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17328098 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Put%20a%20Girl%20in%20It | Put a Girl in It | "Put a Girl in It" is a song co-written by singer Rhett Akins along with Dallas Davidson and Ben Hayslip, who are collectively known as The Peach Pickers, and recorded by American country music duo Brooks & Dunn. It was released in May 2008 as the third single from their album Cowboy Town. It reached number 3 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart.
Content
The song is an up-tempo accompanied by electric guitar. Its lyrics tell of various situations that, according to the narrator, are "nothing" until "you put a girl in it".
Critical reception
Kevin John Coyne, reviewing the song for Country Universe, gave it a B rating. He said that it is "a pandering attempt to wrangle as much female adulation as possible from the predominantly female country music listening demographic." But he also added that "the song is ultimately fun and Ronnie Dunn’s vocal performance is admirably strong."
Chart performance
"Put a Girl in It" debuted at number 48 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of May 10, 2008. Twenty-five of the radio stations monitored by Billboard added this song, boosting it to number 37 the next week, and it became the most added song of that week.
Year-end charts
References
2008 singles
Brooks & Dunn songs
Songs written by The Peach Pickers
Song recordings produced by Tony Brown (record producer)
Arista Nashville singles
Music videos directed by Wes Edwards
2007 songs |
20465595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untold%20Truths | Untold Truths | Untold Truths is the debut country album from actor-turned-singer Kevin Costner & Modern West. The album was released on November 11, 2008 (see 2008 in country music) on Universal South Records. The album reached #61 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums, and #35 on the U.S. Top Heatseekers charts.
Three singles, "Superman 14", "Long Hot Night", and "Backyard" have been released to radio, although none of the songs entered the Hot Country Songs charts.
Track listing
Chart performance
Album
Singles
References
2008 debut albums
Kevin Costner albums
Show Dog-Universal Music albums |
20465601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%20Live%20Again%20%28film%29 | To Live Again (film) | To Live Again is a 1963 short documentary film produced by Mel London. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
See also
List of American films of 1963
References
External links
1963 films
1963 documentary films
1963 short films
English-language films
American short documentary films
1960s short documentary films |
6899772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth%20Stonehouse | Ruth Stonehouse | Ruth Stonehouse (September 28, 1892 – May 12, 1941) was an actress and film director during the silent film era. Her stage career started at the age of eight as a dancer in Arizona shows.
Early life
Ruth Stonehouse was born to James Wesley Stonehouse and Georgia C. Worster on September 28, 1892, in Denver, Colorado. Her father was the founder of Stonehouse Signs Inc. According to the 1900 Census for Laurence Town, Teller County, Colorado, she lived with her father, James, a sign writer, and her grandmother, Eda Stonehouse, along with her sister, Hazel, who was a year younger. By 1910, she was living with her mother, Georgia Stonehouse, a stenographer, and her sister, Hazel, in Chicago, Illinois. Curiously, her mother lists herself as a widow on the 1910 Census, while James Stonehouse can be found residing in Arizona.
Film career
Stonehouse worked for Triangle Film Corporation and Universal Pictures during a career which extended from 1911 until 1928. A few years prior in 1907, she was a founding member of Essanay Film Manufacturing Company. She also signed on to work on Cyrus J. Williams' productions. Having experience here helped Stonehouse begin her directing career later on as she moved to different stations. Her androgynous appearance was most apparent in the role of Nancy Glenn and in the 1917 motion picture, The Edge of the Law. She performed in comedies and dramas such as the patriotic film Doing Her Bit (1917), which was directed by Jack Conway.
In 1917, Stonehouse directed the films Daredevil Dan, A Walloping Time, The Winning Pair, A Limb of Satan, Puppy Love, and Tacky Sue's Romance. These movies were one-reel orphan asylum pictures, the first of which was entitled Mary Ann.
Personal life
Stonehouse owned a cabin in Santa Anita Canyon in the Sierra Madre Mountains. Here she entertained men and women of prominence in the film world, cooking culinary masterpieces which her friends deemed superior to most chefs. Stonehouse was a fan of the Owen Magnetic Auto and promoted it in newspapers. Stonehouse was an avid gardener who grew fibrous-rooted begonias, pleromas, fuchsias, cinerias, and hyacinths. Her home, located at 204 North Rossmore Avenue in Los Angeles, California, was an adaptation of a Spanish design that was situated well to the front of a large lot. She was an active worker in the Children's Home Society for twenty-five years and also a member of the Garden Club of California.
Death
Stonehouse died in Hollywood, California of a cerebral hemorrhage on May 12, 1941, at the age of 48. She was listed as Mrs. Felix Hughes in her obituary. Her funeral services were conducted from Wee Kirk o' the Heather. She was interred in a mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park.
Selected filmography
Mr. Wise, Investigator (1911) *short
When Soul Meets Soul (1913) *short
The Spy's Defeat (1913) short with Francis X. Bushman
Blood Will Tell (1914) short with Bushman
Ashes of Hope (1914, Essanay) short with Bushman
The Masked Wrestler (1914) *short
No. 28, Diplomat (1914) *short
The Slim Princess (1915) with Wallace Beery
The Romance of an American Duchess (1915)
The Papered Door (1915) *short
The Alster Case (1915)
The Gilded Cage (1915)
The Adventures of Peg o' the Ring (1916) *serial
A Phantom Husband (1917)
The Edge of the Law (1917)
Love Aflame (1917)
Follow the Girl (1917)
The Saintly Sinner (1917)
Fighting for Love (1917)
Rosalind at Redgate (1919) *short
The Master Mystery (1919)
The Masked Rider (1919)
The Four-Flusher (1919, Metro Pictures)
The Red Viper (1919 Tyrad Pictures)
Parlor, Bedroom and Bath (1920 Metro Pictures)
The Hope (1920 Metro Pictures)
Are All Men Alike? (1920 Metro Pictures)
The Land of Jazz (1920 Fox Film Corporation)
Cinderella's Twin (1920 Metro Pictures)
I Am Guilty (1921 Associated Producers)
Don't Call Me Little Girl (1921 Paramount Pictures)
The Wolver (1921 Pathe Exchange) (*short)
Mother o' Dreams (1921 Pathe Exchange) (*short)
Lorraine of the Timberlands (1921 Pathe Exchange) (*short)
The Honor of Rameriz (1921 Pathe Exchange) (*short)
The Spirit of the Lake (1921 Pathe Exchange) (*short)
The Heart of Doreon (1921 Pathe Exchange) (*short)
The Flash (1923 Russell Productions)
Flames of Passion (1923 Independent Pictures)
Lights Out (1923 Film Booking Offices of America; FBO)
The Way of the Transgressor (1923 Independent Pictures)
A Girl of the Limberlost (1924 Film Booking Office of America; FBO)
Broken Barriers (1924 Metro-Goldwyn)
Straight Through (1925 Universal Pictures)
A Two-Fisted Sheriff (1925 Arrow Film Corp.)
Fifth Avenue Models (1925 Universal Pictures)
The Fugitive (1925 Arrow Film Corp.)
Blood and Steel (1925 Independent Pictures)
The Scarlet West (1925 First National)
Ermine and Rhinestones (1925 Jans Film Service)
False Pride (1925 Astor Pictures)
The Wives of the Prophet (1926 Lee-Bradford)
Broken Homes (1926 Astor Pictures)
The Ladybird (1927 First Division Pictures)
Poor Girls (1927 Columbia Pictures)
The Satin Woman (1927 Lumas Film Corp.)
The Ape (1928 Collwyn Pictures Corp.)
The Devil's Cage'' (1928 Chadwick Pictures)
References
Notes
Citations
Further reading
1900 United States Federal Census, Precinct 39, Teller, Colorado; Roll T623_130; Page: 7B; Enumeration District: 136.
External links
Ruth Stonehouse at the Women Film Pioneers Project
American film actresses
American silent film actresses
American women film directors
20th-century American women writers
Actresses from Denver
1892 births
1941 deaths
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
20th-century American actresses
American film directors
Women film pioneers
Deaths by intracerebral hemorrhage |
17328100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachie%20Munro | Lachie Munro | Lachlan Hamish Munro (born 27 November 1986) is a New Zealand professional rugby union player. Munro is a versatile player and he is capable of covering every position in the backline.
Munro attended Auckland Grammar School. In 2007 Munro played for the New Zealand 7s side and also the New Zealand under 21s side. He also played for Auckland in the National Provincial Championship. 2008, Munro moved north and notably played for the Northland union.
Munro was the leading points scorer for the 2010 ITM Cup with 172 points from 6 tries, 32 conversions and 26 penalties in 13 matches.
Munro appeared for the Blues in the 2009 and 2010 Super 14, travelling directly to many games despite not being selected in the initial Blues squads. Munro debuted against the Sharks in 2009. Munro was selected for the Blues full squad for the first time for 2011, and remained a squad member in 2012.
He then left New Zealand to join French Top 14 team CA Bordeaux-Bègles Gironde for the 2012–13 season where he played a few games. He decided to move to Pro D2 team LOU Rugby for the 2013–2014 season, where he was the team's main goal kicker.
For the 2015–2016 season, Munro joined French Rugby Pro D2 team Béziers. He joined Provence Rugby in 2018.
External links
Blues Profile
Auckland Rugby Union – Lachie Munro
Itsrugby profile
1986 births
People educated at Auckland Grammar School
Living people
New Zealand rugby union players
Rugby union players from Auckland
Auckland rugby union players
Blues (Super Rugby) players
Northland rugby union players
Lyon OU players
Union Bordeaux Bègles players
AS Béziers Hérault players
Rugby union fullbacks
New Zealand expatriate rugby union players
New Zealand expatriate sportspeople in France
Expatriate rugby union players in France |
20465613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%20Live%20Again | To Live Again | To Live Again can refer to:
To Live Again (album), by Tarot, 2004
To Live Again (film), a 1963 short documentary film
To Live Again (1998 film), a TV film starring Bonnie Bedelia, Annabeth Gish, and Timothy Carhart
To Live Again (novel), a 1969 science fiction novel by Robert Silverberg
To Live Again , a 2001 novel by Lurlene McDaniel
See also
To Love Again (disambiguation)
"Learning to Live Again", a song |
20465647 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice%20Dancer | Nice Dancer | Nice Dancer (1969–1997) was a Canadian Thoroughbred racehorse.
Background
He was from the last Canadian-sired crop of Northern Dancer before the International champion sire was relocated to Windfields Farm American subsidiary in Maryland.
Owned by Tom Morton and Dick Bonnycastle's Harlequin Ranches, Nice Dancer was trained by Jerry Lavigne.
Racing career
In his three-year-old season, the colt was ridden primarily by future Canadian and U.S. Hall of Fame jockey, Sandy Hawley. In addition to important stakes races including the Manitoba Derby at Assiniboia Downs in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Nice Dancer set a new Woodbine track record for a mile and three sixteenths in winning the inaugural running of the Col. R. S. McLaughlin Handicap. He won the third leg of the 1972 Canadian Triple Crown series, the Breeders' Stakes, a race run on turf at a distance of 1½ miles (12 furlongs). In the pre Sovereign Award era, Nice Dancer is historically viewed as the Canadian Champion 3-Year-Old Male Horse of 1972.
At age four, Nice Dancer won the Dominion Day Handicap and the Canadian Maturity Stakes before being retired to stud duty.
Stud record
He stood in Canada from 1974 to 1978 during which time he sired seventy-six foals out of which nine became stakes winners. His most notable offspring was Fiddle Dancer Boy, winner of the 1981 Queen's Plate. Sent to a breeding farm in Japan, Nice Dancer sired nine more stakes winners before his death at age twenty-eight in 1997. He is the damsire of Glide Path, winner of the 1995 Stockholm Cup International, Sweden's most important race.
Pedigree
References
Nice Dancer's pedigree and partial racing stats
1969 racehorse births
1997 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Canada
Racehorses trained in Canada
Horse racing track record setters
Canadian Champion racehorses
Thoroughbred family 1-e |
17328104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabhol | Dabhol | Dabhol (Marathi pronunciation: [d̪aːbʱoɭ]), also known as Dabul, is a small seaport town in the Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra in India. It is located on the northern and southern sides of the Vashishthi river that later flows by Chiplun town. The Dabhol LNG power plant that had been set up by Enron is located on the southern side of Dabhol, between the villages of Veldur and Ranavi.
History
The Russian traveller Afanasy Nikitin/Athanasius Nikitin, who visited India (1468-1474) found Dabhol as a large town and extensive seaport. The horses from Mysore, Arabia, Khorasan and Nighostan were brought here for trade. This was the place which had links with all major ports from India to Ethiopia.
In the 15th and 16th centuries, Dabul was an opulent Muslim trade centre, first under the Bahmani, later under the Badar sultans of Bijapur. As the port with most convenient access to the Bahmani sultanate's capital at Bidar, Dabul's fortunes ascended quickly with that dynasty. At its height, it was arguably the most important port between Chaul and Goa.
It was exactly the prominence of Dabul as a Muslim trade centre and port that led it to be bombarded, sacked and razed by a Portuguese expeditionary force (Battle of Dabul) under Francisco de Almeida in December, 1508, in a prelude to the famous Battle of Diu. Although the city's fort was not taken, it was only the first of several times, in the course of the next few decades, that the Portuguese tried to destroy Dabul. By the time of the last recorded attack, in 1571, the Governor of Dabhul was Khwaja Ali Shirazi. The battle led to killing 150 men at Dabhol.
The break-up of the Bahmani state into several smaller Deccan sultanates had accelerated Dabul's decline. As new capitals for these statelets were erected, Dabul's geographic position was no longer as fortuitous as it had been before, and alternative, more convenient ports were cultivated. In the course of the 16th century, a lot of commerce was redirected away from Dabul and towards the rising new port of Rajapur further south.
The Dabhol port boasts of centuries old history. Dabhol was of great importance in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries. It used to be the principal port of South Konkan region, carrying on trade with ports in the Mediterranean, the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. During 13th to 15th centuries this port was ruled by the Bahamani dynasty and was known as Mustafabad. Later on it was Hamjabad and then it was Dabhol.
Dabul was conquered by Shivaji around 1660 and annexed to the new Maratha kingdom.
Notes
Sources
Dames, M.L. (1918) "Introduction" in An Account Of The Countries Bordering On The Indian Ocean And Their Inhabitants, Vol. 1 (Engl. transl. of Livro de Duarte de Barbosa), 2005 reprint, New Delhi: Asian Education Services.
Nairne, A.K. (1873), "Musalman Remains in the South Konkan", The Indian Antiquary, Vol. 2, p. 278-83 article
External links
Read about Dabhol in 'ऐतिहासिक दाभोळ: वर्तमान व भविष्य (Historic Dabhol: Present and Future)' book by Anna Shirgaonkar - a Konkani historian.
Ratnagiri district |
17328116 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul-Rahman%20al-Barrak | Abdul-Rahman al-Barrak | Abdul-Rahman bin Nasir al-Barrak (, born 1933 or 1934) is a Saudi Salafi cleric.
In 1994, al-Barrak and other Saudi clerics were mentioned by name and praised by Osama bin Laden for opposing then-Grand Mufti Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz in his Open Letter to Shaykh Bin Baz on the Invalidity of his Fatwa on Peace with the Jews.
His website was banned in Saudi Arabia because it was “promoting bold ideas and theses”.
Fatwas
Al-Barrak has drawn attention for issuing controversial fatwas, or religious edicts. One such fatwa called for strict gender segregation. The fatwa states, "Whoever allows this mixing ... allows forbidden things, and whoever allows them is a kafir and this means defection from Islam ... Either he retracts or he must be killed ... because he disavows and does not observe the Sharia."
In March 2008, al-Barrak issued a fatwa that two writers for the newspaper Al Riyadh, Abdullah bin Bejad al-Otaibi and Yousef Aba al-Khail, should be tried for apostasy for their "heretical articles" regarding the categorization of "unbelievers" and put to death if they did not repent.
References
1930s births
Living people
Saudi Arabian Sunni clerics
Fatwas
Sex segregation and Islam
Critics of Shia Islam
Saudi Arabian Salafis
People from Al Bukayriah
Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University faculty
Saudi Arabian imams
Saudi Arabian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
Year of birth missing (living people) |
17328125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barlborough%20Common | Barlborough Common | Barlborough Common is an area in Derbyshire, England. It is located to the south of Barlborough. The land has undergone extensive open-cast mining and subsequent restoration.
Geography of Derbyshire
Bolsover District |
20465666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20William%20Pritchard | Edward William Pritchard | Edward William Pritchard (6 December 1825 – 28 July 1865) was an English doctor who was convicted of murdering his wife and mother-in-law by poisoning them. He was also suspected of murdering a servant girl, but was never tried for this crime.
He was the last person to be publicly executed in Glasgow.
Early years
Pritchard was born in Southsea, Hampshire, into a naval family. His father was John White Pritchard, a captain.
He claimed to have studied at King's College Hospital in London and to have graduated from there in 1846. He then served in the Royal Navy as an assistant surgeon on HMS Victory. For another four years, he served on various other ships sailing around the world.
He returned to Portsmouth, England, on HMS Hecate. While in Portsmouth, he met his future wife, Mary Jane Taylor, the daughter of Michael Taylor (1793-1867), a prosperous retired silk merchant from Edinburgh then living at 22 Minto Street. The couple married in 1851. He had five children with her.
He resigned from the Navy and first took a job as a general practitioner in Yorkshire, living for a time in Hunmanby.
He was the author of several books on his travels and on the water cure at Hunmanby, as well as articles in The Lancet.
In 1859, he left under a cloud and in debt, and moved to Glasgow.
Murders
On 5 May 1863, there was a fire in the Pritchards' house at 11 Berkeley Terrace, Glasgow, which killed a servant girl. Her name was Elizabeth McGrain, aged 25. The fire started in her room but she made no attempt to escape, suggesting that she was unconscious, drugged, or already dead.
The procurator fiscal looked into the case, but no charges were brought.
In 1865, Pritchard poisoned his mother-in-law, Jane Taylor, 70, who died on 28 February. His wife, whom he was treating for an illness (with the help of a Dr. Paterson), died a month later on 18 March at the age of 38. Both had been living at Pritchard's new family home at 131 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow. She had gone to her family home at 1 Lauder Road in Edinburgh to recuperate, and this worked, but she got ill again on return to Glasgow. Both his wife and mother-in-law are buried in the grave purchased by his father-in-law, Michael Taylor, in Grange Cemetery in south Edinburgh. The grave lies on the eastmost wall around 40m from the entrance.
Dr. Paterson was highly suspicious of the "illnesses" of both women and, when the time came, refused to sign the death certificates. However, he did not go out of his way to inform the medical or legal authorities of his suspicions. A 'Vindication' of Dr Paterson was circulated at the time and he took other steps to clear his name.
Pritchard was apprehended after an anonymous letter was sent to the authorities. When the bodies of his wife and mother-in-law were exhumed, it was found that they contained the poison antimony.
Trial and execution
The major points of interest in the trial were:
Pritchard's motive. Possibly he was having an affair with another maid in the household and would blame her for the poisonings as his defence.
The strange reticence of Dr. Paterson to inform anyone in authority of his suspicions.
Pritchard was convicted of murder after a five-day hearing in Edinburgh in July 1865, presided over by the Lord Justice Clerk, Lord Glencorse. He was hanged in front of thousands of spectators at the Saltmarket end of Glasgow Green at 8 a.m. on 28 July 1865.
In popular culture
In 1947, Scottish playwright James Bridie wrote Dr Angelus, based on the case. It originally starred Alastair Sim and George Cole. It was revived at the Finborough Theatre, London, in 2016.
Sir Cedric Hardwicke played Pritchard in the 6 October 1952 episode of the radio series Suspense.
In 1956, Pritchard was played by Joseph Cotten in an episode of the television series "On Trial" (episode name: The Trial of Edward Pritchard).
In the Sherlock Holmes short story, The Adventure of the Speckled Band, while commenting on the apparent villain (Dr Grimesby Roylott), Holmes tells Dr Watson that when a doctor goes bad he is "the first of criminals". He then illustrates this with the comment that Drs Palmer and Pritchard were at the "head of their profession". Since neither was considered a good doctor, and Pritchard was considered something of a quack by the medical fraternity in Glasgow, their "profession" was that of murder.
In the audio drama Tales from the Aletheian Society Pritchard appears as the (deceased) former Chaptermaster of a shadowy occult organisation, driven to murder by dark supernatural forces.
At his Trial Pritchard was represented (unsuccessfully) by Scottish law firm Maclay Murray and Spens. Upon his execution the law firm pursued his estate for their outstanding fees. But as there was no money in his estate to settle their bill they arrested his wooden consulting chair along with some other property. The chair remained on display in the firm's boardroom until as late as 2016.
See also
List of serial killers by country
References
Bibliography
"An eminent lawyer", A complete report of the trial of Dr. E. W. Pritchard for the alleged poisoning of his wife and mother-in-law, Issue 8 of Celebrated criminal cases, William Kay, 1865.
William Roughead, Trial of Dr. Pritchard, Notable Scottish Trials, William Hodge, 1906
William Roughead, "Dr Pritchard" in "Famous Trials 4" (ed. James H. Hodge), Penguin, 1954, 143-175
External links
Article with photograph
An account of the trial
A transcript of the trial
1825 births
1865 deaths
1865 crimes
19th-century British people
19th-century English medical doctors
Executed people from Hampshire
Medical practitioners convicted of murdering their patients
People executed by Scotland by hanging
People executed for murder
People from Southsea
Poisoners
Glasgow Green
Royal Navy Medical Service officers
19th-century executions by Scotland
Suspected serial killers |
20465676 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbalier%20Bay | Timbalier Bay | Timbalier Bay is a bay in southeastern Louisiana in the United States.
The bay is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico and lies near New Orleans along the southwestern coast of Lafouche Parish. Timbalier Island lies between Barataria Bay and the Gulf of Mexico.
The United States Navy seaplane tender , in commission from 1946 to 1954, was named for Timbalier Bay.
Notes
References
(ship namesake paragraph)
Merriam Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Third Edition. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 1997. .
Bays of Louisiana
Bodies of water of Lafourche Parish, Louisiana
Bodies of water of Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana |
20465735 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbalier%20Island | Timbalier Island | Timbalier Island is an island off southeastern Louisiana in the United States.
The island lies off the southeastern coast of Terrebonne Parish. Timbalier Bay lies between the island and the Louisiana mainland, and the island separates the bay from the Gulf of Mexico.
It borders Terrebonne Bay to its north and the Gulf of Mexico to its south. It is considered a barrier island essential in Louisiana to assist in the reduction of storm surges during hurricanes. It experiences more rapid land loss than the rest of Louisiana because of local tidal action.
Notes
References
Merriam Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Third Edition. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 1997. .
External links
Pictopia.org 731237 (26-Timbalier Island, LA-3) View of Timbalier Island Lighthouse, Louisiana, 1871
Islands of Louisiana
Landforms of Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana
Barrier islands of Louisiana |
17328128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre%20Quennoz | Alexandre Quennoz | Alexandre Quennoz (born 21 September 1978) is a former Swiss football player, who last played as a defender for Swiss Super League club Neuchâtel Xamax.
Football career
Born in Sion, Valais, Quennoz played his youth football and started his career at local club FC Sion. He advanced to Sion's first team in 1996 under head-coach Alberto Bigon and during his first season he had five appearances for them, as they topped the table to become Swiss champions. During the next season Quennoz advanced to become a regular starter under new head-coach Jean-Claude Richard. Quennoz played three seasons for Sion before he moved on.
Quennoz joined FC Basel's first team for their 1999–2000 season under new head-coach Christian Gross. After playing in four test matches and four games in the UI Cup Quennoz played his domestic league debut for his new club in the away game on 31 October 1999 as Basel played a 2–2 draw with SR Delémont. In his first season with Basel Quennoz played in just eight league matches, but then he advanced to become a regular starter. In their FC Basel's 2001–02 season Quennoz was first choice right back and won the double (league and cup) with the club and advanced to the final of the UI Cup, but here they suffered defeat, Aston Villa won 5–2 on aggregate.
The following season Basel were runners-up in the league, but they were able to repeat the cup victory as Basel beat Xamax 6–0 in the final. Quennoz scored his first goal for his club on 19 October 2003 in the Swiss Cup away game as Basel won 4–1 against Urania Genève Sport.
In their 2003–04 season and 2004–05 season Quennoz and Basel were able to win the domestic league championship another two times. Quennoz played for Basel for seven season, but during the last two he was no longer regular player and therefore he decided to move on. Between the years 1999 and 2006 Quennoz played a total of 243 games for Basel scoring a total of three goals. 98 of these games were in the Nationalliga A, 14 in the Swiss Cup, 10 in the Champions League, nine in the UEFA Cup, 11 in the UI Cup and 101 were friendly games. He did not score a goal in the domestic league, but one in cup and the other two were scored during the test games.
In 2006 Quennoz joined Neuchâtel Xamax on a free transfer in search of first-team football. Xamax had just suffered relegation and were strengthening their squad in an attempt to regain promotion to the top flight. This attempt was achieved, as division champions Quennoz and Xamax won promotion. Quennoz played for Xamax for three years. His last game before retirement was in the 3–1 home win on 24 May 2009 against FC Aarau.
Quennoz played nine games for the Swiss national U-21 football team.
Private life
Since his retirement he is working for an assurance company. In July 2017 Quennoz was appointed as coach by FC Sion for the U18 team. On 5 June 2020 the club announced that Quennoz was to become the coach for their U21 team.
Honours
Sion
Swiss Super League Champion: 1996–97
Basel
Swiss Super League Champion: 2001–02, 2003–04, 2004–05
Swiss Cup Winner: 2001–02, 2002–03
Neuchâtel Xamax
Swiss Challenge League Champion and promotion: 2006–07
References
Sources
Rotblau: Jahrbuch Saison 2017/2018. Publisher: FC Basel Marketing AG.
Die ersten 125 Jahre. Publisher: Josef Zindel im Friedrich Reinhardt Verlag, Basel.
Verein "Basler Fussballarchiv" Homepage
1978 births
Living people
Swiss footballers
FC Basel players
FC Sion players
Neuchâtel Xamax FCS players
Association football defenders
Swiss Super League players
Swiss Challenge League players
People from Sion, Switzerland
Sportspeople from Valais |
17328173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Luz | Helen Luz | Helen Cristina Santos Luz (born November 23, 1972 in Araçatuba, Brazil) is a retired Brazilian professional basketball player. A starting guard on the great Brazilian teams of the 1990s and early 2000s, she was world champion in the 1994 FIBA World Championship for Women and bronze medallist at the 2000 Summer Olympics. Luz also played for the Washington Mystics in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) in 2001–2003, and in the Spanish Liga Femenina for Zaragoza (2003–2004), Barcelona (2004–2006), Rivas (2006–2007), Cadi La Seu (2007–2008), and Hondarribia-Irun (2008–2010). She finished her career in one final season with the Brazilian team Americana, in São Paulo State, announcing her retirement at the end of February 2011.
Since retiring, Helen has become a commentator on Sportv, opened (with her sisters) a social project for teaching basketball to children in Louveira, and begun a regular blog. In addition, she told interviewers that she hoped to become a mother, and on November 21, 2012, she and her husband Octavio welcomed into the world their son Pedro Lafiaccola Luz. Most recently she has become vice president of the Liga Basquete Feminino (the Women's Basketball League of Brazil), and has been invited to join the Commission for Women in Sport set up by the Brazilian Olympic Committee.
She is sister to three other basketballers, Silvia, Cínthia and Rafael.
Brazilian national team career
Helen played on the Brazilian women's national teams that competed in the Olympics in Barcelona in 1992 (7th place), Sydney in 2000 (bronze medal), and Athens in 2004 (4th place), and in the World Championships in Australia in 1994 (Gold medal), Germany in 1998 (4th place), China in 2002 (7th place), and Brazil in 2006 (4th place). Her teams were South American Champions in 1991, 1993, 1997, 1999, 2005, 2006 and 2010. She was MVP in the 2001 Copa América in Brazil and 2005 in Paraguay.
Helen retired from the national team after the 2006 World Championship games, but returned in 2009 to help lead the team to victory in the FIBA Americas Championship. In the four games of the tournament she led the Brazilian team in points per game (12.0, 10th in the tournament) and was second on the team in assists per game (3.6, 3rd in the tournament).
WNBA career
Helen signed as a free agent with the Washington Mystics prior to the start of their 2001 training camp. She averaged 13.4 minutes per game over three seasons, usually coming off the bench as a 3-point specialist. She was a fan favorite for her enthusiasm and intelligent, unselfish play; the moment she stood up to approach the scorer's table, the MCI Center would resound with shouts of "Luz!" (A story in the Washington Post reported that she initially thought she was being booed, and wondered why.) She finished her WNBA career with a quite respectable .377 3-point shooting percentage -- .500 in four playoff games.
Pro League career
Helen played in the Brazil Pro League from 1994 through 2002, with her clubs winning several championships. In 2004, she played with Novosibirsk in the Russian Pro League. From 2003 through 2010 she played in the Spanish Pro League, winning a championship with Barcelona in 2004–5 and Supercopa in 2005 before moving to Cadi in 2007 and then to Hondarribia-Irun in 2008.
Vital statistics
Position: Point Guard/Shooting Guard
Height: 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)
Weight 144 lbs. (65 kg)
Born 23-11-1972
External links
WNBA Player Profile
Irmãs Luz
Sportalents Sports Management Agency
Hondarribia-Irun team in Spanish Liga Femenina
“Mystics' Luz Plays Name Game; Brazilian Lets Court Work Talk as She Handles Language, Cultural Barriers”
Interview with Photos (in Portuguese)
Helen, Alessandra and outcast Iziane return for Brazil
Helen planeja encabeçar retorno de jogadoras brasileiras ao país
FIBA Americas Championship 2009
Helen de Volta Americana
Interview discussing retirement -- nice photos
Videotape of interview
Appreciation from Spanish Basketball Federation
Luuuuz Blog on Basketeria
1972 births
Living people
People from Araçatuba
Brazilian people of German descent
Basketball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 1999 Pan American Games
Basketball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Brazilian expatriate basketball people in Spain
Brazilian expatriate basketball people in the United States
Brazilian expatriates in Russia
Brazilian women's basketball players
Olympic basketball players of Brazil
Olympic bronze medalists for Brazil
Olympic medalists in basketball
Pan American Games competitors for Brazil
Point guards
Shooting guards
Washington Mystics players
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from São Paulo (state) |
20465740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonel%20Pern%C3%ADa | Leonel Pernía | Leonel Adrián Pernía (born September 27, 1975 in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine racing driver. He has run in different series, with major success in TC 2000, where he finished 3rg in 2009 and 2nd in 2010 driving for the works Honda team.
He is the son of former footballer and racing driver Vicente Pernía, and brother of Spanish international footballer Mariano Pernía. In fact, he played for Boca Juniors First Division in 1997, in the National Professional Soccer League the next two years, then raced at the Argentine Turismo Nacional in 2000 and 2001. Because of the crisis, he returned to the United States to compete in the Major Indoor Soccer League from 2002 to 2005.
In 2006, Pernía retired from football and returned to Argentina to race professionally. That year he competed at the TC Pista in a Chevrolet (12th) and the TC2000 in a Honda (3 races). The next season, Pernía raced two TC Pista races, half of the TC2000 season in a Fineschi Honda and the rest of the year in a works Honda, ending up 13th.
The next years, he continued racing for Honda and was vice-championship in 2009 and 2010. He also raced at the Turismo Nacional Clase 3 in 2008, the Top Race V6 in 2009 and Turismo Carretera since 2009. In 2009 he also won the Drivers Masters karting all-star race in downtown Buenos Aires.
In 2013, 2014 and 2015 he was runner-up in Super TC 2000 (successor to TC 2000) behind Matías Rossi and Néstor Girolami (twice), already with the official Renault Argentina team. In 2018 he won the Turismo Nacional Clase 3 championship with Chetta Racing and the following year the Súper TC 2000 with Renault.
Career
Complete World Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
References
External links
1975 births
TC 2000 Championship drivers
Argentine racing drivers
Living people
Top Race V6 drivers
Turismo Carretera drivers
World Touring Car Championship drivers |
17328185 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Sibson | Francis Sibson | Francis Sibson FRS (21 May 1814 – 7 September 1876) was an English physician and anatomist.
Early life
He was born at Crosscanonby, near Maryport, Cumberland but grew up and was educated in Edinburgh, apprenticed to John Lizars, surgeon and anatomist, receiving his diploma (LRCS) in 1831. He treated cholera patients during the 1831–32 epidemic.
He continued his studies at Guy's and St Thomas's Hospital, London, qualifying licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries (LSA) in 1835. He accepted the post as resident surgeon and apothecary to the Nottingham General Hospital. In 1848 he returned to London and graduated MB and MD in the same year. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1849.
Career
In 1851 he was appointed physician at St Mary's Hospital and lecturer at the medical school. Sibson was concerned to exhibit the internal organs of the human body in both healthy and diseased states: he was particularly interested in the physiology and pathology of the respiratory organs.
In 1862 he was appointed president of the Medical Society of London; from 1866 to 1869 Sibson served as president of the British Medical Association Council, and then later as vice-president for life.
He delivered the Goulstonian Lecture (1854), the Croonian Lecture (1870) and the Lumleian Lectures (1874) to the Royal College of Physicians
Private life
He married Sarah Mary Ouvry (1822–1898) in 1858. He died suddenly whilst on holiday at Geneva.
Suprapleural membrane is also known as "Sibson's fascia".
Death
He died at the Hôtel des Bergues, Geneva, on 7 September 1876.
Publications
Medical Anatomy, or, Illustrations of the Relevant Position and Movements of the Internal Organs (London, 1869)
The Nomenclature of Diseases, drawn up by a Joint Committee appointed by the Royal College of Physicians (London, 1869)
Collected Works of Francis Sibson, W.M. Ord (ed.) (London, 1881)
References
External links
Papers of Francis Sibson at the Royal College of Physicians
1814 births
1876 deaths
19th-century English medical doctors
British anatomists
Fellows of the Royal Society
People from Maryport
Presidents of the British Medical Association |
17328195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yashaswi | Yashaswi | Yashashwi is a Sanskrit word that can be used as either a noun or a verb. It can also be spelt as Yashashwi, Yashaswi, Yashasvi or Yeshaswi. It means eternal success or fame for eternity.
