe, Galway, Portumna, Castledermot, Athy, Birr, Daingean (then Philipstown), Carrick on Shannon, Longford, Newtown Forbes, Ardee, Dundalk, Navan, Athboy, Kells, Borris-in-Ossory, Mountmellick, Roscrea, Carrick-on-Suir, Cahir, Lismore, Delvin, Wexford, Lismore, Tallow, Tuam, Donaghadee, and Killeshandra. There were also "Town Fields" (Borrisokane), "Town Lands" (Clonakilty), "Town Lot" (Tipperary), "Town Lots" (Bantry), and "Townplots" (Kinsale and Killala). Town Parks was also the townland containing the centre of Belfast; it is listed in the 1861 index, but was entirely within the county borough boundary by 1901. Thurles Townparks is the townland, now almost entirely urbanised, around the historic centre of Thurles.
Land Acts
The Landlord and Tenant (Ireland) Act 1870 and the Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881, which were designed to enable tenant farmers to purchase their holdings from landlords, specifically excluded townparks from their terms. This led to case law interpreting the Acts' definition of "townpark", which had three components:
That they adjoin or are near a city or town;
That they bear an increased value as accommodation land beyond their ordinary letting value for merely farming purposes
That they are occupied by a person living in a city or town or its suburbs
A "town" need not be a municipality with town commissioners or other government, and conversely a place within the municipal boundary might yet be too far from the built-up area to be considered a townpark. Population was suggestive but not definitive: Portglenone with 800 people was held not to be a "town", whereas Timoleague was, with only 366.
See also
Allotment (gardening)
Sources
References
Further reading
Volume III: Index to Evidence and Appendices pp.131–132 "Townparks" refers to evidence in Volume II: Evidence and Appendices
External links
from the Placenames Database of Ireland:
Townlands called "Townparks"
Townlands called "Town Parks"
Urban agriculture
Geographic history of Ireland
19th century in Ireland
Land law
Farms in Ireland
Towns in Ireland
Townlands of Ireland |
20466994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Lloyd%20%28bishop%29 | Arthur Lloyd (bishop) | Arthur Thomas Lloyd (13 December 184429 May 1907) was an Anglican bishop. He served as Bishop of Thetford (suffragan bishop to the Bishop of Norwich, 1894–1903) and as Bishop of Newcastle (1903–1907).
Family and education
The son of Henry W. Lloyd, vicar of Cholsey, and Georgiana Etough, and a brother to F. C. Lloyd (who became vicar of Cholsey, 1890–1895, and later vicar of Kew, Surrey), Arthur was educated at Magdalen School and St Edmund Hall, Oxford.
Priest
Ordained a priest by Samuel Wilberforce, Bishop of Oxford, on 21 February 1869 at St Luke's Maidenhead, his first post was as his father's curate at Cholsey (1868–1873), his second was curate-in-charge of Watlington, Oxfordshire (1873–1876), from where he moved to become vicar of Aylesbury (1876–1882). After some time as the first vicar of Newcastle upon Tyne after the parish church became Newcastle Cathedral (he was also an honorary canon and rural dean), he was appointed to be vicar of North Creake and Archdeacon of Lynn, becoming also the first modern Bishop of Thetford (suffragan to the Bishop of Norwich) in 1894.
Bishop
He was ordained and consecrated a bishop by Edward White Benson, Archbishop of Canterbury, at Westminster Abbey, on St Luke's Day (18 October) 1894. In 1903 he was translated (he was nominated on 11 May and installed on 4 June) to become the third Bishop of Newcastle and died in post four years later.
Death and legacy
A bachelor who had "always lived" with his sisters, Lloyd died on 29 May 1907 at his sister's house in South Kensington, London. He was buried "as a commoner" on 3 June at St James's parish church, Benwell, where he had lived at Benwell Towers, the bishop's palace; there is, however, an alabaster memorial to him at Newcastle Cathedral. The cathedral memorial was unveiled at a large service on 29 July 1919. On 11 March 2012, Martin Wharton, Bishop of Newcastle, rededicated Lloyd's grave at Benwell, following its restoration after serious neglect.
References
1844 births
1907 deaths
People educated at Magdalen College School, Oxford
Alumni of St Edmund Hall, Oxford
Archdeacons of Lynn
Bishops of Thetford
Bishops of Newcastle
20th-century Church of England bishops |
17328425 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoplasticity | Viscoplasticity | Viscoplasticity is a theory in continuum mechanics that describes the rate-dependent inelastic behavior of solids. Rate-dependence in this context means that the deformation of the material depends on the rate at which loads are applied. The inelastic behavior that is the subject of viscoplasticity is plastic deformation which means that the material undergoes unrecoverable deformations when a load level is reached. Rate-dependent plasticity is important for transient plasticity calculations. The main difference between rate-independent plastic and viscoplastic material models is that the latter exhibit not only permanent deformations after the application of loads but continue to undergo a creep flow as a function of time under the influence of the applied load.
The elastic response of viscoplastic materials can be represented in one-dimension by Hookean spring elements. Rate-dependence can be represented by nonlinear dashpot elements in a manner similar to viscoelasticity. Plasticity can be accounted for by adding sliding frictional elements as shown in Figure 1. In the figure E is the modulus of elasticity, λ is the viscosity parameter and N is a power-law type parameter that represents non-linear dashpot [σ(dε/dt)= σ = λ(dε/dt)(1/N)]. The sliding element can have a yield stress (σy) that is strain rate dependent, or even constant, as shown in Figure 1c.
Viscoplasticity is usually modeled in three-dimensions using overstress models of the Perzyna or Duvaut-Lions types. In these models, the stress is allowed to increase beyond the rate-independent yield surface upon application of a load and then allowed to relax back to the yield surface over time. The yield surface is usually assumed not to be rate-dependent in such models. An alternative approach is to add a strain rate dependence to the yield stress and use the techniques of rate independent plasticity to calculate the response of a material
For metals and alloys, viscoplasticity is the macroscopic behavior caused by a mechanism linked to the movement of dislocations in grains, with superposed effects of inter-crystalline gliding. The mechanism usually becomes dominant at temperatures greater than approximately one third of the absolute melting temperature. However, certain alloys exhibit viscoplasticity at room temperature (300K). For polymers, wood, and bitumen, the theory of viscoplasticity is required to describe behavior beyond the limit of elasticity or viscoelasticity.
In general, viscoplasticity theories are useful in areas such as:
the calculation of permanent deformations,
the prediction of the plastic collapse of structures,
the investigation of stability,
crash simulations,
systems exposed to high temperatures such as turbines in engines, e.g. a power plant,
dynamic problems and systems exposed to high strain rates.
History
Research on plasticity theories started in 1864 with the work of Henri Tresca, Saint Venant (1870) and Levy (1871) on the maximum shear criterion. An improved plasticity model was presented in 1913 by Von Mises which is now referred to as the von Mises yield criterion. In viscoplasticity, the development of a mathematical model heads back to 1910 with the representation of primary creep by Andrade's law. In 1929, Norton developed a one-dimensional dashpot model which linked the rate of secondary creep to the stress. In 1934, Odqvist generalized Norton's law to the multi-axial case.
Concepts such as the normality of plastic flow to the yield surface and flow rules for plasticity were introduced by Prandtl (1924) and Reuss (1930). In 1932, Hohenemser and Prager proposed the first model for slow viscoplastic flow. This model provided a relation between the deviatoric stress and the strain rate for an incompressible Bingham solid However, the application of these theories did not begin before 1950, where limit theorems were discovered.
In 1960, the first IUTAM Symposium “Creep in Structures” organized by Hoff provided a major development in viscoplasticity with the works of Hoff, Rabotnov, Perzyna, Hult, and Lemaitre for the isotropic hardening laws, and those of Kratochvil, Malinini and Khadjinsky, Ponter and Leckie, and Chaboche for the kinematic hardening laws. Perzyna, in 1963, introduced a viscosity coefficient that is temperature and time dependent. The formulated models were supported by the thermodynamics of irreversible processes and the phenomenological standpoint. The ideas presented in these works have been the basis for most subsequent research into rate-dependent plasticity.
Phenomenology
For a qualitative analysis, several characteristic tests are performed to describe the phenomenology of viscoplastic materials. Some examples of these tests are
hardening tests at constant stress or strain rate,
creep tests at constant force, and
stress relaxation at constant elongation.
Strain hardening test
One consequence of yielding is that as plastic deformation proceeds, an increase in stress is required to produce additional strain. This phenomenon is known as Strain/Work hardening. For a viscoplastic material the hardening curves are not significantly different from those of rate-independent plastic material. Nevertheless, three essential differences can be observed.
At the same strain, the higher the rate of strain the higher the stress
A change in the rate of strain during the test results in an immediate change in the stress–strain curve.
The concept of a plastic yield limit is no longer strictly applicable.
The hypothesis of partitioning the strains by decoupling the elastic and plastic parts is still applicable where the strains are small, i.e.,
where is the elastic strain and is the viscoplastic strain. To obtain the stress–strain behavior shown in blue in the figure, the material is initially loaded at a strain rate of 0.1/s. The strain rate is then instantaneously raised to 100/s and held constant at that value for some time. At the end of that time period the strain rate is dropped instantaneously back to 0.1/s and the cycle is continued for increasing values of strain. There is clearly a lag between the strain-rate change and the stress response. This lag is modeled quite accurately by overstress models (such as the Perzyna model) but not by models of rate-independent plasticity that have a rate-dependent yield stress.
Creep test
Creep is the tendency of a solid material to slowly move or deform permanently under constant stresses. Creep tests measure the strain response due to a constant stress as shown in Figure 3. The classical creep curve represents the evolution of strain as a function of time in a material subjected to uniaxial stress at a constant temperature. The creep test, for instance, is performed by applying a constant force/stress and analyzing the strain response of the system. In general, as shown in Figure 3b this curve usually shows three phases or periods of behavior
A primary creep stage, also known as transient creep, is the starting stage during which hardening of the material leads to a decrease in the rate of flow which is initially very high. .
The secondary creep stage, also known as the steady state, is where the strain rate is constant. .
A tertiary creep phase in which there is an increase in the strain rate up to the fracture strain. .
Relaxation test
As shown in Figure 4, the relaxation test is defined as the stress response due to a constant strain for a period of time. In viscoplastic materials, relaxation tests demonstrate the stress relaxation in uniaxial loading at a constant strain. In fact, these tests characterize the viscosity and can be used to determine the relation which exists between the stress and the rate of viscoplastic strain. The decomposition of strain rate is
The elastic part of the strain rate is given by
For the flat region of the strain-time curve, the total strain rate is zero. Hence we have,
Therefore, the relaxation curve can be used to determine rate of viscoplastic strain and hence the viscosity of the dashpot in a one-dimensional viscoplastic material model. The residual value that is reached when the stress has plateaued at the end of a relaxation test corresponds to the upper limit of elasticity. For some materials such as rock salt such an upper limit of elasticity occurs at a very small value of stress and relaxation tests can be continued for more than a year without any observable plateau in the stress.
It is important to note that relaxation tests are extremely difficult to perform because maintaining the condition in a test requires considerable delicacy.
Rheological models of viscoplasticity
One-dimensional constitutive models for viscoplasticity based on spring-dashpot-slider elements include
the perfectly viscoplastic solid, the elastic perfectly viscoplastic solid, and the elastoviscoplastic hardening solid. The elements may be connected in series or in parallel. In models where the elements are connected in series the strain is additive while the stress is equal in each element. In parallel connections, the stress is additive while the strain is equal in each element. Many of these one-dimensional models can be generalized to three dimensions for the small strain regime. In the subsequent discussion, time rates strain and stress are written as and , respectively.
Perfectly viscoplastic solid (Norton-Hoff model)
In a perfectly viscoplastic solid, also called the Norton-Hoff model of viscoplasticity, the stress (as for viscous fluids) is a function of the rate of permanent strain. The effect of elasticity is neglected in the model, i.e., and hence there is no initial yield stress, i.e., . The viscous dashpot has a response given by
where is the viscosity of the dashpot. In the Norton-Hoff model the viscosity is a nonlinear function of the applied stress and is given by
where is a fitting parameter, λ is the kinematic viscosity of the material and . Then the viscoplastic strain rate is given by the relation
In one-dimensional form, the Norton-Hoff model can be expressed as
When the solid is viscoelastic.
If we assume that plastic flow is isochoric (volume preserving), then the above relation can be expressed in the more familiar form
where is the deviatoric stress tensor, is the von Mises equivalent strain rate, and are material parameters. The equivalent strain rate is defined as
These models can be applied in metals and alloys at temperatures higher than two thirds of their absolute melting point (in kelvins) and polymers/asphalt at elevated temperature. The responses for strain hardening, creep, and relaxation tests of such material are shown in Figure 6.
Elastic perfectly viscoplastic solid (Bingham–Norton model)
Two types of elementary approaches can be used to build up an elastic-perfectly viscoplastic mode. In the first situation, the sliding friction element and the dashpot are arranged in parallel and then connected in series to the elastic spring as shown in Figure 7. This model is called the Bingham–Maxwell model (by analogy with the Maxwell model and the Bingham model) or the Bingham–Norton model. In the second situation, all three elements are arranged in parallel. Such a model is called a Bingham–Kelvin model by analogy with the Kelvin model.
For elastic-perfectly viscoplastic materials, the elastic strain is no longer considered negligible but the rate of plastic strain is only a function of the initial yield stress and there is no influence of hardening. The sliding element represents a constant yielding stress when the elastic limit is exceeded irrespective of the strain. The model can be expressed as
where is the viscosity of the dashpot element. If the dashpot element has a response that is of the Norton form
we get the Bingham–Norton model
Other expressions for the strain rate can also be observed in the literature with the general form
The responses for strain hardening, creep, and relaxation tests of such material are shown in Figure 8.
Elastoviscoplastic hardening solid
An elastic-viscoplastic material with strain hardening is described by equations similar to those for an elastic-viscoplastic material with perfect plasticity. However, in this case the stress depends both on the plastic strain rate and on the plastic strain itself. For an elastoviscoplastic material the stress, after exceeding the yield stress, continues to increase beyond the initial yielding point. This implies that the yield stress in the sliding element increases with strain and the model may be expressed in generic terms as
.
This model is adopted when metals and alloys are at medium and higher temperatures and wood under high loads. The responses for strain hardening, creep, and relaxation tests of such a material are shown in Figure 9.
Strain-rate dependent plasticity models
Classical phenomenological viscoplasticity models for small strains are usually categorized into two types:
the Perzyna formulation
the Duvaut–Lions formulation
Perzyna formulation
In the Perzyna formulation the plastic strain rate is assumed to be given by a constitutive relation of the form
where is a yield function, is the Cauchy stress, is a set of internal variables (such as the plastic strain ), is a relaxation time. The notation denotes the Macaulay brackets. The flow rule used in various versions of the Chaboche model is a special case of Perzyna's flow rule and has the form
where is the quasistatic value of and is a backstress. Several models for the backstress also go by the name Chaboche model.
Duvaut–Lions formulation
The Duvaut–Lions formulation is equivalent to the Perzyna formulation and may be expressed as
where is the elastic stiffness tensor, is the closest point projection of the stress state on to the boundary of the region that bounds all possible elastic stress states. The quantity is typically found from the rate-independent solution to a plasticity problem.
Flow stress models
The quantity represents the evolution of the yield surface. The yield function is often expressed as an equation consisting of some invariant of stress and a model for the yield stress (or plastic flow stress). An example is von Mises or plasticity. In those situations the plastic strain rate is calculated in the same manner as in rate-independent plasticity. In other situations, the yield stress model provides a direct means of computing the plastic strain rate.
Numerous empirical and semi-empirical flow stress models are used the computational plasticity. The following temperature and strain-rate dependent models provide a sampling of the models in current use:
the Johnson–Cook model
the Steinberg–Cochran–Guinan–Lund model.
the Zerilli–Armstrong model.
the Mechanical threshold stress model.
the Preston–Tonks–Wallace model.
