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23571581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magomed%20Gadaborshev | Magomed Gadaborshev | Magomed Gadaborshev () (? – July 9, 2009) was a Russian-Ingushetian colonel who headed Ingushetia's Forensics and Investigations Center.
On July 7, 2009, attackers opened fire on Gadaborshev's car as he drove through the city center of Nazran, the largest city in Ingushetia. He suffered gunshot wounds in the attack and fell into a coma. Doctors pronounced Gadaborshev dead on July 9, 2009.
Gadaborshev's killing followed a string of attacks on and assassinations of Ingush officials in the preceding weeks. The President of Ingushetia, Yunus-Bek Yevkurov, was seriously wounded in a bombing on June 22, 2009. The deputy chief justice of the Supreme Court of Ingushetia Aza Gazgireeva and former deputy prime minister Bashir Aushev were also assassinated in separate shootings in June 2009.
References
2009 deaths
Assassinated Russian people
Deaths by firearm in Russia
Ingush people
People murdered in Russia
Russian military personnel
Year of birth missing |
23571585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C24H34O5 | C24H34O5 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C24H34O5}}
The molecular formula C24H34O5 (molar mass: 402.52 g/mol) may refer to:
Bufagin, a toxic steroid obtained from toad's milk
Cortexolone 17α-propionate
Dehydrocholic acid
Molecular formulas |
23571600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C22H29FO5 | C22H29FO5 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C22H29FO5}}
The molecular formula C22H29FO5 (molar mass: 392.46 g/mol, exact mass: 392.1999 u) may refer to:
Betamethasone
Dexamethasone
Fluperolone
Paramethasone
Molecular formulas |
6899844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Dundee | History of Dundee | Dundee () is the fourth-largest city in Scotland with a population of around 150,000 people. It is situated on the north bank of the Firth of Tay on the east coast of the Central Lowlands of Scotland. The Dundee area has been settled since the Mesolithic with evidence of Pictish habitation beginning in the Iron Age. During the Medieval Era the city became a prominent trading port and was the site of many battles. Throughout the Industrial Revolution, the local jute industry caused the city to grow rapidly. In this period, Dundee also gained prominence due to its marmalade industry and its journalism, giving Dundee its epithet as the city of "jute, jam and journalism".
Toponymy
The name "Dundee" is of uncertain etymology. It incorporates the place-name element dùn, fort, present in both Gaelic and in Brythonic languages such as Pictish. The remainder of the name is less obvious. One possibility is that it comes from the Gaelic 'Dèagh', meaning 'fire'. Another is that it derives from 'Tay', and it is in this form, 'Duntay' that the town is seen in Timothy Pont's map (c.1583–1596). Another suggestion is that it is a personal name, referring to an otherwise unknown local ruler named 'Daigh' or 'Deaghach'.
Folk etymology, repeated by Hector Boece in 1527, claims that the town's name was originally Allectum, and it was renamed Dei Donum 'Gift from God', following David, 8th Earl of Huntingdon's arrival there on his return from the Holy Land. The city was referred to by some Gaelic speakers, particularly in Highland Perthshire and Braemar as An Athaileag.
Early history
Dundee and its surrounding area have been continuously occupied since the Mesolithic. A kitchen midden of that date was unearthed during work on the harbour in 1879, and yielded flints, charcoal and a stone axe.
A Neolithic cursus, with associated barrows has been identified at the north-western end of the city and nearby lies the Balgarthno Stone Circle. A lack of stratigraphy around the stone circle has left it difficult to determine a precise age, but it is thought to date from around the late Neolithic/early Bronze Age. The circle has been subject to vandalism in the past and has recently been fenced off to protect it. Bronze Age finds are fairly abundant in Dundee and the surrounding area, particularly in the form of short cist burials.
From the Iron Age, perhaps the most prominent remains are of the Law Hill Fort, although domestic remains are also well represented. Near to Dundee can be found the well-characterised souterrains at Carlungie and Ardestie, which date from around the 2nd century AD. Several brochs are also found in the area, including the ruins at Laws Hill near Monifieth, at Craighill and at Hurly Hawkin, near Liff, Angus.
Early Middle Ages
The early medieval history of the town relies heavily on tradition. In Pictish times, the part of Dundee that was later expanded into the Burghal town in the twelfth/13th centuries was a minor settlement in the kingdom of Circinn, later known as Angus. An area roughly equivalent to the current urban area of Dundee is likely to have formed a demesne, centred on Dundee castle.
Hector Boece records the ancient name of the settlement as Alectum in his 1527 work Historia Gentis Scotorum (History of the Scottish People). While there is evidence this name was being used to refer to the town in the 18th century, its early attribution should be treated with caution as Boece's reliability as a source is questionable.
The Chronicle of Huntingdon (c1290) records a battle on 20 July 834 AD between the Scots, led by Alpin (father of Kenneth MacAlpin), and the Picts, which supposedly took place at the former village of Pitalpin (NO 370 329). The battle was allegedly a decisive victory for the Picts, and Alpin is said to have been executed by beheading. This account, while perhaps appealing, should be treated with caution as the battle's historical authenticity is in doubt.
High Middle Ages
Tradition names Dundee as the location of a court palace of the House of Dunkeld. However, no physical trace of such a residence remains, and such notions are likely to have been due to a misinterpretation of the ancient name of Edinburgh, Dunedin.
Dundee history as a major town dates to the charter in which King William granted the earldom of Dundee to his younger brother, David (later Earl of Huntingdon) in 1179–1182. Earl David is thought to have built Dundee Castle, which formerly occupied the site now occupied by St Pauls Cathedral.
Dundee's position on the Tay, with its natural harbour between St Nicholas Craig and Stannergate (now obscured by development) made it an ideal location for a trading port, which led to a period of major growth in the town as Earl David promoted the town as a burgh.
On David's death in 1219, the burgh passed first to his son, John. John died without issue in 1237 and the burgh was divided evenly between his three sisters, with the castle becoming the property of the eldest, Margaret and, subsequently, to her youngest daughter, Dervorguilla. Dervorguilla's portion of the burgh later passed to her eldest surviving son, John Balliol, and the town became a Royal Burgh on the coronation of John as king in 1292.
Dundee experienced periods of occupation and destruction in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. Following John Balliol's renunciation (1295) of Edward I's claimed authority over Scotland, the English King twice visited Scotland with hostile intent. Edward (the 'Hammer of the Scots') revoked Dundee's royal charter, removing the town's people the right to control local government and the judiciary. He occupied the Castle at Dundee at the outbreak of the First War of Independence in 1296 but the castle retaken by siege by the forces of William Wallace in 1297, immediately prior to the Battle of Stirling Bridge.
From 1303 to 1312 the city was again occupied. Edward's removal resulted in the complete destruction of the Castle by Robert the Bruce, who had been proclaimed King of Scots at nearby Scone in 1306. In 1327, the Bruce granted the royal burgh a new charter. Later in the 14th century, during the conflict between England and France known as the Hundred Years' War, the French invoked the Auld Alliance, drawing Scotland into the hostilities. Richard II subsequently marched northward and razed Edinburgh, Perth and Dundee.
Early Modern Era
Dundee became a walled city in 1545 during a period of English hostilities known as the rough wooing (Henry VIII's attempt to extend his Protestant ambitions north by marrying his youngest son Edward, Duke of Cornwall to Mary, Queen of Scots). The Wishart Arch was believed to be the only remaining part of the wall though a piece behind St Paul's Cathedral may have survived, though this remains unconfirmed pursuant to further investigation. Mary maintained the alliance with the French, who captured Protestant opponents, including John Knox, at St Andrews Castle, in nearby east Fife in July 1547. That year, following victory at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, the English occupied Edinburgh and went on to destroy much of Dundee by naval bombardment. The Howff Burial Ground, granted to the people of Dundee in 1546, was a gift from Mary. In July 1547, much of the city was destroyed by an English naval bombardment.
During a period of relative peace between Scotland and England, the status of Dundee as a royal burgh was reconfirmed (in The Great Charter of Charles I, dated 14 September 1641). In 1645, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Dundee was again besieged, this time by the Royalist Marquess of Montrose. On 1 September 1651, during the Third English Civil War, the city was attacked by Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentarian forces, led by George Monk. Much of the city was destroyed and many of its inhabitants killed. (See Siege of Dundee.)
Dundee was later the site of an early Jacobite uprising when John Graham of Claverhouse, 1st Viscount Dundee raised the Stuart standard on Dundee Law in 1689. This show of support of James VII (James II of England) following his overthrow, earned the Viscount the nickname Bonnie Dundee.
Troubles and financial collapses in the 1760s caused the background of the Tayside Meal Mobs on 1772 and 1773 which began in Dundee in the summer of 1772.
Modern era
Dundee greatly expanded in size during the Industrial Revolution mainly because of the burgeoning British Empire trade, flax and then latterly the jute industry. By the end of the 19th century, a majority of the city's workers were employed in its many jute mills and in related industries. Dundee's location on a major estuary allowed for the easy importation of jute from the Indian subcontinent as well as whale oil—needed for the processing of the jute—from the city's large whaling industry. A substantial coastal marine trade also developed, with inshore shipping working between the city of Dundee and the port of London. The industry began to decline in the 20th century as it became cheaper to process the cloth on the Indian subcontinent. The city's last jute mill closed in the 1970s.
In addition to jute the city is also known for jam and journalism. The "jam" association refers to marmalade, which was purportedly invented in the city by Janet Keiller in 1797 (although in reality, recipes for marmalade have been found dating back to the 16th century). Keiller's marmalade became a famous brand because of its mass production and its worldwide export. The industry was never a major employer compared with the jute trade. Marmalade has since become the "preserve" of larger businesses, but jars of Keiller's marmalade are still widely available. "Journalism" refers to the publishing firm DC Thomson & Co., which was founded in the city in 1905 and remains the largest employer after the health and leisure industries. The firm publishes a variety of newspapers, children's comics and magazines, including The Sunday Post, The Courier, Shout and children's publications, The Beano and The Dandy.
In the nineteenth century Dundee was home to various investment trusts, including the Dundee Investment Company, the Dundee Mortgage and Trust, the Oregon and Washington Trust and the Oregon and Washington Savings Bank, Limited. These merged in 1888 to form the Alliance Trust. Many of the investors in this trust were notable local figures including land gentry, such as the Earl of Airlie, merchants, ship owners, ship builders and jute barons and other textile manufacturers. The Alliance Trust shared its headquarters with another Dundee based trust the Western & Hawaiian Investment Company, later known as the Second Alliance Trust. The two would finally merge into one firm in 2006. The two Alliance Trusts' original main interests were focused on mortgages and land business principally in agricultural areas of the western United States (notably Oregon, Idaho and Texas) and Hawaii. The company also leased mineral rights of properties in Texas and Oklahoma, as well as investing in various ventures in Britain and abroad. In 2008 the company was listed on the FTSE 100 Index and the next year moved to new purpose-built headquarters.
Dundee also developed a major maritime and shipbuilding industry in the 19th century. 2,000 ships were built in Dundee between 1871 and 1881, including the Antarctic research ship used by Robert Falcon Scott, the RRS Discovery. This ship is now on display at Discovery Point in the city, and the Victorian steel-framed works in which Discovery's engine was built is now home to the city's largest book shop. The need of the local jute industry for whale oil also supported a large whaling industry. Dundee Island in the Antarctic takes its name from the Dundee whaling expedition, which discovered it in 1892. Whaling ceased in 1912 and shipbuilding ceased in 1981. The last connection with whaling in Dundee reportedly ended in 1922 when a trading ketch owned by Robert Kinnes & Sons, which had been first set up as a trading company for the Tay Whale Fishing Company, was lost in the Cumberland Sound.
The Tay estuary was the location of the first Tay rail bridge, built by Thomas Bouch and completed in 1877. At the time it was the longest railway bridge in the world. The bridge fell down in a storm less than a year later under the weight of a train full of passengers in what is known as the Tay Bridge disaster. None of the passengers survived.
Tomlinson et al. argue that Dundee enjoyed a "Golden Age" in the 1950s and 1960s. The collapse of the jute industry, they argue, was well handled for three reasons. First, the jute industry was protected from cheap imports by the state. Tariffs and quotas were not allowed by the GATT agreements. Instead protection came through the continuation from 1945 into the 1970s of the wartime Jute Control system, by which the Ministry of Materials imported jute goods and sold them at an artificial price related to the cost of manufacture in Dundee. Secondly, the jute firms agreed to company consolidation to make themselves more efficient, to increase labour productivity, and to cooperate in developing new fibres and goods. Third, labour unions and management ended the hard feelings that caused so much labour unrest and had come to a head in the dismal decade of unemployment in the 1930s. In the postwar cooperation, employers, unions and the city spoke with one voice. Success in managing jute's decline, and the brief brief of multinational corporations like NCR and Timex, held off decline and there was relative full employment in the city down to the 1970s. The golden age ended in the 1980s as the multinationals found cheaper labour in Bangladesh, India, and South America, and the Thatcher government ended state support for British industry. By the 1990s jute had disappeared from Dundee.
The Timex Corporation was a major employer in the city in the post-war era, but in the early 1980s financial difficulties led to attempts to streamline its operations in Dundee. This led to industrial action and after a major strike in 1993 the company completely withdrew from Dundee.
Industrial revolution
After the Union with England ended military hostilities, Dundee was able to redevelop its harbour and established itself as an industrial and trading centre. Dundee's industrial heritage is traditionally summarised as "the three Js": jute, jam and journalism. East-central Scotland became too heavily dependent on linens, hemp, and jute. Despite Indian competition and the cyclical nature of the trade which periodically ruined weaker companies, profits held up well in the 19th century. Typical firms were family affairs, even after the introduction of limited liability in the 1890s. The profits, either taken from the firms or left on interest, helped make the city an important source of overseas investment, especially in North America. The profits were seldom invested locally, apart from the linen trade, because low wages limited local consumption, and because there were no important natural resources, the region offered little opportunity for profitable industrial diversification.
Linen
Linen formed the basis for the growth of the textile industry in Dundee. During the 18th and 19th Centuries, flax was imported from the countries surrounding the Baltic Sea for the production of linen. The trade supported 36 spinning mills by 1835, but various conflicts, including the Crimean War, put a stop to the trade. Textiles thus formed an important part of the economy long before the introduction of jute, but it was jute for rope-making and rough fabrics that helped put Dundee on the map of world trade. Dundee's first flax mills, at Guthrie Street and Chapelshade, appeared in 1793. The industry suffered a slump in the early 19th century, but recovered after a few years, and the years 1821 and 1822 saw 12 mills built in Dundee and Lochee.
The Dundee firm Baxter Brothers, which owned and operated the large Dens Works complex, was the world's largest linen manufacturer from around 1840 until 1890. The firm began in 1822 when William Baxter, who had previously operated a mill at Glamis, and his son Edward built a mill on the Dens Burn. In 1825 Edward left the company and two younger brothers joined as partners, the firm being renamed Baxter Brothers and Co. The company became part of the Low and Bonar Group, jute merchants and manufacturers, in 1924. Baxter Brothers traded as an entity within Low and Bonar until 1978. The Baxters also had a long term interest in the Claverhouse Bleachfield located slightly to the north of Dundee, and now within the city's boundaries. The bleachfield, used for boiling and bleaching linen and yarn was in use from the eighteenth century. From 1814 it was operated by Turnbull & Co, a company which members of the Baxter family were involved in and which evolved into Boase & Co. In 1892 Baxter Brothers owned 55% of the shares in Boase & Co. and eventually assumed complete ownership of the firm in 1921. Baxter Brothers' extensive archives, including highly detailed plans of Dens Works, are now held by Archive Services, University of Dundee. The Baxter family's money was crucial to establishing University College Dundee, now the University of Dundee and the Dundee Technical Institute, now the University of Abertay. University College's co-founder and principal benefactor was William Baxter's daughter, Mary Ann Baxter. Edward Baxter's grandson Sir George Washington Baxter, was later president of the college. William's son Sir David Baxter left the bequest which would later be used to found the Technical Institute.
Another major linen works was Stobswell Works in Dura Street which was built in the 1860s. It was originally owned by Laing and Sandeman and later Laing Brothers, before becoming the base of the Buist Spinning Company in 1900.
Jute
Jute is a rough fibre from India used to make sacking, burlap, twine and canvass. By the 1830s, it was discovered that treatment with whale oil, a byproduct of Dundee's whaling industry, made the spinning of the jute fibre possible, which led to the development of a substantial jute industry in the city which created jobs for rural migrants. The industry was also notable for employing a high proportion of women. In 1901 25,000 women were employed in the jute industry, with women accounting for more than 70% of the industry's workers in Dundee. By 1911 the percentage of persons employed in Dundee's jute industry who were women had risen to 75%. Dundee's jute industry was also notable in that a relatively high number of those employed in it were married women, which was unusual for the time. In 1911 a total of 31,500 were employed in the jute industry in Dundee, which accounted for 40.4% of all of the city's workers.
The first jute related patent in Dundee was granted in 1852 to David Thomson. Thomson had been an apprentice to the jute pioneer James Neish and had founded his business in 1848. This later evolved into Thomson, Shepherd & Co. Ltd, whose Seafield Works in Taylor's Lane operated until 1986.
Several large industrial complexes grew up in the city in the nineteenth century to house the jute industry, including Camperdown Works in Lochee which was the world's largest jute works. It was owned by Cox Brothers, whose family had been involved in the linen trade in Lochee since the early eighteenth century, and was constructed from 1850 onwards. By 1878 it had its own railway branch and employed 4,500 workers, a total which had risen to 5,000 by 1900. Like several of Dundee's jute manufacturers, Cox Brothers became a part of Jute Industries Ltd, which was formed by the amalgamation of several Dundee jute firms in 1920. J Ernest Cox, the grandson of one of the founders of the firm, became chairman of Jute Industries in 1920 and would hold this position until 1948. Camperdown works closed in 1981. Caldrum Works, built 1872–1873, and operated by Harry Walker & Sons, was Dundee's (and Britain's) second largest jute mill by the 1920s. In 1913 the works covered 8 acres of ground. Like Cox Brothers, Harry Walker of sons became a part of Jute Industries in 1920.
Another firm which became part of jute industries in 1920 was J. & A. D. Grimond Ltd, who owned the Bowbridge works in the Hilltown area. Jute Industries also included Gilroy Sons & Co Ltd, which was founded by three brothers in 1849. Gilroys was among the first companies in Dundee to directly import jute from India and its products included sacks, hessians and canvas. Jute Industries became Sidlaw Industries Ltd in 1971. Low & Bonar Ltd, who opened the Eagle Jute Mills in the city in 1930, and who had acquired Baxter Brothers in 1924, also were a major jute firm, expanding their interests in this area with the 1953 acquisition of Henry Boase & Co.
Another major textile presence in Dundee was Don Brothers, Buist & Co. This was formed in the 1860s when the Forfar firm of William and John Don & Co and A J Buist, the owners of Ward Mills in Dundee. In 1867 the firm built the New Mill in Dundee's Lindsay Street. In the 1960s Don Brothers, Buist and Co merged with the textile merchants Low Brothers & Co (Dundee) Ltd to form Don and Low, a group which eventually owned or operated several other textile firms. Low Brothers had themselves earlier taken control of Alexander Henderson & Son Ltd a Dundee jute spinning firm that had been founded in 1833 and based at South Dudhope Works.
Caird (Dundee) Ltd traced their origins back to 1832 when Edward Caird began to manufacture cloth in 12-loom shed at Ashton Works. Caird was a pioneer in Dundee in the weaving of cloth composed of jute warp and weft. In 1870 his son James Key Caird, later noted as philanthropist, took over the business. He greatly expanded it, rebuilding and extending Ashton Works and acquiring Craigie Works. Cairds at one time employed 2,000 hands and its mills were described by the Dundee Advertiser in 1916 as being 'a model of comfort for the workers'. William Halley and Sons Ltd was also founded in 1832 and operated Wallace Craigie Works. The boom in the price of jute caused by the American Civil War saw the works double in size and by 1946 it had 3,312 spindles and 130 looms. In 1857 Hugh & Alexander Scott founded H. & A. Scott, Manufacturers which was based at Tayfield Works, Seafield Road. This firm, which eventually moved into polypropylene manufacture as well as jute and other textiles, survived until 1985 when it was taken over by Amoco UK Ltd.
By the end of the 19th century the majority of Dundee's working population were employed in jute manufacture, but the industry began to decline in 1914, when it became cheaper to rely on imports of the finished product from India. (Dundee's 'jute barons' had invested heavily in Indian factories). By 1951 only 18.5% of Dundee's workforce was employed in the jute industry, with the total number of female workers employed in the industry declining by 62%. In 1942, the Ashton Works were requisitioned by the Government and taken over by "Briggs Motor Bodies Ltd" for the production of jerrycans. Ten million were produced by the time of derequisition in 1946. The Cragie works closed for economic reasons at the end of 1954 when a study found that it was not viable to modernised equipment; production was subsequently moved to Ashton works. Commercial jute production in Dundee ceased in the 1970s, particularly after the cessation of jute control on 30 April 1969. Some manufacturers successfully diversified to produce synthetic fibres and linoleum for a short time. The last of the jute spinners closed in 1999. From a peak of over 130 mills, many have since been demolished, although around sixty have been redeveloped for residential or other commercial use.
The Association of Jute Spinners and Manufacturers was founded in Dundee in 1918. Its initial aim was to act as a cartel to help the prices of its members' products. However, it soon evolved into a significant employers' organisation. It also concerned itself with all national and local legislation which impacted upon the jute industry and aimed to foster good relations between workers and employers. Initially the Association had 56 members in the Dundee and Tayport area alone, but by 1982 there were only 8 spinners or manufacturers of jute left in the United Kingdom.
An award-winning museum, based in the old Verdant Works, commemorates the city's manufacturing heritage and operates a small jute-processing facility. Archive Services at the University of Dundee hold a wide range of collections relating to the textile industry in Dundee, including the records of many of the major jute works.
Jam
Dundee's association with jam stems from Janet Keiller's 1797 'invention' of marmalade. Mrs. Keiller allegedly devised the recipe in order to make use of a cargo-load of bitter Seville oranges acquired from a Spanish ship by her husband. This account is most likely apocryphal, as recipes for marmalade have been found dating back to the 16th century, with the Keillers likely to have developed their marmalade by modifying an existing recipe for quince marmalade. Nevertheless, marmalade became a famed Dundee export after Alex Keiller, James' son, industrialised the production process during the 19th century.
The Keillers originally started selling their produce from a small sweet shop in the Seagate area of the city which specialised in selling locally preserved fruit and jams. In 1845, Alex Keiller moved the business from the Seagate and into a new larger premises on Castle Street. Later, he also later bought premises in Guernsey to take advantage of the lack of sugar duties. The Guernsey premises accounted for a third of the firm's output but still carried the Dundee logo. The Guernsey plant was closed in 1879 due to lack of profitability and was moved to North Woolwich where it was brought back under the control of the Dundee branch. Though iconic to the city, jam was never a major sector of the city's industry, employing approximately 300 people at its peak compared to the thousands who worked in the Jute industry at the same time. Today traditional marmalade production has become the preserve of larger businesses, but distinctive white jars of Keiller's marmalade can still be bought. For many years, these were made by the Maling pottery of Newcastle upon Tyne.
Journalism
Journalism in Dundee generally refers to the publishing company of D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd. Founded in 1905 by David Coupar Thomson and still owned and managed by the Thomson family, the firm publishes a variety of newspapers, children's comics and magazines, including The Sunday Post, The Courier, Shout and children's publications, The Beano and The Dandy. Journalism is the only "J" still existing in the city and, with the company's headquarters on Albert Square and extensive premises at Kingsway East, D.C. Thomson remains one of the city's largest employers after local government and the health service, employing nearly 2000 people.
Maritime industry
As Dundee is located on a major estuary, it developed a maritime industry both as a whaling port (since 1753) and in shipbuilding. In 1857, the whaling ship Tay was the first in the world to be fitted with steam engines. By 1872 Dundee had become the premier whaling port of the British Isles, partly due to the local jute industry's demand for whale oil for use in the processing of its cloth. Over 2,000 ships were built in the city between 1871 and 1881. The last whaling ship to be built at Dundee was in 1884. The whaling industry ended around 1912. The last connection between Dundee and the whaling industry ended in 1922 with the loss of the trading ketch, 'Easonian', which was owned by the Dundee-based shipping agents and charter company Robert Kinnes & Sons. Kinnes & Sons had been formed in 1883 by the managing director of the Tay Whale Fishing Company.
In December 1883, a whale was caught in the Tay and was later publicly dissected by Professor John Struthers of the University of Aberdeen. The incident was popular with the public and extra rail journeys were organised to assist those from surrounding areas who wished to see the whale. The creature became known as the Tay Whale, and the event was also celebrated in a poem by William McGonagall.
The Dundee Perth and London Shipping Company (DPLC) ran steamships down the Tay from Perth and on to Hull and London. The firm still exists, but is now a travel agency. However, shipbuilding shrank with the closure of the five berths at the former Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company in 1981, and came to an end altogether in 1987 when the Kestrel Marine yard was closed with the loss of 750 jobs.
, the ship taken to the Antarctic by Robert Falcon Scott and the last wooden three-masted ship to be built in the British Isles, was built in Dundee in 1901. It returned to Dundee in April 1986 initially being moored in Victoria Dock. Since 1992 Discovery has been moored next to a purpose-built visitors' centre, Discovery Point. The oldest wooden British warship still afloat, , is moored in Victoria Dock, although it was not built in Dundee. Dundee was also the home port of the Antarctic Dundee whaling expedition of 1892 which discovered Dundee Island, named after the expedition's home port. The steamship , best known for its reported inaction during the sinking of RMS Titanic was built in Dundee.
Harbour and wharfs
A coastal city with a major maritime industry, Dundee's harbour has long been of importance. As early as 1447 King James II of Scotland granted letters patent to Dundee's Council granting them the right to collect dues on goods coming in via the port. In 1770 the harbour was remodelled by John Smeaton, who introduced water tunnels to tackle the perennial problems caused by the vast quantities of silt washed down the Tay which formed sandbanks in the harbour, thus blocking it. In 1815 a Harbour Act was passed which moved control of the harbour from the Town Council to a Board of Harbour Commissioners. Under their guidance the harbour was greatly expanded from the 1820s with the addition of King William IV Dock, Earl Grey Dock, Victoria Dock and Camperdown Dock. In 1844 a triumphal arch made of timber was erected at the entrance of the harbour to mark the arrival, by sea, of Queen Victoria on her way to her first holiday in Aberdeenshire. In 1849 a competition was held to design a replacement permanent structure. The competition was won by a design submitted by James Thomas Rochead. The resulting Royal Arch quickly became one of Dundee's most iconic symbols. King William IV Dock and the Early Grey Dock were filled in by the 1960s during the construction of the Tay Road Bridge and its approach roads, with the Royal Arch being demolished at the same time. The Arch is the subject of a famous photograph by the photojournalist Michael Peto.
Dundee still has several wharfs. The most prominent wharfs are King George V, Caledon West, Princess Alexandra, Eastern and Caledon East. The Victoria Dock was built in the 19th century to serve the loading of major imports of jute. Activity ceased in the 1960s and the wharf was out of service for forty years. It has since been redeveloped into a shopping wharf known as City Quay. The Quay has a 500-yard Millennium Bridge spanning its eastern quay which swings round to allow ships in. Camperdown docklands is also being redeveloped in a manner similar to Canary Wharf in London and is scheduled for completion in 2008. The last wharf to be built in Dundee was at Stannergate for the shipbuilders Kestrel Marine. It was formally opened by Charles, Prince of Wales on 17 July 1979 and named after him.
Tay Bridge Disaster
In 1878 a new railway bridge over the Tay was opened, connecting the rail network at Dundee to Fife and Edinburgh. Its completion was commemorated in verse by William McGonagall. About two years after completion, the bridge collapsed under the weight of a full train of passengers during a fierce storm. All on board the train were lost and some bodies were never recovered. McGonagall's The Tay Bridge Disaster recounts the tragedy in verse. perhaps one of his best known poems. The public inquiry of the Tay Bridge disaster in 1880 found that the bridge had been "badly designed, badly built and badly maintained" and Sir Thomas Bouch was blamed for the catastrophe. He had under-designed the structure and used brittle cast iron for critical components, especially the lugs which held tensioned tie bars in the towers. It was these lugs which fractured first and destabilised the towers in the high girders section. The bolt holes in the lugs were cast, and had a conical section, so all the load was concentrated at a sharp outer edge. Such conical bolt holes were used for critical horizontal strut lugs as well, and weakened the structure substantially. The towers of the high girder section were heavily loaded and were very top heavy, making then susceptible to toppling. The towers failed during the storm as the train was travelling over, and a chain reaction followed as each of the towers in the high girders section collapsed. In 1887 the bridge was replaced by William Henry Barlow with a much more substantial bridge, which was at that time the longest railway bridge in Europe, at just over long (Europe's longest bridge today is the Oresund Bridge).
Public transport
Trams
The first municipal public transport in Dundee was operated by Dundee and District Tramways. From 1877, these were generally horse-drawn, but by June 1885 steam cars with green and white livery were introduced. Unusually, the tram lines were publicly built and owned, although initially leased by police commissionaires to private companies.
All routes came under direct municipal control in 1893, which allowed the city to adopt overhead electric lines to power the trams. Between 1899 and 1902 the tramways were fully electrified. The first electric tram in Dundee started on 12 July 1900. The route ran from High Street to Ninewells in the West via Nethergate and Perth Road with a later route running to Dryburgh in the North. The peak of the tram network was in 1932, when 79 lines operated in the city. By 1951, many of the trams had not been updated. At least a third of the stock was over 50 years old. A study led by the Belfast transport consultant, Colonel R McCreary showed that the cost of trams compared with bus service was 26.700 and 21.204 pence per mile, respectively. He advocated abandoning the tramway system in 1952. In October 1956, the last trams were quietly taken out of service. On the evening of 20 October 1956 the last tram (#25) went to Maryfield Depot. Over 5,000 people witnessed the tram leaving the depot at 12:31 am to go to the Lochee depot. All remaining cars were reduced to scrap by burning.
Buses
The first trolleybuses in Scotland were introduced along Clepington Road in Dundee during 1912–1914. However, motor buses were gradually introduced from 1921 to supplement the tram system, and double-decker buses appeared ten years later. Electric-powered operated by "Dundee Corporation Electricity Works" were still used in parts of the city until 1961. In 1975, Dundee Corporation Transport became part of the new Tayside Regional Council. Tayside adopted a new dark blue, white and light blue livery for its buses, replacing the former dark green. The Volvo Ailsa double deck bus became standard in the Tayside fleet during the 1970s and 1980s. In 1986, following bus deregulation, Tayside Buses was formed as a separate company. It was later privatised and bought out by National Express and now trades as Xplore Dundee.
Dundee (and the surrounding countryside) was also served by buses of Walter Alexander (part of the state-owned Scottish Transport Group), which was rebranded as Northern Scottish in the early 1960s. In the 1980s the Tayside operation of Northern Scottish became a separate company, Strathtay Scottish. The company was privatised in the late 1980s.
Rail
Rail transport in Dundee began with the Dundee and Newtyle Railway Company which was formed in 1826 and was the first railway to be built in the North of Scotland. The railway linking Dundee with Newtyle opened in 1832 and was eventually part of the Caledonian Railway. This was followed by the Dundee and Arbroath Railway Company which was incorporated in May 1836. The line linking Dundee and Arbroath opened in October 1838 from a temporary terminus near Craigie, was fully operational by 1840. A route to the west materialised with the founding of the Dundee and Perth Railway Company in 1845. It opened its line two years later, although it was not connected to Perth Station until 1849. The company also leased the Newtyle line from 1846 and the Arbroath line from 1848.
By the end of the late 1870s Dundee had three main stations, Dundee (Tay Bridge), serving the North British Railway and its connections, Dundee West, the Caledonian Railway station for Perth and Glasgow, which was rebuilt in a grand style in 1889–1890, and the smaller Dundee East on the Dundee and Arbroath Joint Railway. Various plans were put forward to concentrate all Dundee's railway facilities in a new central station. This idea was first mooted in 1864 by John Leng, then the editor of the Dundee Advertiser, and the idea re-emerged in 1872 following the start of work on the Tay Rail Bridge. The concept was also put forward for a final time in 1896. Various sites for a central station were put forwardincluding building it between the High Street and the harbour, between the Murraygate and the Meadows and on a waterfront site created by partially filling in two of Dundee's docks. However none of these proposals were ever released and the three distinct stations survived as independent entities.
Dundee formerly had commuter train services linking Dundee (Tay Bridge) station with Wormit and Newport-on-Tay. These ceased following the opening of the Tay Road Bridge. Other commuter train services to Invergowrie, Balmossie, Broughty Ferry and Monifieth have been substantially reduced since the 1980s. Dundee East closed in 1959 and Dundee West station closed in the 1960s, with all traffic being diverted to Tay Bridge station (now simply known as Dundee station).
Tay Ferry
A passenger and vehicle ferry service across the River Tay operated from Craigie Pier, Dundee, to Newport-on-Tay. Popularly known in Dundee as "the Fifie", the service was withdrawn in August 1966, being replaced by the newly opened Tay Road Bridge.
Three vessels latterly operated the service – the paddle steamer B. L. Nairn (of 1929) and the two more modern ferries Abercraig and Scotscraig, which were both equipped with Voith Schneider Propellers.
Hospitals
The original Town Hospital in Dundee was founded in what is now the Nethergate in 1530 to provide for the support of the sick and elderly persons dwelling in the burgh and run by the Trinitarians. After the Reformation its running was taken over by the town council and it was used to house and care for a dozen 'decayed burgesses'. The original building was replaced in about 1678. During the 18th century it was decided it was better to care for the needy in their own homes and the hospital was then used for other purposes. Tay Street was built on its extensive gardens, and St Andrews Cathedral was later erected on the site of the hospital itself.
In 1798 an infirmary was opened in King Street which would serve as the principal hospital in Dundee for almost 200 years. This hospital was granted a Royal Charter by George III in 1819, after which it became known as the "Dundee Royal Infirmary and Asylum". In 1820 the asylum was formally established as a separate entity in its own premises in Albert Street, and the hospital in King Street became Dundee Royal Infirmary (commonly known as DRI). The infirmary moved to larger premises in Barrack Road in 1855. The asylum received a Royal Charter from Queen Victoria in 1875 and became known as Dundee Royal Lunatic Asylum. In 1879 work began on a new site for the asylum at Westgreen Farm, Liff to which all patients had been transferred by October 1882. A second building, Gowrie House was erected to the south of Westgreen for private patients. From 1903 Westgreen was owned and operated by the Dundee District Lunacy Board as Dundee District Asylum, while Gowrie House continued as Dundee Royal Lunatic Asylum. The two were recombined in 1959 as Dundee Royal Mental Hospital and later became known as Royal Dundee Liff Hospital.
During an outbreak of cholera in 1832, a building in Lower Union Street was converted into an isolation hospital, but was refitted for use as lodgings after the epidemic was over. Other temporary isolation facilities were used later in the century, but in 1889 King's Cross Hospital was opened in Clepington Road as Dundee's first permanent fever hospital. By 1913 it had expanded its facilities from two wards to seven. It was run by the town council until the creation of the National Health Service. From 1929 the town council also ran Maryfield Hospital, Stobswell, which had formerly been the East Poorhouse Hospital. The hospital eventually took over the entire site of the East Poorhouse and served as Dundee's second main hospital after DRI.