Naming a boy Yashashwi generally means wishing them to be victorious or glorious or famous or successful. YASHASHWI name is gender neutral . Person with name
Yashashwi are mainly Hindu by religion. Name Yashashwi belongs to rashi Vrushik (Scorpio) and Nakshatra (stars) Jyeshta.
Yashashwi has its origination from the Sanskrit word Yashaswin. The word was used frequently in blessings as "Yashashwi Bhava" during Vedic times by rishis and sages to bless kings.
This is one of the given names that prevails in Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh as well as other states occupied by Hindu population.
Yashashwi is a name which is used by mainly Indians and other Hindu people, such as Nepalese, to name their children. There is no gender biasedness on this name.
Nepalese given names |
20465742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/140%20Days%20Under%20the%20World | 140 Days Under the World | 140 Days Under the World is a 1964 New Zealand short documentary film about Antarctica. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
References
External links
Watch One Hundred and Forty Days Under the World at NZ On Screen
1964 films
1964 documentary films
1964 short films
1960s short documentary films
1960s English-language films
New Zealand short documentary films
Documentary films about Antarctica |
17328198 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20Forbes | Donald Forbes | Donald Forbes (1935 – 12 April 2008) was a Scottish convicted murderer. Forbes was convicted and jailed on three occasions, twice for murder and once for drug offences. He was at one time branded as "Scotland's most dangerous man".
Forbes was found guilty of murder in 1958 after a robbery at a fish factory in Edinburgh in which he killed night watchman Allan Fisher. Forbes was originally sentenced to the death penalty but it was reduced to life imprisonment. 12 years after the offence Forbes was freed.
Only weeks after being released Forbes committed murder again, this time in a pub during a brawl. He was jailed again; one year after the second imprisonment he escaped from the maximum security wing but was later recaptured.
In 1980, he married Alison Grierson. He went on to serve 10 years in the Barlinnie special unit with notorious killers such as Jimmy Boyle.
In 1998, he was released. In 2003 he was branded "Scotland's oldest drugs baron". At the age of 68 Forbes was arrested for preparing large quantities of cocaine and cannabis for sale. Forbes was caught after an anonymous tip off.
Forbes died in hospital on 12 April 2008 with his son James Forbes at his side, while still serving his prison sentence.
References
1935 births
2008 deaths
Scottish people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by Scotland
Prisoners sentenced to death by Scotland
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Scotland
Prisoners who died in Scottish detention
Scottish people who died in prison custody
Scottish prisoners sentenced to death
Scottish prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
20th-century Scottish criminals |
17328201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifid | Trifid | Trifid is Latin for "split into three parts" or "threefold" and may refer to:
Trifid (journal), a Czech-language periodical
Trifid Nebula in the constellation Sagittarius
Trifid cipher, a fractionated cipher
Trifid (software), suite of manufacturing software by Plessey.
Distinguish from
Triffid, a fictional dangerous mobile plant in the 1951 novel The Day of the Triffids by John Wyndham
The Triffids, a popular Australian band named for the plant
See also
The Day of the Triffids (disambiguation) |
17328206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Dunn | Alan Dunn | Alan Dale Dunn (born November 19, 1961) is a college baseball coach and former pitcher, who is the current pitching coach of the Arkansas State Red Wolves. He played college baseball at the University of Alabama from 1980 to 1983 before pursuing a professional career. Dunn served as the bullpen coach of the Baltimore Orioles from 2007 to 2010.
Playing career
Dunn played collegiate baseball at the University of Alabama. He was a member of the 1983 College World Series runner-up team. Dunn was drafted by the Detroit Tigers in the fourth round of the 1983 amateur draft. He played in the minor league with the Tigers and the New York Mets from –. Dunn played High School ball at Emma Sansom HS in Gadsden, AL where he was famous for striking out Mike Simpson several times.
Coaching career
Following his playing days, he coached at Vanderbilt University, and became a scout for the Chicago Cubs in . He was a coach in the Cubs minor league system for 14 years, from 1993 to . In the middle of the 2007 season, Dunn became the bullpen coach of the Baltimore Orioles. He was replaced by Rick Adair after the 2010 season. Dunn moved back to the college ranks with LSU in 2012. In addition to serving as pitching coach for the Tigers, he was promoted to Associate Head Coach in January 2017. Dunn left LSU after the retirement of Head Coach Paul Mainieri following the 2021 season. He was named the pitching coach at Arkansas State.
References
External links
Orioles.com coach page
1961 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Gadsden, Alabama
Baltimore Orioles coaches
Chicago Cubs scouts
Major League Baseball bullpen coaches
Minor league baseball coaches
Lakeland Tigers players
Birmingham Barons players
Alabama Crimson Tide baseball players
LSU Tigers baseball coaches
Vanderbilt Commodores baseball coaches
Arkansas State Red Wolves baseball coaches |
20465760 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick%20Harrison | Dick Harrison | Dick Walther Harrison (born 10 April 1966) is a Swedish historian. He is currently a Professor of History at Lund University.
His main areas of interest are the European Middle Ages, including the medical history of the period and the history of slavery. Harrison regularly writes articles for the Swedish journal Populär Historia (Popular History). He has also written popular historical works and, during Spring 2010, a blog covering the history of monarchs and monarchies with emphasis on the Swedish monarchy. Harrison regularly gives lectures to the general public on a broad range of historical topics.
Harrison is the editor-in-chief of a comprehensive series about Swedish history published by Norstedts with the first volume released in September, 2009. The Swedish TV channel TV4 has made a companion television series for which Harrison is the historical consultant and co-host along with Martin Timell. The TV series has 12 episodes of which the first six aired on TV4 during spring 2010. The second set of six episodes aired spring 2011.
In addition to his historical writing, Harrison has written three historical novels about Ulvbjörn Vamodsson, a 7th-century (fictitious) warrior: Ofärd, Niding and Illdåd.
Harrison was born in Huddinge, Stockholm County, and spent much of his youth in Staffanstorp in Scania. He married Katarina Lindbergh in 2010.
Selected bibliography
Non-fiction
1995 – Europa I världen : medeltiden Europe in the World: Middle Ages
1997 – Uppror och allianser: politiskt våld i 1400-talets svenska bondesamhälle Revolts and Alliances: Political Violence in 15th Century Swedish Rural Society
1998 – Skapelsens geografi Geographic Creation: Perceptions of Space and Place in Medieval Europe
1998 – Age of Abbesses and Queens
1999 – Krigarnas och helgonens tid: Västeuropas historia 400–800 e.Kr. The Era of Warriors and Saints: Western European History 400-800 A.D.
1999 – I skuggan av Cathay: västeuropéers möte med Asien 1400–1600 In the Shadow of Cathay: Western Europeans Encounters with Asia 1400-1600
2000 – Mannen från Barnsdale: historien om Robin Hood och hans legend The Man From Barnsdale: The History of Robin Hood and His Legend
2000 – Stora döden: den värsta katastrof som drabbat Europa The Black Death: the Worst Disaster to Strike Europe (Received August prize)
2000 – På Klios fält: essäer om historisk forskning och historieskrivning On Clio's Field: Essays About Historical Research and Writing
2002 – Jarlens sekel: en berättelse om 1200-talets Sverige The Earl's Century: an Account of 13th Century Sweden (chosen as Swedish history book of the year)
2002 – Karl Knutsson: En biografi Karl Knutsson: a Biography
2002 – Sveriges historia – medeltiden Sweden's History: Middle Ages
2003 – Harrisons historia Harrison's History (textbook)
2003 – Tankar om historia Thoughts About History (essay collection)
2003 – Historiebok för kakälskare A Cookie Lovers’ History Book (historical recipes) (Together with Eva-Helen Ulvros.)
2005 – Förrädaren, skökan och självmördaren The Traitor, the Whore and the Suicide: The Story of Judas Iscariot, Mary Magdelen, Pontius Pilate and Joseph of Aramathea
2005 – Gud vill det! - nordiska korsfarare under medeltiden God's Will: Nordic Crusaders During the Middle Ages
2006 – Slaveri: Forntiden till renässansen Slavery: Prehistoric to the Renaissance
2007 – Slaveri: 1500 till 1800 Slavery: 1500 to 1800
2008 – Slaveri: 1800 till nutid Slavery: 1800 to the present
2009 – Sveriges historia: 600-1350
2010 – Sveriges historia: 1350–1600 (with Bo Eriksson)
2012 – Från en säker källa...
2013 – 101 föremål ur Sveriges historia (with Katarina Harrison Lindbergh)
2015 – Slaveriets historia
2016 – Ett stort lidande har kommit över oss
2017 – Kalmars historia
2018 – Englands historia. Del 1, up until 1600
2018 – Englands historia. Del 2, from 1600 onwards
2018 – Dalslands historia
2019 – Trettioåriga kriget
2019 – Vikingarnas historia
2020 – Folkvandringstid
2020 – Sveriges medeltid
2021 – Sveriges stormaktstid
Fiction
2007 – Ofärd (Calamity) historical fiction set in 6th century western Europe
2010 - Niding (Oathbreaker) sequel to Ofärd
2012 - Illdåd (Misdeed) third book in the Ulvbjörn series
Articles
"Dark Age Migrations and Subjective Ethnicity: The Example of the Lombards", Scandia 57:1, Lund 1991.
"The Invisible Wall of St John. On Mental Centrality in Early Medieval Italy", Scandia 58:2, Lund 1992.
"Plague, Settlement and Structural Change at the Dawn of the Middle Ages", Scandia 59:1, Lund 1993.
"The Duke and the Archangel: A Hypothetical Model of Early State Integration in Southern Italy through the Cult of Saints", Collegium Medievale vol. 6 1993/1, Oslo 1993.
"The Early State in Lombard Italy", Rome and the North, eds. A. Ellegård and G. Åkerström-Hougen, Jonsered 1996.
"Murder and Execution within the Political Sphere in Fifteenth-century Scandinavia", Scandia 1997:2.
"The Lombards in the Early Carolingian Epoch", in "Karl der Grosse und sein Nachwirken. 1200 Jahre Kultur und Wissenschaft in Europa", hrsgb. P.L. Butzer, M. Kerner und W. Oberschelp, Turnhout 1997.
"Political Rhetoric and Political Ideology in Lombard Italy", Strategies of Distinction: The Construction of Ethnic Communities, 300–800, eds. W. Pohl and H. Reimitz, Leiden 1998.
"Patterns of Regionalisation in Early Medieval Italy: a Historical and Methodological Problem", Analecta Romana Instituti Danici 26, Rom 1999.
"Invisible Boundaries and Places of Power: Notions of Liminality and Centrality in the Early Middle Ages", i The Transformation of Frontiers: from Late Antiquity to the Carolingians, eds. W. Pohl, I. Wood and H. Reimitz, Leiden 2001.
"The Development of Élites. From Roman Bureaucrats to Medieval Warlords", i Integration und Herrschaft. Ethnische Identitäten und Soziale Organisation im Frühmittelalter, Forschungen zur Geschichte des Mittelalters 3, hrsgb. Walter Pohl och Max Diesenberger, Wien 2002.
"Structures and Resources of Power in Early Medieval Europe", i The Construction of Communities in the Early Middle Ages: Texts, Resources and Artefacts, eds. R. Corradini, M. Diesenberger and H. Reimitz, Leiden 2002.
Honours and awards
1996 The Clio Prize
2000 The August Prize for non-fiction
2001 Duke Carl's Prize
2002 Book of the Year about Swedish History
Sources
1966 births
Living people
People from Huddinge Municipality
20th-century Swedish historians
Lund University faculty
Linköping University faculty
August Prize winners
21st-century Swedish historians
Swedish medievalists |
17328210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castello%20di%20Lunghezza | Castello di Lunghezza | The Castello di Lunghezza ("Lunghezza Castle") is a medieval fortification situated roughly east of Rome, Italy. It lies in Municipio VIII of Rome, and probably sits on the site of the ancient town of Collatia.
History
It was constructed in the year 761 AD and was ruled over by the Poli Family for several generations. In the 13th century, the Polis fell out of favor with Pope Boniface VIII when they gave all the lands around the castle to a local monastery. After some dispute, the papacy gained control of the land and it was bestowed upon the Orsinis, a family of Roman nobles.
In the 1950s, the castle was purchased by British curator Malcolm Munthe, who sought to restore it and open it to the public.
References
Buildings and structures completed in 761
Lunghezza
Populated places established in the 8th century |
20465770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompania%20Zamkowa | Kompania Zamkowa | Kompania Zamkowa (Castle Company) was the military unit the size of an infantry company, responsible for providing protection for the President of the Republic of Poland from 1926 to 1939. They also had a ceremonial function.
Castle Company, named after Royal Castle, Warsaw, then a presidential residence, consisted of:
Commanding squad
Three infantry platoons
Heavy machine gun platoon
Gendarmerie platoon
The Company was created after disbanding the Presidential military office and the previous protective squad. The only President under its protection was Ignacy Mościcki.
In 1928 Company was merged with a castle motorcade, gendarmerie platoon and horse unit to for the Castle Unit.
Commanders:
Major Stanisław Kłopotowski
Captain Witold Grębo
Captain Zygmunt Roszkowski
Major Wiktor Gębalski
References
Polish ceremonial units
Military history of Poland
Second Polish Republic
Protective security units |
20465786 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak%20Trade%20Union%20Association | Czechoslovak Trade Union Association | Czechoslovak Trade Union Association (), abbreviated to OSČ, was a national trade union center, founded in 1897 in what was then the Austro-Hungarian Empire. With the break-up of the empire, the OSČ emerged as the major trade union force in Czechoslovakia up to the Second World War.
Organizational history
Foundation
Odborové sdružení českoslovanské ('Czechoslav Trade Union Association') was founded in Prague on January 31, 1897. The OSČ represented a desire on the part of Czech trade unionists to build a Czech trade union movement separate from the Viennese Imperial Trade Union Commission (the 'Vienna Commission'), the culmination of two years of complaints by Czech trade unionists that the Vienna Commission was neglecting the Czech labour movement. The formation of OSČ did not, however, represent a total break with the Vienna Commission; several OSČ unions retained affiliations with the Vienna Commission. The founding congress was attended by 108 delegates, representing 90 trade union organizations, who met in the metalworkers' assembly hall in Karlín. Fourteen trade union organizations not represented at the congress also supported the OSČ's formation. Josef Roušar was elected its secretary. The new organization was linked to the Czechoslav Social Democratic Workers Party.
Competition between Prague and Vienna centres
The OSČ and the Vienna Commission had a complicated and vacillating relationship for several years. In 1902, the OSČ accepted that the Vienna Commission would be the sole representative of the trade union movement in the Austrian Empire to the international strike fund of the International Secretariat of National Trade Union Centres. Aside from this concession, however, the OSČ demanded autonomy for the ethnic Czech trade union movement. Yet over the next three years, several OSČ member unions, including its strongest one, the Union of Metalworkers, joined the Vienna Commission.
In 1904 Roušar was replaced as the secretary by Josef Steiner. Under Steiner's leadership, relations with the Vienna Commission worsened. In advance of the 1905 Amsterdam congress of the International Secretariat of National Trade Union Centres, the OSČ sought recognition as a separate trade union centre. The congress allowed an OSČ representative was allowed to attend as a guest but rejected the OSČ's bid for recognition.
The tensions between OSČ and the Vienna Commission peaked in 1905 and 1906. The Vienna Commission argued that the Czech autonomism was a minority standpoint within the labour movement, while the OSČ became more vocal. The OSČ began a process of regaining some unions that had been lost to the Vienna Commission from 1902 to 1905. In early 1906 the Union of Shoemakers rejoined.
Growth of OSČ
In 1909 the Union of Metalworkers rejoined OSČ. The following year unions organizing chemical workers, leatherworkers, miners and tailors followed suit. In 1910 Rudolf Tayerlé succeeded Steiner. The Vienna Commission became increasingly frustrated as the OSČ expanded its sphere of influence. By 1911 the OSČ had established a considerable following in Moravia and Silesia. This development marked a definite break with the Vienna Commission. Nevertheless, the Vienna Commission unions continued to encompass the majority of ethnic Czech workers in those regions.
War
The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 was a heavy blow to the organizational growth of the OSČ. Many union activists were drafted and sent to the battlefields. Prices of essential commodities rose, making the bargaining position of workers weaker. By the end of the year the OSČ had lost almost half of its membership. Several local structures were closed down and several OSČ publications were discontinued. Repressive measures were enacted by the government in order to forestall strikes in the strategically important mining and industrial sectors. Strikers or protesters could be punished with jail or being sent to the front.
By 1917 the tide turned. Inequalities in wage increases between ethnic German and ethnic Czech workers angered the Czech working class. In the scope of a year, the OSČ membership tripled, although membership levels still lagged behind the prewar level. Recruitment was particularly strong in heavy industries. The influx posed some organizational challenges for OSČ and coincided with a shift from craft unionism to mass industrial unionism.
Independence and the unity of the labour movement
Between April and October 1918, OSČ negotiated a possible merger with the National Socialist Československá obec dělnická (ČOD). The negotiations ended unsuccessfully because the ČOD insisted that unions should subordinate themselves to political parties.
In October 1918 the OSČ changed its name to Odborové sdružení československé ('Czechoslovak Trade Union Association'). Discussions between OSČ and Slovak Social Democratic trade unions began in December 1918. On February 2, 1919, a Regional Trade Union Council of OSČ was formed in Slovakia, with a secretariat in Ružomberok. Later a secretariat was set ut in Bratislava. In March 1919 OSČ started a Slovak-language publication, Priekopnik ('Pioneer'). By this time OSČ had a membership of 30 000 workers in Slovakia.
Also, by February 1919, the Vienna Commission union organization that were now within the boundaries of the independent Czechoslovak Republic merged into OSČ. Likewise OSČ branches in areas that were now parts of Austria had already joined Austrian unions.
Footnotes
Trade unions in Austria-Hungary
National trade union centers of Czechoslovakia
1897 establishments in Austria-Hungary
Trade unions established in 1897 |
20465795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbalier | Timbalier | Timbalier may refer to:
Places
Timbalier Bay, a bay in Lafourche Parish on the southeast coast of Louisiana in the United States
Timbalier Island, an island in Lafourche Parish off the southeast coast of Louisiana in the United States
Ships
USS Timbalier (AVP-54), a United States Navy seaplane tender in commission from 1946 to 1954 |
20465814 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa%20Brown | Lisa Brown | Lisa Brown may refer to:
Lisa Brown (actress) (1954–2021), American actress
Lisa Brown (artist) (born 1972), Lisa Michelle, American illustrator and children's writer
Lisa Brown (boxer) (born 1971), Trinidadian boxer
Lisa Brown (lawyer) (born 1960), White House staff secretary
Lisa Brown (Washington politician) (born 1956), former member of the Washington State Senate, Chancellor of Washington State University Spokane and candidate for Congress
Lisa Brown-Miller (born 1966), American female ice hockey player
Lisa Brown (Michigan politician) (born 1967), Oakland County Clerk-Register and former member of the Michigan State House of Representatives |
6899779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic%20cheetah | Asiatic cheetah | The Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) is a critically endangered cheetah subspecies currently only surviving in Iran. It once occurred from the Arabian Peninsula and the Near East to the Caspian region, Transcaucasus, Kyzylkum Desert and India, but was extirpated in these regions during the 20th century.
The Asiatic cheetah survives in protected areas in the eastern-central arid region of Iran, where the human population density is very low. Between December 2011 and November 2013, 84 individuals were sighted in 14 different protected areas, and 82 individuals were identified from camera trap photographs.
In December 2017, fewer than 50 individuals were thought to be remaining in three subpopulations that are scattered over in Iran's central plateau. As of January 2022, the Iranian Department of Environment estimates that only 12 Asiatic cheetahs, 9 males, and 3 females, are left in Iran.
In order to raise international awareness for the conservation of the Asiatic cheetah, an illustration was used on the jerseys of the Iran national football team at the 2014 FIFA World Cup.
The Asiatic cheetah diverged from the cheetah population in Africa between 32,000 and 67,000 years ago. During the British rule in India, it was called hunting leopard, a name derived from the ones that were kept in captivity in large numbers by Indian royalty to use for hunting wild antelopes.
Taxonomy
Felis venatica was proposed by Edward Griffith in 1821 and based on a sketch of a maneless cheetah from India. Griffith's description was published in Le Règne Animal with the help of Griffith's assistant Charles Hamilton Smith in 1827.
Acinonyx raddei was proposed by Max Hilzheimer in 1913 for the cheetah population in Central Asia, the Trans-Caspian cheetah. Hilzheimer's type specimen originated in Merv, Turkmenistan.
Evolution
Results of a five-year phylogeographic study on cheetah subspecies indicate that Asiatic and African cheetah populations separated between 32,000 and 67,000 years ago and are genetically distinct. Samples of 94 cheetahs for extracting mitochondrial DNA were collected in nine countries from wild, seized and captive individuals and from museum specimen. The population in Iran is considered autochthonous monophyletic and the last remaining representative of the Asiatic subspecies.
Mitochondrial DNA fragments of an Indian and a Southeast African cheetah museum specimens showed that they genetically diverged about 72,000 years ago.
Characteristics
The Asiatic cheetah has a buff-to-light fawn-coloured fur that is paler on the sides, on the front of the muzzle, below the eyes and inner legs. Small black spots are arranged in lines on the head and nape, but irregularly scattered on body, legs, paws and tail. The tail tip has black stripes. The coat and mane are shorter than of African cheetah subspecies. The head and body of an adult Asiatic cheetah measure about with a long tail. It weighs about . They exhibit sexual dimorphism; males are slightly larger than the females.
The cheetah is the fastest land animal in the world. It was previously thought that the body temperature of a cheetah increases during a hunt due to high metabolic activity. In a short period of time during a chase, a cheetah may produce 60 times more heat than at rest, with much of the heat, produced from glycolysis, stored to possibly raise the body temperature. The claim was supported by data from experiments in which two cheetahs ran on a treadmill for minutes on end but contradicted by studies in natural settings, which indicate that body temperature stays relatively the same during a hunt. A 2013 study suggested stress hyperthermia and a slight increase in body temperature after a hunt. The cheetah's nervousness after a hunt may induce stress hyperthermia, which involves high sympathetic nervous activity and raises the body temperature. After a hunt, the risk of another predator taking its kill is great, and the cheetah is on high alert and stressed. The increased sympathetic activity prepares the cheetah's body to run when another predator approaches. In the 2013 study, even the cheetah that did not chase the prey experienced an increase in body temperature once the prey was caught, showing increased sympathetic activity.
Distribution and habitat
The cheetah thrives in open lands, small plains, semi-desert areas, and other open habitats where prey is available. The Asiatic cheetah mainly inhabits the desert areas around Dasht-e Kavir in the eastern half of Iran, including parts of the Kerman, Khorasan, Semnan, Yazd, Tehran, and Markazi provinces. Most live in five protected areas, viz Kavir National Park, Touran National Park, Bafq Protected Area, Dar-e Anjir Wildlife Refuge, and Naybandan Wildlife Reserve.
During the 1970s, the Asiatic cheetah population in Iran was estimated to number about 200 individuals in 11 protected areas. By the end of the 1990s, the population was estimated at 50 to 100 individuals.
During camera-trapping surveys conducted across 18 protected areas between 2001 and 2012, a total of 82 individuals in 15–17 families were recorded and identified. Of these, only six individuals were recorded for more than three years. In this period, 42 cheetahs died due to poaching, in road accidents and due to natural causes. Populations are fragmented and known to survive in the Semnan, North Khorasan, South Khorasan, Yazd, Esfahan, and Kerman Provinces.
In summer 2018, a female cheetah and four cubs were sighted in Touran Wildlife Refuge Iran's Semnan province.
Former range
The Asiatic cheetah once ranged from the Arabian Peninsula and Near East to Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Afghanistan and Pakistan to India.
It is considered regionally extinct in all of its former range, with the only known surviving population being Iran.
In Iraq, the cheetah was still recorded in the desert west of Basrah in 1926. The last record was published in 1991, and it was a cheetah that had been killed by a car. In the Sinai peninsula, a sighting of two cheetahs was reported in 1946. In the Arabian Peninsula, it used to occur in the northern and southeastern fringes and had been reported in both Saudi Arabia and Kuwait before 1974. Two cheetahs were killed in the northern Saudi Ha'il Region in 1973. In Yemen, the last known cheetah was sighted in Wadi Mitan in 1963, near the international border with Oman. In Oman's Dhofar Mountains, a cheetah was shot near Jibjat in 1977.
In Central Asia, uncontrolled hunting of cheetahs and their prey, severe winters and conversion of grassland to areas used for agriculture contributed to the population's decline. By the early 20th century, the range in Central Asia had decreased significantly. By the 1930s, cheetahs were confined to the Ustyurt plateau and Mangyshlak Peninsula in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, and to the foothills of the Kopet Dag mountains and a region in the south of Turkmenistan bordering Iran and Afghanistan. The last known sightings in the area were in 1957 between the Tejen and Murghab Rivers, in July 1983 in the Ustyurt plateau, and in November 1984 in the Kopet Dag. Officers of the Badhyz State Nature Reserve did not sight a cheetah in this area until 2014; the border fence between Iran and Turkmenistan might impede dispersal.
The cheetah population in Afghanistan decreased to the extent that it has been considered extinct since the 1950s. Two skins were sighted in markets in the country, one in 1971, and another in 2006, the latter reportedly from Samangan Province.
In India, the cheetah occurred in Rajputana, Punjab, Sind, and south of the Ganges from Bengal to the northern part of the Deccan Plateau. It was also present in the Kaimur District, Darrah and other desert regions of Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat and Central India. Akbar the Great was introduced to cheetahs around the mid-16th century and used them for coursing blackbucks, chinkaras and antelopes. He allegedly possessed 1,000 cheetahs during his reign but this figure might be exaggerated since there is no evidence of housing facilities for so many animals, nor of facilities to provide them with sufficient meat every day.
Trapping of adult cheetahs, who had already learned hunting skills from wild mothers, for assisting in royal hunts is said to be another major cause of the species' rapid decline in India, as there is only one record of a litter ever born to captive animals. By the beginning of the 20th century, wild Asiatic cheetahs sightings were rare in India, so much so that between 1918 and 1945, Indian princes imported cheetahs from Africa for coursing. Three of India's last cheetahs were shot by the Maharajah of Surguja in 1948. A female was sighted in 1951 in Koriya district, northwestern Chhattisgarh.
Ecology and behaviour
Most sightings of cheetahs in the Miandasht Wildlife Refuge between January 2003 and March 2006 occurred during the day and near watercourses. These observations suggest that they are most active when their prey is.
Camera-trapping data obtained between 2009 and 2011 indicate that some cheetahs travel long distances. A female was recorded in two protected areas that are about apart and intersected by railway and two highways. Her three male siblings and a different adult male were recorded in three reserves, indicating that they have large home ranges.
Diet
The Asiatic cheetah preys on medium-sized herbivores including chinkara, goitered gazelle, wild sheep, wild goat and cape hare. In Khar Turan National Park, cheetahs use a wide range of habitats, but prefer areas close to water sources. This habitat overlaps to 61% with wild sheep, 36% with onager, and 30% with gazelle.
In India, prey was formerly abundant. Before its extinction in the country, the cheetah fed on the blackbuck, the chinkara, and sometimes the chital and the nilgai.
Reproduction
Evidence of females successfully raising cubs is very rare. A few observations in Iran indicate that they give birth throughout the year to one to four cubs. In April 2003, four cubs were found in a den that had their eyes still closed. In November 2004, a cub was recorded by a camera-trap that was about 6–8 months old. Breeding success depends on availability of prey. In January 2008, a male cub aged about 7–8 months was recovered from a sheep herder and brought into captivity.
In October 2013, conservationists from the Persian Wildlife Heritage Foundation filmed a mother with four cubs in Khar Turan National Park. In December 2014, four cheetahs were sighted and photographed by camera traps in the same national park. In January 2015, three other adult Asiatic cheetahs and a female with her cub were sighted in Miandasht Wildlife Refuge. Eleven cheetahs were also sighted at the time, and another four a month later. In July 2015, five adult cheetahs and three cubs were spotted in Khar Turan National Park.
The Asiatic cheetah population is considered to be on the rise. In December 2015, it is reported that 18 new Asiatic cheetah cubs had recently been born and it was hoped for two captive Asian cheetahs at Pardisan Park would produce cubs.
Threats
The Asiatic cheetah has been listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 1996. Following the Iranian Revolution of 1979, wildlife conservation was interrupted for several years. Manoeuvres with armed vehicles were carried in steppes, and local people hunted cheetahs and prey species unchecked. The gazelle population declined in many areas, and cheetahs retreated to remote mountainous habitats.
Reduced gazelle numbers, persecution, land-use change, habitat degradation and fragmentation, and desertification contributed to the decline of the cheetah population. The cheetah is affected by loss of prey as a result of antelope hunting and overgrazing from introduced livestock. Its prey was pushed out as herders entered game reserves with their herds. A herder pursued a female cheetah with two cubs on his motorbike, until one of the cubs was so exhausted that it collapsed. He caught and kept it chained in his home for two weeks, until it was rescued by officers of the Iranian Department of Environment.
Mining development and road construction near reserves also threaten the population. Coal, copper, and iron have been mined in cheetah habitat in three different regions in central and eastern Iran. It is estimated that the two regions for coal (Nayband) and iron (Bafq) have the largest cheetah population outside protected areas. Mining itself is not a direct threat to the population; road construction and the resulting traffic have made the cheetah accessible to humans, including poachers. The Iranian border regions to Afghanistan and Pakistan, viz the Baluchistan Province, are major passages for armed outlaws and opium smugglers who are active in the central and western regions of Iran, and pass through cheetah habitat. Uncontrolled hunting throughout the desert cannot be effectively controlled by the governments of the three countries.
Conflict between livestock herders and cheetahs is also threatening the population outside protected areas. Several herders killed cheetahs to prevent livestock loss, or for trophies, trade and fun. Some herders are accompanied by large mastiff-type dogs into protected areas. These dogs killed five cheetahs between 2013 and 2016.
Between 2007 and 2011, six cheetahs, 13 predators and 12 Persian gazelles died in Yazd Province following collisions with vehicles on a transit road. At least 11 Asiatic cheetahs were killed in road accidents between 2001 and 2014. The road network in Iran constitutes a very high risk for the small population as it impedes connectivity between population units.
Efforts to stop the construction of a road through the core of the Bafq Protected Area were unsuccessful.
Between 1987 and 2018, 56 cheetahs died in Iran because of humans; 26 were killed by herders or their dogs.
Conservation efforts
In September 2001, the project "Conservation of the Asiatic Cheetah and its Associated Biota" was launched by the Iranian Department of Environment in cooperation with the United Nations Development Programme's Global Environment Facility, the Wildlife Conservation Society, the IUCN Cat Specialist Group, the Cheetah Conservation Fund and the Iranian Cheetah Society.
Personnel of Wildlife Conservation Society and the Iranian Department of Environment started radio-collaring Asiatic cheetahs in February 2007. The cats' movements are monitored using GPS collars. International sanctions have made some projects, such as obtaining camera traps, difficult.
A few orphaned cubs have been raised in captivity, such as Marita who died at the age of nine years in 2003. Beginning in 2006, the day of his death, 31 August, became the Cheetah Conservation Day, used to inform the public about conservation programs.
In 2014, the Iranian national football team announced that their 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2015 AFC Asian Cup kits are imprinted with pictures of the Asiatic cheetah in order to bring attention to conservation efforts. In February 2015, Iran launched a search engine, Yooz, that features a cheetah as logo. In May 2015, the Iranian Department of Environment announced plans to quintuple the penalty for poaching a cheetah to 100 million tomans (around US$2500 as of February 2022). In September 2015, Meraj Airlines introduced the new livery of Iranian Cheetah to support its conservation efforts.
Iranian officials have discussed constructing wildlife crossings to reduce the number of deaths in traffic accidents.
In 2014, an Asiatic cheetah was cloned for the first time by scientists from the University of Buenos Aires. The embryo was not born.
Semi-captive breeding
In February 2010, Mehr News Agency, Payvand Iran News released the photos of an Asiatic/Iranian cheetah in a seemingly large compound within natural habitat enclosed by chain link fence, this location was reported in this news article to be the "Semi-Captive Breeding and Research Center of Iranian Cheetah" in Iran's Semnan province. The Asiatic cheetah pictured had a winter coat with longer fur. Another news report stated that the centre is home to about ten Asiatic cheetahs in a semi-wild environment protected by wire fencing all around.
Wildlife officials in Miandasht Wildlife Refuge and the Turan National Park have raised a few orphaned cubs.
In May 2014, officials said they would bring together a pair of grown individuals in the hope they would produce cubs, while acknowledging that cheetahs are difficult to breed.
Re-introduction proposals
Cheetahs were historically present in India, but hunting led to their extinction in the country in the late 1940s. The Indian government planned to reintroduce cheetahs to India. The IUCN's Species Survival Commission has approved a feasibility study, stressing to follow the IUCN guidelines on reintroduction and introducing the same subspecies, if and when the reasons for extinction have been removed.
Then Minister of Environment and Forests, Jairam Ramesh, told the Rajya Sabha on 7 July 2009 that "The cheetah is the only animal that has been described extinct in India in the last 100 years. We have to get them from abroad to repopulate the species". Two naturalists suggested the idea of importing the South African cheetahs from Namibia, breeding them in captivity in India and release their offspring into the wild.
In September 2009, international biologists, representatives from the Wildlife Institute of India and Indian politicians held a meeting about cheetah reintroduction in India. During this meeting, it was decided to conduct a feasibility study and assess 10 sites located in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. The survey members proposed Kuno-Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary, Shahgarh Landscape and Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary as potential reintroduction sites, if resources and personnel for habitat restoration, fencing, relocation of about 80 human settlements and the establishment of a compensation system for livestock loss can be allocated. They suggested to source cheetahs from either Iran or Africa, and hoped that the revenues generated from tourism at reintroduction sites would increase substantially.
In 2012, India's Supreme Court suspended attempts to introduce African cheetahs when new genetic evidence suggested that the Asiatic and African cheetahs separated between 32,000 and 67,000 years ago. The government tried reviving the project in 2014, but to no avail.