The Johnson–Cook (JC) model is purely empirical and is the most widely used of the five. However, this model exhibits an unrealistically small strain-rate dependence at high temperatures. The Steinberg–Cochran–Guinan–Lund (SCGL) model is semi-empirical. The model is purely empirical and strain-rate independent at high strain-rates. A dislocation-based extension based on is used at low strain-rates. The SCGL model is used extensively by the shock physics community. The Zerilli–Armstrong (ZA) model is a simple physically based model that has been used extensively. A more complex model that is based on ideas from dislocation dynamics is the Mechanical Threshold Stress (MTS) model. This model has been used to model the plastic deformation of copper, tantalum, alloys of steel, and aluminum alloys. However, the MTS model is limited to strain-rates less than around 107/s. The Preston–Tonks–Wallace (PTW) model is also physically based and has a form similar to the MTS model. However, the PTW model has components that can model plastic deformation in the overdriven shock regime (strain-rates greater that 107/s). Hence this model is valid for the largest range of strain-rates among the five flow stress models.
Johnson–Cook flow stress model
The Johnson–Cook (JC) model is purely empirical and gives the following relation for the flow stress ()
where is the equivalent plastic strain, is the
plastic strain-rate, and are material constants.
The normalized strain-rate and temperature in equation (1) are defined as
where is the effective plastic strain-rate of the quasi-static test used to determine the yield and hardening parameters A,B and n. This is not as it is often thought just a parameter to make non-dimensional. is a reference temperature, and is a reference melt temperature. For conditions where , we assume that .
Steinberg–Cochran–Guinan–Lund flow stress model
The Steinberg–Cochran–Guinan–Lund (SCGL) model is a semi-empirical model that was developed by Steinberg et al. for high strain-rate situations and extended to low strain-rates and bcc materials by Steinberg and Lund. The flow stress in this model is given by
where is the athermal component of the flow stress, is a function that represents strain hardening, is the thermally activated component of the flow stress, is the pressure- and temperature-dependent shear modulus, and is the shear modulus at standard temperature and pressure. The saturation value of the athermal stress is . The saturation of the thermally activated stress is the Peierls stress (). The shear modulus for this model is usually computed with the Steinberg–Cochran–Guinan shear modulus model.
The strain hardening function () has the form
where are work hardening parameters, and is the
initial equivalent plastic strain.
The thermal component () is computed using a bisection algorithm from the following equation.
where is the energy to form a kink-pair in a dislocation segment of length , is the Boltzmann constant, is the Peierls stress. The constants are given by the relations
where is the dislocation density, is the length of a dislocation segment, is the distance between Peierls valleys, is the magnitude of the Burgers vector, is the Debye frequency, is the width of a kink loop, and is the drag coefficient.
Zerilli–Armstrong flow stress model
The Zerilli–Armstrong (ZA) model is based on simplified dislocation mechanics. The general form of the equation for the flow stress is
In this model, is the athermal component of the flow stress given by
where is the contribution due to solutes and initial dislocation density, is the microstructural stress intensity, is the average grain diameter, is zero for fcc materials, are material constants.
In the thermally activated terms, the functional forms of the exponents and are
where are material parameters that depend on the type of material (fcc, bcc, hcp, alloys). The Zerilli–Armstrong model has been modified by for better performance at high temperatures.
Mechanical threshold stress flow stress model
The Mechanical Threshold Stress (MTS) model ) has the form
where is the athermal component of mechanical threshold stress, is the component of the flow stress due to intrinsic barriers to thermally activated dislocation motion and dislocation-dislocation interactions, is the component of the flow stress due to microstructural evolution with increasing deformation (strain hardening), () are temperature and strain-rate dependent scaling factors, and is the shear modulus at 0 K and ambient pressure.
The scaling factors take the Arrhenius form
where is the Boltzmann constant, is the magnitude of the Burgers' vector, () are normalized activation energies, () are the strain-rate and reference strain-rate, and () are constants.
The strain hardening component of the mechanical threshold stress () is given by an empirical modified Voce law
where
and is the hardening due to dislocation accumulation, is the contribution due to stage-IV hardening, () are constants, is the stress at zero strain hardening rate, is the saturation threshold stress for deformation at 0 K, is a constant, and is the maximum strain-rate. Note that the maximum strain-rate is usually limited to about /s.
Preston–Tonks–Wallace flow stress model
The Preston–Tonks–Wallace (PTW) model attempts to provide a model for the flow stress for extreme strain-rates (up to 1011/s) and temperatures up to melt. A linear Voce hardening law is used in the model. The PTW flow stress is given by
with
where is a normalized work-hardening saturation stress, is the value of at 0K, is a normalized yield stress, is the hardening constant in the Voce hardening law, and is a dimensionless material parameter that modifies the Voce hardening law.
The saturation stress and the yield stress are given by
where is the value of close to the melt temperature, () are the values of at 0 K and close to melt, respectively, are material constants, , () are material parameters for the high strain-rate regime, and
where is the density, and is the atomic mass.
See also
Viscoelasticity
Bingham plastic
Dashpot
Creep (deformation)
Plasticity (physics)
Continuum mechanics
Quasi-solid
References
Continuum mechanics
Plasticity (physics) |
20467026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mayors%20of%20Laurel%2C%20Maryland | List of mayors of Laurel, Maryland | This is a list of mayors of Laurel, Maryland, a city in the central part of the U.S. state of Maryland. Before the city's (nonpartisan) office of Mayor was established, a similar role was that of President of the Board of Commissioners. Officials elected to multiple consecutive terms have the number of terms noted after their names. The term length changed from one year to two years in 1904, and from two years to four years in 1974.
Presidents of the Laurel Board of Commissioners
Mayors of Laurel
References
People from Laurel, Maryland
Laurel |
20467027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20Moore%20%28Royal%20Navy%20officer%29 | Simon Moore (Royal Navy officer) | Rear Admiral Simon Moore CB (born 25 September 1946) is a retired Royal Navy officer and a former 'Assistant Chief of Defence Staff for Operations'. He was educated at Brentwood School in Essex.
He is an ex Chair of Governors at Hurstpierpoint College, a Vice President of the Maritime Volunteer Service and a Charity Trustee of The British Youth Opera.
References
External links
Select Committee on Defence
CB (Order of Bath) Award List
1946 births
Living people
People educated at Brentwood School, Essex
Royal Navy rear admirals
Companions of the Order of the Bath |
20467031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Packard | William Packard | William Packard may refer to:
William Alfred Packard (1830–1909), American classical scholar
William Doud Packard (1861–1923), American co-founder of Packard Motor Company
William Guthrie Packard (1889–1987), American law book publisher, owner of Shepard's Citations
William P. Packard (1838–?), American politician
William Packard (author) (1933–2002), American poet, playwright, teacher, novelist, and founder/editor of the New York Quarterly |
20467055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20Moore | Simon Moore | Simon Moore may refer to:
Simon Moore (Royal Navy officer) (born 1946), former Royal Navy officer and former Assistant Chief of Defence Staff
Simon Moore (judge), see Pitcairn sexual assault trial of 2004
Simon Moore (writer) (), British screenplay writer
Simon Moore (footballer) (born 1990), English football (soccer) goalkeeper
Simon Moore (Derbyshire cricketer) (born 1974), former English cricketer, played for Derbyshire in 1999 and 2003
Simon Moore (Essex cricketer) (born 1973), English cricketer, played for Essex 2000–01 |
20467061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum%20cofactor%20deficiency | Molybdenum cofactor deficiency | Molybdenum cofactor deficiency is a rare human disease in which the absence of molybdopterin – and consequently its molybdenum complex, commonly called molybdenum cofactor – leads to accumulation of toxic levels of sulphite and neurological damage. Usually this leads to death within months of birth, due to the lack of active sulfite oxidase. Furthermore, a mutational block in molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis causes absence of enzyme activity of xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase and aldehyde oxidase.
Cause
When caused by a mutation in the MOCS1 gene it is the type A variant. It can also be caused by a mutation in the MOCS2 gene or the GEPH gene. As of 2010, there had been approximately 132 reported cases.
It should not be confused with molybdenum deficiency.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of molybdenum cofactor deficiency includes early seizures, low blood levels of uric acid, and high levels of sulphite, xanthine, and uric acid in urine. Additionally, the disease produces characteristic MRI images that can aid in diagnosis.
Treatment
Trials of an experimental treatment are going on at several sites in the US.
https://www.centerwatch.com/clinical-trials/listings/84057/molybdenum-cofactor-deficiency-type-a-study-alxn1101-neonates-molybdenum/
On 26 February 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved fosdenopterin (Nulibry) for intravenous injection to reduce the risk of death due to Molybdenum Cofactor Deficiency Type A. Fosdenopterin replaces the missing cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate (cPMP).
Prevalence
The prevalence of molybdenum co-factor deficiency is estimated as being between 1 in 100 000 and 1 in 200 000. To date more than 100 cases have been reported. However, this may significantly under represent cases.
Research
In 2009, Monash Children's Hospital at Southern Health in Melbourne, Australia reported that a patient known as Baby Z became the first person to be successfully treated for molybdenum cofactor deficiency type A. The patient was treated with cPMP, a precursor of molybdopterin. Baby Z will require daily injections of cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate (cPMP) for the rest of her life.
See also
Sulfite oxidase
References
External links
Vitamin, coenzyme, and cofactor metabolism disorders |
20467066 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Howard | Bruce Howard | Bruce Howard may refer to:
Bruce Howard (politician) (1922–2002), Canadian politician
Bruce Howard (baseball) (born 1943), Major League Baseball pitcher |
17328450 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria%20County%20Council | Cumbria County Council | Cumbria County Council is the county council for the non-metropolitan county of Cumbria in the North West of England. Established in April 1974, following its first elections held the previous year, it is an elected local government body responsible for the most significant local services in the area, including schools, roads, and social services.
In July 2021 the government announced that in April 2023, the county council will be abolished and its functions transferred to two new unitary authorities: Cumberland Council and Westmorland and Furness Council.
Creation
In 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the administrative counties of Cumberland and Westmorland and the county borough of Carlisle were abolished, and the areas they covered were combined with parts of Lancashire and the West Riding of Yorkshire to form a new non-metropolitan county called Cumbria.
Functions
Cumbria County Council is responsible for the more strategic local services of the county, including education (schools, both primary and secondary), libraries and youth services, social services, highway maintenance, waste disposal, emergency planning, consumer protection, and town and country planning for minerals matters, waste and for highways. This makes it a substantial employer.
The former Cumberland County Council's final major road scheme, an A66 bypass for Keswick, was prepared by Scott Wilson Kirkpatrick, consulting engineers, in 1972, and construction began in the summer of 1974, with the new authority completing the scheme.
The Council operates various recycling and waste disposal facilities across the area. In January 2012, the Council announced plans to close six of these centres. The six sites identified by the review as most suitable for closure are at Ambleside, Brampton, Grange-over-Sands, Kirkby Stephen, Millom and Wigton.
The administrative offices are at Cumbria House in Botchergate, Carlisle, and formal meetings of the Council are held at the County Offices in Kendal.
History
Control of the council swung back and forth. In its first four years (1973-1977) there was no overall control, but in 1977 the Conservatives gained a majority. In 1981, this became a majority for Labour, and from 1985 there was again no one-party control. In 1997, Labour again took control, but they lost it in 2001. In the final years of its existence there again was no party with a majority.
A proposal for Cumbria to become a unitary authority was made in 2007, and Cumbria went into consultation, with opposition coming from the district councils which would be abolished: Allerdale, Barrow-in-Furness, Carlisle, Copeland, Eden, and South Lakeland. In the event, the county was left out of the 2009 structural changes to local government in England.
In 2008, the county council rejected a proposal to introduce a directly elected mayor, opting instead for a cabinet-style administration that resembled the status quo. During the same year, an administration of Conservatives and Liberal Democrats collapsed, suffering not least from lacking a majority in the council. Thirty-nine Labour members and three Independents exactly equalled the total of thirty-two Conservatives and ten Liberal Democrats. A minority Labour administration then took over running the council until the June 2009 elections, when a net gain of one seat from the Independents led to the creation of a new Conservative and Labour coalition.
In 2020 the council approved Whitehaven coal mine for a third time. It will be the first deep coal mine in the UK in 30 years. The approval was widely criticised for its environmental damage and carbon emissions. Westmorland and Lonsdale MP Tim Farron described the coal mine as a "complete disaster for our children's future".
In July 2021 the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government announced that in April 2023, the county will be reorganised into two unitary authorities. Cumbria County Council is to be abolished and its functions transferred to the new authorities. An eastern authority, to be known as Westmorland and Furness Council, will cover the current districts of Barrow-in-Furness, Eden, and South Lakeland, and a new western authority, to be known as Cumberland Council, will cover the current districts of Allerdale, Carlisle, and Copeland.
Elections
The first elections to the authority were in 1973, and members have been elected since then every four years for a four-year term of office, with elections being held all together on the "first past the post" system.
Since boundary changes in 2001, 84 councillors have been elected from 84 single-member electoral divisions.
At the June 2009 elections, the outcome was 38 Conservatives members, 24 Labour, 16 Liberal Democrats and six Independents. A Labour-Conservative coalition was formed.
Following the May 2013 elections the outcome was 35 Labour members, 26 Conservative, 16 Liberal Democrats and 7 Independents. A Labour-Lib Dem coalition was formed. Following the May 2017 elections, the outcome was 37 Conservative, 26 Labour, 16 Liberal Democrats and 5 Independents, resulting in a Labour-Lib Dem coalition with support from Independent members.
The 2021 election was postponed on 10 April 2021. In view of the council's abolition there was no election to the council in 2022.
Political control
Since 1973 the political control of the council has been as follows:
Notable members
Tim Westoll, first chairman of the council, previously chairman of Cumberland County Council from 1959 to 1974.
See also
2009 Cumbria Council election
County council
Notes
Local government in Cumbria
History of Cumbria
Politics of Cumbria
County councils of England
1974 establishments in England
Local education authorities in England
Local authorities in Cumbria
Major precepting authorities in England
Leader and cabinet executives |
6900318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs.
Thermal insulation
The definition of thermal insulation
Thermal insulation usually refers to the use of appropriate insulation materials and design adaptations for buildings to slow the transfer of heat through the enclosure to reduce heat loss and gain. The transfer of heat is caused by the temperature difference between indoors and outdoors. Heat may be transferred either by conduction, convection, or radiation. The rate of transmission is closely related to the propagating medium. Heat is lost or gained by transmission through the ceilings, walls, floors, windows, and doors. This heat reduction and acquisition are usually unwelcome. It not only increases the load on the HVAC system resulting in more energy wastes but also reduces the thermal comfort of people in the building. Thermal insulation in buildings is an important factor in achieving thermal comfort for its occupants. Insulation reduces unwanted heat loss or gain and can decrease the energy demands of heating and cooling systems. It does not necessarily deal with issues of adequate ventilation and may or may not affect the level of sound insulation. In a narrow sense, insulation can just refer to the insulation materials employed to slow heat loss, such as: cellulose, glass wool, rock wool, polystyrene, urethane foam, vermiculite, perlite, wood fiber, plant fiber (cannabis, flax, cotton, cork, etc.), recycled cotton denim, plant straw, animal fiber (sheep's wool), cement, and earth or soil, reflective insulation (also known as radiant barrier) but it can also involve a range of designs and techniques to address the main modes of heat transfer - conduction, radiation, and convection materials.
Most of the materials in the above list only retain a large amount of air or other gases between the molecules of the material. The gas conducts heat much less than the solids. These materials can form gas cavities, which can be used to insulate heat with low heat transfer efficiency. This situation also occurs in the fur of animals and birds feathers, animal hair can employ the low thermal conductivity of small pockets of gas, so as to achieve the purpose of reducing heat loss.
The effectiveness of reflective insulation (radiant barrier) is commonly evaluated by the reflectivity (emittance) of the surface with airspace facing to the heat source.
The effectiveness of bulk insulation is commonly evaluated by its R-value, of which there are two - metric (SI) (in units of K⋅W−1⋅m2) and US customary (in units of °F·ft2·h/BTU), the former being 0.176 times the latter, or the reciprocal quantity the thermal conductivity or U value W.K−1⋅m−2.
For example, in the US the insulation standard for attics, is recommended to be at least R-38 US units, (equivalent to R-6.7 or a U value of 0.15 in SI units) . The equivalent standard in the UK are technically comparable, the approved document L would normally require an average U value over the roof area of 0.11 to 0.18 depending on the age of the property and the type of roof construction. Newer buildings have to meet a higher standard than those built under previous versions of the regulations.
It is important to realise a single R-value or U-value does not take into account the quality of construction or local environmental factors for each building. Construction quality issues can include inadequate vapor barriers and problems with draft-proofing. In addition, the properties and density of the insulation material itself are critical. Most countries have some regime of either inspections or certification of approved installers to make sure that good standards are maintained.