Slightly to the north of Dundee was Baldovan Institution founded in 1852 as 'an orphanage, hospital and place of education and training for 'imbecile' children'. Its foundation was largely thanks to the benevolence of Sir John and Lady Jane Ogilvy. The asylum and the orphanage were later separated, with the former evolving into Strathmartine Hospital (that name being adopted in 1959). Strathmartine was progressively decommissioned from the late 1980s, closing completely in 2003. In 2014 Heritage Lottery Funding was award to a project to for former residents and staff at Strathmartine Hospital to record their stories of the hospital. The project is led by the Thera Trust and involves the University of Dundee, the dundee Local History Group, Advocating Together and the Living Memory Association.
In 1899 the Victoria Hospital for Incurables was set up in Jedbrugh Road to provide long term nursing care for the terminally ill. This would later become Royal Victoria Hospital. In 1959 it gained a geriatric ward and is now mainly used for patients over the age of 65, and is also home to the Centre for Brain Injury Rehabilitation. In 1980 the remaining patients at the Sidlaw Hospital, a former sanitorium that was latterly used as a convalescent home and to provide respite care, were transferred to the Royal Victoria.
A hospital for women, known as Dundee Women's Hospital and Nursing Home, was opened in 1897. Originally in Seafield Road, it aimed to provide surgical care for women at a low price. This hospital moved to Elliott Road and eventually closed in the 1970s.
A hospital for dental treatment, Dundee Dental Hospital, opened in 1914 in Park Place. During the First World War the hospital provided dental services to regular and territorial soldiers. In 1916 the hospital was extended to include a dental school. It became part of the NHS in 1948, and new premises in Park Place opened in 1968. The Dental School is part of the University of Dundee. In the 1980s closure of the Dental School was proposed by the University Grants Committee. This was strongly resisted and a successful campaign led by the university resulted in its retention.
After World War II it soon became apparent that Dundee's existing hospital facilities were insufficient. They also provided inadequate teaching facilities for the medical students at what was to become the University of Dundee. A new hospital was planned, and after several delays was opened at Ninewells in 1974. The opening of Ninewells Hospital led to the closure of Maryfield to patients in 1976, although some of its buildings were retained for use for administration purposes. Dundee Royal Infirmary's functions were also gradually transferred to Ninewells and it closed in 1998. In the 1990s and 2000s many of King’s Cross Hospital’s functions were also moved to Ninewells, but it still retains a number of outpatient departments and also serves as the headquarters of NHS Tayside.
Coat of arms
The city’s coat of arms is a pot of 3 silver lilies on a blue shield supported by two green dragons. Above the shield is a single lily and above that a scroll with the motto Dei Donum, gift of God.
The blue colour of the shield is said to represent the cloak of the Virgin Mary while the silver (white) lilies are also closely associated with her. There is an early carving in the city’s Old Steeple, showing a similar coat of arms with Mary, protecting her child with a shield from dragons. Following an Act of Parliament passed in 1672, Dundee’s 'new' coat of arms was matriculated in the office of the Lord Lyon King of Arms on 30 July 1673. However, by this time Scotland had become a Presbyterian nation, and any such idolatry of the Virgin Mary would have been frowned upon, leading to the more subtle symbolism that appears today. There are different theories as to why Dragons came to be used as supporters. One is that on the earlier arms they represent the violent sea that the Virgin Mary protected David from. Another is that they relate to the local legend of the Strathmartine Dragon.
Over the years small changes crept in until in 1932 the City Council decided to ask the Lord Lyon King of Arms about the correct form. Amongst other differences he pointed out that the dragons on the coat of arms were actually wyverns. (Although closely related wyverns have only two legs while dragons have four.) The coat of arms above the Eastern Cemetery gateway shows wyverns instead of dragons and three lilies above the shield instead of one. It was decided to go back to the original form with dragon supporters and one lily and to add a second motto 'Prudentia et Candore' – Wisdom and Truth.
The coat of arms was slightly modified in 1975 when the City of Dundee District Council was created under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973. A coronet, with thistle heads, was incorporated; this emblem being common to the coats of arms of all Scottish district councils. A further modification took place in 1996, when the District Council was replaced by the current Dundee City Council; the design of the coronet was revised to the present format.
Important People Associated with Dundee
Winston Churchill
Between 1908 and 1922, one of the city's Members of Parliament was Winston Churchill, at that time a member of the (Coalition) Liberal Party. He had won the seat at a by-election on 8 May 1908 and was initially popular, especially as he was the President of the Board of Trade and, later, senior Cabinet minister. However, his frequent absence from Dundee on cabinet business, combined with the local bitterness and disillusionment that was caused by the Great War strained this relationship. In the buildup to the 1922 general election, even the local newspapers contained vitriolic rhetoric with regards to his political status in the city. At a one meeting he was only able to speak for 40 minutes when he was barracked by a section of the audience. Prevented from campaigning in the final days of his reelection campaign by appendicitis, his wife Clementine was even spat on for wearing pearls. Churchill was ousted by the Scottish Prohibitionist Edwin Scrymgeour – Scrymgeour's sixth election attempt – and indeed came only fourth in the poll. Churchill would later write that he left Dundee "short of an appendix, seat and party". In 1943 he was offered Freedom of the City – by 16 votes to 15 – but refused to accept. On being asked by the council to expand on his reasons, he simply wrote: "I have nothing to add to the reply which has already been sent".
Notable Dundonians and people associated with Dundee
Mary Ann Baxter – co-founder of University College, Dundee
Hector Boece – Scottish philosopher
Mary Brooksbank (1897–1978) – revolutionary and songwriter
James MacLellan Brown (c.1886-1967) – City Architect, designer of the Mills Observatory (1935)
James Key Caird – Jute baron and philanthropist
Brian Cox – actor
William Alexander Craigie – philologist and lexicographer
John Dair – TV Actor
George Dempster of Dunnichen and Skibo (1732–1818) – advocate, landowner, agricultural improver, politician and business man
Thomas Dick – Scottish writer
James Alfred Ewing – physicist and engineer
Margaret Fairlie – gynaecologist; First woman to hold professorial chair in Scotland
Kyle Falconer – Singer
Margaret Fenwick – the first woman General Secretary of a British trade union
David Ferguson (died 1598) – reformer
Matthew Fitt (born 1968) – Scots poet and novelist, National Scots Language Development Officer.
Williamina Paton Stevens Fleming – Scottish astronomer, noted for her discovery of the Horsehead Nebula
Neil Forsyth (born 1978) – journalist and author, best known for creating the character Bob Servant
Mark Fotheringham – professional footballer
George Galloway – politician & former Member of Parliament
Sir Patrick Geddes (1854-1932) – Professor of Botany at University College, Dundee, urban planner and sociologist
George Gilfillan (1813–1878) – author and poet, pastor of a Secession congregation in Dundee
Professor Sir Alexander Gray (1882–1968) – civil servant, economist, academic, translator, writer and poet
James Haldane (1768–1851) – theologian and missionary
Thomas James Henderson – astronomer
W. N. Herbert (born 1961) – poet
Florence Horsbrugh – Dundee's only female and Conservative M.P. and later the first female Conservative Cabinet Minister
Ken Hyder – musician and journalist
James Ivory – mathematician
Lorraine Kelly – TV Presenter and journalist
Bella Keyzer – welder and equal pay activist
Alexander Crawford Lamb – antiquarian, author of Dundee: Its Quaint and Historic Buildings
Joseph Lee – poet, artist and journalist
James Bowman Lindsay (1799–1862) – inventor and author
Billy Mackenzie – singer
William Lyon Mackenzie – first Mayor of Toronto
Thomas John MacLagan (1838–1903) – physician and pharmacologist
Iain Macmillan (1938-2006) – photographer, work including the photograph for The Beatles' album Abbey Road
William McGonagall – Poet
Robert Murray M'Cheyne (1813–1843) – minister of religion, serving in St. Peter's Church (Dundee) from 1838
Richard (Dick) McTaggart – Olympic gold medalist (Boxer)
Eddie Mair – broadcaster
Michael Marra – musician
George Mealmaker (1768–1808) – waver, radical organiser and writer
Helen Meechie (1938–2000) – CBE, Brigadier and Director of the Women's Royal Army Corps – Career
John Mylne (died 1621) – Master Mason to the Crown of Scotland
Don Paterson (born 1963) – poet, writer and musician
G. C. Peden – emeritus professor of history at Stirling University
Sam Robertson – Actor
Agnes L. Rogers – educational psychologist
Edwin Scrymgeour – Britain's first (and only) Prohibitionist M.P.
Mary Slessor (1848–1915) – missionary to Nigeria
Thomas Smith (1752–1814) – early lighthouse engineer
Bob Stewart – Comintern agent
Robert Stirling Newall – engineer and astronomer
Bruce James Talbert (1838–1881) – architect and interior designer
Sir D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson (1860–1948) – biologist, mathematician, and classics scholar
David Coupar Thomson (1861–1954) – proprietor of the newspaper and publishing company D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd
James Thomson (died 1927) – City Engineer, City Architect, and Housing Director of Dundee
Dudley D. Watkins (1907-1969) – cartoonist and illustrator
Preston Watson – (1880-1915) – aeronautical pioneer and aviator
Kieren Webster – musician
James Wedderburn (c.1495–1553) – poet and playwright
James Wedderburn (1585–1639) – bishop of Dunblane, grandson of the poet James Wedderburn
John Wedderburn (c.1505–1553) – poet and theologian
Robert Wedderburn (c.1510–c.1555) – poet and vicar
David Dougal Williams (June 1888-27 September 1944) – artist and Dundee art teacher
Alexander Wilkie – Scotland's first Labour M.P.
Alexander Wilson (died 1922) – noted amateur photographer, working in Dundee
Gordon Wilson (1938-2017) – former leader of the Scottish National Party and M.P. for Dundee East 1974–1987
Fanny Wright – leading US feminist
David Jones – Video Game Developer, creator of Lemmings, Grand Theft Auto and Crackdown game series and founder of DMA Design (now Rockstar North).
Innovation
James Bowman Lindsay demonstrated his invention of a prototype electric light bulb at a public meeting in 1835.
The adhesive postage stamp was invented in Dundee by James Chalmers. His tombstone in the city's Howff burial ground reads: "Originator of the adhesive postage stamp which saved the Uniform Penny Post scheme of 1840 from collapse rendering it an unqualified success and which has since been adopted throughout the postal systems of the world."
Archives
Many of Dundee's historical records are kept by two local archives, Dundee City Archives, operated by Dundee City Council, and the University of Dundee's Archive Services. Dundee City Archives holds the official records of the burgh along with those of the former Tayside Region. The archive also holds the records of various people groups and organizations connected to Dundee. The university's Archive Services hold a wide range of material relating to the university and its predecessor institutions and to individuals associated with the university such as D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson. Archive Services is also home to the archives of several individuals, businesses and organizations based in Dundee and the surrounding area. The records held at the university include a substantial number of business archives relating to the jute and linen industry in Dundee, records of other businesses including the archives of the Alliance Trust and the department store G. L. Wilson, the records of the Brechin Diocese of the Scottish Episcopal Church and the NHS Tayside Archive.
See also
Timeline of Dundee history
Whaling in Scotland
Notes
References
Further reading
Dundee |
20466147 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer%20Lick%20Nature%20Sanctuary | Deer Lick Nature Sanctuary | Deer Lick Nature Sanctuary is a protected forest and gorge in Cattaraugus County, New York. The preserve is within Zoar Valley near Gowanda, and is managed by The Nature Conservancy.
History
Deer Lick Nature Sanctuary was created by a donation from Miss Evelyn Alverson to The Nature Conservancy in 1960 with a further donation of Deer Lick Falls by Herbert F. Darling. It was designated a National Natural Landmark in November 1967 for its mature hardwood forest and its gorges which highlight the Onondaga Escarpment.
As of 2005, the preserve covered , of which contain old-growth forest. The south fork of the Cattaraugus Creek runs alongside part of the preserve. In 2006 the preserve expanded via grants and purchases. There are of hiking trails open to the public.
See also
List of National Natural Landmarks in New York
References
External links
The Nature Conservancy: Deer Lick Conservation Area
National Natural Landmarks in New York (state)
Nature Conservancy preserves in New York (state)
Nature reserves in New York (state)
Protected areas of Cattaraugus County, New York |
20466151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levente%20Bozsik | Levente Bozsik | Levente Bozsik (born 22 April 1980) is a Hungarian former professional footballer who played for several clubs in Europe as a striker.
Career
Bozsik played for BVSC Budapest in Hungary, 1. FC Union Berlin, SC Fortuna Köln and FC Carl Zeiss Jena in the German Regionalliga and FC KooTeePee in the Finnish Veikkausliiga.
References
1980 births
Living people
Hungarian footballers
Hungarian expatriate footballers
Association football forwards
Nemzeti Bajnokság I players
Regionalliga players
Veikkausliiga players
Cypriot First Division players
Budapesti VSC footballers
1. FC Union Berlin players
SC Fortuna Köln players
FC Carl Zeiss Jena players
FC KooTeePee players
Anagennisi Deryneia FC players
Hungarian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate footballers in Germany
Hungarian expatriate sportspeople in Finland
Expatriate footballers in Finland
Hungarian expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Expatriate footballers in Cyprus
Footballers from Budapest |
23571608 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabile%20%28symphonic%20suite%29 | Cantabile (symphonic suite) | Cantabile is a work composed from 2004 to 2009 by Frederik Magle. It consists of three symphonic poems (or movements) based on poems written by Henrik, the Prince Consort of Denmark published in his book Cantabile. The Cantabile suite was commissioned by the Danish Royal Family and the first movement was premiered in 2004. The second and third movements were premiered on June 10, 2009 at a concert in the Copenhagen Concert Hall celebrating Prince Henrik's 75th birthday. On both occasions the music was performed by the Danish National Symphony Orchestra and Choir, conducted by Thomas Dausgaard.
The music alternates between the sorrowful, which - according to the Prince Consort's biography (2010) - being unexpected at a birthday concert, caused unease among some of the guests present at the first performance of the Cortège & Danse Macabre in 2009, and sudden bursts of humour.
Besides the original text by Prince Henrik in French, a Danish translation by Per Aage Brandt is also used in the work, and at places French and Danish is being sung at the same time.
Structure
The three symphonic poems/movements forming the suite are:
Souffle le vent (based on the poem Souffle le vent - English: Cry of the Winds)
Cortège & Danse Macabre (based on the poem Cortège funèbre (with the subtitle Danse Macabre) - English: Funeral procession / Dance of Death)
Carillon (based on the poems L'Angélus and Lacrymae mundi - English: The Angelus and Tears of the World)
Instrumentation
Orchestration:
3 Flutes (3rd: Piccolo)
2 Oboes (2nd: English Horn)
3 Clarinets,
1 Bass Clarinet
2 Bassoons
1 Contrabassoon
4 Horns
3 Trumpets
3 Trombones
1 Contrabass Tuba
Timpani
3 Percussionists
Harp
Piano (soloist, third movement only)
Organ
Soprano (Soloist)
Bass-baritone (Soloist)
Mixed Choir (S,S,A,A,T,T,B,B)
Strings
In the Carillon, the basses of the choir are required to sing the A below the bass-clef (27 notes below the middle C). Instruments of special note: The use of a giraffe's thigh bone as a percussion instrument in the Cortège & Danse Macabre.
References
External links
French and Danish texts, music downloads, etc.
Compositions by Frederik Magle
Symphonic poems
Orchestral suites
Music for orchestra and organ
2009 compositions
Choral compositions
21st-century classical music
Death in music
Music based on poems |
23571621 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldbeat%20%28album%29 | Worldbeat (album) | Worldbeat is the debut album by Kaoma, released in 1989. It provided three hit singles, two of them achieving success worldwide: "Lambada", "Dançando Lambada" and "Mélodie d'amour". The album is composed of songs in Portuguese, Spanish and English. It was ranked in the top 25 in Switzerland, Germany, Norway, Australia and Austria. It topped the Billboard Latin Pop in the U.S.
Critical reception
The album received generally positive reviews from critics. AllMusic wrote: "Not outstanding but definitely appealing, this CD effectively combines South American elements with dance music/disco, reggae and hip-hop. One hears Chic's influence on the funky 'Sopenala'."
Track listings
"Lambada" — 3:27
"Lambareggae" — 3:52
"Dançando Lambada" — 4:44
"Lambamor" — 4:09
"Lamba caribe" — 4:07
"Mélodie d'amour" — 4:11
"Sindiang" — 3:58
"Sopenala" — 4:28
"Jambé finète (grille)" — 4:26
"Salsa nuestra" — 4:38
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications and sales
See also
List of number-one Billboard Latin Pop Albums from the 1990s
List of best-selling Latin albums
References
1989 debut albums
Kaoma albums |
6899850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sick%20Puppies | Sick Puppies | Sick Puppies is an Australian rock band formed in Sydney in 1997. After releasing their debut album, Welcome to the Real World in 2001, the band rose to prominence in 2006 when their song "All the Same" was uploaded, along with a video, to YouTube. The video supported the Free Hugs Campaign, which was launched in Sydney, and has since received over 7 million views on the website. This success was followed up with their second studio album, Dressed Up as Life in 2007, which entered the Billboard 200 at number 181. Their third studio album, Tri-Polar, came out on 14 July 2009. The band's fourth studio album, Connect was released on 16 July 2013. They released their fifth studio album, Fury on 20 May 2016 with new vocalist Bryan Scott after Shimon Moore was fired from the band in October 2014.
History
Early career (1997–1999)
The band was formed by singer/lead guitarist Shimon Moore and bassist Emma Anzai in the music room of Mosman High School in 1997, when they double-booked the room and bickered over who would get to practice. They soon bonded over their love of Silverchair. Initially with Shimon on drums and Emma on guitars, the duo would frequently meet up to play Green Day, Rage Against the Machine, and Silverchair songs, and eventually felt compelled to write their own material. When Chris Mileski joined the band to play drums, Emma switched to bass and Shimon to guitar and vocals, and they became Sick Puppies.
There are two stories as to how the band name originated. The official version is that Shimon Moore thought of the name himself when the band members were brainstorming, and then came home a few days later to find his father Phil reading the book Sick Puppy by Carl Hiaasen. The alternate version is that a neighbor's dog entered the garage during a rehearsal and vomited on their equipment. An early fan made the comment, "That's one sick puppy", and the name stuck.
Emma Anzai took up a job as a telemarketer and Shimon took a job holding a sandwich board in the Pitt Street Mall in Sydney. Through their own financing and with help from Shimon's father (a musician and producer), the band released their debut EP Dog's Breakfast.
Initial success (2000–2008)
The band entered the Triple J Unearthed band competition in 2000 with a demo of their song, "Nothing Really Matters", and went on to co-win the Sydney-region along with Blue and Ariels.Spans.Earth., which led to a management deal with Paul Stepanek Management. This deal enabled the band to release their debut studio album, Welcome to the Real World in 2001, and their second EP, Fly in 2003. The band decided they needed a fresh start when the record label they had signed a contract with folded and their drummer Chris Mileski left the band. They decided to move to Los Angeles when rock photographer Robert Knight, who would later co-star in a documentary called Rock Prophecies with the band, said to their manager, "You should move the band over here, I really think they will do well". As they were without a drummer, the band posted an ad on Craigslist, where they found their current drummer Mark Goodwin.
In 2007, Sick Puppies released their second album, Dressed Up As Life. The album came after the huge success of the "Free Hugs Campaign", and featured their breakout single "All the Same". The song reached number eight on the U.S. Modern Rock chart and is also featured in the video for the Free Hugs Campaign, which won YouTube video of the year in 2006. They followed up the single with "My World", which peaked at No. 20. The band also released "Pitiful" and "What Are You Looking For" as singles in 2008.
Tri-Polar and related releases (2009–2012)
Sick Puppies went into the recording studio in December 2008 to write, record, and produce their next studio album, which was released on 14 July 2009. They also wrote a song for Capcom's video game Street Fighter IV called "War", and it has been used in the advertisements and promotion for the game. It also reached the top 40 on the iTunes top rock songs. "War" was used during the Washington Capitals 2009 Stanley Cup playoffs introduction video. The song was also included as the first track on Tri-Polar. Their first single off Tri-Polar, "You're Going Down", reached No. 1, and was used as the theme song for the WWE pay per view Extreme Rules in June 2009. It was also used in SmackDown vs. Raw 2010, the My Soul to Take (2010) movie trailer, and in the trailer and opening credits of Tekken. The second single from the album, "Odd One", hit radio on 10 November.
Sick Puppies released a new song called "That Time of Year" on NCIS: The Official TV Soundtrack – Vol. 2 and through their MySpace page for the holidays. The third single from the album, "Maybe", hit radio stations on 22 June. "Maybe" peaked at No. 1 on Billboard Heatseekers, No. 15 on Rock, and No. 6 on Alternative. It is the first Sick Puppies song to be on the Hot 100 chart, making it the band's most successful song. The album's fourth single, "Riptide", was released in February 2011, and peaked at number 6 on the Billboards Rock Chart. Tri-Polar was released in the UK on 4 April 2011.
On 14 August 2009, Sick Puppies made their film debut in Rock Prophecies, a documentary about the career of acclaimed music photographer Robert Knight. This award-winning film features his life as he started out filming music greats such as Led Zeppelin and Jimi Hendrix, and his current mission to find today's up-and-coming bands and help them become tomorrow's top rock acts. This includes him convincing Sick Puppies to leave their homes to pursue success in the American music industry in Los Angeles.
According to bassist Emma Anzai, "(Robert Knight) was like, 'Hey I want to put you in my film', so we were like, 'All right, cool.' So now it's two years later and he documented when we did the first album, the first show, all that kind of stuff. It was really cool. He wanted a new band to . . . develop." During the process, the band was filmed for a few days at a time, and said that they would forget the cameras were there and act accordingly, so this film captures them and their true interactions out of the spotlight. It was partly due to their involvement in this project and Mr. Knight's endorsement that they were able to acquire their first American record deal with RMR/Virgin/EMI. This record deal then led to the first U.S album, Dressed Up as Life. Rock Prophecies was nationally aired on PBS and became available on DVD on 14 September 2010.
On 7 April 2010, Sick Puppies released an acoustic EP titled Live & Unplugged, featuring three tracks from their Tri-Polar album and one B-Side from that album. The versions of "Odd One", "So What I Lied", and "The Pretender" were recorded in a studio, while "You're Going Down" was recorded live in a Chicago radio station during an interview. To promote the EP, Sick Puppies offered a merchandise package that included Tri-Polar and Live & Unplugged with a limited edition lithograph; this package was sold at their concerts. On 1 March 2011, Sick Puppies released their all-acoustic seven-track EP Polar Opposite, which includes acoustic versions of "Riptide", "Don't Walk Away", and more. It was recorded in studio, along with string ensemble accompaniment. Anzai also contributes more major lead vocals on the record.
Later albums and Shimon Moore's departure (2013–present)
Sick Puppies released the follow-up album to Tri-Polar on 16 July 2013. The band originally stated on UStream that the working title was Under the Black Sky and that there would be a song by the same title. They later confirmed that the album name had changed, and officially announced the title of the album to be Connect, and its lead single, "There's No Going Back" was released on 20 May 2013. The second single off the album, "Gunfight", was released on 13 October 2013. Connect was released in Europe on 31 March 2014. The album's third single, "Die to Save You", was released on 29 April 2014. The album's fourth single, "Connect", was released on 19 July 2014. In October 2014, American musician Blue Stahli announced that Anzai had worked on the track "Not Over 'Til We Say So" for his upcoming album The Devil.
On 20 October 2014, it was announced that frontman Shimon Moore had left the band and that the remaining two members would continue on without him. This left bassist Emma Anzai as the only original member remaining in the band. It was later alleged that Moore was fired after he attempted to dissolve the band through a lawyer. Moore stated he was kicked out while out of town and he had no knowledge of it beforehand. He said he was sad and that he wished the band well.
On 15 December 2015, the band teased their upcoming music. They also signed on to play tours including Rock on the Range. On 8 February 2016, they revealed their new vocalist, Bryan Scott, who previously played with Glass Intrepid and Dev Electric, and briefly toured as a vocalist for Atlantic Records rock act Emphatic in 2011, while previewing a new single called Stick to Your Guns. On 31 March 2016, Sick Puppies released their single "Stick to Your Guns". The album Fury was released in May 2016. In May 2022, Anzai joined Evanescence to fill that band's vacant bassist position, but she remains with Sick Puppies.
Band members
Current members
Emma Anzai – bass, backing vocals (1997–present)
Mark Goodwin – drums, backing vocals (2003–present)
Bryan Scott – lead vocals, guitars (2016–present)
Former members
Chris Mileski – drums, backing vocals (1997–2003)
Shimon Moore – lead vocals, guitars (1997–2014)
Timeline
Discography
Welcome to the Real World (2001)
Dressed Up as Life (2007)
Tri-Polar (2009)
Connect (2013)
Fury (2016)
Awards and nominations
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2001 || Nothing Really Matters || Triple J Unearthed Competition ||
|-
|| Sick Puppies || Australian Live Music Awards' "Best Live Act" ||
|-
|| 2003 || Sick Puppies || The National Musicoz Awards' "Best Rock Artist" ||
|-
|| 2006 || Free Hugs (All the Same) || YouTube Video of the Year' "Inspirational" ||
|-
|| 2007 || Sick Puppies || Yahoo! Music's "Who's Next" award ||
|-
|| 2011 || Sick Puppies || Bandit Rock Awards' "International Breakthrough Award" ||
|-
|| 2012 || Maybe || BMI Pop Award ||
References
External links
1997 establishments in Australia
Australian hard rock musical groups
Australian post-grunge groups
Australian nu metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1997
Musical groups from Sydney
Australian musical trios
Pew Fellows in the Arts
Virgin Records artists
Australian alternative rock groups |
6899856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter%20II%3A%20Family%20Reunion | Chapter II: Family Reunion | Family Scriptures Chapter II: Family Reunion is the second studio album by American hip hop collective Mo Thugs. It was released on May 26, 1998 via Mo Thugs/Relativity Records, serving as a sequel to the group's 1996 album Family Scriptures. Recording sessions took place at Studio 56 and at Private Island Trax in Los Angeles, at Audio Vision Studios and at H&N Studios in Miami, and at G.T.R. Media Studios. Production was handled by Krayzie Bone and Layzie Bone, who also served as executive producers, Archie Blaine, Damon Elliott, "Disco" Rick Taylor, Michael Seifert, MT5, Paul "Tombstone" O'Neil, Romeo Antonio, Skant Bone and Souljah Boy.
It features contributions from Flesh-n-Bone, II Tru, Ken Dawg, Krayzie Bone, Layzie Bone, Poetic Hustla'z, Souljah Boy, The Graveyard Shift, as well as Cat Cody, Felecia, MT5, Potion, Powder, Skant Bone, Thug Queen, Wish Bone and 4-U-2-Know. The album is dedicated to the Graveyard Shift member Paul "Tombstone" O'Neil, who died in 1997.
The album peaked at number 25 on the Billboard 200 and number 8 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums in the United States. On July 8, 1998, it received Gold certification status by the Recording Industry Association of America for selling 500,000 copies. It spawned two singles "Ghetto Cowboy" and "All Good". Its lead single, "Ghetto Cowboy", peaked at number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 and later was certified Gold by the RIAA.
Track listing
Sample credits
Track 15 contains replayed elements from "Let's Get It On" written by Ed Townsend and Marvin Gaye and performed by Marvin Gaye
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
External links
1998 albums
Sequel albums
Mo Thugs albums
Relativity Records albums |
17328425 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoplasticity | Viscoplasticity | Viscoplasticity is a theory in continuum mechanics that describes the rate-dependent inelastic behavior of solids. Rate-dependence in this context means that the deformation of the material depends on the rate at which loads are applied. The inelastic behavior that is the subject of viscoplasticity is plastic deformation which means that the material undergoes unrecoverable deformations when a load level is reached. Rate-dependent plasticity is important for transient plasticity calculations. The main difference between rate-independent plastic and viscoplastic material models is that the latter exhibit not only permanent deformations after the application of loads but continue to undergo a creep flow as a function of time under the influence of the applied load.
The elastic response of viscoplastic materials can be represented in one-dimension by Hookean spring elements. Rate-dependence can be represented by nonlinear dashpot elements in a manner similar to viscoelasticity. Plasticity can be accounted for by adding sliding frictional elements as shown in Figure 1. In the figure E is the modulus of elasticity, λ is the viscosity parameter and N is a power-law type parameter that represents non-linear dashpot [σ(dε/dt)= σ = λ(dε/dt)(1/N)]. The sliding element can have a yield stress (σy) that is strain rate dependent, or even constant, as shown in Figure 1c.
Viscoplasticity is usually modeled in three-dimensions using overstress models of the Perzyna or Duvaut-Lions types. In these models, the stress is allowed to increase beyond the rate-independent yield surface upon application of a load and then allowed to relax back to the yield surface over time. The yield surface is usually assumed not to be rate-dependent in such models. An alternative approach is to add a strain rate dependence to the yield stress and use the techniques of rate independent plasticity to calculate the response of a material
For metals and alloys, viscoplasticity is the macroscopic behavior caused by a mechanism linked to the movement of dislocations in grains, with superposed effects of inter-crystalline gliding. The mechanism usually becomes dominant at temperatures greater than approximately one third of the absolute melting temperature. However, certain alloys exhibit viscoplasticity at room temperature (300K). For polymers, wood, and bitumen, the theory of viscoplasticity is required to describe behavior beyond the limit of elasticity or viscoelasticity.
In general, viscoplasticity theories are useful in areas such as:
the calculation of permanent deformations,
the prediction of the plastic collapse of structures,
the investigation of stability,
crash simulations,
systems exposed to high temperatures such as turbines in engines, e.g. a power plant,
dynamic problems and systems exposed to high strain rates.
History
Research on plasticity theories started in 1864 with the work of Henri Tresca, Saint Venant (1870) and Levy (1871) on the maximum shear criterion. An improved plasticity model was presented in 1913 by Von Mises which is now referred to as the von Mises yield criterion. In viscoplasticity, the development of a mathematical model heads back to 1910 with the representation of primary creep by Andrade's law. In 1929, Norton developed a one-dimensional dashpot model which linked the rate of secondary creep to the stress. In 1934, Odqvist generalized Norton's law to the multi-axial case.
Concepts such as the normality of plastic flow to the yield surface and flow rules for plasticity were introduced by Prandtl (1924) and Reuss (1930). In 1932, Hohenemser and Prager proposed the first model for slow viscoplastic flow. This model provided a relation between the deviatoric stress and the strain rate for an incompressible Bingham solid However, the application of these theories did not begin before 1950, where limit theorems were discovered.
In 1960, the first IUTAM Symposium “Creep in Structures” organized by Hoff provided a major development in viscoplasticity with the works of Hoff, Rabotnov, Perzyna, Hult, and Lemaitre for the isotropic hardening laws, and those of Kratochvil, Malinini and Khadjinsky, Ponter and Leckie, and Chaboche for the kinematic hardening laws. Perzyna, in 1963, introduced a viscosity coefficient that is temperature and time dependent. The formulated models were supported by the thermodynamics of irreversible processes and the phenomenological standpoint. The ideas presented in these works have been the basis for most subsequent research into rate-dependent plasticity.
Phenomenology
For a qualitative analysis, several characteristic tests are performed to describe the phenomenology of viscoplastic materials. Some examples of these tests are
hardening tests at constant stress or strain rate,
creep tests at constant force, and
stress relaxation at constant elongation.
Strain hardening test
One consequence of yielding is that as plastic deformation proceeds, an increase in stress is required to produce additional strain. This phenomenon is known as Strain/Work hardening. For a viscoplastic material the hardening curves are not significantly different from those of rate-independent plastic material. Nevertheless, three essential differences can be observed.
At the same strain, the higher the rate of strain the higher the stress
A change in the rate of strain during the test results in an immediate change in the stress–strain curve.
The concept of a plastic yield limit is no longer strictly applicable.
The hypothesis of partitioning the strains by decoupling the elastic and plastic parts is still applicable where the strains are small, i.e.,
where is the elastic strain and is the viscoplastic strain. To obtain the stress–strain behavior shown in blue in the figure, the material is initially loaded at a strain rate of 0.1/s. The strain rate is then instantaneously raised to 100/s and held constant at that value for some time. At the end of that time period the strain rate is dropped instantaneously back to 0.1/s and the cycle is continued for increasing values of strain. There is clearly a lag between the strain-rate change and the stress response. This lag is modeled quite accurately by overstress models (such as the Perzyna model) but not by models of rate-independent plasticity that have a rate-dependent yield stress.
Creep test
Creep is the tendency of a solid material to slowly move or deform permanently under constant stresses. Creep tests measure the strain response due to a constant stress as shown in Figure 3. The classical creep curve represents the evolution of strain as a function of time in a material subjected to uniaxial stress at a constant temperature. The creep test, for instance, is performed by applying a constant force/stress and analyzing the strain response of the system. In general, as shown in Figure 3b this curve usually shows three phases or periods of behavior
A primary creep stage, also known as transient creep, is the starting stage during which hardening of the material leads to a decrease in the rate of flow which is initially very high. .
The secondary creep stage, also known as the steady state, is where the strain rate is constant. .
A tertiary creep phase in which there is an increase in the strain rate up to the fracture strain. .
Relaxation test
As shown in Figure 4, the relaxation test is defined as the stress response due to a constant strain for a period of time. In viscoplastic materials, relaxation tests demonstrate the stress relaxation in uniaxial loading at a constant strain. In fact, these tests characterize the viscosity and can be used to determine the relation which exists between the stress and the rate of viscoplastic strain. The decomposition of strain rate is
The elastic part of the strain rate is given by
For the flat region of the strain-time curve, the total strain rate is zero. Hence we have,
Therefore, the relaxation curve can be used to determine rate of viscoplastic strain and hence the viscosity of the dashpot in a one-dimensional viscoplastic material model. The residual value that is reached when the stress has plateaued at the end of a relaxation test corresponds to the upper limit of elasticity. For some materials such as rock salt such an upper limit of elasticity occurs at a very small value of stress and relaxation tests can be continued for more than a year without any observable plateau in the stress.
It is important to note that relaxation tests are extremely difficult to perform because maintaining the condition in a test requires considerable delicacy.
Rheological models of viscoplasticity
One-dimensional constitutive models for viscoplasticity based on spring-dashpot-slider elements include
the perfectly viscoplastic solid, the elastic perfectly viscoplastic solid, and the elastoviscoplastic hardening solid. The elements may be connected in series or in parallel. In models where the elements are connected in series the strain is additive while the stress is equal in each element. In parallel connections, the stress is additive while the strain is equal in each element. Many of these one-dimensional models can be generalized to three dimensions for the small strain regime. In the subsequent discussion, time rates strain and stress are written as and , respectively.