In January 2022, India's Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change announced that 50 African cheetahs would be reintroduced to India in the following five years.
See also
Wildlife of Iran
Northeast African cheetah
Northwest African cheetah
Southeast African cheetah
East African cheetah
American cheetahs (Miracinonyx)
Cheetah Conservation Fund
References
External links
The Persian Cheetah
Spotted big cat in Turkmenistan
Asiatic cheetah embryos cloned at Royan Institute
Asiatic cheetah
Felids of Asia
Fauna of South Asia
Fauna of Western Asia
Fauna of Iran
Critically endangered fauna of Asia
Extinct animals of Pakistan
Species endangered by habitat loss
Species endangered by habitat fragmentation
Asiatic cheetah
Asiatic cheetah |
6899782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Clue%20in%20the%20Crumbling%20Wall | The Clue in the Crumbling Wall | The Clue in the Crumbling Wall is the twenty-second volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1945 under Carolyn Keene, a pseudonym of the ghostwriter Mildred Wirt Benson.
Plot
Nancy and her friends work to find an inheritance concealed in the walls of an old mansion before it can be discovered and stolen by an unscrupulous and crude man.
Covers
The original art, by R. H. Tandy shows Nancy (in a shirtwaist dress), Bess and George removing a box that they have found while hiding from two men were "hacking" away at the stone walls of a garden walkway. Bess is depicted with very dark blonde-light brown hair, and all three girls are in feminine clothing, contrary to what the text of the book describes (riding pants/slacks and casual blouses with sturdy boots/shoes). Nancy is depicted in the same dress in the frontispiece.
The cover was updated with revised art in 1962 to show the same scene, with all three girls again in dresses or skirts, and Nancy's hair changed to Titian red. In this cover, the men are on the other side of the wall. The frontispiece was not updated in this edition.
The story was revised for a 1973 edition with new art showing a montage of Heath Castle, the male vandals, and a perplexed and puzzled Nancy. The art work of the 1973 edition included a frontispiece and the internal illustrations that were described as crude and lacking in detail, according to adult critics and collectors.
Nancy Drew books
1945 American novels
1945 children's books
Grosset & Dunlap books
Children's mystery novels |
17328216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Rudisha | David Rudisha | David Lekuta Rudisha, MBS (born 17 December 1988) is a retired Kenyan middle-distance runner. He is the 2012 and 2016 Olympic champion, two-time World Champion (2011 and 2015), and world record holder in the 800 metres. He established his running career at St. Francis Kimuron High School in Elgeyo Marakwet County.
Rudisha is the first and only person to ever run 800m under 1:41, and he holds the three fastest, six of the eight fastest, and half of the twenty fastest times ever run in this event. He also holds the world's best time in the 500 metres, with a time of 57.69, and the African record for the 600 metres, with a time of 1:13.10. Rudisha has won a record three consecutive Track & Field Athlete of the Year awards (tied with Carl Lewis), and also won the IAAF World Athlete of the Year award in 2010.
Early life
Born on 17 December 1988 in Kilgoris, Narok County, Rudisha went to Kimuron Secondary School in Iten, Keiyo District. In April 2005, whilst under Brother Colm's tutelage, Japheth Kimutai, who was trained by Colm, recommended Rudisha to James Templeton, and Rudisha joined the group of runners managed by Templeton, which has at various time included Kimutai, Bernard Lagat and Augustine Choge. Initially he was a 400 metres runner, but his coach, Irishman Colm O'Connell, prompted him to try 800 m. In 2006, he became the world junior champion over that distance.
Career
Rudisha competed at the 2009 World Athletics Championships, reaching the 800 metres semi-finals. In September 2009, Rudisha won the IAAF Grand Prix meeting in Rieti, Italy, posting a new African record of 1:42.01, beating the 25-year-old record of 1:42.28 set by compatriot Sammy Koskei. That effort put him in fourth place on the all-time list. In the 2010 IAAF Diamond League, he took on Abubaker Kaki at the Bislett Games in June. He defeated Sebastian Coe's 31-year-old meet record with a run of 1:42.04, giving him another place in the top-ten fastest ever 800 m and leaving Kaki the consolation of the fastest ever non-winning time. On 10 July 2010, Rudisha ran the 800 m in 1:41.51 at the KBC Night of Athletics in Heusden, Belgium; this new personal record placed him No. 2 all-time in the world for the 800 m.
On 22 August 2010 Rudisha broke Wilson Kipketer's 800 m World Record two days before the anniversary of that record with a time of 1:41.09 while racing in the ISTAF meeting in Berlin. Just a week later, he broke the record again at the Rieti Diamond League Meeting, lowering it to 1:41.01
In November 2010, at the age of 21, he became the youngest ever athlete to win the IAAF World Athlete of the Year award. He also won the Kenyan Sportsman of the Year award.
With a time of 1:41.74, Rudisha set the United States all comers 800 m record at the 2012 adidas Grand Prix at Icahn Stadium in New York City. He guaranteed his selection for the Kenyan Olympic team for the first time with a win at the Kenyan trials, running a time of 1:42.12 minutes—the fastest ever recorded at altitude.
Rudisha currently holds the world record of 1:40.91 for the 800 m, set at the London 2012 Olympics on 9 August 2012. He has the three fastest times recorded and six of the top eight fastest times in the 800m.
2012 Summer Olympics
On 9 August 2012 at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Rudisha led from start to finish to win gold in what was acclaimed "The Greatest 800 Meter Race Ever". In so doing, he became the first and, so far, only runner to break the 1:41 barrier for 800 m. From the start of the race, Rudisha led and pulled away from the rest of the field after 200 metres, completing the first lap in 49.28 seconds. By 600 metres his lead had grown to several metres. He continued to pull away until the final straight, where second place Nijel Amos was able to slightly gain some ground as Rudisha strained. But the gap was much too great to close, and Rudisha crossed the line in a world-record time of 1:40.91.
Rudisha's competitors all ran exceptional times. Sports Illustrated's David Epstein reported that the race "is best told, perhaps, in 16 letters: WR, NR, PB, PB, PB, NR, SB, PB." (That is to say that the participants broke World Record, National Record, Personal Best, Personal Best, National Record, Season Best, Personal Best) The silver medallist, Amos, had to be carried from the track on a stretcher after setting the world junior record and make him only the fifth man in history to run under 1:42, something Rudisha has now done seven times. "With Rudisha breaking 1:41, two men under 1:42, five under 1:43 and all eight under 1:44," noted the IAAF, "it was the greatest depth 800m race in history." Every competitor ran the fastest time in history for their placing. It was the first time in international 800m history where every competitor ran either a personal or season's best. The time set by the eighth-placed Andrew Osagie, a personal best of 1:43.77, would have won gold at the three preceding Olympic games in Beijing, Athens and Sydney.
As well as being the first man to go below 1:41, he broke his own world record that was set in 2010. "The splits triggered amazement: 23.4 secs for the first 200 m, 25.88 secs for the second, a critical 25.02 for the third and 26.61 to bring it all home." Rudisha's record was considered especially notable for the absence of pacemakers, which are not permitted at the Olympics or other major championships. The previous person to win an Olympic 800 m final with a world record was Alberto Juantorena, back in 1976. Rudisha also became the first reigning 800 m world champion to win Olympic gold at that distance. Sebastian Coe, of the London Olympics organising committee who himself held the 800m world record for 17 years, said: "It was the performance of the Games, not just of track and field but of the Games". He added: "Bolt was good, Rudisha was magnificent. That is quite a big call but it was the most extraordinary piece of running I have probably ever seen." Rudisha had been in good shape coming into the race, having "clocked a staggering 1:42.12 minutes at high altitude in Nairobi during the Kenyan Olympic trials. After that he had said 'the race was nice and easy'."
Before the race, Rudisha had joked about his father's 1968 400 m relay silver medal: "It would be good for me to win gold, so we can have gold and silver in our family . . . so I can tell him, 'I am better than you. Afterwards, he admitted that it would go down as the greatest 800 race personally for him as well because he won it in front of Sebastian Coe who held the record for more than 17 years. This race was also touted as a run for his community and tribe. Rudisha was later given the Association of National Olympic Committees Award for Best Male Athlete of London 2012, as well as receiving the honour of Moran of the Order of the Burning Spear (MBS) from the government of Kenya.
2013
He could not compete at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics because of an injury.
2015
At the New York IAAF Diamond League meeting in June 2015, Rudisha won the 800m with a time of 1:43.58.
Rudisha won his second world 800m title at the World Championships in China. In a relatively tactical race, after a first lap of only 54.17 he won in a time of 1:45.84
2016
Rudisha successfully defended his Olympic title at the 2016 Summer Olympics, taking gold with a time of 1:42.15. He was the first person since Peter Snell in 1964 to win back-to-back Olympic 800m titles. The final went out very quickly with fellow Kenyan Alfred Kipketer leading through 200m in 23.2 sec. Rudisha was tucked in close behind through a 49.3 first 400m. With just under 300m to go Rudisha made a strong surge to the front. A large gap was formed that proved too much for fast closing Taoufik Makhloufi of Algeria in the final homestretch. His finishing time was the fastest he has run since the 2012 Olympic final in London, as well as the fastest time in the world for 2016.
2017
Rudisha finished 4th at the Shanghai Diamond League meet. His time was 1:45.36. The winning time was 1:44.70. Rudisha attempted the 1000m for the first time at the Golden Spike Ostrava in 2017, finishing 4th with a PR time of 2:19.43.
Coaching
At the 2012 Olympics, Rudisha worked with Caroline Currid, an Irish mental performance coach, on how to maximise performance on competition day.
From 2007 until at least 2012, Rudisha trained in the summer months in the university town of Tübingen in southern Germany, a center for many up-and-coming runners from Kenya such as Bernard Lagat.
Personal life
Rudisha is a member of the Maasai ethnic group in Kenya. His father, Daniel Rudisha, was a former runner who won the silver medal at the 1968 Olympics as part of the Kenyan 4 × 400 m relay team, while his mother Naomi is a former 400 m hurdler. He is married to Lizzy Naanyu with two daughters (as of 2015). Tom Fordyce of the BBC said of him, "He is the greatest 800m runner of all time and he may also be the nicest man in his sport."
He is a supporter of the football club Arsenal F.C.
Achievements
References
External links
David Rudisha profile
1988 births
Living people
People from Narok County
Kenyan male middle-distance runners
Olympic male middle-distance runners
Olympic athletes of Kenya
Olympic gold medalists for Kenya
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Kenya
Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Kenya
World Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics record holders
Maasai people
Track & Field News Athlete of the Year winners
Diamond League winners
IAAF Continental Cup winners
World Athletics Championships winners
IAAF World Athletics Final winners |
17328223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Maresme%20%E2%80%93%20F%C3%B2rum%20%28Barcelona%20Metro%29 | El Maresme – Fòrum (Barcelona Metro) | El Maresme Fòrum is a Barcelona Metro station located between Carrer del Maresme and Rambla de Prim, near the Forum site, in the Sant Martí district of Barcelona, Spain. It's served by L4 (yellow line), as well as providing a connection with the Trambesòs route T4. It was opened in 2003, even though the section of the tunnel where the station is located has been in use since 1982.
Services
External links
Map at the official website of TMB
Metro station at Trenscat.com
Tram stop at Trenscat.com
Barcelona Metro line 4 stations
Railway stations opened in 2003
Transport in Sant Martí (district)
Trambesòs stops |
17328225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebrahim%20Seifpour | Ebrahim Seifpour | Mohammad Ebrahim Seifpour Saadabadi (, born 3 March 1938) also known as Ebrahim Seifpour, is a retired Iranian freestyle wrestler. He competed at the 1960 and 1964 Olympics and placed third and sixth, respectively. At the world championships he won two gold and one silver medals in 1961–65. After retiring from competitions he worked as a wrestling coach and official.
References
1938 births
Living people
Olympic wrestlers of Iran
Wrestlers at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Wrestlers at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Iranian male sport wrestlers
Olympic bronze medalists for Iran
Asian Games silver medalists for Iran
Olympic medalists in wrestling
Asian Games medalists in wrestling
Wrestlers at the 1966 Asian Games
World Wrestling Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1966 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics |
17328228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick%20Light | Warwick Light | Warwick Light, also known as Warwick Lighthouse, is an historic lighthouse in Warwick, Rhode Island, United States.
History
The first light on the site was built in 1827. The original keeper's residence was replaced in 1899. The current structure at Warwick Neck was built on the site in 1932. In 1985, the light was the last Rhode Island lighthouse automated. The light was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 as Warwick Lighthouse.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Kent County, Rhode Island
Notes
Further reading
America's Atlantic Coast Lighthouse, Kenneth Kochel, 1996.
Northeast Lights: Lighthouses and Lightships, Rhode Island to Cape May, New Jersey, Robert Bachand, 1989.
The Keeper's Log, Spring 1986.
Buildings and structures in Warwick, Rhode Island
Narragansett Bay
Lighthouses completed in 1827
Lighthouses completed in 1932
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Kent County, Rhode Island
Tourist attractions in Kent County, Rhode Island
Transportation buildings and structures in Kent County, Rhode Island
1827 establishments in Rhode Island |
17328241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi%20Sports%20Palace | Tbilisi Sports Palace | Tbilisi Sport Palace () is an indoor sports arena situated in Tbilisi, Georgia. The arena usually hosts basketball, handball, judo, tennis, boxing and other games and tournaments with high attendance.
History
Built in 1961, the arena was used primely for the basketball games of local Dinamo Tbilisi and is still the largest basketball designed arena in all of the former USSR successor states. The construction was led by architects Vladimir Aleksi-Meskhishvili, Yuri Kasradze, Temo Japaridze and designer David Kajaia.
The arena was renovated in 2007 and was reopened on 22 August 2007, with management rights given to the Logic Group Ltd for a 30-year contract. This was the first phase of renovation and reconstruction, with the second phase including changing the roof of the building and installing new individual seats. Total cost of the renovation is estimated at 5 million USD.
Concerts
Tbilisi Sports Palace is one of the greatest arena for concerts in Georgia. Many international and national acts have performed here.
Ian Gillan (1990, sold out 5 gigs here in row)
Alla Pugacheva
Lela Tsurtsumia - Lela is Georgian pop-singer, who held the record of attendance in Tbilisi Sports Palace. Though the arena holds approximately 11,000 people, Lela Tsurtsumia sold out 18,000 tickets for 1 concert, in 22 May 2002. (about 25,000 people were waiting for the tickets)
Other sold-out concerts were by Georgian rapper Lex-Seni and Georgian pop-group Kuchis Bichebi. (about 15,000 people)
The venue was to host the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2017 on 26 November 2017. However the venue was later changed to the 4,000-capacity Olympic Palace which was considered more suitable for hosting the contest.
References
External links
Buildings and structures in Tbilisi
Sports venues completed in 1961
Basketball venues in Georgia (country)
Handball venues in Georgia (country)
Indoor arenas built in the Soviet Union
Indoor arenas in Georgia (country)
Sports venues in Tbilisi
Boxing venues in Georgia (country) |
17328254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Machi | Jean Machi | Jean Manuel Machi (born February 1, 1982) is a Venezuelan professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Francisco Giants, Boston Red Sox and Seattle Mariners. He was with the Giants for their 2014 World Series win.
Career
Philadelphia Phillies
On February 22, 2000, Machi signed with the Philadelphia Phillies organization as an international free agent. He made his professional debut for the GCL Phillies in 2002, and posted a 1.00 ERA in 10 games. The following year, he pitched in 8 games for the Low-A Batavia Muckdogs, logging a 2-4 record and 4.78 ERA with 19 strikeouts in 32.0 innings pitched. Machi spent 2004 in the Venezuelan Summer League.
Tampa Bay Rays
On December 13, 2004, Machi was selected by the Tampa Bay Rays organization in the minor league phase of the Rule 5 draft. He split the 2005 season between the High-A Visalia Oaks and the Double-A Montgomery Biscuits, recording a cumulative 3-11 record and 6.36 ERA in 32 appearances. He returned to Montgomery the following year, and improved his performance, recording a 6-1 record and 2.64 ERA in 49 games. On October 15, 2006, Machi elected free agency.
Toronto Blue Jays
On October 31, 2006, Machi signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays organization. He spent the 2007 season with the Double-A New Hampshire Fisher Cats, and posted a 2-4 record and 3.53 ERA in 48 games. He returned to New Hampshire in 2008 and logged a 2-6 record and 4.65 ERA with 51 strikeouts in 69.2 innings of work. On November 12, 2008, Machi was released by the Toronto organization.
Pittsburgh Pirates
On February 13, 2009, Machi signed a minor league contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates organization. He split the year between the Triple-A Indianapolis Indians and the Double-A Altoona Curve, accumulating a 3-4 record and 2.09 ERA in 41 appearances. For the 2010 season, Machi returned to Indianapolis and pitched to a 5-5 record and 3.92 ERA with 58 strikeouts in as many appearances. On November 6, 2010, he elected free agency.
San Francisco Giants
On February 9, 2011, Machi signed a minor league contract with the San Francisco Giants. He played in 3 games for the Triple-A Fresno Grizzlies before he was loaned to the Diablos Rojos del México of the Mexican League for the rest of the season. In 48 games with the Diablos, Machi recorded a 3-1 record and 2.30 ERA. He was assigned to Triple-A Fresno to begin the 2012 season, where he served as the team's closer.
On September 1, 2012, Machi was selected to the 40-man roster by the Giants and promoted to the major leagues for the first time. On September 3, Machi made his major league debut, against the Arizona Diamondbacks, pitching a perfect inning. He finished his rookie season with a 6.75 ERA in 8 major league games. In 2013, Machi made 51 appearances for the Giants out of the bullpen, pitching to a 2.38 ERA with 51 strikeouts in 53.0 innings of work.
At the start of the 2014 season, Machi picked up three relief wins in his team's first 15 games, becoming the first Giants pitcher to do so since Bob Shaw in 1964. He finished the year with a 7-1 record and 2.58 ERA in 71 appearances for the team. Machi hit some struggles in 2015, and was designated for assignment by the Giants on July 20, 2015, after posting a 5.14 ERA in 33 appearances.
Boston Red Sox
On July 28, 2015, Machi was claimed off waivers by the Boston Red Sox and starter Clay Buchholz was transferred from the 15- to the 60-day disabled list to make space for him on the 40-man roster. In 26 appearances for Boston, Machi recorded a 5.09 ERA with 20 strikeouts in 23.0 innings of work. On November 6, 2015, Machi was outrighted off of the 40-man roster and elected free agency the same day.
Chicago Cubs
On December 14, 2015, Machi signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Chicago Cubs organization. After registering a 2-1 record and 3.68 ERA in 20 games for the Triple-A Iowa Cubs, Machi was released on June 5, 2016.
San Francisco Giants (second stint)
On June 16, 2016, Machi signed a minor league contract with the San Francisco Giants organization. He finished the year with the Triple-A Sacramento River Cats, posting a 2-2 record and 3.62 ERA in 28 appearances. On November 7, 2016, he elected free agency.
Seattle Mariners
On January 30, 2017, Machi signed a minor league contract with the Seattle Mariners organization. He started the season with the Triple-A Tacoma Rainiers, and the Mariners selected his contract on May 2. He was designated for assignment on May 13 after recording a 1.17 ERA in 5 appearances. He was outrighted to Tacoma and posted a 2-4 record and 3.44 ERA in 29 games for the team.
Chicago White Sox
On July 21, 2017, Machi was traded to the Chicago White Sox, along with fellow veteran pitcher Mark Lowe, in exchange for cash considerations. He was assigned to the Triple-A Charlotte Knights upon acquisition. In 12 appearances with Charlotte, Machi logged a 5-0 record and 3.60 ERA with 28 strikeouts in30.0 innings pitched. On October 2, 2017, Machi elected free agency.
Return to Diablos Rojos
On February 7, 2018, Machi signed with the Diablos Rojos del México of the Mexican Baseball League. He was released on July 2, after he recorded a 5-3 record and 5.20 ERA in 28 games.
Sugar Land Skeeters
On July 15, 2018, Machi signed with the Sugar Land Skeeters of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. In 22 games for the Skeeters, Machi registered an excellent 0.84 ERA with 21 strikeouts in 21.1 innings of work. He re-signed with the team on May 2, 2019, and was later released on June 28 after struggling to a 6.75 ERA in 25 appearances.
West Virginia Power
After spending the 2020 season out of baseball, on April 5, 2021, Machi signed with the West Virginia Power of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. In 11 relief appearances, Machi registered a 2–1 record, 5.23 ERA, and 14 strikeouts.
Sultanes de Monterrey
On July 8, 2021, Machi's contract was purchased by the Sultanes de Monterrey of the Mexican League. He was released following the season on October 20, 2021.
Personal life
On June 9, 2016, Machi was arrested in Des Moines, Iowa for public intoxication, and urinating in public.
See also
List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela
References
External links
Retrosheet
BR Bullpen
Mexican Baseball League
Venezuelan Baseball League
1983 births
Altoona Curve players
Batavia Muckdogs players
Boston Red Sox players
Diablos Rojos del México players
Fresno Grizzlies players
Florida Complex League Phillies players
Indianapolis Indians players
Iowa Cubs players
Living people
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Venezuela
Mexican League baseball pitchers
Montgomery Biscuits players
Navegantes del Magallanes players
New Hampshire Fisher Cats players
People from El Tigre
Sacramento River Cats players
San Francisco Giants players
Seattle Mariners players
Sugar Land Skeeters players
Tacoma Rainiers players
Toros del Este players
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the United States
Venezuelan Summer League Phillies players
West Virginia Power players
Visalia Oaks players |
20465821 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20GMTV%20presenters%20and%20reporters | List of GMTV presenters and reporters | List of GMTV presenters and reporters shows the on air team for the various shows broadcast by GMTV on ITV between 1 January 1993 and 3 September 2010. At this point GMTV was replaced by ITV Breakfast and Daybreak was launched, with new shows and presenters.
Presenters
Programme presenters
Newsreaders
Weather presenters
Sport presenters
Children's presenters
Guest presenters
Correspondents and reporters
Experts
References
External links
GMTV
itv.com
Presenters
GMTV
fr:GMTV
nl:GMTV |
20465833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking%20the%20Habit%20%28film%29 | Breaking the Habit (film) | Breaking the Habit is a 1964 American animated short documentary film directed by John Korty about cigarette smoking and lung cancer. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
Content
Two men are discussing about the benefits of giving up smoking, while themselves puffing cigarettes.
Production
Freelance animator Korty moved to Stinson Beach, California, where one day he met sound artist Henry Jacobs who had prepared the soundtrack for a future short film about smoking, sponsored by the California division of American Cancer Society. Korty began work on the film under his own company Korty Films, employing cutout animation, conceptualized the characters and prepared the animation frames in his home studio and finally shooting them using a homemade camera stand. Modern Talking Picture Service distributed the film.
Reception
Described variously as "[d]one in semi-surrealistic style" and having "deadpan dialogue with a minimalist animation style", Breaking the Habit received a nomination at the 37th Academy Awards in the Best Documentary (Short Subject) category but lost to Nine from Little Rock. An article in The Kingston Daily Freeman stated that the film "reveals both the danger and the essential silliness of smoking".
The Washington State Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction included Breaking the Habit in its list of prescribed films to be shown in schools to discourage smoking and creating awareness regarding medical issues caused by it. It was also screened at the 1st Chicago Film Festival held in 1965, the following year's Melbourne International Film Festival and won a Silver Award at the San Francisco International Film Festival. The soundtrack of the film was included in the album The Wide Weird World of Henry Jacobs. , the Academy Film Archive was working on restoring the short film.
References
External links
1964 films
1964 documentary films
1964 short films
1960s English-language films
1960s animated short films
1960s short documentary films
American short documentary films
American social guidance and drug education films
Documentary films about cancer
Films directed by John Korty
Smoking cessation
American animated short films |
6899785 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor%20Philips | Trevor Philips | Trevor Philips is a fictional character and one of the three playable protagonists, alongside Michael De Santa and Franklin Clinton, of Grand Theft Auto V, the seventh main title in the Grand Theft Auto series developed by Rockstar Games. He also appears in the game's multiplayer component, Grand Theft Auto Online. A career criminal and former bank robber, Trevor leads his own organisation, Trevor Philips Enterprises, and comes into conflict with various rival gangs and criminal syndicates as he attempts to secure control of the drugs and weapons trade in the fictional Blaine County, San Andreas. He is played by actor Steven Ogg, who provided the voice and motion capture for the character.
Rockstar based Trevor's appearance on Ogg's physical appearance, while his personality was inspired by Charles Bronson. Grand Theft Auto V co-writer Dan Houser described Trevor as purely driven by desire and resentment. To make players care for the character, the designers gave the character more emotions. Trevor is shown to care about people very close to him, despite his antisocial behavior and psychotic derangement.
Trevor is considered one of the most controversial characters in video game history. The general attention given to Trevor by critics was mostly very positive, although some reviewers felt that his violent personality and actions negatively affected the game's narrative. His design and personality have drawn comparisons to other influential video game and film characters. Many reviewers have called Trevor a likeable and believable character, and felt that he is one of the few protagonists in the Grand Theft Auto series that would willingly execute popular player actions, such as murder and violence.
Character design
Grand Theft Auto V co-writer Dan Houser explained that Trevor "appeared to pretty much out of nowhere as the embodiment of another side of criminality [...] If Michael was meant to be the idea of some version of criminal control [...] what about the guy who didn't do that?" He later described Trevor as "the person who's driven purely by desire, resentment, no thought for tomorrow whatsoever, completely id rather than ego-driven." He stated that Trevor "kills without remorse, like a true psychopath, but very sentimental for the right reasons when it suits him."
Rockstar drew upon game protagonist archetypes while scripting the characters; Trevor was considered to embody insanity. Houser said the team characterised Michael and Trevor as juxtapositions of each other. He said, "Michael is like the criminal who wants to compartmentalise and be a good guy some of the time and Trevor is the maniac who isn't a hypocrite". He said that having three lead characters would help move the game's plot into more original territory than its predecessors, which traditionally followed a single protagonist rising through the ranks of a criminal underworld. Steven Ogg was cast as Trevor. During the initial audition process, Ogg noticed an on-set chemistry between him and Ned Luke (who portrayed Michael), which he felt helped secure them the roles. Ogg said, "When [Luke] and I went in the room together we immediately had something". While the actors knew their auditions were for Rockstar Games, it was when they signed contracts that they learned they would be involved in a Grand Theft Auto title.
Ogg felt Trevor's characterisation developed over time. He said, "Nuances and character traits that began to appearhis walk, his manner of speech, his reactions, definitely informed his development throughout the game". Ogg cites Tom Hardy's portrayal of English criminal Charles Bronson in the 2008 biopic Bronson as a strong stylistic influence. He opined that while Trevor embodies the violent, psychopathic Grand Theft Auto anti-hero archetype, he wanted to evoke player sympathy to Trevor's story. "To elicit other emotions was tough, and it was the biggest challenge and it's something that meant a lot to me", Ogg explained. The actors began working on the game in 2010. Their performances were mostly recorded using motion capture technology. Dialogue for scenes with characters seated in vehicles was recorded in studios. Because the actors had their dialogue and movements recorded on-set, they considered their performances were no different from those of film or television roles. Their dialogue was scripted so that it did not allow the actors to ad-lib; however they sometimes made small changes to the performance with approval from the directors.
Appearances
Grand Theft Auto V
Trevor was born in Canada, just north of the border of the United States. He grew up with a physically abusive father and an emotionally abusive mother. Trevor loved planes, and at some point entered the military as a pilot, but was quickly forced to leave after being reproved in a psychological evaluation. Later on, Trevor committed crimes, the first one being a small robbery that landed him in jail for six months. Due to good behavior, he was out in four. He would continue his criminal ways, including using his piloting skills to become a smuggler. Trevor met Michael Townley in 1993 and they realised that they wanted to earn money by performing large heists, so they joined forces and became successful in doing so over the following years. Their partnership began to strain after Michael married a stripper named Amanda and started a family with her. Despite this, Trevor grew close to Michael's children, who came to see him as their uncle.
In 2004, during a heist in Ludendorff, North Yankton, Michael and mutual accomplice Brad Snider are shot by police while Trevor escapes. While on the run, Trevor is led to believe that Michael died and Brad was sent to jail. Trevor eventually settles in Sandy Shores, a small town in Blaine County, San Andreas, where he establishes a small criminal enterprise that smuggles weapons and manufactures methamphetamine, which he hopes will grow into a large empire. Due to raging abandonment issues, Trevor surrounds himself with two loyal friends that he kidnapped and brainwashed from their previous lives named "Nervous" Ron Jakowski and Wade Hebert. Trevor enters an uneasy truce with his competitors in Sandy Shores, including the Lost Motorcycle Club led by Johnny Klebitz, the Varrios Los Aztecas gang, and the O'Neil Brothers.
In 2013, Trevor finds out that Michael faked his death, and is so spooked and enraged that he breaks the truce and kills most of his competition in one outburst of violence, a deadly streak that continues when a potential game-changing deal with a group of triads falls through. He later drives to Los Santos, taking over the apartment and ruining the life of Wade's cousin Floyd, and reunites with Michael, who took on the surname "De Santa" and is supposedly living in witness protection. Though Michael is reluctant to have Trevor back in his life again, he eventually introduces him to Franklin Clinton, after which the two perform heists again, this time including Franklin. Trevor is determined to rob anything guarded by Merryweather Security Consulting, a private security firm that he dislikes, but he often fails.
When corrupt Federal Investigation Bureau (FIB) agents Dave Norton and Steve Haines contact Michael after he breaks his agreement with them by committing heists again, they force him to carry out a number of operations alongside Trevor and Franklin to undermine the rival International Affairs Agency (IAA). Steve later introduces the trio to Devin Weston, a billionaire investor who hires them to steal a number of rare cars, but ultimately cheats them out of their money. During this time, Trevor begins to bond with Franklin, as they carry out several jobs together without Michael, some of which involve Franklin's friend Lamar Davis, whom Trevor also befriends. Later, after not getting paid for a job, Trevor kidnaps Patricia, the wife of drug kingpin Martin Madrazo. Due to her kind maternal nature and his own abandonment issues, Trevor falls in love with her and only returns her after much demanding from Michael. However, the two stay in contact until the end of the game.
Trevor eventually discovers that the Ludendorff heist from nine years prior was a set up planned by Michael and Dave, meant to allow the former to retire and escape from Trevor, and that Brad was not arrested, but rather killed and buried in Michael's fake grave. Feeling betrayed, Trevor vows to kill Michael, but later comes to his and Dave's aid when they are betrayed by Steve, because he needs Michael alive for one last heist. When that heist is successful, Trevor is so pleased that he lifts the death vow but still hates Michael. Near the end of the game, Franklin is approached separately by Dave and Steve, who contend that Trevor is a liability, and by Devin, who seeks revenge against Michael for an earlier incident. This leaves Franklin with three choices: kill Trevor, kill Michael, or try to save them both in a suicide mission.
If the first option is chosen, Franklin meets up with Trevor, before chasing him to an oil plant, where Michael arrives and causes Trevor to crash into an oil tank. With Trevor covered in oil, either Franklin or Michael shoot the oil, setting Trevor alight and killing him. After the mission, Trevor's cut of the final heist is equally split between Michael and Franklin, who are both affected by Trevor's death and decide to end their partnership, but remain friends. Ron, Lamar, and Michael's son Jimmy are also upset by Trevor's death: the former threatens Michael for his involvement and tells him that the business he and Trevor had built is over; Lamar asks Franklin if he knows how it happened, and the latter lies that Trevor was killed by government agents; and Jimmy is shocked to learn that Michael was involved, but the latter assures him that Trevor was dangerous.
If the second option is chosen, Franklin calls Trevor to help him kill Michael, but he refuses and cuts his ties with Franklin, saying he is tired of being surrounded by traitors. If Franklin meets with Trevor afterward, the latter accuses him of killing Michael, and warns him to stay away. Trevor is also called by Jimmy, but does not know what to say to comfort him because he was never close to his own father.
If the third option is chosen, Trevor and Michael put their differences aside to help Franklin survive an onslaught by the FIB and Merryweather, before splitting up to eliminate their remaining enemies; Trevor assassinates Steve and kidnaps Devin so that the trio may kill him together. Afterward, Trevor reconciles with Michael and they agree to stop working together, but remain allies. Trevor can continue to hang out with Michael and Franklin, during which he eventually admits that he over-reacted after learning the truth about Brad, and refers to himself and Michael as friends.
Grand Theft Auto Online
Trevor is a main character in Grand Theft Auto Online, the online multiplayer mode of Grand Theft Auto V, set several months before the single-player story. He provides missions to the player after they reach Rank 13 and steal Trevor's rolling meth lab during a job. When the player arrives at his trailer, Trevor demands compensation for the stolen meth lab and has them complete several jobs, which generally consist of stealing drugs from rivals, mainly the Lost MC, and killing the dealers. Trevor later plays a major role in the 2015 Heists update, where he masterminds one of the heists featured in the update. This "heist" consists of the theft of drugs from various gangs, including the Lost, the O'Neil Brothers, the Los Santos Vagos, and the Ballas, which Trevor plans to sell for a large profit. After all drug shipments are collected, Trevor and the players deliver them to the deal's location, whereupon Trevor gives the players their cut in advance and they leave. When the buyer arrives, Trevor quickly realizes that the deal is a sting operation, at which point he is ambushed by the Drug Observation Agency (DOA), but manages to escape, albeit without the drugs.
Although Trevor makes no further appearances in the game, he is mentioned by Ron in the 2017 update Smuggler's Run, which is set in 2017, a few years after the single-player story. Ron, after being abandoned by Trevor, contacts the player to start their own smuggling operation, and when they meet, the former briefly talks about Trevor, saying he has "gone Vinewood" and has become a guru and lifestyle coach; this confirms Trevor is still alive after the events of Grand Theft Auto V. Furthermore, the 2019 update, The Diamond Casino & Resort, includes a mention of the events of "The Third Way," implying that both Trevor and Michael canonically survive the events of the single-player story.