The history of thermal insulation
The history of thermal insulation is not so long compared with other materials, but human beings have been aware of the importance of insulation for a long time. In the prehistoric time, human beings began their activity of making shelters against wild animals and heavy weather, human beings started their exploration of thermal insulation. Prehistoric peoples built their dwellings by using the materials of animal skins, fur, and plant materials like reed, flax, and straw, these materials were first used as clothing materials, because their dwellings were temporary, they were more likely to use the materials they used in clothing, which were easy to obtain and process. The materials of animal furs and plant products can hold a large amount of air between molecules which can create an air cavity to reduce the heat exchange.
Later, human beings' long life span and development of agriculture determined that they needed a fixed place of residence, earth-sheltered houses, stone houses, and cave dwellings began to emerge. The high density of these materials can cause a time lag effect in thermal transfer, which can make the inside temperature change slowly. This effect keep inside of the buildings warm in winter and cool in summer, also because of the materials like earth or stone is easy to get, this design is really popular in many places like Russia, Iceland, Greenland.
Organic materials were the first available to build a shelter for people to protect themselves from bad weather conditions and to help keep them warm. But organic materials like animal and plant fiber cannot exist for a long time, so these natural materials cannot satisfy people's long-term need for thermal insulation. So, people began to search for substitutes which are more durable. In the 19th century, people were no longer satisfied with using natural materials for thermal insulation, they processed the organic materials and produced the first insulated panels. At the same time, more and more artificial materials start to emerge, and a large range of artificial thermal insulation materials were developed, e.g. rock wool, fiberglass, foam glass, and hollow bricks.
The significance of thermal insulation
Thermal insulation can play a significant role in buildings, great demands of thermal comfort result in a large amount of energy consumed for full-heating for all rooms. Around 40% of energy consumption can be attributed to the building, mainly consumed by heating or cooling. Sufficient thermal insulation is the fundamental task that ensures a healthy indoor environment and against structure damages. It is also a key factor in dealing with high energy consumption, it can reduce the heat flow through the building envelope. Good thermal insulation can also bring the following benefits to the building:
1. Preventing building damage caused by the formation of moisture on the inside of the building envelope. Thermal insulation makes sure that the temperatures of room surface don't fall below a critical level, which avoids condensation and the formation of mould. According to the Building Damage reports, 12.7% and 14% of building damages were caused by mould problems. If there is no sufficient thermal insulation in the building, high relative humidity inside the building will lead to condensation and finally result in mould problems.
2. Producing a comfortable thermal environment for people living in the building. Good thermal insulation allows sufficiently high temperatures inside the building during the winter, and it also achieves the same level of thermal comfort by offering relatively low air temperature in the summer.
3. Reducing unwanted heating or cooling energy input. Thermal insulation reduces the heat exchange through the building envelope, which allows the heating and cooling machines to achieve the same indoor air temperature with less energy input.
Planning and examples
How much insulation a house should have depends on building design, climate, energy costs, budget, and personal preference. Regional climates make for different requirements. Building codes often set minimum standards for fire safety and energy efficiency, which can be voluntarily exceeded within the context of sustainable architecture for green certifications such as LEED.
The insulation strategy of a building needs to be based on a careful consideration of the mode of energy transfer and the direction and intensity in which it moves. This may alter throughout the day and from season to season. It is important to choose an appropriate design, the correct combination of materials, and building techniques to suit the particular situation.
United States
The thermal insulation requirements in the USA follow the ASHRAE 90.1 which is the U.S. energy standard for all commercial and some residential buildings. ASHRAE 90.1 standard considers multiple perspectives such as prescriptive, building envelope types and energy cost budget. And the standard has some mandatory thermal insulation requirements. All thermal insulation requirements in ASHRAE 90.1 are divided by the climate zone, it means that the amount of insulation needed for a building is determined by which climate zone the building locates. The thermal insulation requirements are shown as R-value and continuous insulation R-value as the second index. The requirements for different types of walls (wood framed walls, steel framed walls, and mass walls) are shown in the table.
To determine whether you should add insulation, you first need to find out how much insulation you already have in your home and where. A qualified home energy auditor will include an insulation check as a routine part of a whole-house energy audit. However, you can sometimes perform a self-assessment in certain areas of the home, such as attics. Here, a visual inspection, along with use of a ruler, can give you a sense of whether you may benefit from additional insulation.
An initial estimate of insulation needs in the United States can be determined by the US Department of Energy's ZIP code insulation calculator.
Russia
In Russia, the availability of abundant and cheap gas has led to poorly insulated, overheated, and inefficient consumption of energy. The Russian Center for Energy Efficiency found that Russian buildings are either over- or under-heated, and often consume up to 50 percent more heat and hot water than needed. 53 percent of all carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Russia are produced through heating and generating electricity for buildings. However, greenhouse gas emissions from the former Soviet Bloc are still below their 1990 levels.
Energy codes in Russia start to establish in 1955, norms and rules first mentioned the performance of the building envelope and heat losses, and they formed norms to regulate the energy characteristics of the building envelope. And the most recent version of Russia energy code (SP 50.13330.2012) was published in 2003. The energy codes of Russia were established by experts of government institutes or nongovernmental organization like ABOK. The energy code of Russia have been revised several times since 1955, the 1995 versions reduced energy depletion per square meter for heating by 20%, and the 2000 version reduced by 40%. The code also has a mandatory requirement on thermal insulation of buildings accompany with some voluntary provisions, mainly focused on heat loss from the building shell.
Australia
The thermal insulation requirements of Australia follow the climate of the building location, the table below is the minimum insulation requirements based on climate, which is determined by the Building Code of Australia (BCA). The building in Australia applies insulation in roofs, ceilings, external walls, and various components of the building (such as Veranda roofs in the hot climate, Bulkhead, Floors). Bulkheads (wall section between ceilings which are in different heights) should have the same insulated level as the ceilings since they suffer the same temperature levels. And the external walls of Australia's building should be insulated to decrease all kinds of heat transfer. Besides the walls and ceilings, the Australia energy code also requires insulation for floors (not all floors). Raised timber floors must have around 400mm soil clearance below the lowest timbers to provide sufficient space for insulation, and concrete slab such as suspended slabs and slab-on-ground should be insulated in the same way.
China
China has various climatic characters, which are divided by geographical areas. As a result, there are five climate zones in China to identify the building design include thermal insulation. (The very cold zone, cold zone, hot summer and cold winter zone, hot summer and warm winter zone and cold winter zone).
Germany
Germany established its requirements of building energy efficiency in 1977, and the first energy code-the Energy Saving Ordinance (EnEV) which based on the building performance was introduced in 2002. And the 2009 version of the Energy Saving Ordinance increased the minimum R-values of the thermal insulation of the building shell and introduced requirements for air-tightness tests. The Energy Saving Ordinance (EnEV) 2013 clarified the requirement of thermal insulation of the ceiling. And it mentioned that if the ceiling was not fulfilled, thermal insulation will be needed in accessible ceilings over upper floor's heated rooms. [U-Value must be under 0.24 Watts/(m2•K)]
Netherlands
The building decree (Bouwbesluit) of the Netherlands makes a clear distinction between home renovation or newly built houses. New builds count as completely new homes, but also new additions and extensions are considered to be new builds. Furthermore, renovations whereby at least 25% of the surface of the integral building is changed or enlarged is also considered to be a new build. Therefore, during thorough renovations, there's a chance that the new construction must meet the new building requirement for insulation of the Netherlands. If the renovation is of a smaller nature, the renovation directive applies. Examples of renovation are post-insulation of a cavity wall and post-insulation of a sloping roof against the roof boarding or under the tiles. Note that every renovation must meet the minimum Rc value of 1.3 W / mK. If the current insulation has a higher insulation value (the legally obtained level), then this value counts as a lower limit.
New Zealand
Insulation requirements for new houses and small buildings in New Zealand are set out in the Building Code and standard NZS 4128:2009.
Zones 1 and 2 include most of the North Island, including Waiheke Island and Great Barrier Island. Zone 3 includes the Taupo District, Ruapehu District, and the Rangitikei District north of 39°50' latitude south (i.e. north of and including Mangaweka) in the North Island, the South Island, Stewart Island, and the Chatham Islands.
United Kingdom
Insulation requirements are specified in the Building regulations and in England and Wales the technical content is published as Approved Documents
Document L defines thermal requirements, and while setting minimum standards can allow for the U values for elements such as roofs and walls to be traded off against other factors such as the type of heating system in a whole building energy use assessment.
Scotland and Northern Ireland have similar systems but the detail technical standards are not identical.
The standards have been revised several times in recent years, requiring more efficient use of energy as the UK moves towards a low-carbon economy.
Technologies and strategies in different climates
Cold climates
Strategies in cold climate
In cold conditions, the main aim is to reduce heat flow out of the building. The components of the building envelope—windows, doors, roofs, floors/foundations, walls, and air infiltration barriers—are all important sources of heat loss; in an otherwise well insulated home, windows will then become an important source of heat transfer. The resistance to conducted heat loss for standard single glazing corresponds to an R-value of about 0.17 m2⋅K⋅W−1 or more than twice that for typical double glazing (compared to 2–4 m2⋅K⋅W−1 for glass wool batts). Losses can be reduced by good weatherisation, bulk insulation, and minimising the amount of non-insulative (particularly non-solar facing) glazing. Indoor thermal radiation can also be a disadvantage with spectrally selective (low-e, low-emissivity) glazing. Some insulated glazing systems can double to triple R values.
Technologies in cold climate.
The vacuum panels and aerogel wall surface insulation are two technologies that can enhance the energy performance and thermal insulating effectiveness of the residential buildings and commercial buildings in cold climate regions such as New England and Boston. In the past time, the price of thermal insulation materials that displayed high insulated performance was very expensive. With the development of material industry and the booming of science technologies, more and more insulation materials and insulated technologies have emerged during the 20th century, which gives us various options for building insulation. Especially in the cold climate areas, a large amount of thermal insulation is needed to deal with the heat losses caused by cold weather (infiltration, ventilation, and radiation). There are two technologies that are worth discussing:
Exterior insulation system (EIFS) based on Vacuum insulation panels (VIP).
VIPs are noted for their ultra-high thermal resistance, their ability of thermal resistance is four to eight times more than conventional foam insulation materials which lead to a thinner thickness of thermal insulation to the building shell compared with traditional materials. The VIPs are usually composed of core panels and metallic enclosures. The common materials that used to produce Core panels are fumed and precipitated silica, open-cell polyurethane (PU), and different types of fiberglass. And the core panel is covered by the metallic enclosure to create a vacuum environment, the metallic enclosure can make sure that the core panel is kept in the vacuum environment. Although this material has a high thermal performance, it still maintains a high price in the last twenty years.
Aerogel exterior and interior wall surface insulation.
Aerogel was first discovered by Samuel Stephens Kistle in 1931. It is a kind of gel that the liquid part is replaced by gas, it actually is composed of 99% of air. This material has a relatively high R-value of around R-10 per inch which is considerably higher compared with conventional plastic foam insulation materials. But the difficulties in processing and low productivity limit the development of Aerogels, the cost price of this material still remains at a high level. Only two companies in the United States offer the commercial Aerogel product.
Hot climates
Strategies in hot climate
In hot conditions, the greatest source of heat energy is solar radiation. This can enter buildings directly through windows or it can heat the building shell to a higher temperature than the ambient, increasing the heat transfer through the building envelope. The Solar Heat Gain Co-efficient (SHGC) (a measure of solar heat transmittance) of standard single glazing can be around 78-85%. Solar gain can be reduced by adequate shading from the sun, light coloured roofing, spectrally selective (heat-reflective) paints and coatings and, various types of insulation for the rest of the envelope. Specially coated glazing can reduce SHGC to around 10%. Radiant barriers are highly
effective for attic spaces in hot climates. In this application, they are much more effective in hot climates than cold climates. For downward heat flow, convection is weak and radiation dominates heat transfer across an air space. Radiant barriers must face an adequate air-gap to be effective.
If refrigerative air-conditioning is employed in a hot, humid climate, then it is particularly important to seal the building envelope. Dehumidification of humid air infiltration can waste significant energy. On the other hand, some building designs are based on effective cross-ventilation instead of refrigerative air-conditioning to provide convective cooling from prevailing breezes.
Technologies in hot climate
In hot dry climate regions like Egypt and Africa, thermal comfort in the summer is the main question, nearly half of energy consumption in urban area is depleted by air conditioning systems to satisfy peoples' demand for thermal comfort, many developing countries in hot dry climate region suffer a shortage of electricity in the summer due to the increasing use of cooling machines. A new technology called Cool Roof has been introduced to ameliorate this situation. In the past, architects used thermal mass materials to improve thermal comfort, the heavy thermal insulation could cause the time-lag effect which might slow down the speed of heat transfer during the daytime and keep the indoor temperature in a certain range (Hot and dry climate regions usually have a large temperature difference between the day and night).
The cool roof is low-cost technology based on solar reflectance and thermal emittance, which uses reflective materials and light colors to reflect the solar radiation. The solar reflectance and the thermal emittance are two key factors that determine the thermal performance of the roof, and they can also improve the effectiveness of the thermal insulation since around 30% solar radiation is reflected back to the sky. The shape of the roof is also under consideration, the curved roof can receive less solar energy compared with conventional shapes. Meanwhile, the drawback of this technology is obvious that the high reflectivity will cause visual discomfort. On the other hand, the high reflectivity and thermal emittance of the roof will increase the heating load of the building.
Orientation - passive solar design
Optimal placement of building elements (e.g. windows, doors, heaters) can play a significant role in insulation by considering the impact of solar radiation on the building and the prevailing breezes. Reflective laminates can help reduce passive solar heat in pole barns, garages, and metal buildings.
Construction
See insulated glass and quadruple glazing for discussion of windows.
Building envelope
The thermal envelope defines the conditioned or living space in a house. The attic or basement may or may not be included in this area. Reducing airflow from inside to outside can help to reduce convective heat transfer significantly.
Ensuring low convective heat transfer also requires attention to building construction (weatherization) and the correct installation of insulative materials.
The less natural airflow into a building, the more mechanical ventilation will be required to support human comfort. High humidity can be a significant issue associated with lack of airflow, causing condensation, rotting construction materials, and encouraging microbial growth such as mould and bacteria. Moisture can also drastically reduce the effectiveness of insulation by creating a thermal bridge (see below). Air exchange systems can be actively or passively incorporated to address these problems.
Thermal bridge
Thermal bridges are points in the building envelope that allow heat conduction to occur. Since heat flows through the path of least resistance, thermal bridges can contribute to poor energy performance. A thermal bridge is created when materials create a continuous path across a temperature difference, in which the heat flow is not interrupted by thermal insulation. Common building materials that are poor insulators include glass and metal.
A building design may have limited capacity for insulation in some areas of the structure. A common construction design is based on stud walls, in which thermal bridges are common in wood or steel studs and joists, which are typically fastened with metal. Notable areas that most commonly lack sufficient insulation are the corners of buildings, and areas where insulation has been removed or displaced to make room for system infrastructure, such as electrical boxes (outlets and light switches), plumbing, fire alarm equipment, etc.
Thermal bridges can also be created by uncoordinated construction, for example by closing off parts of external walls before they are fully insulated.
The existence of inaccessible voids within the wall cavity which are devoid of insulation can be a source of thermal bridging.
Some forms of insulation transfer heat more readily when wet, and can therefore also form a thermal bridge in this state.
The heat conduction can be minimized by any of the following: reducing the cross sectional area of the bridges, increasing the bridge length, or decreasing the number of thermal bridges.
One method of reducing thermal bridge effects is the installation of an insulation board (e.g. foam board EPS XPS, wood fibre board, etc.) over the exterior outside wall. Another method is using insulated lumber framing for a thermal break inside the wall.
Installation
Insulating buildings during construction is much easier than retrofitting, as generally the insulation is hidden, and parts of the building need to be deconstructed to reach them.
Depending on the country there are different regulations as to which type of insulation is the best alternative for buildings, considering energy efficiency and environmental factors. Geographical location also affects the type of insulation needed as colder climates will need a bigger investment than warmer ones on installation costs.