Perfectly viscoplastic solid (Norton-Hoff model)
In a perfectly viscoplastic solid, also called the Norton-Hoff model of viscoplasticity, the stress (as for viscous fluids) is a function of the rate of permanent strain. The effect of elasticity is neglected in the model, i.e., and hence there is no initial yield stress, i.e., . The viscous dashpot has a response given by
where is the viscosity of the dashpot. In the Norton-Hoff model the viscosity is a nonlinear function of the applied stress and is given by
where is a fitting parameter, λ is the kinematic viscosity of the material and . Then the viscoplastic strain rate is given by the relation
In one-dimensional form, the Norton-Hoff model can be expressed as
When the solid is viscoelastic.
If we assume that plastic flow is isochoric (volume preserving), then the above relation can be expressed in the more familiar form
where is the deviatoric stress tensor, is the von Mises equivalent strain rate, and are material parameters. The equivalent strain rate is defined as
These models can be applied in metals and alloys at temperatures higher than two thirds of their absolute melting point (in kelvins) and polymers/asphalt at elevated temperature. The responses for strain hardening, creep, and relaxation tests of such material are shown in Figure 6.
Elastic perfectly viscoplastic solid (Bingham–Norton model)
Two types of elementary approaches can be used to build up an elastic-perfectly viscoplastic mode. In the first situation, the sliding friction element and the dashpot are arranged in parallel and then connected in series to the elastic spring as shown in Figure 7. This model is called the Bingham–Maxwell model (by analogy with the Maxwell model and the Bingham model) or the Bingham–Norton model. In the second situation, all three elements are arranged in parallel. Such a model is called a Bingham–Kelvin model by analogy with the Kelvin model.
For elastic-perfectly viscoplastic materials, the elastic strain is no longer considered negligible but the rate of plastic strain is only a function of the initial yield stress and there is no influence of hardening. The sliding element represents a constant yielding stress when the elastic limit is exceeded irrespective of the strain. The model can be expressed as
where is the viscosity of the dashpot element. If the dashpot element has a response that is of the Norton form
we get the Bingham–Norton model
Other expressions for the strain rate can also be observed in the literature with the general form
The responses for strain hardening, creep, and relaxation tests of such material are shown in Figure 8.
Elastoviscoplastic hardening solid
An elastic-viscoplastic material with strain hardening is described by equations similar to those for an elastic-viscoplastic material with perfect plasticity. However, in this case the stress depends both on the plastic strain rate and on the plastic strain itself. For an elastoviscoplastic material the stress, after exceeding the yield stress, continues to increase beyond the initial yielding point. This implies that the yield stress in the sliding element increases with strain and the model may be expressed in generic terms as
.
This model is adopted when metals and alloys are at medium and higher temperatures and wood under high loads. The responses for strain hardening, creep, and relaxation tests of such a material are shown in Figure 9.
Strain-rate dependent plasticity models
Classical phenomenological viscoplasticity models for small strains are usually categorized into two types:
the Perzyna formulation
the Duvaut–Lions formulation
Perzyna formulation
In the Perzyna formulation the plastic strain rate is assumed to be given by a constitutive relation of the form
where is a yield function, is the Cauchy stress, is a set of internal variables (such as the plastic strain ), is a relaxation time. The notation denotes the Macaulay brackets. The flow rule used in various versions of the Chaboche model is a special case of Perzyna's flow rule and has the form
where is the quasistatic value of and is a backstress. Several models for the backstress also go by the name Chaboche model.
Duvaut–Lions formulation
The Duvaut–Lions formulation is equivalent to the Perzyna formulation and may be expressed as
where is the elastic stiffness tensor, is the closest point projection of the stress state on to the boundary of the region that bounds all possible elastic stress states. The quantity is typically found from the rate-independent solution to a plasticity problem.
Flow stress models
The quantity represents the evolution of the yield surface. The yield function is often expressed as an equation consisting of some invariant of stress and a model for the yield stress (or plastic flow stress). An example is von Mises or plasticity. In those situations the plastic strain rate is calculated in the same manner as in rate-independent plasticity. In other situations, the yield stress model provides a direct means of computing the plastic strain rate.
Numerous empirical and semi-empirical flow stress models are used the computational plasticity. The following temperature and strain-rate dependent models provide a sampling of the models in current use:
the Johnson–Cook model
the Steinberg–Cochran–Guinan–Lund model.
the Zerilli–Armstrong model.
the Mechanical threshold stress model.
the Preston–Tonks–Wallace model.
The Johnson–Cook (JC) model is purely empirical and is the most widely used of the five. However, this model exhibits an unrealistically small strain-rate dependence at high temperatures. The Steinberg–Cochran–Guinan–Lund (SCGL) model is semi-empirical. The model is purely empirical and strain-rate independent at high strain-rates. A dislocation-based extension based on is used at low strain-rates. The SCGL model is used extensively by the shock physics community. The Zerilli–Armstrong (ZA) model is a simple physically based model that has been used extensively. A more complex model that is based on ideas from dislocation dynamics is the Mechanical Threshold Stress (MTS) model. This model has been used to model the plastic deformation of copper, tantalum, alloys of steel, and aluminum alloys. However, the MTS model is limited to strain-rates less than around 107/s. The Preston–Tonks–Wallace (PTW) model is also physically based and has a form similar to the MTS model. However, the PTW model has components that can model plastic deformation in the overdriven shock regime (strain-rates greater that 107/s). Hence this model is valid for the largest range of strain-rates among the five flow stress models.
Johnson–Cook flow stress model
The Johnson–Cook (JC) model is purely empirical and gives the following relation for the flow stress ()
where is the equivalent plastic strain, is the
plastic strain-rate, and are material constants.
The normalized strain-rate and temperature in equation (1) are defined as
where is the effective plastic strain-rate of the quasi-static test used to determine the yield and hardening parameters A,B and n. This is not as it is often thought just a parameter to make non-dimensional. is a reference temperature, and is a reference melt temperature. For conditions where , we assume that .
Steinberg–Cochran–Guinan–Lund flow stress model
The Steinberg–Cochran–Guinan–Lund (SCGL) model is a semi-empirical model that was developed by Steinberg et al. for high strain-rate situations and extended to low strain-rates and bcc materials by Steinberg and Lund. The flow stress in this model is given by
where is the athermal component of the flow stress, is a function that represents strain hardening, is the thermally activated component of the flow stress, is the pressure- and temperature-dependent shear modulus, and is the shear modulus at standard temperature and pressure. The saturation value of the athermal stress is . The saturation of the thermally activated stress is the Peierls stress (). The shear modulus for this model is usually computed with the Steinberg–Cochran–Guinan shear modulus model.
The strain hardening function () has the form
where are work hardening parameters, and is the
initial equivalent plastic strain.
The thermal component () is computed using a bisection algorithm from the following equation.
where is the energy to form a kink-pair in a dislocation segment of length , is the Boltzmann constant, is the Peierls stress. The constants are given by the relations
where is the dislocation density, is the length of a dislocation segment, is the distance between Peierls valleys, is the magnitude of the Burgers vector, is the Debye frequency, is the width of a kink loop, and is the drag coefficient.
Zerilli–Armstrong flow stress model
The Zerilli–Armstrong (ZA) model is based on simplified dislocation mechanics. The general form of the equation for the flow stress is
In this model, is the athermal component of the flow stress given by
where is the contribution due to solutes and initial dislocation density, is the microstructural stress intensity, is the average grain diameter, is zero for fcc materials, are material constants.
In the thermally activated terms, the functional forms of the exponents and are
where are material parameters that depend on the type of material (fcc, bcc, hcp, alloys). The Zerilli–Armstrong model has been modified by for better performance at high temperatures.
Mechanical threshold stress flow stress model
The Mechanical Threshold Stress (MTS) model ) has the form
where is the athermal component of mechanical threshold stress, is the component of the flow stress due to intrinsic barriers to thermally activated dislocation motion and dislocation-dislocation interactions, is the component of the flow stress due to microstructural evolution with increasing deformation (strain hardening), () are temperature and strain-rate dependent scaling factors, and is the shear modulus at 0 K and ambient pressure.
The scaling factors take the Arrhenius form
where is the Boltzmann constant, is the magnitude of the Burgers' vector, () are normalized activation energies, () are the strain-rate and reference strain-rate, and () are constants.
The strain hardening component of the mechanical threshold stress () is given by an empirical modified Voce law
where
and is the hardening due to dislocation accumulation, is the contribution due to stage-IV hardening, () are constants, is the stress at zero strain hardening rate, is the saturation threshold stress for deformation at 0 K, is a constant, and is the maximum strain-rate. Note that the maximum strain-rate is usually limited to about /s.
Preston–Tonks–Wallace flow stress model
The Preston–Tonks–Wallace (PTW) model attempts to provide a model for the flow stress for extreme strain-rates (up to 1011/s) and temperatures up to melt. A linear Voce hardening law is used in the model. The PTW flow stress is given by
with
where is a normalized work-hardening saturation stress, is the value of at 0K, is a normalized yield stress, is the hardening constant in the Voce hardening law, and is a dimensionless material parameter that modifies the Voce hardening law.
The saturation stress and the yield stress are given by
where is the value of close to the melt temperature, () are the values of at 0 K and close to melt, respectively, are material constants, , () are material parameters for the high strain-rate regime, and
where is the density, and is the atomic mass.
See also
Viscoelasticity
Bingham plastic
Dashpot
Creep (deformation)
Plasticity (physics)
Continuum mechanics
Quasi-solid
References
Continuum mechanics
Plasticity (physics) |
6899858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Banquet%20%282006%20film%29 | The Banquet (2006 film) | The Banquet (Chinese: 夜宴), released on DVD in the United States as Legend of the Black Scorpion, is a 2006 Chinese wuxia drama film. The film was directed by Feng Xiaogang and stars Zhang Ziyi, Ge You, Daniel Wu and Zhou Xun. It is a loose adaption of William Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet and Henrik Ibsen's play Ghosts, featuring themes of revenge and fate. It is set in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in 10th century China.
Plot
It is the end of the Tang dynasty and China is divided. The Crown Prince, Wu Luan, is deeply in love with the noblewoman Little Wan. However, his father, the Emperor, decides to marry Little Wan. Wu Luan, deeply hurt, flees to a remote theatre to study the arts of music and dance. Shortly after Wu Luan's departure, the Emperor is murdered by his brother, Li. The film begins as Empress Wan sends messengers to the theatre, informing Wu Luan that the Emperor has died, and that his uncle will succeed the throne. Unknown to Wan, the usurping Emperor Li has already dispatched riders to assassinate Wu Luan. However, Wu Luan survives the attack and returns to court where he is met by Empress Wan and her lady-in-waiting Qing Nu, the daughter of Minister Yin, who is officially still engaged to Wu Luan.
The tension in the Imperial Court is high, and when a palace official, Governor Pei Hong, greets Empress Wan as 'Empress Dowager', he and his family are sentenced to a violent death. With his death, Minister Yin's son, General Yin Sun, is sent to fill the position in a distant province, greatly weakening Yin Taichang's position in the court. Wu Luan is asked by the Emperor to perform a brief swordplay ceremony, to practise for the Empress' upcoming coronation. While sparring with harmless swords, the Imperial Guard suddenly produce sharpened swords and attempt to kill Wu Luan. The ceremony is stopped by the Empress, who implies that the Emperor was trying to murder Wu Luan in the ceremony and make it look like an accident. Later in his chambers, a scroll drops mysteriously from the upper balcony to Wu Luan, depicting his father being murdered by his uncle by blowing poison into his ear. Wu Luan enquires at an apothecary, who reveals that the poison used is made from Arsenic trioxide and black scorpions, and nothing on earth is more deadly except for "the human heart".
Meanwhile, the Empress Wan is to have a new coronation ceremony. As a special treat, Wu Luan is required to perform a swordplay ceremony. Instead, as an accomplished singer and dancer, Wu Luan stages a masked mime play that exposes his uncle as his father's murderer. The Emperor is notably shaken, but manages to conjure a plan to remove Wu Luan. Rather than kill the prince and risk alienating Empress Wan, he decides Wu Luan would be traded as a hostage for the prince of a neighbouring kingdom, the Khitans, although it is known that the neighbour prince is an imposter. An ambush by the emperor's men is set up the snowy border with the Khitans' kingdom in the north, but Yin Taichang's son Yin Sun, following the Empress's command, saves the prince.
Believing that his nephew is dead, and power is firmly in his grip, the Emperor calls for a grand banquet. The Empress comments that it would be bad luck to organise such an auspicious occasion on their 100th day of knowing each other, but the Emperor claims he does not surrender to superstitions. The Empress then decides to poison the Emperor, using the same poison that was used to kill the previous Emperor. All goes according to plan until Qing Nu takes to the stage, claiming to have planned another performance for the occasion, and in tribute to her fiancé, she wears her theatre mask. The scheme to poison the emperor fails as the cup he was to drink out of is instead given to Qing Nu out of respect and partly of pity for her. Upon the climax of the dance, Qing Nu falls down dead on stage, and Wu Luan reveals himself to comfort her in her dying moments. The Emperor realises in horror that the Empress had plotted his death. After a confrontation with Wu Luan, the Emperor commits suicide by drinking the rest of the poisoned wine intended for him. Upon Emperor Li's death, the Empress proclaims Wu Luan the new Emperor. However, Yin Sun, enraged by his sister's death, attempts to kill the Empress to avenge his sister. His blade is stopped by the hand of Wu Luan, and he proclaims in fear that the knife is poisoned. The Empress stabs him through the neck, killing him instantly, but Wu Luan has fatally poisoned himself in the process. Empress Wan is proclaimed Empress Regnant by the Lord Chamberlain.
In the closing scenes, Empress Wan grasps bright red cloth and speaks of the "flames of desire" that she has satiated by taking the throne. Through her private celebrations, she is suddenly pierced by a flying blade from an unknown source. As she is dying, she turns around to face her assailant. Her confusion shifts to horror and anguish, as the blade is then dropped into a mossy koi bed, and the blood soaks the water. The film abruptly finishes, with the audience unsure who the mysterious assailant was.
Ending
The ambiguity of the ending can produce many interpretations of who the assailant may be. Asian film critic, Bey Logan, makes a claim that the film makers initially planned for the maid, Ling, to be the mysterious assailant, and the current version of the film still shows more shots of Ling than would be normally expected of such a minor non-speaking character. A popular interpretation is that it is a manifestation of the previous Emperor, exacting revenge and justice.
When paired with the film's sung theme, the ending most likely references Louis Cha's wuxia novella Sword of the Yue Maiden. In Sword of the Yue Maiden, the tale concludes with the beautiful female clutching her waist in pain with an expression "so beautiful that it will take away the soul of any man who looks upon her", similar to Empress Wan's final expression.
Cast
Zhang Ziyi as Empress Wan
Ge You as Emperor Li
Daniel Wu as Crown Prince Wu Luan
Zhou Xun as Qing
Ma Jingwu as Minister Yin Taichang
Huang Xiaoming as General Yin Sun
Zhou Zhonghe as Lord Chamberlain
Zeng Qiusheng as Governor Pei Hong
Xu Xiyan as Ling
Liu Yanbin as messenger
Ma Lun as pharmacist
Xiang Bin as imperial guard
Cheng Chun-yue as imperial guard
Liu Tieyong as court secretary
Wang Yubo as red-faced dancer
Cheung Lam as joker
Bo Bing as executioner
Zhao Liang as dancer
Cui Kai as dancer
Fei Bo as dancer
Du Jingyi as dancer
Ou Siwei as dancer
Toyomi Yusuke as dancer
Takita Atsushi as dancer
Production
Actress Shao Xiaoshan said she substituted for Zhang Ziyi in some bathing and sex scenes. However, she is not listed in the credits. "I don't care whether my name is on the credits but I just want to tell the public that I did the nude scenes," Shao said on her blog. At Cannes film festival, Zhang Ziyi told the media that she did not appear nude in the movie, indirectly confirming that she had a stand-in for the nude scenes.
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 36% score based on 11 critics, with an average rating of 4.48/10.
Festivals and awards
The Banquet had its international premiere at the Venice Film Festival, where it received the Future Film Festival Digital Award. Parts of the film had been previewed by film buyers during the 2006 Cannes Film Festival in May, where a promotional event for the film was hosted.
The film was screened at the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival on the same day it opened to wide release in China. It received the People's Choice Award at the 4th World Film Festival of Bangkok, where it was screened two weeks before its wide release in Thailand.
The Banquet was chosen as Hong Kong's entry for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, while China's entry was Zhang Yimou's Curse of the Golden Flower.
The Banquet won two awards out of five nominations at the 43rd Golden Horse Awards in Taiwan. Art Director Tim Yip won for both Best Art Direction and Best Make up and Costume Design. The 3 other nominations were Best Cinematography (Li Zhang), Best Original Score (Dun Tan), and Best Song (Jane Zhang). Co-star Xun Zhou, who plays Qing Nu, (Best Actress) and Stunt Choreographer Jyun Woping (Best Stunt Choreography) won awards for other films.
References
External links
2006 films
Chinese films
Wuxia films
Chinese historical films
Films based on Hamlet
Films set in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
Films directed by Feng Xiaogang
2000s Mandarin-language films
Huayi Brothers films
Films scored by Tan Dun |
6899863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ghost%20of%20Blackwood%20Hall | The Ghost of Blackwood Hall | The Ghost of Blackwood Hall is the twenty-fifth volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1948 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. The actual author was ghostwriter Mildred Wirt Benson.
Plot summary
Nancy Drew's jeweler's customer Mrs. Putney asks Nancy and her friends to help recover her stolen jewels. The search for the thieves takes Nancy, Bess, and George to New Orleans. Mrs. Putney's odd behavior and two young women involve Nancy in a case involving a cruel hoax being perpetrated at the abandoned Blackwood Hall. Nancy's father, Carson Drew, also helps solve this mystery by contacting his workers, and helping him find the man that is connected to this mysterious affair.
References
External links
1948 American novels
1948 children's books
Children's mystery novels
Grosset & Dunlap books
Nancy Drew books
Novels set in New Orleans |
6899869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stark%20Naked%20and%20Absolutely%20Live | Stark Naked and Absolutely Live | Stark Naked and Absolutely Live is the first official live album by German band Alphaville. While the Dreamscapes compilation featured a full CD of live material, its tracks were culled from many different concerts. The tracks on Stark Naked and Absolutely Live were recorded specifically for the purpose of creating the album. The final listed track, Apollo, is followed by a hidden track: an acoustic version of "Dance with Me".
Track listing
Personnel
Marian Gold - lead vocals
Martin Lister - keyboards, backing vocals
Rob Harris - guitar, backing vocals
Shane Meehan - drums, percussion
References
Alphaville (band) albums
2000 live albums |
17328450 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria%20County%20Council | Cumbria County Council | Cumbria County Council is the county council for the non-metropolitan county of Cumbria in the North West of England. Established in April 1974, following its first elections held the previous year, it is an elected local government body responsible for the most significant local services in the area, including schools, roads, and social services.
In July 2021 the government announced that in April 2023, the county council will be abolished and its functions transferred to two new unitary authorities: Cumberland Council and Westmorland and Furness Council.
Creation
In 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the administrative counties of Cumberland and Westmorland and the county borough of Carlisle were abolished, and the areas they covered were combined with parts of Lancashire and the West Riding of Yorkshire to form a new non-metropolitan county called Cumbria.
Functions
Cumbria County Council is responsible for the more strategic local services of the county, including education (schools, both primary and secondary), libraries and youth services, social services, highway maintenance, waste disposal, emergency planning, consumer protection, and town and country planning for minerals matters, waste and for highways. This makes it a substantial employer.
The former Cumberland County Council's final major road scheme, an A66 bypass for Keswick, was prepared by Scott Wilson Kirkpatrick, consulting engineers, in 1972, and construction began in the summer of 1974, with the new authority completing the scheme.
The Council operates various recycling and waste disposal facilities across the area. In January 2012, the Council announced plans to close six of these centres. The six sites identified by the review as most suitable for closure are at Ambleside, Brampton, Grange-over-Sands, Kirkby Stephen, Millom and Wigton.
The administrative offices are at Cumbria House in Botchergate, Carlisle, and formal meetings of the Council are held at the County Offices in Kendal.
History
Control of the council swung back and forth. In its first four years (1973-1977) there was no overall control, but in 1977 the Conservatives gained a majority. In 1981, this became a majority for Labour, and from 1985 there was again no one-party control. In 1997, Labour again took control, but they lost it in 2001. In the final years of its existence there again was no party with a majority.
A proposal for Cumbria to become a unitary authority was made in 2007, and Cumbria went into consultation, with opposition coming from the district councils which would be abolished: Allerdale, Barrow-in-Furness, Carlisle, Copeland, Eden, and South Lakeland. In the event, the county was left out of the 2009 structural changes to local government in England.
In 2008, the county council rejected a proposal to introduce a directly elected mayor, opting instead for a cabinet-style administration that resembled the status quo. During the same year, an administration of Conservatives and Liberal Democrats collapsed, suffering not least from lacking a majority in the council. Thirty-nine Labour members and three Independents exactly equalled the total of thirty-two Conservatives and ten Liberal Democrats. A minority Labour administration then took over running the council until the June 2009 elections, when a net gain of one seat from the Independents led to the creation of a new Conservative and Labour coalition.
In 2020 the council approved Whitehaven coal mine for a third time. It will be the first deep coal mine in the UK in 30 years. The approval was widely criticised for its environmental damage and carbon emissions. Westmorland and Lonsdale MP Tim Farron described the coal mine as a "complete disaster for our children's future".
In July 2021 the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government announced that in April 2023, the county will be reorganised into two unitary authorities. Cumbria County Council is to be abolished and its functions transferred to the new authorities. An eastern authority, to be known as Westmorland and Furness Council, will cover the current districts of Barrow-in-Furness, Eden, and South Lakeland,and a new western authority, to be known as Cumberland Council, will cover the current districts of Allerdale, Carlisle, and Copeland.
Elections
The first elections to the authority were in 1973, and members have been elected since then every four years for a four-year term of office, with elections being held all together on the "first past the post" system.
Since boundary changes in 2001, 84 councillors have been elected from 84 single-member electoral divisions.
At the June 2009 elections, the outcome was 38 Conservatives members, 24 Labour, 16 Liberal Democrats and six Independents. A Labour-Conservative coalition was formed.
Following the May 2013 elections the outcome was 35 Labour members, 26 Conservative, 16 Liberal Democrats and 7 Independents. A Labour-Lib Dem coalition was formed. Following the May 2017 elections, the outcome was 37 Conservative, 26 Labour, 16 Liberal Democrats and 5 Independents, resulting in a Labour-Lib Dem coalition with support from Independent members.
The 2021 election was postponed on 10 April 2021. In view of the council's abolition there was no election to the council in 2022.
Political control
Since 1973 the political control of the council has been as follows:
Notable members
Tim Westoll, first chairman of the council, previously chairman of Cumberland County Council from 1959 to 1974.
See also
2009 Cumbria Council election
County council
Notes
Local government in Cumbria
History of Cumbria
Politics of Cumbria
County councils of England
1974 establishments in England
Local education authorities in England
Local authorities in Cumbria
Major precepting authorities in England
Leader and cabinet executives |
6899870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recover%20%28song%29 | Recover (song) | "Recover" is the debut and fourth single by Welsh rock band The Automatic, taken from their debut album Not Accepted Anywhere. Originally released on 21 November 2005 as a limited 7" vinyl, CD single and digital download, it was re-released on 18 September 2006 as the band's record labels, B-Unique & Polydor, believed it could perform better and reach a larger audience after the band's success with previous single "Monster".
Origins and recording
The track was originally recorded in 2005 at the Elevator Studios in Liverpool, with Ian Broudie as producer; this version was featured on the 21 November 2005 release, as well as on the Raoul EP and the UK version of Not Accepted Anywhere. The re-recording of "Recover" took place in Monnow Valley Studio in Monmouth, with Richard Jackson as producer. Both recordings were mixed by Stephen Harris. For the USA release of Not Accepted Anywhere the Ian Broudie mix was used, but it was remastered by Leon Zervos at Sterling Sound in New York City, and re-mixed by Mark Needham.
Release
The song was performed live on The Friday Night Project's third season, making The Automatic the first band to make a return performance after they performed their single "Raoul" the season before.
For the original 2005 release artwork by Antar was used on the CD and vinyl. In 2006 artist Dean 'D*Face' Stockton created two new separate artworks, which would be used for two CD singles and a 7" vinyl.
Reception
Music videos
Three music videos were ultimately made for "Recover".
Original
The original video for "Recover" was first released on 7 November 2005. The video features footage from live performances, as well as a small white room where all the bandmates are singing and jumping around. The video was rarely aired, however is available on The Automatic's website, as well as YouTube. The music video was directed by Phaelon Productions
Second version
A second video was also released which received airplay on MTV2 and other music stations, the video features live footage, and shots from the original video. This version cuts out all of the previous scenes with the large mouths instead of heads on the band members, as well as cutting out all scenes of the women who pass out in the park.
Re-release (third)
The latest version of The Automatic's video for "Recover" released on 1 September 2006 and directed by Up the Resolution, is based around a wrestling match, where the band are dressed as several different people each, both spectators and other various people, whilst they perform on the stage/ring. Whilst this is going on the 'fight' is also happening; however, the camera switches to and from the fight, and the band playing on the same ring.
Track listing
References
External links
Behind the scenes video shoot photos by Peter Hill
The Automatic songs
2005 debut singles
2005 songs
2006 singles
Songs written by James Frost
Songs written by Iwan Griffiths
Songs written by Robin Hawkins
Songs written by Alex Pennie |
17328482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s%20House%20%28Naval%20War%20College%29 | President's House (Naval War College) | The President's House (also known as Quarters AA) is the home of the President of the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. The house is a wooden, three-story building in Colonial Revival style located on a hill on Coaster's Harbor Island, overlooking Coaster's Harbor, Dewey Field, and Narragansett Bay.
The house was built in 1896 by local Newport, Rhode Island, architect and builder Creighton Withers at the cost of $16,226. Built originally as "Quarters B" for the commandant of the Naval Training Station, Newport, the first president of the Naval War College to occupy it was Rear Admiral French Ensor Chadwick, in June 1903.
Every Naval War College president except for Charles Stillman Sperry (1903–1906) and William Ledyard Rodgers (1911–1913) has lived in the house since that time. Among the most famous residents of the house have been Admirals William Sims, Raymond A. Spruance, Stansfield Turner, and James Stockdale.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.
List of occupants
Rear Adm. French Ensor Chadwick June 1903 - Nov 16, 1903
Rear Adm. John Porter Merrell May 24, 1906 - Oct 06, 1909
Rear Adm. Raymond Perry Rodgers Oct 6, 1909 - Nov 20, 1911
Rear Adm. Austin Melvin Knight Dec 15, 1913 - Feb 16, 1917
Captain William S. Sims Feb 16, 1917 - Apr 28, 1917
From April 28, 1917, to April 11, 1919, the academic activities of the Naval War College were discontinued due to United States participation in World War I. During this period, the reserve force of the Second Naval District used the college buildings and a series of three acting presidents maintained the administrative side of the college.
Rear Adm. William S. Sims Apr 11, 1919 - Oct 14, 1922
Rear Adm. Clarence Stewart Williams Nov 3, 1922 - Sept 5, 1925
Rear Adm. William Veazie Pratt Sept 5, 1925 - Sept 17, 1927
Rear Adm. Joel Roberts Poinsett Pringle Sept 19. 1927 - May 30, 1930
Rear Adm. Harris Laning June 16, 1930 - May 13, 1933
Rear Adm. Luke McNamee Jun 3, 1933 - May 29, 1934
Rear Adm. Edward Clifford Kalbfus June 18, 1934 - Dec 15, 1936
Rear Adm. Charles Philip Snyder Jan 2, 1937 - May 27, 1939
Rear Adm. Edward Clifford Kalbfus June 30, 1939 - June 16, 1942
Admiral Edward Clifford Kalbfus (Ret.) June 16, 1942 - November 2, 1942
Rear Adm. William Satterlee Pye Nov 2, 1942 - July 1, 1944
Vice Adm. William Satterlee Pye (Ret.) July 1, 1944 - Mar 1, 1946
Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance Mar 1, 1946 - July 1, 1948
Vice Adm. Donald Bradford Beary Nov 1, 1948 - May 28, 1950
Vice Adm. Richard L. Conolly Dec 1, 1950 - Nov 2, 1953
Vice Adm. Lynde D. McCormick May 3, 1954 - Aug 16, 1956
Rear Adm. Thomas H. Robbins, Jr. Sept 5, 1956 - Aug 1, 1957
Vice Adm. Stuart H. Ingersoll Aug 13, 1957 - June 30, 1960
Vice Adm. Bernard L. Austin June 30, 1960 - July 31, 1964
Vice Adm. Charles L. Melson July 31, 1964 - Jan 25, 1966
Vice Adm. John T. Hayward Feb 15, 1966 - Aug 30, 1968
Vice Adm. Richard G. Colbert Aug 30, 1968 - Aug 17, 1971
Vice Adm. Benedict J. Semmes, Jr. Aug 17, 1971 - Jun 30, 1972
Vice Adm. Stansfield Turner June 30, 1972 - August 9, 1974
Vice Adm. Julien J. LeBourgeois Aug 9, 1974 - April 1, 1977
Rear Adm. Huntington Hardesty April 1, 1977 - Oct 13, 1977
Vice Adm. James B. Stockdale Oct 13, 1977 - Aug 22, 1979
Rear Adm. Edward F. Welch, Jr. Aug 22, 1979 - Aug 17, 1982
Rear Adm. James E. Service Oct 14, 1982 - Jul 12, 1985
Rear Adm. Ronald F. Marryott August 8, 1985 - Aug 12, 1986
Rear Adm. John A. Baldwin Sept 2, 1986 - Aug 11, 1987
Rear Adm. Ronald J. Kurth August 11, 1987 - July 17, 1990
Rear Adm. Joseph C. Strasser July 17, 1990 - June 29, 1995
Rear Adm. James R. Stark June 29, 1995 - July 24, 1998
Vice Adm. Arthur K. Cebrowski July 24, 1998 - Aug 22, 2001
Rear Adm. Rodney P. Rempt Aug 22, 2001 - July 9, 2003
Rear Adm. Ronald A. Route July 9, 2003 - August 12, 2004
Rear Adm. Jacob Shuford October 2004 - Nov 6, 2008
Rear Adm. James P. Wisecup July 6, 2010 - March 30, 2011
Rear Adm. John N. Christenson March 30, 2011 - July 14, 2013
Rear Adm. Walter E. Carter Jr. July 15, 2013 - ca. July 2014
Rear Adm. P. Gardner Howe, III ca. July 2014 - ca. July 2016
Rear Adm. Jeffrey A. Harley ca. July 2016 - ca. June 2019
Rear Adm. Shoshana S. Chatfield ca. August 2019 -
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island
References
John B. Hattendorf, et al., Sailors and Scholars: The Centennial History of the U.S. Naval War College. Newport: Naval War College Press, 1984
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Houses in Newport, Rhode Island
Naval War College
National Register of Historic Places in Newport, Rhode Island |
17328491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roneat%20dek | Roneat dek | The Roneat Dek () is a Cambodian metallophone, comparable to the Roneat ek. It is an ancient instrument made of 21 blackened-iron bars. It may be used in the Pinpeat ensemble and Mahaori orchestra. It is believed to have originated from the Royal Courts before the Angkor period. This instrument is rarely covered with ornamentation on either the bars or the sound box. The roneat dek is analogous to the ranat ek lek of Thailand.
Etymology
In the Khmer language, Roneat means xylophone where "dek" or correctly written and pronounced as "daek" mean metal or iron. So Roneat dek literally means metal xylophone. This name is probably derived from the fact that the Roneat Daek's note bars are made of iron or other metals.
History
The origin of Roneat Dek is similar to other Khmer Roneat genres and thought to predate the Angkorian period or in the earlier Angkorian period.
According to Ouknha Moha Thipadei Meas Ni, the chief of Cambodian Royal Orchestra, this type of Roneat was modeled from Javanese gamelan musical instrument called Gendér since the reign of Khmer king Jayavarman II. At the end of 9th century he was in exile in Java. He then returned to Cambodia and became the first king of the Khmer Empire, bringing with him some Javanese influence. This type of Roneat genre is thought to have originated after this historical event; however, this Roneat genre had been modified distinctively from its original gendér form.
Structure
The Roneat Dek or Roneat Thong has 21 iron or bronze bars. Because of their weight, the bars cannot be suspended on cords but are laid in stepwise order on pads over a rectangular trough resonator. In its shape and size, the bars resemble those of Roneat Ek, but they are tuned by scraping or firing away part of metal.
The player use a pair of mallets or Roneat sticks similar to those of other Roneats but made of hard material such as hide of a buffalo or elephant.
Variation
Roneat Thong
A variation on the instrument was the roneat thong () which was made of a reddish-brown brass or bronze, similar to gold.
The Roneat dek and roneat thong may have been equivalent, with the gold-barred version played "in the Royal Palace," while the iron-barred version was used in the "Orchestra, picnic outside the palace, or in pagodas."
However, equivalent Thai metallaphone instruments can help illustrate possibilities; the Ranat ek lek had a golden and a blackened iron version. That version was also historically called "ranad thawng." Thai music also has a lower pitched instrument, the Ranat thum lek. If these instruments follow the pattern of the Thai instruments, then the roneat thung may be like the ranat ek lek with brass and blackened-iron versions, or it may be the Cambodian equivalent of the lower pitched ranat thum lek.
Pictures with these instrument names (and with equivalent numbers of tone bars) similar to the higher and lower pitched Thai instruments were illustrated in the Cambodian book "Cambodian National Music."
However, these Thai musical instruments originated more recently, in the reign of King Rama IV (1854-1868) in the 19th century. The similarity in their name may attributed to the Thai annexation of Northwestern Cambodia from late 18th century and ended in 1907 as the age of this Khmer musical instrument was thought to be much older than this.
Significance
Normally, Roneat Thong is used in Khmer royal orchestra whereas Roneat Dek is usually used in the Pinpeat orchestra outside the Royal Palace or in pagodas.
External links
UNESCO document, Traditional Musical Instruments of Cambodia. PDF.
See also
Roneat ek
Roneat thung
Traditional Cambodian musical instruments
Music of Cambodia
Cambodian musical instruments
Keyboard percussion instruments |
17328514 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyptotrox%20foveicollis | Glyptotrox foveicollis | Glyptotrox foveicollis is a species of hide beetle in the subfamily Troginae.
References
Glyptotrox
Beetles described in 1857 |
17328518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20Watch | Critical Watch | Achilles Guard, Inc., commonly known as Critical Watch, is a security, risk and compliance company based in Dallas, Texas. The company primarily manufactures computer vulnerability assessment software and Payment Card Industry (PCI) compliance software. The company is CVE-compatible and was co-founded in 2000 by Eva Bunker and Nelson Bunker.
On January 6, 2015, Alert Logic announced that it had acquired Critical Watch for its scanning and analysis capabilities
References
External links
CriticalWatch official website
Critical Watch Blog
Companies based in Dallas
Software companies based in Texas
Software companies of the United States |
6899878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecsek | Mecsek | Mecsek (; ; Serbian: Meček or Мечек; ) is a mountain range in southern Hungary. It is situated in the Baranya region, in the north of the city of Pécs.