Cultural impact
Reception
Trevor's character was met with generally positive feedback following the release of Grand Theft Auto V. Edge singled out Trevor as the stand-out of the three protagonists, which they owed to his volatile personality. Like Edge, Caroline Petit of GameSpot considered Trevor "a truly horrible, terrifying, psychotic human being—and a terrific character." Eurogamers Tom Bramwell, however, felt that Trevor undermined the other characters because he was a "shallow and unconvincing" sensationalised anti-hero, and that "his antics derail[ed] the narrative" and overshadowed the character development of Michael and Franklin. Xav de Matos of Joystiq found all three characters unlikable to the extent that they had an alienating effect on the story, noting that "though each character has a valid motivation for his journey, it's difficult to want them to succeed." He also felt that the ambivalence between Trevor and Michael was a tired device by the conclusion of the story as it became a "seemingly endless cycle" of conflict between them.
Lucas Sullivan of GamesRadar praised Trevor for being the first character in the series that "makes sense". He stated that, upon their first playthrough of a Grand Theft Auto game, most players "carjacked some poor schlub, then started doing 90mph on the sidewalk, mowing over civilians", as opposed to playing peacefully. "Trevor's existence isn't a commentary on any group of people–he's just the first logical fit to the way people have been playing GTA games for the past decade," he said. Sullivan concluded that Trevor is one of the few protagonists in Grand Theft Auto that would willingly execute popular player actions, such as murder and violence. Trevor has been compared to many other characters in video games and films. Calvin Khan of IGN compared Trevor to Heath Ledger's Joker in the 2008 film The Dark Knight. Khan felt that Trevor is the only character in Grand Theft Auto V not trying to fake his persona, stating "Trevor absolutely knows that he's a monster but just doesn't care. He enjoys causing misery and harm, lives for it and embraces it and – much like Heath Ledger's Joker – he exists purely for unadulterated anarchy." He also felt that Trevor's only reasoning for hurting people and messing everything up around him is simply because it's just too much fun not to. Khan concluded saying that it's clear that the world through the eyes of Trevor is already royally broken and he sees no harm in messing it up some more, hence the reason for Trevor's actions.
Trevor was named Best Character for the Official Xbox Magazine Game of the Year Awards 2013, and "Best Male Character" for the Cheat Code Central's 7th Annual Cody Awards. The character was nominated for various other awards. Those include the Spike VGX 2013 for "Character of the Year", won by BioShock Infinites Lutece twins, Hardcore Gamers Game of the Year Awards 2013 for "Best New Character", won by The Last of Uss Ellie, and Destructoids Best of 2013 for "Best Character", also won by the Lutece Twins. Steven Ogg was also nominated for his work as Trevor in Spike VGX 2013 for "Best Voice Actor", won by Troy Baker, Telegraph Video Game Awards 2013 for "Best Performer", also won by Baker and 10th British Academy Video Games Awards for "Performer", won by Ashley Johnson.
Controversies
The mission "By the Book" from Grand Theft Auto V was criticised for its depiction of torture. In the mission, Trevor interrogates Ferdinand "Mr. K" Kerimov for information about a suspected Azerbaijani fugitive who poses a threat to the FIB (the game's version of the FBI). Trevor uses torture equipment on the restrained man, which players select from a table. Once Mr. K provides the FIB with the information, Trevor is asked to kill him, but instead drives him to the airport, providing him an opportunity to escape. While driving Kerimov, Trevor monologues about the ineffectiveness of torture, pointing out Kerimov's readiness to supply the FIB with the information without being tortured, and expressing that torture is used as a power play "to assert ourselves".
Reviewers echoed that while the mission served as political commentary on the use of torture by the United States government, its use of torture was in poor taste. GameSpot's Petit felt that placing the torture scene in context with the monologue created a hypocrisy in the mission's function as a commentary device, and IGN's MacDonald felt it "pushed the boundaries of taste". In an editorial, Bramwell discussed whether the political commentary was overshadowed by the violent content, comparing the mission to Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2s "No Russian" controversy. He considered the sequence lacking enough context to justify its violence and summarised its function as "flawed". Labour MP Keith Vaz expressed concern that underage players could be exposed to the mission. Keith Best of Freedom from Torture said the torturer role-play "crossed a line". Tom Chick defended the torture sequence, and wrote that unlike the "No Russian" mission or the 2012 film Zero Dark Thirty, the underlying political commentary on torture in "By the Book" necessitated the violent content.
References
Missions
Fictional alcohol abusers
Fictional assassins in video games
Fictional aviators
Fictional bank robbers
Fictional pansexuals
Fictional businesspeople in video games
Fictional Canadian people
Fictional cannabis users
Fictional cannibals
Fictional career criminals
Fictional characters from California
Fictional characters with psychiatric disorders
Fictional crime bosses
Fictional criminals in video games
Fictional drug dealers
Fictional gangsters
Fictional immigrants to the United States
Fictional kidnappers
Fictional mass murderers
Fictional methamphetamine users
Fictional military personnel in video games
Fictional outlaws
Fictional professional thieves
Fictional rampage and spree killers
Fictional Royal Canadian Air Force personnel
Fictional soldiers in video games
Fictional smokers
Fictional torturers and interrogators
Psychopathy in fiction
Fictional torturers
Grand Theft Auto characters
Grand Theft Auto V
LGBT characters in video games
Male characters in video games
Video game characters introduced in 2013
Video game mascots
Video game protagonists |
20465858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20E.%20David%20Jr. | Edward E. David Jr. | Edward Emil "Ed" David Jr. (January 25, 1925 – February 13, 2017) was an American electrical engineer who served as science advisor to President Richard M. Nixon and director of the White House Office of Science and Technology from 1970 to 1973.
Early life and education
David was born in Wilmington, North Carolina on January 25, 1925. He earned a Bachelor of Science from the Georgia Tech, followed by a Master of Science and Doctor of Science in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1947.
Career
He took a job with Bell Telephone Laboratories and worked there from 1950 to 1970, eventually becoming executive director for communications research. Following the resignation of Lee A. DuBridge, David was appointed as Richard Nixon's science advisor. David resigned in 1973, citing "disappointment that his advice had not been heeded." He then took a position as executive vice president of R&D and planning at Gould Electronics from 1973 to 1977.
He founded consulting group EED, Inc. in 1977, advising industry, government, and universities on technology, research, and innovation management. He was the president of research and engineering at Exxon from 1977 to 1986. In 1983, he was awarded the IRI Medal from the Industrial Research Institute in recognition for his leadership contributions. He joined the Washington Advisory Group in 1997, serving as treasurer until 2004. He also served as director of Ronson.
David was elected to both the National Academy of Engineering and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1966. In 1970 he was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences. In 1974, he was elected to the MIT Corporation and as a life member. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1979. He was awarded The Delmer S. Fahrney Medal in 1985.
David was also active in public service to his adopted state, serving on the board of the New Jersey Commission on Science and Technology (NJCST) alongside William O. Baker, his former vice president at Bell Labs. In 1982, while still at Exxon, David was appointed by Governor Thomas Kean to the governor's study commission that led to formation of the NJCST. Once the NJCST became a statutory agency with responsibility for the state's programs in science & technology-based economic development in 1985, David was re-appointed to its board and served as chair of its budget committee. During this period, he also chaired the Governor's Roundtable on (High-Temperature) Superconductivity, which was staffed by the NJCST. He left the NJCST board in 1990.
In 2012, David was a co-signatory of an op-ed in The Wall Street Journal questioning the scientific consensus on global warming.
Death
David died at his home in Bedminster, New Jersey on February 13, 2017, aged 92.
References
External links
Edward E. David via Nixon Presidential Library and Museum
Dr. Edward E. David, Jr. via Center for Science and Technology Policy Research
Edward E. David Jr. via MIT Corporation
Biography of Edward E. David Jr. from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS)
1925 births
2017 deaths
American electrical engineers
Engineers from New Jersey
Engineers from North Carolina
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Nixon administration personnel
Office of Science and Technology Policy officials
People from Bedminster, New Jersey
People from Wilmington, North Carolina
Members of the American Philosophical Society |
6899789 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas%20Girard | Nicolas Girard | Nicolas Girard (born June 5, 1972 in Montreal, Quebec) is a politician in Quebec, Canada, and former member of the National Assembly of Quebec. He was elected to the National Assembly in a by-election as a Parti Québécois member on September 20, 2004 in riding of Gouin in the Montreal region.
Student activism
Girard was involved in politics in his teens, notably on the Parti Québécois (PQ) Youth Association in the riding of La Prairie.
As a student of Collège Édouard-Montpetit, Girard was involved in the Parti Québécois local cell. He was then elected president of the student college association. He fought against budget cuts made by the Canadian federal government.
During the 1995 Quebec referendum, he founded a student organization supporting the yes side. He gave several speeches along with PQ leader, Jacques Parizeau.
Girard has a bachelor's degree in political sciences at the Université de Montréal and did studies for the master's degree in industrial relations.
During his stay at the Université de Montréal, he was elected leader of student association - Fédération des associations étudiantes du campus de l'Université de Montréal (FAÉCUM).
He is a former student activist, notably organizing student rallies against former minister Lloyd Axworthy's cuts in education. He then became the president-elect of the Federation des associations étudiantes du campus de l'Université de Montréal (FAECUM). FAECUM supported the yes side during the 1995 Quebec referendum.
Early political career
Upon graduation, Girard was hired by the Parti Québécois as a communication advisor. He later worked for several ministers, including François Legault, André Boisclair and Sylvain Simard as a press secretary.
At the 2003 provincial election, he was appointed as the deputy communication director for the campaign. Following the PQ's defeat, he was hired by the Confédération des syndicats nationaux (CSN), as a communication specialist. He also joined Pauline Marois's organization as an advisor, in her attempt to quickly replace Bernard Landry.
2004 by-election
In 2004, following André Boisclair's resignation, he ran for the PQ in the Gouin riding. In the candidate selection process, he was backed by Pauline Marois and defeated high-profile Bloc Québécois vice-president, Dominique Ollivier, who was supported by Bernard Bigras, Gilles Duceppe and Louise Harel.
He won his selection at the third round by a one-vote margin.
Political career 2004 - 2007
Early after his election, he left Marois' organization to back Bernard Landry who was gaining support in order to get a decent confidence score at a mandatory PQ internal vote.
In 2005, Bernard Landry resigned after gaining only 75% of his party support, Girard then convinced André Boisclair to make a bid for the PQ leadership, which he won.
Since, Girard's political career has been on the fast-track. Boisclair appointed him the PQ critics in social services and as the chief strategist for the upcoming provincial election. Girard then appointed long-time friend, Pierre-Luc Paquette, as PQ's general manager.
It is said that Girard would play a leading role in an eventual Boisclair government.
General election 2007
Girard was re-appointed the PQ's candidate in the Gouin riding in 2007. He faced Françoise David, the leader of Quebec Solidaire, a left wing political party.
His electoral office was occupied by FRAPRU, a social lobby supporting more public funded housing, police were forced to evacuate the illegal protesters.
He was re-elected with almost 40% of the vote, however the PQ finished in third position.
Defeat and AMT appointment
Girard was defeated in the September 4, 2012 Quebec general election. On September 25, 2012, he was appointed president and CEO of the Agence métropolitaine de transport (AMT), which coordinates regional transportation in the Montreal area.
He was removed from the position by Premier Philippe Couillard in August 2015, resulting in PQ claims that it was because he was a sovereignist. His large severance pay also created controversy.
Electoral record (partial)
* Result compared to Action démocratique
* Result compared to UFP
|-
|Liberal
|Edith Keays
|align="right"|3,645
|align="right"|24.32
|align="right"|-5.88
|-
|-
|-
|-
|Independent
|Régent Millette
|align="right"|33
|align="right"|0.22
|align="right"|–
|-
|}
References
1972 births
French Quebecers
Living people
Parti Québécois MNAs
Politicians from Montreal
Université de Montréal alumni
21st-century Canadian politicians |
17328259 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondine%20%28ballet%29 | Ondine (ballet) | See also Ondine, ou La naïade for the ballet on the same theme by Pugni and Perrot
Ondine is a ballet in three acts created by the choreographer Sir Frederick Ashton and composer Hans Werner Henze. Ashton originally produced Ondine for the Royal Ballet in 1958, with Henze commissioned to produce the original score, published as Undine, which has since been restaged by other choreographers. The ballet was adapted from a novella titled Undine by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué and it tells the tale of a water nymph who is the object of desire of a young prince named Palemon. The première of the ballet took place at the Royal Opera House, London, on 27 October 1958, with the composer as guest conductor. The first major revival of this Ashton/Henze production took place in 1988.
History
The three-act ballet of Ondine was commissioned and produced for The Royal Ballet in 1958 by the choreographer Sir Frederick Ashton. The resulting ballet was a collaboration between Ashton and the German composer Hans Werner Henze, who was commissioned to write the score. It is the only full length ballet that Ashton choreographed to original music, and the score is regarded as a rarity by musicians, as it is a "20th century full-length ballet score that has the depth of a masterwork".
The ballet was originally intended as a vehicle for The Royal Ballet's then prima ballerina, Margot Fonteyn and the title role of Ondine was choreographed specially for her and led one critic to describe the ballet as "a concerto for Fonteyn". From its première in 1958 until the work was removed from the repertoire in 1966, nearly every performance of Ondine saw Fonteyn cast in the lead role, with the only occasional exceptions seeing Nadia Nerina and Svetlana Beriosova dancing the role. Maria Almeida became the first ballerina to dance the role of Ondine in a revival, with Anthony Dowell dancing the role of Palemon. Staged in 1988 and conducted by Isaiah Jackson, the revival was a success and the ballet has been regularly performed ever since.
Music
Ashton initially approached Sir William Walton to compose the score for Ondine. They had worked together before on a ballet called The Quest for the Sadler's Wells company in 1943, and agreed to collaborate again for the 1955–56 season; they decided on Macbeth as their subject. Fonteyn, however, was firmly opposed to playing Lady Macbeth, and was not enthused by Ashton's next suggestion, Miranda in a ballet of The Tempest. By the time Ashton had lighted on Ondine as an alternative, Walton was immersed in work on a concerto. He suggested that his friend Henze be approached. Accordingly, the music was commissioned from Henze, who titled the score Undine.
Henze and Ashton met at the former's home on the island of Ischia, just across the bay from Naples, to decide their key approaches to this new ballet. They decided to ignore the northern origins of Fouqué's novella Undine and move it to the Mediterranean. Ashton and Henze chose Lila de Nobili to design the set and costumes. She was described by Henze as "an Italian bewitched by English landscape and culture", however her first intention was to make the sets in the style that might have been seen on the stage of La Scala a hundred years earlier. However, Henze and Ashton had decided not to make their ballet a mix of all the great works of the nineteenth century, but rather that it would be the product of their own contemporary sensibilities with references to other works. Eventually, the three of them decided that Ondine would have a "gothic-revival" setting.
Despite his experience in the ballet world, Henze had never before composed a subject in the romantic style which Ashton requested, however Ashton had been impressed by Henze's treatment of magical material in his opera König Hirsch. Henze attended many ballet performances at Covent Garden, frequently accompanied by Ashton who told him clearly what he liked and what he did not like in music for dance. Eventually the work was completed, but when Ashton heard a recording of the orchestrated score he realised that he would have to revise his ideas; the sustained orchestral sounds were such a contrast to the piano score and made him think very differently.
Henze later arranged the Wedding Music for wind orchestra in 1957 and a further two orchestral suites in 1958.
Critical reception
After its première in 1958 it was greeted with mixed, half-hearted reviews, although the first night reviews of Ondine were unanimous about one thing: Fonteyn's triumph in the title role. A.V.Coton spoke of "the supernormal sensitivity of feeling, interaction and mutual understanding which exists between Ashton and his heroine", and Cyril Beaumont saw the ballet as Ashton's "greatest gift" to his ballerina. Nothing else about the piece pleased everybody, though most reviewers liked Lila de Nobili's designs and praised the contribution of the supporting cast – Beaumont called Alexander Grant's Tirrenio "of Miltonic stature, magnificently danced and mimed." Edwin Denby dismissed Ondine: after praising Fonteyn he said "But the ballet is foolish, and everyone noticed". Most critics disliked the music and Mary Clarke was in the minority when she called it "rich and romantic and superbly rhythmical". Fernau Hall thought Henze showed "little understanding of the needs of classical dancing", and that Ondine would establish itself firmly in the repertoire "if it were not for Henze's music".
In 1958 the ballet was widely seen as having choreography and décor in harmony with each other but fighting with the music; now it's the choreography and the music which seem to speak the same language, while the sets look not only backward but to the north. Even when it was revived in 1988, it was hailed neither as a disaster nor as a lost masterpiece. Henze's modern music is also perceived as a reason for the few performances of this ballet before its revival in the 1990s.
Synopsis
Ondine bears a resemblance to The Little Mermaid. The story derives from Fouqué's novella Undine, the tale of a water-nymph who marries a mortal. Similar to other 19th century fairy tales, the plot is based on man (Palemon) encountering the supernatural (the water nymph Ondine), but the outcome is rather different from many of the 19th century classics: here, it is the man that dies, and the female character survives. Ondine makes her first entrance from a fountain, shivering in the cold air as we would in water, and dances with her shadow, which she has never seen before. She meets the hero, Palemon, and is astonished when she feels his heartbeat as she doesn't possess a heart. Palemon deserts Berta, whom he has been courting, and decides to marry Ondine. During a particularly strong storm while at sea, Ondine is lost overboard. Palemon survives the shipwreck created by the angry Ondines and, believing Ondine is lost, ends up marrying Berta. Ondine returns, however, and is heartbroken when she discovers Palemon's unfaithfulness. When she kisses him, he dies and she brings his body back into the sea with her forever.
In the published score, as with the title of the ballet, Henze also retained the original spellings of the character names. The London ballet production was given as Ondine, but the score was titled Undine, and names the lead character as Undine. Henze also uses the original name Beatrice rather than Berta.
Principal characters
Ondine (Undine)
The title role is undoubtedly the main focus of the ballet. She is a gentle water sprite who the audience discovers dancing in a waterfall and then with her own shadow. Her love for Palemon is deep, which is what makes his unfaithfulness so devastating and dramatic.
Palemon
The male lead is bewitched by the feminine allure of Ondine. He has never seen a creature as lovely as her and decides to marry Ondine, forsaking his betrothed, Beatrice (Berta). Similar to the Prince in Swan Lake, Palemon is destroyed by breaking the trust of his intended.
Berta (Beatrice)
She is the perfect female contrast to Ondine. Ondine belongs to the sea, whereas Berta is definitely from the land. She is manipulative, possessive and highly demanding, while Ondine is gentle and loving.
Tirrenio
He is the uncle of Ondine and also Lord of the Mediterranean Sea. He tries to warn Ondine that what she intends to do with Palemon goes against what is expected of her. When she chooses not to listen to his advice, he creates the conditions for a shipwreck where she is returned to the sea. When Ondine once again finds Palemon and realises how he has betrayed her, Tirrenio exacts a terrible revenge with his fellow Undines by causing death and destruction for all Palemon's guests.
Original Cast
The music
Since the original 1958 production of the ballet, the score has been published as a standalone work, and has been used for other dance productions, which have also used the title Undine.
The score is constructed with the certainty of technical accomplishment and inlaid with a lyricism that emanated from his experience of Italian life and Mediterranean colour. The score combines various genres, including the Neoclassicism from his early years. This combination of the genres of early German Romanticism and the neoclassicism of Stravinsky gives the score a 'modern' sound "automatically made it anathema to the avant-garde of the 1950s". Therefore, the music was often seen as revolutionary and not suited to ballet.
Act 1
The score has a slow opening and immediately provides a romantic sense of mystery. However, the music then launches into a quicker tempo, brass fanfares propelling the music along with a rhythmically incisive motif. An andante section for strings follows using a straightforward lilting rhythm. The simplicity of this section is a marked contrast to the next, marked vivace where the different parts of the orchestra compete with each other with an underlying consistent rhythmic drive. The following section is also manufactured of contrasts with lyrical strings followed by a solo clarinet and sparse accompaniment. High strings, harp (for the watery effect) and occasional percussion provide another contrasting orchestral sound, before the composer again re-assembles his palette of orchestral colours, using solo instruments in small groups, or alone, or high violins in long notes soaring above moving fragments of ideas below. The finale of Act 1 has an uneven rhythm with sudden accents darting about in Stravinskian fashion, the music being punctuated here and there by astringent wind chords.
Act 2
This act begins by reestablishing the aura of romantic mystery which began Act 1. This is evoked by the use of high violins and wind chords together, similar to that of Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring. The first movement is characterised by the constant change of tempo, while the second picks up influences from other musical styles in particular that of rhythmic impulse and swooning which characterised Ravel's work. The next movement features solid writing for a chorus of brass instruments, after which high violins are heard over a very low accompaniment. This section also features many solos for various instruments, followed by a pas de trois above a gently undulating accompaniment where lyrical melody lines are heard, with the oboe able to penetrate the whole texture in expressive fashion. The following variation is typical of 19th century ballet music and begins with the violins before spreading to the rest of the orchestra. Brass, prominent timpani and incisive pizzicato chords in the strings culminate in a sense of urgency in the music which prepares for the musical tension in the final act.
Act 3
This act begins with a striking unison theme in the strings, soon interrupted by strident brass. This theme intensifies throughout the opening movement, recitative. The next movement, adagio, features a sweeter sound in the strings with a solo violin heard floating above the rest of the orchestral texture. The con elegenza that follows is marked by the sweeping sound of violins. Brass fanfares then introduce the pas de seize and this adagio contrasts the horns with high woodwind, while the harp adds to this effect. The tempo of the pas de seize varies and quiet lyrical moments may suddenly be interrupted by incisive brass and timpani. This section finishes with a Largo solenne movement. The connection between that movement and the final divertissement, marked Scene, begins with a vigorous and brilliant entrée. A pas de six in the same tempo includes virtuoso writing for the piano, which leads the orchestra for the ensuing pas de trois, though the orchestra controls the second pas de trois while the piano has more virtuoso work with rippling cascades of notes; before the Stravinskian rhythms emerge for piano and orchestra at the beginning of the pas de dix-huit. The orchestral momentum, of high violins en masse, sprightly wind writing, brass chords punctuating the highly charged rhythmic style, and a continuation of bravura piano writing, is maintained throughout the opening of the pas de six that follows. The orchestra then introduces a valse for a general dance (pas d’ensemble) that could almost belong to one of Ravel's more advanced scores. A pas d’action then begins to prepare for the finale. The tempo slows down, while "sparse textures with solo instrumental sounds floating above quiet accompanimental figures create a different sound world". The strings gently introduce the Dance of Sorrow, which then gains in intensity with a richer string texture. During the next variation, oboe, harp, and pitched percussion provide another watery timbre before the ballet moves to the final pas de deux. The final movement starts with gently pulsing chords that have a sweet but melancholy dissonance as Palemon is kissed by Ondine and dies.
Structure
Act 1
No. 1 – Lento
No. 2 – I. Allegretto, II. Andante, III. Vivace
No. 3 – Moderato
No. 4 – I. Adagio, II. Adagio
No. 5 – Andante con moto
No. 6 – I. Adagio, II. Vivace
No. 7 – Vivace assai
No. 8 – Andante
No. 9 – Allegro assai
No. 10 – Vivace, I. Largo
No. 11 – Adagio, I. Tranquillo, II. Lento, III. Finale. Allegro, IV. Finale. End
Act 2
No. 1 – Moderato
No. 2 – Andantino con moto
No. 3 – tempo = 80
No. 4 – I. Andante molto, II. tempo = 44
No. 5 – Pas de trois, I. Variation
No. 6 – Vivace
No. 7 – Molto mosso
No. 8 – Finale
Act 3
No. 1 – Recitative
No. 2 – Adagio, I. Allegro moderato, con eleganza
No. 3 – Pas de Seize Entrée, I. Adagio, II. Variation, III. Variation, IV. Variation, V. Coda
No. 4 – Scène
No. 5 – Divertissement, I. Entrée, II. Pas de six , III. Pas de trois I, IV. Pas de trois II, V. Pas de dix-huit, VI. Variation , VII. Variation, VIII. Variation, IX. Pas de six, X. Coda
No. 6 – Pas d'action, I. Variation
No. 7 – Finale, I. Dance of Sorrow, II. Variation, III. Pas de deux, IV. Epilogue
Instrumentation
Strings: Violins I, Violins II, Violas, Cellos, Double Basses
Woodwinds: Flute, Piccolo, Oboe, English Horn, Clarinet, Bass Clarinet, Bassoon, Contrabassoon
Brass: 4 Horns, 2 Cornets (A, B-flat), 3 Trumpets, 2 Trombones, Tuba
percussion: Timpani, Triangle, tamtam, 2 Cymbals, Bass Drum, 2 tom-toms, Snare Drum, Vibraphone
Other: 2 Harps, Guitar, Celesta, Piano
Ashton's choreography and setting
The consensus on Ashton's Ondine is that it has some very good things in it – and this is true; as is the implication that it is otherwise unsuccessful, not least because the music (which greatly disappointed Ashton himself) largely fails, except in the storm of Act II and the divertissements of Act III. According to many critics, the music did not suit Ashton "who had been hoping for music as "radiant" as the Mediterranean from which its heroine was born". Yet the music does seem to fit its watery theme well: there are some beautiful passages to Ondine's Act 3 "swimming" solo where the music seems thin and transparent as watercolour, and entirely suited to this sketch of the sea. The ballet is also a mixture of both the 19th and the 20th century, for the plot is quintessentially romantic while the music and choreography are more modern. Although it bore all the marks of Ashton's familiarly gentle, classically oriented manner, it discarded the classical ballet conventions that appear in such Ashton successes as Cinderella and Sylvia. What he was trying to suggest, says Ashton, was "the ebb and flow of the sea: I aimed at an unbroken continuity of dance, which would remove the distinction between aria and recitative." As a result, Ondine offered few pyrotechnics, gained its effects instead through sinuous mass movements in which the undulation of arm and body suggested forests of sea plants stirring to unseen tides. The sense of submarine fantasy was reinforced by Stage Designer Lila de Nobili's fine scenery: a castle of mist and fruitfulness, shadowy crags and waterfalls, aqueous skies streaked pink and green.
Ondine is not a classical construction with great set pieces (except for the wedding divertissement in the third act) or grand formal pas de deux, but a continuous, flowing narrative. However, this narrative is itself not very strong and there is no real explanation of why the lovers are on a ship in Act 2, or what exactly has passed between Acts 2 and 3 to convince Palemon to return to his mortal lover, Beatrice (Berta). The work uses classical ballet vocabulary, but the form varies a great deal from the 19th century classics. Unlike them, is through-composed: there are no breaks for bows to the audience built in and (at least until the third-act divertissement) no bravura variations to self-consciously elicit the audience's response. Henze's glittering music is the dominating force, although it is a difficult score to dance to, with the pulse well hidden within its general sheen, but it is atmospheric and often exciting, bringing the close of Act I to a climax.
Although the narrative is not strong, the setting is and displays a "most convincing feel of the sea" and the "shimmer of water" which is very effective in this ballet which is filled with images of water and particularly of the sea. The first act of the ballet takes place in the courtyard of the castle of Palemon where Ondine is seen dancing in the waterfall. Other settings include a scene with Tirrenio and the ondines while another is on a ship during wild storm at sea where the sensation of motion while being on board ship is strong enough to make the audience seasick. The third act takes place in the Castle of Palemon located near the sea. The final tableau is not only exquisitely beautiful, with Ondine grieving over the body of her lover, but the surrounding ondines, their arms drifting like seaweed in the dim green light, uncannily evoke the shifting currents under the sea.
When Fonteyn danced the lead, the ballet was about her and her performance; however good today's interpreters may be, none has the mystique to reduce everyone else to the background, and so the supporting roles are now much more visible and need to be much more strongly depicted. It is generally accepted that Tirrenio was originally the most completely worked out role, inherited from Alexander Grant's lack of awe for Fonteyn; however the role has become difficult to cast as it was created to showcase Grant's unique mixture of gifts – classical virtuosity and flair for characterisation.
Revivals
Although it was much lauded at the time, Ashton's Ondine disappeared from the repertory of The Royal Ballet for twenty years or so before Sir Anthony Dowell persuaded Ashton to let him revive it in 1988. It has become more entrenched in The Royal Ballet's repertoire and thus gives the audience a chance to evaluate this work without the aura that Fonteyn brought to it. Maria Almeida was chosen to revive the lead role in 1990 and Viviana Durante has subsequently continued in the tradition of Fonteyn. The role of Palemon was revived by Anthony Dowell and has subsequently been danced by Jonathon Cope. It was revived again for the 2008/2009 season at the Royal Opera House with Tamara Rojo and Edward Watson.
Ashton's choreography has so far had only one full production outside The Royal Ballet, by the Ballet of the Teatro alla Scala, Milan on 21 April 2000. Some commentators have noted that this is perhaps a consequence of its length (around 100 minutes) which does not compare with other twentieth century ballets. The ballet has also been staged at Sadler's Wells, London and the Metropolitan Opera House, New York.
Other productions
Following the original staging by The Royal Ballet, the Ashton/Henze production was later restaged in New York in 1960, and then again at the Teatro alla Scala, Milan on 21 April 2000, a performance conducted by Patrick Fournillier.
Other choreographers have used Henze's music, including Youri Vámos for the ballet of the Deutsche Oper Berlin (1987) and Torsten Händler in Chemnitz and the Semperoper Ballett in Dresden, Germany has staged it regularly from 1989 as part of its repertoire using modern design. It was performed at the Volkstheater in Rostock in March 2009.
Casts
Recordings
Undine was first recorded commercially in 1996: it was nominated for the 1999 Grammy Award for Best Orchestral Performance.
Henze: Undine – London Sinfonietta
Conductor: Oliver Knussen
Piano: Peter Donohoe
Recording date: 1996
Label: Deutsche Grammophon – 453467 (CD)
Reviews
Sunday NY Times review, 7 December 1958
NY Times review by John Martin, 22 September 1960
NY Times obituary of Brian Shaw, 23 April 1992
NY Times review by Anna Kisselgoff, 15 July 2004
NY Times review by Roslyn Sulcas, 5 December 2008
See also
Ondine, ou La naïade – a ballet based on the same novella and produced in 1843 by Cesare Pugni and Jules Perrot
Undine (Hoffmann) – an opera based on the same novel, with music by E.T.A. Hoffmann, produced in 1814
Undine (Lortzing) – an opera based on the same novel, with music by Albert Lortzing, produced in 1845
Undine – the novel by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, on which the story of Ondine is based
Undina (Tchaikovsky) – an opera based on the same novel, with music by Pyotr Tchaikovsky, produced in 1869
Bibliography
Henze, Hans Werner (1959). Undine. Tagebuch eines Balletts. R. Piper & Co. Verlag, Munich
Notes
References
External links
Guardian review by Luke Jennings, 7 December 2008. Retrieved on 3 June 2009.
Financial Times review by Clement Crisp, 1 June 2009. Retrieved on 2 June 2009.
Independent review by Zoë Anderson (London), 3 June 2009. Retrieved on 3 June 2009.
NY Times review by Anna Kisselgoff, 15 July 2004
NY Times review by John Martin, 22 September 1960
Schott Music Publishers page for Undine, accessed 1 June 2009
Sunday NY Times review, 7 December 1958
Frederick Ashton and his ballets: 1958 by David Vaughan, 2004
1958 compositions
Compositions by Hans Werner Henze
Ballets by Frederick Ashton
Ballets created for The Royal Ballet
1958 ballet premieres
Works based on Undine (novella) |
20465872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CANUSA%20Games | CANUSA Games | The CANUSA Games are an annual contest, primarily for athletes age 18 and under, between the sister cities of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, and Flint, Michigan, United States. The Games are the longest-running amateur sports competition in North America. The games are held in alternate locations, with Hamilton, Ontario, hosting in odd-numbered years.
History
As a result of the Flint Olympian Games held in Flint, Michigan, in July 1957, the Flint officials of the Games wanted a city, of similar size and population, to compete with on a yearly basis. Hamilton was selected, which birthed the "CANUSA" games, whose name was derived from combining the names Canada and United States - CAN/USA.
The Games began in August 1958, and consisted of 200 athletes (from each city) competing in seven different sports. The Games have grown considerably, which is supported by the more than 1,600 athletes from each city competing in 17 different competitive sports, including basketball, baseball, softball, volleyball, darts, golf, track and field, swimming and ice hockey. An estimated 25,000 people have participated in the games in their 50 years.
Opening Ceremonies
The Opening Ceremonies of the CANUSA Games are arguably the most highlighted piece of the weekend. One of these highlights is most certainly the running relay which covers the distance between Flint and Hamilton - 245 miles. Departing the night before from the visiting city, relay runners carry the torch over the border, which is one of the longest international runs in all of North America. The torch is run into the venue in which the opening ceremonies are held, which represents the official start of the Games.
To symbolize the relationship between the sister cities, the national anthems (from both nations) are sung by everyone present at the Opening Ceremonies. The Friendship Trophy is also given by the Mayor of the host city to the Mayor of the visiting city as a symbol of friendship and peace. The Games take the true meaning of friendship to task as each year the visiting country's athletes "billet" or reside with their counterparts during the entire weekend beyond competition. It is considered the signature of the Game's existence.
Editions
References
Canada–United States relations
Multi-sport events in Canada
Multi-sport events in the United States
North American international sports competitions
Recurring sporting events established in 1958
Sport in Hamilton, Ontario
Sports in Flint, Michigan
Tourist attractions in Genesee County, Michigan |
17328262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Moher | Frank Moher | Frank Moher (born 1955) is a Canadian playwright, director, and journalist.
He was born in Edmonton, Alberta and lived in New York City and Calgary, Alberta. His plays include Odd Jobs (1985) which has been produced internationally and was a finalist for the Governor General's Award, The Third Ascent which toured Canada and won the Edmonton Sterling Award for Outstanding New Play, Supreme Dream (with Rhonda Trodd, 1995) which also toured Canada, and Big Baby (2004). His plays are published by the Playwrights Guild of Canada, Playwrights Canada Press, and online by ProPlay.
Moher has been the Artistic Producer of Western Edge Theatre in Nanaimo, British Columbia since 2002, and is editor and media critic for the online magazine backofthebook.ca.