Materials
There are essentially two types of building insulation - bulk insulation and reflective insulation. Most buildings use a combination of both types to make up a total building insulation system. The type of insulation used is matched to create maximum resistance to each of the three forms of building heat transfer - conduction, convection, and radiation.
The classification of thermal insulation materials
According to three ways of heat exchange，most thermal insulation we used in our building can be divided into two categories: Conductive and convective insulators and radiant heat barriers. And there are more detailed classifications to distinguish between different materials. Many thermal insulation materials work by creating tiny air cavity between molecules, this air cavity can largely reduce the heat exchange through the materials. But there are two exceptions which don't use air cavity as their functional element to prevent heat transfer. One is reflective thermal insulation, which creates a great airspace by forming a radiation barrier by attaching metal foil on one side or both sides, this thermal insulation mainly reduces the radiation heat transfer. Although the polished metal foil attached on the materials can only prevent the radiation heat transfer, its effect to stop heat transfer can be dramatic. Another thermal insulation that doesn't apply air cavity is vacuum insulation, the vacuum-insulated panels can stop all kinds of convection and conduction and it can also largely mitigate the radiation heat transfer. But the effectiveness of vacuum insulation is also limited by the edge of the material, since the edge of the vacuum panel can form a thermal bridge which leads to a reduction of the effectiveness of the vacuum insulation. The effectiveness of the vacuum insulation is also related to the area of the vacuum panels.
Conductive and convective insulators
Bulk insulators block conductive heat transfer and convective flow either into or out of a building. Air is a very poor conductor of heat and therefore makes a good insulator. Insulation to resist conductive heat transfer uses air spaces between fibers, inside foam or plastic bubbles and in building cavities like the attic. This is beneficial in an actively cooled or heated building, but can be a liability in a passively cooled building; adequate provisions for cooling by ventilation or radiation are needed.
Fibrous insulation materials
Fibrous materials are made by tiny diameter fibers which evenly distribute the airspace. The commonly used materials are silica, glass, rock wool, and slag wool. Glass fiber and mineral wool are two insulation materials that are most widely used in this type.
Cellular insulation materials
Cellular insulation is composed of small cells which are separated from each other. The commonly cellular materials are glass and foamed plastic like polystyrene, polyolefin, and polyurethane.
Radiant heat barriers
Radiant barriers work in conjunction with an air space to reduce radiant heat transfer across the air space. Radiant or reflective insulation reflects heat instead of either absorbing it or letting it pass through. Radiant barriers are often seen used in reducing downward heat flow, because upward heat flow tends to be dominated by convection. This means that for attics, ceilings, and roofs, they are most effective in hot climates.
They also have a role in reducing heat losses in cool climates. However, much greater insulation can be achieved through the addition of bulk insulators (see above).
Some radiant barriers are spectrally selective and will preferentially reduce the flow of infra-red radiation in comparison to other wavelengths. For instance, low-emissivity (low-e) windows will transmit light and short-wave infra-red energy into a building but reflect the long-wave infra-red radiation generated by interior furnishings. Similarly, special heat-reflective paints are able to reflect more heat than visible light, or vice versa.
Thermal emissivity values probably best reflect the effectiveness of radiant barriers. Some manufacturers quote an 'equivalent' R-value for these products but these figures can be difficult to interpret, or even misleading, since R-value testing measures total heat loss in a laboratory setting and does not control the type of heat loss responsible for the net result (radiation, conduction, convection).
A film of dirt or moisture can alter the emissivity and hence the performance of radiant barriers.
Eco-friendly insulation
Eco-friendly insulation is a term used for insulating products with limited environmental impact. The commonly accepted approach to determine whether or not an insulation products, but in fact any product or service is eco-friendly is by doing a life-cycle assessment (LCA). A number of studies compared the environmental impact of insulation materials in their application. The comparison shows that most important is the insulation value of the product meeting the technical requirements for the application. Only in a second order step, a differentiation between materials becomes relevant. The report commissioned by the Belgian government to VITO is a good example of such a study. A valuable way to graphically represent such results is by a spider diagram.
See also
Thermal insulation
R-value (insulation) - includes a list of insulations with R-values
External wall insulation
Thermal mass
Materials
Building insulation materials
Window insulation film
Wool insulation
Mineral wool
Packing (firestopping)
Greensulate
Insulated glazing
Quadruple glazing
Design
Cool roof
Green roof
Passive house
Zero heating building
Zero energy building
Solar architecture
Superinsulation
Low-energy building
Passive solar design
Passive solar building design
Construction
Building construction
Building Envelope
Building performance
Deep energy retrofit
Weatherization
Other
Condensation
Draught excluder
HVAC
Ventilation
References
External links
Tips for Selecting Roof Insulation
Best Practice Guide Air Sealing & Insulation Retrofits for Single Family Homes
Sustainable building
Insulators
Thermal protection
Energy conservation
Heat transfer
Building materials |
17328482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s%20House%20%28Naval%20War%20College%29 | President's House (Naval War College) | The President's House (also known as Quarters AA) is the home of the President of the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. The house is a wooden, three-story building in Colonial Revival style located on a hill on Coaster's Harbor Island, overlooking Coaster's Harbor, Dewey Field, and Narragansett Bay.
The house was built in 1896 by local Newport, Rhode Island, architect and builder Creighton Withers at the cost of $16,226. Built originally as "Quarters B" for the commandant of the Naval Training Station, Newport, the first president of the Naval War College to occupy it was Rear Admiral French Ensor Chadwick, in June 1903.
Every Naval War College president except for Charles Stillman Sperry (1903–1906) and William Ledyard Rodgers (1911–1913) has lived in the house since that time. Among the most famous residents of the house have been Admirals William Sims, Raymond A. Spruance, Stansfield Turner, and James Stockdale.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.
List of occupants
Rear Adm. French Ensor Chadwick June 1903 - Nov 16, 1903
Rear Adm. John Porter Merrell May 24, 1906 - Oct 06, 1909
Rear Adm. Raymond Perry Rodgers Oct 6, 1909 - Nov 20, 1911
Rear Adm. Austin Melvin Knight Dec 15, 1913 - Feb 16, 1917
Captain William S. Sims Feb 16, 1917 - Apr 28, 1917
From April 28, 1917, to April 11, 1919, the academic activities of the Naval War College were discontinued due to United States participation in World War I. During this period, the reserve force of the Second Naval District used the college buildings and a series of three acting presidents maintained the administrative side of the college.
Rear Adm. William S. Sims Apr 11, 1919 - Oct 14, 1922
Rear Adm. Clarence Stewart Williams Nov 3, 1922 - Sept 5, 1925
Rear Adm. William Veazie Pratt Sept 5, 1925 - Sept 17, 1927
Rear Adm. Joel Roberts Poinsett Pringle Sept 19. 1927 - May 30, 1930
Rear Adm. Harris Laning June 16, 1930 - May 13, 1933
Rear Adm. Luke McNamee Jun 3, 1933 - May 29, 1934
Rear Adm. Edward Clifford Kalbfus June 18, 1934 - Dec 15, 1936
Rear Adm. Charles Philip Snyder Jan 2, 1937 - May 27, 1939
Rear Adm. Edward Clifford Kalbfus June 30, 1939 - June 16, 1942
Admiral Edward Clifford Kalbfus (Ret.) June 16, 1942 - November 2, 1942
Rear Adm. William Satterlee Pye Nov 2, 1942 - July 1, 1944
Vice Adm. William Satterlee Pye (Ret.) July 1, 1944 - Mar 1, 1946
Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance Mar 1, 1946 - July 1, 1948
Vice Adm. Donald Bradford Beary Nov 1, 1948 - May 28, 1950
Vice Adm. Richard L. Conolly Dec 1, 1950 - Nov 2, 1953
Vice Adm. Lynde D. McCormick May 3, 1954 - Aug 16, 1956
Rear Adm. Thomas H. Robbins, Jr. Sept 5, 1956 - Aug 1, 1957
Vice Adm. Stuart H. Ingersoll Aug 13, 1957 - June 30, 1960
Vice Adm. Bernard L. Austin June 30, 1960 - July 31, 1964
Vice Adm. Charles L. Melson July 31, 1964 - Jan 25, 1966
Vice Adm. John T. Hayward Feb 15, 1966 - Aug 30, 1968
Vice Adm. Richard G. Colbert Aug 30, 1968 - Aug 17, 1971
Vice Adm. Benedict J. Semmes, Jr. Aug 17, 1971 - Jun 30, 1972
Vice Adm. Stansfield Turner June 30, 1972 - August 9, 1974
Vice Adm. Julien J. LeBourgeois Aug 9, 1974 - April 1, 1977
Rear Adm. Huntington Hardesty April 1, 1977 - Oct 13, 1977
Vice Adm. James B. Stockdale Oct 13, 1977 - Aug 22, 1979
Rear Adm. Edward F. Welch, Jr. Aug 22, 1979 - Aug 17, 1982
Rear Adm. James E. Service Oct 14, 1982 - Jul 12, 1985
Rear Adm. Ronald F. Marryott August 8, 1985 - Aug 12, 1986
Rear Adm. John A. Baldwin Sept 2, 1986 - Aug 11, 1987
Rear Adm. Ronald J. Kurth August 11, 1987 - July 17, 1990
Rear Adm. Joseph C. Strasser July 17, 1990 - June 29, 1995
Rear Adm. James R. Stark June 29, 1995 - July 24, 1998
Vice Adm. Arthur K. Cebrowski July 24, 1998 - Aug 22, 2001
Rear Adm. Rodney P. Rempt Aug 22, 2001 - July 9, 2003
Rear Adm. Ronald A. Route July 9, 2003 - August 12, 2004
Rear Adm. Jacob Shuford October 2004 - Nov 6, 2008
Rear Adm. James P. Wisecup July 6, 2010 - March 30, 2011
Rear Adm. John N. Christenson March 30, 2011 - July 14, 2013
Rear Adm. Walter E. Carter Jr. July 15, 2013 - ca. July 2014
Rear Adm. P. Gardner Howe, III ca. July 2014 - ca. July 2016
Rear Adm. Jeffrey A. Harley ca. July 2016 - ca. June 2019
Rear Adm. Shoshana S. Chatfield ca. August 2019 -
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island
References
John B. Hattendorf, et al., Sailors and Scholars: The Centennial History of the U.S. Naval War College. Newport: Naval War College Press, 1984
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Houses in Newport, Rhode Island
Naval War College
National Register of Historic Places in Newport, Rhode Island |
17328491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roneat%20dek | Roneat dek | The Roneat Dek () is a Cambodian metallophone, comparable to the Roneat ek. It is an ancient instrument made of 21 blackened-iron bars. It may be used in the Pinpeat ensemble and Mahaori orchestra. It is believed to have originated from the Royal Courts before the Angkor period. This instrument is rarely covered with ornamentation on either the bars or the sound box. The roneat dek is analogous to the ranat ek lek of Thailand.
Etymology
In the Khmer language, Roneat means xylophone where "dek" or correctly written and pronounced as "daek" mean metal or iron. So Roneat dek literally means metal xylophone. This name is probably derived from the fact that the Roneat Daek's note bars are made of iron or other metals.
History
The origin of Roneat Dek is similar to other Khmer Roneat genres and thought to predate the Angkorian period or in the earlier Angkorian period.
According to Ouknha Moha Thipadei Meas Ni, the chief of Cambodian Royal Orchestra, this type of Roneat was modeled from Javanese gamelan musical instrument called Gendér since the reign of Khmer king Jayavarman II. At the end of 9th century he was in exile in Java. He then returned to Cambodia and became the first king of the Khmer Empire, bringing with him some Javanese influence. This type of Roneat genre is thought to have originated after this historical event; however, this Roneat genre had been modified distinctively from its original gendér form.
Structure
The Roneat Dek or Roneat Thong has 21 iron or bronze bars. Because of their weight, the bars cannot be suspended on cords but are laid in stepwise order on pads over a rectangular trough resonator. In its shape and size, the bars resemble those of Roneat Ek, but they are tuned by scraping or firing away part of metal.
The player use a pair of mallets or Roneat sticks similar to those of other Roneats but made of hard material such as hide of a buffalo or elephant.
Variation
Roneat Thong
A variation on the instrument was the roneat thong () which was made of a reddish-brown brass or bronze, similar to gold.
The Roneat dek and roneat thong may have been equivalent, with the gold-barred version played "in the Royal Palace," while the iron-barred version was used in the "Orchestra, picnic outside the palace, or in pagodas."
However, equivalent Thai metallaphone instruments can help illustrate possibilities; the Ranat ek lek had a golden and a blackened iron version. That version was also historically called "ranad thawng." Thai music also has a lower pitched instrument, the Ranat thum lek. If these instruments follow the pattern of the Thai instruments, then the roneat thung may be like the ranat ek lek with brass and blackened-iron versions, or it may be the Cambodian equivalent of the lower pitched ranat thum lek.
Pictures with these instrument names (and with equivalent numbers of tone bars) similar to the higher and lower pitched Thai instruments were illustrated in the Cambodian book "Cambodian National Music."
However, these Thai musical instruments originated more recently, in the reign of King Rama IV (1854-1868) in the 19th century. The similarity in their name may attributed to the Thai annexation of Northwestern Cambodia from late 18th century and ended in 1907 as the age of this Khmer musical instrument was thought to be much older than this.
Significance
Normally, Roneat Thong is used in Khmer royal orchestra whereas Roneat Dek is usually used in the Pinpeat orchestra outside the Royal Palace or in pagodas.
External links
UNESCO document, Traditional Musical Instruments of Cambodia. PDF.
See also
Roneat ek
Roneat thung
Traditional Cambodian musical instruments
Music of Cambodia
Cambodian musical instruments
Keyboard percussion instruments |
17328514 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyptotrox%20foveicollis | Glyptotrox foveicollis | Glyptotrox foveicollis is a species of hide beetle in the subfamily Troginae.
References
Glyptotrox
Beetles described in 1857 |
20467095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy%20Court | Embassy Court | Embassy Court is an 11-storey block of luxury flats on the seafront in Brighton, part of the English city of Brighton and Hove. It has been listed at Grade II* by English Heritage. Wells Coates' "extremely controversial" piece of Modernist architecture has "divided opinion across the city" since its completion in 1935, and continues to generate strong feelings among residents, architectural historians and conservationists.
The flats were originally let at high rents to wealthy residents, including Max Miller, Rex Harrison and Terence Rattigan, and features such as enclosed balconies and England's first penthouse suites made the 72-apartment, 11-storey building "one of the most desirable and sought-after addresses in Brighton and Hove". Its fortunes changed dramatically from the 1970s, though, as a succession of complex court cases set leaseholders, freeholders and landlords against each other while the building rotted. By the start of the 21st century it was an "embarrassing eyesore" which was close to being demolished, despite its listed status. Proposals to refurbish the block came to nothing until the court cases concluded in 2004 and Sir Terence Conran's architectural practice was brought in. With an investment of £5 million, raised entirely by the residents, Embassy Court was overhauled: by 2006 it had been restored to its original status as a high-class residence, in contrast to its poor late-20th-century reputation.
History
At the junction of Western Street and Kings Road on Brighton seafront, just on the Brighton side of the ancient parish boundary between Brighton and Hove, stood a 19th-century villa called Western House. Owners included Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor and the drag king Vesta Tilley. In 1930 the site was chosen for redevelopment and the building and its grounds were demolished. Nothing took its place immediately, though, except for a temporary racetrack and miniature golf course. Developers Maddox Properties acquired the site and in 1934 enlisted Wells Coates, a Modernist architect responsible for the striking Isokon building in London earlier that year, to design a block of luxury flats as a speculative development. Embassy Court was completed in 1935. Its reinforced concrete structure and steel-framed doors and windows were distinctive features, and other facilities included a ground-floor bank, partly enclosed balconies to every one of the 72 flats, and England's first penthouse suites. These occupied the top (11th) floor; the other ten storeys had seven flats each. Each flat was "all-electric", including the space heating in the form of ceiling panels. A constant hot water supply was achieved by generating and storing it in a thermal energy storage system in the basement. Coates commented: "Old ideas have been discarded and a new building has arisen to greet a new age that thinks of happiness in terms of health".