Etymology
The Hungarian toponym "Mecsek" derives from the sobriquet version of the name Mihály (Michael). Originally applied only to the hills adjacent to Pécs, the name Mecsek was first mentioned in 16th century.
Geography
The mountains cover an area of approximately 500 km2. The highest peak in the mountain range is Zengő (literally translates to 'resonant'), which has an elevation of 682 metres (2238 feet). The Mecsek Hills consist of plateau-like block mountains of a broken, folded structure. Its basis is crystalline rock of Variscan origin surmounted by Triassic and Jurassic limestone and dolomite and Tertiary formations that form the main block. The mountains are divided by a structural fault running NW to SE. The eastern part consist mainly of high ridges of sedimentary rock. The west has extensive limestone plateaux and areas dominated by sandstones of the Permian-Triassic period. There are important karst phenomena to be found on the limestone plateaux. Mecsek is rich in minerals (including uranium) compared to other territories of Hungary. The climate is mixed and represents elements of the mediterranean and continental climate. The territory gives home to 20-30 plant species which are unknown in other parts of the Carpathian Basin.
Highest peaks
Political and cultural history
Due to their relative small size and medium height, the hills of Mecsek were always politically and economically connected with the neighboring lowlands of Baranya and Tolna, serving primarily as a source of wood. The forested hills also offered substantial protection against the possible enemies.
The first significant political centre of the region was formed on the top of Jakab-hegy during the Iron Age which was later captured and developed into an oppidum by the Celts in the 2nd century BC. After the Roman conquest of Pannonia the settlement's population, like in the similar cases of Bibracte or Entremont was probably forced to move to the southern slopes of the Mecsek, where Sopianae, the predecessor of Pécs emerged.
Throughout the Hungarian Middle Ages the valleys of the Mecsek became more densely populated, providing raw materials for the thriving episcopal city of Pécs. The castles of Szászvár, Márévár and Kantavár were built in the era as residencies of nobles or the Church. The Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit partially stemmed from the hermit communities of the Mecsek, whom the Bishop of Pécs founded a monastery at Jakab-hegy in 1225. The significant Pécsvárad Abbey also controlled substantial areas in the region.
Due to the Ottoman occupation of Hungary and the following wars, raids and over-taxation the population growth stagnated, however the everyday and religious life of the locals didn't change much. The region was protected by its remoteness. After the Treaty of Karlowitz, the local nobles invited German settlers to the region. The territories east of Mecsek became a part of the German ethnic island commonly referred to as Swabian Turkey.
Significant amounts of black coal were discovered in the 19th century, the strategic resource greatly advanced the industrialization of the region. Mines were opened in Pécs, Szászvár and Komló which were all subsequently connected to the Hungarian economy with railways. In the aftermath of World War I and the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes occupied the region, but the Treaty of Trianon eventually left the area in the possession of Hungary.
A huge part of the German-speaking population of the area was expelled from Hungary after World War II, although many German communities lingered. The socialist Hungary further developed the coal mines of Pécs and Komló. Uranium was also discovered and mined near Kővágószőlős from the 1950s.
The Mecsek Hills were the scene of pitched battles during the Hungarian Revolution in November 1956 between Hungarian units dubbed "the Mecsek Invisibles" and the invading Soviet forces.
After the fall of communism in Hungary, the economically unsustainable mines were closed. The Mecsek now serves mostly as a recreational area with moderate forestry activities.
Parts
Mecsek is divided to two parts:
Eastern Mecsek
Western Mecsek
Settlements
Gallery
See also
Komlosaurus carbonis
Geography of Hungary
References
External links
Mecsek-1956-History
Mountain ranges of Hungary
Pannonian island mountains |
17328549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyptotrox%20frontera | Glyptotrox frontera | Glyptotrox frontera is a beetle in the family Trogidae.
References
Glyptotrox
Beetles described in 1955 |
6899888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Clue%20of%20the%20Leaning%20Chimney | The Clue of the Leaning Chimney | The Clue of the Leaning Chimney is the twenty-sixth volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1949 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. The actual authors were ghostwriters George Waller, Jr. and Harriet Stratemeyer Adams.
Plot
A rare and valuable Chinese vase is stolen from a pottery shop and the owner asks Nancy for help. During the investigation, Nancy searches for a leaning chimney, which leads her to missing pottery experts. She also stumbles on a dangerous gang of people exploiting immigrants as slave labor.
External links
1949 American novels
1949 children's books
Children's mystery novels
Grosset & Dunlap books
Nancy Drew books |
17328563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulating%20retro-reflector | Modulating retro-reflector | A modulating retro-reflector (MRR) system combines an optical retro-reflector and an optical modulator to allow optical communications and sometimes other functions such as programmable signage.
Free space optical communication technology has emerged in recent years as an attractive alternative to the conventional radio frequency (RF) systems. This emergence is due in large part to the increasing maturity of lasers and compact optical systems that enable exploitation of the inherent advantages (over RF) of the much shorter wavelengths characteristic of optical and near-infrared carriers:
Larger bandwidth
Low probability of intercept
Immunity from interference or jamming
Frequency spectrum allocation issue relief
Smaller, lighter, lower power
Technology
An MRR couples or combines an optical retroreflector with a modulator to reflect modulated optical signals directly back to an optical receiver or transceiver, allowing the MRR to function as an optical communications device without emitting its own optical power. This can allow the MRR to communicate optically over long distances without needing substantial on-board power supplies. The function of the retroreflection component is to direct the reflection back to or near to the source of the light. The modulation component changes the intensity of the reflection. The idea applies to optical communication in a broad sense including not only laser-based data communications but also human observers and road signs. A number of technologies have been proposed, investigated, and developed for the modulation component, including actuated micromirrors, frustrated total internal reflection, electro-optic modulators (EOMs), piezo-actuated deflectors, multiple quantum well (MQW) devices, and liquid crystal modulators, though any one of numerous known optical modulation technologies could be used in theory. These approaches have many advantages and disadvantages relative to one another with respect to such features as power use, speed, modulation range, compactness, retroreflection divergence, cost, and many others.
In a typical optical communications arrangement, the MRR with its related electronics is mounted on a convenient platform and connected to a host computer which has the data that are to be transferred. A remotely located optical transmitter/receiver system usually consisting of a laser, telescope, and detector provides an optical signal to the modulating retro-reflector. The incident light from the transmitter system is both modulated by the MRR and reflected directly back toward the transmitter (via the retroreflection property). Figure 1 illustrates the concept.
One modulating retro-reflector at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in the United States uses a semiconductor based MQW shutter capable of modulation rates up to 10 Mbit/s, depending on link characteristics. (See "Modulating Retro-reflector Using Multiple Quantum Well Technology", U.S. Patent No. 6,154,299, awarded November, 2000.)
The optical nature of the technology provides communications that are not susceptible to issues related to electromagnetic frequency allocation. The multiple quantum well modulating retro-reflector has the added advantages of being compact, lightweight, and requires very little power. The small-array MRR provides up to an order of magnitude in consumed power savings over an equivalent RF system. However, MQW modulators also have relatively small modulation ranges compared to other technologies.
The concept of a modulating retro-reflector is not new, dating back to the 1940s. Various demonstrations of such devices have been built over the years, though the demonstration of the first MQW MRR in 1993 was notable in achieving significant data rates. However, MRRs are still not widely used, and most research and development in that area is confined to rather exploratory military applications, as free-space optical communications in general tends to be a rather specialized niche technology.
Qualities often considered desirable in MRRs (obviously depending on the application) include a high switching speed, low power consumption, large area, wide field-of-view, and high optical quality. It should also function at certain wavelengths where appropriate laser sources are available, be radiation-tolerant (for non-terrestrial applications), and be rugged. Mechanical shutters and ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) devices, for example, are too slow, heavy, or are not robust enough for many applications. Some modulating retro-reflector systems are desired to operate at data rates of megabits per second (Mbit/s) and higher and over large temperature ranges characteristic of installation out-of-doors and in space.
Multiple Quantum Well Modulators
Semiconductor MQW modulators are one of the few technologies that meet all the requirements need for United States Navy applications, and consequently the Naval Research Laboratory is particularly active in developing and promoting that approach. When used as a shutter, MQW technology offers many advantages: it is robust solid state, operates at low voltages (less than 20 mV) and low power (tens of milliWatts), and is capable of very high switching speeds. MQW modulators have been run at Gbit/s data rates in fiber optic applications.
When a moderate (~15V) voltage is placed across the shutter in reverse bias, the absorption feature changes, shifting to longer wavelengths and dropping in magnitude. Thus, the transmission of the device near this absorption feature changes dramatically, allowing a signal can be encoded in an on-off-keying format onto the carrier interrogation beam.
This modulator consists of 75 periods of InGaAs wells surrounded by AlGaAs barriers. The device is grown on an n-type GaAs wafer and is capped by a p-type contact layer, thus forming a PIN diode. This device is a transmissive modulator designed to work at a wavelength of 980 nm, compatible with many good laser diode sources. These materials have very good performance operating in reflection architectures. Choice of modulator type and configuration architecture is application-dependent.
Once grown, the wafer is fabricated into discrete devices using a multi-step photolithography process consisting of etching and metallization steps. The NRL experimental devices have a 5 mm aperture, though larger devices are possible and are being designed and developed. It is important to point out that while MQW modulators have been used in many applications to date, modulators of such a large size are uncommon and require special fabrication techniques.
MQW modulators are inherently quiet devices, accurately reproducing the applied voltage as a modulated waveform. An important parameter is contrast ratio, defined as Imax/Imin. This parameter affects the overall signal-to-noise ratio. Its magnitude depends on the drive voltage applied to the device and the wavelength of the interrogating laser relative to the exciton peak. The contrast ratio increases as the voltage goes up until a saturation value is reached. Typically, the modulators fabricated at NRL have had contrast ratios between 1.75:1 to 4:1 for applied voltages between 10 V and 25 V, depending on the structure.
There are three important considerations in the manufacture and fabrication of a given device: inherent maximum modulation rate vs. aperture size; electrical power consumption vs. aperture size; and yield.
Inherent Maximum Modulation Rate vs. Aperture Size
The fundamental limit in the switching speed of the modulator is the resistance-capacitance limit. A key tradeoff is area of the modulator vs. area of the clear aperture. If the modulator area is small, the capacitance is small, hence the modulation rate can be faster. However, for longer application ranges on the order of several hundred meters, larger apertures are needed to close the link. For a given modulator, the speed of the shutter scales inversely as the square of the modulator diameter.
Electrical Power Consumption vs. Aperture Size
When the drive voltage waveform is optimized, the electrical power consumption of a MQW modulating retro-reflector varies as:
Dmod4 * V2 B2 Rs
Where Dmod is the diameter of the modulator, V is the voltage applied to the modulator (fixed by the required optical contrast ratio), B is the maximum data rate of the device, and RS is the sheet resistance of the device. Thus a large power penalty may be paid for increasing the diameter of the MQW shutter.
Yield
MQW devices must be operated at high reverse bias fields to achieve good contrast ratios. In perfect quantum well material this is not a problem, but the presence of a defect in the semiconductor crystal can cause the device to break down at voltages below those necessary for operation. Specifically, a defect will cause an electrical short that prevents development of the necessary electrical field across the intrinsic region of the PIN diode. The larger the device the higher the probability of such a defect. Thus, If a defect occurs in the manufacture of a large monolithic device, the whole shutter is lost.
To address these issues, NRL has designed and fabricated segmented devices as well as monolithic modulators. That is, a given modulator might be "pixellated" into several segments, each driven with the same signal. This technique means that speed can be achieved as well as larger apertures. The "pixellization" inherently reduces the sheet resistance of the device, decreasing the resistance-capacitance time and reducing electrical power consumption. For example, a one centimeter monolithic device might require 400 mW to support a one Mbit/s link. A similar nine segmented device would require 45 mW to support the same link with the same overall effective aperture. A transmissive device with nine "pixels" with an overall diameter of 0.5 cm was shown to support over 10 Mbit/s.
This fabrication technique allows for higher speeds, larger apertures, and increased yield. If a single "pixel" is lost due to defects but is one of nine or sixteen, the contrast ratio necessary to provide the requisite signal-to-noise to close a link is still high. There are considerations that make fabrication of a segmented device more complicated, including bond wire management on the device, driving multiple segments, and temperature stabilization.
An additional important characteristic of the modulator is its optical wavefront quality. If the modulator causes aberrations in the beam, the returned optical signal will be attenuated and insufficient light may be present to close the link.
Applications
Ground-to-Air Communications
Ground-to-Satellite Communications
Internal Electronics Bus Interaction/Communication
Inter, Intra-Office Communications
Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications
Industrial Manufacturing
See also
Free space optical communications
Optical Communications
Retro-reflector
References
Optical communications
Optical devices |
20466156 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Campeonato%20Ecuatoriano%20de%20F%C3%BAtbol%20Serie%20A | 2009 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol Serie A | The 2009 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A was the 51st season of the Serie A, Ecuador's premier football league. The season began on January 31 and ended on December 7. Deportivo Quito successfully defended their title for their fourth overall.
Owing to a change in sponsorship from Pilsener to Credife, the tournament will be called the Copa Credife Serie A for the next three years until 2011.
Format
For 2009, a new format was introduced and approved by Ecuadorian Football Federation. The new tournament was divided into four stages, as opposed to the usual three. All matches were scheduled to be played on Sundays, but some were moved at the clubs' requests.
The First Stage was a double round-robin tournament in which the twelve teams played against each other teams twice: once at home and once away. At the end of the stage, the top-four teams with the most points qualified to the Third Stage; the top three earned bonus points (3, 2, & 1 respectively). The top-two teams also qualified to the 2009 Copa Sudamericana.
In the Second Stage, the teams were divided into two groups of six. Groups were formed by draw, but did not have no more than one team from each provincial organization (the exception being Pichincha). The teams played within their groups in a double round-robin tournament and in a local derby (). The derbies were played on the third and seventh match day of the stage.
Clásicos
Pichincha team 1 vs. Pichincha team 3
Pichincha team 2 vs. Pichincha team 4
Guayas team 1 vs. Guayas team 2
Manabí team 1 vs. Manabí team 2
Tungurahua team 1 vs. Tungurahua team 2
Azuay team vs. Chimborazo team
At the end of this stage, the two-top teams from each group qualified to the Third Stage; the top team in each group earned one bonus point for the Third Stage. The two teams with the fewest points in the First and Second Stage aggregate table were relegated to the Serie B for the next season.
In the Third Stage, the eight qualified teams were placed into two groups of four depending on their position on the aggregate table.
Group 1: 1st, 4th, 5th, 8th
Group 2: 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 7th
The top two teams from each group will advance to the Fourth Stage.
The Fourth Stage will consist of two head-to-head match-ups: one by the top-finisher of each group in the Third Stage, and the other by the runners-up. The match between the top finishers in the Third Stage will determine the national champion; the other will determine who finished third and fourth. The national champion, runner-up, and third-place finisher will each have a berth in the 2010 Copa Libertadores. The Ecuador 1 berth will go to the national champion, Ecuador 2 will go to the runner-up, and Ecuador 3 to the third-place finisher.
Teams
Twelve teams competed in the 2009 Serie A season, ten of whom remained from the 2008 season. Deportivo Azogues and Universidad Católica were relegated last season to the Serie B after accumulating the fewest points in the First and Second Stage aggregate table. They were replaced by Manta and LDU Portoviejo, the 2008 Serie B winner and runner-up, respectively. This was Manta's second spell and second season in the Serie A, having previously played in the 2003 season. LDU Portoviejo were playing in their 22nd season in the league. Their last appearance was in 2001.
Managerial changes
First stage
The first stage ran from January 31 to July 12. The top-two teams qualified to the 2009 Copa Sudamericana. The top-four teams qualified to the Third Stage.
Standings
Results
Second stage
The Second Stage began on July 19 and ended on October 3. The top-two teams from each group qualified to the Third Stage.
Group 1
Standings
Results
Group 2
Standings
Results
Inter-group clásicos
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width=250| Home Team
!width=50| Results
!width=250| Away Team
|-
!colspan=3| El Clásico del Astillero
|-
|-
|-
!colspan=3| El Clásico Capitalino
|-
|-
|-
!colspan=3| El Clásico de las Fuerzas del Orden
|-
|-
|-
!colspan=3| El Clásico Manabita
|-
|-
|-
!colspan=3| El Clásico Ambateño
|-
|-
|-
!colspan=3| El Clásico del Austro
|-
|-
Source:1. The match was played at Estadio Monumental Banco Pichincha in Guayaquil.Colours: Blue=home team win; Yellow=draw; Red=away team win.
Aggregate table
Third stage
The Third Stage began on October 16 and is scheduled to end on November 22. The winners of each group will advance to the Fourth Stage to contest the national title. Both teams will have earned a berth to the 2010 Copa Libertadores and enter in the Second Stage of the competition (their exact berths will be determined in the Fourth Stage). The group runners-up will also advance to the Fourth Stage to contest the third-place match.
Group 1
Standings
Results
Group 2
Standings
Results
Fourth stage
The Fourth Stage will consists of two playoffs. The legs of the playoffs will be played on November 29 and December 7.
Third-place playoff
The third-place playoff will be contested between the runners-up of each Third Stage group for a berth in the 2010 Copa Libertadores First Stage.
Championship playoff
The championship playoff will be contested between the winners of each Third Stage group for the national title. Both teams will have already earned a berth in the 2010 Copa Libertadores Second Stage, but their exact berth will be determined here.
Top goalscorers
Awards
The awards were selected by the Asociación Ecuatoriana de Radiodifusión.
Best player: Marcelo Elizaga (Emelec)
Best goalkeeper: Marcelo Elizaga (Emelec)
Best defender: Marcelo Fleitas (Emelec)
Best midfielder: Giancarlo Ramos (Deportivo Cuenca)
Best striker: Claudio Bieler (LDU Quito)
Best young player: Joao Rojas (Emelec)
Best manager: Paúl Vélez (Deportivo Cuenca)
Best Ecuadorian playing abroad: Antonio Valencia (Manchester United)
Best referee: Carlos Vera
Statistics
Statistics were compiled by Quito-based newspaper El Comercio.
See also
2009 in Ecuadorian football
2009 Copa Libertadores
2009 Copa Sudamericana
2009 Recopa Sudamericana
References
External links
Official website
2009
Ecu
Football |
17328574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadath%20El%20Jebbeh | Hadath El Jebbeh | Hadath el Jebbeh (, also known as Hadad, and known locally as Hadid (حَدِد)), is a town located in Bsharri District in the North Governorate of Lebanon. It was originally settled in 400 A.D., and is situated on a hill at an altitude of 1500 meters, overlooking the Kadisha valley.
Hadath el Jebbeh is a summer resort and touristic place, benefiting from its welcoming and friendly local families. The inhabitants of the village are mostly Maronites, with the presence of two churches in town, the historical St. Daniel church which was built around 1110 CE, and Notre-Dame church built in 1956. At the end of summer, Hadath el Jebbeh celebrates St. Daniel Festival, which takes place every second Sunday of September of each year.
Location, climate and nature
Hadath el Jebbeh is located in Bsharri District, overlooking Qannoubine Valley. The village is 94 km away from Lebanese Capital, Beirut, and 36 km away from Tripoli, the largest city in North Lebanon.
Hadath el Jebbeh is well known by its cold (sometimes freezing) snowy weather during winter, and its cool weather during summer, which makes it lovely to visit anytime throughout the year, especially in the summer season, where numerous Lebanese consider it one of the best summer residences in Lebanon.
Etymology
Hadath is the name of three localities in Lebanon. To differentiate between the localities, the name of the region is added, Hadath Beirut, Hadath Baalbeck and finally Hadath el Joubbeh. Other localities by this name exist in the Middle East.
The Semitic root of Hadath means "the new", hence the name could mean "the new town".
The common pronunciation of the name is Hadad or Hadid. It gives an indication to a probable different meaning. Hadad was the northwest Semitic storm and rain god and the town could have had a temple dedicated to this god. And the popular tradition claims that the church dedicated to the saint patron of Hadath, Saint Daniel, was built on the remnants of a pagan temple.
Jebbeh is the traditional name of the Kadisha region, called also Jebbet Bsharri in reference to Bsharri the largest town of this region. The Semitic root Gb means "well", "deep" and could be a reference to the deep gorges of the Kadisha. In Lebanon, other Jebbeh exist like Jebbet Mnaytra and Jebbet Yanuh.
See also
Maronite mummies
References
External links
Hadath Ej Joubbeh, Localiban
www.hadatheljebbeh.com
www.hadath.com Last retrieved on May 8, 2008.
Populated places in the North Governorate
Bsharri District
Maronite Christian communities in Lebanon |
17328580 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trox%20gemmulatus | Trox gemmulatus | Trox gemmulatus is a beetle of the family Trogidae.
References
gemmulatus
Beetles described in 1874
Taxa named by George Henry Horn |
20466189 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enco%20%28brand%29 | Enco (brand) | Enco (an acronym for 'ENergy COmpany') was a secondary retail brand name for products of the Humble Oil Corporation (who had been acquired by the Standard Oil of New Jersey in 1959) in certain parts of the United States from 1960 to 1977. It was used on service stations operated by Humble in states where they were not permitted to use the Esso brand under conditions set by the court-ordered breakup of Standard Oil in 1911.
After Humble Oil and Standard Oil of NJ merged to form Exxon in 1973, the brand was discontinued.
History
Beginning
Because Humble Oil was not the first to register "Enco" in all 50 states, it was forced to drop the name in deference to Earl Nunneley Company (also known as "Enco") of Texas.
Founder Earl Nunneley's famous quote on the name dispute was "It cost Humble more money to change all of their stationery letterheads than it would have if they'd simply bought my firm."
The Enco brand first appeared on gasoline and motor oil products of Jersey Standard affiliates, including Carter Oil in the Northwestern U.S., as well as Pate Oil and Oklahoma Oil in the Midwest during the summer and fall of 1960, shortly after the parent company reorganized all its domestic marketing and refining operations to former Texas-based subsidiary Humble Oil and Refining Company. In 1961, the Enco brand was introduced at Humble stations in Oklahoma, New Mexico and Arizona – both for the stations and gasoline/oil products, as was the case in California and some other western states where Humble opened stations for the first time. The Enco brand was also rolled out for gasoline/oil products at Humble's Texas stations, which retained Humble as the station brand until that was converted to Enco in 1962. However, one state, Ohio, used "Humble" because Standard Oil of Ohio (Sohio) refused to allow use of the Enco name, due to its similarity to "Esso"
Humble's advertisements promoted the Enco brand as short for "ENergy COmpany." From 1961 to 1972, Enco advertising and promotional efforts were the same as Esso's in the eastern U.S. including the use of the Humble name in advertisements along with the "Happy Motoring!" tagline used by Esso for decades, and the "Put A Tiger In Your Tank" ad campaign introduced nationwide in 1964. Logotypes for Enco and Esso were identical ovals with blue outer edge and red lettering with white background.
Discontinuation
Despite Humble's attempts to tie Enco and Esso brands together as a nationwide gasoline marketer during the 1960s, the company was not wholly successful at competing with truly national brands such as Texaco which was then the only oil company selling its gasoline under the same brand name in all 50 states, and Shell, as Humble's strongest markets remained the Esso territory in the eastern U.S. and the former Humble home territory in Texas. Despite these challenges, Humble was the most successful of several U.S. oil companies to expand marketing and refining operations to California and West Coast states as most other "newcomers" entering that region during the 1950s and 1960s such as Gulf Oil, Phillips 66, Amoco, Conoco and others enjoyed less than stellar results, and each would pull out of California and surrounding states during the 1970s.
In 1967, Humble further expanded its California presence when it purchased a large number of service stations from Signal Oil (a Chevron subsidiary) and converted them to the Enco brand, which joined a large number of stations Humble had already built from scratch or bought from other oil companies. That was followed by the construction and opening of an oil refinery in 1969. Humble also expanded the Enco brand to Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, and Mississippi after the Supreme Court ruled that Humble's use of the Esso trademark in those states violated Standard Oil of Kentucky's use of the name "Standard Oil". Kentucky Standard was almost completely dependent upon Esso for its products from 1911 until 1961, when it became a part of Standard Oil of California, now Chevron.
As early as 1966, Humble realized that it needed a single brand name it could use nationwide but faced a dilemma as Esso could not be used in other Standard Oil territories and Enco had a Japanese translation as "stalled car." In late 1971, Humble rolled out the Exxon brand name at rebranded Enco and Esso in several test markets throughout the U.S. Following successful results of the Exxon brand in those areas, Humble/Jersey Standard officials in May 1972 announced that Exxon would become the company's sole gasoline brand in the U.S. later that year – replacing both Esso and Enco at service stations and on gasoline, motor oil and lubricant products nationwide (Esso was retained outside the U.S. where Standard Oil stipulations by the U.S. Justice Department did not apply). Also, the corporate name Standard Oil of New Jersey was changed to Exxon Corporation, the U.S. refining/marketing division, Humble Oil and Refining Co., was renamed Exxon USA, and the Enjay Chemicals division would be renamed Exxon Chemicals.
While the Enco brand largely disappeared after 1973, the name survived in the Midwest (an area controlled by Amoco, which unlike Ohio, didn't object to Enco) until 1977, since the Midwest was one of Humble's weaker markets. Exxon sold the last remaining Enco stations to Cheker Oil Co. in 1977 as part of its withdrawal from the Midwest outside Southern Ohio, retiring the Enco brand permanently. Cheker was later acquired by Marathon Petroleum subsidiary Speedway. In 2021, 7-Eleven acquired Speedway. Although Marathon will continue to supply fuel at Speedway locations, as 7-Eleven partners with Exxon at some locations, the deal brought the legacy Enco sites in the Midwest full circle.
References
ExxonMobil brands
Automotive fuel retailers |
23571626 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RealNetworks | RealNetworks | RealNetworks, Inc. is a provider of artificial intelligence and computer vision based products. RealNetworks was a pioneer in Internet streaming media delivery software and services. They are based in Seattle, Washington, United States. The company also provides subscription-based online entertainment services and mobile entertainment and messaging services.
History
RealNetworks (then known as Progressive Networks) was founded in 1994 by Rob Glaser, an ex-Microsoft executive, and a management team including Phil Barrett, Andy Sharpless, and Stephen Buerkle. The original goal of the company was to provide a distribution channel for politically progressive content. It evolved into a technology venture to leverage the Internet as an alternative distribution medium for audio broadcasts. Progressive Networks became RealNetworks in September 1997.
RealNetworks were pioneers in the streaming media markets and broadcast one of the earlier audio events over the Internet, a baseball game between the New York Yankees and Seattle Mariners on September 5, 1995. They announced streaming video technology in 1997. According to some accounts, by 2000 more than 85% of streaming content on the Internet was in the Real format.
Despite this success, problems arose because Real's primary business model depended upon the sale of streaming media server software, and Microsoft and Apple were giving those products away. As servers from Microsoft and Apple became more capable, Real's server sales inevitably eroded.
On January 20, 2000, RealNetworks, Inc. filed an injunction against Streambox, Inc. regarding the aforementioned company's product designed to convert Real Audio (.rm) formatted files to other formats. On December 4, 2001, the company was to launch the first coordinated effort to sell and deliver music from major record labels over the Internet, part of a broader initiative by the company to develop subscription Internet services aimed at Web users with fast Internet connections. In 2002, a strategic alliance was formed between RealNetworks and Sony Corporation to expand collaboration.
In October 2005, Microsoft agreed to pay RealNetworks $460 million to settle an antitrust lawsuit.
In August 2003, RealNetworks acquired Listen.com's Rhapsody music service, and renamed it RealRhapsody. It offered streaming music downloads for a monthly fee. In January 2004, RealNetworks announced the RealPlayer Music Store, featuring digital rights management (DRM) restricted music in the AAC file format. After some initial tries to push their own DRM scheme (named Helix DRM) onto all device manufacturers with the Creative Zen Xtra and the Sansa e200r as the only existing compliant devices, they sparked controversy by introducing a technology called Harmony that allowed their music to play on iPods as well as Microsoft Windows Media Audio DRM-equipped devices using a "wrapper" that would convert Helix DRM into the two other target DRM schemes.
The domain real.com attracted at least 67 million visitors annually by 2008, according to a Compete.com study.
On April 6, 2010, Rhapsody was spun off from RealNetworks.
In July 2013, RealNetworks acquired Slingo for $15.6 million. The company introduced a mobile phone app called Listen in April 2014 that plays custom ringtones to those calling the user's phone.
Notable RealNetworks employees have included Alex Alben; the first Chief Privacy Officer of Washington State; Tony Fadell, the inventor of the iPod; musician Daniel House; and Philip Rosedale, the founder of Linden Lab.
Headquarters
RealNetworks has its headquarters in Seattle, Washington, in the Home Plate Center building in SoDo across from T-Mobile Park, sharing the building with local television station KING-TV and Logic 20/20 Consulting.
Products and services
SAFR
Launched by RealNetworks on July 17, 2018, SAFR – Secure Accurate Facial Recognition, is a machine learning facial recognition platform. The SAFR platform was updated in 2020 with COVID-19 response features, including the ability to detect whether a person is wearing a mask and identify people wearing masks with 98.85 percent accuracy. On April 27, 2021, SAFR received a grant from the US Air Force to develop its AI-powered analytics for rescue missions, perimeter protection and domestic search operations.
Kontxt
In 2017, RealNetworks launched Kontxt, a product that offers management of text messaging in mobile networks. It identifies the content of the message and sorts it into categories to determine which ones are more important, and prioritize message delivery. In March 2021, RealNetworks unveiled KONTXT for Voice to identify and stop scam robocalls.
RealTimes (formerly RealPlayer Cloud)
RealNetworks on September 24, 2013 launched RealPlayer Cloud, a service that adds the ability to share videos recorded on smartphones and tablets. RealPlayer Cloud ties into the existing RealPlayer, however it also has a Web app and apps for Android, iOS and Roku. The service has 2GB of free cloud storage and more storage for a monthly fee. It was renamed to RealTimes on May 19, 2015, with a new focus on creating and sharing "Stories"—video collages of users' personal photos and videos, set to background music.
GameHouse
RealNetworks entered the computer game market in October 2001 with RealArcade, a PC game distribution application that allows users to play casual video games for free for 60 minutes, then decide if they want to purchase it. Many of the games were developed by GameHouse, which RealNetworks acquired for $35.6 million in 2004. In 2010, RealNetworks re-branded its games division under the name Gamehouse. It began focusing on social games, such as Facebook applets, and in 2013 acquired casual casino games company, Slingo, for $15.6 million.
RealDVD
On September 30, 2008, RealNetworks launched a new product called RealDVD. The software allows any user to save a copy of a DVD movie they own. The company was later found to have violated the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and RealNetworks' contract with the DVD Copy Control Association, as the software also allowed anyone to save a movie they do not legally own. (See RealNetworks, Inc. v. DVD Copy Control Ass'n, Inc.). The product's distribution was barred by a court injunction.
Real Alternative
Real Alternative is a discontinued software bundle that allows users to play RealMedia files without installing RealPlayer. The last version, 2.02, was released on February 19, 2010. It included Media Player Classic.
Beginning in 2010, RealNetworks sued Hilbrand Edskes, a 26-year-old Dutch webmaster for having inserted hyperlinks to Real Alternative on his site www.codecpack.nl. RealNetworks alleges that Real Alternative is a reverse engineered package.
In November 2011, RealNetworks' case against Edskes was dismissed and RealNetworks was ordered to pay him €48,000 in damages. Details of the case and judgement have been published. The case was reopened in 2013, when further proof showed that Edskes was after all involved in creating and uploading Real Alternative.
Helix
Helix is a suite of streaming media software and services intended for digital TV set-top boxes, mobile devices, as well as QuickTime, Flash and other programs. It includes the Helix open-source code and the Helix Universal Server, which hosts, distributes and manages digital rights for multimedia content. Helix competes with the Windows Media 9 Series from Microsoft, but has a greater emphasis on open-source. Helix was announced in July 2002. Support for mobile devices was added in November 2005. It was discontinued in October 2014.
Subscription services
In 2000, one of the initial products, the download manager RealDownload, was already used for pushing small software, such as games, to subscribers' computers. On top of the subscription for RealDownload and using its RealVideo streaming technology, a service called GoldPass, including unlimited access for video snippets from ABC and movie previews, was offered to registered users for a monthly $10 fee. More content was added through deals with CBS for the reality show Big Brother and NBA basketball.
Other products and technologies
RealAudio, a compressed audio format
RealDownloader, a download manager
RealPlayer, a media player
RealVideo, a compressed video format
Rinse, a digital music library cleanup tool
Unifi, a personal cloud media service
Mobile entertainment and messaging services for mobile carriers
See also
United States v. ASCAP
Trymedia
References
External links
Computer companies of the United States
Entertainment companies of the United States
Streaming software
Software companies based in Seattle
Mass media companies established in 1994
Software companies established in 1994
American companies established in 1994
1994 establishments in Washington (state)
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
Software companies of the United States |
23571628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C8H18O2 | C8H18O2 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C8H18O2}}
The molecular formula C8H18O2 (molar mass: 146.22 g/mol) may refer to:
Di-tert-butyl peroxide
2-Hexoxyethanol
Etohexadiol, an ectoparasiticide
Octanediols
1,2-Octanediol
1,8-Octanediol |
17328594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido%20Vincenzi | Guido Vincenzi | Guido Vincenzi (; 14 July 1932 – 14 August 1997) was an Italian footballer and manager, who played as a defender.
Playing career
Vincenzi began his career with Reggiana in 1950. Just after reaching twenty-one years of age he left the club, which was in Serie C at the time, and made his way to Inter, who had just been crowned the Italian champions in 1953. At Inter he quickly became a starter, and in three months, he made his Serie A debut. After just 13 games with the club, he earned his first cap for the national team in a 4–1 friendly win against France in 1954, putting on an impeccable performance in his 'Azzurri' debut in Paris. His other outings with the national team were less fortunate however. His second game was a loss to Switzerland at the 1950 World Cup (of the 17 players that saw action he was the youngest) and his third cap was a loss in Belfast preventing qualification for the 1958 World Cup in Sweden. After having won a Serie A championship with Inter, he moved to Sampdoria in 1958, obtaining 297 appearances in 11 seasons, and becoming the fifth leading player for the 'blucerchiati' in this category, behind only Roberto Mancini, Pietro Vierchowod, Moreno Mannini, and Gaudenzio Bernasconi.
Coaching career
After his playing career, Vincenzi tried coaching Sampdoria in the 1973–74 season, finishing 13th in the league and successfully remaining in Serie A.
Death
Vincenzi died of a rare form of muscular dystrophy in 1997.
References
La Gazzetta dello Sport
1932 births
1997 deaths
Italian footballers
Association football midfielders
A.C. Reggiana 1919 players
U.C. Sampdoria players
Inter Milan players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Italy international footballers
1954 FIFA World Cup players
Italian football managers
U.C. Sampdoria managers
Genoa C.F.C. managers
Association football defenders
People from Quistello
Deaths from muscular dystrophy
Sportspeople from the Province of Mantua
Footballers from Lombardy |
23571629 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonhyo%20Bridge | Wonhyo Bridge | The Wonhyo Bridge crosses the Han River in South Korea and connects the districts of Yongsan-gu and Yeongdeungpo-gu. The bridge was completed in . It was the 13th to be built on the Han River.