External links
Frank Moher in The Canadian Theatre Encyclopedia
Frank Moher in Canadian Who's Who
frankmoher.com
20th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
Living people
1955 births
Canadian male dramatists and playwrights
Writers from Edmonton
20th-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian male writers |
20465873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgewerkschaftskommission | Reichsgewerkschaftskommission | Reichsgewerkschaftskommission ('Imperial Trade Union Commission', often referred to as the Vienna Commission) was a trade union centre in the Austrian part of Austria-Hungary. The Vienna Commission was formed in December 1893. Anton Hueber was the head of the Commission.
In 1928, the organisation was refounded as the Federation of Free Trade Unions in Austria, on an industrial union basis.
See also
Independent Social Democratic Party (Czech Lands)
References
Trade unions in Austria-Hungary
National federations of trade unions
Trade unions established in 1893
1893 establishments in Austria-Hungary
Trade unions disestablished in 1928 |
6899793 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas%20Allanbrook | Douglas Allanbrook | Douglas Allanbrook (April 1, 1921 – January 29, 2003) was an American composer, concert pianist and harpsichordist. He was associated with a group of mid-twentieth century Boston composers who were students of Nadia Boulanger. His compositions are described by the Kennedy Center as "smooth, showing astute sense, assertiveness, and originality."
Early life
Allanbrook was born on April 1, 1921, and raised in Melrose, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston. He began taking piano lessons at the age of eight. Within two years he was playing Bach, Haydn, and Czerny. By thirteen, he started composing; his first serious piece was entitled On the Death of a Beautiful White Cat. While in high school, he was composing sonatas for violin and piano and writing sketches for a Symphony in G minor.
Education
After high school, Allanbrook studied at Boston University for one year. In 1939 he was hired as a music teacher at the Mary Wheeler finishing school, a private girls' school, in Providence, where Gloria Vanderbilt was among his piano students. In 1941, the Rhode Island Symphony played his student orchestral work "Music for a Tragedy."
During the same year, Nadia Boulanger came to Providence to accept an honorary degree from Brown University. She heard some of Allanbrook's music and immediately took him under her wing. He began commuting regularly to Cambridge to study with her, and became part of her coterie of Boston composers, which included Harold Shapero, Irving Fine, Paul Desmarais, and Daniel Pinkham.
In the fall of 1942, the Army drafted Allanbrook. Serving as an infantryman for three years, he fought his way up the Italian peninsula, in the process earning a Bronze Star and starting his lifelong love affair with Italy. His 1995 book, See Naples: A Memoir of Love, Peace, and War in Italy recounts his wartime experiences with the 88th Division in the Italian Campaign, in which his division suffered a 75% casualty rate.
When the war ended, he returned to Boston to enter Harvard University on the G.I. Bill. His major professor was composer Walter Piston, with whom he studied harmony, counterpoint, and orchestration. Among his fellow students were Peter Davison, who was to become a poet and publisher, and John Clinton Hunt, also to become a writer. Allanbrook composed prolifically, including his first three-movement piano sonata, and a cantata to T.S. Eliot's poem Ash Wednesday. He spent his summers at the MacDowell Colony in New Hampshire, composing among distinguished artists also there. He completed his B.A. degree in May 1948. He was awarded a Paine Traveling Fellowship from Harvard, which he used to spend the next two years (1948–1950) in Paris honing his composing and performing skills, once again studying under Nadia Boulanger. There he formed close musical friendships with composers Ned Rorem, Noël Lee, Leo Preger and Georges Auric.
In the summer of 1950 on a Fulbright scholarship, he returned to Italy to study harpsichord under Ruggero Gerlin, longtime associate of Wanda Landowska, at the Naples Conservatory. Under Gerlin's tutelage, he learned to perform the partitas and the two books of the Well-Tempered Clavier of J. S. Bach, the of François Couperin, and various sonatas of Domenico Scarlatti. Allanbrook spent two extraordinarily creative years in Italy as composer and performer. His main work from this period is his first opera, Ethan Frome, a setting of Edith Wharton's novel of the same name with a libretto by John Clinton Hunt.
St. John's
In 1952 he returned to the U.S. to become a tutor at St. John's College in Annapolis in its Great Brooks Program. Although he taught part-time at the Peabody Conservatory in Baltimore from 1953 through 1956, he chose to stay at St. John's for the duration of his teaching career. Allanbrook was on the faculty at St. John's for 45 years, teaching music, math, philosophy, Greek, and French. Although he retired from the college in May 1986, he continued to teach and perform there until his death. For many years, he was a member of the board at the Yaddo artists colony near Saratoga Springs, NY. He died in Annapolis, Maryland on January 29, 2003, from a heart attack at the age of 81.
Catalog
His catalog contains 63 mature musical compositions, from his Te Deum (1942) to his String Quartet No. 6 (2002). He greatly admired Boulanger and Stravinsky, and his formative years of composing show influence from both artists. His main works include seven symphonies, two operas, Ethan Frome and Nightmare Abbey (based on the novel by Thomas Love Peacock), sacred and secular choral works, four string quartets, numerous chamber pieces, and innumerable piano and harpsichord works. His opera Ethan Frome was written in 1951 was based on the novel by Edith Wharton. He performed the piano part himself in 1955 for Aaron Copland at the Harvard Club. However, the opera was shelved for fifty years until his son John Allanbrook directed in at the Eliot House. During his lifetime, his orchestral works were performed by orchestras across America and Europe, including the National Symphony Orchestra, Baltimore Symphony, Stuttgart Philharmonic, Munich Radio Orchestra. He had a warm and creative collaboration with the Annapolis Brass Quintet from 1975 until its disbandment in 1991. Other performers who gave premieres of his music under his supervision include harpsichordist Ralph Kirkpatrick, violinist Robert Gerle, and the Kronos Quartet.
Personal life
Allanbrook was married twice, with both marriages ending in divorce. As recounted in See Naples, his first marriage was in 1952 to Candida Curcio, a theater actress whom he met in Italy; they had a son, Timothy, an architect. Later in 1975, he married the Mozart scholar and future president of the American Musicological Society Wye Allanbrook née Jamison (March 15, 1943 – July 15, 2010); their son, John, is a musician who has conducted recordings of several major Allanbrook works for Mapleshade Records.
Further reading
Douglas Allanbrook, See Naples: A Memoir. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1995.
Douglas Allanbrook and Pierre Sprey, publicity material for Mapleshade Records, 1995–2003.
Edward Komara, Douglas Allanbrook: A Classified List of Works. SUNY Buffalo, 1989, unpublished.
"Douglas Allanbrook" in Laura Kuhn, editor, Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, Centennial Edition, New York: Schirmer, 2000.
Interview with Douglas Allanbrook, April 27, 1987
References
1921 births
2003 deaths
American male composers
Boston University alumni
Harvard University alumni
St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe) faculty
People from Melrose, Massachusetts
Musicians from Massachusetts
United States Army personnel of World War II
Peabody Institute faculty
20th-century American pianists
20th-century American composers
American male pianists
United States Army soldiers
20th-century American male musicians
Mapleshade Records artists
American expatriates in Italy |
20465883 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Michael%20W%C3%A4chter | Johann Michael Wächter | Johann Michael Wächter (2 March 1794 – 26 May 1853) was an Austrian bass-baritone most famous for appearing in the operas of Richard Wagner.
Born in Rappersdorf in Austria, Wächter sang in various church choirs in Vienna, making his stage début in 1819 at Graz as Don Giovanni in Mozart's Don Giovanni. He also appeared at Bratislava, Vienna and Berlin. In 1827 he joined the Dresden Hofoper, where he remained for the rest of his career. Here his roles included Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro, and he sang in three Wagner premières, playing Orsini in Rienzi in 1842, the title role in Der fliegende Holländer in 1843, and Biterolf in Tannhäuser in 1845.
Hector Berlioz, who heard The Flying Dutchman in Dresden, considered Wächter's baritone ‘...one of the finest I have ever heard, and he uses it like a consummate singer. It is of that rich and vibrant timbre that has such a wonderful power of expression, provided that the artist sings with soul and feeling, which Wächter does to a high degree’.
Wächter, an old friend of Wagner's, was not equal to the demanding role of the Dutchman. Wagner later wrote:
"His total incapacity in the difficult role of my spectral, suffering mariner dawned on Schröder-Devrient unfortunately only after the rehearsals were too far along to make any change. Wächter's distressing corpulence, particularly his broad, round face and the curious way he moved his arms and legs like shrivelled stumps, sent my Senta in transports of despair."
His wife, the mezzo-soprano Thérèse Wächter-Wittman (31 August 1802 in Vienna – 3 October 1879 in Dresden), also sang at Dresden, creating the role of Mary in The Flying Dutchman. Wächter died in Dresden in 1853.
References
External links
Wächter in the first performance of Tannhäuser
Wächter in the first performance of Der fliegende Holländer
1794 births
1853 deaths
Operatic bass-baritones
19th-century Austrian male opera singers |
6899802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice%20Ahern | Maurice Ahern | Maurice Ahern (born 1938/39) is a former Irish Fianna Fáil politician. He was a member of Dublin City Council for the Cabra–Glasnevin local electoral area from 1999 to 2009. He was first elected at the 1999 local elections, topping the poll. He was re-elected at the 2004 local elections. He was the Lord Mayor of Dublin in 2000, and formerly Leader of the Fianna Fáil group on the council. He was a member of the Irish Sports Council.
Married to Moira Murray-Ahern, he has five sons and one daughter. His eldest son, Dylan Ahern, was found dead in his apartment on 22 November 2009.
He is the elder brother of Bertie Ahern and Noel Ahern, both of whom served as Fianna Fáil TDs, Bertie Ahern having served as Taoiseach from 1997–2008.
He was the Fianna Fáil candidate in the Dublin Central by-election which was held on 5 June 2009. He lost that election being beaten into 5th place. On the same day, he also lost his council seat in the 2009 local elections.
References
1930s births
Living people
Year of birth uncertain
Maurice
Fianna Fáil politicians
Local councillors in Dublin (city)
Lord Mayors of Dublin
Sport Ireland officials
People educated at O'Connell School |
20465886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20P%C3%A9ri | La Péri | La Péri is the title of two ballets:
La Péri (Burgmüller), by Friedrich Burgmüller, Jean Coralli, and Théophile Gautier, first performed in 1843
La Péri (Dukas), by Paul Dukas and Ivan Clustine, first performed in 1912 |
20465891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revati%20%28disambiguation%29 | Revati (disambiguation) | Revati in Hinduism, is the daughter of King Kakudmi and the wife of Balarama, the elder brother of Krishna.
Revati may also refer to:
Revati (raga), a musical scale Carnatic music
Revati (nakshatra), nakshatra or lunar mansion in Vedic astrology, referring to the multiple star system Zeta Piscium
Revati (film), a 2005 Indian film
Revathi Pattathanam, an annual assembly of scholars held in Kerala, India
Revathi (born 1966), award-winning South Indian actress
Revathi Sankaran, Tamil television personality / actress
Revati, the proper name of the brightest component of the multiple star system Zeta Piscium
See also |
6899816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mystery%20of%20the%20Tolling%20Bell | The Mystery of the Tolling Bell | The Mystery of the Tolling Bell is the twenty-third volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1946 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. The actual author was ghostwriter Mildred Wirt Benson.
Plot summary
Nancy, Bess, and George travel to the picturesque seaside town of Candleton to meet Carson Drew's client, a woman named Mrs. Chantrey, who has been cheated out of money by buying phony stock. On the way, they stop in Fisher's Cove where Bess buys expensive "Mon Coeur" perfume from a suspicious woman. Upon arrival in Candleton, they meet busy Mrs. Chantrey at her restaurant, the Salsandee shop, and help out as waitresses for a day. While waiting on tables, Nancy meets a mysterious diner named Amos Hendrick. He tells her of his search for a missing Paul Revere bell. When he leaves, Nancy finds a piece of paper that he dropped with a mysterious message on it and gives it to Mrs. Chantrey for safekeeping.
When Mr. Drew fails to join the girls as planned, Nancy is worried. She soon finds that he has been kidnapped and left in a hotel. She rescues her father, who thinks that he has been drugged. Meanwhile, Nancy also becomes interested in the local story of Amy Maguire, who married a man named Ferdinand Slocum despite her parents' disapproval.
While talking with Mrs. Chantrey and the other residents of Candleton, they tell her of a cave which is said to be inhabited by a ghost who rings a bell every time water rushes through it. Nancy investigates and is swept into the sea by rushing water until she is rescued. This does not stop her and she continues to investigate the cave, which lies directly under the Maguire house. Then, Nancy discovers that many other residents of Candleton besides Mrs. Chantrey have been scammed into buying fake stock in the "Mon Coeur" brand. Nancy eventually tracks down the perfume scammers, finds out the true story of Amy Maguire, uncovers the ghost, and, with the help of the mysterious piece of paper, rescues the tolling bell, which turns out to be the valuable Paul Revere bell that Amos Hendrick was searching for.
Artwork, text, and publishing history
The first edition featured a dust jacket and plain-paper frontispiece by Russell H. Tandy, and it was the first Nancy Drew book with a wraparound spine. The book is also notable as it was the last Nancy Drew book to be published with the orange silhouette and orange lettering on the book boards that had been in print since 1932.
The Tandy art was kept in print for multiple original text picture cover printings from 1962 until 1966, when Rudy Nappi revised the cover art depicting the same scene for later original text printings, with a revised frontispiece by an unknown artist. This artwork featured Nancy in pink and was in print until the book was revised in 1973.
The cover and spines of books with the second cover art (first Nappi) both have the title "Mystery of the Tolling Bell". This would create confusion as the original title was "The Mystery of the Tolling Bell", and the original text still said "The Mystery of the Tolling Bell" on the inside.
It was not until the text was revised in 1973 that the title was changed to "Mystery of the Tolling Bell". Rudy Nappi made a new cover for the revision using heavy symbolism from the original two covers. The revision had five internal illustrations and a frontispiece by an uncredited artist, although one of the illustrations bears the clear signature "A. Orbaan" (presumably Albert Orbaan). The revised text of this book is still in print as of 2021, now published in “glossy flashlight” format by Grosset & Dunlap.
The original text was in print for 26 years, from 1946 to 1972. A revised text was published in 1973 as part of the Stratemeyer Syndicate’s project to revise the Nancy Drew and Hardy Boys texts published from 1927 to 1956. The original spans 25 chapters and 213 pages, while the revised edition has 20 chapters and 181 pages.
References
Nancy Drew books
1946 American novels
1946 children's books
Grosset & Dunlap books
Children's mystery novels |
6899817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb%20Williams | Caleb Williams | Caleb Williams may refer to:
Things as They Are; or, The Adventures of Caleb Williams, 1794 British novel
Caleb Williams (American football) (born 2002), American football quarterback
Caleb Williams Saleeby (1878–1940), English physician |
20465904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%20Without | Children Without | Children Without is a 1964 American short documentary film directed by Charles Guggenheim, about a young girl and her brother growing up in the housing projects of Detroit. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short, losing to another film by Guggenheim, Nine from Little Rock. Children Without was preserved by the Academy Film Archive in 2016.
See also
List of American films of 1964
References
External links
1964 films
1964 documentary films
1964 short films
1960s English-language films
1960s short documentary films
Films directed by Charles Guggenheim
Documentary films about children
Films set in Detroit
American short documentary films |
17328267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph%20C.%20Smith | Ralph C. Smith | Major General Ralph Corbett Smith (November 27, 1893 – January 21, 1998) was a senior officer of the United States Army. After receiving early training as a pilot from Orville Wright he served Brigadier General John J. Pershing's army against Pancho Villa, became decorated for bravery in World War I and commanded the 27th Infantry Division in combat in the Pacific War in World War II. At his death Smith was the oldest surviving general officer of the Army.
Early life
Born in Nebraska, Smith attended Colorado State College and served in the Colorado National Guard. He was an early aviator and was given flying lessons, as a young officer, by Orville Wright, and his pilot's license, signed by Wright, bore the number 13 because he was the 13th person to receive one.
He was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Infantry Branch of the United States Army in 1916 and was involved in the Army's unsuccessful Mexican Punitive Expedition, whose Commanding General (CG) was Brigadier General John Pershing, against Pancho Villa, just before the American entry into World War I in early April 1917.
During World War I Smith was awarded the Silver Star with an Oak-Leaf Cluster for two instances of bravery while serving with the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) on the Western Front. He was sent overseas with the 16th Infantry Regiment, part of the 1st Division towards the end of 1917, later being transferred to the 4th Infantry Division. He was wounded in action in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in the latter half of 1918 and served in occupation duties in Germany after the war.
Between the world wars his duties including teaching at the United States Military Academy and attending, and then instructing, at the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.
World War II
Smith was a temporary colonel when the United States entered World War II in December 1941. In 1942, promoted to brigadier general, he served as an assistant division commander of the 76th Infantry Division, later becoming a major general and taking command of the 27th Infantry Division, the unit charged with the defense of the outer Hawaiian Islands.
In November 1943, the 27th Infantry Division was incorporated with the 2nd Marine Division to form the V Amphibious Corps for the purpose of invading and securing the Gilbert Islands in the Central Pacific. While the Marines took the major objective, Tarawa Atoll (Operation Galvanic), the Army was tasked with capturing Makin Atoll (Operation Kourbash) approx. 120 statute miles to the north. The corps commander, Marine Corps Lieutenant General Holland M. "Howlin' Mad" Smith, expected the Army's 6,500 men to be able to overwhelm the 800 Japanese defenders in a day. Furious upon being informed of a lack of progress, Holland Smith went to Makin to assess the situation: "When he arrived at Ralph Smith's HQ he was told that there was heavy fighting in progress in the north of the island. Commandeering a jeep, he drove to the scene of the 'battle' and found it, in his words, 'As quiet as Wall Street on a Sunday.' ... This incident was the catalyst for a serious breakdown in relations between the Marines and the army that continued until well after the war." Four full days were required to conquer Makin.
In July 1944, the V Amphibious Corps, now including an additional Marine division, was assigned to the invasion of the Mariana Islands. In this action (Operation Forager), Ralph Smith's division fought alongside the Marines in the hard struggle for the mountainous island of Saipan. During the fight for Mt. Tapotchau in the center of the island, a vast difference in training and tactics between the Marines and the Army led to the 106th Infantry Regiment failing to reduce the area known as "Hell's Pocket", thus falling far behind the advance line of Marines. The corps commander, already ill-disposed toward the 27th Infantry Division because of its perceived lack of aggressiveness on Makin, relieved Ralph Smith of command and ordered him off the island. He contended that Ralph Smith's men had "failed to attack on time," unnecessarily costing Marine lives in the conquest of the island. Five times in the Pacific Theater of Operations were Army generals relieved of command, but it was unprecedented for the order to be given by a Marine Corps general, and the incident caused a considerable rift between the two branches.
The Buckner Board, an all-Army panel that investigated the incident, concluded that, while Holland Smith had the authority to fire Ralph Smith, he had not acquainted himself with the particular difficulties faced by the Army troops in the fight for Mt. Tapotchau and that the firing was "not justified by the facts."
Ralph Smith was given command of the 98th Infantry Division charged with the defense of the Hawaiian Islands, but the negative publicity associated with his firing on Saipan made it impractical for him to remain in the Pacific Theater. He was thus transferred to Camp J.T. Robinson, Arkansas, where he supervised the Infantry Replacement Training Center. Smith went on to serve as the military attaché at the United States Embassy in Paris and CARE's chief of mission for France. While he worked for CARE he also oversaw operations in other western European countries. Smith was decorated with the Legion of Merit for his service in World War II.
Smith retired from the Army in 1948.
After retirement
General Smith was a fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace.
He died in 1998 of a lung ailment. He was the last surviving US general officer to serve in World War II.
Personal life
His first wife, Madeleine, died in 1975.
In 1980 he remarried to Hildy Jarman who died in 1995.
References
Further reading
Hyperwar The War in the Pacific. Campaign In the Marianas
Smith v. Smith
Howlin' Mad Vs. the Army: Conflict in Command, Saipan 1944
Ralph Corbett Smith papers, Hoover Institution Archives,
External links
Generals of World War II
|-
1893 births
1998 deaths
United States military attachés
Military personnel from Nebraska
Members of the Early Birds of Aviation
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army generals
United States Army generals of World War II
Recipients of the Silver Star
People from Omaha, Nebraska
American centenarians
Men centenarians
Colorado State University alumni
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni |
6899826 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fall%20of%20America%3A%20Poems%20of%20These%20States | The Fall of America: Poems of These States | The Fall of America: Poems of These States, 1965–1971 is a collection of poetry by Allen Ginsberg, published by City Lights Bookstore in 1973, for which Ginsberg shared the annual U.S. National Book Award for Poetry.
It is characterized by a prophetic tone inspired by William Blake and Walt Whitman, as well as an objective view characterized by William Carlos Williams. The content is more overtly political than most of his previous poetry with many of the poems about Ginsberg's condemnation of America's actions in Vietnam. Current events such as the Moon Landing and the 1968 Democratic National Convention, the death of Che Guevara, and personal events such as the death of Ginsberg's friend and former lover Neal Cassady are also topics. Many of the poems were initially composed on an Uher Tape recorder, purchased by Ginsberg with the help of Bob Dylan.
Style
The Fall of America blends poetry, travel writing, personal experience, radio news broadcasts, popular songs, newspaper headlines, and journalistic observations, to give it a multilayered and spontaneous effect. It marks Ginsberg's movement toward a more complete spontaneous style of expression.
Some of the poems included in this collection are:
"Beginning of a Poem of These States"
"Elegy For Neal Cassady"
"On Neal's Ashes"
"Please Master"
"Hum Bom!"
"September on Jessore Road"
For Collected Poems Ginsberg grouped Wichita Vortex Sutra from Planet News and all of Iron Horse together under the heading The Fall of America.
Poems included under the heading The Fall of America in Collected Poems 1947-1980 and in Collected Poems 1947-1997:
"First Party Ken Kesey's with Hells Angels"
"Wichita Vortex Sutra"
"Iron Horse (Poem)"
"City Midnight Junk Strains"
"Wales Visitation"
Trivia
Paul McCartney and Youth, performing as The Fireman, borrowed the title of their album Electric Arguments from the poem "Kansas City to St. Louis," in which Ginsberg describes driving along the highway in a "white Volkswagen" (i.e., a "beetle") while listening to music and call-in shows on the radio and looking at signs and billboards:
Wooing the decade / gaps from the 30s returned / Old earth rolling mile after mile patient / The ground / I roll on / the ground / the music soars above / The ground electric arguments / ray over / The ground dotted with signs for Dave's Eat Eat"
Thus, "electric arguments" refers both to the radio waves carrying talk-show arguments and also to illuminated billboards and neon signs.
References
Schumacher, Michael. (1992) Dharma Lion. St. Martins Press, New York.
Poetry by Allen Ginsberg
American poetry collections
National Book Award for Poetry winning works
Vietnam War poems
1973 poetry books
City Lights Publishers books |
6899827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Kiso%20Fukushima | Siege of Kiso Fukushima | The 1554 siege of Kiso-Fukushima was a siege by Takeda Shingen on Fukushima Castle, in the Kiso River Valley of Shinano province. This was one of many battles fought during Shingen's campaign to seize control of Shinano.
Kiso Yoshiyasu, commander of the besieged castle, surrendered as his garrison ran out of food and water, as a result of Shingen's starvation siege tactics.
References
Turnbull, Stephen (1998). 'The Samurai Sourcebook'. London: Cassell & Co.
Kiso-Fukushima
Kiso-Fukushima
1554 in Japan
Conflicts in 1554 |
17328296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon%20Trott | Lyndon Trott | Lyndon Trott (born 17 July 1964, St. Sampson, Guernsey) is an elected Deputy in the States of Guernsey and served as the Chief Minister of Guernsey from 2008 to 2012.
Political appointments
Deputy Trott has been a deputy in the States of Guernsey since 2000. Re-elected in 2004 and again in 2008.
From 2004 until 2008 he was the Treasury and Resources Minister before being elected to the position of Chief Minister of Guernsey on 1 May 2008. His term of office expired on 30 April 2012. He succeeded Mike Torode as Guernsey's third Chief Minister following the creation of the post in 2004.
He was re-elected as a Deputy for the electoral district of St. Sampson in the General Election of 2012 and again in 2016, being elected as Vice President of the Policy and Resources Committee, the Senior Committee of the States of Guernsey following the 2016 changes.
In August 2020, Trott formed the Guernsey Partnership of Independents party with Heidi Soulsby and Gavin St Pier.
References
1973 births
Government ministers of Guernsey
Living people
Members of the States of Guernsey
Guernsey people |
17328313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivi%20Zigler | Vivi Zigler | Vivi Zigler is an American television executive, and a President of Shine America.
Education and early career
Zigler attended California Polytechnic State University (San Luis Obispo, California) where she received her Bachelor of Science degree in journalism. From there, Zigler began working at the local NBC affiliate television station, KSBY-TV. Zigler began in the newsroom at the station before being promoted to management.
NBC career
In the early 1990s, Zigler relocated to Seattle, WA where she worked at another NBC affiliate television station, KING-TV. After spending several years in Seattle at KING-TV, Zigler relocated to Burbank, CA to work for NBC at their west-coast headquarters.
2003
In March 2003, Zigler was named senior vice president of marketing & advertising services for The NBC Agency—and also oversaw Marketing and Advertising for Bravo. Her role was later expanded to include heading all marketing for the Bravo cable network as a member of the new Bravo senior management team. While in the position, Zigler was in charge of overall branding and marketing for Bravo, including the successful campaigns for Queer Eye for the Straight Guy and Celebrity Poker. The end result saw Bravo attain unparalleled ratings peaks during her term.
2005
In June, 2005 Zigler was promoted to executive vice president, Current Programs, NBC Entertainment, where she oversaw the production of NBC's slate of comedy and drama series. Her much-lauded previous experience in marketing allowed Zigler an extra dimension to increase NBC's promotional, casting and story opportunities in the Current Programs department.
2006
"Zigler was appointed executive vice president, NBC Digital Entertainment & New Media, NBC Entertainment, in August 2006. In this role she reports to Jeff Gaspin, president of NBC Universal Cable and Digital Content. Zigler is responsible for leading the NBC.com digital team in strategic efforts to further connect NBC’s primetime, late-night and daytime programs to Internet users, while also reaching across the company to keep communication and coordination at its best."
2008
On June 30, 2008, NBC Universal named Zigler President, NBC Universal Digital Entertainment.
2012
On June 6, 2012, NBC Universal announced Robert Hayes as executive vice president for digital media, with responsibilities encompassing NBC.com, social media campaigns, mobile applications, digital marketing and multi-platform programming. Vivi Zigler, who has been in charge of NBC's digital presence for six years, left the network at the end of June.
Shine America
On August 28, 2012 Zigler was named president, Digital & Shine 360, Shine America. In this role, Zigler is responsible for overseeing all branded entertainment, licensing, digital and live experiences for Shine America which produces and distributes scripted and unscripted television content including The Office, The Biggest Loser, MasterChef, The Tudors and Ugly Betty.
References
External links
Bio and photo of Vivi Zigler — iMedia Connection
NBC Universal Names Zigler President, NBC Universal Digital Entertainment
Shake-up at NBC Digital; Vivi Zigler departs
American television executives
Women television executives
California Polytechnic State University alumni
Living people
People from Inglewood, California
NBC executives
Year of birth missing (living people) |
6899836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzushio-class%20submarine | Uzushio-class submarine | The Uzushio-class submarine (Whirlpools) was a series of submarines in service with Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force which was the first generation of the teardrop type submarine that valued the underwater performance against that of the conventional-hull type . Seven from 1967 fiscal year were built with the third defense plan. The eighth 49 fiscal year warship was discontinued and construction was discontinued because of the construction expense and sudden rise oil crisis though eight were planned at first. Many were converted to training submarines (ATSS) towards the end of their lives.
General characteristics
The Uzushio-class submarine adopted the teardrop hull type for the first time in the Maritime Self-Defense Force. When the was built, the adoption of the teardrop type had been examined. However, the Maritime Self-Defense Force at that time selected the conventional model that valued safety from the operation results. It was moving to the warship type that valued the underwater performance, and the examination that used the model in 1960 fiscal year was advanced, and necessary data was obtained also with TRDI in the age.
When designing, the location etc. are original though it refers to the of United States Navy of not a complete copy but the inner shell structure and sail plane and torpedo tube.
Boats
Submarine classes |
6899842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Clue%20in%20the%20Old%20Album | The Clue in the Old Album | The Clue in the Old Album is the twenty-fourth volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1947 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene.
Plot summary
Nancy witnesses a purse snatching and pursues the thief. She rescues the purse, but not its contents, then is asked by the owner, a doll collector, to do some detective work. "The source of light will heal all ills, but a curse will follow him who takes it from the gypsies." This is one of the clues Nancy is given to find an old album, a lost doll, and a missing gypsy violinist. The young sleuth never gives up her search, though Nancy faints after being injected with poison by a French-swordsman doll, is run off the road in her car by an enemy, and sent several warnings to give up the case.
References
External links
The Clue in the Old Album at Fantastic Fiction
Nancy Drew books
1947 American novels
1947 children's books
Grosset & Dunlap books
Children's mystery novels |
20465921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickness%20behavior | Sickness behavior | Sickness behavior is a coordinated set of adaptive behavioral changes that develop in ill individuals during the course of an infection.
They usually, but not always, accompany fever and aid survival.
Such illness responses include lethargy, depression, anxiety, malaise, loss of appetite, sleepiness, hyperalgesia, reduction in grooming and failure to concentrate.
Sickness behavior is a motivational state that reorganizes the organism's priorities to cope with infectious pathogens.
It has been suggested as relevant to understanding depression, and some aspects of the suffering that occurs in cancer.
History
Sick animals have long been recognized by farmers as having different behavior. Initially it was thought that this was due to physical weakness that resulted from diverting energy to the body processes needed to fight infection. However, in the 1960s, it was shown that animals produced a blood-carried factor X that acted upon the brain to cause sickness behavior. In 1987, Benjamin L. Hart brought together a variety of research findings that argued for them being survival adaptations that if prevented would disadvantage an animal’s ability to fight infection. In the 1980s, the blood-borne factor was shown to be proinflammatory cytokines produced by activated leukocytes in the immune system in response to lipopolysaccharides (a cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria). These cytokines acted by various humoral and nerve routes upon the hypothalamus and other areas of the brain. Further research showed that the brain can also learn to control the various components of sickness behavior independently of immune activation..
In 2015, Shakhar and Shakhar suggested instead that sickness behavior developed primarily because it protected the kin of infected animals from transmissible diseases. According to this theory, termed the Eyam hypothesis, after the English Parish of Eyam, sickness behavior protects the social group of infected individuals by limiting their direct contacts, preventing them from contaminating the environment, and broadcasting their health status. Kin selection would help promote such behaviors through evolution. In a highly prosocial species like humans, however, sickness behavior may act as a signal to motivate others to help and care for the sick individual.
Advantages
General advantage
Sickness behavior in its different aspects causes an animal to limit its movement; the metabolic energy not expended in activity is diverted to the fever responses, which involves raising body temperature. This also limits an animal’s exposure to predators while it is cognitively and physically impaired.
Specific advantages
The individual components of sickness behavior have specific individual advantages. Anorexia limits food ingestion and therefore reduces the availability of iron in the gut (and from gut absorption). Iron may aid bacterial reproduction, so its reduction is useful during sickness. Plasma concentrations of iron are lowered for this anti-bacterial reason in fever. Lowered threshold for pain ensures that an animal is attentive that it does not place pressure on injured and inflamed tissues that might disrupt their healing. Reduced grooming is adaptive since it reduces water loss.
Inclusive fitness advantages
According to the 'Eyam hypothesis', sickness behavior, by promoting immobility and social disinterest, limits the direct contacts of individuals with their relatives. By reducing eating and drinking, it limits diarrhea and defecation, reducing environmental contamination. By reducing self-grooming and changing stance, gait and vocalization, it also signals poor health to kin. All in all, sickness behavior reduces the rate of further infection, a trait that is likely propagated by kin selection.
Social advantage
Humans helped each other in case of sickness or injury throughout their hunter-gatherer past and afterwards. Convincing others of being badly in need of relief, assistance, and care heightened the chance of survival of the sick individual. High direct costs, such as energy spent on fever and potential harm caused by high body temperatures, and high opportunity costs, as caused by inactivity, social disinterest, and lack of appetite, make sickness behavior a highly costly and therefore credible signal of need.
Immune control
Lipopolysaccharides trigger the immune system to produce proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). These peripherally released cytokines act on the brain via a fast transmission pathway involving primary input through the vagus nerves, and a slow transmission pathway involving cytokines originating from the choroid plexus and circumventricular organs and diffusing into the brain parenchyma by volume transmission. Peripheral cytokines are capable of entering the brain directly but are large lipophilic polypeptide proteins that generally do not easily passively diffuse across the blood-brain barrier. They may also induce the expression of other cytokines in the brain that cause sickness behavior. Acute psychosocial stress enhances the ability of an immune response to trigger both inflammation and behavioral sickness.
Behavioral conditioning
The components of sickness behavior can be learned by conditional association. For example, if a saccharin solution is given with a chemical that triggers a particular aspect of sickness behavior, on later occasions the saccharin solution will trigger it by itself.
Medical conditions
Depression
It has been proposed that major depressive disorder is nearly identical with sickness behavior, raising the possibility that it is a maladaptive manifestation of sickness behavior due to abnormalities in circulating cytokines. Moreover, chronic, but not acute, treatment with antidepressant drugs was found to attenuate sickness behavior symptoms in rodents. The mood effects caused by interleukin-6 following an immune response have been linked to increased activity within the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, an area involved in the etiology of depression. Inflammation-associated mood change can also produce a reduction in the functional connectivity of this part of the brain to the amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and superior temporal sulcus.
Cancer side effect
In cancer, both the disease and the chemotherapy treatment can cause proinflammatory cytokine release which can cause sickness behavior as a side effect.
See also
Evolutionary medicine
Proinflammatory cytokines
References
Symptoms
Evolutionary biology
Cytokines |
20465937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Pape | Albert Pape | Albert Arthur Pape (13 June 1897 – 18 November 1955) was an English footballer. His regular position was as a forward. Born in Elsecar, West Riding of Yorkshire, he played for several clubs in The Football League, including Notts County, Clapton Orient and Manchester United.