The building's height and bold appearance, "something like a great ocean liner", contrasted with the Regency-style terraces to the east, west and north—in particular the 110-year-old "palace-fronted terraces" of Brunswick Terrace, "as grand as anything in St Petersburg", and the monumental Brunswick Square behind it. It received much praise at first: a 1936 edition of the Architects' Journal claimed that the building "thrill[ed] one to the marrow", and Alderman Sir Herbert Carden, "the maker of modern Brighton" who was responsible for many interwar improvements in the Borough of Brighton, was so taken with its Modernist style that he campaigned for every other building along the seafront to be demolished and replaced with Embassy Court-style housing, all the way from Hove to Kemp Town. Writing in 1935, in a piece accompanied by a large illustration of Embassy Court-style buildings along Kings Road, he wrote "Embassy Court ... has shown us the way to build for the new age. Along our waterfront new buildings such as this must come". This "pre-war indifference to the historic fabric of the town" resulted in the first of many local conservation societies, the Regency Society, being formed, and prompted a greater appreciation of Brighton's 19th-century architectural heritage.
All 72 flats were initially rented out rather than sold to owner-occupiers. Rents varied between £150 and £500 per year—expensive for that time, and similar to the cost of a house in Brighton. The ground-floor bank branch lasted until February 1948, when it was converted into a restaurant; this was only in use for five years. Major renovations were then carried out in the 1960s: new doors, windows and lifts were installed.
The building's high-class status declined from the 1970s when the freehold changed hands frequently and many flats were acquired by absentee landlords. Many leaseholders built up long-term rent arrears, and lack of clarity over ownership made raising money for refurbishment difficult. Embassy Court gradually fell into disrepair. The freeholder until 1997 was a company called Portvale; it was put into liquidation when a court case resulted in a demand to spend £1.5 million on maintenance. The Crown Estate Commissioners then took possession of the freehold, but Embassy Court's leaseholders established a company, Bluestorm Ltd, to buy it; this was achieved after another court case.
The first plans for refurbishing the building were announced in April 1998. The leaseholders' association commissioned local architects Alan Phillips and Matthew Lloyd to undertake design work and Ove Arup and Partners for their structural engineering expertise. Work was expected to cost £3 million to £4 million, of which a grant from the Government's Single Regeneration Budget would have covered £1.4 million. The project depended on the Sanctuary Housing Association acquiring the leases to 26 flats and the Crown Estate Commissioners transferring ownership of the freehold to the leaseholders' association. The proposed work was described as a "complete refurbishment" and would have lasted until 2000.
No action was taken, though, and the building continued to deteriorate. Architect Alan Phillips, who had continued his association with the building during the "impasse in negotiations" which had characterised the previous three years, described Embassy Court as being "on the cusp between demolition and renovation" at a debate in November 2001, at which he announced a new plan to convert the lower storeys into a hotel. Money generated by this could then be used to improve the upper storeys, which would remain residential. The nearby Bedford Hotel provided a model of a mixed-use tower block with hotel accommodation below residential flats.
Another court case began in November 2002. Bluestorm and Portvale Holdings made claims against each other in relation to paying for the building's restoration. By this stage Bluestorm estimated the cost of a full refurbishment would be £4.5 million. Portvale Holdings stated it intended to sell the flats it owned, and a former director of the liquidated Portvale company later stated he did not wish to buy the freehold back from Bluestorm. The case was adjourned after two weeks and was decided in March 2003 in favour of Bluestorm. The chairman of Brighton and Hove City Council said he "welcomed the decision". Portvale Holdings appealed against the decision in February 2004, but a judge at the Royal Courts of Justice upheld the original verdict. This brought to a conclusion a long and complex period of legal action; the judge observed that the ongoing battles between leaseholders, landlords and freeholders had been "more suited to a nursery school playground".
In July 2003, Bluestorm announced a new refurbishment plan, this time involving Sir Terence Conran's Conran Group architectural consultancy. The scheme architect was Paul Zara. Conran Group undertook a structural survey which showed that the concrete walls had not deteriorated as badly as expected: its director said that the building was in "a very poor state [but] perfectly salvageable". The expected cost was £5 million, and various sources of funding were proposed: money received from Portvale Holdings and from the leaseholders was to be used alongside National Lottery and European Union regeneration grants for which Bluestorm would apply. No grants or Lottery funding were ever received. Also commissioned alongside Conran Group were structural engineering firm F.J. Samuely, whose founder Felix Samuely had worked on the building originally, and some other specialist companies. By September 2003, Conran had assembled a working group of engineers, designers and other professionals, and the plans included provision of a swimming pool and public facilities such as a restaurant, museum and art gallery by making use of underused areas of the building.
Work began in December 2003. First, the communal areas and lobby were deep-cleaned and exterior hoardings were put up; other early priorities included new electrical and heating systems. The overall timescale of the project was stated to be three years. At that time, the leaseholders were told they would have to fund the entire £5 million estimated cost themselves: some would have to pay around £100,000+ each. Also, the project leader indicated that the planned swimming pool, art gallery and other new features would be "put on hold until 2007". By February 2004, the bulk of the work was expected to start in summer 2004. Bluestorm raised a planning application, and Brighton and Hove City Council granted outline permission in June 2004. New windows, doors, plumbing and heating, repairs to the concrete structure and re-rendering the exterior were all prioritised at this time.
The first part of the refurbishment project was completed on time and on budget. After a delay caused by poor weather, the exterior hoardings and scaffolding were removed in early April 2005 to reveal new windows and a "smart cream concrete façade".
The second phase involved repairs at the rear, the promised replacement plumbing and heating systems, new lifts and new front doors, and was due to finish in September 2005. The longer-term proposal for a basement swimming pool remained, and other ideas suggested at this time included a gymnasium, reinstatement of the original 1930s foyer decor including a mural by Edward McKnight Kauffer, and the conversion of one flat into a 1930s-style showpiece. Bluestorm organised a party on the Brunswick Lawns outside Embassy Court in September 2006 to celebrate the completion of the work. Local record label Skint Records led a separate private party on the top floor of the building. Public tours were also conducted later in the month. The earlier problems of poor security had been overcome, and Embassy Court was no longer "a haven for drunks, drug addicts and homeless people".
The apartment building is also featured in the opening scene of the film ‘Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging’.
Architecture and facilities
Embassy Court represented a transition from the pure Art Deco style which had been popular in the early 1930s, towards a "simplistic and plain" interpretation of Modernism. In this respect it is similar to the Grand Ocean Hotel at nearby Saltdean; and the style appears again further west in Hove, albeit in brick, in the form of the mansion block at 4 Grand Avenue and the "severely Moderne" Viceroy Lodge. The Pevsner Architectural Guides describe Embassy Court as "Brighton's most prominent example of early Modernism at its most polished". There are similarities with Coates' Isokon building, but on a larger scale and in a more "nautical, streamlined" style. Coates was influenced by the designs of architect Erich Mendelsohn during a visit to Germany in 1931–32, and some of the building's design features recall Mendelsohn's work.
The building is tall, wide and rises to 11 storeys. Reinforced concrete painted a pale cream colour is the main building material. It is -shaped but with a distinctively curved southeastern corner. The east (Western Street) façade is longer. Both faces (towards Kings Road and towards Western Street) have a strongly horizontal emphasis formed by the continuous bands of cantilevered balconies on each floor. The horizontal emphasis is partly offset by the "nice vertical rhythm" of the slightly curving windows of the sun rooms; this effect is most noticeable on the east elevation. The cream-coloured render was lost for many years because of the building's deteriorating condition, but it was restored during the Conran Partners' work and the exterior now looks as it did in the 1930s.
To the rear, the cantilevered effect is maintained, forming "access decks" which sweep diagonally upwards at the ends to house the external staircases. The lift shafts also punctuate the mostly horizontal tiers. The upper storeys (from ninth floor level upwards) are slightly recessed; the architectural theory of contextualism would suggest that this device would have been more effective had it started at fifth-floor level, matching the height of neighbouring Brunswick Terrace.
Embassy Court was the first building in England to feature penthouse suites. Other pioneering features included open-fronted balconies, lock-up garages and what the original managing agents Dudley Samuel and Harrison described as "sun-admitting Vista-Glass sun parlours". Many of the "sun rooms" have been integrated into the flats to create extra living space. Another unique feature was a mural by Edward McKnight Kauffer in the foyer. It was created by a new method in which a series of black-and-white photographs were printed on a light-sensitive cellulose surface. The flats had built-in steel-framed tubular furniture (manufactured by Pel Ltd) and woodwork by D. Burkle & Son.
Reception and legacy
Embassy Court has been a controversial building and "has divided opinion across the city" since it was built. "Unashamedly modern and different" from its surroundings, it was "the first challenge to the Georgian[-era] architecture of Brighton". Architectural historians Antony Dale and Nikolaus Pevsner both observed that Embassy Court is "a good building in the wrong place", in relation to its position adjoining the Brunswick Town development. Dale noted that the latter's "carefully regulated proportions" are overpowered by the unsympathetic form of its 11-storey neighbour, making Embassy Court "a glaring example of architectural bad manners and worse town planning". Nevertheless, he described it as "a good building of its period" and compared favourably with most blocks of flats built subsequently. Pevsner called Embassy Court "a good and historically interesting" building", "well designed in itself"—but criticised it as acting as a "bad neighbour" to the "serious Neoclassical [architecture]" of Brunswick Town. Likewise, Brighton historian Clifford Musgrave contrasted Embassy Court with its near-contemporary, Marine Gate, to the east beyond Kemp Town; although it was "another white concrete block of flats", he considered it more elegant and better because it did not intrude directly on any 19th-century architectural set-pieces. It is an example of early Modernist architecture in England, and "one of the very few [such buildings] in the Sussex area". Former Mayor of Brighton Lord Lewis Cohen said in 1953: "It stands as a monument for all time to the lack of foresight of those who permitted such a conglomeration of architecture on our seafront."
Embassy Court was Brighton's first tower block. Although "it seemed to some that the era of skyscrapers had started" locally—especially in the light of Herbert Carden's proposals for the seafront—it was only in the 1960s that multi-storey towers began to dominate the skyline of Brighton and Hove. Journalist Adam Trimingham has commented that these postwar buildings have been characteristically "drab" and that "nothing was built to match Embassy Court".
By the start of the 21st century, public perception of Embassy Court was particularly poor: it was considered to be an "embarrassing eyesore", "a filthy blot on the seafront", a "grimy, rotting structure" and "like something from the Third World". Windows were falling out; wind, damp and noise were constant problems; and on one occasion some exterior cladding fell off and landed in the street. The third edition of The Cheeky Guide to Brighton, published in 2003, claimed Embassy Court looked like "Michael Jackson's face on a bad day". Meanwhile, the views articulated by Pevsner continued to find support. Writing in 2002, Anthony Seldon condemned both Embassy Court for "dwarf[ing] and insult[ing] its neighbours" and Herbert Carden for considering it "the ideal seafront building". Although Seldon placed it in his list of "the city's ten best 20th-century buildings"—describing it as "elegant", "vibrant and visually exciting"—and compared it favourably to the contemporary Marine Gate flats further along the seafront, he observed that it was "utterly out of place on the seafront" and should have been lower by three storeys. Furthermore, in a section consisting of ideas for the future of Brighton and Hove, he suggested "knock[ing] down Embassy Court, Hilton West Pier and other excrescences along the seafront [and] hold[ing] a series of parties to celebrate"—recalling the demolition campaigns seen in some Majorcan seaside resorts.
Artist and musician Chris Dooks released a concept album inspired by Embassy Court in 2005. After discovering the building by chance when browsing the internet, he became interested in its history and contacted Bluestorm Ltd. He became Embassy Court's artist-in-residence and produced a four-track EP called Sycamore Tubs. Its name and all four tracks are anagrams of Embassy Court, as is As Ruby's Comet—an artwork he produced at the same time. The 2005 fantasy film MirrorMask was filmed partly at Embassy Court.
Embassy Court was listed at Grade II* on 19 July 1984. As of February 2001, it was one of 70 Grade II*-listed buildings and structures, and 1,218 listed buildings of all grades, in the city of Brighton and Hove.
Notable residents
Keith Waterhouse moved into the building in 1983 and occupied a ninth-floor flat, but left in 1992 and moved to Bath. He drew comparison between Embassy Court and "an East End slum". Brighton-born comedian Max Miller and actor Rex Harrison were two early residents; Sir Terence Rattigan rented a flat there as well from 1960, but disliked it and soon moved to Marine Parade.
See also
Grade II* listed buildings in Brighton and Hove
Notes
References
External links
Embassy Court
Bibliography
Buildings and structures completed in 1935
Wells Coates buildings
Modernist architecture in England
Grade II* listed buildings in Brighton and Hove
Art Deco architecture in England |
44497547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celier%20Aviation | Celier Aviation | Celier Aviation is an aircraft manufacturer, founded by Raphael Celier in France in 1993. The company was moved to Piotrków Trybunalski, Poland in 2006 and Safi, Malta in 2017. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of autogyros available in kit form and also as fully assembled aircraft.
The company established its reputation with the two-seat side-by-side configuration Celier Xenon 2 series of autogyros. By 2011 over 100 of these were flying. Celier subsequently developed a tandem-seat design, the Kiss, but it was not produced in large numbers. By 2014 the company was offering only the Xenon 4, a development of the Xenon 2.
The company also developed the XeWing, a fixed wing light aircraft using the fuselage and engine of the Xenon 2, but mounting a folding strut-braced parasol wing in place of the autogyro's main rotor. The design was shown at AERO Friedrichshafen in 2009, but was never offered for sale and it is unlikely it was ever developed beyond a single prototype.
Aircraft
References
External links
Aircraft manufacturers of Poland
Autogyros
Homebuilt aircraft |
20467134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncial%200257 | Uncial 0257 | Uncial 0257 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 9th century.
Description
The codex contains some parts of the Matthew 5-26; Mark 6-16, on 47 parchment leaves (29.5 cm by 22 cm). It is written in two columns per page, 23 lines per page, in uncial letters. It is a palimpsest, the upper text contains a lectionary 2094.
Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 9th century.
Contents
Matt 5:17-29; 8:4-19; 12:4-13:41; 13:55-14:15; 25:28-16:19; 21:20-43; 22:13-24:24; 25:6-36; 26:24-39;
Mark 6:22-36; 7:15-37; 8:33-11:22; 14:21-16:12.
Text
The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Aland placed it in Category V.
Location
Currently the codex is housed at the Monastery of Agiou Nikanoros (2, ff. 1-16, 289-319) in Zavorda.
See also
List of New Testament uncials
Textual criticism
References
Greek New Testament uncials
Palimpsests
9th-century biblical manuscripts |
17328518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20Watch | Critical Watch | Achilles Guard, Inc., commonly known as Critical Watch, is a security, risk and compliance company based in Dallas, Texas. The company primarily manufactures computer vulnerability assessment software and Payment Card Industry (PCI) compliance software. The company is CVE-compatible and was co-founded in 2000 by Eva Bunker and Nelson Bunker.
On January 6, 2015, Alert Logic announced that it had acquired Critical Watch for its scanning and analysis capabilities
References
External links
CriticalWatch official website
Critical Watch Blog
Companies based in Dallas
Software companies based in Texas
Software companies of the United States |
17328549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyptotrox%20frontera | Glyptotrox frontera | Glyptotrox frontera is a beetle in the family Trogidae.
References
Glyptotrox
Beetles described in 1955 |
20467169 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%20and%20Back%20%28comics%29 | Hell and Back (comics) | Hell and Back is a nine-issue comic book limited series, first published by Dark Horse Comics in July 1999–April 2000, and the seventh and final volume in Frank Miller's Sin City series.
Plot
It tells the story of Wallace, an artist/war hero/short order cook who saves a suicidal woman named Esther. She likes his art and they go out for a drink. They are ambushed by two men, who drug Wallace and kidnap Esther. The Colonel and Liebowitz are a suspected part of this conspiracy. Wallace spends the night in the drunk tank, after being dragged out of the gutter by two of Basin City's (notoriously corrupt) police officers, Manson and Bundy, and upon his release seeks out Esther. He is crossed again by police officers after he tells Commissioner Liebowitz he plans to find Esther. He then dispatches them, leaving them bound and naked. After locating Esther's home, he finds her apartment occupied by Delia, who claims to be Esther's roommate.
Wallace and Delia are attacked by The Colonel's new manservant, Manute, but they escape. A sniper attacks from a nearby window, whom Wallace takes out by shooting him through the scope of his rifle. Delia tries unsuccessfully to seduce him as they are pursued by two more assassins in a Mercedes, which Wallace also disposes of.