History
July 1978: Construction started
October 27, 1981: Wonhyo Bridge opened
December 10, 1981: Introduction of toll fees
February 1, 1983: Dongah Construction donated Wonhyo Bridge to the Seoul Metropolitan City, and collection of toll fees discontinued
Toll Fees
Toll fees were collected from December 10, 1981, but the flow of traffic was rather low, as vehicles avoided crossing the bridge due to the imposition of the toll fees. In fact, the toll fees collected were barely adequate to supply power for the street lamps, and on February 1, 1983, Dongah Construction donated the bridge to Seoul Metropolitan City. After the ownership rights were donated, the toll gates were removed.
Film Appearances
Wonhyo Bridge was selected as the set for a fighting scene included in the 2006 Korean film The Host directed by Bong Joon-ho. In the movie, Wonhyo Bridge was where the creature was hiding, and where the daughter of the main character was kidnapped. The reason for selecting this location was that it fit well with the film's concept of a sewer under a bridge, and the external appearance of Wonhyo Bridge is more dynamic than other bridges, and this added tension.
References
Yeouido
Yongsan District
Bridges in Seoul
Bridges completed in 1981
Bridges over the Han River (Korea) |
20466192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Parkinson | Bob Parkinson | Robert Parkinson (27 April 1873 – after 1901) was an English footballer. His regular position was as a forward. He was born in Preston, Lancashire. He played for Preston Ramblers, Preston Athletic, Fleetwood Rangers, Rotherham Town, Luton Town, Blackpool, Warmley, Nottingham Forest, Newton Heath, Watford and Swindon Town.
Blackpool
Parkinson was a member of the Blackpool line-up for their first-ever match in the Football League, on 5 September 1896. He played up front alongside his namesake, Jack Parkinson. He went on to make a further seven league appearances in the 1896–97 season, scoring one goal – in a 4–2 defeat at Woolwich Arsenal on 19 December.
Parkinson's final appearance for the club occurred on 23 January, in a 3–1 home defeat by Small Heath. Shortly after this, he joined Nottingham Forest.
References
General
MUFCInfo.com profile
Specific
1873 births
Year of death missing
Footballers from Preston, Lancashire
English footballers
Association football forwards
Fleetwood Rangers F.C. players
Rotherham Town F.C. (1878) players
Luton Town F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Warmley F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Watford F.C. players
Swindon Town F.C. players
English Football League players |
17328605 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyalintsi | Lyalintsi | Lyalintsi () is a village in Tran Municipality, Pernik Province. It is located in western Bulgaria, 65 km from the capital city of Sofia. The village was first mentioned in 1446 as Lelintsi and in 1455 as Lyalintsi. It is derived from the personal name Lyalya, "aunt", the nickname lyalya or lala, itself from Proto-Slavic *l'al'a, "babbler, fool" or from the personal name Lyala, an affectionate form of Vlado (Vladimir, Vladislav).
References
Villages in Pernik Province |
17328610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmarnock%20Standard | Kilmarnock Standard | The Kilmarnock Standard is a Scottish weekly newspaper published every Wednesday in the town of Kilmarnock.
External links
Kilmarnock Standard website
Newspapers published in Scotland
Newspapers published by Reach plc |
17328613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingbourne%20railway%20station | Collingbourne railway station | Collingbourne railway station served the village of Collingbourne Ducis in Wiltshire, England. It was on the Midland and South Western Junction Railway (M&SWJR) and opened on 1 May 1882 on the southern section of the Swindon, Marlborough and Andover Railway (SM&AR) which at that stage terminated at the-then next station to the north, Grafton and Burbage. In 1883, the SM&AR gained running rights over the Great Western Railway branch from Savernake Low Level to Marlborough and through services started between Swindon Town and Andover Junction railway station, and on down the Sprat and Winkle Line to Southampton. The same year, the Swindon and Cheltenham Extension Railway (S&CER) opened north of Swindon as far as Cirencester and in 1884 the SM&AR and the S&CER merged to form the M&SWJR. The line was completed as a through-route from the Midlands to the south coast by the completion of the northern end of the route between Cirencester and Cheltenham in 1891.
Collingbourne was sited to the east of the village of Collingbourne Ducis and originally had a passing loop. The track was doubled through Collingbourne early in the 20th century.
Collingbourne station had a brick building on the up platform towards Swindon and a shelter on the down platform, which also housed a signalbox. The station master's house was behind the up platform. There was a small goods yard, but goods traffic was not high.
In 1932, a halt was opened at Collingbourne Kingston, about 1.5 miles north of Collingbourne station, in an effort by the GWR, which had taken over the M&SWJR on the Grouping in 1923, to generate traffic on a line threatened by increasing road use.
As a whole, traffic on the M&SWJR fell steeply after the Second World War and the line closed to passengers in 1961, with goods facilities withdrawn from this section of the line at the same time. Collingbourne station was demolished, though the station master's house remains.
Routes
References
Wiltshire Railway Stations, Mike Oakley, Dovecote Press, Wimborne, 2004, , pages 42–43
Disused railway stations in Wiltshire
Former Midland and South Western Junction Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1882
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1961 |
17328618 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyptotrox%20hamatus | Glyptotrox hamatus | Glyptotrox hamatus is a beetle of the family Trogidae.
References
Glyptotrox
Beetles described in 1940 |
17328619 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastung%2C%20Pakistan | Mastung, Pakistan | Mastung (Balochi and Urdu: ), the capital of Mastung District, is a town in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. It is located at 29°48'0N 66°50'60E and has an altitude of 1701 metres (5583 feet). The town is also the administrative centre of Mastung Tehsil, an administrative subdivision of the district – the town itself is administratively subdivided into two Union Councils.
Mastung is located in Sarawan which is a division of the princely state of Kalat, the Chief Of Sarawan himself is from Mastung.
There are numerous Baloch as well as Pashtun tribes populated in Mastung, the tribes include Bangulzai Shahwani Pirkani, Raisani Sarpara (Tareen) and Muhammad Shahi, which are the most common tribes and are politically active and leading in the area other tribes include Dehwar, Lehri, Satakzai, Bangulzai, Tareen, Syed Baroozai Khilji Ali Zai and several more.
History
Mastung was known to the 10th-century geographers al-Muqaddasi and Istakhri, who both listed it among the towns in the province of Bālis, also called Bālish or Wālishtān, whose capital was Sibi.
The Ain-i-Akbari, written during the reign of the Mughal emperor Akbar in the late 1500s, lists Mastung as one of the 24 mahals included in the Sarkar of Kandahar. At that time, Mastung was defended by a mud brick fort and produced a yearly revenue of 10 tumans and 8,000 dinars in cash alongside 470 kharwars of grain. Its population was a mixture of Afghans and Balochs.
The 2017 Mastung suicide bombing killed 28 and injured 40. A 2018 suicide bombing killed 149 and injured 186.
Languages
Like other Balochistan major urban centers such as Quetta, Sibi, Mach, and Khuzdar, it is a multi-ethnic city where several languages are spoken including Brahui, Persian (Dehwari dialects), Pashto, Baluchi, Sindhi (In Hindki and Frakhi dialects) and Urdu. No language has a clear majority and Urdu serves as lingua franca for inter-ethnic communications.
See also
Mastung Valley
Khwaja Ibrahim Yukpasi
Baluchistan Agency
Notes
References
Populated places in Mastung District |
17328646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trox%20plicatus | Trox plicatus | Trox plicatus is a beetle of the family Trogidae.
plicatus
Beetles described in 1940 |
17328652 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Golden%20Anniversary%20Bibliography%20of%20Edgar%20Rice%20Burroughs | A Golden Anniversary Bibliography of Edgar Rice Burroughs | A Golden Anniversary Bibliography of Edgar Rice Burroughs is a bibliography of the works of Edgar Rice Burroughs by Henry Hardy Heins. It was first published by Donald M. Grant, Publisher, Inc. in an edition of 1,000 copies. The book was revised from a mimeograph edition that Heins had produced in September 1962. The book lists books, stories, and articles by Burroughs. It also contains information about Burroughs and a section on magazine illustrations and publisher's announcements.
References
1964 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Burroughs
Books about books
Science fiction studies
Published bibliographies
Edgar Rice Burroughs
Donald M. Grant, Publisher books |
23571635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle%20hooliganism | Motorcycle hooliganism | Motorcycle hooliganism includes street racing, street stunting, and games of tag on public roads, or simply cruising, often in very large numbers, against local ordinances.
Demographics
Historian Jeremy Packer wrote that the newest motorcycle "gangs" are unlike the outlaw motorcycle clubs widely reported in the media since the late 1940s. They now ride sport bikes, often customized in the streetfighter style, rather than cruisers, passing through both rural and urban areas, playing "elaborate games of tag and follow the leader, continually pushing each other to ride harder." Besides being younger and favoring high-performance motorcycles, these groups are "loosely affiliated and come together mostly to ride." Traditional outlaw motorcycle clubs are known for having detailed charters and membership lists, prescribing codes of behavior, dress, type and brand of motorcycle members may ride, and vigorously enforcing procedures for admitting new members, banishing members who break club rules, and protecting the club's territory and name from anyone falsely pretending to be a member.
Packer wrote in 2008 that media attention, such as the popular A&E television documentary The Wild Ride of the Outlaw Bikers (1999) and the Guggenheim show The Art of the Motorcycle, erroneously only covered the baby boomer Harley-Davidson rider culture, failing to note a shift in demographics, bikes, and behavior. Packer said this promotes the Harley-Davidson brand and promotes "a type of motorcycle affiliation that is palatable, family friendly, and marketable" as part of a narrative that outlaw bikers, "though once a dangerous element, are now a useful and even valuable part of society." The StarPhoenix of Saskatoon wrote that the new marketing push to "transform motorcycling into an acceptable, mainstream pastime" has led to young riders rebelling.
In Los Angeles and New York City, some affluent urban motorcycle owners are self-described hooligans, or display motorcycles described as "hooligan chic" and an "object of fetish consumerism."
Behaviors
Hooligans engage in many types of unlawful behavior.
Vandalism, theft and petty crime
In South and Southeast Asia, thieves use motorcycles in the act of purse snatching.
Racing on public roads
Racing has been implicated in a number of deaths, and is targeted by law enforcement in North America, Asia and Europe.
Stunting on public roads
The fact that many stunters perform their stunts on public roads draws the ire of other motorcyclists and lawmakers. They intentionally draw a lot of attention to their apparently reckless behavior, and other motorcyclists, especially sportbike riders, feel that stunters give all riders a reputation for being irresponsible and dangerous to others.
Riding nude
While clothing-optional bicycling is allowed in many places, similar behavior by motorcyclists is often seen as reckless and has even led to accidents when the rider was stung by an insect.
Nude rider complaints are recorded in Coventry, England, where 21 riders proceeded naked through the town; Salt Lake City; Murfreesboro, Tennessee (claimed to be the first nude motorcycle rally); Providence, Rhode Island; and southern Sweden.
Cruising
In some jurisdictions, the act of cruising is unlawful.
In Malaysia, over 100,000 outlaw motorcyclists called Mat Rempit are reported to cruise and race on the streets every night.
Unlicensed riding
Riders, including under-age youth, without a valid driver's license, have been described as "dangerous and illegal" and "hooligans."
Street stunt riders on unlicensed dirtbikes are reported to be a problem in Baltimore, Maryland.
Speeding
Speeding is often referred to as a "hooligan" activity due to inherent risk to the public.
"Hooligan" motorcycles
Some types of motorcycles or specific models associated with hooligan behavior are informally referred to as "hooligan" motorcycles.
Notable examples
In Seattle in 2010, a Washington State Patrol highway police trooper rolled his patrol car while chasing speeding motorcyclists, who then returned to jeer and taunt him. The motorcyclists said they were engaging in a semi-organized mass ride. The event attracted much media attention.
In September 2013, public awareness of motorcycle hooliganism in America was increased when a video was uploaded to live leak showing a violent altercation between a family riding in an SUV and a group of motorcyclists in New York City. The bikers were participating in an annual unsanctioned rally called the "Hollywood Block Party". Over 1000 motorcycles, quads, and other vehicles participated in the 2012 rally a year prior, according to New York Police Commissioner Ray Kelly. The rally involved performing stunts and driving through Times Square, which has been illegal since it was pedestrianized in 2009.
The incident began when a sport utility vehicle (SUV) driven by motorist Alexian Lien was involved in light bumper contact with motorcyclist Christopher Cruz. Cruz reportedly sustained minor injuries. In the video, Cruz merges in front of Lien and slows dramatically, apparently causing the collision. Following the incident, authorities familiar with such organized rides stated that Cruz was not attempting to cause a collision, but was attempting to slow traffic in order to clear a section of roadway to perform stunts on their motorcycles.
Lien and many of the motorcyclists stopped their vehicles. The video shows many of the bikers gathering around the Range Rover driven by Lien. Police reported that the bikers were beating on the vehicle and punctured a tire. Lien accelerated to escape, reportedly driving over 3 motorcycles and a rider, named Edwin Mieses, who had dismounted and was in front of the Range Rover. Mieses was severely injured, including a fractured spine and punctured lung. The bikers then chased after the SUV for several miles before pulling Lien from the vehicle and assaulting him.
The video of the incident quickly went viral and received widespread news coverage. Other videos of packs of bikers driving recklessly and performing stunts surfaced following the heavy news coverage. One video in particular shows a group of bikers threatening the driver of a Prius. The bikers beat on the window of his car, but the driver was unharmed.
A total of 15 people were arrested, 55 motorcycles were confiscated, and 69 summonses were issued in connection with the September 29th event. Nine suspects have been charged in connection with the attack. In December 2013, Lien filed a civil suit against the city of New York for the involvement of an off-duty police detective in the attack. The suit accused the police department of failing to properly train their officers.
Legislation has since been proposed that would require permits and prior notification of such rallies. The legislation was inspired by the September 29 incident as well as the death of Marian Kurshik, 78, in December 2013 after being struck by a motorcycle traveling in a pack and performing stunts. The driver of the motorcycle was also killed in the accident. "His feet was on the seat; the front wheel pulled up. He was going very fast," said a bystander. "This not only, I think, protects pedestrians. I think it also protects the motorcyclists themselves," said state senator Andriano Espaillat.
See also
12 O'Clock Boys
Mat Rempit
Notes
References
External links
Hooliganism
Hazardous motor vehicle activities |
23571637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%ABtan%20Picon | Gaëtan Picon | Gaëtan Picon (19 September 1915 – 6 August 1976) was a French author: essayist, art and literature critic, and art and literature historian. He was director of the Mercure de France and Director-General of Arts and Letters under André Malraux. He wrote an entry for the Encyclopaedia Universalis on Swiss publisher Albert Skira.
Selected Bibliography
Balzac: Balzac par lui-même. (1956). Microcosme ecrivains de toujou. Editions du Seui, Paris. 191 pp.
Ingres: Biographical and Critical Study (1967) The Taste of Our Time, Vol. 47. Editions d'Art Albert Skira, Geneva 131 pp.
The Work of Jean Dubuffet (1973). Albert Skira, Geneva. 233 pp.
Surrealists and Surrealism 1919-1939 (1977). Skira/Rizzoli International Publications, Inc., New York. 231 pp.
Birth Of Modern Painting (1978). Rizzoli International Publications, Inc., New York. 135 pp.
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (1980). Published by Skira/Rizzoli International Publications, Inc., New York. 151 pp.
References
External links
Worldcat Identities: Gaëtan Picon, Overview http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n50019731/
1915 births
1976 deaths
French art critics
French male essayists
People of Ligurian descent
20th-century French essayists
20th-century French male writers |
17328666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WriteGirl | WriteGirl | WriteGirl is a Los Angeles-based project of Community Partners, founded by Keren Taylor in 2001. Taylor was recognized by CNN as a "CNN Hero" in 2021. The organization's focus is connecting professional women writers in Los Angeles, CA with underserved teenage girls who might not otherwise have access to creative writing or mentoring programs. The mentoring program focuses on creative writing and empowerment through self-expression. WriteGirl Alum Amanda Gorman, was chosen as the Inaugural Poet for the 59th Inaugural Ceremonies on Jan. 20, 2021, when Joe Biden was sworn in as President of the United States. In 2013, WriteGirl was honored by-then first lady, Michelle Obama, with the National Arts and Humanities Youth Program Award.
WriteGirl Mentorship Program
WriteGirl was founded by Keren Taylor in 2001. The program is based on one-on-one mentoring and monthly creative writing workshops where girls are given techniques, insights, and topics for writing in all genres from professional women writers. Workshops and mentoring sessions explore poetry, fiction, creative non-fiction, songwriting, journalism, screenwriting, playwriting, persuasive writing, journal writing, and editing.
Mentees
WriteGirl's mentees have a high success rate of graduating seniors entering college, many on full or partial scholarships. Many of the mentees come from underserved communities. The WriteGirl program was designed to give girls individualized guidance and the education support providing in-depth college entrance guidance to all Core Mentoring Program high school juniors and seniors and their families.
In-Schools/Bold Ink Writers Program
WriteGirl’s In-Schools Program mentee pregnant, parenting and/or incarcerated girls attending alternative schools by bringing them weekly creative writing workshops. Bold Ink Writers, work with incarcerated and system-involved boys at Los Angeles County juvenile detention camps and day reporting facilities, working in partnership with the Arts for Incarcerated Youth Network (AIYN) and the Los Angeles County Probation Department. Volunteers lead weekly writing sessions designed to improve literacy and communication skills.
Lights, Camera, WriteGirl
Lights, Camera, WriteGirl is an annual event benefiting WriteGirl and it’s programming. The event showcases scenes and monologues written by WriteGirl teens, brought to life by a celebrity cast of actors which have included Wendi McLendon-Covey, Seth Rogen, Keiko Agena, Wayne Brady, Angela Bassett, and Kelsey Scott, among others. In 2019, actor, author and WriteGirl volunteer Lauren Graham, emceed the event.
WriteGirl Bold Ink Awards
WriteGirl hosts the Bold Ink Awards, an annual event honoring women writers who serve as positive role models for teens. Recipients of the Bold Ink Awards include Kara DioGuardi, Sarah Silverman, and Aline Brosh McKenna, among others.
References
Non-profit organizations based in California |
6899898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Casso | Anthony Casso | Anthony Salvatore Casso (May 21, 1942 – December 15, 2020), nicknamed "Gaspipe", was an American mobster and underboss of the Lucchese crime family. During his career in organized crime, Casso was regarded as a "homicidal maniac" in the Italian-American Mafia. He is suspected of having committed dozens of murders, and had confessed to involvement in between 15 and 36 murders. Government witness Anthony Accetturo, the former caporegime of The Jersey Crew, once said of Casso, "all he wanted to do is kill, kill, get what you can, even if you didn't earn it". In interviews, and on the witness stand, Casso confessed involvement in the murders of Frank DeCicco, Roy DeMeo, and Vladimir Reznikov. Casso also admitted to several attempts to murder Gambino family boss John Gotti.
Following his arrest in 1993, Casso became one of the highest-ranking members of the Mafia to turn informant. After taking a plea agreement, he was placed in the witness protection program, however, in 1998, it was rescinded and Casso was dropped from the program after several infractions. Later that year, a federal judge sentenced him to 455 years in prison for racketeering, extortion, and murder.
Casso died in prison custody from complications related to COVID-19 on December 15, 2020.
Early life
Casso was born on May 21, 1942, in South Brooklyn, in New York City, the youngest of the three children to Michael and Margaret Casso (née Cucceullo). Casso's grandparents had immigrated to the United States from Campania, Italy in the 1890s. His godfather was Salvatore Callinbrano, a made man and caporegime in the Genovese crime family, which maintained a powerful influence on the Brooklyn docks. Casso dropped out of school at 16 and got a job with his father as a longshoreman. In his youth, he became a crack shot, firing pistols at targets on a rooftop which he and his friends used as a shooting range. Casso also made money shooting predatory hawks for pigeon keepers.
Casso married fellow South Brooklyn native Lillian Delduca on May 4, 1968. They had a daughter and son.
During his marriage, Casso had many infidelities. In an interview with biographer Philip Carlo, Casso recalled, Most all men in my life, everyone I know, had girlfriends. It goes with the territory. Women are drawn to us, the power, the money, and we're drawn to them. But only in passing. Some guys treated their mistresses better than their wife, but that's a fuckin' outrage. No class. Only a cafone does that. I never loved any woman but Lillian. She and my family always came first.
Lucchese crime family
Early criminal career
Casso was a violent youth, and member of the infamous 1950s gang, the South Brooklyn Boys. In 1958, he was arrested after a "rumble" against Irish-American gangsters. Casso later told Carlo that his father visited him at the police station and tried in vain to scare his son straight. He soon caught the eye of Christopher "Christie Tick" Furnari, the capo of the "19th Hole Crew" in the Lucchese family. Casso started his career in the Mafia as a loan shark. As a protégé of Furnari, he was also involved in gambling and drug dealing. He was arrested for attempted murder in 1961, but was acquitted when the alleged victim refused to identify him.
19th Hole Crew
In 1974, at age 32, he became a made man, or full member, of the Lucchese family. Casso was assigned to Vincent Foceri's crew that operated from 116th Street in Manhattan and from Fourteenth Avenue in Brooklyn. Shortly after becoming made, Casso became close to another rising star in the family, Victor Amuso, and began a partnership that would last for two decades. They committed scores of crimes, including drug trafficking, burglary and the murders of informants.
Casso later began reporting to Christopher Furnari, alias "Christie Tick", the caporegime of "the 19th Hole Crew".
Within Furnari's "19th Hole Crew" both Casso and Amuso led a burglary ring known as "The Bypass Gang", which included expert locksmiths, safe crackers, and experts in security alarm systems. The Bypass Gang is still suspected of committing burglaries in banks and jewelry stores throughout New York City and Long Island. Authorities estimated the Bypass gang stole more than $100 million from safety deposit boxes and vaults during the 1970s and 1980s.
When Furnari was promoted to the Lucchese family's consigliere, he asked Casso to take over the 19th Hole Crew. However, Casso declined, suggesting that Amuso be promoted instead. Casso remained Amuso's aide.
In December 1985, Casso was approached by caporegime Frank DeCicco regarding a planned coup in the Gambino crime family. Gambino captain John Gotti, whose crew had worked with Casso in multiple drug deals, and other captains, were planning to kill crime boss, Paul Castellano. Gotti and DeCicco were looking for support among the other Four Families affected by the Mafia Commission Trial. According to Sammy Gravano, another of Gotti's co-conspirators, DeCicco returned from the meeting saying that Casso had offered the conspirators his unconditional support. According to Casso, DeCicco alleged during their meeting that Castellano's carelessness in allowing his own house to be bugged was reason enough to kill him. Casso later told Carlo, however, that he tried to talk DeCicco out of killing a boss without first asking for The Commission's permission. Otherwise, he said, killing Castellano would be a cardinal violation of the rules and all the participants would have to be murdered by the other Four Families. Castellano's murder went ahead anyway on December 16, 1985. Casso would later denounce Gotti's actions to Carlo as "the beginning of the end of our thing."
As Casso had warned, Lucchese boss Anthony Corallo and Genovese boss Vincent Gigante decided to kill Gotti, DeCicco, and every other conspirator in Castellano's murder. Amuso and Casso were chosen to handle the assassinations, and were instructed to use a car bomb to try and shift suspicion to Sicilian mobsters, or Zips, related to Castellano. While New York City mafiosi had long been (officially) banned from using bombs due to the risk of collateral damage, Sicilian mafiosi and members of the Cleveland crime family were notorious for blowing up their targets. Amuso and Casso made one attempt on the lives of Gotti and DeCicco, planting a bomb in DeCicco's car when the two were scheduled to visit a social club on April 13, 1986. Gotti cancelled at the last minute, however, and the bomb instead only killed DeCicco and injured a passenger they had mistaken for Gotti.
Taking over the family with Amuso
In the November 1986, Lucchese family boss Anthony Corallo sensed that the Commission Trial would result in a guilty verdict that would ensure the entire Lucchese leadership would die in prison. Corallo wanting to maintain the family's half-century tradition of a seamless transfer of power called both Casso and Amuso to Furnari's Staten Island home. Casso turned down the promotion to boss and instead suggested that Amuso become the new boss. Amuso formally took over the family in 1987 and Casso succeeded Furnari as consigliere. Casso later took over as Underboss in 1989 after Mariano Macaluso retired.
While at the top of the Lucchese family, Amuso and Casso shared huge profits from their family's illegal activities. These profits included: $15,000 to $20,000 a month from extorting Long Island carting companies; $75,000 a month in kickbacks from eight air freight carriers that guaranteed them labor peace and no union benefits for their workers; $20,000 a week in profits from illegal video game machines; and $245,000 annually from a major concrete supplier. Amuso and Casso also split more than $200,000 per year from the Garment District rackets, as well as a cut of all the crimes committed by the family's soldiers.
In one instance, Casso and Amuso split $800,000 from the Colombo family for Casso's aid in helping them rob steel from a construction site at the West Side Highway in Manhattan. In another instance, the two bosses received $600,000 from the Gambino family for allowing them to take over a Lucchese-protected contractor for a housing complex project on Coney Island. Casso also controlled Greek-American crime boss George Kalikatas, who gave Casso $683,000 protection money in 1990 alone to operate a loan sharking, extortion, and illegal gambling organization in Astoria, Queens.
Eastern European connections
Casso had a close alliance with Russian boss Marat Balagula, who operated a multibillion-dollar gasoline bootlegging scam in Brighton Beach. Balagula, a Soviet Jewish refugee from Odessa, had arrived in the US under the Jackson-Vanik Amendment. After Colombo capo Michael Franzese began shaking down his crew, Balagula approached Christopher Furnari, consigliere for the Lucchese crime family, and asked for a sit-down at the 19th Hole Crew's social club in Brooklyn. According to Casso, Furnari declared,
Here there's enough for everybody to be happy...to leave the table satisfied. What we must avoid is trouble between us and the other families. I propose to make a deal with the others so there's no bad blood...Meanwhile, we will send word out that from now on you and your people are with the Lucchese family. No one will bother you. If anyone does bother you, come to us and Anthony will take care of it.
Street tax from Balagula's organization was not only strategically shared, but also became the Five Families' biggest moneymaker after drug trafficking. According to Carlo,
It didn't take long for word on the street to reach the Russian underworld: Marat Balagula was paying off the Italians; Balagula was a punk; Balagula had no balls. Balagula's days were numbered. This, of course, was the beginning of serious trouble. Balagula did in fact have balls—he was a ruthless killer when necessary—but he also was a smart diplomatic administrator and he knew that the combined, concerted force of the Italian crime families would quickly wipe the newly arrived Russian competition off the proverbial map.
Shortly afterward, Balagula's rival, a fellow Russian immigrant named Vladimir Reznikov, drove up to the former's office building in the Midwood section of Brooklyn. Sitting in his car, Reznikov opened fire on the building with an AK-47. One of Balagula's close associates was killed and several secretaries were wounded. Then, on June 12, 1986, Reznikov entered the Rasputin nightclub in Brighton Beach and placed a 9mm Beretta against Balagula's head, demanding $600,000 in exchange for not pulling the trigger. He also demanded a percentage of everything Balagula was involved in. After Balagula promised to get the money, Reznikov threatened him and his family.
Shortly after Reznikov left, Balagula suffered a massive heart attack. He insisted on being treated at his home in Brighton Beach, where he felt it would be harder for Reznikov to kill him. When Casso arrived, he listened to Balagula's story and seethed with fury. Casso later told Carlo that, to his mind, Reznikov had just spat in the face of the entire Cosa Nostra. Casso told Balagula, "Send word to Vladimir that you have his money, that he should come to the club tomorrow. We'll take care of the rest." Balagula responded, "You're sure? This is an animal. It was him that used a machine gun in the office." Casso responded, "Don't concern yourself. I promise we'll take care of him...Okay?" Casso then requested a photograph of Reznikov and a description of his car.
Following the meeting, Casso and Amuso received Furnari's permission to have Reznikov killed. The following day, Reznikov returned to the nightclub, expecting to pick up his money. Upon realizing that Balagula wasn't there, Reznikov launched into a barrage of profanity and stormed back to the parking lot. There, DeMeo crew veteran Joseph Testa walked up behind Reznikov and shot him dead. Testa then jumped into a car driven by Anthony Senter and left Brighton Beach. According to Casso, "After that, Marat didn't have any problems with other Russians."
Cementing power
In 1988, Caporegime Paul Vario died in Federal Prison, and Amuso promoted Alphonse D'Arco to capo of The Vario Crew. In 1990, Amuso selected D'Arco to organize a "Lucchese construction panel". A committee of Lucchese family members, the panel would oversee the Lucchese-controlled unions and construction companies and co-ordinate joint business ventures with the other Five Families of the New York City Cosa Nostra.
Many years later, D'Arco explained his role under Amuso and Casso's leadership of the Lucchese family, "When a job needed to be done, whenever they needed to do something unpleasant to someone, I was the prick chosen by them."
Fugitive
In January 1991, Casso received an early warning, from a secret law enforcement source he referred to as his, "crystal ball", about an upcoming federal indictment. Shortly before he and Amuso both went into hiding, Casso summoned Alphonse D'Arco, the caporegime of The Vario Crew, to a meeting at the Rodman gun at John Paul Jones Park, in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn. Casso gave D'Arco a list of phone booth numbers and secret addresses and informed D'Arco that he was in charge of the Lucchese crime family until further notice.
D'Arco would meet with Casso and Amuso twice in Scranton, Pennsylvania, and several times at safe houses in Brooklyn.
In early 1991, Amuso and Casso ordered the murder of made man and caporegime Peter Chiodo, a fellow Windows Case defendant who had pleaded guilty without asking their permission. Casso assigned the murder to acting boss Alphonse 'Little Al' D'Arco. The order shocked D'Arco, who knew that Chiodo had been a close friend and confidant of Casso for years.
On May 8, 1991, two Lucchese shooters ambushed Chiodo while he was working on a car at a gas station in Staten Island. Chiodo received 12 bullet wounds in the arms, legs, and torso, but survived the attack. Doctors credited Chiodo's obesity with saving his life, as none of the slugs penetrated a vital organ or artery. However, he suffered several abdominal wounds and a disabled right arm.
Following the unsuccessful assassination attempt, Casso delivered a blunt threat through Chiodo's lawyer that, if Chiodo testified, his wife would be murdered. Despite being common practice in the Calabrian 'Ndrangheta, Casso's threat was a violation of a longstanding American Mafia rule against killing mobsters' relatives who are not involved in, "The Life". While Chiodo had angrily refused every previous offer to flip, Casso's threat to kill his wife was the last straw. He broke his blood oath and become a government witness, by his own account, to protect his family.
Meanwhile, Alphonse D'Arco knew that Amuso and Casso blamed him for having failed to murder Peter Chiodo and grew certain that they were planning to kill him. In July 1991, in a Staten Island meeting, Amuso and Casso replaced D'Arco as acting boss with a four-man panel of capos. While D'Arco was named to this panel, he remained certain that Amuso and Casso no longer trusted him.
On July 29, 1991, due to a tipoff from an unidentified Lucchese insider, Amuso was arrested and Casso was secured the de facto boss of the family. It has been speculated that Casso himself was the source for the leak, as only a few people were privy to Amuso's location. This theory is contradicted, however, by Carlo, who states that Casso had no desire to be boss of the Lucchese family and attempted to arrange for Amuso's escape from federal custody after his arrest. To the disappointment of Casso and the Lucchese capos, Amuso refused to leave prison out of fear for his life. As a result, the Lucchese capos asked Casso to take over as acting boss. Casso reluctantly accepted.
By September 21, 1991, Alphonse D'Arco was certain that Amuso and Casso had marked him and his family for death. That afternoon, D'Arco telephoned the suburban Connecticut home of FBI Agent Robert Marston. D'Arco explained that his life was in danger and that the Lucchese family had started killing the entire families of suspected informers, which had never previously been allowed. After some hesitation, D'Arco finally told Agent Marston that he and his family were in hiding at his mother's house in Long Island. Later that night, D'Arco and his family entered WITSEC.
The defections of both D'Arco and Chiodo opened the door for new murder indictments against Amuso and Casso.
In a further violation of the Mafia's code, Chiodo's extended family in Brooklyn soon suffered retaliation from Amuso and Casso. On March 10, 1992, Lucchese enforcer Michael Spinelli shot Chiodo's sister, Patricia Capozallo, while she was driving in Bensonhurst. Capozallo suffered bullet wounds in the arm, back and neck but survived.
Also in 1993, Casso ordered George Zappola, Frank "Bones" Papagni, and Lucchese consigliere Frank Lastorino, to murder the Lucchese family's Bronx capo, Steven Crea.
Meanwhile, investigators from the Brooklyn District Attorney's office were using new technology to trace the location of cell phones. Frank Lastorino, they found, was regularly calling a cell phone near Budd Lake, New Jersey. The DA's Office informed FBI Agent Richard Rudolph, who arranged for a Federal warrant allowing Lastorino's phone to be tapped. As FBI Agents listened in, they recognized Casso's voice. On January 19, 1993, Casso was arrested while coming out of the shower at the house he shared with his mistress in Mount Olive, New Jersey.
As FBI Agents searched the house, they found a rifle, $340,000 in cash, a stack of FBI reports that had been provided to Amuso's defense attorneys, and meticulous paperwork about the inner workings of the Lucchese family.
The paperwork included monthly tabulations of how much money Casso and Amuso had received from each of their criminal operations. Casso had also written down a detailed list of the Christmas tribute money he and Amuso had received from each Lucchese crew. There was also a neatly typed list of proposed made men, which was disguised as a list of wedding guests.
Incarcerated boss
Casso was held at New York's Metropolitan Correctional Center pending trial. Facing charges that would have all but assured he would die in prison, he continued ordering hits outside, but also began making escape plans. One plan almost succeeded when a bribed guard cleared him through security; Casso nearly walked out of jail, but was spotted by another guard and thwarted at the last minute. Afterwards, Casso began making plans for Lucchese members to find out what prison buses would be transporting him and arrange an ambush, as well as assassinating the presiding judge, Eugene Nickerson, to buy himself more time.
On February 2, 1993, the body of Frank Signorino, Peter Chiodo's uncle, was found frozen solid in the trunk of a car in East New York. Signorino had been slain by multiple gunshot wounds to the head, which was wrapped in a black plastic bag.
On February 12, 1993, the Lucchese family burned down the garage of Annette Signorino, Peter Chiodo's 95-year-old grandmother, in Gravesend, Brooklyn. Chiodo later told the FBI, that he, "couldn't believe someone would try to harm an old woman."
However, Casso's power came undone when Amuso not only stripped Casso of his title of underboss, but declared that all Lucchese mafiosi should consider him a pariah—in effect, banishing Casso from the family. Amuso had long been suspicious of Casso's failure to use his law enforcement contacts to find out who betrayed him, and finally concluded Casso did it himself to take control of the family.
The two lead prosecutors on the case, Charles Rose and Gregory O'Connell, later told Jerry Capeci that they had hoped to use Sammy Gravano as a witness against Casso. Gravano, however, refused, as he reportedly feared that Casso would start killing members of his extended family.