Football career
Born in Elsecar, then in the West Riding of Yorkshire, Pape began his football career with Wath Athletic, a club from the nearby town of Wath-upon-Dearne. Upon the outbreak of the First World War, Pape joined the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry and played for the regimental football team, returning to play for Bolton-on-Dearne at the cessation of hostilities. In December 1919, Pape was signed by Rotherham County, who had been elected to the Football League Second Division at the start of the season, and he made a goalscoring debut on 17 January 1920 in a 4–3 win over Coventry City. In four seasons with Rotherham County, Pape scored 41 goals in 113 league appearances, including a spell in the 1922–23 season in which he scored eight goals in five matches.
He signed for Notts County at the end of that season, but made just six appearances in 1923–24 before moving on to Clapton Orient. In eight months with Orient, he scored 11 goals in 24 league matches. In February 1925, Orient travelled to a match against a Manchester United side that had just sold its star striker, Bill Henderson, to Preston North End. United manager John Chapman had telephoned the Orient manager Peter Proudfoot before they left London, and the two clubs agreed a fee of £1,070 for Pape. They met up at Manchester Piccadilly station just after noon, and Pape – who was a friend of the United captain Frank Barson, and had relatives in nearby Bolton – quickly agreed terms. The details were wired to The Football Association and The Football League at around 1:30 p.m., and although Pape had been named in Orient's starting line-up for the match, he was confirmed as a Manchester United player with about an hour left before kick-off. Pape was not only allowed to start the match in the colours of Manchester United, but he also scored the team's third goal in a 4–2 win over his previous employers, as well as hitting the post with a header late in the game. He made 15 further appearances that season, and scored four more goals. He also made two appearances in 1925–26, but he was then sold to Fulham in October 1925. However, he was reluctant to return to London, and only signed with Fulham on the condition that he could continue to live in Bolton and train with Manchester United. Five months later, the two clubs met in the Sixth Round of the FA Cup, and although Pape scored, Manchester United won the match 2–1.
After two seasons with Fulham, in which he scored 12 goals in 42 appearances, Pape dropped out of League football to join North Wales coast side Rhyl Athletic, but he was there for less than six months before joining Hurst back in Manchester for the second half of the 1927–28 season. He scored at a rate of almost one goal a game, and even scored a hat-trick on his debut against Port Vale Reserves in the Cheshire County League. Towards the end of the season, the club suffered a goalkeeping injury crisis, and Pape was forced to play one match in goal. In September 1928, Pape was named as player-coach at Darwen, and was also made club captain. However, five months later, he was signed by Manchester Central, before returning to League football for the start of the 1929–30 season with Hartlepools United. He scored 21 goals in 37 appearances for Hartlepools United in the Football League Third Division North, and was signed by Halifax Town for one final season of League football in July 1930, scoring 15 goals in 25 appearances in 1930–31. He spent time with Burscough Rangers, Horwich RMI and Nelson before retiring from football.
References
General
Specific
External links
Profile at StretfordEnd.co.uk
Profile at MUFCInfo.com
1897 births
1955 deaths
People from Elsecar
English footballers
Association football forwards
Rotherham County F.C. players
Notts County F.C. players
Leyton Orient F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Fulham F.C. players
Rhyl F.C. players
Ashton United F.C. players
Darwen F.C. players
Hartlepool United F.C. players
Halifax Town A.F.C. players
Burscough F.C. players
Leigh Genesis F.C. players
Nelson F.C. players
Manchester Central F.C. players
Sportspeople from Yorkshire
British Army personnel of World War I
King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry soldiers |
20465970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy%20Boyle%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201901%29 | Tommy Boyle (footballer, born 1901) | Thomas Boyle (21 February 1901 – 9 January 1972) was an English footballer who played as an inside right or right half. He played for Sheffield United, Manchester United and Northampton Town, winning the FA Cup with Sheffield United in 1925. He later spent a season as player-manager of Scarborough.
Playing career
Born in Sheffield, Boyle was spotted playing for the Bullcroft Colliery team and signed for Sheffield United in 1921. He initially found it difficult to establish himself in the first team, but over time his form improved, particularly his heading, which was a factor in him being selected for the 1925 FA Cup Final ahead of the more experienced Tommy Sampy. He left the Blades in 1929 after making over 140 appearances and scoring 40 goals.
Boyle signed for Manchester United for £2,000, but failed to settle and spent only one relatively unproductive season at Old Trafford in which he made just 17 starts. He was registered as a player by Macclesfield Town in May 1930 but by July of the same year had left for Northampton Town where he spent a successful five seasons, starting over 140 games for the Cobblers.
In 1935, Boyle was appointed player-manager of non-league Scarborough where he spent a reasonably successful season before retiring.
Personal life
Boyle was the son of Irish international Peter Boyle who had also lifted the FA Cup trophy with Sheffield United in both 1899 and 1902. After leaving Scarborough, Boyle became the licensee of the Plough Inn in nearby Scalby, North Yorkshire.
Honours
Sheffield United
FA Cup: 1924–25
References
External links
Profile at StretfordEnd.co.uk
Profile at MUFCInfo.com
1901 births
1972 deaths
Footballers from Sheffield
English footballers
Association football inside forwards
Bullcroft Main Colliery F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Macclesfield Town F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Scarborough F.C. players
English Football League players
English football managers
Scarborough F.C. managers
People from the Borough of Scarborough
English people of Irish descent
FA Cup Final players |
20465974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renos%20Doweiya | Renos Doweiya | Jalon Renos Doweiya (born 16 November 1983) is a Nauruan weightlifter.
At the Commonwealth Games in Manchester in 2002 he finished in third place in the 77 kg weight class. However, this was later upgraded to a silver medal after Indian Satheesha Rai was disqualified due to doping. He also won gold medals at the Oceania Games, in both 2001 and 2002.
References
Nauruan male weightlifters
1983 births
Living people
Commonwealth Games medallists in weightlifting
Weightlifters at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Nauru |
20465983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo%20Artist%3A%20Kenojuak | Eskimo Artist: Kenojuak | Eskimo Artist: Kenojuak is a 1964 Canadian short documentary film about Inuit artist Kenojuak Ashevak, directed by John Feeney. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
Regarding the use of the term "Eskimo" in the title, Feeney wrote in 1993 that he had suggested using the now-accepted term "Inuit" in the film, but had been told that it would be confusing for non-Inuit audiences of the day.
Eskimo Artist: Kenojuak found new life again in 1992, when filmmakers Colin Low and Tony Ianzelo combined archival and contemporary footage of Kenojuak in Momentum, Canada's IMAX HD film for Expo '92.
References
External links
Watch the film at NFB.ca
1964 films
1960s English-language films
1964 documentary films
1964 short films
Canadian short documentary films
Inuktitut-language films
National Film Board of Canada documentaries
Films directed by John Feeney
Documentary films about visual artists
Documentary films about women
Inuit art
Films produced by Tom Daly
National Film Board of Canada short films
Documentary films about Inuit in Canada
Quebec films
1960s short documentary films |
20466001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83t%C4%83lin%20Anghel | Cătălin Anghel | Cătălin Anghel (born 4 October 1974) is a former Romanian footballer and current assistant manager of Liga I club Farul Constanța.
Club career
Anghel played for his native club Farul Constanța. He joined Ukrainian First League side FC Stal Alchevsk during the 2003–04 season, and helped the club reach the quarter-finals of the Ukrainian Cup. He then moved to Hungary playing for BVSC Budapest and Kaposvári Rákóczi.
Coaching career
After his retirement he worked as head coach for CSO Ovidiu and Viitorul Constanța.
Honours
Coach
Viitorul Constanța
Liga III: 2009–10
References
Sportspeople from Constanța
1974 births
Living people
Romanian footballers
Association football midfielders
FCV Farul Constanța players
Budapesti VSC footballers
Kaposvári Rákóczi FC players
FC Stal Alchevsk players
FC Irtysh Pavlodar players
Romanian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Hungary
Expatriate footballers in Ukraine
Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Hungary
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine
Liga I players
Nemzeti Bajnokság I players
Romanian football managers
FC Viitorul Constanţa managers
Association football forwards |
17328319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Bernadina | Roger Bernadina | Rogearvin Argelo "Roger" Bernadina (born June 12, 1984) is a Dutch Curaçaoan professional baseball outfielder for Curaçao Neptunus of the Honkbal Hoofdklasse. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Washington Nationals, Philadelphia Phillies, Cincinnati Reds, and Los Angeles Dodgers. He has also played for the Dutch national baseball team in international competitions such as the World Baseball Classic. He played for Team Netherlands in the 2019 European Baseball Championship, Africa/Europe 2020 Olympic Qualification tournament, and the 2019 WBSC Premier12.
Career
Washington Nationals
Bernadina was signed at age 17 by the then-Montreal Expos as a nondrafted free agent in 2001. He beat out Todd Liebman for the last roster spot on the Dutch national team for the World Baseball Classic back in June 2012.
Bernadina was called up to the major leagues the first time on June 28, 2008, to replace the injured Lastings Milledge. His major league debut came the next day, and he hit a single to right field in his first major league at bat.
Bernadina started 2009 in the minors, but was called up on April 15. After appearing in two games, he made his first start of the season on April 18. In the eighth inning, he "made a spectacular catch against the wall" against the Florida Marlins and fractured his right ankle, although he earned the nickname "The Shark".
On May 12, 2010, Bernadina hit his first and second big league home runs against the New York Mets. The second came in the ninth inning off Francisco Rodriguez, giving the Nationals the lead in a game they would ultimately win. He also made a remarkable leaping catch in right field that likely robbed Met Jeff Francoeur of a bases-clearing triple.
2012 was Bernadina’s best year in the majors. He compiled a slash line of .291/.372/.405 and made a spectacular game-saving catch against the wall at Minute Maid Park.
On August 19, 2013, Bernadina was released to make room on the roster for David DeJesus, who was acquired from the Chicago Cubs.
Philadelphia Phillies
Two days after being released by the Nationals, Bernadina signed with the Philadelphia Phillies. He appeared in 27 games for them and hit .187. He was outrighted off the roster on October 16, 2013.
Cincinnati Reds
On January 31, 2014, Bernadina signed a minor league contract with the Cincinnati Reds that contained a spring training invitation. After making the opening day roster, he was designated for assignment on May 3, but was called back up after an injury to Jay Bruce. Bernadina was designated for assignment again on June 21, 2014 On June 27, Bernadina was released and became a free agent. He hit only .153 in 44 games for the Reds.
Los Angeles Dodgers
On July 7, 2014, Bernadina inked a minor league deal with the Los Angeles Dodgers. He was assigned to the Triple-A Albuquerque Isotopes, where he hit .246 in 23 games. He was called up to the Dodgers on September 6, 2014. He was used primarily as a pinch runner for the Dodgers but also had 7 at-bats as a pinch hitter. He had two hits, one of which was a home run.
Colorado Rockies
On December 24, 2014, Bernadina signed a minor-league contract with the Colorado Rockies.
New York Mets
On February 8, 2016, Bernadina signed a minor-league contract with the New York Mets. After Spring Training, he was assigned to the AAA Las Vegas 51s.
Kia Tigers
On November 24, 2016, Bernadina signed with the Kia Tigers of the KBO League. He had a .320 batting average, 27 home runs, 111 RBIs, and 32 stolen bases in the 2017 KBO League season. On December 1, 2017, Bernadina signed a one-year, $1.1 million contract with the Tigers. His 2018 statistics included a .310 batting average, 20 home runs, and 70 RBI. He became a free agent after the 2018 season.
Ishikawa Million Stars
On March 30, 2019, he signed with the Ishikawa Million Stars of the Baseball Challenge League.
Lamigo Monkeys
On April 18, 2019, Bernadina left the Million Stars to sign with the Lamigo Monkeys of the Chinese Professional Baseball League. He posted a .256/.365/.378 slash line across 24 games before he was released by the team on June 30, 2019.
Algodoneros de Unión Laguna
On July 15, 2019, Bernadina signed with the Algodoneros de Unión Laguna of the Mexican League. He was released on February 6, 2020.
Quick Amersfoort
On August 24, 2020, Bernadina signed with the Quick Amersfoort club in the Dutch Honkbal Hoofdklasse.
Curaçao Neptunus
Bernardina signed with Curaçao Neptunus of the Dutch Honkbal Hoofdklasse for the 2021 season.
References
External links
Roger Bernadina at Baseball Almanac
Roger Bernadina at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League)
Career statistics and player information from Korea Baseball Organization
Bernadina at Kia Tigers Baseball Club
1984 births
Living people
Albuquerque Isotopes players
Algodoneros de Guasave players
Algodoneros de Unión Laguna players
Bravos de Margarita players
Cincinnati Reds players
Columbus Clippers players
Curaçao expatriate baseball players in Japan
Curaçao expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Curaçao expatriate baseball players in Taiwan
Curaçao expatriate baseball players in the United States
Dutch expatriate baseball players in South Korea
Gulf Coast Expos players
Gulf Coast Nationals players
Harrisburg Senators players
Ishikawa Million Stars players
KBO League outfielders
Kia Tigers players
Lamigo Monkeys players
Las Vegas 51s players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball players from Curaçao
Major League Baseball outfielders
Navegantes del Magallanes players
Curaçao expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
People from Willemstad
Philadelphia Phillies players
Potomac Nationals players
Savannah Sand Gnats players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Tiburones de La Guaira players
Washington Nationals players
Yaquis de Obregón players
2013 World Baseball Classic players
2016 European Baseball Championship players
2019 European Baseball Championship players |
17328337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Worrell | Mark Worrell | Mark Robert Worrell (born March 8, 1983) is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher who played for the St. Louis Cardinals and the Baltimore Orioles between 2008 and 2011.
Amateur career
A native of Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, Worrell attended John I. Leonard Community High School. He played college baseball at the University of Arizona and Florida International University. In 2003, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Cotuit Kettleers of the Cape Cod Baseball League. He was selected by the St. Louis Cardinals in the 12th round of the 2004 MLB Draft.
Professional career
Worrell was called up to the major leagues by the Cardinals on June 1, 2008, and made his debut on June 3. On June 5, Worrell hit a three-run home run in his first major league at-bat.
On December 4, 2008, Worrell was traded to the San Diego Padres for shortstop Khalil Greene. After missing the entire season while recovering from Tommy John surgery, Worrell was non-tendered on December 12, 2009.
On January 7, 2010, Worrell signed a minor league contract to return to the San Diego Padres. After appearing in 25 games with the Portland Beavers, he was released on June 23. On July 1, Worrell signed a minor league contract with the Seattle Mariners, but was subsequently released on July 14 after pitching in just four games for the Tacoma Rainiers.
On February 1, 2011, Worrell signed a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles, and started the season with the Norfolk Tides. He was called up by Baltimore on July 17 and appeared in four games, giving up eight runs in two innings, including Mike Trout's first career home run, before returning to Norfolk. He became a free agent after the season.
See also
List of players with a home run in first major league at-bat
References
External links
13 January 2006 1:25 PM ET. Worrell making strides in winter ball. Familiar name in Cardinals history has organization's attention. By Matthew Leach
Worrell player profile at Scout.com
1983 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Arizona Wildcats baseball players
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball players from Florida
Cotuit Kettleers players
Diablos Rojos del México players
FIU Panthers baseball players
Indian River State Pioneers baseball players
Johnson City Cardinals players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Memphis Redbirds players
Mexican League baseball pitchers
Norfolk Tides players
Palm Beach Cardinals players
Peoria Chiefs players
Portland Beavers players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Springfield Cardinals players
Tacoma Rainiers players |
17328343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziniar%C3%A9%20Department | Ziniaré Department | Ziniaré is a department or commune of Oubritenga Province in northern-central Burkina Faso. Its capital is the town of Ziniaré. According to the 2019 census the department has a total population of 88,299.
Towns and villages
Ziniaré (33,301 inhabitants) (capital)
Badnogo (515)
Bagadogo (1,022)
Basbedo (939)
Barkuitenga (1,529)
Barkoudouba (859)
Betta (1,265)
Bissiga Peulh (144)
Boalin (580)
Boulba (748)
Gam-Silimimossé (800)
Gombogo (642)
Gombogo-Peulh (188)
Gonsé (210)
Gondogo Tandaaga (853)
Gombogo (1,645)
Ipala (1,417)
Kartenga (811)
Koada-Yarcé (483)
Koassanga (2,551)
Kolgondiessé (477)
Koulgandogo (239)
Koulgando-peulh (195)
Ladwenda (873)
Laongo-yanga (972)
Matté (906)
Moutti (1,200)
Moyargo (618)
Nabitenga (636)
Nakamtenga I (749)
Nakamtenga II (700)
Namassa (1,105)
Napamboubou-saalin (415)
Ouagatenga (515)
Oubri-Yaoghin (1,465)
Pilaga peulh (479)
Rassempoughin (201)
Sawana (2,095)
Songpélcé (2,357)
Tanghin-Gombogo (917)
Tanghin Goudry (528)
Tamassa (307)
Tamissi (959)
Tambogo Peulh (226)
Tampougtenga (1,007)
Tanpoko Peulh (295)
Taonsgo (1,609)
Tibin (619)
Ziga (2,392)
References
Departments of Burkina Faso
Oubritenga Province |
17328358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill%20Hill%20Historic%20District | Windmill Hill Historic District | The Windmill Hill Historic District is a historic district encompassing a large rural landscape in Jamestown, Rhode Island. It is bounded on the north by Eldred Avenue, on the east by East Shore Road, on the south by Great Creek, and on the west by Narragansett Bay. The area's historical resources included six farmsteads, as well as the Quaker Meetinghouse, the Jamestown Windmill, and its associated miller's house and barn. The area is predominantly rolling hills with open pastureland and forest. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The area is also rich in prehistoric evidence of Native American occupation, which is the subject of the Jamestown Archeological District listing on the National Register.
See also
Watson Farm, a museum farm operated by Historic New England located in the district
National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island
References
External links
Historic districts in Newport County, Rhode Island
Historic American Buildings Survey in Rhode Island
Jamestown, Rhode Island
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Newport County, Rhode Island |
23571535 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive%20industry%20in%20Brazil | Automotive industry in Brazil | The Brazilian automotive industry is coordinated by the Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Anfavea), created in 1956, which includes automakers (cars, light vehicles, trucks, buses and agriculture machines) with factories in Brazil. Anfavea is part of the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA), based in Paris. In 2013, the annual production exceeded 3,7 million vehicles, the seventh largest in the world, although they have fallen substantially more recently.
Most large global automotive companies are present in Brazil; such as BMW, BYD, Chery, Ford, Geely, General Motors, Honda, Hyundai, JAC Motors, Kia, Land Rover, Lifan, Mercedes-Benz, Mitsubishi, Nissan Motors, Renault, Stellantis, Subaru, Toyota and Lexus, Volkswagen, Volvo Trucks, among others, and also the consecrated national companies such as Agrale, Marcopolo, Randon, Troller, and more. In the past there were national brands such as DKW Vemag, FNM and Gurgel. Some traditionally produced modern equipped replicas of older models.
Some companies such as Rolls Royce and Porsche, rely on local distributors to import their vehicles, but brands with local factories, such as Honda and Chevrolet may also import some of their models.
History
The first Brazilian automotive industry was the work of Henry Ford, who started the Brazilian subsidiary of Ford Motor Company in 1919. In 1921 Ford opened its own production facility and was followed by General Motors in 1926. In 1928, Ford established the Fordlândia, an industrial district in the Amazon rainforest. The district is no longer in use but saw a populational growth compared to the early 2000s, when roughly 90 people lived in the town.
In 1956, the Romi-Isetta, an early Brazilian car, was initially produced, with license purchase of Italian Iso. In 1958, Toyota started to produce its famous Bandeirante. In 1959, the first Volkswagen factory was built, it started manufacturing the Type 2, which preceded the famous Beetle. At the same time, a Brazilian entrepreneur, Mr. Sebastiao William Cardoso, started producing an electrical small jeep called Tupi.
In the late 1950s, Chevrolet and Ford started manufacturing pickup trucks, and in the 1960s, automobiles and commercial vehicles, GM also brought buses. In 1967, Puma began selling sports cars. The Italian Fiat established its first factory in the 1970s, and Mercedes Benz started to produce trucks and buses during the 1950s, and opened an automobile factory in 1998. These companies dominated the Brazilian market until mid-1990s, when the Brazilian market was finally opened to imports. In the 1990s, more auto companies settled and opened factories in Brazil.
Currently, the most successful Brazilian auto company is General Motors. It sells all over Latin America. In the last few years, the Brazilian auto industry has grown quickly, attracting investments from the main global automakers. In 2007, production grew 14% compared to 2006 figures, reaching more than 4 million vehicles.
In October 2012, the Inovar-Auto Program was approved by decree with the theoretical goals of encouraging automakers to produce more fuel-efficient vehicles and investing in the national automotive industry, by managing taxation exceptions (IPI = Tax over Industrialized Product). However, the program has received criticism, especially of protectionism. The country has recently lost a WTO dispute against tax advantages and illegal practices of protectionism. The Inovar-Auto program ended in December 2017 and was replaced by the Route 2030 Program.
Timeline
1890s
1900s
1910s
1920s
1930s
1930: Ford was followed by concurrent General Motors with the assembly of the first Chevrolet cars in São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo, there until today, at Avenida Goiás.
1940s
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
The lasts two years, 2020 and 2021, due economic impact decrescent from the disease COVID-19, the chip-shortage in car factories and government reasons, the production backed to similar as year 2016.
Historical production by year
Historical sales
Motor Vehicle Manufacturers
Current
Large Passenger Vehicles Manufacturers and Importer
BMW Group
BMW do Brasil
Mini do Brasil
Bugre
BYD Brasil
China South Industries Group
Moto Traxx da Amazônia
Effa Motors
Fabral
Mahindra
SsangYong Brasil
Ford do Brasil
Fundação Romi
Indústrias Romi
General Motors do Brasil
Chevrolet do Brasil
Great Wall Motors
Grupo CAOA
CAOA (Former Ford dealer, Subaru and Renault importer, and currently manufacturing and importing Chery, Ford and Hyundai vehicles)
CAOA Chery
Exeed
CAOA Subaru
Hyundai CAOA do Brasil
Grupo CNH Industrial
New Holland Agriculture
New Holland Construction
Grupo Gandini
Kia Motors do Brasil
Grupo Volkswagen
Volkswagen do Brasil
Audi do Brasil (Former Audi Senna, an Audi AG subsidiary until 2005)
Honda
Honda Automóveis do Brasil
HondaJet (Focused on aircraft engine)
HPE Automotores do Brasil (Mitsubishi manufacturer)
Hyundai Motor Brasil
Iveco Group
Iveco (The company was spun-off from CNH Industrial on 1 January 2022; in Brazil the separation occurred in 2019 when Iveco Group was formed)
Iveco Bus
FPT Industrial
JAC Motors Brasil
Jaguar e Land Rover Brasil
Jaguar
Land Rover
Lifan do Brasil
Mitsubishi Motors Brasil
Nissan do Brasil Automóveis
Renault do Brasil
Stellantis – FCA
Fiat Automóveis Brasil
Jeep do Brasil
RAM
Stellantis – PSA
Peugeot
Citroën
Suzuki Brasil
Toyota do Brasil
Lexus do Brasil
UK Motors – Grupo Eurobike – Stuttgart Sportcar
Aston Martin
McLaren
Porsche
Valtra
Via Itália
Ferrari
Lamborghini
Maserati
Rolls-Royce
Volvo do Brasil
Volvo Car of Brazil Automotive
Motorcycle and Bicycle manufacturers (Medium and Large Production)
Amazonas Motos Especiais (AME)
Avelloz Motos
Brasil & Movimento
BMW do Brasil
BMW Motorrad Brasil
Bombardier Recreational Products (BRP)
Bull Motors
CFMoto-KTM
CFMoto Brasil
KTM Brasil
Dafra Motos
Dayang
Ducati do Brasil
HaoJue Motos do Brasil
Harley-Davidson do Brasil
Honda do Brasil
Moto Honda da Amazônia
Hot Custom Cycles
HPE Automotores do Brasil (Suzuki representative)
Iros Motos
J Toledo Motos do Brasil
Suzuki Motos do Brasil
Kawasaki do Brasil
Kymco Motos do Brasil
Motocargo Industria e Comercio de Triciclo (Mtcar)
Royal Enfield Brasil
Shineray do Brasil
Sousa Motos
Triumph Brazil
Vespa Brasil
Voltz Motors do Brasil
Yamaha Motor do Brasil
Bus, coach and truck manufacturers
Agrale
Avibrás
Caio Indústria e Comércio de Carrocerias (Caio Induscar)
Carbuss Indústria Catarinense de Carrocerias (Formerly Busscar Ônibus)
Comil Ônibus
DAF Caminhões Brasil
Foton Caminhões
Fábrica Nacional de Mobilidade (FNM) (Focused in electric semi trucks; not to be confused with Fábrica Nacional de Motores (FNM))
Marcopolo S.A.
Neobus
Mercedes-Benz do Brasil
Mascarello Carrocerias e Ônibus
Volvo do Brasil
Volvo Caminhões Brasil
Volvo Ônibus Brasil
Volkswagen do Brasil
Traton SE (Formerly MAN SE)
Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus (Some models are rebadged Man trucks)
Scania Brasil
Tractors manufacturers
AGCO
Caterpillar Brasil
Fundação Romi
Máquinas Agrícolas Romi (Agricultural machinery division)
Grupo CNH Industrial
CASE Construction
John Deere Brasil
Komatsu
Massey Ferguson
Here's a link to a map containing all plants currently in Brazil:
Independent Manufacturers
Small, Medium and Large Independent Manufacturers
AC3 – Antique Classic & Custom Cars
Americar Veículos Especiais
ART Costalonga
Athena Auto (Partnership between Fibracar Compósitos and Scherer Automotiva)
Athos Cars (Formerly Chamonix Athos)
Autocross
Autosfibra Réplicas (closed due to trademark Infringement in 2019)
AutoMagrão
Autoweld Equipamentos Elétricos e Eletrônicos
Engeplus
Bugrauto Auto Serviços (Recently repairing jet-ski, after buggies and prototypes)
By Colella Veículos Especiais
By Cristo Indústria e Comércio
Caio STR Customs
Calegari Design
Carrah Montadora de Veículos
Cauype
Comércio e Indústria de Veículos Fibravan
Coperglass
Cross Race
D2D Motors (Owned by Arteb)
Dream Maker
Edra Veículos Especiais (Formerly Edra Automotores; utility production rights acquired by Nissin Veículos Especiais)
Edra Aeronáutica (Aircraft pilot training, manufacture of seaplane, sale and maintenance of imported aircraft)
Eion
Fábrica de Jericos San Remo
Farina (Buggy manufacturer and reseller)
Fibracar (Assumed Penatti line-up in 2013)
Fábrica Nacional de Veículos (FNV) (Not the extinct railcar manufacturer, Fábrica Nacional de Vagões)
Free Style Veículos Especiais
Fyber
Gaia Electric Motors (Small electric vehicle startup)
GRF – Route 66 Réplicas Artesanais
Horwin Brasil
K2 Concept Indústria, Comércio e Serviços Automotivos
Kers Tecnologia em Mobilidade Sustentável (Microenterprise supported by Unioeste University and the government of the State of Parana)
Kitcar Veículos Especiais (Formerly MufaCar Veículos Especiais)
Limousine Service Brazil (LSB)
MC Competições (Prototype manufacturer and resistance tests for foreign models, such as Audi and Volvo)
MutoProtec (Formerly Mecplan Metalúrgica)
Metal Nobre
Mil Milhas Motorsport
Miura (Currently owned by Rangel & Lima Indústria de Veículos; Formerly owned by Besson, Gobbi & Cia.)
Mobilis (Startup focused in urban mobility solution; produced a small electric vehicle in 2017)
Montauto – Montadora Nacional de Automóveis / BRM – Buggy Rodas e Motores (Biggest dune buggy manufacturer in Brazil)
Nenê Hot Rod Assembly (NHRA)
Newtrack Indústria e Comércio de Veículos (Formerly Camelo Metalmecânica)
Personal Parts
Puma Automóveis
Selvagem Indústria e Comércio
Sulam Equipamentos Esportivos
Super Buggy
TAC (Formerly Tecnologia Automotiva Catarinense (TAC); utility car project sold to the Chinese Zotye)
Tarso Marques Concept (TMC) (Founded by former Formula 1 pilot; specialized in custom jobs)
VLEGA Gaucho
Former Independent, Prototype and Custom Vehicle Manufacturer
ABC Cobra Veículos Especiais
AD Aeternum
AMX
Abais Buggy Indústria e Comércio
Acha Indústria e Comércio de Carrocerias Esportivas
Acquatec Indústria e Comércio
Adamo
Adax
Agni
Agrale (Motorcycle division)
Akamine
Alcar
Aldee
Alfa Romeo
Almenara
Amoritz
Andorinha
André – Protótipos & Motor Home
Angra Indústria e Comércio de Carrocerias
Artesanal
Aruanda
As Réplicas
Aurora Projetos Automobilísticos
Auto Drews
Auto Mecânica Atenas
AutoLatina
Autofibra
Automotiva Usiminas (Formerly Brasinca; manufactured car body, dump container and crew-cabs for companies such as Ford, Mercedes-Benz, Toyota, Simca, Scania, Massey Ferguson, Volkswagen, Volvo, Chevrolet and FNM, between 1950s and mid-1990s)
Automóveis e Motores Centaurus
Autonova Indústria e Comércio de Veículos Especiais
Avallone
Avel – Apolinário Veículos
BB Equipamentos Autoesportivos
BM Foster
Baja Bug Brasil Veículos
Bandama
Baptista & Irmãos
Garage Baptista
Beach
Beach Buggies e Lanchas (Formerly Baby Indústria de Carrocerias)
Beep Indústria e Comércio de Peças
Beira Rio
Benelli
Bernardini
Besouro Veículos (Volkswagen dealer)
Bettina
Bianco
Bianco & Costa
Bobby Indústria e Comércio de Carrocerias
Boddy
Bonneville Custom Garage
Brandini
BrasFibra
Brasil Diamond
Bravo
Brax Automóveis (Formerly Lobini Automóveis)
Brazilian Boat (Small vessel yard, built Porsche Spyder replica for a short period)
Brazilian Hot Rod (Focused in importing and selling muscle cars, and components, restoring Ford Mustang and producing Shelby Cobra replicas)
Braúna Veículos Especiais
Brilho Comercial de Veículos
Britz
Bu-Kar
Bug Rio Comércio e Reparações de Veículos
Buggymania Veículos
CBP Indústria, Comércio e Exportação (Closed due to Trademark infringement; bought Coyote Indústria e Comércio, a former autocross vehicle manufacturer, in the late 80s)
CP-TS (Acronym for: Carro do Povo; based on the Passat TS)
CR Line (closed due to trademark Infringement in 2016)
CTA
Caetano
Caribe
Carioca Réplicas
Carpo
Carrera
Carrocerias Furglass Indústria e Comércio
Carrocerias Monarca
Carroçaria Sport
Carwag Indústria, Comércio e Exportação
Casella & De Lorenzo
Casini
Cerrado
Charmant
Chausson Associados Indústria e Comércio (Focused in manufacturing custom vehicles) (Operation ceased in 2007)
Chausson Intercambiadores Térmicos (Focused on automotive radiators and industrial heat exchangers)
Cheetah
Chemuniz
Cheval Comércio e Indústria de Veículos
Chrysler (Ceased sales; representation, concessionaires and repair shop still operational)
Chrysler
Dodge
Chuves Indústria e Comércio de Artefatos Plásticos e Metálicos
Cigano
Cintra Customs
Classic Hot Rods
Classic Motors Carriages do Brasil
Coach
Coala
Cobrasma (Former truck chassis maker)
Codec Projetos Industriais de Móveis
Comercial, Industrial, Representações, Exportações e Importações (CIREI) (Dodge and Renault manufacturer)
Companhia Brasileira de Tratores (CBT) (Declared bankruptcy)
Companhia Distribuidora Geral Brasmotor (Former manufacturer for Chrysler, Plymouth, Fargo and Volkswagen; currently owned by Whirlpool, produces since only refrigerators)
Companhia Industrial Santa Matilde
Companhia Santo Amaro de Automóveis
Engenharia e Comércio de Automóveis (Engenauto)
Companhia de Expansão Auto-Industrial Veritas
Companhia de Intercâmbio Pan-Americano (CIPAN) (Chrysler, Plymouth and Fargo representative)
Compton Stütgart
Conceptor
Concorde Indústria de Automóveis Especiais
Condor Cabriolet
Corona S/A Viaturas e Equipamentos
Corsa Cross
Coruja
Crisna Indústria e Comércio de Carrocerias
Cronos Tecnologia e Desenvolvimento de Veículos
Cross Way
Curitiba Spyder
Dacril Personalização de Veículos
Dagh Indústria e Comércio de Veículos
Dankar Indústria e Comércio de Veículos
Danny
Darié
Decorauto
Demoiselle Indústria e Comércio de Carrocerias
Desenvolvimento de Tecnologia (Detenc)
Detroit Comércio e Indústria
Diamond
Diaseta
Dipave
Distribuidora de Automóveis, Caminhões e Ônibus Nacionais (Dacon) (Volkswagen and Porsche representative)
Projets d'AvantGarde (PAG DACON)
Dock Dock
Duna
D’Norbert
EBtech Projetos Automotivos Especiais
EcoMini
EcoMóvel
Edgard Pessoa
Ego Veículos
El Paco
Eldorado (Fiat Dealer)
Elva
Elza
Emis Indústria e Comércio de Veículos
Emisul Montadora e Comercial de Veículos (Took Emis operations after operations were ceased)
Engefibra
Engenharia de Veículos e Motores (Envemo)
Engenheiros Especializados (Engesa)
Eniequi
Enseda Veículos Especiais
Escuderia Bad Bug
Falcão Indústria e Comércio de Plásticos
Farus Indústria de Veículos Esportivos
Fer Car Indústria e Comércio de Veículos
Fiberbras Indústria e Comércio
Fibertécnica Novaimagem
Fibra Dunnas, Indústria e Comércio
Fibra Real Indústria e Comércio
Fibranorte
Fibrario Comércio e Indústria (Formerly Penatti)
Fibrax
Fibron Industrial
Fontana
Fontanari
Ford Motors Company Brasil
Ford do Brasil (Ceased production in 2021; focused in importing premium models)
Troller
Fox Veículos Especiais
Free Lance
Fury
Fuscolete Montagens Especiais de Veiculos
Fuscross
Fábrica Internacional de Carrosseries
Fábrica Nacional de Motores (Reestablished as Fábrica Nacional de Mobilidade, focused in Electric trucks)
Fábrica de Carrosserias Major
Fábrica de Veículos Caiçara
Fúria Auto Esporte
Galgo Indústria de Carrocerias (Formerly Besson, Gobbi S.A.)