Wallace and Delia meet up with an old war buddy referred to only as Captain. He borrows a Chevrolet Nomad known as The Heap from him and Wallace and Delia turn in for the night at the Last Hope Motel.
Wallace handcuffs her to the bed for what she believes is foreplay, when he reveals that he knows she cannot be Esther's roommate, because Esther's clothes would have the smell of Delia's cigarettes on them. Just then, Wallace is drugged by a sniper for the second time. He wakes at the Santa Yolanda Tar Pits, where Delia, Gordo, and a drug wizard named Maxine are preparing to abandon his car in the pits. Maxine gives him a huge dose of a hallucinogenic drug.
A large portion of the comic, wherein he finds himself hallucinating, is then done in full color. After a surreal sequence involving a crashing fighter jet, trash-talking cherubs, and dinosaurs, the car hits a tree. He discovers a young girl dead in the trunk. The police show up, as does Captain, who kills the police. Captain explains he'd have gotten there sooner if it wasn't for snipers establishing a perimeter. They torture one remaining sniper and find out where Delia, Gordo, and Maxine were heading and pursue them. During this sequence the Captain morphs into various pop culture icons, including King Leonidas from Frank Miller's 300, Lone Wolf and Cub, an ED-209 droid from the RoboCop movies, Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot, Captain America, Dirty Harry, John Rambo, Martha Washington from Give Me Liberty, Hägar the Horrible and even Hellboy. This portion is entirely in color.
They shoot past Delia, Maxine and Gordo at a gas station. As they begin driving again, Wallace and Captain ambush them, with Captain disabling the Hummer with a rocket launcher. As they move in, Gordo mortally wounds Captain as Wallace shoots Gordo in the face. At gunpoint, Wallace makes Maxine concoct an antidote to reverse his hallucinogenic frame of mind. As she does, he shoots her in the head and shoots Delia through the gut when he suffers a panic attack. After blacking out for a few seconds, Wallace finds himself back in a black and white "normal" world, Maxine dead and Delia wounded. Paralyzed from the waist down, she begs for mercy. Wallace does so by shooting her in the back of the head. He then carries Captain's body back to the Heap and drives away.
He meets up with another war buddy named Jerry, the Captain's lover. They burn Captain's body in a funeral pyre, where afterwards they work trying to flush the rest of the drugs out of Wallace's system. Mariah, another female mercenary working for The Colonel, is assigned to Delia's task in her stead. The Colonel is now killing anyone linking Wallace to him, starting with the doctor who kidnapped Esther. He even has Mariah break Liebowitz's teenage son's arm after luring him away from his high school. He then threatens Liebowitz's family even further, putting the commissioner in a moral quandary.
Wallace confronts Liebowitz in his apartment and tries to get him to join his side. Wallace discovers that the real scheme The Colonel is operating is a slave trafficking and organ harvesting ring of which Liebowitz was in fact (intentionally or otherwise) unaware of. Wallace explains how he launched a one-man assault on the factory, first infiltrating the complex, cutting a swathe of stealthy death through the roster of guards and discovering the myriad atrocities going on there. He was then confronted by Mariah and The Colonel as well as many, many armed guards. Wallace managed to escape the factory with his own life but without saving anyone, much to his own chagrin.
At this point, the phone rings in Liebowitz's apartment: "They know you're here", Liebowitz tells Wallace. It's The Colonel, telling Wallace where Esther is: she is at the Roark family farm, long since abandoned at this point. The deal is simple: Wallace's silence for Esther's safe return. When Wallace finds her, an enemy helicopter arrives and opens fire, Wallace shielding Esther with his body. However, Wallace is one step ahead: Jerry, who was up on a hill with heavy ordnance, blasts the chopper out of the sky with a rocket launcher; Wallace, who was wearing a Kevlar vest, survived the chopper's machinegun fire miraculously. Wallace takes Esther to the hospital and he and Jerry prepare to make a second assault on The Colonel's base of operations, when a flood of people are brought in on stretchers.
By this time, the police have launched a massive raid on The Colonel's factory, where The Colonel is captured. The Colonel threatens Liebowitz, who in return shoots him in the head for hurting his son and tells his underlings to "make a missing person outta the fucker". Wallenquist (the criminal lord behind the whole operation) lets it all be square, against the strong wishes of Mariah, (who somehow escaped the factory raid,) seeing neither power nor profit in revenge; He seeks revenge on neither Wallace nor Liebowitz.
Weeks later, Wallace and Esther leave town. He asks her why she wanted to jump and she responds "I was lonely". They drive away towards a better life away from Sin City.
Collected editions
The series has been collected into a trade paperback ().
External links
1999 comics debuts |
17328563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulating%20retro-reflector | Modulating retro-reflector | A modulating retro-reflector (MRR) system combines an optical retro-reflector and an optical modulator to allow optical communications and sometimes other functions such as programmable signage.
Free space optical communication technology has emerged in recent years as an attractive alternative to the conventional radio frequency (RF) systems. This emergence is due in large part to the increasing maturity of lasers and compact optical systems that enable exploitation of the inherent advantages (over RF) of the much shorter wavelengths characteristic of optical and near-infrared carriers:
Larger bandwidth
Low probability of intercept
Immunity from interference or jamming
Frequency spectrum allocation issue relief
Smaller, lighter, lower power
Technology
An MRR couples or combines an optical retroreflector with a modulator to reflect modulated optical signals directly back to an optical receiver or transceiver, allowing the MRR to function as an optical communications device without emitting its own optical power. This can allow the MRR to communicate optically over long distances without needing substantial on-board power supplies. The function of the retroreflection component is to direct the reflection back to or near to the source of the light. The modulation component changes the intensity of the reflection. The idea applies to optical communication in a broad sense including not only laser-based data communications but also human observers and road signs. A number of technologies have been proposed, investigated, and developed for the modulation component, including actuated micromirrors, frustrated total internal reflection, electro-optic modulators (EOMs), piezo-actuated deflectors, multiple quantum well (MQW) devices, and liquid crystal modulators, though any one of numerous known optical modulation technologies could be used in theory. These approaches have many advantages and disadvantages relative to one another with respect to such features as power use, speed, modulation range, compactness, retroreflection divergence, cost, and many others.
In a typical optical communications arrangement, the MRR with its related electronics is mounted on a convenient platform and connected to a host computer which has the data that are to be transferred. A remotely located optical transmitter/receiver system usually consisting of a laser, telescope, and detector provides an optical signal to the modulating retro-reflector. The incident light from the transmitter system is both modulated by the MRR and reflected directly back toward the transmitter (via the retroreflection property). Figure 1 illustrates the concept.
One modulating retro-reflector at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in the United States uses a semiconductor based MQW shutter capable of modulation rates up to 10 Mbit/s, depending on link characteristics. (See "Modulating Retro-reflector Using Multiple Quantum Well Technology", U.S. Patent No. 6,154,299, awarded November, 2000.)
The optical nature of the technology provides communications that are not susceptible to issues related to electromagnetic frequency allocation. The multiple quantum well modulating retro-reflector has the added advantages of being compact, lightweight, and requires very little power. The small-array MRR provides up to an order of magnitude in consumed power savings over an equivalent RF system. However, MQW modulators also have relatively small modulation ranges compared to other technologies.
The concept of a modulating retro-reflector is not new, dating back to the 1940s. Various demonstrations of such devices have been built over the years, though the demonstration of the first MQW MRR in 1993 was notable in achieving significant data rates. However, MRRs are still not widely used, and most research and development in that area is confined to rather exploratory military applications, as free-space optical communications in general tends to be a rather specialized niche technology.
Qualities often considered desirable in MRRs (obviously depending on the application) include a high switching speed, low power consumption, large area, wide field-of-view, and high optical quality. It should also function at certain wavelengths where appropriate laser sources are available, be radiation-tolerant (for non-terrestrial applications), and be rugged. Mechanical shutters and ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) devices, for example, are too slow, heavy, or are not robust enough for many applications. Some modulating retro-reflector systems are desired to operate at data rates of megabits per second (Mbit/s) and higher and over large temperature ranges characteristic of installation out-of-doors and in space.
Multiple Quantum Well Modulators
Semiconductor MQW modulators are one of the few technologies that meet all the requirements need for United States Navy applications, and consequently the Naval Research Laboratory is particularly active in developing and promoting that approach. When used as a shutter, MQW technology offers many advantages: it is robust solid state, operates at low voltages (less than 20 mV) and low power (tens of milliWatts), and is capable of very high switching speeds. MQW modulators have been run at Gbit/s data rates in fiber optic applications.
When a moderate (~15V) voltage is placed across the shutter in reverse bias, the absorption feature changes, shifting to longer wavelengths and dropping in magnitude. Thus, the transmission of the device near this absorption feature changes dramatically, allowing a signal can be encoded in an on-off-keying format onto the carrier interrogation beam.
This modulator consists of 75 periods of InGaAs wells surrounded by AlGaAs barriers. The device is grown on an n-type GaAs wafer and is capped by a p-type contact layer, thus forming a PIN diode. This device is a transmissive modulator designed to work at a wavelength of 980 nm, compatible with many good laser diode sources. These materials have very good performance operating in reflection architectures. Choice of modulator type and configuration architecture is application-dependent.
Once grown, the wafer is fabricated into discrete devices using a multi-step photolithography process consisting of etching and metallization steps. The NRL experimental devices have a 5 mm aperture, though larger devices are possible and are being designed and developed. It is important to point out that while MQW modulators have been used in many applications to date, modulators of such a large size are uncommon and require special fabrication techniques.
MQW modulators are inherently quiet devices, accurately reproducing the applied voltage as a modulated waveform. An important parameter is contrast ratio, defined as Imax/Imin. This parameter affects the overall signal-to-noise ratio. Its magnitude depends on the drive voltage applied to the device and the wavelength of the interrogating laser relative to the exciton peak. The contrast ratio increases as the voltage goes up until a saturation value is reached. Typically, the modulators fabricated at NRL have had contrast ratios between 1.75:1 to 4:1 for applied voltages between 10 V and 25 V, depending on the structure.
There are three important considerations in the manufacture and fabrication of a given device: inherent maximum modulation rate vs. aperture size; electrical power consumption vs. aperture size; and yield.
Inherent Maximum Modulation Rate vs. Aperture Size
The fundamental limit in the switching speed of the modulator is the resistance-capacitance limit. A key tradeoff is area of the modulator vs. area of the clear aperture. If the modulator area is small, the capacitance is small, hence the modulation rate can be faster. However, for longer application ranges on the order of several hundred meters, larger apertures are needed to close the link. For a given modulator, the speed of the shutter scales inversely as the square of the modulator diameter.
Electrical Power Consumption vs. Aperture Size
When the drive voltage waveform is optimized, the electrical power consumption of a MQW modulating retro-reflector varies as:
Dmod4 * V2 B2 Rs
Where Dmod is the diameter of the modulator, V is the voltage applied to the modulator (fixed by the required optical contrast ratio), B is the maximum data rate of the device, and RS is the sheet resistance of the device. Thus a large power penalty may be paid for increasing the diameter of the MQW shutter.
Yield
MQW devices must be operated at high reverse bias fields to achieve good contrast ratios. In perfect quantum well material this is not a problem, but the presence of a defect in the semiconductor crystal can cause the device to break down at voltages below those necessary for operation. Specifically, a defect will cause an electrical short that prevents development of the necessary electrical field across the intrinsic region of the PIN diode. The larger the device the higher the probability of such a defect. Thus, If a defect occurs in the manufacture of a large monolithic device, the whole shutter is lost.
To address these issues, NRL has designed and fabricated segmented devices as well as monolithic modulators. That is, a given modulator might be "pixellated" into several segments, each driven with the same signal. This technique means that speed can be achieved as well as larger apertures. The "pixellization" inherently reduces the sheet resistance of the device, decreasing the resistance-capacitance time and reducing electrical power consumption. For example, a one centimeter monolithic device might require 400 mW to support a one Mbit/s link. A similar nine segmented device would require 45 mW to support the same link with the same overall effective aperture. A transmissive device with nine "pixels" with an overall diameter of 0.5 cm was shown to support over 10 Mbit/s.
This fabrication technique allows for higher speeds, larger apertures, and increased yield. If a single "pixel" is lost due to defects but is one of nine or sixteen, the contrast ratio necessary to provide the requisite signal-to-noise to close a link is still high. There are considerations that make fabrication of a segmented device more complicated, including bond wire management on the device, driving multiple segments, and temperature stabilization.
An additional important characteristic of the modulator is its optical wavefront quality. If the modulator causes aberrations in the beam, the returned optical signal will be attenuated and insufficient light may be present to close the link.
Applications
Ground-to-Air Communications
Ground-to-Satellite Communications
Internal Electronics Bus Interaction/Communication
Inter, Intra-Office Communications
Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications
Industrial Manufacturing
See also
Free space optical communications
Optical Communications
Retro-reflector
References
Optical communications
Optical devices |
17328574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadath%20El%20Jebbeh | Hadath El Jebbeh | Hadath el Jebbeh (, also known as Hadad, and known locally as Hadid (حَدِد)), is a town located in Bsharri District in the North Governorate of Lebanon. It was originally settled in 400 A.D., and is situated on a hill at an altitude of 1500 meters, overlooking the Kadisha valley.
Hadath el Jebbeh is a summer resort and touristic place, benefiting from its welcoming and friendly local families. The inhabitants of the village are mostly Maronites, with the presence of two churches in town, the historical St. Daniel church which was built around 1110 CE, and Notre-Dame church built in 1956. At the end of summer, Hadath el Jebbeh celebrates St. Daniel Festival, which takes place every second Sunday of September of each year.
Location, climate and nature
Hadath el Jebbeh is located in Bsharri District, overlooking Qannoubine Valley. The village is 94 km away from Lebanese Capital, Beirut, and 36 km away from Tripoli, the largest city in North Lebanon.
Hadath el Jebbeh is well known by its cold (sometimes freezing) snowy weather during winter, and its cool weather during summer, which makes it lovely to visit anytime throughout the year, especially in the summer season, where numerous Lebanese consider it one of the best summer residences in Lebanon.
Etymology
Hadath is the name of three localities in Lebanon. To differentiate between the localities, the name of the region is added, Hadath Beirut, Hadath Baalbeck and finally Hadath el Joubbeh. Other localities by this name exist in the Middle East.
The Semitic root of Hadath means "the new", hence the name could mean "the new town".
The common pronunciation of the name is Hadad or Hadid. It gives an indication to a probable different meaning. Hadad was the northwest Semitic storm and rain god and the town could have had a temple dedicated to this god. And the popular tradition claims that the church dedicated to the saint patron of Hadath, Saint Daniel, was built on the remnants of a pagan temple.
Jebbeh is the traditional name of the Kadisha region, called also Jebbet Bsharri in reference to Bsharri the largest town of this region. The Semitic root Gb means "well", "deep" and could be a reference to the deep gorges of the Kadisha. In Lebanon, other Jebbeh exist like Jebbet Mnaytra and Jebbet Yanuh.
See also
Maronite mummies
References
External links
Hadath Ej Joubbeh, Localiban
www.hadatheljebbeh.com
www.hadath.com Last retrieved on May 8, 2008.
Populated places in the North Governorate
Bsharri District
Maronite Christian communities in Lebanon |
17328580 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trox%20gemmulatus | Trox gemmulatus | Trox gemmulatus is a beetle of the family Trogidae.
References
gemmulatus
Beetles described in 1874
Taxa named by George Henry Horn |
44497611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Terry | Don Terry | Don Terry (born Donald Prescott Loker, August 8, 1902 – October 6, 1988) was an American film actor, best known for his lead appearances in B films and serials in the 1930s and early 1940s. Perhaps his best-known role is probably playing the recurring character of Naval Commander Don Winslow in Universal Pictures serials of the early 1940s, including Don Winslow of the Navy (1942) and Don Winslow of the Coast Guard (1943).
Early life and background
Terry was born Donald Loker in Natick, Massachusetts, in 1902. He was a 1925 graduate of Harvard. Some sources give the family name as Locher, perhaps confusing him with actor Charles Locher who became famous as Jon Hall; the Loker spelling is correct, as many charitable enterprises bear the Loker name, as detailed below.