Alphonse D'Arco, however, was reportedly very eager to testify against his former friend. According to FBI Agent Lucien Gandolfo, "He thought he was standing for what was right, but also for the old values that had been abandoned by the mob."
Informant
Facing the prospect of a trial at which D'Arco, Acceturo, and Chiodo were due to be star witnesses against him, as well as spending the rest of his life in prison, Casso reached out to FBI Agent Richard Rudolph and offered to turn informant. Casso was immediately moved to the Federal Prison at La Tuna, near El Paso, Texas and housed in the famous "Valachi Suite" as he debriefed.
At the beginning of the first session, Casso joked, "Every time I stepped out of the house I committed a crime. You expect me to remember all of them?" The agents urged Casso to start by revealing his "crystal ball."
In response, Casso disclosed that decorated NYPD Detectives Stephen Caracappa and Louis Eppolito had been on his payroll and had committed eight murders under his orders. Casso further explained that Detectives Carracappa and Eppolito, who had also served on the Federal Organized Crime Strike Force, had also leaked the names of both Police and FBI informants, which had resulted in many other murders.
Federal Prosecutors Charles Rose and Gregory O'Connell flew from New York City to Texas as the debriefing continued. Casso named scores of other mobsters he had conspired with, including Genovese boss Vincent Gigante. Casso also confessed to having sent hitmen to Federal Prosecutor Charles Rose's home with the intention of having him murdered. Casso also admitted to having plotted the assassination of Federal Judge Nickerson in order to delay his own trial.
Casso initially confessed to twelve murders, but when pressed for details, he admitted to a further twenty-four. At the same time, though, Casso was found to have lied about how much money he possessed. He also denied all involvement in the murder of Peter Chiodo's uncle or in the arson at the home of Chiodo's elderly grandmother. Increasingly sceptical, the FBI Agents made Casso take a lie detector test, which he failed.
Gregory O'Connell later told Jerry Capeci that the decision not to use Casso as a witness was made in the Valachi Suite, while Casso, "with apparent delight", gleefully laughed as he described how he buried alive a young drug smuggling associate in the Florida Everglades.
As Casso spoke, Federal Prosecutors O'Connell and Rose, "read each other's thoughts. The story would probably not go over well with a jury." Both prosecutors flew back to New York City convinced that Casso's knowledge of Mafia secrets did not matter. O'Connell later told Capeci, "It gets to a point where somebody is just too evil to put on the stand."
Casso finalized a plea agreement at a hearing on March 1, 1994, where he pleaded guilty to 70 crimes, including racketeering, extortion and 15 murders. The two lead prosecutors on the case, Charles Rose and Gregory O'Connell, later said they'd feared Casso could be acquitted at trial, since they did not have any taped conversations as evidence. However, with Casso's guilty plea, O'Connell said they had Casso "tied up six ways to Sunday." While remaining in prison, Casso was placed in the witness protection program.
According to Carlo, when Casso revealed that he also had an FBI Agent on the payroll, prosecutors ordered him to keep quiet. Casso alleges that he further enraged the US government by accusing Gambino turncoat Sammy Gravano, who had denied ever having dealt in drugs, of buying large amounts of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana from Casso over two decades. However, Casso was vindicated to some extent when Gravano pleaded guilty in 2000 to operating a massive narcotics ring, which included selling ecstasy to adolescents. He was the second confessed underboss of a New York crime family to break his blood oath and turn informer, after Gambino underboss Gravano.
In 1998, Casso was removed from the witness protection program after prosecutors alleged numerous infractions, in 1997, including bribing guards, assaulting other inmates and making "false statements" about Gravano and D'Arco. Casso's attorney tried to get Judge Frederic Block to overrule federal prosecutors in July 1998, but Block refused to do so. Shortly afterward, Judge Block sentenced Casso to 455 years in prison without possibility of parole—the maximum sentence permitted under sentencing guidelines. Casso later told The New York Times organized-crime reporter Selwyn Raab that, before turning informer, he was seriously considering a deal that would have allowed him the possibility of parole after 22 years. "I help them and I get life without parole," he said. "This is really a fuckin' joke". Casso lost two subsequent appeals to get his sentence reduced.
In a 2006 letter to Carlo, Casso declared, I am truly regretful for my decision to cooperate with the Government. It was against all my beliefs and upbringing. I know for certain, had my father been alive, I would never have done so. I have disgraced my family heritage, lost the respect of my children and close friends, and most probably added to the sudden death of my wife and confidant for more than 35 years. I wish the clock could be turned back only to bring her back. I have never in my life informed on anyone. I have always hated rats and as strange as it may sound I still do. I surely hate myself, day after day. It would have definitely been different if the Government had honest witnesses from inception. I would have had a second chance to start a new life, and my wife Lillian would still be alive. It seems that the only people the Government awards freedom to are the ones who give prejudiced testimony to win convictions. "The truth will set you free", means nothing in the Federal courts. Even at this point in my life, I consider myself to be a better man than most of the people on the streets these days.
Incarceration and death
Casso began serving his sentence at the supermax prison ADX Florence in Florence, Colorado. According to the Federal Bureau of Prisons, Casso was transferred to the Federal Medical Center (FMC) at the Federal Correctional Complex in Butner, North Carolina, for the treatment of prostate cancer in March 2009. He was returned to ADX Florence in July 2009. By 2013, Casso had been transferred to the Federal Residential Reentry Management Office in Minneapolis, Minnesota. This is not a prison facility, but rather an administrative designation for inmates assigned to home confinement, "halfway houses", or state and county correctional facilities. As of May 2018, he had been transferred to the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners, an administrative security/medical prison in Springfield, Missouri. He was later transferred to USP Terre Haute. From March 25, 2020, he was serving his sentence at USP Tucson, a high security prison in Arizona. In his later years, Casso had been suffering from complications related to prostate cancer, coronary artery disease, kidney disease, hypertension, bladder disease and lung issues from years of smoking.
On November 5, 2020, Casso tested positive for COVID-19, amid its pandemic in Arizona, while incarcerated; he was placed in medical isolation USP Tucson. On November 9, he was transported to a local hospital due to respiratory distress, and on November 17, 2020, was put on a ventilator. His lawyers requested compassionate release, but that motion was rejected on November 28. Casso died from complications related to COVID-19 on December 15, 2020, at the age of 78.
References
Works cited
Further reading
External links
Anthony Casso – Biography.com
The Lucchese Family – TruTV Crime Library
Federal Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator: Anthony Casso (Life)
1942 births
2020 deaths
American drug traffickers
American Mafia cooperating witnesses
American gangsters of Italian descent
American people convicted of murder
American people who died in prison custody
Consiglieri
Criminals from Brooklyn
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona
Federal Bureau of Investigation informants
Fugitives
Inmates of ADX Florence
Lucchese crime family
Gangsters sentenced to life imprisonment
Organized crime memoirists
People convicted of racketeering
People who entered the United States Federal Witness Protection Program
Prisoners who died in United States federal government detention
Prisoners who died from COVID-19 |
23571638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted%20Computer%20System%20Evaluation%20Criteria | Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria | Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC) is a United States Government Department of Defense (DoD) standard that sets basic requirements for assessing the effectiveness of computer security controls built into a computer system. The TCSEC was used to evaluate, classify, and select computer systems being considered for the processing, storage, and retrieval of sensitive or classified information.
The TCSEC, frequently referred to as the Orange Book, is the centerpiece of the DoD Rainbow Series publications. Initially issued in 1983 by the National Computer Security Center (NCSC), an arm of the National Security Agency, and then updated in 1985, TCSEC was eventually replaced by the Common Criteria international standard, originally published in 2005.
Fundamental objectives and requirements
On 24 October 2002, The Orange Book (aka DoDD 5200.28-STD) was canceled by DoDD 8500.1, which was later reissued as DoDI 8500.02, on 14 March 2014.
Policy
The security policy must be explicit, well-defined, and enforced by the computer system. Three basic security policies are specified:
Mandatory Security Policy – Enforces access control rules based directly on an individual's clearance, authorization for the information and the confidentiality level of the information being sought. Other indirect factors are physical and environmental. This policy must also accurately reflect the laws, general policies and other relevant guidance from which the rules are derived.
Marking – Systems designed to enforce a mandatory security policy must store and preserve the integrity of access control labels and retain the labels if the object is exported.
Discretionary Security Policy – Enforces a consistent set of rules for controlling and limiting access based on identified individuals who have been determined to have a need-to-know for the information.
Accountability
Individual accountability regardless of policy must be enforced. A secure means must exist to ensure the access of an authorized and competent agent that can then evaluate the accountability information within a reasonable amount of time and without undue difficulty. The accountability objective includes three requirements:
Identification – The process used to recognize an individual user.
Authentication – The verification of an individual user's authorization to specific categories of information.
Auditing – Audit information must be selectively kept and protected so that actions affecting security can be traced to the authenticated individual.
Assurance
The computer system must contain hardware/software mechanisms that can be independently evaluated to provide sufficient assurance that the system enforces the above requirements. By extension, assurance must include a guarantee that the trusted portion of the system works only as intended. To accomplish these objectives, two types of assurance are needed with their respective elements:
Assurance Mechanisms
Operational Assurance: System Architecture, System Integrity, Covert Channel Analysis, Trusted Facility Management, and Trusted Recovery
Life-cycle Assurance : Security Testing, Design Specification and Verification, Configuration Management, and Trusted System Distribution
Continuous Protection Assurance – The trusted mechanisms that enforce these basic requirements must be continuously protected against tampering or unauthorized changes.
Documentation
Within each class, an additional set of documentation addresses the development, deployment, and management of the system rather than its capabilities. This documentation includes:
Security Features User's Guide, Trusted Facility Manual, Test Documentation, and Design Documentation
Divisions and classes
The TCSEC defines four divisions: D, C, B, and A, where division A has the highest security. Each division represents a significant difference in the trust an individual or organization can place on the evaluated system. Additionally divisions C, B and A are broken into a series of hierarchical subdivisions called classes: C1, C2, B1, B2, B3, and A1.
Each division and class expands or modifies as indicated the requirements of the immediately prior division or class.
D – Minimal protection
Reserved for those systems that have been evaluated but that fail to meet the requirement for a higher division.
C – Discretionary protection
C1 – Discretionary Security Protection
Identification and authentication
Separation of users and data
Discretionary Access Control (DAC) capable of enforcing access limitations on an individual basis
Required System Documentation and user manuals
C2 – Controlled Access Protection
More finely grained DAC
Individual accountability through login procedures
Audit trails
Object reuse
Resource isolation
An example of such as system is HP-UX
B – Mandatory protection
B1 – Labeled Security Protection
Informal statement of the security policy model
Data sensitivity labels
Mandatory Access Control (MAC) over selected subjects and objects
Label exportation capabilities
Some discovered flaws must be removed or otherwise mitigated
Design specifications and verification
B2 – Structured Protection
Security policy model clearly defined and formally documented
DAC and MAC enforcement extended to all subjects and objects
Covert storage channels are analyzed for occurrence and bandwidth
Carefully structured into protection-critical and non-protection-critical elements
Design and implementation enable more comprehensive testing and review
Authentication mechanisms are strengthened
Trusted facility management is provided with administrator and operator segregation
Strict configuration management controls are imposed
Operator and Administrator roles are separated.
An example of such a system was Multics
B3 – Security Domains
Satisfies reference monitor requirements
Structured to exclude code not essential to security policy enforcement
Significant system engineering directed toward minimizing complexity
Security administrator role defined
Audit security-relevant events
Automated imminent intrusion detection, notification, and response
Trusted path to the TCB for the user authentication function
Trusted system recovery procedures
Covert timing channels are analyzed for occurrence and bandwidth
An example of such a system is the XTS-300, a precursor to the XTS-400
A – Verified protection
A1 – Verified Design
Functionally identical to B3
Formal design and verification techniques including a formal top-level specification
Formal management and distribution procedures
Examples of A1-class systems are Honeywell's SCOMP, Aesec's GEMSOS, and Boeing's SNS Server. Two that were unevaluated were the production LOCK platform and the cancelled DEC VAX Security Kernel.
Beyond A1
System Architecture demonstrates that the requirements of self-protection and completeness for reference monitors have been implemented in the Trusted Computing Base (TCB).
Security Testing automatically generates test-case from the formal top-level specification or formal lower-level specifications.
Formal Specification and Verification is where the TCB is verified down to the source code level, using formal verification methods where feasible.
Trusted Design Environment is where the TCB is designed in a trusted facility with only trusted (cleared) personnel.
Matching classes to environmental requirements
The publication entitled "Army Regulation 380-19" is an example of a guide to determining which system class should be used in a given situation.
See also
AR 380-19 superseded by AR 25-2
Canadian Trusted Computer Product Evaluation Criteria
Common Criteria
ITSEC
Rainbow Series
Trusted Platform Module
References
External links
National Security Institute - 5200.28-STD Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria
FAS IRP DOD Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria DOD 5200.28
National Security Agency
Computer security standards
Trusted computing |
6899903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Secret%20of%20the%20Wooden%20Lady | The Secret of the Wooden Lady | The Secret of the Wooden Lady is the twenty-seventh volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1950 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. The actual author was ghostwriter Margaret Scherf.
Plot summary
Nancy, Bess, and George travel to Boston Harbor to assist Captain Easterly and solve the mystery of ghostly visitors on board his historic clipper ship, the Bonny Scot. The ship's figurehead of a wooden lady is missing; moreover, Nancy has spotted a known jewel thief hanging around. Once the mystery is solved, the history of the ship is revealed. Nancy decides to view the wooden lady.
References
External links
Nancy Drew books
1950 American novels
1950 children's books
Novels set in Boston
Grosset & Dunlap books
Children's mystery novels |
20466203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle%20Creek%20%28Oregon%29 | Eagle Creek (Oregon) | Eagle Creek may refer to any of a number of places in the U.S. state of Oregon:
Rivers of Oregon |
23571643 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustia%2C%20Dub%C4%83sari | Ustia, Dubăsari | Ustia is a village in Dubăsari District, Moldova.
Media
Jurnal FM - 98.7 MHz
Notable people
Ștefan Urâtu
References
Villages of Dubăsari District
Populated places on the Dniester |
23571649 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabile%20%28poetry%20collection%29 | Cantabile (poetry collection) | Cantabile is a collection of poems written by Henrik, the Prince Consort of Denmark and published in 2000. It is illustrated by the Queen of Denmark, Margrethe II.
The book contains both the original poems by Prince Henrik, written in French, as well as Danish translations by Per Aage Brandt.
Musical settings
Lacrymae mundi for male choir by Svend Hvidtfelt Nielsen (2008)
Symphonic suite Cantabile for symphony orchestra, choir and soloists by Frederik Magle (2004-2009)
References
External links
Le Parisien
2000 poetry books
Danish poetry collections
French poetry collections |
20466208 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellit | Satellit | "Satellit" (), known in English as "Satellite", is a soft rock song written by Swedish composer and singer Ted Gärdestad and lyricist Kenneth Gärdestad. Originally performed by Ted, the song was performed in its native language as the entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1979, finishing in 17th place.
Background
Ted Gärdestad's first four albums were produced by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus of ABBA, featured backing vocals by Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad, and were released on the record label Polar. Ted, along with his elder brother and lyricist Kenneth, had previously competed in Melodifestivalen, the Swedish pre-selections, three times before winning; in 1973 with "Oh, vilken härlig dag", finishing in fourth place, in 1975 with "Rockin' 'n' Reelin'", finishing in seventh place, and in 1977 when he and brother Kenneth wrote Lena Andersson's entry "Det bästa som finns", which finished in eighth place.
Song production
The midtempo rock track, originally composed with English lyrics, has a chorus that starts with "I feel like a satellite, high in the sky, and now I understand how small the world really is" and the verses include phrases like "just like the earth and the moon we're attracted to each other" and "when the sun sets I really need your warmth". The song, arranged and produced by guitarist Janne Schaffer, features a guitar and bass riff influenced by Toto's 1978 hit "Hold the Line".
During a recording session in Los Angeles, California for Gärdestad's 1978 studio album Blue Virgin Isles, four of the band members, Jeff Porcaro, Steve Porcaro, David Hungate and Steve Lukather were present in the session when Janne Schaffer heard the quartet experiment with the riffs that would evolve into "Hold the Line". Schaffer was inspired by the session, which led to his arrangement for Gärdestad's song "Satellit". Due to the perceived similarities between "Satellit" and "Hold the Line", Gärdestad's song caused disputes over the qualification for the Eurovision Song Contest. In February 1979, during an Aftonbladet interview with Jeff Porcaro, Porcaro denied the notion of Gärdestad's song being a rip-off of "Hold the Line": "No, it's not a rip-off, Ted did not steal our song. Those piano triplets and that bass and guitar line go back to the 1950s and the fact that we both have happened to use variations on the same theme in our songs right now is purely coincidental.
Both the English language and the Swedish language versions of "Satellit" were recorded at Polar Studios, Stockholm in 1979. The English-language version of the track, "Satellite", was included on subsequent editions of the album, which was issued in both Europe, Australasia and Japan.
Personnel
Personnel per liner notes of 1979 Epic Records reissue of Blue Virgin Isles.
Ted Gärdestad – lead vocals, backing vocals, producer
Stefan Nilsson – piano, keyboards
Janne Schaffer – guitars, producer, arranger
Mike Watson – bass guitar
Roger Palm – drums, percussions
Malando Gassama – percussions
Lars Samuelsson – string arrangement
Rose-Marie Gröning – backing vocals
Liza Öhman – backing vocals
Diana Nunez – backing vocals
Lennart Sjöholm – backing vocals
Peter Lundblad – backing vocals
Eurovision performance
The song was performed as entry number fifteen on the night, following ' Xandra with "Colorado" and preceding 's Anita Skorgan with "Oliver". At the close of voting, it had received 8 points, placing it 17th in a field of 19, making it Sweden's second lowest placing in the contest at that point in time. Despite this the song counts as one of Gärdestad's signature tunes, the Swedish version of the song was a Top 10 hit on the singles chart and it also spent two weeks on the Svensktoppen radio chart.
Aftermath
Gärdestad returned to Melodifestivalen the following year with "Låt solen värma dig" ("Let The Sun Warm You"), sung as a duet with then girlfriend Annica Boller. The song finished fifth in the pre-selections and "Satellit" was succeeded as Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest at the 1980 contest by Tomas Ledin with "Just nu!". An English language solo version of "Låt solen värma dig", entitled "Let The Sun Shine Through", was included on Gärdestad's second international album I'd Rather Write a Symphony and a Swedish solo version on 1981's Stormvarning.
Charts
Sources
Citations
Eurovision songs of 1979
Melodifestivalen songs of 1979
Eurovision songs of Sweden
Ted Gärdestad songs
Swedish-language songs
1979 songs
Polar Music singles
1979 singles
Songs about outer space
Songs written by Ted Gärdestad |
6899907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paley%20construction | Paley construction | In mathematics, the Paley construction is a method for constructing Hadamard matrices using finite fields. The construction was described in 1933 by the English mathematician Raymond Paley.
The Paley construction uses quadratic residues in a finite field GF(q) where q is a power of an odd prime number. There are two versions of the construction depending on whether q is congruent to 1 or 3 (mod 4).
Quadratic character and Jacobsthal matrix
Let q be a power of an odd prime. In the finite field GF(q) the quadratic character χ(a) indicates whether the element a is zero, a non-zero perfect square, or a non-square:
For example, in GF(7) the non-zero squares are 1 = 12 = 62, 4 = 22 = 52, and 2 = 32 = 42. Hence χ(0) = 0, χ(1) = χ(2) = χ(4) = 1, and χ(3) = χ(5) = χ(6) = −1.
The Jacobsthal matrix Q for GF(q) is the q×q matrix with rows and columns indexed by finite field elements such that the entry in row a and column b is χ(a − b). For example, in GF(7), if the rows and columns of the Jacobsthal matrix are indexed by the field elements 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, then
The Jacobsthal matrix has the properties Q QT = q I − J and Q J = J Q = 0 where I is the q×q identity matrix and J is the q×q all 1 matrix. If q is congruent to 1 (mod 4) then −1 is a square in GF(q)
which implies that Q is a symmetric matrix. If q is congruent to 3 (mod 4) then −1 is not a square, and Q is a
skew-symmetric matrix. When q is a prime number and rows and columns are indexed by field elements in the usual 0, 1, 2, … order, Q is a circulant matrix. That is, each row is obtained from the row above by cyclic permutation.
Paley construction I
If q is congruent to 3 (mod 4) then
is a Hadamard matrix of size q + 1. Here j is the all-1 column vector of length q and I is the (q+1)×(q+1) identity matrix. The matrix H is a skew Hadamard matrix, which means it satisfies H+HT = 2I.
Paley construction II
If q is congruent to 1 (mod 4) then the matrix obtained by replacing all 0 entries in
with the matrix
and all entries ±1 with the matrix
is a Hadamard matrix of size 2(q + 1). It is a symmetric Hadamard matrix.
Examples
Applying Paley Construction I to the Jacobsthal matrix for GF(7), one produces the 8×8 Hadamard matrix,
11111111
-1--1-11
-11--1-1
-111--1-
--111--1
-1-111--
--1-111-
---1-111.
For an example of the Paley II construction when q is a prime power rather than a prime number, consider GF(9). This is an extension field of GF(3) obtained
by adjoining a root of an irreducible quadratic. Different irreducible quadratics produce equivalent fields. Choosing x2+x−1 and letting a be a root of this polynomial, the nine elements of GF(9) may be written 0, 1, −1, a, a+1, a−1, −a, −a+1, −a−1. The non-zero squares are 1 = (±1)2, −a+1 = (±a)2, a−1 = (±(a+1))2, and −1 = (±(a−1))2. The Jacobsthal matrix is
It is a symmetric matrix consisting of nine 3×3 circulant blocks. Paley Construction II produces the symmetric 20×20 Hadamard matrix,
1- 111111 111111 111111
-- 1-1-1- 1-1-1- 1-1-1-
11 1-1111 ----11 --11--
1- --1-1- -1-11- -11--1
11 111-11 11---- ----11
1- 1---1- 1--1-1 -1-11-
11 11111- --11-- 11----
1- 1-1--- -11--1 1--1-1
11 --11-- 1-1111 ----11
1- -11--1 --1-1- -1-11-
11 ----11 111-11 11----
1- -1-11- 1---1- 1--1-1
11 11---- 11111- --11--
1- 1--1-1 1-1--- -11--1
11 ----11 --11-- 1-1111
1- -1-11- -11--1 --1-1-
11 11---- ----11 111-11
1- 1--1-1 -1-11- 1---1-
11 --11-- 11---- 11111-
1- -11--1 1--1-1 1-1---.
The Hadamard conjecture
The size of a Hadamard matrix must be 1, 2, or a multiple of 4. The Kronecker product of two Hadamard matrices of sizes m and n is an Hadamard matrix of size mn. By forming Kronecker products of matrices from the Paley construction and the 2×2 matrix,
Hadamard matrices of every allowed size up to 100 except for 92 are produced. In his 1933 paper, Paley says “It seems probable that, whenever m is divisible by 4, it is possible to construct an orthogonal matrix of order m composed of ±1, but the general theorem has every appearance of difficulty.” This appears to be the first published statement of the Hadamard conjecture. A matrix of size 92 was eventually constructed by Baumert, Golomb, and Hall, using a construction due to Williamson combined with a computer search. Currently, Hadamard matrices have been shown to exist for all for m < 668.
See also
Paley biplane
Paley graph
References
Matrices |
17328698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/454th%20Bombardment%20Group | 454th Bombardment Group | The 454th Bombardment Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 454th Troop Carrier Wing of Continental Air Command at Portland International Airport, Oregon. It was inactivated on 1 January 1953.
The 454th Bombardment Group was activated in 1943 as a United States Army Air Forces combat unit. It served primarily in the Mediterranean Theater during World War II. While in combat the group earned two Distinguished Unit Citations. The group served as a bombardment and as a troop carrier unit in the reserves after World War II.
In 1947 the group was activated as a reserve unit. It continued in this role until 1951 when it was called to active duty and its personnel used to fill out active duty organizations deploying to the Pacific.
The group was reestablished later during the Korean War as the 454th Troop Carrier Group, a reserve organization at Portland International Airport, Oregon. It was discontinued six months later, when the 403d Troop Carrier Group was released from active duty and assumed its mission, personnel and equipment. In 1985 the wing returned to its designation as a bombardment group while remaining inactive.
History
World War II
The group was constituted as 454th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on 14 May 1943 and activated on 1 June at Davis–Monthan Field, near Tucson, Arizona. Training began immediately on Consolidated B-24 Liberators and the ground cadre was sent on 3 July to Army Air Force School of Applied Tactics at Orlando AAB, Florida. On 15 July, planes were sent from Davis–Monthan to join them at Pinecastle AAF, Florida for practical field training.
From their bases in Florida, the ground echelon was transferred on 28 July 1943 to McCook AAF, Nebraska and, on 1 August, the air echelon joined them. This was the first operational unit to use the newly constructed McCook airfield. On 28 September the Group was reassigned to Charleston AAB, South Carolina
On 2 December 1943 the aircrews and some key ground personnel were sent to Mitchel Field, New York in preparation for deployment overseas. These personnel were subsequently transferred to Morrison Field, Florida and flew the southern route to North Africa. After additional training in Tunisia, the air echelon joined the ground echelon, which had previously departed from Camp Patrick Henry by Liberty Ship, at San Giovanni Airfield, west of Cerignola, Italy, and was assigned to Fifteenth Air Force. Although the group flew some interdiction and support missions, it engaged primarily in long range strikes against oil refineries. aircraft and munitions factories and industrial areas, harbors, and airfields.
Flying from Italy, the group flew 243 missions on over 150 primary targets in Italy, Yugoslavia, Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary, Rumania, France, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Greece, and Poland. During this time, 13,389.19 tons of bombs were dropped during 7,091 sorties on enemy marshalling yards, oil refineries, bridges, installations, airdromes, rail lines, etc.
The 454th participated in the drive to Rome, the invasion of Southern France, and the defeat of Axis forces in northern Italy. The 454th was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for similar action on the high priority Messerschmitt Aircraft Factory at Bad Vöslau, Austria on 12 April 1944. It earned a second DUC for "outstanding performance of duty in armed conflict with the enemy" as a result of their mission against the Hermann Goering Steel Works in Linz, Austria on 25 July 1944.
After the German Capitulation in May 1945, the 454th redeployed to the United States on 8 July. Many personnel were demobilized upon arrival at the port of debarkation; a small cadre of key personnel was formed, and the group was then established at Sioux Falls Army Air Field South Dakota in July, and the unit was redesignated the 454th Bombardment Group, Very Heavy in July, and was equipped with B-29 Superfortresses, and programmed for deployment to the Pacific Theater.
The Japanese Capitulation in August made the group redundant to Air Force requirements and the unit was inactivated on 17 October 1945.
Korean War
The group was allotted to the Air Force Reserve in April 1947, stationed at McChord Field, Washington, and equipped with B-29s removed from storage in the southwest. The group moved in July 1949 to Spokane AFB, Washington, where it served as a corollary unit for the 98th Bombardment Group, retaining only a single squadron.
As a result of the Korean War, the 454th was activated on 1 May 1951. Upon activation, the group's personnel and equipment were reassigned as replacements to the 98th Bombardment Wing, which deployed to Far East Air Forces at Yokota AB, Japan. The group was inactivated as a paper unit on 16 June.
For related subsequent history, see 454th Bombardment Wing.
Continental Air Command established the 454th Troop Carrier Wing at Portland International Airport, Oregon in June 1952 to replace the 922d Reserve Training Wing, which had taken over reserve activities at Portland following the mobilization of the 403d Troop Carrier Wing. Under the wing base organization (Hobson Plan), the group was redesignated the 454th Troop Carrier Group and assigned to the wing as its operational element. It was equipped with Curtiss C-46 Commandos. Its activation as a reserve transport unit was short, as it was inactivated and its mission, personnel and equipment transferred to the 403d Troop Carrier Wing when the 403d was released from active duty in January 1953.
In 1985, the United States Air Force returned the group to its original bombardment designation.
Lineage
454th Bombardment Group
Constituted as 454th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on 14 May 1943
Activated on 1 June 1943
Redesignated 454th Bombardment Group, Very Heavy on 5 August 1945
Inactivated on 17 October 1945.
Allotted to the reserve and activated on 27 April 1947
Redesignated 454th Bombardment Group, Medium on 27 June 1949
Inactivated on 16 June 1951
Redesignated 454th Troop Carrier Group, Medium on 26 May 1952
Activated on 13 June 1952
Inactivated on 1 January 1953
Redesignated 454th Bombardment Group, Heavy on 31 July 1985 (remained inactive)
Assignments
Fourth Air Force 1 June – 31 July 1943
Second Air Force 31 July – October 1943
Third Air Force October–December 1943
304th Bombardment Wing, 25 January 1944 – c. 19 July 1945
20th Bombardment Wing 1 August – 17 October 1945
305th Bombardment Wing (later 305th Air Division), 27 April 1947 – 27 June 1949
Fifteenth Air Force (attached to 91st Bombardment Wing), – 16 June 1951
454th Troop Carrier Wing, 13 June 1952 – 1 January 1953
Components
81st Fighter Squadron: 12 July 1947 – 20 June 1949
736th Bombardment Squadron (later Troop Carrier Squadron): 1 June 1943 – 17 October 1945, 27 April 1947 – 16 June 1951, 13 June 1952 – 1 January 1953
737th Bombardment Squadron (later Troop Carrier Squadron): 1 June 1943 – 17 October 1945, 12 July 1947 – 27 June 1949, 13 June 1952 – 1 January 1953
738th Bombardment Squadron (later Troop Carrier Squadron): 1 June 1943 – 17 October 1945, 16 August 1947 – 27 June 1949, 13 June 1952 – 1 January 1953
739th Bombardment Squadron: 1 June 1943 – 17 October 1945, 12 July 1947 – 27 June 1949
Stations
Alamogordo AAF, New Mexico 1 June 1943
Davis–Monthan Field, Arizona 1 July 1943
McCook AAF, Nebraska c. 31 July 1943
Charleston AAB, South Carolina 3 October – December 1943
San Giovanni Airfield, Italy January 1944 – July 1945
Sioux Falls AAF, South Dakota 1 August 1945
Pyote AAF, Texas 17 August – 17 October 1945
McChord Field, Washington, 27 April 1947 – 27 June 1949
Spokane AFB, Washington, 27 June 1949 – 16 June 1951
Portland International Airport, Oregon 13 June 1952 – 1 January 1953
Aircraft flown
Consolidated B-24 Liberator, 1943–1945
Boeing B-29 Superfortress, 1945
Curtiss C-46 Commando, 1952–1953
Awards and campaigns
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Bombardment groups of the United States Air Force
Bombardment groups of the United States Army Air Forces |
6899918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Yearly%20Meeting%20of%20Friends | Central Yearly Meeting of Friends | Central Yearly Meeting of Friends is a yearly meeting of Friends churches located in Indiana, North Carolina, Arkansas and Ohio. Central Yearly Meeting of Friends is part of the Conservative Holiness Movement, and originated in the Gurneyite wing of the Orthodox branch of Quakerism. Meeting for worship is programmed and led by pastors. It is an independent yearly meeting of Quakers, not affiliated with any broader associations.
Central Yearly Meeting of Friends was founded in 1926 by several meetings in eastern Indiana which were concerned that other yearly meetings of the Religious Society of Friends were trending towards liberalism in theology and practice.
Central Friends is associated with Union Bible College. Missionary work is sponsored in Bolivia.
An annual camp meeting is held near Muncie, Indiana, every August.
Members of the Central Yearly Meeting of Friends practice the traditional Quaker teaching of plain dress, part of the Quaker testimony of simplicity.
See also
Conservative Friends
References
External links
Central Yearly Meeting of Friends (Archived Website)
Central Yearly Meeting of Friends (Archived Website)
Union Bible College & Academy (Website of Affiliated Seminary)
Christian organizations established in 1926
Quakerism in the United States
Quakerism in Indiana
Quakerism in Ohio
Christianity in Arkansas
Quakerism in North Carolina
Quaker yearly meetings
1926 establishments in Indiana
Annual events in Indiana
Holiness denominations
Evangelical denominations in North America |
6899927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleialf%20transmitter | Bleialf transmitter | Bleialf transmitter is a facility of the Deutsche Telekom AG on the Black Man mountain at Bleialf, Germany for FM- and TV-broadcasting. It uses as antenna tower a 224 metre tall guyed steel-tube mast.
References
External links
https://maps.google.com/maps?t=k&ie=UTF8&z=18&ll=50.254722,6.359167&spn=0.001468,0.003616&om=1
Radio masts and towers in Germany
Communication towers in Germany |
23571656 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramchandra%20Chintaman%20Dhere | Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere | Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere (21 July 1930 – 1 July 2016) was a Marathi writer from Maharashtra, India.
Early life
Dhere was born in the small village of Nigade in Pune district. He was orphaned at an early age of five. He studied at Municipal School, Pune, Poona English School, Poona Night School and graduated in 1966. During high school days he worked as a proof reader in the local press.
Dhere earned a PhD in Marathi in 1975. His doctoral thesis titled Shtsthal: Ek Adhyan was completed under the guidance of Ramchandra Shankar Walimbe. In 1980, he became the first person to obtain a Doctorate of Literature from Pune University.
Career
From his childhood, Dhere was deeply influenced by folk-life and literature. He was drawn towards saint literature such as Warkari and Nath
sects and started studying them.
Dhere wrote over 100 scholarly books, including some edited or translated works of others, on Marathi folk literature and culture, reconstruction of cultural history of places, religious sects in Maharashtra, and biographies of marathi saints. He also composed several poems and musical plays. Dhere lost almost all of his collection of old books in 1961 when the Panshet Dam broke flooding the city of Pune.
Dhere received a Sahitya Akademi Award in 1987 for his literary criticism Shri Vitthal: Ek MahaSamanvay. The highly influential book was translated to English by Anne Feldhaus and published by Oxford University Press in 2011.
Death and legacy
Dhere died in Pune on 1 July 2016 at the age of 86 following prolonged illness. Writer Aruna Ramchandra Dhere is his daughter. In 2019, a library was built in Pune to preserve a collection of his books.
Literary work
The following is a partial list of Dhere's works:
Notes
Marathi-language writers
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Marathi
1930 births
People from Pune district
2016 deaths |
20466209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20F.%20Martin | William F. Martin | William Martin (born February 16, 1957 in Bethesda, Maryland) is an American botanist and microbiologist, currently Head of the Institut für Molekulare Evolution, Heinrich Heine Universität, Düsseldorf.
Born in Bethesda, Maryland, Martin was educated at Richland College, Dallas, Texas, and Texas A&M University. After working as a carpenter in Dallas, Martin moved to Hannover, Germany, and obtained his university Diploma from Technische Universität Hannover in 1985. Martin's PhD is from Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Cologne, where he did postdoctoral research, followed by further postdoctoral work at Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, where he obtained his Habilitation in 1992. In 1999, Martin became full (C4) professor at Universität Düsseldorf.