Galli
Garage 500 Milhas
Garage AS
Garage Moreira
Garage e Officinas Fiat
Garden Sound
Gason
Gerbauto (Formerly Pimenta Indústria e Comércio de Veículo em Fiberglass)
German Racing Scap
Geta Design Indústria e Comércio Fibras e Metais
Giant's
Grancar Design, Veículos Especiais
Greta Indústria e Comércio de Veículos (Formerly GAMO)
Grillo (Former agricultural truck manufacturer)
Grupo Busscar (Declared bankruptcy)
Busscar Ônibus (Reopened as Carbuss Indústria Catarinense de Carrocerias)
Grupo Souza Ramos
Ford Souza Ramos (Defunded after Ford do Brasil ceased production)
SR Veículos Especiais
MMC Automotores do Brasil (Mitsubishi representative and manufacturer)
Guaporé
Guepardo Veículos
Guiauto Miami Buggy
Gurgel Indústria e Comércio de Veículos (Formerly Moplast Moldagem de Plástico)
HB
Harpia
Hawaii
HiBoy
Hit
Hofstetter Indústria e Comércio de Veículos
Hot Sprint
Hunter
Icomda Comércio e Desenvolvimento Automobilístico
Iguana (Small jeep produced by Vicauto, a former Fiat dealer)
Industrial Veículos Vendetta Equus
Indústria Brasileira de Automóveis Presidente (IBAP)
Indústria Brasileira de Veículos (IBV)
Indústria de Artefatos Metálicos Bola
Indústria de Carrocerias Bugre
Indústria de Plástico Reforçado Glaspac
Indústria e Comércio de Plásticos Reforçados Mirage
Ita Motores e Montadora de Veículos (Formerly Park Motors Projetos Automotivos)
Ivel Veículos (Currently operating as a Honda concessionaire)
JPX Indústria e Comércio (Founded by Eike Batista)
Jarama
Joaquim Garcia & Cia
Joagar
Jobby Indústria e Comércio de Carrocerias
John Davies
Jonathas Pereira
Jopecar
Jor Racing
K&B Fiberglass
Kadron Engenharia, Indústria e Comércio
Kaltec
Karibu
Karmann-Ghia do Brasil (Subsidiary of Wilhelm Karmann)
Kasinski (Currently under Magneti Marelli brand, a Fiat subsidiary)
Cofap – Companhia Fabricadora de Peças
Cofave – Sociedade Amazonense Fabricadora de Veículos
Kiko Buggy do Brasil
Koizyztraña
Kowalski
Kremer
Küsters
LCA
LHM Indústria Mecânica (Formerly Nurburgring Indústria e Comércio)
Lafer (Ceased auto vehicle industry; still producing furniture)
Laser
Leandrini
Lepper
Limousine Brasil
Limousines do Brasil
Litoral / Radical
Little Croc (Amphibious buggy)
Lobby Indústria e Comércio (Formerly Matis Indústria e Comércio)
Lomer Indústria e Comércio de Autos Esportivos
Luar
L’Auto Craft Montadora de Veículos (Formerly L’Automobile Distribuidora de Veículos)
L’Ufficio Designers
MG Design Indústria e Comércio
MGA Indústria e Comércio de Automóveis e Artefatos de Fibra
MGK
MHS
MR (Bugatti T-35 replica)
MX
Mac Laren
Mac Laren Açofibras
Mach 1
Mack Garage Veículos Especiais
Madom
Mahindra & Mahindra (Ceased passenger vehicles production in 2015, still produce tractors)
Malavase
Mali Buggy
Mamba
Mari Auto
Marina's Montadora
Marques Indústria e Comércio de Veículos
Material Ferroviário (Mostly known as Mafersa)
Maup
Max Golden Car Blindagens e Desenvolvimento
Megastar Veículos
Menon Veículos
Mercedes-Benz (Ceased passenger vehicles production in 2020, still produce truck and bus)
Mirafiori (Custom made Fiat City pickup truck and Fiat's concessionaire)
Mirage
Mirus
Moldex Indústria e Comércio
Mont Serrat Exclusive Auto Service
Montadora de Veículos Especiais Comércio Indústria e Exportação
Motor Tech
Moura
Multifibra Indústria e Comércio Plástico Reforçado
Mundeo (Propeller-driven car built "to simulate the feel of an inverted flight"; traffic restriction on public roads)
Mythos (Ferrari F40 replica)
Máxsus – Veículos e Peças
Nasser Brasil Motores Indústria e Comércio de Veículos (NBM)
NBM Indústria, Comércio de Veículos
Natalbuggy Indústria, Comércio e Serviços
Nigo
Nirico
Nobre Fibra Car
Obvio! Automotoveículos
Vrooom! Veículos Elétricos (Currently active and focused on electric vehicles)
Off-Road Montadora de Veículos
Officinas e Garage Lancia
Oficina Mecânica Aragão
Ommega Indústria e Comércio de Veículos
Orion
Orto Design Indústria e Comércio de Veículos
Pacífico
Pami Fibras
Panda Comércio de Fibra de Vidro
Pantera Design Indústria e Comércio
Panza
Park Motors Projetos Automotivos
Peixoto Veículos (Currently owned by Axxola)
Pereira Barreto (Sold limousines based on Chevrolet vehicles in partnership with Sulam; Former Chevrolet dealer)
Pflaumer (Custom limousine in a Volkswagen Beetle body)
Phybe Indústria e Comércio de Fiberglass
Pietro Gemesio Comércio e Indústria
Pingo
Pioneira da Indústria Nacional de Automóveis Reunida (Pinar)
Plascar – (Formerly Oscar S.A. Indústria de Artefatos de Borracha)
Polaris
Indian Motorcycle
Portyglass Indústria e Comércio
Produtora de Automóveis Nacionais Pan Rad Motores
Protótipos Lorena Carrocerias (Formerly Lorena Importação, Indústria e Comércio)
Py Motors Comércio e Indústria
SEED (Acronym for: Small Electric with Economic Design) (Formerly MMR Motorsport)
SPJ Indústria e Comércio
Santina Veículos
Simca do Brasil (Replaced by Chrysler do Brasil in 1967)
Sociedade Técnica de Veículos (STV)
Spiller Mattei Indústria e Comércio de Fiberglass
Sundown
Tambatajá Indústria de Carrocerias
Tecnoglass
Vemag-DKW (Vemag was acquired by Volkswagen do Brasil in 1967)
Viação Cometa (Currently owned by Auto Viação 1001)
Companhia Manufatureira Auxiliar (CMA)
Viação Itapemirim
Tecnobus – Serviços, Comércio e Indústria (Formerly Tecnobus Implementos Rodoviários)
WP Indústria e Comércio de Plástico Reforçado
Werma Automóveis
Willys-Overland do Brasil
Wladimir Martins Veículos (WMV) (Sold to Polystilo Indústria e Comércio in 1983 and for Py Motors in 1986)
Educational Institutions and Maker
Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos (EESC-USP)
Faculdade de Engenharia Industrial (FEI)
Nishimura (FEI engineer and teacher; made a prototype)
Local manufacture encouraged
Brazil has a 35% tariff on imported cars.
Passenger Vehicle Currently Offered and Manufactured in Large Scale
Agrale: Marruá
Audi: A3; Imported A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, Q3, Q5, Q7, Q8, e-tron, TT, R8 and e-tron GT
BMW: 3 Series, X1, X3, X4; Imported: 1 Series, 2 Series, 4 Series, 5 Series, 7 Series, X2, X5, X6, X7, Z4, iX and i3 (until July 2022)
Chery: Arrizo 6, Tiggo 5X, Tiggo 7, Tiggo 8
Chevrolet: Onix, Onix Plus, S10, Spin, Tracker, Trailblazer; Imported: Cruze and Equinox; Exported: Joy, Joy Plus
Citroën: C4 Cactus, Jumper, Jumpy; Imported: Electric vans
Fiat: Argo, Cronos, Ducato, Mobi, Pulse, Strada, Toro
Honda: City (Sedan and Hatchback); Imported (Suspended): Accord, CR-V and HR-V; Exported: WR-V
Hyundai: Creta, HB20, HB20S; Suspended: Tucson
Jeep: Compass, Renegade
Land Rover: Land Rover Discovery, Land Rover Defender, Range Rover Evoque, Range Rover Velar
MINI: Clubman, Countryman; Imported: Cabrio
Mitsubishi: L200 Triton; Imported: Eclipse Cross, Outlander, Pajero
Nissan: Frontier, Kicks, Leaf, Versa
Peugeot: 208, 2008, 3008; Imported: Electric vans
Renault: Captur, Duster, Duster Oroch, Logan, Kwid, Sandero
Toyota: Corolla, Corolla Cross, Hilux, SW4, Yaris Hatch, Yaris Sedan; Export: Etios
Volkswagen: Amarok, Gol, Jetta, Nivus, Polo, Saveiro, Taos, T-Cross, Virtus, Voyage
See also
Brazilian Highway System
Ethanol fuel in Brazil
FENABRAVE
Infrastructure of Brazil
List of automobiles manufactured in Brazil
List of exports of Brazil
Transport in Brazil
References
External links
Anfavea Statistical Yearbook of 1997
Articles needing cleanup from February 2022
Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from February 2022
Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from February 2022
Automotive industry in Brazil
Industry in Brazil |
23571537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudigonda%20%28disambiguation%29 | Mudigonda (disambiguation) | Mudigonda is a town and revenue-divisional headquarters in Khammam District of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Mudigonda is one of the Indian surnames.
Mudigonda Gayathri is a Swedish actress.
Mudigonda Lingamurthy, famous comedy actor of Telugu cinema.
Mudigonda Veerabhadra Murthy, Modern Telugu poet. |
17328375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Slice%20of%20Life%20%28short%20story%29 | A Slice of Life (short story) | "A Slice of Life" is a short story by the British comic writer P. G. Wodehouse. A part of the Mr. Mulliner series, the story was first published in the UK in 1926 in The Strand Magazine, and appeared almost simultaneously in Liberty in the United States. It also appears in the collection Meet Mr. Mulliner. The main character in this story, Wilfred Mulliner, plays off-stage parts in "Mulliner's Buck-U-Uppo".
Plot
Wilfred Mulliner, the inventor of Mulliner's Magic Marvels, a set or creams and lotions that help "alleviate the many ills to which the flesh is heir", falls in love with Angela Purdue and recommends Mulliner's Raven Gypsy Face-Cream to help her keep her sunburn on. Angela fears that her guardian, Sir Jasper ffinch-ffarrowmere, will not approve of the marriage and her fears seem to be realized when the guardian arrives at Wilfred's home with a message from Angela calling the engagement off. Wilfred suspects the work of the dastardly baronet and being a man of action sets forth for Yorkshire where the baronet lives at ffinch Hall and, while wandering around the grounds at night, he hears a woman sobbing.
Within a week, Wilfred enters the house as a valet (he bribes Sir Jasper's valet and replaces him as his cousin) disguised in a red wig and blue spectacles. Soon after entering the house he follows Sir Jasper carry a tray of food to a room at the top of the house. Convinced that Angela is being held in the room against her will, he resolves to rescue her but is unable to find a key in the baronet's room and has no idea how to get hold of it. Over the next few days, he worries, loses weight, and Sir Jasper, who has a weight problem of his own (he can't lose it) decides to get an indoor Turkish cabinet bath inside which he gets stuck.
"First, I must have the key." Wilfred demands the key to Angela's room as the price for releasing the baronet. "Give me the key, you Fiend," he cries. "ffiend," corrects Sir Jasper, automatically. To Wilfred's surprise, it turns out that the key is not with the baronet but with Angela. She refuses to let him in because his suntan cream has turned her piebald.
To cut a long story short, Mulliner's Snow of the Mountains Lotion fixes the piebald-ness, Mulliner's Reduc-O takes care of Sir Jasper's weight problem, Mulliner's Ease-o relieves the butler's lumbago, and everyone lives happily ever after.
Publication history
The story was illustrated by Charles Crombie in the Strand. Wallace Morgan illustrated the story in Liberty. "A Slice of Life" was published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction (US) in June 1955.
The 1932 collection Nothing But Wodehouse, edited by Ogden Nash and published in the US by Doubleday, Doran & Company, included the story. "A Slice of Life" was collected in the Mulliner Omnibus, published by Herbert Jenkins in the UK in 1935, and in the second edition titled The World of Mr. Mulliner, published by Barrie & Jenkins in 1972. It was included in the 1960 collection The Most of P. G. Wodehouse, published by Simon and Schuster, New York.
Adaptations
The story was adapted for radio in 2002 as part of a series with Richard Griffiths as Mr Mulliner. The cast also included Matilda Ziegler as Miss Postlethwaite, Angela, and a cook, Peter Acre as a Port and Sir Jasper, Martin Hyder as a Light Ale and Jenkins, David Timson as a Pint of Stout and Murgatroyd, and Tom George as a Small Bitter and Wilfred. It first aired on BBC Radio 4 on 4 December 2002.
See also
List of Wodehouse's Mr Mulliner stories
References
Notes
Sources
Short stories by P. G. Wodehouse
1926 short stories
Works originally published in The Strand Magazine |
23571544 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computers%20in%20Biology%20and%20Medicine | Computers in Biology and Medicine | Computers in Biology and Medicine is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1970. It covers the intersection of biomedical engineering, computational biology, bioinformatics, and computer science. Articles are published both in print and online. The journal accepts original research articles, reviews, tutorials, editorials and letters. The Impact Factor is 4.589 (2020). The journal is ranked in the top quartile (Q1) in most categories.
References
External links
Publications established in 1970
Elsevier academic journals
Bioinformatics and computational biology journals
Monthly journals
English-language journals |
23571547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed%20Forces%20Christian%20Union | Armed Forces Christian Union | The Armed Forces' Christian Union (AFCU) —formerly Officers' Christian Union— is a British military charity (Registered Charity Number 249636) whose beneficiaries are members of the Armed Forces. It is a Christian organization with origins in the mid-19th century Army Prayer Union. As of 2014 the president is Commodore Jamie Hay RN. AFCU is a member of the Association of Military Christian Fellowships and is in contact with military Christian fellowships in 40 other countries. It has a membership of serving military personnel and non-serving people, many of whom are relatives of members of the Armed Forces.
Mission
The Mission of the AFCU is prayerfully to:
Encourage those who are already Christians in the Armed Forces, and their families, to live out and develop their faith, to act as 'salt and light', and through them to encourage others to come to a committed faith in the Lord Jesus Christ;
Work for Christian unity amongst serving military Christians worldwide and to work alongside military Christian organizations (MCO) in support of the chaplains;
Support the Armed Forces, providing a Godly influence upon military culture;
Expose the role of Christians in the Armed Forces to the wider Christian and secular community.
Vision
The vision for the AFCU is to be a dynamic and outward looking prayer union, providing discipleship to a growing membership, which upholds biblical principles in the Armed Forces.
See also
Christians in the military
Defence Christian Network
Officers' Christian Fellowship
Notes
External links
Official website
AFCU along with similar organizations
The Association of Military Christian Fellowships
Evangelical parachurch organizations |
17328400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zitenga%20Department | Zitenga Department | Zitenga is a department or commune of Oubritenga Province in northern-central Burkina Faso. Its capital lies at the town of Zitenga. According to the 1996 census the department has a total population of 40,773.
Towns and villages
Zitenga (644 inhabitants) (capital)
Andem (1 798 inhabitants)
Bagtenga (913 inhabitants)
Barkoundouba-Mossi (716 inhabitants)
Bendogo (644 inhabitants)
Bissiga-Mossi (597 inhabitants)
Bissiga- Yarcé (1 700 inhabitants)
Boalla (494 inhabitants)
Dayagretenga (981 inhabitants)
Dimianema (1 056 inhabitants)
Itaoré (504 inhabitants)
Kogmasgo (448 inhabitants)
Kolgdiessé (410 inhabitants)
kologkom (422 inhabitants)
Komnogo (176 inhabitants)
Lallé (1 015 inhabitants)
Leléxé (1 280 inhabitants)
Lemnogo (1 409 inhabitants)
Nagtaoli (281 inhabitants)
Nambéguian (704 inhabitants)
Nioniokodogo Mossi (375 inhabitants)
Nioniokodogo peulh (1 122 inhabitants)
Nioniopalogo (669 inhabitants)
Nonghin (1 237 inhabitants)
Ouatinoma (964 inhabitants)
Pedemtenga (1 316 inhabitants)
Poédogo (419 inhabitants)
Sadaba (3 788 inhabitants)
Samtenga (401 inhabitants)
Souka (528 inhabitants)
Tamasgo (1 127 inhabitants)
Tampanga (312 inhabitants)
Tampelga (1 084 inhabitants)
Tampouy-Silmimossé (124 inhabitants)
Tampouy-Yarcé (1 203 inhabitants)
Tanghin (989 inhabitants)
Tanghin Kossodo peulh (336 inhabitants)
Tankounga (2 009 inhabitants)
Tanlili (1 696 inhabitants)
Tiba (477 inhabitants)
Toanda (1 039 inhabitants)
Yamana (1 222 inhabitants)
Yanga (354 inhabitants)
Yargo (871 inhabitants)
Zakin (573 inhabitants)
Zéguédéguin (346 inhabitants)
References
Departments of Burkina Faso
Oubritenga Province |
23571548 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Cole | Victor Cole | Victor Cole (born January 23, 1968, in Leningrad, Soviet Union) is a former professional baseball pitcher. Cole is the only Major League Baseball player ever to have been born in the Soviet Union, and the ninth to have been born in what is now Russia.
Cole pitched in eight games for the 1992 Pittsburgh Pirates, with an 0–2 record, 12 strikeouts and allowing 14 earned runs.
Cole attended Santa Clara University in California. Cole's father, from Sierra Leone, studied medicine in Russia and married a Russian woman. The family moved to USA four years after Cole's birth.
Cole was taken by the Kansas City Royals in the 14th round of the 1988 amateur draft. He was traded to the Pirates May 3, 1991 for Carmelo Martinez.
Cole played in the Milwaukee Brewers organization in 1994 and the San Diego Padres organization in 1995 and 1996. He then went to play in the Taiwan Major League for Kaoping Fala in 1997. Cole returned to the minors in 1998 and 1999 with the Chicago Cubs. He spent 2000 with the Memphis Redbirds, a AAA affiliate of the St. Louis Cardinals and SK Wyverns of the Korea Baseball Organization. Cole spent 2001 and 2002 with the KBO's Doosan Bears before retiring. In his ten seasons in the minor leagues, he had a record of 37 - 36 with an ERA of 3.70.
In 2003, Cole joined the Russia national baseball team. He also joined the team on its tour of the North American-based independent Northeast League. Cole later coached with the National Team in the 2020 European Championships, in Group B.
References
External links
Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Winter League)
CPC Baseball trivia
New York Times mention
1968 births
Living people
Acereros de Monclova players
Águilas del Zulia players
Baseball City Royals players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Carolina Mudcats players
Doosan Bears players
El Paso Diablos players
Eugene Emeralds players
Expatriate baseball players in South Korea
Iowa Cubs players
Las Vegas Stars (baseball) players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Russia
Memphis Chicks players
Memphis Redbirds players
New Orleans Zephyrs players
Omaha Royals players
People from Saint Petersburg
Pine Bluff Locomotives players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Russian people of Sierra Leonean descent
Salinas Peppers players
SSG Landers players
Sportspeople from Saint Petersburg
Sultanes de Monterrey players
Tiburones de La Guaira players
West Tennessee Diamond Jaxx players
Russian baseball players
Expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Russian expatriate sportspeople in South Korea
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
Expatriate baseball players in Mexico |
20466019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockport%20Smith | Stockport Smith | William Smith, commonly known as Stockport Smith, was an English footballer. His regular position was as an inside right, but he also played in various other forward positions and even as a wing half on occasion. He played for Stockport County, Manchester City, and Newton Heath. He joined Manchester City from Stockport in 1897 and scored 22 goals in 54 league appearances in three years at the club. He is often confused with another William Smith who played for Manchester City at the same time; because of this, they were known to Manchester City fans by the clubs they were signed from; this William Smith is referred to as "Stockport Smith" and the other as "Buxton Smith".
Smith rejoined Stockport in 1900, but was unable to reproduce his goalscoring feats and moved on to Newton Heath for their final season before they were renamed as Manchester United. He made his Newton Heath debut on 14 September 1901, playing at outside right for a 5–0 defeat away to Middlesbrough. His only goal for Newton Heath may have come on 5 October 1901 in a 3–3 home draw with his former club, Stockport County, although this goal is credited to Alf Schofield by some sources. No record of Smith's football career exists beyond the 1901–02 season.
External links
Profile at StretfordEnd.co.uk
MUFCInfo.com profile
10 Worsley Terrace....The Story of Wigan Town Wigan Observer: 27 December 1905: Page 8, column 3
English footballers
Stockport County F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Manchester City F.C. players
Association football forwards
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing |
23571550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless%20Longganisa | Stainless Longganisa | Stainless Longganisa is a semi-autobiographical book written by Bob Ong, his fifth published work. Released in December 2005 by Visprint, it follows the style used in Bob Ong's first three publications: the use of contemporary Filipino language to express the author's views on Filipino culture. Unlike the first three books, however, it mainly deals with literature. According to the blurb, it focuses on [translated from the vernacular]: " ... stories by leaking pens about the importance of reading, reaching your dreams and the correct way of writing." As of 2011 (the year his ninth book, Lumayo Ka Nga Sa Akin, was released), Stainless Longganisa is currently his latest book written in a semi-autobiographical style.
References
Books by Bob Ong
2005 books |
23571558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget%20Dirrane | Bridget Dirrane | Bridget Dirrane (15 November 1894 – 31 December 2003) was an Irish nurse, centenarian and memoirist.
Early life
Bridget Dirrane was born in Oatquarter in the townland of Kilmurvey on Inishmore, Aran Islands, County Galway on 15 November 1894. She was the youngest child of Joseph Gillan and Maggie (née Walsh). Her father was a weaver of flannel cloth and had a small farm. She had four brothers and three sisters. Her oldest brother was a fisherman, who died at age 21 in 1901, and her father died before 1911. Despite this hardship, all of the children went to school, with one of her brothers becoming an Irish teacher, and later an Irish inspector. The family spoke Irish at home, but they were all bilingual with English. Dirrane was schooled at the national school in Oatquarter until the age of 14. She left to work in local homes, looking after children. When she wrote her memoirs late in life, Dirrane claimed to have met Joseph Plunkett, Éamonn Ceannt, Thomas MacDonagh, Thomas Ashe and Patrick Pearse when they visited the island, visiting a house where she looked after the children, discussing politics and plans for the Easter Rising with them. She was a republican, becoming a member of Cumann na mBan in 1918 while she was working for Fr Matthew Ryan as a housekeeper. She was involved in drilling and assisting fugitives from the authorities. Because of their known republican sympathies, the Black and Tans raided the Gillan family homes.
Career
Dirrane moved to Dublin in 1919 to train in St Ultan's Hospital as a nurse. She was still under surveillance, being arrested alongside her employer Claude Chavasse when she was working as a nurse in his house. She was held in Dublin Bridewell for two days before being transferred to Mountjoy. In the time of her imprisonment, she was not charged or put on trial. Her refusal to speak English angered the guards, culminating in her going on hunger strike for a number of days in 1920 until she was released. She took part in the Cumann na mBan vigil outside of Mountjoy in November 1920, when Kevin Barry was hanged.
She worked in Richard Mulcahy's house for two years, before emigrating to the United States in 1927 to continue her career as a nurse. She worked in Boston where she was an active member of the Irish emigrant community alongside former neighbours from the Aran Islands and some relatives. She worked in a hotel for a time, but returned to nursing after her marriage to Edward 'Ned' Dirrane in November 1932 in the Jamaica Plain section of Boston. Ned was a labourer in Boston, was also from Inishmore, died from heart failure in 1940. Dirrane continued her career nursing in hospitals and as a district nurse. On 13 May 1940, she naturalised as US citizen. During World War II, she worked as a nurse in a munitions factory, and at a US Army Air Forces bomber base in Mississippi. She canvased for John F. Kennedy in the Irish community in South Boston when he ran for president in 1960. Jean Kennedy Smith visited Dirrane in 1997 in Galway to acknowledge her contribution. Dirrane also met Senator Edward Kennedy.
Later life
Following her retirement, Dirrane lived with her nephew, but she returned to the Aran Islands in 1966 at age 72. There she lived with her brother-in-law, Pat Dirrane, a widower with three grown sons. They married in a private ceremony on 27 April 1966. She continued to live on the island after Pat's death on 28 February 1990, living with her stepson. She eventually moved into a nursing home in Newcastle in the suburbs of Galway. When she celebrated her 100 birthday, she funded a statue of Our Lady Mary at a holy well in Corough on Inishmore. At age 103, the matron of Dirrane's nursing home arranged for a local writer Jack Mahon to record Dirrane's memories and collate the into a book. The book, A woman of Aran, was published in 1997 and was a bestseller for several weeks. Dirrane was awarded an honorary degree, an MA honoris causa, from NUI Galway in May 1998, the oldest person to ever receive one. Dirrane died on 31 December 2003, aged 109, in Galway. She was buried on Inishmore.
References
External links
RTÉ coverage of Dirrane receiving her honorary degree in 1998
1894 births
2003 deaths
Irish nurses
Irish people of World War II
Irish centenarians
Women centenarians |
23571559 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpVg%20Aurich | SpVg Aurich | SpVg Aurich is a German football club from the city of Aurich, Lower Saxony.
History
The club was founded in July 1911 as the descendant of the city's first football club established in 1909. In 1938 the club was merged with Mannerturnverein 1862 Aurich to create Turn- und Sport Aurich von 1862. The union lasted until 13 May 1951 when the two clubs went their separate ways.
Playing as TuS Aurich the club was part of the Gauliga Oldenburg-Friesland (I) in 1943–44 where they finished their campaign in fifth place. The club played just three matches in the war-shortened 1944–45 season.
After the breakup of TuS in 1951, SpVg advanced to the Oberliga Niedersachsen/Bremen in 1994 where earned a series of lower table finishes over the course of three seasons. The club was relegated after a 14th-place result in 1996–97. By the early to middle 2000s SpVg played in Landesliga (V) and the Bezirksliga (VI) until a 2007 championship there put it back in the Landesliga, which became sixth tier the next year. By 2012 it reached the Kreisliga Aurich/Wittmund (VIII) after two consecutive relegation places two seasons before, but went back to the Bezirksliga by winning its district championship.
References
External links
Official team site
Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables
Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in Lower Saxony
1911 establishments in Germany
Association football clubs established in 1911 |
20466038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Mushtare | Robert Mushtare | Robert Mushtare is an American ten-pin bowler from Carthage, New York who is recognized by the United States Bowling Congress (USBC) for having bowled two perfect 900 series, one on December 3, 2005 and the other on February 19, 2006, both at Pine Plains Bowling Center in Fort Drum, New York. He is also said to have rolled another in league play prior to the aforementioned two; that previous 900 series was not officially recognized by USBC because the league in which he was bowling was not properly certified by USBC on the date his 900 series was rolled. Due to the order of USBC certification procedures, it will never be known if it would have been approved even if his league had been certified at the time. The two 900's for which Mushtare was officially recognized came under great scrutiny because they were pre-bowled, meaning he bowled days before his regular league competition, and was sometimes bowling alone. ESPN's Jeremy Schaap did an investigative report on the controversy which was broadcast on the ESPN program Outside the Lines. Glenn Allison, who bowled an uncertified 900 series in 1982, is skeptical of Robert's achievements, as is pro bowler and Team USA coach Tim Mack.
With this recognition, Mushtare is also officially recognized as the first youth bowler to shoot a certified 900 series, the first bowler (youth or adult) to bowl more than one, and the first bowler from New York state to achieve the feat. The ensuing controversy also led to a change in USBC rules; Rule 118e(8) now reads "Unopposed pre or post bowled scores will be eligible for USBC Awards except High Score Awards [such as a 300 game, 800 series, or 900 series award]"; had this rule been in effect for the 2005-2006 bowling season, Mushtare would not have been officially recognized for either of the 900's for which he is now recognized.
Male Youth High Series
900 Robert Mushtare, Fort Drum, N.Y., Dec. 5, 2005
900 Robert Mushtare, Fort Drum, N.Y., Feb. 19, 2006
889 Shane Tetterton, Sinking Springs, Pa., Sept. 24, 2006
888 Brentt Arcement, Kenner, La., Jan. 20, 1990
879 Jacob Peters, Decatur, Ill., April 27, 2005
879 Gary Faulkner Jr., Memphis, June 22, 2008
These scores are from the USBC (United States Bowling Congress) Records and stats page.
Junior Gold Tournament
In 2006, Mushtare did not advance to the semi-finals at the United States Bowling Congress Junior Gold championships. Throughout the tournament, Mushtare managed to have met several PBA players and even some higher level coaches in the sport of bowling. Junior team USA coach Rod Ross had stated, "I was very impressed with his physical game. He throws a phenomenal ball and has a nice loose arm swing. He has a lot of raw talent. He can definitely strike and strike a lot, and there's no doubt in my mind that he shot those 900s." And even though the 900 bowler did not make the first cut, Mushtare said the experience was memorable and that it was a great learning experience for him.
Interviews
In June 2006, Mushtare had a personal interview with Jim King once King was able to contact the 17-year-old bowler. During his interview Mushtare states that he has bowled three 900 series during his league time and he has bowled two 900 series during practice. Now, after 4 months of deliberation, two of Mushtare's 900 series were approved. Mushtare states that the reasons for his pre-bowls were for school functions and a few bowling tournaments that Mushtare was scheduled to participate in. Mushtare also states that his third 900 series bowled was witnessed by personal friend Jamie Grimm. During this time, Mr. Grimm himself bowled his first 300-game and got a 741 series. Jim King also mentions that there were rumors going around that Mushtare's father is the owner of the bowling alley. Mushtare's response was "No. My father does not own it. It is owned by the government and located on a military base."
League History
References
External links
Interview
American ten-pin bowling players
Living people
People from Carthage, New York
Year of birth missing (living people) |
23571561 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Coy | Harry Coy | Henry Frederick "Harry" Coy (4 February 1900 – 17 July 1962) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1920s.
Coy, who started his career at Port Melbourne in 1919, was signed up by Melbourne after two Victorian Football Association (VFA) seasons. He became Melbourne's full-back and was an important player in the 1926 premiership team. In the 1926 Grand Final, Coy kept Collingwood's Gordon Coventry to just two goals, despite the forward having kicked 81 goals for the year leading into the game.
References
Holmesby, Russell and Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.
External links
1900 births
Melbourne Football Club players
Port Melbourne Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
1962 deaths
People educated at Scotch College, Melbourne
Melbourne Football Club Premiership players
One-time VFL/AFL Premiership players |
20466057 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Isabel%20Creek | Santa Isabel Creek | Santa Isabel Creek is a small stream of water located in Webb County, Texas which runs through Laredo, Texas. The creek is formed 32 miles from Callaghan, Texas and runs southwest for until the creek connects to the Rio Grande. The terrain surrounding the creek is mostly clay. The vegetation surrounding the creek is mostly made up of mesquite, cacti, and grasses. Santa Isabel Creek crosses Three major highways in Laredo, Texas among them are: Farm to Market Road 1472, Texas State Highway 255, and United States Route 83.
Coordinates
Source: Webb County, Texas
Mouth: Rio Grande at Laredo, Texas
See also
List of rivers of Texas
List of tributaries of the Rio Grande
References
Tributaries of the Rio Grande
Geography of Laredo, Texas
Rivers of Texas |
23571567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIAA | FIAA | FIAA may refer to:
Federation of Indian Automobile Associations
Fellow of the Institute of Actuaries of Australia
Fellow of the Israel Association of Actuaries
Florida Interscholastic Athletic Association
Front Islamique Arabe de l'Azawad
Furnishing Industry Association of Australia
Future Instructors of America Association
First In Adoption Act
Fiaa may refer to :
an alternative spelling for Fih, Lebanon |
20466066 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porterhouse%20%28horse%29 | Porterhouse (horse) | Porterhouse (1951–1971) was an American Champion Thoroughbred racehorse.
Background
Bred by Liz Person and raced under her Llangollen Farm banner, Porterhouse was a son of the Argentine-bred Endeavour who also sired Corn Husker, Prove It and Pretense, three top runners who each won the Santa Anita Handicap. His dam was Red Stamp, a daughter of the U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee Bimelech.
Conditioned for racing by Charlie Whittingham, Porterhouse was the forty-year-old trainer's first stakes winner and first Champion.
Racing career
In 1953, Porterhouse won East Coast races including the National Stallion Stakes and the then most important race for his age group, the Belmont Futurity Stakes. Porterhouse also won the 1953 Saratoga Special Stakes but was disqualified and set back to last.
Porterhouse was voted American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt by the Daily Racing Form and the Thoroughbred Racing Association. The rival poll organized by Turf & Sports Digest magazine was topped by Hasty Road.
In 1954, three-year-old Porterhouse had a sub-par year in racing, with his only important win coming in the Old Knickerbocker Handicap. The colt did not run in either of the first two races of the U.S. Triple Crown series and finished ninth in the Belmont Stakes won by High Gun. During the next three years in racing, Porterhouse returned to his winning ways at racetracks in California. He captured several top events, highlighted by his win over future U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee Swaps in the 1956 Californian Stakes and the Hollywood Express Handicap in world record time for five and a half furlongs on dirt at Hollywood Park Racetrack.
Stud career
Retired to stud duty, Porterhouse met with reasonable success, siring several good runners including Coaching Club American Oaks winner, Our Cheri Amour, and multiple stakes winners Isle of Greece, Port Wine, and Farwell Party.