Don Terry was discovered while visiting Los Angeles as a tourist. During the visit, he hoped to see some film stars, but had been disappointed. Nearing the end of his trip, he decided to have lunch at Hollywood's Café Montmartre since it was a favorite of many in the film industry. Terry thought he might finally see a film star while having lunch, but found only other tourists who had the same hope. However, Fox screenwriter Charles Francis Coe was at the restaurant and happened to see Terry and thought of the screenplay he had just completed, based on his 1927 novel. Coe introduced himself and asked Terry if he was in the film industry. He gave Terry his business card and invited him to the Fox lot for a screen test. Terry went to the lot expecting only to be able to see some film stars. When Terry's screen test came out of the film laboratory, he was signed as the lead in the 1928 film Me, Gangster, the screenplay Coe had just written.
Film career
Known for his "typical clean-cut American hero roles", he was signed by Columbia Pictures as a possible replacement for the studio's veteran action star Jack Holt. Terry was one of several tough-guy heroes (including Victor Jory, Paul Kelly, and Charles Quigley) who portrayed "bare-knuckled, sleeves-rolled-up hard hats" in various films. Terry's Columbia "B" features include A Fight to the Finish (1937), Paid to Dance (1937), Who Killed Gail Preston? (1937), When G-Men Step In (1938), and Squadron of Honor (1938). Terry's portrayals are complemented by his distinct New England accent, which he never completely lost.
Don Terry also became a star of serials, his first chapter play being The Secret of Treasure Island, released by Columbia in 1938. His best-known role is probably playing the recurring character of Naval Commander Don Winslow in Universal Pictures serials of the early 1940s, including Don Winslow of the Navy (1942) and Don Winslow of the Coast Guard (1943), co-starring Elyse Knox. Knox previously worked with Terry in Top Sergeant (1942). Terry appeared in Danger in the Pacific (1942) as a scientist, co-starring Louise Allbritton. Other credits include Fugitives (1929), Border Romance (1929), Barnacle Bill (1941), Overland Mail (1942), Sherlock Holmes in Washington (1943) and White Savage (1943), his last screen appearance before enlisting in the U.S. Navy. He rose to the rank of Lieutenant Commander and was awarded the Purple Heart. He left the Navy in 1946 and never returned to film.
Post-film life and career
In 1941, Terry married Katherine Bogdanovich, a daughter of the founder of StarKist tuna. Bogdanovich, a 1940 graduate of University of Southern California (USC), shared an interest in Olympic competition with her husband. She tried out for the 1932 Olympics as a sprinter. The couple had two daughters, and after completing his World War II service, Terry dropped his screen name and went to work for StarKist as vice president of public and industrial relations.
Loker retired from the company in 1965, and the couple then devoted their time and energies to various philanthropic projects by establishing the Donald and Katherine Loker Foundation. The Foundation supported many projects, with a special emphasis on the colleges that were the Lokers' alma maters. They supported USC as board members of long standing, and with financial gifts of more than $30 million over a period of time. The Lokers were long-time friends of Richard and Pat Nixon and were also supporters of the Nixon Library. Despite the Lokers' lack of experience in chemistry, Carl Franklin, who was at the time USC's legal vice president, referred them to the university's hydrocarbon research institute, which was established in 1978 with the Lokers' financial aid. In 1983, it was renamed Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute in their honor. He died at Oceanside, California on October 6, 1988, aged 86. After his death, his widow continued the couple's philanthropic efforts until her death in 2008.
Partial filmography
Me, Gangster (1928) - Jimmy Williams
Blindfold (1928) - Buddy Brower
Fugitives (1929) - Dick Starr
The Valiant (1929) - Policeman (uncredited)
Border Romance (1929) - Bob Hamlin
Lady with a Past (1932) - Party Guest (uncredited)
Whistlin' Dan (1932) - Bob Reid
The Billion Dollar Scandal (1933) - Boxer in Fight Montage (uncredited)
Her First Mate (1933) - Purser, Albany Night Boat (uncredited)
A Fight to the Finish (1937) - Duke Mallor
A Dangerous Adventure (1937) - Tim Sawyer
Paid to Dance (1937) - William Dennis
Who Killed Gail Preston? (1937) - Tom Kellogg
When G-Men Step In (1938) - Larry Kent
The Secret of Treasure Island (1938) - Frederick 'Fred' Garth
Squadron of Honor (1938) - District Attorney Don Blane
You Can't Cheat an Honest Man (1939) - Ping-Pong Player (uncredited)
Barnacle Bill (1941) - Dixon
Mutiny in the Arctic (1941) - Cole
In the Navy (1941) - Reef (uncredited)
Tight Shoes (1941) - Haystack - Reporter (uncredited)
Hold That Ghost (1941) - Strangler (uncredited)
Don Winslow of the Navy (1942) - Cmdr. Don Winslow
Valley of the Sun (1942) - Lieutenant (uncredited)
Unseen Enemy (1942) - Canadian Army Captain William Flynn Hitchcock, aka Bill Flinn, posing as Captain Wilhelm Roering
Drums of the Congo (1942) - Captain Kirk Armstrong
Escape from Hong Kong (1942) - Rusty
Danger in the Pacific (1942) - Dr. David Lynd
Top Sergeant (1942) - Sgt. Dick 'Rusty' Manson
Overland Mail (1942) - Buckskin Billy Burke
Moonlight in Havana (1942) - Eddie Daniels
Sherlock Holmes in Washington (1943) - Howe
Don Winslow of the Coast Guard (1943) - Cmdr. Don Winslow
White Savage (1943) - Chris (final film role)
References
External links
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute at the University of Southern California
American male film actors
1902 births
1988 deaths
People from Natick, Massachusetts
Harvard University alumni
20th Century Fox contract players
Male actors from Massachusetts
20th-century American male actors |
17328594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido%20Vincenzi | Guido Vincenzi | Guido Vincenzi (; 14 July 1932 – 14 August 1997) was an Italian footballer and manager, who played as a defender.
Playing career
Vincenzi began his career with Reggiana in 1950. Just after reaching twenty-one years of age he left the club, which was in Serie C at the time, and made his way to Inter, who had just been crowned the Italian champions in 1953. At Inter he quickly became a starter, and in three months, he made his Serie A debut. After just 13 games with the club, he earned his first cap for the national team in a 4–1 friendly win against France in 1954, putting on an impeccable performance in his 'Azzurri' debut in Paris. His other outings with the national team were less fortunate however. His second game was a loss to Switzerland at the 1950 World Cup (of the 17 players that saw action he was the youngest) and his third cap was a loss in Belfast preventing qualification for the 1958 World Cup in Sweden. After having won a Serie A championship with Inter, he moved to Sampdoria in 1958, obtaining 297 appearances in 11 seasons, and becoming the fifth leading player for the 'blucerchiati' in this category, behind only Roberto Mancini, Pietro Vierchowod, Moreno Mannini, and Gaudenzio Bernasconi.
Coaching career
After his playing career, Vincenzi tried coaching Sampdoria in the 1973–74 season, finishing 13th in the league and successfully remaining in Serie A.
Death
Vincenzi died of a rare form of muscular dystrophy in 1997.
References
La Gazzetta dello Sport
1932 births
1997 deaths
Italian footballers
Association football midfielders
A.C. Reggiana 1919 players
U.C. Sampdoria players
Inter Milan players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Italy international footballers
1954 FIFA World Cup players
Italian football managers
U.C. Sampdoria managers
Genoa C.F.C. managers
Association football defenders
People from Quistello
Deaths from muscular dystrophy
Sportspeople from the Province of Mantua
Footballers from Lombardy |
23574418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge%20Antibody%20Technology | Cambridge Antibody Technology | Cambridge Antibody Technology (officially Cambridge Antibody Technology Group Plc, informally CAT) was a biotechnology company headquartered in Cambridge, England, United Kingdom. Its core focus was on antibody therapeutics, primarily using Phage Display and Ribosome Display technology.
Phage Display Technology was used by CAT to create adalimumab, the first fully human antibody blockbuster drug. Humira, the brand name of adalimumab, is an anti-TNF antibody discovered by CAT as D2E7, then developed in the clinic and marketed by Abbvie, formerly Abbott Laboratories. CAT was also behind belimumab, the anti-BlyS antibody drug marketed as Benlysta and the first new approved drug for systemic lupus in more than 50 years. In 2018, the Nobel Prize organisation awarded one quarter of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to a founding member of CAT, Sir Greg Winter FRS "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies.".
Founded in 1989, CAT was acquired by AstraZeneca for £702m in 2006. AstraZeneca subsequently acquired MedImmune LLC, which it combined with CAT to form a global biologics R&D division called MedImmune. CAT was often described as the 'jewel in the crown' of the British biotechnology industry and during the latter years of its existence was the subject of frequent acquisition speculation.
History
CAT was founded in 1989 by Dr. David Chiswell OBE and Sir Greg Winter, with major scientific contributions from Dr. John McCafferty and the Medical Research Council (UK) (MRC). Operations began at the MRC laboratories in Cambridge. In May 1990, operations moved to the Daly Research Laboratories at Babraham Institute, Cambridge.
In 1992, CAT moved to Beech House on the Melbourn Science Park to occupy units B1 and B2. In 1993 the company expanded into unit B3, into B4 into 1995, and in 1998 into units B5, B6, B8 and B9. CAT completed the occupation of Beech House by finally occupying B7 by the late 1990s.
CAT listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1997, raising £43 million, and went through a second round of funding in 2000, raising over £90 million.
In 1999, CAT expanded into a second location in Melbourn called Cambridge House. After leaving Melbourn, CAT sold this location on to housing developers in early 2006.
In 2000, after a succession of deals that focussed on harnessing the exploitation of the human genome, CAT's share price peaked at over £50 per share.
Also in 2000, CAT decided to move out of Melbourn to a science park called Granta Park, roughly away. Of the buildings on the park, the first to be occupied was the Franklin Building followed, in late 2002, by a move to a new corporate headquarters at the Milstein Building.
The Franklin Building, named after Rosalind Franklin, was formally opened in 2001 by David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville. The Milstein Building was named after César Milstein, and had a modular design with separate laboratory (46,000 sq ft) and administration blocks (21,000 sq ft). In the same year, CAT listed on the NASDAQ.
When AstraZeneca acquired CAT in June 2006, plans were announced to occupy a new building on Granta Park, GP15, offering a further . Refurbishment of this building took approximately 18 months and the building was officially opened, in November 2008, with the name Aaron Klug Building.
Acquisitions
Aptein Inc.
On 15 July 1998, CAT completed the acquisition of Aptein Inc. This acquisition "...further strengthened its world leading position in antibody display technology...giving CAT controlling patents in the field of polysome display. Polysome display involves the use of polysomes, a type of molecule responsible for protein synthesis within the human body, to display functional antibody proteins in vitro.". Three years later David Glover, CAT's Chief Medical Officer at the time, summarised the acquisition as one which essentially acquired Aptein's patent estate
"Under the terms of the agreement CAT purchased the issued share capital and outstanding share options and warrants of Aptein for a total consideration of up to $11 million satisfied by the issue of up to 2.366 million CAT shares (an implied CAT share price of 278p.) $6 million of the consideration was satisfied by the issue of 1.290 million CAT shares on closing. The balance of the consideration of up to $5 million will be satisfied by the issue of up to 1.076 million CAT shares after Aptein's European patents have been sustained through opposition or appeal. In accordance with accounting standards the cost of acquiring this new technology has been capitalised and will be written off over the lives of the patents concerned.".
Aptein was founded by Glenn Kawasaki, who is currently, amongst other positions, CEO at Accium BioSciences.
According to an article published in Nature in 2002, that focused on the automation of proteomics,..."Normally, an mRNA molecule passes through the ribosome-like ticker-tape and is released, along with the newly synthesised protein molecule, when a sequence of three bases known as a 'stop codon' is reached. In Aptein's technology, stop codons are eliminated so that the completed antibody and its mRNA remain bound together on the ribosome. The system, which CAT is now optimising, is entirely cell-free and so is more amenable to automation. This should make it possible to construct libraries that are orders of magnitude larger than those created using phage display."
CAT published on their optimisation work with Ribosome Display, including:
The discovery of tralokinumab, a therapeutic antibody against IL-13.
An improved method for eukaryotic ribosome display
A comparison of phage and ribosome display approaches for improving antibody affinity and stability showing the advantages of ribosome display
The use of ribosome display to optimise pharmacology and "developability" of therapeutic proteins
CAT used extensive data sets from ribosome display to patent protect their anti-IL-13 monoclonal antibody, CAT-354, in a world-first of sequence-activity-relationship claims.
Drug Royalty Corporation Inc.
In 1994, CAT signed a royalty deal with Drug Royalty Corporation Inc. (DRC) such that DRC would receive future royalty revenue from CAT's products.
In January 2002, CAT made a share-based offer to buy DRC for £55 million so that it could buy out this royalty obligation. CAT valued DRC at C$3.00 a share, and this offer was initially recommended by the board of directors of DRC. On 8 March 2002 the investment company Inwest made a competing offer valuing DRC at C$3.05 per share. CAT's offer would see DRC shareholders receiving CAT shares whilst Inwest's offer would see the DRC shareholder receiving cash. DRC's board of directors changed their decision and recommended Inwest's offer. After a number of deadline extensions from CAT the offer from Inwest was accepted by the DRC shareholders. Inwest purchased DRC on 2 May 2002, and the company began operating as a private entity that continues operation today as DRI Capital.
As a result of this failure to purchase DRC, CAT's right to buy back royalty interest was triggered at a cost to CAT of C$14 million (£6.2 million) by way of 463,818 CAT shares.
Oxford Glycosciences
On 23 January 2003 CAT made a share-based offer for Oxford Glycosciences (OGS) and at an Extraordinary General Meeting shareholders voted to approve the merger. In March of this year CAT saw a decline in its share price. Discussions regarding the applicability of the royalty offset provisions for HUMIRA with Abbott Laboratories had started, and these had a negative impact on the CAT share price depressing the value of CAT's offer.
On 26 February 2003 the British-based biotechnology group Celltech subsequently made a hostile £101 million cash offer for OGS and began buying OGS shares. Some reported that this activity represented the UK biotechnology industry's first-ever bidding war. Despite this improved offer from Celltech, OGS continued to recommend the CAT offer.
Celltech continued to buy OGS shares and the OGS board pressed CAT to improve the terms of its offer as the Celltech shareholding reached 10.55%. OGS became alarmed that Celltech's share purchase would prompt CAT to walk away because, under takeover rules, it would not be able to forcibly purchase the 10.55 per cent stake Celltech owned. CAT failed to improve the terms of its bid forcing OGS to abandon the agreement.
Celltech continued buying shares and, as their stake reached 25%, so the board of OGS met to reluctantly recommend the Celltech offer. Celltech completed the purchase of OGS in April 2003. Some newspapers reported that the failure of the bid by CAT would means that CAT would have to cut some of its workforce. Celltech was itself purchased by the Belgian drugmaker UCB in mid-2004.
Genencor
On 1 November 2005 CAT announced it was acquiring two anti-CD22 immunotoxin products from Genencor, namely GCR-3888 and GCR-8015. Genencor is the biotechnology division of Danisco and the acquisition meant CAT would hire certain former Genencor key employees to be responsible for the development of the programmes.
GCR-3888 and GCR-8015 were discovered and initially developed by the National Cancer Institute, which is part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Genencor licensed the candidates for hematological malignancies and entered into a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) with the NIH, which will now be continued by CAT. Under the original
licence agreement with the NIH, CAT gained the rights to a portfolio of intellectual property associated with the programs and would pay future royalties to the NIH.
CAT intended to file an Investigational New Drug (IND) application for GCR-8015 in various CD22 positive B-cell malignancies, including Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, following a period of manufacturing development which is expected to be complete by the end of 2006 and to support the NCI's ongoing development of GCR-3888 in Hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) and paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (pALL).
CAT-8015 exhibited a greater affinity for CD22 than its predecessor, CAT-3888 and CAT's language such as "CAT will support the NCI's ongoing development of CAT-3888..." suggested at the time that their focus was on the second generation candidate.
On 16 May 2013, AstraZeneca announced that CAT-8015, now Moxetumumab, has started Phase III clinical trials.
Collaborations
CAT entered into many collaborations with technology and pharmaceutical companies, including:
Searle, 1999 – CAT signed, what was at the time, their biggest deal with Searle, the pharmaceutical arm of Monsanto. In 2000, Pharmacia & Upjohn merged with Monsanto and Searle to create Pharmacia Corporation. In 2003, Pfizer acquired Pharmacia. It is unsure as to whether the deal with Searle generated any clinical candidates.