Martin is a distinguished and sometimes controversial contributor to the field of molecular evolution and the origin of life. He is known particularly for his work on the evolution of the Calvin cycle and plastids including chloroplasts, and, more generally, for contributions to understanding the origin and evolution of eukaryotic cells. Martin is co-author, with Miklos Mueller of Rockefeller University, of the 1998 paper The Hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote. A wealth of subsequent research papers include contributions, independently and with Michael J. Russell of the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, to understanding the geochemical origins of cells and their biochemical pathways. Martin's work is well cited (nearly 30,000 times) and he has an h-index of 95.
Awards
1990: Heinz Maier-Leibnitz-Preis of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
1997: Technology Transfer Prize, Industrie und Handelskammer Braunschweig
1998: Miescher-Ishida Prize of the International Society of Endocytobiology
2017: Spiridion Brusina Medal of the Croatian Society of Natural Sciences.
2018: Preis der Klüh Stiftung
Honours
2000-2007 Foreign Associate, CIAR Programme in Evolutionary Biology
2001- Faculty 1000 Member for Plant Genomes and Evolution
2006- Elected Fellow, American Academy for Microbiology
2006-2009 Julius von Haast Fellow of the New Zealand Ministry for Research, Science and Technology
2008 Elected Member of the Nordrhein-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften
Selected publications
Madeline C. Weiss, Filipa L. Sousa, Natalia Mrnjavac, Sinje Neukirchen, Mayo Roettger, Shijulal Nelson-Sathi & William F. Martin: The physiology and habitat of the last universal common ancestor, Nature Microbiology (2016)
References
External links
Molecular Evolution
Evolutionary biologists
Protistologists
Texas A&M University alumni
Technical University of Braunschweig alumni
University of Hanover alumni
People from Bethesda, Maryland
1957 births
Living people
21st-century American biologists
Richland College alumni |
23571657 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C2H4Br2 | C2H4Br2 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C2H4Br2}}
The molecular formula C2H4Br2 (molar mass: 187.86 g/mol) may refer to:
1,1-Dibromoethane (ethylidene dibromide)
1,2-Dibromoethane, or ethylene dibromide (EDB)
Molecular formulas |
6899929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Clue%20of%20the%20Black%20Keys | The Clue of the Black Keys | The Clue of the Black Keys is the twenty-eighth volume in the Nancy Drew mystery series. It was first published in 1951 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. The actual authors were ghostwriters Wilhelmina Rankin and Harriet Stratemeyer Adams.
Plot summary
Professor Terence Scott travels to River Heights to consult with Carson Drew about the disappearance of another professor, Dr. Joshua Pitt. Mr. Drew recommends he discuss the matter with Nancy, as it seems to be more of a mystery than a legal matter. Terry Scott reveals that while on an archaeology expedition in Mexico, he, Dr. Pitt, and two other professors, Dr. Anderson and Dr. Graham, found a clue to an ancient treasure. They discovered three black keys made of obsidian and a stone tablet with a cipher engraved on it. The items and Dr. Pitt both disappeared the next morning. Only a broken half of one of the keys was left behind. Terry suspected foul play by a couple who had been working near the excavation site because they vanished at the same time.
While Nancy and Terry are at the airport, someone tries to steal the half-key from Terry's coat pocket. A Sergeant Malloy helps them identify the thief, Juarez Tino, but not until after he escapes on a plane to Florida.
Nancy asked her father's advice, and he suggests she talk to the other expedition members. Mr. Drew had drawn up Dr. Pitt's will and he confidentially tells her Terry is the sole heir, as elderly Dr. Pitt was unmarried. Out of caution, they want to be sure Terry is trustworthy. That night, a burglar breaks into the Drew home but is scared off. The black key, which Terry had entrusted to Nancy, remained safe in its hiding place.
Nancy and George meet with Dr. Graham, who clears away any suspicion by emphatically averring the integrity of the four expedition members, despite professional jealousies that might arise. Nancy learns that the evening of the attempted burglary at her home, Terry was knocked out in his hotel room and most of the documents from the Mexican expedition were stolen.
Ned Nickerson calls Nancy about attending a dance at Emerson College and asks if she could bring a fraternity brother of his who is scheduled to give a lecture at the college. Ned gives his name as Terence Scott and believes him to be about 60, when in fact he is only 25 and very handsome. Nancy thinks it's a good joke and doesn't reveal the truth to Ned. While en route to Emerson, Nancy and Terry stop for lunch and notice two men observing them intently. As they continue on their way, they round a bend and the car overturns when they hit a deep ditch. Someone had removed the warning signs from the road. After arriving at Emerson, Terry goes to the college president's home and Nancy asks Ned to ensure he is invited to the dance. Ned does so and is surprised when he meets Terry at the dance. Later Nancy learns that the morning of the accident, Bess and George had trailed a suspect named Wilfred Porterly and overheard a telephone conversation indicating plans to harm Nancy.
While at Emerson, Nancy takes a side trip and meets with Dr. Anderson, who tells her Juarez Tino came to see him a while back and offered to reveal the location of the cipher and Dr. Pitt for a price. Angry, Dr. Anderson threw him out of the office.
Nancy and Ned attend Terry's lecture on his Mexican expedition, which is very well-received by the Emerson students.
When Terry returns to River Heights, he is hired to translate an old diary as he is fluent in Spanish and Mexican dialects. The woman who hired him, Lillian Wangell, said the diary belonged to her sea captain grandfather. Due to its subject matter, Terry thinks the diary could yield clues to the ancient treasure connected with the cipher. Knowing of a past charge of fraud against Mrs. Wangell and her husband, Nancy consults a local genealogist who has records of many families in town. She confirms that neither of Mrs. Wangell's grandfathers followed the sea. Nancy urges Terry to be cautious and not to accept the invitation to stay at the Wangells' home. Mrs. Wangell had insisted the diary must remain at her home, so Terry uses a tiny camera Nancy lent him to photograph some of its pages.
Nancy makes tracings of some of the unusual drawings in the diary, and by overlaying them she discovers they form a picture of palm trees, a body of water, and a trail of footsteps.
Carson Drew receives a letter from a Caswell P. Breed in Baltimore claiming to be a relative of Dr. Pitt and demanding part of his estate. Carson Drew has other business to conduct in Baltimore and while there, he and Nancy visit Mr. Breed. They discover he did not send the letter; someone used his name as a ruse to get them out of town. When Nancy returns, she is unable to reach Terry at his hotel, and fearing foul play, goes directly to the Wangell home. The house is boarded up and while she is there, the Wangells depart in a taxi. Nancy circles the home and sees a distress signal of a handkerchief waving from an attic ventilator. The police arrive and they discover Terry imprisoned in the attic. He relates that Mrs. Wangell and Mrs. Porterly are sisters and are connected to the mystery.
Terry departs for Mexico to continue searching for Dr. Pitt. Nancy believes Juarez Tino and his wife and the Wangells are in Florida. She makes to plans to join a group of students Dr. Anderson is taking to Miami for a field trip to study the Indian tribes in that area. But Dr. Anderson tells her she must pass the same test his students are taking in order to go. Nancy studies diligently and answers all the essay questions except one. She is uncertain whether she will receive a passing grade. While awaiting the news, Nancy and Hannah hear fire engine sirens and discover a house two doors down is filling with acrid smoke. Nancy courageously ventures inside to search for a missing three-year-old. She rescues him and returns to the Drew home to find Juarez Tino leaving her bedroom with the black half-key. He had been responsible for instigating the neighbors' plight as a diversion. Nancy is able to wrest the key away from him but he overpowers her and gets it back, then trusses her up. As he pulls a handkerchief from his pocket to gag her, Nancy sees the key fly out but he doesn't notice it. He escapes as Hannah returns and finds Nancy. They search for the key to no avail. George and Bess arrive and George finds the key in the navy blue blanket Tino had used to further bind Nancy. The ringing telephone brings the good news that Nancy passed the test.
As the plane containing the students and Dr. Anderson nears Miami, it loses altitude and exhibits other warning signs after narrowly avoiding another plane that buzzed right by it. Miraculously, the pilot is able to land on an island. It is discovered that a cable broke during the dodging maneuver, and this jeopardized the plane's operation. The group later learns that the perpetrators expected this to happen and had deemed it a better method of attack than directly tampering with the plane.
Dr. Anderson give Nancy permission to work on a special assignment with a student named Fran Oakes: to look for a Florida Key known as Black Key. Fran's cousin, Jack Walker, has a motorboat and he takes them to visit a man named Two Line Parker, who knows the history of the Florida Keys. The fisherman tells them of the sinking of a ship called the Black Falcon near one of the keys. Nancy believes that is the right island but they know only its general location.
While investigating a vacant home the Porterlys had rented in South Florida, Nancy finds partially burned letters in an incinerator in the back yard. A scrap contains a mention of her name and the date of the 15th. It is currently December 13.
While motorboating among the Keys, the group sees Juarez Tino in a speedboat but they lose his trail. Nancy decides to return to the vicinity the next day. Dr. Anderson isn't able to go, but Terry Scott has arrived and he joins the expedition with Nancy, Fran, and Jack.
Making use of another clue she had found early, Nancy consults a local fisherman and learns of a group of five islands near a group of seven islands and a single island set apart. They head to the single island and while traversing it a plane flies overhead. The group fears they had been seen. They discover a hut in which Dr. Pitt is imprisoned but no one else is present. Jack and Fran leave to summon the police. Dr. Pitt tells Nancy and Terry the criminals had set a deadline of December 15 (the next day) for him to give them information. While they are talking, the Tinos and the Wangells arrive, having been alerted by the pilot. Mrs. Tino snatches the half-key Nancy is wearing around her neck after overhearing her say she has it. The criminals force Dr. Pitt to reveal information about the treasure by threatening to harm Nancy if he doesn't. He tells them it is in remote part of a jungle in Mexico.
Juarez Tino and Earl Wangell immediately depart with Dr. Pitt to travel to Mexico and search for the treasure, leaving Nancy and Terry in the custody of their wives. Nancy learns Mrs. Wangell is afraid of her husband and had been coerced into criminal activity. The police soon arrive and free Nancy and Terry, who set out for Mexico also, hoping to arrive before the others. Dr. Anderson and Dr. Graham accompany them, and they enlist the help of some Mexican policemen. The information from the diary helps them locate the trail leading to the treasure site. They stop and wait on the trail, and soon the other party arrives, with elderly Dr. Pitt nearly exhausted. They proceed on and Tino and Wangell are commissioned to dig at the site. A box is unearthed and the three keys fit the locks. Inside the box are several jewel-encrusted frogs made of silver, and a larger silver frog that contains an ancient green powder. Dr. Pitt declares the treasures belong to the government of Mexico. However, he fearfully believes the green substance is destructive and could wipe out civilization. Terry's research instead suggests that it has healing properties. Dr. Pitt listens to Terry's reasoning and agrees with his opinion. The four scientists are excited to announce their discovery to the world.
Characters
Nancy Drew- An 18-year-old girl that does the sleuthing in The Clue of the Black Keys.
Carson Drew- a lawyer, and Nancy Drew's father.
Terence Scott- also known as "Terry". Young Archaeology Professor of Keystone University that joined the exploring expedition in Mexico.
Dr. Joshua Pitt- One of the four members of the exploring team in Mexico
Dr. Graham- one of the members that were exploring in Mexico
Dr. Anderson- A Professor in Geology at Clifton Institute that also joined the exploring expedition in Mexico
Mr. & Mrs. Juarez Tino- A Mexican couple posing as scientists who witness the excavation of the cipher stone.
Mr. Wilfred Porterly- the Tino's helpers, they help torture Terry and Nancy.
Mrs. Irene Porterly- Wife of Wil Porterly and also known as Irene Webster, sister of Mrs. Lillian Wagnell
Mr. Earl Wangell- also helped the Tinos to threatened Nancy and Terry
Mrs. Lillian Wangell- wife of Mr. Earl Wangell, she was formerly Lillian Webster. She asked Terry to decipher or translate the old diary for her. (diary was stolen)
Ned Nickerson- a very supportive boyfriend of Nancy Drew.
Bess Marvin- friend of Nancy Drew, Cousin of George Fayne
George Fayne- friend of Nancy Drew, Cousin of Bess Marvin.
Mrs. Hannah Gruen- The Drews' housekeeper.
Mrs. Presscott- has records of the history of the families of River Heights. She helped Nancy and Terry trace disprove Lillian Wangell's claim that her grandfather was a sea captain
Caswell P. Breed- a man in Baltimore whose name was used to lure the Drews away from River Heights
Sergeant Malloy- police officer at the River Heights that helps Nancy and Terry
Officer Riley- an officer at the River Heights that help Nancy and Terry to find the Wagnells
Frances Oakes- also known as Fran. She is a student of Dr. Anderson.
Marilyn Maury- a student of Dr. Anderson and friend of Frances Oakes who joins the educational trip in Florida.
Grace James- a student of Dr. Anderson and friend of Frances Oakes who joins the educational trip in Florida.
Jack Walker- cousin of Frances Oakes in Florida that owned a motorboat, which they use for searching in Keys.
Mrs. Young- owner of rest house in Florida where Nancy and friends stayed.
Two Line Parker- a fisherman who knows about the narrow channels of Florida Keys and some of its stories and treasure.
References
External links
1951 American novels
1951 children's books
Children's mystery novels
Grosset & Dunlap books
Nancy Drew books
Novels set in Florida |
6899932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCI | TCI | TCI may refer to:
Finance
Travelex Confidence Index of UK international trade
Locations
Tenerife Airport (disambiguation), airport code of Tenerife International Airport (1964–1978), still used as a code for the island of Tenerife in general
Turks and Caicos Islands
Medicine
Target controlled infusion, a method of administering general anaesthesia
Psychology
Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) of personality traits
Theme centered interaction, a method for social learning in groups
Therapeutic Crisis Intervention, protocol used in residential childcare facilities
Religion
Taoist Church of Italy, a confessional religious body of Taoism in Italy
Technology
Tag Control Information, a data field in IEEE 802.1Q VLAN tagging
Organizations and companies
Tall Clubs International, organization of clubs of tall people in North America
Tele-Communications Inc., former US cable television company
Telecommunication Company of Iran
Televisione Cristiana in Italia, an Italian religious television channel
Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company, former steel manufacturer, Alabama, USA
Texas Correctional Industries, division of Texas Department of Criminal Justice, USA
The Children's Investment Fund Management, UK hedge fund management
Thistletown Collegiate Institute, a school in Toronto, Canada
Touring Club Italiano
Toyota Canada Inc.
Trans-International Computer Investment Corporation, a Sacramento technology concern that went bankrupt in 1971
Transport Corporation of India Ltd
Transportation and Climate Initiative, a proposed interstate compact |
20466235 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20C.%20Pugh | Isaac C. Pugh | Isaac Campbell Pugh (November 23, 1805 – November 19, 1874) was a United States volunteer soldier who was a veteran of the Black Hawk War, the Mexican–American War and the American Civil War; rising to the rank of Brevet brigadier general.
Early life
Pugh was born in Christian County, Kentucky. He moved to Macon County, Illinois and became a private and served during the Black Hawk War. In 1846 he became a captain in the 4th Illinois Volunteer Regiment during the Mexican War and was mustered out of the volunteer service the following year.
Civil War
Fort Donelson
Pugh's most notable military service came during the American Civil War. He volunteered and became the captain of Company A of the 8th Illinois Infantry Regiment when it was mustered in on 23 April 1861. When the 8th was demobilized three months later, he formed the 41st Illinois Volunteer Regiment which he commanded as colonel, and would chiefly be associated with for the rest of the war. Pugh led the regiment into action at the Battle of Fort Donelson fighting as part of John McArthur's brigade on the extreme right of the Union line.
Shiloh
After Fort Donelson the 41st Illinois was assigned to the 1st Brigade in Stephen A. Hurlbut's 4th Division of the Army of the Tennessee. Shortly after the fighting began at the Battle of Shiloh, the 1st Brigade's commander Col. Nelson G. Williams was severely wounded and command of the brigade was turned over to Pugh. Colonel Pugh ably led the brigade through the two days of fighting at Shiloh in the vicinity of "Bloody Pond".
Vicksburg and Jackson
After Shiloh, General Jacob G. Lauman was transferred to command the brigade and Pugh returned to command of his regiment. He led his unit in the subsequent Siege of Corinth and the Battle of Hatchie's Bridge. When General Lauman was elevated to command of the 4th Division, Pugh again assumed command of the 1st Brigade. Pugh's brigade and the rest of the division were assigned to the XVI Corps during the Siege of Vicksburg and the following expedition against Jackson, Mississippi. During the Jackson Expedition, General Lauman ordered Pugh to make an attack against Brig. Gen. Daniel W. Adams' entrenched brigade. This attack resulted in heavy casualties for Pugh's brigade and Lauman was subsequently relieved of command.
Furlough and Atlanta Campaign
Pugh continued in brigade command until October 1863 when the veteran officers and soldiers of the 41st Illinois were granted a furlough while the new recruits in the regiment fought in the Red River Campaign and at Tupelo. Pugh returned to active duty with the veterans of the regiment in 1864. Instead of reuniting the entire regiment in Mississippi, Pugh commanded the so-called "Veterans Battalion" of the 41st Illinois and was sent to Georgia to join William T. Sherman's campaign against Atlanta. Pugh's Veteran Battalion was assigned to railroad guard duty near Marietta, Georgia. Pugh briefly commanded the 2nd Brigade, 4th Division in the XVII Corps which was composed of regiments primarily on guard duty in Georgia. He was mustered out of the volunteer service with the rest of his regiment on August 20, 1864.
Command History
1st Brigade, 4th Division, Army of the Tennessee (6–7 April 1862)
1st Brigade, 4th Division, XIII Corps (1 Nov-18 Dec 1862)
1st Brigade, 4th Division, XVII Corps (18 Dec 1862-20 Jan 1863)
1st Brigade, 4th Division, XVI Corps (20 Jan-28 July 1863)
1st Brigade, 4th Division, XIII Corps (28 July-17 Aug 1863)
1st Brigade, 4th Division, XVII Corps (17 Aug-24 Oct 1863)
2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XVIII Corps (4–19 July 1864)
Later life
Pugh returned to his home in Decatur, Illinois and served as a clerk and postmaster there before his death on November 19, 1874. He is buried in Greenwood Cemetery in Decatur.
See also
List of American Civil War brevet generals
Notes
References
Eicher, John H., & Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, .
1805 births
1874 deaths
American people of the Black Hawk War
People from Decatur, Illinois
People from Christian County, Kentucky
People of Illinois in the American Civil War
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
Union Army colonels
United States Army officers |
23571659 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian%20Americans | Appalachian Americans | Appalachian Americans or simply Appalachians describes Americans living in the geocultural area of Appalachia in the eastern United States, or their descendants
While not an official demographic used or recognized by the United States Census Bureau, Appalachian Americans, due to various factors, have developed their own distinct culture within larger social groupings. Included are their own dialect, music, folklore, and even sports teams as in the case of the Appalachian League. Furthermore, many colleges and universities now grant degrees in Appalachian studies. The term has seen growing usage in recent years, possibly in opposition to the use of hillbilly, which is still often used to describe people of the region.
Notable people
Arts and Entertainment
Alex Donahue (1988-), Designer, Artist, Architect
Ernest “Tennessee Ernie” Ford (1919–1991), country, pop, and gospel singer and television host
Emma Bell Miles (1879-1919), writer, poet, artist
Effie Waller Smith (1879-1960), Poet
Doc Watson (1923-2012), guitarist, songwriter, and singer
Dolly Parton (1946-), singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, actress, author, businesswoman and humanitarian
Eric Church (1977-), singer-songwriter
Earl Scruggs (1924 – 2012), bluegrass musician and banjo player noted for popularizing a three-finger picking style, now called "Scruggs style”
Loretta Lynn (1932-), country music singer-songwriter
Politicians
Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865), 16th President of the United States, serving during the American Civil War
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924), 28th president of the United States, serving during World War I
Charles Gates Dawes (1865–1951), banker, general, diplomat, composer, and 30th vice president of the United States under Calvin Coolidge
Jim Broyhill (1927-), businessman, United States Representative, United States Senator
Joe Manchin (1947-), United States Senator, politician, businessman
Military
Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson (1824-1863), United States military leader serving in the Mexican-American War, and later a prominent Confederate military leader during the American Civil War
Alvin York (1887-1964), highly-decorated United States soldier serving in World War I, receiving the Medal of Honor as well as numerous other awards from France, Italy, and Montenegro
Folk Heroes & Historical Figures
Daniel Boone (1734–1820), pioneer, explorer
Davy Crockett (1786–1836), frontiersman, soldier, politician
John Gordon (1759–1819), pioneer, trader, planter, militia captain
Devil Anse Hatfield (1839–1921), patriarch of the Hatfield family of the Hatfield–McCoy feud
Belle Starr (1848–1889), notorious outlaw convicted of horse theft
Sports
Jerry West (1938-), professional basketball player, NBA Champion, Medal of Freedom Recipient
Katie Smith (1974-), retired professional women's basketball player, 3 time Gold Medalist, Women's Basketball Hall of Fame
Madison Bumgarner (1989-), professional baseball player
Miscellaneous
Francis Asbury (1745–1816), Methodist Episcopal bishop
See also
Appalachian stereotypes
Appalachian Studies Association
Appalachian Trail
Bluegrass music
Hillbilly
Hillbilly Highway
History of the Appalachian people in Baltimore
Melungeons
Mountain white
Social and economic stratification in Appalachia
Urban Appalachians
References
Society of Appalachia |
23571663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise%20Hotel%20%28disambiguation%29 | Paradise Hotel (disambiguation) | Paradise Hotel is a reality television series.
Paradise Hotel may also refer to:
Paradise Hotel (Hyderabad), India
Paradise Hotel, the site of the 2002 Mombasa attacks in Nairobi, Kenya
Paradise Hotel (film), a 2010 documentary film
L'Hôtel du libre échange, an 1894 French comedy by playwright Georges Feydeau, sometimes translated as Paradise Hotel
See also
Hotel Paradise (disambiguation) |
6899950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%20Railroad%20Depot | Lloyd Railroad Depot | The Lloyd Railroad Depot (also known as Bailey's Mill Station or Number Two Station) is a historic depot building in Lloyd, Florida in the United States. Built in 1858 by the Pensacola and Georgia Railroad, it is the oldest brick railroad station in Florida and one of only three surviving railroad depots in the state built prior to the start of the American Civil War. The building closed in 1966 after its owner at the time, the Seaboard Air Line Railroad, discontinued service there and donated it to the Jefferson County Historical Society. A few years later, ownership was transferred to the Gulf Wind Chapter of the National Railway Historical Society, who own it to this day. On December 2, 1974, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. The structure is located near the junction of SR 59 and Lester Lawrence Road. It is currently used as a post office.
See also
Old Gainesville Depot
Tallahassee station
References
External links
Places in Jefferson County at Jefferson County, Florida
National Register of Historic Places in Jefferson County, Florida
Railway stations closed in 1966
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1858
Seaboard Air Line Railroad stations
Vernacular architecture in Florida
Transportation buildings and structures in Jefferson County, Florida
1858 establishments in Florida
1966 disestablishments in Florida |
23571671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traherne | Traherne | Traherne, Trahern, or Treherne is a Welsh surname, and may refer to:
Cennydd Traherne (1910–1995), Welsh landowner
John Treherne (1929–1989), English entomologist
John Montgomery Traherne (1788–1860), Welsh Anglican priest and antiquarian
Llewelyn Traherne (1766–1842), Welsh magistrate, High Sheriff of Glamorgan in 1801
Margaret Traherne (1919–2006), British artist
Philip Traherne (1635–1686), English diplomat and author
Thomas Traherne (c. 1636 – 1674), English poet and religious writer
Thomas Trahern (officer of arms) (died 1542), English officer-of-arms, Somerset Herald
See also
Traherne Island, one of two islands contained within the Motu Manawa (Pollen Island) Marine Reserve
Treherne (disambiguation)
Anglicised Welsh-language surnames |
6899952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mystery%20at%20the%20Ski%20Jump | The Mystery at the Ski Jump | The Mystery at the Ski Jump is the twenty-ninth volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1952 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. The actual author was ghostwriter Alma Sasse.
Plot
Nancy, Bess, and George follow the trail of fur thieves to New York and into Canada. While trying to catch the thieves, Nancy must catch a woman named Mitzi Channing who is using Nancy's identity. Nancy finds out that everyone who has been buying from Mitzi is in a dreadful trap.
External links
1952 American novels
1952 children's books
Grosset & Dunlap books
Nancy Drew books
Children's mystery novels |
20466245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Age%20of%20the%20Earth | The Age of the Earth | The Age of the Earth () is a 1980 avant-garde film directed by Glauber Rocha.
Cast
Maurício do Valle as John Brahms
Jece Valadão as Indigenous Christ
Antonio Pitanga as Black Christ
Tarcísio Meira as Military Christ
Geraldo Del Rey as Guerilla Christ
Ana Maria Magalhães as Aurora Madalena
Norma Bengell as Amazonas' Queen
Carlos Petrovich as the Devil
Mário Gusmão as Babalawo
Danuza Leão
Paloma Rocha
Production
Rocha started the film in 1975 and planned to shoot it in Los Angeles, and subsequently proposed it in Paris, Rome, Mexico and Venezuela, but was unable to obtain financial support. It was finally shot in Bahia, Distrito Federal, and Rio de Janeiro.
Reception
It was Rocha's last film and the one that caused the most controversy. Because it was produced by Embrafilme, a state company, during the Brazilian military dictatorship, it was boycotted by critics and "crucified at the 1980 Venice Film Festival", where it was nominated for the Golden Lion.
References
External links
1980s avant-garde and experimental films
1980 drama films
1980 films
Brazilian avant-garde and experimental films
Brazilian films
Brazilian drama films
Films directed by Glauber Rocha
Films shot in Brasília
Films shot in Rio de Janeiro (city)
1980s Portuguese-language films |
23571677 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AEr%C3%AEta | Pîrîta | Pîrîta is a village in Dubăsari District, Moldova.
Notable people
Vadim Pisari
References
Villages of Dubăsari District
Populated places on the Dniester |
17328710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%20Limestone%20and%20Chemical%20Company | Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company | The Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company (a.k.a. Michigan Limestone) operates the world's largest limestone quarry, which is located near Rogers City, Michigan. It was formed and organized in 1910; however, production did not begin until 1912. Ownership of the quarry has changed a number of times, but it is still one of the country's largest producers of limestone.
The deposits mined at the quarry are underground in the northeastern part of Northern Michigan near Alpena and south of Rogers City along the shore of Lake Huron. The raw material is essential to a variety of industries; the major uses are for various aggregates, road-base stone cement, flux for iron and steel production, railroad ballast, mine dusting, and agricultural lime.
History
The mining engineer and geologist Henry H. Hindshaw, of New York City, started the analysis to established the commercial value of limestone in Northern Lower Michigan in January 1909. He looked over and evaluated certain properties in the northeastern part of Michigan, between the small lumbering community of Rogers City and the nearby open pit mine of Crawford's Quarry. In February, Hindshaw first drilled samples for the Solvay Process Company of Syracuse, New York. The limestone samples were found to be of commercially usable quality, so the company took an option to purchase all the surrounding land by the Lake Huron shore south of Rogers City. Hindshaw then returned to New York City and got in contact with William F. White of the White Investing Company. The investor showed an interest in commercial development of the limestone.
Limestone is a raw material essential in industry. Major uses are for various aggregates, road-base stone cement, manufacture flux for iron and steel production, railroad ballast, mine dusting, and lime manufacture. Hindshaw determined the value was high due to the unusually high grade and purity of the limestone deposit underground in the northeastern region of Lower Michigan along the shore of Lake Huron, near Alpena and south of Rogers City. The quality and size of the limestone deposit at Rogers City, and the availability of easy water transportation, led to the development of the quarry and a port. Both quarry and port are named Calcite, after the principal ingredient of limestone.
Company
Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company was created in 1910 by White and a few of his investor capitalist colleagues, who purchased a parcel of land of prime limestone deposits from the Rogers City Land Company. It was the lumber industry that had brought the first settlers to the northern area of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, around the time of the Civil War. The first pioneer settlers arrived in the Rogers City vicinity in 1869, and they started the Rogers-Molitor Lumber Company. The lumber industry was the backbone of the economy in Rogers City, and Presque Isle County, until the second decade of the 20th century. By that time, most of the forests had been cut down, and the major lumber companies were moving their camps to fresh forests in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (and into the nearby states of Wisconsin and Minnesota). Around this time Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company began construction of facilities for mining limestone.
White, whose residence was in New York City, served as president of Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company when he filed Articles of Association in the Presque Isle County Clerk's office at Rogers City making the company official on May 26, 1910. The Calcite port and quarry plant started operations in June 1910 and maintained offices in New York City and Rogers City. Hindshaw was the first general manager and was paid $3,500 per year. He was replaced in October by Joseph Jenkins of Alpena, Michigan, who was paid $3,000 a year. Carl D. Bradley of Chicago replaced Jenkins on October 12, 1911.
Bradley managed construction of the limestone processing factory, which included a powerhouse, stone crusher, screen-house, conveyor power distribution system, a harbor with loading slip, ship loader, repair shop, and executive office building. Steam shovels were purchased for use in mining, and steam locomotives and dump cars were used to move the stone from the quarry to the crusher. A steam locomotive was purchased to haul the limestone from the quarry.
There was a spur track built by the company that led into the Calcite operations from the Detroit & Mackinac Railroad main line just west of Posen, Michigan. Production at the quarry began in early 1912 and the first cargoes of stone were shipped by steamer freighters in June of that year. The company received orders for limestone that far exceeded the most optimistic expectations.
Most of the stone mined at the Rogers City quarry was shipped on lake freighters to steel mills located along the lower Great Lakes at places like Detroit, Cleveland, Gary, and South Chicago. For most of the plant's history, its biggest customer was United States Steel (also known as U.S. Steel.), the world's largest producer of steel products. Eventually, additional markets were found for the limestone in the agricultural, construction, chemical, and cement industries. The Rogers City area continued to develop and grow as the Calcite plant facilities grew. Within 20 years, the quarry at Rogers was the world's largest producer of limestone.
U.S. Steel
United States Steel Corporation was the first customer of the company. White and his partners were in contact with potential major consumers of limestone even before the company was officially formed. They were in negotiations with several steel companies and other companies that used quantities of limestone and concluded that if they built a massive quarry that they would have potential consumers immediately. US Steel signed a contract within months of when the company was officially formed and a year before limestone was actually produced. Iroquois Iron Company of Chicago signed a contract with Michigan Limestone for the purchase of 50,000 tons of limestone. The limestone company was created, at least in part, with the idea that there was a waiting market for their product. US Steel later purchased a controlling interest in Michigan Limestone in 1920 when the company was producing 1,000 tons of crushed limestone a day.
Bradley was promoted from general manager to president of Michigan Limestone. He also served as president of Michigan Limestone's fleet of self-unloading ships used to deliver the stone. Those ships were operated as the Bradley Transportation Company. Michigan Limestone and Bradley Transportation came under the full ownership of U.S. Steel upon Bradley's death in 1928. At that time U.S. Steel purchased all of the stock of both Michigan Limestone and the associated shipping concern, Bradley Transportation, and made both these companies subsidiaries of U.S. Steel. The company became a division in 1951 when the operations at Rogers City became U.S. Steel's "Northern District", since the main offices were moved to Detroit. The operation is still a major employer in northern Michigan. Its ownership has changed several times in recent years.
Uses
The calcite limestone produced at Michigan Limestone is the white calcium carbonate chemical. It is low in iron, alumina, sulphur, carbonate phosphorus, silica, magnesium and titanium. Steel mills added limestone to molten iron in the blast furnaces. It is used to carry away impurities in the process of making steel. The material is also in widespread use in making cement. The limestone when burned at a temperature up to 2300 degrees Fahrenheit (999 degrees Celsius) produces just pure lime, which is used in everything from making paints, varnishes, sugar, glass, baking powder and ammonia. Lime is also used in making chemicals such as soda ash, caustic soda, bleaching powders, and water softening salt. Limestone was used to fill the caissons that support the Mackinac Bridge.
Pulverized limestone is used to restore lime that is needed to make plants grow. Continuous cultivation depletes lime out of the soil, making it acidic. Crops will not grow very well in that type of soil. Pulverized limestone is used to restore lime in the soil so crops grow properly. This type of soil conditioner is known as agricultural lime. Where soils are acidic crushed limestone can improve the crop yield. It does this by making the soil balanced and thereby allowing the plants to absorb more nutrients from the soil like they should through their roots. While lime is not a fertilizer itself, it can be used in combination with fertilizers. Agricultural lime can also be beneficial to soils where the land is used in raising farm animals like cows and goats. Bone growth is key to an animal's development and bones are composed primarily of calcium. Young calf get their needed calcium through milk, which has calcium as one of its major components so dairymen frequently apply agricultural lime to their fields because it increases milk production.
Self-unloading ships of the company
Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company built three ships between 1912 and 1917. They were named SS Calcite, SS W.F. White and the SS Carl D. Bradley (in 1927, this ship would be renamed John G. Munson, and a new SS Carl D. Bradley would be built). These ships were revolutionary in their own right. They represented the latest technology in "self-unloading" ships, then simply called "unloading ships".
In 1912, the company built its first steamship, SS Calcite. It was considerably larger than the first modern self-unloader ever built on the Great Lakes, which was the SS Wyandotte built in 1908. The Calcite was used to haul limestone from the company's quarry at Rogers City to Buffalo and Fairport, New York. The steamships W.F. White and Carl D. Bradley followed over the next few years. All the steamships' hulls were painted grey to minimize the appearance of the limestone dust that accumulated during loading and unloading.
The design of these early self-unloaders was pretty much the same as today. The idea is that the "cargo hold" is built with its sides sloping toward the center of the ship along the keel. Where the two sides come together, a series of steel gates can be opened. This allows the material to drop onto a conveyor belt running the length of the ship beneath the "cargo hold." The conveyor belt carries the material up to an exchanger, where it is transferred to a second belt which runs up to the main deck, then through a long boom on deck. The unloading swing boom hangs over the ship's side to discharge the material load onto the waiting customer's dock. The advantage of self-unloaders is that they can deliver the limestone material directly to a customer's dock without requiring expensive shore side unloading rigs.
As business grew over the years, the company built several more of these self-unloaders. These ships were operate under the name Bradley Transportation Company after 1920 and were known as the Bradley boats or the Bradley fleet. There are self-unloaders today that carry limestone from the Calcite plant through the Port of Calcite to industrial ports all around the Great Lakes. The SS Carl D. Bradley was lost in a storm in November 1958 while returning from delivering a load of limestone; 33 of the 35 crewmembers died, most of whom lived in or around the small town of Rogers City. No larger loss of lives has occurred in the lake freighter fleet since the Bradley's sinking.
Michigan historical marker
There is a Michigan State Historic Site historical marker at a viewing point over Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company facilities that reads:
References
Sources
Limestone industry
Mines in Michigan
Mining companies of the United States
Chemical companies of the United States
Companies based in Michigan
Chemical companies established in 1910
1910 establishments in Michigan
Michigan State Historic Sites
Buildings and structures in Presque Isle County, Michigan
American companies established in 1910 |
23571687 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C20H29N3O2 | C20H29N3O2 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C20H29N3O2}}
The molecular formula C20H29N3O2 (molar mass: 343.46 g/mol, exact mass: 343.2260 u) may refer to:
ADBICA (ADB-PICA)
Cinchocaine
Molecular formulas |
6899963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War%20canoe | War canoe | A war canoe is a watercraft of the canoe type designed and outfitted for warfare, and which is found in various forms in many world cultures. In modern times, such designs have become adapted as a sport, and "war canoe" can mean a type of flatwater racing canoe.