Porterhouse died at age twenty in 1971 and was buried a The Stallion Station in Lexington, Kentucky.
References
Porterhouse's pedigree and partial racing stats
October 12, 1953 TIME magazine article on Porterhouse's win in the Belmont Futurity
Article on Porterhouse winning the Knickerbocker Handicap in the May 22, 1954 issue of The New Yorker magazine
1951 racehorse births
1971 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in the United States
American Champion racehorses
Whitney racehorses
Thoroughbred family 1-w |
17328404 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Sussex%20County%20Council | West Sussex County Council | West Sussex County Council (WSCC) is the authority that governs the non-metropolitan county of West Sussex. The county also contains seven district and borough councils, and 159 town, parish and neighbourhood councils. The county council has 70 elected councillors. The Chief Executive and their team of Executive Directors are responsible for the day-to-day running of the council.
The county elects eight members of parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
Since 1997, West Sussex County Council has been controlled by the Conservative Party. In 2019, the council's Children Services department was described in a Children's Commissioner's report as "clearly failing across all domains in the strongest terms" leading to the resignation of then council leader Louise Goldsmith.
History
The Local Government Act 1888 created the administrative county of West Sussex, with its own county council, from the three western rapes of the ancient county of Sussex, that is the rapes of Chichester, Arundel and Bramber. Except for the three county boroughs of Brighton, Hastings and Eastbourne, the three eastern rapes of Lewes, Pevensey and Hastings came under the control of East Sussex County Council. Until 1898 it existed alongside the Urban and Rural Sanitary Districts when these were abolished in favour of a new network of urban and rural districts.
The Local Government Act 1972 abolished the previous structure of local government in England and Wales. At this time West Sussex became a non-metropolitan county, divided into districts. This act created the two-tier system of government that exists in West Sussex to this day.
Chairmen and Chairwomen of West Sussex County Council
Since 2011 most chairs of the council serve a two year term, previously the term was more usually four years though before 1962 the position could essentially last almost a lifetime. Peter Mursell was the only individual to serve two non-consecutive terms, the second being after his 1969 knighthood. Cliff Robinson (died 2009) was the only chairman elected as a Liberal.
Political control
Paul Marshall (Conservative) has been leader of West Sussex County Council since 2019. He replaced Louise Goldsmith who had been leader since May 2010.
Responsibilities
The council is responsible for public services such as education, transport, strategic planning, emergency services, social services, public safety, the fire service and waste disposal.
District councils
Adur District Council
Arun District Council
Chichester District Council
Crawley Borough Council
Horsham District Council
Mid Sussex District Council
Worthing Borough Council
Parish councils
See List of civil parishes in West Sussex
The Council
The whole County Council is the ultimate decision-making body and the principal forum for major political debate. Its 71 members meet six times a year. The County Council reserves to itself decisions on key policy plans, questions members of the Cabinet, debates major pieces of work by Select Committees and notices of motion.
It appoints the Leader who decides the composition and areas of competence of the Cabinet, to which responsibility is delegated for carrying out many of the County Council's existing policies. It also appoints the Select Committees which examine and review decisions and actions of the Cabinet and Cabinet Members, as well as some non-Executive committees and a Standards Committee. The current leader is Paul Marshall.
Cabinet
The West Sussex Cabinet has eight members selected from the Conservative majority. The Cabinet proposes the key policy decisions of the Council, which are subject to agreement by the full County Council of 71 members. Each member has a portfolio of work for which they take personal responsibility.
Directorates
West Sussex County Council is divided into five directorates:
Adults & Children
Provides social care services to West Sussex children, young people, their families and communities; and services for older people and adults with physical disabilities, learning disabilities, sensory disabilities or mental health needs.
Finance & Performance
Provides the following services: Business Change & Information Management, Capital & Asset Management, Finance, Internal Audit, Performance, Procurement & Market Development, Delivery Team.
Communities and Public Protection
Provides the following services: Community Services (Community Safety, Sustainable Development, Library Service, Record Office, Registration Service, Trading Standards), Fire & Rescue Service, Infrastructure (Environment & Heritage, Highways, Planning), Resources & Performance (Business Management, Communications, Major Projects) and Wastes Management.
Customer Services
Provides the following services: Customer Services, Operations Support Services, People Management, Resources & Performance.
Policy & Partnerships
Provides the following services: Communications, Democratic Services, Emergency Management, Legal Services, Policy & Partnerships (Arts Service, County Strategy, Europe Office, Local Area Agreements, Sustainability, Youth Cabinet).
Children's Services department performance
In 2019, a Children's Commissioner's report for the Department for Education described the council's Children's Services department as "clearly failing across all domains in the strongest terms" and said the deficiencies were "systemic and prolonged". It recommended, "the government should take immediate steps to remove the services from the council". The report said there had been "inadequate and ineffective leadership of children's services for some years".
The commissioner also found there was a "strong and pervasive" "bullying culture in WSCC, starting at the top of the organisation, which is especially destructive". It recommended a review of the council's leadership and culture. Earlier in the year, an Ofsted report had found "widespread and serious weaknesses" in the children services department and rated it "inadequate".
The report led to the resignation of Louise Goldsmith in October 2019, who had been the council's leader for nearly ten years. The report may also have influenced the departure of Nathan Elvery, council chief executive - who had also been embroiled in an expenses scandal around the same time. Elvery left his £190,000 p.a. role "by mutual consent" in November 2019.
Goldsmith was replaced by council Conservative party group leader, Paul Marshall, although as of 9 October 2020 continues in her county councillor role. Elvery was replaced by Becky Shaw, who took over as joint chief executive for both East Sussex County Council and West Sussex County Council.
Elections
County council elections took place on 6 May 2021. For detailed results for each electoral division see 2021 West Sussex County Council election
|}
Elections took place on 4 May 2017. Results are below.
|}
Since the divisions had been slightly reorganised and there was one less division than previously the gains and losses are not strictly meaningful.
County council elections took place on 2 May 2013. For detailed results for each electoral division see 2013 West Sussex County Council election.
|}
Criticism of council spending
In October 2019 it was revealed the council had spent £36,000 on a drone, but not used it for operational purposes once in 18 months. In its response to a written question by Labour councillor Michael Jones, the council disclosed they had spent £20,850 on the drone itself, £12,353 to train 15 staff – one of whom had since retired, and £2,753 on its insurance.
At the time of its purchase in 2018, Louise Goldsmith, the then council leader announced: “I’m really excited we have bought this ... to expand on the really fantastic work our fire and rescue service does. I know by investing in these ... they will help save lives. There are also some really exciting opportunities for us to use the drone across the council."
Cllr. Jones called the drone's purchase a "publicity stunt" and remarked, “I was genuinely staggered when I was told that it had never been used, particularly as it had been bought with such fanfare. I think it’s certainly an insult to taxpayers." Cllr. Jones said he would rather it be donated to an organisation that can use it if the council is unable to use it itself. The council said it was reviewing the drone's future.
References
External links
West Sussex County Council – Official website
Local government in West Sussex
County councils of England
1889 establishments in England
Local education authorities in England
Local authorities in West Sussex
Major precepting authorities in England
Leader and cabinet executives |
17328409 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%20Taylor%20Allen | Ann Taylor Allen | Ann Taylor Allen is a professor of German history at the University of Louisville. Allen is the author of four books and more than twenty articles/reviews in peer-reviewed journals. She has a BA from Bryn Mawr College (1965, Magna cum Laude), studied at the University of Hamburg, Germany with a Fulbright Fellowship, received an MA in 1967 from Harvard University and earned a PhD from Columbia University in 1974.
Books
Satire and Society in Wilhelmine Germany: Simplicissimus and Kladderadatsch, 1890–1914. Lexington, Kentucky (University Press of Kentucky), 1984.
Feminism and Motherhood in Germany, 1800–1914. New Brunswick, NJ (Rutgers University Press), 1991.
Feminismus und Mütterlichkeit in Deutschland, 1800–1914. Weinheim (Beltz Verlag), 2000. German version of Feminism and Motherhood, translated by Regine Othmer.
Feminism and Motherhood in Western Europe, 1890–1970: The Maternal Dilemma. New York (Palgrave-Macmillan), 2005.
Women in Twentieth-Century Europe, Houndmills, Basingstoke (Palgrave-Macmillan), 2008.
References
Historians of Germany
Bryn Mawr College alumni
Columbia University alumni
Harvard University alumni
University of Louisville faculty
Living people
University of Hamburg alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women historians
21st-century American historians
21st-century American women writers |
17328412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trox%20contractus | Trox contractus | Trox contractus is a beetle of the Family Trogidae.
contractus
Beetles described in 1940 |
17328417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Unified%20Leadership%20of%20the%20Honduran%20Revolutionary%20Movement | National Unified Leadership of the Honduran Revolutionary Movement | National Unified Leadership of the Honduran Revolutionary Movement was a front of leftwing groups in Honduras. Formed in 1983, the front consisted of Revolutionary Popular Forces Lorenzo Zelaya, Communist Party of Honduras, Revolutionary Unity Movement, Morazanist Front for the Liberation of Honduras, People's Liberation Movement-Chinchoneros and the Central American Workers' Revolutionary Party.
References
Defunct left-wing political party alliances
Political party alliances in Honduras
Popular fronts
Honduras |
20466069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Nuttall | Tom Nuttall | Thomas Albert Bradshaw Nuttall (February 1889 – October 1963) was an English professional football forward who played in the Football League for Southend United, Everton and Manchester United.
Personal life
Nuttall served as a lance bombardier in the Royal Garrison Artillery during the First World War.
Career statistics
References
1889 births
1963 deaths
Footballers from Bolton
English footballers
Association football forwards
Heywood United F.C. players
Everton F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
English Football League players
Northwich Victoria F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
St Mirren F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
Southend United F.C. players
Eccles United F.C. players
Chorley F.C. players
British Army personnel of World War I
Royal Garrison Artillery soldiers
Association football inside forwards |
20466095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zsolt%20Aubel | Zsolt Aubel | Zsolt Aubel (born 20 May 1972) is a Hungarian footballer who played for BVSC Budapest as striker.
References
Futballévkönyv 1999 [Football Yearbook 1999], Volume I, pp. 78–82, Aréna 2000 kiadó, Budapest, 2000;
Profile, Nela.hu; Retrieved 16 November 2016.
1972 births
Living people
Hungarian people of German descent
Footballers from Budapest
Hungarian footballers
Hungarian expatriate footballers
Association football forwards
III. Kerületi TUE footballers
Budapesti VSC footballers
Expatriate footballers in Switzerland
FC Monthey players
Hungarian expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland |
20466103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mural%20on%20Our%20Street | Mural on Our Street | Mural on Our Street is a 1965 American short documentary film directed by Dee Dee Halleck. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
See also
List of American films of 1965
References
External links
1965 films
1965 short films
1960s short documentary films
English-language films
American short documentary films |
23571577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1145%20papal%20election | 1145 papal election | The 1145 papal election followed the death of Pope Lucius II and resulted in the election of Pope Eugene III, the first pope of the Order of Cistercians.
Election of Eugene III
Pope Lucius II, during the whole of his pontificate, had to face the municipal commune at Rome, hostile towards the secular rule of the popes in the Eternal City. The republican faction elected Giordano Pierleoni, brother of the former Antipope Anacletus II, to the post of senator, and demanded that Lucius relinquish all temporal matters into his hands. The pope refused and led a small army against the seat of the commune on Capitol. He was defeated and seriously wounded in this attack, and died on 15 February 1145 in the church of S. Gregorio in clivo scauri. The cardinals present at Rome quickly assembled in the church of San Cesareo in Palatio and on the very same day unanimously elected to the papacy Bernardo da Pisa, pupil of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, who was abbot of the Cistercian monastery of S. Anastasio alle Tre Fontane near Rome and probably did not belong to the College of Cardinals. The elect took the name of Eugene III. Due to hostility of the Roman people, his consecration took place in the monastery of Farfa on 18 February 1145.
Cardinal-electors
There were probably 40 cardinals in the Sacred College of Cardinals in February 1145. Based on examination of the subscriptions of the papal bulls in 1145 and the available data about the external missions of the cardinals it is possible to establish that no more than 34 cardinals participated in the election:
Thirteen electors were created by Pope Innocent II, nine by Celestine II, eleven by Lucius II, one by Pope Callixtus II and one by Pope Paschalis II.
Absentees
Notes
Sources
12th-century elections
1145
1145
1145 in Europe
12th-century Catholicism |
23571579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Technology%20%28EP%29 | Human Technology (EP) | The Human Technology EP is an extended play released by the composer BT in 2005 under the Human Imprint label. It contains two remixes of two different songs from BT's fourth studio album, Emotional Technology. The two songs remixed were "Knowledge of Self", a track featuring the Gang Starr rapper Guru, and "The Great Escape", a track featuring Caroline Lavelle, with remixes by Evol Intent and Alliance, respectively. It is BT's fifth EP and most recent to date.
Track listing
References
2005 EPs
BT (musician) EPs |
20466111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Vaux%2C%204th%20Baron%20Vaux%20of%20Harrowden | Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden | Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden (13 September 1588 – 8 September 1661) was an English peer. He was the son of George Vaux (1564–1594) and his wife Elizabeth Vaux (daughter of John Roper, 1st Baron Teynham, born about 1564), and the grandson and heir of William Vaux, 3rd Baron Vaux of Harrowden. He succeeded his grandfather as Baron Vaux of Harrowden in August 1595, just before his seventh birthday.
Early life and religion
The Vaux and Roper families were Catholics, and the third Baron Vaux was convicted of recusancy several times during the reign of Elizabeth I. As a minor heir to a barony, Edward Vaux became a ward of the queen on his grandfather's death. His widowed mother, known as the "Dowager of Harrowden" or (incorrectly, as her husband was never Lord Vaux) as the "Dowager Lady Vaux", devastated by the loss of her beloved husband, vowed to never remarry and devoted the rest of her life to religion. During a remodelling of the family estate at Great Harrowden in young Edward's name, she incorporated hidden rooms for the harbouring of Catholic priests including her confessor, the dashing Jesuit John Gerard. Her activities were closely watched by the authorities, and both Edward and his mother were investigated in the aftermath of the Gunpowder Plot of 1605. Edward felt it prudent to go abroad for some years.
He returned to England in 1611, apparently to intercede for his mother, who had been arrested for recusancy. For refusing to take the 1606 Oath of Allegiance to James I, entailing a denial of the pope's authority over the king, Edward was committed to the Fleet prison. He was sentenced in the Kings Bench to perpetual imprisonment and loss of property on 1 March 1612, but he was transferred to the custody of the Dean of Westminster and had a grant of his forfeited lands in October 1612. He had already saved some of the family estates by conveying them in trust to five of his Protestant neighbours, even though such a transaction was strictly forbidden by law. He was later released on surety of £1000.
Military career
On 3 January 1621, Vaux was summoned to the Parliament which James reluctantly called to raise funds for the military assistance of his son-in-law Frederick V, Elector Palatine. When Parliament instead demanded abandonment of the planned Spanish Match for Charles, Prince of Wales and war with Spain, James dissolved Parliament and pursued the Spanish bride for his son with renewed vigor. The king supported a request by the Spanish ambassador to allow volunteers to be recruited for service in the Spanish Army of Flanders, which relied heavily on foreign mercenaries, and suspended the statute that required volunteers in foreign service to take the Oath of Allegiance before leaving the country. In 1622 Edward Vaux was licensed to raise a regiment of English Catholics for the Spanish service, but at the Siege of Bergen-op-Zoom, he was dismayed to find his regiment facing English Protestant troops despite Spanish promises to the contrary, and many of his men deserted rather than engage their fellow-countrymen.
Vaux paid £300 to purge his personal attendance on Charles I at York in March 1639 for the military expedition into Scotland known as the First Bishops' War.
Marriage and estate
When Edward was seventeen, his mother sought to arrange his marriage to Elizabeth Howard, daughter of Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk, but the marriage negotiations were abandoned as hopeless in the wake of the Gunpowder Plot, and Elizabeth was married to William Knollys, 1st Earl of Banbury who was some 40 years her senior on 23 December 1605. Nevertheless, Edward and Elizabeth Howard seem to have fallen in love, for they were married in June 1632 within five weeks of her first husband's death. The marriage produced no children, but Elizabeth's two sons, Edward (1627–1645) and Nicolas (1631–1674), born in the life-time of her elderly first husband, were widely presumed to be the illegitimate sons of Edward Vaux. Neither son is mentioned in the earl's will, but in 1641 the law courts decided that Edward was Earl of Banbury, and when he was slain in an argument aged 18 (before June 1645), his brother Nicholas, who had used the surname "Vaux", took the title. On 19 October 1646, Edward Vaux settled the whole of his estates on Nicholas, speaking of him as "now Earl of Banbury, heretofore called Nicholas Vaux" to the total exclusion of his own lawful heirs. However, in the Convention Parliament of 1660 the House of Lords questioned Nicolas's right to the title and through Nicholas and his descendants arose a long contest for the Banbury peerage (see Knollys family).
Edward Vaux's wife Elizabeth died 17 April 1658, aged 71. Vaux died 8 September 1661, aged 74. Both were buried at Dorking, Surrey.
On Edward's death without legitimate issue, the Barony of Vaux of Harrowden was inherited by his brother Henry who died without issue in 1663.
In 1632, he added to his property in the area by purchasing the Manor of Little Harrowden from John Sanderson, his wife Cecily and John Sanderson junior.
Notes
References
Fraser, Antonia, Faith and Treason: The Story of the Gunpowder Plot, Nan Talese/Doubleday, 1996, .
Kenyon, J.P. The Popish Plot, Phoenix Press, reissue 2000
Manning, Roger B, An Apprenticeship in Arms: The Origins of the British Army 1585–1702, Oxford University Press, 2006, , excerpted at Google Books
1588 births
1661 deaths
16th-century English nobility
17th-century English nobility
17th-century English military personnel
17th-century Spanish military personnel
Barons Vaux of Harrowden
English Roman Catholics
Edward |
20466124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiolestes | Zodiolestes | Zodiolestes is a genus of mustelids, now extinct, which existed during the Miocene period.
The genus was first described in 1942, by E. S. Riggs, who identified the sister genus Promartes at the same time, and assigned to the family Procyonidae. In 1998 it was assigned to the subfamily Oligobuninae of the family Mustelidae. Two species have been identified in the genus: Z. daimonelixensis and Z. freundi.
Z. daimonelixensis showed digging adaptations, and one fossil was found curled up in the "corkscrew" burrow of the Miocene beaver, Palaeocastor. Zodiolestes was most likely a predator of these fossorial beavers.
This situation was analogous to the modern day prairie dog (genus Cynomys) and its predator the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes).
References
Prehistoric mustelids
Miocene mustelids
Prehistoric mammals of North America
Prehistoric carnivoran genera |
23571580 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAS%20Airlines%20Flight%204226 | EAS Airlines Flight 4226 | EAS Airlines Flight 4226 was a scheduled flight between the Nigerian cities of Kano (Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport) and Lagos (Murtala Muhammed International Airport). At about 13:35 local time (13:35 UTC) on 4 May 2002, Flight 4226 from Kano crash-landed in a residential area of the city called Gwammaja. The plane, a BAC One-Eleven 525FT with 69 passengers and 8 crew members on board, burst into flames upon impact. The accident resulted in the deaths of 66 passengers and 7 crew in addition to at least 30 civilians on the ground.
Prior to the fatal crash, the aircraft involved in the incident had been grounded on two previous occasions: once in 2001 for eleven days to perform engine maintenance, and again in 2002 for 52 days to address engine problems.
Flight 4226 is the deadliest aviation accident involving a BAC One-Eleven. Subsequent investigation conducted by Nigerian authorities concluded that the crash was caused by pilot error.
Accident
The flight was carrying 69 passengers and 8 crew members. The pilot was Captain Inneh Peter and the co-pilot was First Officer C.E Adegboye. The flight engineers were Emmanuel Idoko and Muhammad Sarki. Flight 4226 took off from Kano International Airport at 1:32 p.m local time. Flight 4226 then began to swerve from side to side. Captain Peter reported to the control tower that he was having an engine failure. The plane later plunged onto the ground at 1:35 p.m local time, just three minutes after take off.
People on the ground who witnessed the plane coming towards them then scrambled to safety. Flight 4226 then struck multiple structures on the ground, including a local school and two mosques, crashed and burst into flames. Most buildings collapsed due to the disaster. Praying services was held at the local mosques at the time of the crash.
Eyewitnesses stated that survivors on the ground began to wail and scream, rushing to the crash site to search for their relatives trapped inside the rubble. According to eyewitness, they heard several calls for help from inside the plane. Firefighters rushed to the scene. However, due to absence of water in the area, firefighters were unable to douse the fire.
4 survivors were extricated alive from the wreckage. Among them was a Lebanese passenger, an army general and a flight attendant. One survivor was found with "a bone jutting out from his forehead". 26 bodies were recovered from the crash site. Authorities gathered information about the victims and the trapped people. Volunteers told News Agency of Nigeria that three pupils of a local school which was struck by the plane were trapped inside the rubble. The headmaster was able to be rescued. Soldiers and police officers were deployed to the scene.
Rescuers later retrieved more than 70 bodies from the crash site. Authorities stated that the local mortuary had been filled to capacity due to the numbers of the dead. Their bodies were transported to the Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital. Off-duty emergency workers were called to work in response to the crisis of the disaster.
Government response
Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo cut short his visit in Southern Africa states and ordered an immediate probe to the accident. All Nigerian flags would be flown at half mast throughout Nigeria in response to the crash, he later added. The Emir of Kano, Ado Bayero, along with Governor of Kano State Rabiu Isa Kuamkwaso, visited the crash site. The Emir and the Governor later expressed their sympathy to the relatives of the victims.
Passengers and crews
Flight 4226 was carrying 69 passengers and 8 crew members at the time of the crash, contrary to initial reports which claimed that the plane was carrying 105 passengers. 17 passengers boarded the plane in Kano. Most of the passengers were Nigerian, with one Lebanese confirmed to be on board Flight 4226. Several people were rescued alive from the wreckage. However, one survivor succumbed to his injuries on the following day.
Among the passengers was Nigeria's Sport Minister Ishaya Mark Aku. He was on his way on attending an official engagement.
The pilot was Captain Inneh Peter with a flight hours of more than 14,000 hours and the co-pilot was First Officer C.E Adegboye. The flight engineers were Emmanuel Idoko and Muhammad Sarki. None of the crew members, other than Naomi Ukpong, survived the crash.
Investigation
Nigerian authorities opened an investigation on the crash, with Aviation Minister Kema Chikwe instituted a panel to investigate the crash. The Nigerian federal upper legislative chambers began a public session on the same day of the crash, discussing about the crash as part of the investigation. Managing Director of EAS Airlines, Idris Wada, insisted that the plane was still in good condition. He later added that Lloyds Insurance, insurers of the BAC 1-11-500 aircraft which was involved in the crash, has sent a representative from London to investigate the cause of the crash. According to him, the plane involved in the crash was fitted with the engine of a grounded EAS Airlines BAC 1-11 plane four days before the crash, which raised questions among the senate. He claimed that the practice was not uncommon among the aviation industry.
Both recorders were sent to the United Kingdom for further analysis.
Following an investigation by the Nigerian Minister of Aviation, the cause of the crash was ruled to be pilot error. The findings of the investigation stated the engines failed following their intake of a large amount of dust. This occurred as a result of the pilot overshooting the runway and continuing the take-off through a grassy area at the end of the runway. Following the engine failure the plane rapidly descended into the neighbouring Gwammaja area of Kano ultimately destroying several structures on the ground. Its crash resulted in the deaths of all but six (five passengers and one crew member) of the plane's occupants in addition to 30 civilians on the ground.
See also
Viasa Flight 742, another crash in which a small twinjet aircraft (a McDonnell Douglas DC-9) crashed into a crowded city area shortly after takeoff, causing a high number of ground fatalities.
References
External links
Pictures of the disaster, BBC
Aviation accidents and incidents in Nigeria
Aviation accidents and incidents in 2002
Accidents and incidents involving the BAC One-Eleven
May 2002 events in Nigeria
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by engine failure
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
2002 in Nigeria |
17328423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon%20County%20Council | Devon County Council | Devon County Council is the county council administering the English county of Devon. Based in the city of Exeter, the council covers the non-metropolitan county area of Devon. Members of the council (councillors) are elected every four years to represent the electorate of each county division, almost all being nominated by the major national political parties.
The population of the area administered by the council was estimated at 795,286 in 2018, making it the largest local authority in South West England.
Devon is an area with "two-tier" local government, meaning that the county is divided into non-metropolitan districts carrying out less strategic functions, such as taking most planning decisions. In Devon there are eight such districts, each with its own district, borough, or city council.
History
Administration
Before 1888, the small towns and rural areas in Devon were governed by magistrates through the Devon Court of Quarter Sessions. The magistrates were based at Rougemont Castle, Exeter, and were not elected by the people. In 1888, the Local Government Act 1888 was passed, which paved the way for democracy at the county level throughout England and Wales. On 16 January 1889, the first County Council elections were held, and the council began life with a budget of £50,000. In 1907, women became eligible for election and the first female councillor was elected in 1931. From the beginning in 1889, the county boroughs of Exeter, Devonport and Plymouth were outside the jurisdiction of the county council. Devonport was afterwards absorbed by the City of Plymouth. Torbay received county borough status and left the area of Devon County Council in 1968. Devon County Hall, designed by Donald McMorran, was completed in 1964.
In 1971, Devon County Council signed a Twinning Charter with the Conseil General of Calvados to develop links with the French department of Calvados.
In 2018, the council introduced a "new IT printing system" which caused its education department online embarrassment due to its inability to produce grammatically correct correspondence.
Data protection
In 2012 the Council was fined £90,000 by the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) after it sent confidential and sensitive information about twenty-two people, including criminal allegations and information about their mental health, to the wrong recipient. Commenting on Devon and other authorities who had made similar data protection breaches, the ICO said "It would be far too easy to consider these breaches as simple human error. The reality is that they are caused by councils treating sensitive personal data in the same routine way they would deal with more general correspondence. Far too often in these cases, the councils do not appear to have acknowledged that the data they are handling is about real people, and often the more vulnerable members of society."
Political composition
In Devon, most county councillors who are elected have been nominated by one of England's major political parties, although there are also a small number of independents. At present the majority of councillors in the chamber are Conservatives, who hold 39 of the 60 seats. The council currently operates the local government Cabinet system which was introduced by the Local Government Act 2000, with the Leader of the Cabinet (and effective head of the authority) elected by the full council. In practice, the Leader is chosen from among the majority Conservative group. After being elected, the Leader chooses the other cabinet members, currently nine, all from the Conservative group.
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Responsibilities for services
Devon County Council's responsibilities include schools, social care for the elderly and vulnerable, road maintenance, libraries and trading standards. It is the largest employer in Devon, employing over 20,000 people, and has the largest minor road length ( — 2014) of any UK local authority; major roads are managed by Highways England. Devon County Council appoints eleven members to the Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Authority. The Office for National Statistics estimated that the mid-2014 population of the non-metropolitan area of Devon was 765,302, which is the largest in the South West England region.
The county council's area is also administered by eight smaller authorities that have their own district, borough or city councils. The responsibilities of these councils include local planning, council housing, refuse collection, sports and leisure facilities, and street cleaning. The district areas are further divided into civil parishes, which have "parish councils" or "town councils"; the latter of which often use a town hall. Typical activities undertaken by a parish council include maintaining allotments, footpaths, playing fields and the local community or village hall. On some matters, the county council share responsibilities with the district and parish councils. These include economic development and regeneration, emergency planning, tourism promotion and coastal protection.
Graphic symbols
There was no established coat of arms for the county until 1926: the arms of the City of Exeter were often used to represent Devon, for instance in the badge of the Devonshire Regiment. During the formation of a county council by the Local Government Act 1888, adoption of a common seal was required. The seal contained three shields depicting the arms of Exeter along with those of the first chairman and vice-chairman of the council (Lord Clinton and the Earl of Morley).
On 11 October 1926, the county council received a grant of arms from the College of Arms. The main part of the shield displays a red crowned lion on a silver field, the arms of Richard Plantagenet, Earl of Cornwall. The chief or upper portion of the shield depicts an ancient ship on waves, for Devon's seafaring traditions. The Latin motto adopted was Auxilio Divino ("by divine aid"), that of Sir Francis Drake. The 1926 grant was of arms alone. On 6 March 1962 a further grant of crest and supporters was obtained. The crest is the head of a Dartmoor Pony rising from a "Naval Crown". This distinctive form of crown is formed from the sails and sterns of ships, and is associated with the Royal Navy. The supporters are a Devon bull and a sea lion.
The County Council adopted a 'ship silhouette' logo after the 1974 reorganisation, adapted from the ship emblem on the coat of arms, but following the loss in 1998 of Plymouth and Torbay re-adopted the coat of arms. In April 2006 the council unveiled a new logo which was to be used in most everyday applications, though the coat of arms will continue to be used for "various civic purposes".
In 2002, the BBC Devon website held a poll in response to a discussion for a flag of Devon. Ryan Sealey's winning design of green, white, and black was raised outside County Hall in 2006 to celebrate Local Democracy Week and is endorsed by Devon County Council.
Proposed structural changes
From 2007 to 2010 there was a strong possibility that Devon's two-tier council structure might be reorganised. In December 2007, a bid by Exeter City Council to become a unitary council was referred by the Department for Communities and Local Government to the Boundary Committee for England, as they felt the application did not meet all their strict criteria. Had the bid succeeded, Devon County Council, headquartered in Exeter, would have had no local governmental control of the City of Exeter.
The Boundary Committee was asked to look at the feasibility of a unitary Exeter in the context of examining options for unitary arrangements in the wider Devon county area, and reported back in July 2008 recommending a 'unitary Devon' (excluding Plymouth and Torbay), with a second option of a 'unitary Exeter & Exmouth' (combined) and a unitary 'rest of Devon'. This would have abolished lower-tier district councils which work together with Devon County Council. These proposals were put out to consultation until September 2008 and the Committee was expected to make final recommendations to the Secretary of State by the end of the year. As a result of a number of legal challenges to the process and also dissatisfaction on the part of the Secretary of State with the manner in which the Boundary Committee assessed proposals, a recommendation was unlikely until March or April 2009.
The Boundary Committee was delayed again following legal challenge by a group of councils in the county of Suffolk. The Court of Appeal rejected the legal challenge in December 2009 and the Boundary Committee was expected to return to making recommendations on the proposals, to be published at an unknown date.
On 10 February 2010, local government ministers gave the go-ahead for Exeter's unitary authority status and ruled out the chance of Devon's unitary authority status, leaving it as a rural county. However, following the 2010 general election the new government announced in May 2010 that the reorganisation would be stopped.
See also
List of articles about local government in the United Kingdom
2017 United Kingdom local elections
Devon County Council elections
References
County council
County councils of England
Local authorities in Devon
1889 establishments in England
Local education authorities in England
Major precepting authorities in England
Leader and cabinet executives |
20466146 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Lovely%20House | The Lovely House | "The Lovely House" is a gothic short story and weird tale by American writer Shirley Jackson, first published in 1950. The story features several overtly gothic elements, including a possibly haunted house, doubling, and the blurring of real and imaginary. It appeared under the title "The Visit" in New World Writing, No. 2, 1952.
The story was later reprinted in Jackson's posthumous collection Come Along With Me in 1968 (published by Viking Press and reprinted by Penguin Classics in 2013) under the title "A Visit." It was also reprinted in the anthology American Gothic Tales, edited by Joyce Carol Oates, in 1996.
American literary critic S.T. Joshi claims that "The Lovely House" exemplifies the "'quiet weird tale' at its pinnacle" in its embodiment of "the manner in which a house can subsume its occupants."
Plot summary
"The Lovely House" consists of three main parts. In part one, the main character Margaret starts her summer vacation with her friend Carla Montague. The Montagues' home is a huge and beautifully decorated house that is set among lavish grounds. The house has many themed rooms; for example, there is a fan room, a painted room, and a room with a tile mosaic on the floor. Every room contains one or more tapestries with a picture of the house on it. In the room with the tiles, there's a mosaic of a girl, with the words "Here is Margaret, who died for love."
In part two, Carla's long-anticipated brother arrives with a friend. Paul, the Captain, Carla, and Margaret pass time in various parts of the grounds. Margaret and Paul often separate from the other two, which seems to disturb Carla. One afternoon when Margaret and Paul are looking at the river, they discuss the tower and Paul tells Margaret that there is an old lady, an Aunt or a Great Aunt or a Great-Great Aunt, that hides away in the tower because she hates the tapestries. Eventually Margaret ascends the tower and meets the old lady, whose name is also Margaret. The encounter goes strangely and Margaret leaves in a hurry.
In part three, the Montagues say farewell to their son by hosting a ball. The old lady shows up at the ball to see and reminisce with Paul. Margaret overhears part of a strange conversation between the two that implies they were young together even though now they appear to be quite different ages. After the ball, the Captain points out the many ways in which the house needs repair. The family immediately become defensive and the meal ends. After breakfast, Margaret and Paul are in the drawing room. Paul becomes defensive about the state of the house, then abruptly takes his leave of Margaret. The family then says goodbye to the Captain. It is at this point in the story that the story makes clear that the Captain is Carla's brother. The story leaves ambiguous what the relationship is between Paul, Margaret, and the elderly Margaret.
Main themes
Familial relations
When Carla's brother, the Captain, comes home, the family seems to the reader to be complete once again.
Psychological ambiguity
Carla is always saying that Margaret is acting odd. Margaret believes that she's interacting with Paul, but Carla apparently can't see or hear Paul, so she sees Margaret as spending time by herself.
Gothic architecture
The tower is old and ruined; this symbolizes Margaret's death and her never-dying love for Paul.
References
Oates, Joyce Carol. American Gothic Tales. New York NY: The Ontario Review, 1996.
http://www.courses.vcu.edu/ENG-jkh/
http://www.classicauthors.net/jackson/
http://frank.mtsu.edu/~saw2z/gothicfictionweb/tradamgothic.htm
1950 short stories
Short stories by Shirley Jackson
Gothic short stories
Weird fiction |
Subsets and Splits