Human Genome Sciences, 2000. GlaxoSmithKline purchased HGSI in 2012. The deal with Cambridge Antibody Technology generated, amongst others;
An anti-BLyS antibody – registered by HGSI as LymphoStat-B, also known as belimumab, and subsequently branded as Benlysta. On 16 November 2010 HGSI and GlaxoSmithKline announced the vote of the FDA advisory committee to recommend approval of belimumab for systemic lupus erythematosus. On 9 March 2011 the FDA voted 11 to 2 in favour of approving Benlysta "to treat patients with active, autoantibody-positive lupus who are receiving standard therapy, including corticosteroids, antimalarials, immunosuppressives, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs".
An anthrax therapeutic antibody – registered by HGSI as ABthrax, also known as raxibacumab. At the 2 November 2012 meeting of the Anti-Infective Drugs Advisory Committee to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) members "voted 16 to 1 in support of the clinical benefit of raxibacumab for the treatment of inhalational anthrax, with one abstention. In addition, the committee voted 18 – 0 in favour of the risk-benefit profile of raxibacumab".
Two anti-TRAIL receptor antibodies – mapatumumab (HGS-ETR1) and lexatumumab (HGS-ETR2). Early work by CAT and HGS scientists showed that HGS-ETR1 induces cell death in certain tumour types. Following this data, HGS exercised an option to enter into an exclusive development partnership for the antibody.
Genzyme, 2000. CAT held significant strength in the area of TGF beta with two products already – lerdelimumab (CAT-152) and metelimumab (CAT-192). The deal with Genzyme was "a broad strategic alliance to develop and commercialise human monoclonal antibodies directed against TGF-beta." All clinical indications, with the exception of ophthalmic uses, were covered by the agreement.
The deal resulted in fresolimumab (GC1008), a pan-neutralizing IgG4 human antibody directed against all three isoforms of TGF beta, which had the "potential for treating a variety of diseases". In particular Genzyme are currently using fresolimumab in trials involving immunogenic tumours.
The takeover of CAT by AstraZeneca initiated a change of control clause in the 2008 agreement that gives Genzyme the right to buy out rights to a jointly developed experimental lung drug.
In February 2011, Sanofi-Aventis purchased Genzyme for approximately US$20bn.
Immunex Corp, 2000. CAT's proprietary antibody phage display library for the discovery, development and potential commercialisation of human monoclonal antibodies was licensed to Immunex, in return for a licence fee. This deal was expanded in May 2001 where CAT shared more of the risk of drug development – a so-called "profit-sharing" deal. In 2002 Immunex was acquired by Amgen and in December 2003 CAT entered into a new, restructured agreement with Amgen, reportedly focussing in skin disease. It was also reported that, under the terms of the agreement, Amgen had taken responsibility for the further development and marketing of the therapeutic antibody candidates isolated by CAT against two targets on which the parties agreed to collaborate and would bear all the associated costs. In return, CAT received from Amgen an initial fee and potential milestone payments and royalties on future sales. As of February 2004, one candidate had been delivered by CAT to Amgen. A second candidate was the subject of a continuing research program funded by Amgen and conducted by CAT and was to be delivered to Amgen in due course.
Amgen acquired the transgenic mouse company Abgenix meaning that they had access to two different methods of human monoclonal antibody production. As of July 2009, it is not known from which technology any of their monoclonal antibody products in clinical trials have been derived.
AMRAD, 2001. AMRAD subsequently changed its name to Zenyth Therapeutics and, in mid-2006, Zenyth was acquired by CSL Limited. CAT and AMRAD had gone 50:50 with the original deal over the development of an anti-GMCSF-R antibody, which became CAM-3001. After all this corporate manoeuvring, "CSL decided to license its 50% share in the project to MedImmune...MedImmune commenced Phase I clinical trials in December 2007".
Products and pipeline
CAT had a number of significant products in the pipeline. These included:
Adalimumab (D2E7) – a human monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha). This drug went on to be developed and marketed by Abbott Laboratories as Humira®. The royalties payable on Adalimumab sales were subject to a dispute between the two companies. In 2013, Abbott split it business in half, whereby AbbVie became responsible for its research-based pharmaceutical business, and thus Humira. Humira went on to dominate the best-selling drugs lists. In 2016, the best selling drugs list researched by Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, published in March 2017, details that Humira occupied the number 1 position for 2015 ($14.012 billion of sales) and 2016 ($16.078 billion). Whilst for 2017, Abbvie reports that Humira achieved $18.427billion of sales in 2017
Briakinumab (ABT-874) – a human monoclonal antibody to IL-12 and IL-23. This went on to be developed by Abbott Laboratories for treatment of psoriasis and Crohn's disease. On 11 October 2010, Abbott presented positive Phase III data.
Metelimumab (CAT-192) and fresolimumab (GC1008) are human monoclonal antibodies to transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). Initial trials targeted the skin condition scleroderma but, after some unsuccessful clinical trial results, the product was dropped in favour of fresolimumab, which was initially developed by Genzyme. In February 2011, Sanofi-Aventis purchased Genzyme for approximately US$20 billion and, as of March 2013, Sanofi continue to list fresolimumab in their research and development portfolio.
Lerdelimumab is a human monoclonal antibody to TGF beta 2, initially developed to combat fibrotic scarring that results from glaucoma drainage surgery. The drug was branded Trabio, and development was stopped in late 2005 after unsuccessful trial results.
Bertilimumab (CAT-213) is a human monoclonal antibody to eotaxin 1. In January 2007, CAT licensed the drug for treatment of allergy disorders to iCo Therapeutics Inc., who renamed it from CAT-213 to iCo-008.
Mavrilimumab (CAM-3001) – a human monoclonal igG4 antibody to the alpha chain of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF Receptor). In 2007, some elements of the local press suggested this product could be the next HUMIRA. CAM-3001 is currently being developed by MedImmune in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, and mentioned in the rheumatology section of AstraZeneca's pipeline in their 2008 Annual Report. The first clinical trial was initiated by MedImmune in late 2007. In 2017, Kiniksa licensed Mavrilimumab from MedImmune and, in April 2021, Kiniksa outlined the next steps for development of Mavrilimumab – including in COVID-19–related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), giant cell arteritis (GCA), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
Tralokinumab (CAT-354, Adtralza®) – a human monoclonal antibody (IgG4) that potently and specifically neutralises interleukin 13, a T-lymphocyte-derived cytokine that plays a key role in the development and maintenance of the human asthmatic phenotype. CAT-354 was CAT's first antibody to be discovered using ribosome display, and was further developed by developed by MedImmune. Tralokinumab was licensed by AstraZeneca to LEO Pharma for skin diseases in July 2016. On 15 June 2017, Leo Pharma announced that they were starting phase 3 clinical trials with tralokinumab in atopic dermatitis. In April 2021, Leo Pharma announced that it had received positive Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) opinion of Adtralza® (tralokinumab) for the treatment of adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. On 22 June 2021, LEO Pharma announced that the European Commission had approved "Adtralza® (tralokinumab) as the first and only treatment specifically targeting IL-13 for adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis".
Moxetumomab pasudotox (CAT-3888) – CAT-3888 (formerly GCR-3888 and BL22) and CAT-8015 (formerly GCR-8015 and HA22) are both anti-CD22 immunotoxins comprising a modified Pseudomonas exotoxin and an anti-CD22 antibody fragment. CAT acquired these two oncology product candidates in November 2005 from Genencor, a subsidiary of Danisco. CAT-8015 is being developed by MedImmune. In Sept 2018 the US FDA approved it (as Lumoxiti) for some cases of relapsed or refractory hairy cell leukemia (HCL).
CAT-5001 (formerly SS1P) – a Pseudomonas exotoxin immunotoxin that targets mesothelin, which is a cell surface glycoprotein present on normal mesothelial cells that is over-expressed in numerous cancers including pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma, ovarian cancer and pancreatic cancer. CAT-5001 was acquired from Enzon Pharmaceuticals in May 2006.
CAT developed their display technologies further into several patented antibody discovery/functional genomics tools which were named Proximol and ProAb. ProAb was announced in December 1997 and involved high throughput screening of antibody libraries against diseased and non-diseased tissue, whilst Proximol used a free radical enzymatic reaction to label molecules in proximity to a given protein.
In September 1999, it was announced that CAT's Library product and ProAb would each receive Millennium Products status. Of the 4,000 products submitted to the Design Council for these awards, 1,012 were chosen and, to attain Millennium Product status, products had to: open up new opportunities, challenge existing conventions, be environmentally responsible, demonstrate the application of new or existing technology, solve a key problem and show clear user benefits.
Patents
CAT pioneered the application of Phage Display and Ribosome Display technology for the design and development of human monoclonal antibody therapeutics and which was reflected in the breadth of the company's patent portfolio. The Cambridge patent portfolio includes about 40 families of patents, covering both technologies and products.
Three main families of major patents cover Cambridge antibody library and Phage Display technology:
'Winter II' and 'Winter/Huse/Lerner' patents cover Medimmune's processes for generating the collections of human antibody genes that comprise MedImmune Cambridge libraries. MedImmune has patents issued in Europe, South Korea, Japan, Australia and the US and a patent application is pending in Canada. These patents are co-owned by the MRC, The Scripps Research Institute and Stratagene and MedImmune currently has exclusive commercial exploitation rights, subject to certain rights held by the Medical Research Council (MRC), Scripps and Stratagene and their pre-existing licensees.
'McCafferty' covers the process by which human antibodies are displayed on phage (Phage Display) and methods of selecting antibodies to desired targets from libraries. MedImmune has patents issued in Europe, Australia, South Korea and Japan and a patent application is pending in Canada. These patents are co-owned by MedImmune and the MRC.
'Griffiths' covers the use of Phage Display technology to isolate human anti-self' antibodies that specifically bind to molecules found in the human body. CAT has patents issued in Australia, Europe and the US and patent applications are pending in Canada and Japan. This patent is co-owned by MedImmune Cambridge and the MRC.
In 2011 "The High Court of England and Wales has ruled that two patents (EP 0774511 and EP 2055777) owned by MedImmune that describe methods of phage display are invalid because of obviousness."
List of Patents
Patent Dispute with MorphoSys
The German biotechnology company MorphoSys generates human antibodies using its phage display-based 'HuCal' (Human Combinatorial Antibody Library) technology. In the late 1990s both companies found themselves jockeying for strong IP position in the area of therapeutic human antibody generation by way of a specific dispute (details on MorphoSys page).
The long, and protracted, dispute resulted which was eventually settled in late 2002 when some argued the settlement was enforced by an industry cash crunch. The 'delighted' CEO at the time, Peter Chambré, reflected that the deal put an end to the distraction to both parties caused by the litigation.
Publications
Scientists at CAT pioneered the use of phage display such that variable antibody domains could be expressed on filamentous phage antibodies, as reported in a key Nature publication, "Phage antibodies: filamentous phage displaying antibody variable domains".
Other key CAT publications included:
Management and notable people
CAT was founded by David Chiswell MBE and Sir Greg Winter, with major scientific contributions from John McCafferty.
Sir Greg Winter FRS is credited with invented techniques to both humanise (1986) and, later, to fully humanise using phage display, antibodies for therapeutic uses. Previously, antibodies had been derived from mice, which made them difficult to use in human therapeutics because the human immune system had anti-mouse reactions to them. For these developments Winter was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with George Smith and Frances Arnold.
Dave Chiswell OBE was responsible for operational management of CAT from 1990 to 2002, including time as chief executive officer from 1996 to 2002. Chiswell announced he was standing down from CAT on 26 November 2001. During his time at CAT, Chiswell had established himself as a significant character in the biotechnology business. In 2003, Chiswell became chairman of the BioIndustry Association, and in June 2006 was awarded an OBE for services to the UK Bioscience Industry in the UK and Overseas.
CAT was governed by a board and, latterly, a Scientific Advisory Board. Members included:
César Milstein CH FRS, a Nobel prize-winning biochemist in the field of antibody research. Milstein shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1984 with Niels Jerne and Georges Köhler.
Sir Aaron Klug OM FRS FMedSci HonFRMS, a Nobel prize-winning laureate, was a British chemist and biophysicist, and winner of the 1982 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy. He sat on both the board and the scientific advisory board.
Professor Peter Garland – appointed as a non-executive director in 1990, then became non-executive chairman of the board in 1995. Garland has been the Chief Executive of Institute of Cancer Research, 1989–99 and was a fellow of University College London.
Dr Paul Nicholson – replaced Peter Garland as chairman in 2003. Nicholson was chairman when AstraZeneca bought CAT.
Peter Chambré replaced Dave Chiswell as CEO in early 2002. Chambré had been the CEO of Bespak PLC since May 1994 and, in July 2000, became the chief operating officer of the genomics company Celera. After CAT, Chambré went on to hold a number of positions including Chairman of ApaTech Ltd., and, in September 2006, was appointed non-executive director of BTG plc and Spectrics pls and also advisor to 3i Group plc. As of July 2019, Chambré holds seven board and advisor roles including Chairman of the Board of Directors at immatics biotechnologies, Chairman of the Board of Directors at Cancer Research Technology, and Member of the Board of Directors at Spectris plc.
John McCafferty developed much of the phage display technology used by CAT. McCafferty left CAT to start a group at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute where, as part of the ATLAS project, his group demonstrated the potential for large-scale high-throughput generation and validation of monoclonal antibodies. This work built on CAT's ProAb technology. McCafferty founded a new therapeutic antibody discovery biotechnology company, IONTAS Ltd. In 2018, McCafferty's 1990 phage research paper was cited by the Nobel committee when awarding the chemistry prize to Sir Gregory Winter, George Smith and Frances Arnold.
Kevin Johnson joined CAT in 1990, contributed to the discovery of D2E7, played a key role in CAT's initial public offering (IPO) and, by July 1997, was appointed to the Board as Research Director. In 2000, Johnson became Chief Technology Officer responsible for exploitation and development of CAT's technology platforms. In November 2002, CAT announced its intention to seek independent financing for its development of the application of antibodies on microarrays for personalised medicine, as this fell outside CAT's focus on therapeutic antibodies and Johnson positively spearheaded this push. In the event it was not possible to procure finance for this activity and, as a result, microarray activity at CAT was terminated. Johnson is currently a partner at medicxi, a venture capital firm focused on life sciences investments based on the asset-centric approach to investing. He was formerly with Index Ventures, having joined the venture capital firm in 2010.
Jane Osbourn OBE joined CAT as a senior scientist in 1993. Osbourn was a co-author of several, high-impact publications to come out of CAT. When merged with MedImmune, after the acquisition by AstraZeneca, Osbourn became the site leader of MedImmune Cambridge. Osbourn went on to chair the UK's BioIndustry Association in 2015 and, in 2019, was awarded the Order of the British Empire medal for services to "Human Monoclonal Antibody Drug Research and Development and Biotechnology".
Awards
CAT's most significant award was the Prix Galien, awarded for outstanding achievement in product and technology development, in recognition of its creativity in the development of novel human monoclonal antibody therapeutics especially in relation to its product CAT-152, which was used to treat fibrotic scarring in certain ophthalmology conditions.
See also
Pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom
References
Pharmaceutical companies disestablished in 2007
British companies established in 1989
Companies based in Cambridge
Pharmaceutical companies of England
$
AstraZeneca
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
1989 establishments in England |
44497617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956%20French%20legislative%20election%20in%20Gabon%E2%80%93Moyen%20Congo | 1956 French legislative election in Gabon–Moyen Congo | Elections to the French National Assembly were held in Gabon and French Congo on 2 January 1956.
Results
First college
Second college: Gabon
Second College: Moyen Congo
References
Gabon
Elections in Gabon
Elections in the Republic of the Congo
1956 in Gabon
1956 in Moyen-Congo
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results |
17328605 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyalintsi | Lyalintsi | Lyalintsi () is a village in Tran Municipality, Pernik Province. It is located in western Bulgaria, 65 km from the capital city of Sofia. The village was first mentioned in 1446 as Lelintsi and in 1455 as Lyalintsi. It is derived from the personal name Lyalya, "aunt", the nickname lyalya or lala, itself from Proto-Slavic *l'al'a, "babbler, fool" or from the personal name Lyala, an affectionate form of Vlado (Vladimir, Vladislav).
References
Villages in Pernik Province |
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