History
War canoes were used in Africa, Austronesia, Americas and Europe to transport troops and supplies, and engage targets onshore. While documentation of canoe versus canoe battles on the open ocean is rare, records from the 14th century mention various peoples of West Africa using huge fighting canoes in inland waters, some up to and carrying over 100 men. Construction of the war canoe was typically from one massive tree trunk, with the silk cotton tree being particularly useful. The inside was dug out and carved using fire and hand tools. Braces and stays were used to prevent excessive expansion while the fire treatment was underway. Fire also served to release sap as a preservative against insect pests. Some canoes had of width inside, accommodating benches for rowers, and facilities such as fireplaces and sleeping berths.
Warriors on board were typically armed with shield, spear and bow. In the gunpowder era, small iron or brass cannon were sometimes mounted on the bow or stern, although the firepower delivered from these areas and weapons was relatively ineffective. Musketeers delivering fire to cover raiding missions generally had better luck. The typical tactic was to maneuver close to shore, discharge weapons, then quickly pull out to open water to reload, before dashing in again to repeat the cycle. Troop and supply transport were the primary missions, but canoe versus canoe engagements in the lagoons, creeks and lakes of West Africa were also significant.
Canadian sport war canoes
War canoe is largely a Canadian sport, with some teams coming from the northwestern United States as well; it is not sanctioned by the International Canoe Federation but is nonetheless an important part of most Canadian canoe club racing programs. The term 'war canoe' is derived from large indigenous peoples' canoes intended for war, and war canoeing was in fact a popular sport in Vancouver, British Columbia before large gatherings of indigenous people were outlawed in 1922. War canoeing among indigenous communities is enjoying a revival today, although there as yet has been little interaction with non-indigenous teams.
A war canoe holds 15 paddlers including one coxswain, or cox, for steering. War canoe is sometimes referred to as C-15 on regatta schedules, with the 'C' standing for 'canoe'. The paddlers, 7 to a side and slightly offset from one another, kneel on one knee while paddling. The coxswain stands with their calves braced between a yoke on the back of the boat. Paddlers on the left will kneel on their left knee and vice versa, as in a Sprint canoe, and the foremost paddler, whether on the right or left, will set the stroke. Boats are most often constructed of wood, although some newer boats will be made of fiberglass. Races will typically be of 500 m or 1000 m. The paddles used can be made of wood, but carbon fibre paddles are becoming standard, as their reduced weight leads to improved performance.
War canoe is seen as a prestige event at regattas where it is held, as it allows a significant portion of a club's racing members to be in the boat at once and compete together. It is a large team event in a sport that typically focusses on individual achievements. Crews will be taken from the appropriate age range (e.g. Bantam, junior, masters, etc.), and races are held for men's, women's, or mixed crews.
Typically, a war canoe will be faster than a dragon boat over any given distance, because of a better hull shape (narrower and without the characteristic 'w' shape of dragon boat hulls), lighter construction, and the kneeling position allowing for a fuller, more powerful stroke than the sitting position used in dragon boats.
See also
Tomako
Pacific Northwest Canoes
Dragon boat
Sprint canoe
Canoe racing
Waka
Kakap
Swan boat (racing)
Nouka Baich
Chundan vallam
References
External links
Tomako - War Canoe - Solomon Islands
Canoes
Canoeing in Canada
First Nations culture
Native American culture
Polynesian culture |
17328762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Villalon | Eric Villalon | Eric Villalón Fuentes (born April 30, 1973 in Barcelona) is a Paralympic alpine skier from Spain. In his career, he has won five gold medals, three silvers, and a bronze. At the 1998 Winter Paralympics he won three golds, at the 2002 games he won two gold and two silvers, and at the 2006 Paralympics he won a silver and a bronze.
In 2014 Villalon was inducted into the Paralympic Hall of Fame.
Notes
External links
Spanish Paralympics site Profile
Spanish male alpine skiers
Paralympic alpine skiers of Spain
Alpine skiers at the 1998 Winter Paralympics
Alpine skiers at the 2002 Winter Paralympics
Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Paralympics
Paralympic gold medalists for Spain
Paralympic silver medalists for Spain
Paralympic bronze medalists for Spain
1973 births
Living people
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Paralympics
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Paralympics
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Paralympics
Paralympic medalists in alpine skiing |
6899964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redonda%20Beach | Redonda Beach | Redonda Beach or Praia Redonda in Portuguese, meaning Round, is a beach on the southwestern coast of Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal, bordering the Atlantic Ocean. It is adjacent to Passeio Alegre, in Póvoa de Varzim City Center. The Avenida dos Banhos runs alongside the beach, and the Diana Bar beach library, a nightclub and Café Guarda-sol are located on the beach.
The beach has medium sand and little granitic gneiss, typical rocky outcrops on Póvoa de Varzim coastline, the largest concentration is Carvalhido outcrop, which serves as the north limit of the beach. Salgueira Beach is located to the North and the Port of Póvoa de Varzim to the south. These beaches have a specific climate, by showing low diurnal temperature variation, just 4 °C (= 7.2 °F). Compared with the rest of the territory, rainfall is significantly lower and solar irradiation higher. These are subject to the prevailing northern winds which arise in the summer after midday; hence mornings are significantly less windy.
History
The beach is historically known as Praia de Banhos, Portuguese for Bathing Beach, contrasting with the Fisheries Beach (used for fishing and with very fine sand), currently the Port of Póvoa de Varzim. it is the historical bathing beach of Póvoa de Varzim, that in the 19th century became the most popular tourist destination in Northern Portugal. Ramalho Ortigão, in the book As Praias de Portugal (The Beaches of Portugal), states that Póvoa de Varzim is the great hostel for the inhabitants of the Minho province, for sea bathing or breathing the Sea air, as the marine layer is occasionally propelled to the beach by the south and western maritime winds during summertime, leaving an intense aroma. Ortigão states that in that time no other beach had such diversity and popularity.
In 1844, the chapel of Saint Joseph was built in there, and there was a street known as Rua da Areosa. The street was enlarged and became the Passeio Alegre square and the chapel demolished by beautification of the beaches square. A new chapel was built on Avenida Mousinho de Albuquerque to replace it. However, in the 1930s, beach bars were constructed in the location of the chappel: Diana Bar and Café Guardassol, the later was, at first, a famed 1920s wooden building, causing local debate. In the 1970s, Café Enseada was built and, in the 21st century, a new wooden building, the Maresia Café.
References
Beaches of Póvoa de Varzim |
17328764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Congregational%20Church%20%28Newport%2C%20Rhode%20Island%29 | United Congregational Church (Newport, Rhode Island) | The United Congregational Church (also called First Congregational Church, Second Congregational Church and Newport Congregational Church) is a historic former church building in Newport, Rhode Island. The congregation was formerly affiliated with the United Church of Christ (UCC). Built in 1857, the church was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2012, in recognition for the unique interior decorations executed in 1880–81 by John La Farge.
History
The congregation was gathered as Newport's First Congregational Church in 1695 by Rev. Nathaniel Clap, a Harvard College graduate who ministered to the Newport congregation until his death in 1745. The Second Congregational Church of Newport started another congregation in 1735, but the two later reunited. The congregation was active during the American Revolution and both churches' meeting houses were used as barracks and hospitals by the British and French troops in Newport. Dr. Samuel Hopkins was the minister of the church in the late eighteenth century.
As of 2009, the church was pastored by the Reverends Mary Beth Hayes and Nan L. Baker. The church has since closed, and the has undergone renovation to become an events center.
Building
The current building is a Romanesque Revival structure, designed by Joseph C. Wells of New York City and completed in 1857. It is a basically rectangular building, built out of Connecticut brownstone, with two ornately decorated towers. In the 1880s the congregation retained the artist John LaFarge to redecorate its interior. LaFarge had recently completed work on Trinity Church, Boston, and sought to provide a more elaborate interior than he was able to in Boston. He produced twenty stained glass windows and a series of murals, which represent the only fully integrated ecclesiastical interior he produced. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971, and designated a National Historic Landmark in 2012.
See also
Clarke Street Meeting House
List of National Historic Landmarks in Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island
References
Further reading
External links
Romanesque Revival architecture in Rhode Island
Romanesque Revival church buildings in the United States
United Church of Christ churches in Rhode Island
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Churches completed in 1857
19th-century United Church of Christ church buildings
Churches in Newport, Rhode Island
1695 establishments in Rhode Island
Historic American Buildings Survey in Rhode Island
National Historic Landmarks in Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Newport, Rhode Island
Historic district contributing properties in Rhode Island
Congregational churches in Rhode Island |
6899966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum%20City | Maximum City | Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found is a narrative nonfiction book by Suketu Mehta, published in 2004, about the Indian city of Mumbai (also known as Bombay). It was published in hardcover by Random House's Alfred A. Knopf imprint. When released in paperback, it was published by Vintage, a subdivision of Random House.
Awards
Maximum City was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in 2005, and won the Kiriyama Prize, an award given to books that foster a greater understanding of the nations and peoples of the Pacific Rim and South Asia. It won the 2005 Vodafone Crossword Book Award. The Economist named Maximum City one of its books of the year for 2004. It was shortlisted for the 2005 Samuel Johnson Prize.
Adaptation
On August 2019, it was reported that Anurag Kashyap will be the showrunner of franchise films based on the book. It will be produced by Ashok Amritraj.
References
External links
Suketu Mehta's official website
Publisher Random House website
Interview with the Wall Street Journal
Lettre Ulysses Award Biography Page on Suketu Mehta
2004 non-fiction books
Books about India
Novels set in Mumbai
Indian biographies
Mumbai in fiction
21st-century Indian books |
6899971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSOP | SSOP | SSOP may refer to:
Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures
Shrink Small-Outline Package |
23571688 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia%20I%2C%20Abbess%20of%20Gandersheim | Sophia I, Abbess of Gandersheim | Sophia I (September 975 – 30 January 1039), a member of the royal Ottonian dynasty, was Abbess of Gandersheim from 1002, and from 1011 also Abbess of Essen. The daughter of Emperor Otto II and his consort Theophanu, she was an important kingmaker in medieval Germany.
Early life
According to the chronicles by Thietmar of Merseburg, Sophia was born to Emperor Otto II and Theophanu. She may have been the first surviving daughter, born in 975, though other sources indicate that her sister Adelaide, born 977, was in fact the eldest. Sophia is first documented in a 979 deed of donation, when her father entrusted her education to his first cousin, Abbess Gerberga II of Gandersheim. Sophia was raised and educated in Gandersheim Abbey to become abbess from childhood. Abbess Gerberga taught her convent discipline and common law, both of which she mastered. Sophia received many grants of rights and property from her father as well as from her brother, Otto III, who succeeded as King of the Romans in 983.
Sophia took the vows to become a canoness in 989. As an emperor's daughter, she insisted on receiving the veil from the hands of Archbishop Willigis of Mainz, the archchancellor of the Holy Roman Empire, affronting the local Bishop Osdag of Hildesheim. The contemporary chronicler Thangmar, in his Vita Bernwardi (Life of Saint Bernward), reveals a fierce row between the church leaders in front of King Otto III, his mother Theophanu and the royal court. She was finally consecrated by both. In Hildesheim sources, Sophia is portrayed as a haughty and imperious woman, though these depictions may be biased.
Sophia and her brother seemed to be on good terms with each other; she received several gifts and attended the 994 Imperial Diet, where Otto was declared to have reached majority. He vested his sister with the estates of Eschwege Abbey, at the explicit wish of their late mother Theophanu who had died in 991. From 995 until 997, Sophia was absent from the convent, accompanying her brother on his first Italian campaign and acting as his consort. She acted as abbess of Eschwege from 997. Thereafter, however, she no longer appeared at Otto's court.
Princess-abbess
In 1001, her tutor Abbess Gerberga II of Gandersheim died. However, due to her brother's death, Sophia was not to be elected her successor until 1002, with the approval of the new king Henry II. Sophia would later fight her ecclesiastical superiors who, with approval of Emperor Henry II, endangered Gandersheim's privileges and her own status.
Together with her sister Adelaide of Quedlinburg, Sophia significantly influenced the election of Henry II as King of the Romans and legitimized him in 1024, when he visited Vreden and Quedlinburg. Sophia and her sister later played the same role in the election of Conrad II as first Holy Roman Emperor of the Salian dynasty.
In 1011, Sophia was also granted Essen Abbey on the death of her cousin Mathilde. The succession had initially been reserved for her younger sister Matilda, who nevertheless had married Count Palatine Ezzo of Lotharingia instead. According to the local historian Georg Humann (1847–1932), Essen was always secondary for Sophia, and the importance of the abbey declined somewhat under her rule. The rebuilding of Essen Minster was delayed, though recent research suggests that it was Sophia who initiated the remodelling of the Enamel Cross.
Death
She ruled her abbeys successfully until her death in 1039. Despite the help he had received from the sisters, Conrad II denied Adelheid's request to succeed Sophia as Abbess of Gandersheim. Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor, eventually granted her the right to rule Gandersheim too.
Ancestry
References
|-
970s births
1039 deaths
Ottonian dynasty
11th-century Saxon people
10th-century German women
11th-century German abbesses
People of Byzantine descent
Abbesses of Gandersheim
Daughters of emperors |
6899985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forever%20Pop | Forever Pop | Forever Pop is a collection of new (at the time) remixes of older Alphaville songs and singles. The people responsible for some of the remixes include notables such as Paul Van Dyk, Mark Plati, and De-Phazz.
Reviews
One reviewer had positive things to say about the collection, noting that most of the remixes "maintain the beauty of the original music," although one mix (the Eiffel 65 mix) is an exception: it strays "too far away from the original song while not adding anything interesting to win over the listener." Overall, the collection was referred to as "refreshing" and "stunning."
Track listing
"Forever Young (F.A.F. mix (album version))" – 4:58
"Dance with Me (Paul van Dyk mix)" – 3:54
"Big in Japan (Roland Spremberg mix)" – 3:42
"Romeos (Rewarped mix)" – 4:34
"Summer Rain (De-Phazz mix)" – 4:21
"Jerusalem (Georg Kaleve mix)" – 4:39
"Summer in Berlin (Cristian Fleps mix)" – 3:45
"Sounds Like a Melody (Staggman mix)" – 7:52
"Lassie Come Home (@home mix)" – 4:54
"Jet Set (Saunaclub mix)" – 4:55
"A Victory of Love (JAB mix)" – 4:30
"Red Rose (Mark Plati mix)" – 5:40
"Big in Japan (Eiffel 65 mix)" – 5:00
The F.A.F. mix is denoted as the "album version" to differentiate it from the "Diamonds in the Sun" mix, which was released exclusively to fans in the "Forever Young 2001 (Fan Edition)" release
The promotional-only single "Dance with Me 2001" was also released to accompany the album
Notes
1.http://www.answers.com/topic/forever-pop-1, All Music Guide
Alphaville (band) albums
2001 remix albums
Warner Music Group EPs |
23571689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxentea | Oxentea | Oxentea is a village in Dubăsari District, Moldova.
References
Villages of Dubăsari District
Populated places on the Dniester |
17328790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20the%20Rain | In the Rain | "In the Rain" is a 1972 soul single, written by Tony Hester. It was released in February 1972 by American the vocal group, The Dramatics, from their first album, Whatcha See Is Whatcha Get. The track is notable for its use of sounds of rain and thunder, first heard before the song's introduction, then throughout the instrumental and chorus sections.
Chart performance
"In the Rain" reached No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and spent four weeks at No. 1 on the Best Selling Soul Singles chart. It sold over one million copies and is the group's biggest hit. Billboard ranked it as the No. 53 song for 1972.
Song background
The song's lyrics state that, because of a broken love relationship, the singer wants to go out and stand in the rain so that no one can see him cry.
"Once the rain starts falling on my face,
You won't see a single trace,
Of the tears I'm crying,
Because of you I'm crying.
Don't want you to see me cry.
Let me go, Let me go
Let me go!"
Chart positions
Cover versions
Keith Sweat, on his 1987 album Make It Last Forever.
The R&B group Xscape, in 1997, from the soundtrack of Love Jones starring Larenz Tate and Nia Long.
The smooth jazz artist Boney James, featuring Dwele, on the Shine album in 2006.
Sampling
The song has been sampled by many hip hop artists such as Wu-Tang Clan, Jadakiss, Big L, and Lil Wayne. As of 2022, music data website WhoSampled lists that it has used in sampling over 90 times.
See also
List of number-one R&B singles of 1972 (U.S.)
References
External links
1971 songs
1972 singles
The Dramatics songs
Stax Records singles |
17328792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ%20School%2C%20Bangalore | Christ School, Bangalore | Christ School in Bangalore, India is an educational institution run by the Catholic Minority Community with all the rights and privileges granted by the Constitution of India and recognized but un-aided by the Department of Education of Karnataka State. It is run by the fathers of the Congregation of the Carmelites of Mary Immaculate (CMI) in the Catholic Church through a Registered Body - "Christian Educational Society of Bangalore".
The school, with a roll of 3267, is reputed to be one of the largest schools in India. It is associated with Christ University, another CMI institution in Bangalore. The school attracts some of the best faculty given the rich academic and co-curricular environment that prevails in the institution.
The school imparts education to students from Kindergarten to Std X in English medium, across the ICSE, CBSE and the State Boards. It is open to all irrespective of religion, caste or community.
In honor of the founding father of the CMIs who run the school, the school has a week-long celebration called The Chavara Cultural Festival and Inter School Tournament, to which all the schools in the city are invited.
The school conducts flagship events such as the Annual Science Exhibition and provides state-of-the-art facilities in their laboratories (including their Robotics lab). In addition, the students of Christ School regularly participate in multiple Olympiad contests, both at the State and at the National level.
Moral and religious instructions are also part and parcel of the curriculum. There is an Ecumenical Prayer Room for the children of all religions to meet and pray. Once in a month there is general prayer service for all non-Catholics (who form the majority) and a Catholic mass for the others.
The school owns a fleet of buses for transporting students from different parts of Bangalore.
Programs
The school has a numerous events throughout. In 2016, for commemorating Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing, Japanese people were invited and a Skype call was held to interact with the Japanese. There is an Annual Day held every year usually in February.
Management
The school is presently being run by Fr. Nilson until 2024. The principals were:
*Note: The year of end of service is calculated per academic year that is June-March.
External links
Carmelite educational institutions
Catholic secondary schools in India
Christian schools in Karnataka
Primary schools in Karnataka
High schools and secondary schools in Bangalore |
17328799 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ%20School | Christ School | Christ School may refer to:
Christ School (North Carolina), Arden, North Carolina, USA
Christ School, Bangalore, Bangalore, India |
6899996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDS%20%C5%8Cshio | JDS Ōshio | JDS Ōshio (SS-561) was the only ship of her kind in service with Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force. Ōshio was planned and built to replace the aging JDS Kuroshio.
Background
In 1955, the Maritime Self-Defense Force received a loan from the US Navy for the Gato-class submarine USS Mingo and recommissioned it as the first JDS Kuroshio to begin the development (reconstruction) of the submarine force. Subsequently, by building the first Oyashio in the 1956 plan, domestic construction of submarines was resumed. In the subsequent First Defense Build-up Plan, from the perspective of arranging the numbers, the development of a small submarine (SSK) for local defense, which was modeled after the Barracuda class of the US Navy, will be promoted, and the plan for 1959. Then, the Yashio type, the Natsushio type was built in the 1960 plan.
However, these small submarines have serious restrictions on their snorkeling and surface navigation capabilities, especially in stormy weather, which has become a serious problem in submarine operations in the waters near Japan. In addition, since the US Navy had changed its policy to develop a large submarine such as the Tang-class submarine, the Maritime Self-Defense Force also decided to build a larger submarine (SSL) with excellent seakeeping. Based on this, first, as a substitute ship for JDS Kuroshio, only one ship was built in the plan of 1958.
Design
The design of this ship uses the same technology as SSK, and is expanded to almost the same size as the original Kuroshio.
Her ship type is an underwater high-speed nautical submarine similar to SSK. The hull structure is also based on the same double-shell type as SSK, but for slimming down, the rear part is a single-shell type and is a partial single-shell type. As for the material of the pressure hull, NS46 tempered high-strength steel (yield strength 46 kgf / mm2 / 451MPa), which was limited only to the frame in 35SSK, was fully adopted.
The propulsion system was a diesel-electric system, the propulsion device was a two-axis system, and the basic configuration was the system since 31SS. As a diesel engine, two V-type 16-cylinder Kawasaki / MAN V8V 24 / 30m MAL were installed. This is based on the 31SS V8V 22 / 30m MAL, with the bore (piston diameter) expanded to increase the output, and has since been followed up to the Yuushio type (50SS). [6].
For electric propulsion, two Fuji Electric SG-3 traction motors (1,200 kW) and two Fuji Electric SM-3 traction motors (1,450 horsepower on water / 3,150 horsepower underwater), and 480 SCB-47W main storage batteries (120). Group x 4 groups) was installed. The SCB-47W main storage battery is a water-cooled agitated fiber-clad lead battery similar to SSK (excluding Natsushio), but its life is longer and its discharge capacity is lower than before.
The propeller is the same 5-sho screw propeller (453 rpm) as before, but the airfoil has been improved and the material has been changed to aluminum bronze.
Equipment
The sonar arrangement is similar to the Natsushio-class, but for the hearing device (passive sonar), the JQO-3 is located at the bottom of the bow and the JQO-4 is located inside the dome at the front end of the sail. ing. As an active sonar, the JQS-3 was mounted on the bottom of the ship below the command post in a hanging manner, similar to the 35SSK. The periscope used to be a 10-meter type, but has been increased to a 13-meter type since the ship.
Six torpedo tubes were placed on the bow and two on the stern. All of these have a 533mm caliber, but the one on the bow side is the hydraulically fired HU-601, while the one on the stern side is the swimout type HU-201, which is used to protect the ship when evacuating. It was envisioned to launch a Mk.37 mod.0-N short torpedo (483mm diameter). However, this equipment method was evaluated as having limited effectiveness, and it is said that it was never used. The number of torpedoes installed was 18 for Mk.54 torpedoes and Mk.37 mod.0-N, and 6 torpedoes were installed at the rear.
Construction and career
Ōshio was laid down on 29 June 1963 and launched on 30 April 1964 by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Kobe Shipyard. She was commissioned on 31 March 1965 and incorporated into the 1st Submarine Group 2nd Submarine.
On April 8, 1967, while moored in Kure, a short circuit occurred in the rear control panel room while charging the storage battery, and a fire broke out from a large discharge. At this time, the inner shell was partially melted and after that, it was operated with a limit on the dive depth.
From 25 January to 14 April 1969, she participated in Hawaii dispatch training.
On 26 January 1970, while she was surfacing in Hiroshima Bay, she came into contact with a small tanker (186 tonnes) and broke two propeller shafts.
From 22 September to 10 December 1971, she participated in Hawaii dispatch training.
She was decommissioned on 20 August 1981 and dismantled in March 1982. She allowed the media to film her inside the ship before dismantling.
Citations
See also
Submarines of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
Ships built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
1964 ships |
17328826 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20E.%20Carter | David E. Carter | David E. Carter is an entrepreneur and writer on graphic design, logo design, and corporate branding. He has written many trademark and logo books and won a number of regional Emmys for his local television productions. Since moving to Sanibel Island, Carter has teamed with Pfeifer Realty Group owner Eric Pfeifer to make several historical documentaries about Sanibel Island including "Sanibel Before the Causeway" and "Postcards and Pictures from Sanibel".
References
Businesspeople in advertising
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
6899999 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ringmaster%27s%20Secret | The Ringmaster's Secret | The Ringmaster's Secret is the thirty-first volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in late 1953 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. The actual author was ghostwriter Harriet Stratemeyer Adams.
Plot summary
1953 Edition: Nancy's Aunt Eloise, aware of her niece's current interest in learning horseback riding stunts, sends her a second-hand golden bracelet bearing charms of horses in all five gaits; a sixth charm is missing. Coincidentally, the Sims Circus, former employer of Nancy's equestrian instructor, is coming to town. Nancy investigates the link between the unhappy circus star, young aerialist, Lolita, and her bracelet. Lolita is the adopted daughter of the acting manager, Ringmaster Kroon, and his wife. Pietro, the young, handsome clown, tells Nancy Lolita has the missing charm from her bracelet. Nancy's regular appearances at the circus, and her detective reputation brings the ire of Kroon. When a bareback rider is injured, Nancy is asked to join the show as her replacement. Bess Marvin stands in at an interview with Kroon, and agrees to audition later, while Nancy lightens her hair and cuts it to resemble her friend. Nancy's travels with the circus come to an abrupt end when she and George are kidnapped and left aboard the car of a freight train. After their escape, Nancy continues following up on clues, including a mysterious woman in England linked to both the bracelet and Lolita! In the climax of the story, Nancy is rescued by Ned when Kroon tries to imprison her in the lion's cage, and all is revealed.
Commentary
This is the first volume that Harriet Stratemeyer Adams, manager and co-owner of The Stratemeyer Syndicate, is credited with writing in full.
1974 Edition: the story is a shortened and abridged version of the original, lacking detail in the subplots, and quickening the pace. Nancy uses a wig to resemble Bess, as well, since her hair is titian in the revision. The story is basically a simplified version of the original.
Book Club Edition
In 1959, this volume was the second in a series released as part of the Nancy Drew Reader's Club, nicknamed by adult collectors as "Cameos," so named in reference to the jacket and cover design elements of Nancy on a cameo pendant. Nancy is illustrated as mature, dressed in tailored clothes, in this series of book club editions with illustrations by Polly Bolian. The books featured eight internal illustrations on double pages, and a color frontispiece, which was also reproduced as the cover art on a paper dust jacket. The books removed prior- and next-book notices and promotions, and all other details that would serve to sequence the books. Nancy is shown as willowy, with short, wavy hair, and a more mature appearance than her counterpart in the regularly issued series of books.
Critiques
Adult book collectors and enthusiasts discuss and review Nancy Drew plot elements online. The premise of this volume is sometimes discussed regarding suspension of disbelief that Nancy is as skilled as a high-grade circus performer, and can easily enter the circus as a replacement performer. The original art was executed in 1953 by illustrator Rudy Nappi, and shows a poised and polished Nancy in a typical 1950s shirtdress with Lolita as Kroon discovers their escape. Artist Polly Bolian illustrated the same cover scene for her 1959 book club dust jacket and frontispiece, correcting the time of day to sunrise, and featuring Nancy in a smart suit with matching pumps and bag. In 1974, Nappi updated his art to a collage of the ringmaster and Nancy as a bareback rider in costume. An unknown artist executed less artistic internal illustrations showing Nancy and her friends wearing mostly bell-bottom jeans and t-shirts for the updated edition. This is the cover and text in print currently by Simon and Schuster.
References
External links
Nancy Drew books
1953 American novels
1953 children's books
Circus books
Grosset & Dunlap books
Children's mystery novels |
6900001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photochemical%20and%20Photobiological%20Sciences | Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences | Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all areas of photochemistry and photobiology. It is published monthly by Springer Nature and is the official journal of the European Photochemistry Association, European Society for Photobiology, Asia and Oceania Society for Photobiology, and the Korean Society of Photoscience. The editors-in-chief are Dario Bassani and Santi Nonell. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 2.235.
Owner societies
The journal is co-owned by the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology, and is affiliated with the Asia and Oceania Society for Photobiology and the Korean Society of Photoscience.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Chemical Abstracts Service
PubMed/MEDLINE
Science Citation Index
Scopus
See also
Chemical biology
References
External links
European Photochemistry Association
European Society for Photobiology
Asia and Oceania Society for Photobiology
Korean Society of Photoscience
Chemistry journals
Biology journals
Royal Society of Chemistry academic journals
Publications established in 2002
Monthly journals
English-language journals |
17328838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Martin%20Easterly | Thomas Martin Easterly | Thomas Martin Easterly (October 3, 1809 – March 12, 1882) was a 19th-century American daguerreotypist and photographer. One of the more prominent and well-known daguerreotypists in the Midwest United States during the 1850s, his studio became one of the first permanent art galleries in Missouri.
Although his reputation was limited to the Midwest during his lifetime, he is considered to have been one of the foremost experts in the field of daguerreotype photography in the United States during the mid-to-late 19th century. He took the very first known photograph of a lightning bolt in history.
Biography
Born in Guilford, Vermont, he was the second of five children born to Tunis Easterly and Philomena Richardson. He reportedly came from a poor background, his father being a farmer and part-time shoemaker, and was living away from home at age 11. Around 1830, he was living in St. Lawrence County, New York although little is known of his early years.
He began working as itinerant calligrapher and a penmanship teacher traveling throughout Vermont, New Hampshire and New York during the 1830s and 40s. By 1844, he had begun practicing photography taking outdoor photographs of architectural landmarks and scenic sites in Vermont. Among his earliest daguerreotypes, made a decade before outdoor photography was popular or profitable, those of the Winooski and Connecticut rivers are the only known examples to be self-consciously influenced by the romantic landscape paintings of the Hudson River School artists. He was also the first and only daguerreotypist to identify his work using engraved signatures and descriptive captions.
In the fall of 1845, Easterly traveled to the Midwest United States and toured the Mississippi River with Frederick F. Webb as representatives of the Daguerreotype Art Union. The two gained some notoriety from their photography of the criminals convicted of the murder of George Davenport in October of that year. Iowa newspapers reported that Easterly and Webb had achieved a "splendid likeness" of the men shortly before their execution. Easterly and Webb continued touring on the Mississippi and Missouri rivers for several months before spending the winter of 1846-47 in Liberty, Missouri.
The only known photograph of the first St. Charles Hotel in New Orleans, built to be the world's finest, was taken by Easterly ca. 1847.
The following spring, Easterly and Webb went their separate ways with Easterly traveling on his own to St. Louis. He soon became popular for his portraits of prominent residents and visiting celebrities which were displayed in a temporary gallery on Glasgow Row. One of these portraits was that of Chief Keokuk taken March 1847. He also took a daguerreotype of a lightning bolt, one of the first recorded "instantaneous" photographic images, while in St. Louis. This was later recorded in the Iowa Sentinel as an "Astonishing Achievement in Art". Before returning to Vermont in August 1847, the St. Louis Reveille described his as an "unrivaled daguerreotypist".
He was brought back to Missouri by John Ostrander, founder of the first daguerreotype gallery in St. Louis, in early 1848. Preparing for an extended "tour of the south", Ostringer asked Easterly to manage his portrait gallery. Esterly would continue running the gallery when Ostringer died a short time later. Many of his unique streetscapes depicting mid-19th-century urban life were taken from the windows of Ostringer's gallery. In June 1850, he married schoolteacher Anna Miriam Bailey and settled in St. Louis permanently.
During the 1860s, improvements in photographic development caused daguerreotypes to become out of fashion. Easterly refused to acknowledge these changes believing the highly detailed daguerreotypes were far superior in terms of beauty or permanence urging the public to "save your old daguerreotypes for you will never see their like again". During the next decade, both his health and financial situation worsened. Despite the declining interest for pictures on silver, he was able to maintain his gallery until it burned in a fire in 1865. He was forced to move to a smaller location and continued working in near obscurity until his death in St. Louis on March 12, 1882. He had suffered from a long illness and partial paralysis in his final years and is thought to have been caused by prolonged exposure to mercury, one of the key ingredients used in the daguerreotype process.
After his death, his wife sold most of his personal collection to John Scholton, another noted St. Louis photographer. The Scholton family eventually donated the plates to the Missouri Historical Society where they remained for nearly a century before being rediscovered during the 1980s by art scholars studying pre-American Civil War photography.
References
Further reading
Davidson, Carla. "The View from Fourth and Olive". American Heritage 13 (December 1971): 76-91.
Guidrey, Gail R. "Long, Fitzgibbon, Easterly, Outley: St. Louis Daguerreans". St. Louis Literary Supplement 1 (November–December 1977): 6-8.
Kilgo, Dolores A. Likeness and Landscape: Thomas M. Easterly and the Art of the Daguerreotype. St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society Press, 1994.
Van Ravenswaay, Charles. "Pioneer Photographers of St. Louis". Missouri Historical Society Bulletin 10 (October 1953): 49-71.
External links
Thomas Easterly Collection from Missouri History Museum's Flickr page
Easterly Photos in the Missouri History Museum Collections
Thomas Easterly Daguerreotypes at the Newberry Library
Commercial photographers
1809 births
1882 deaths
Artists from St. Louis
People from Guilford, Vermont
19th-century American photographers
Photographers from Vermont |
23571690 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borsalino%20%28film%29 | Borsalino (film) | Borsalino is a 1970 French gangster film directed by Jacques Deray and starring Alain Delon, Jean-Paul Belmondo and Catherine Rouvel. It was entered into the 20th Berlin International Film Festival. In 2009, Empire named it No. 19 in a poll of "The 20 Greatest Gangster Movies You've Never Seen… Probably". A sequel, Borsalino & Co., was released in 1974 with Alain Delon in the leading role. The film is based on real-life gangsters Paul Carbone and François Spirito, who collaborated with Nazi Germany during the occupation of France in World War II (though this is not mentioned in the film).
Plot
In 1930, in Marseille, a gangster named Siffredi is released from prison and searches for his former girlfriend, Lola. He finds her with Capella, another gangster. The two men fight over her but become friendly and form a partnership, fixing horseraces and prizefights.
They are contacted by Rinaldi, a lawyer who works for Marello and Poli, the two crime bosses who control all the organized crime in Marseille. Rinaldi suggests that Siffredi and Capella should seize control of Marseille's fish market and take it away from Marello. They succeed but they become too ambitious and try to take control of the meat market which is controlled by Poli. He tries to have Capella and Siffredi killed but they succeed in killing him instead. Rinaldi is killed by another gangster named The Dancer.
Capella and Siffredi establish themselves as the new bosses of Marseille's underworld. Capella decides to leave Marseille but is killed by an assassin. Siffredi then decides to leave Marseille himself.
Cast
Jean-Paul Belmondo – François Capella
Alain Delon – Roch Siffredi
Arnoldo Foà – Marello
Catherine Rouvel – Lola
Françoise Christophe – Simone Escarguel
Corinne Marchand – Mme Rinaldi
Laura Adani – Mme Siffredi, la mère de Roch
Nicole Calfan – Ginette
Hélène Rémy – Lydia
Odette Piquet – La chanteuse
Mario David – Mario
Lionel Vitrant – Fernand
Dennis Berry – Nono
Jean Aron – Martial Roger, le compatible
André Bollet – Poli
Pierre Koulak – Spada
Production
Development
Alain Delon wanted to produce the film because he was looking for a project in which to collaborate with Jean-Paul Belmondo. He found the story of Carbone and Spirito in a crime book he was reading about French gangsters from 1900 to 1970.
Originally the film was going to be called Carbone and Spirito, but after there were objections about using the names of real gangsters, the characters were fictionalized and the idea was dropped. Alain Delon said he wanted something like Vera Cruz because the title would not have to be translated all around the world. Eventually, the title was taken from the famous Borsalino company which had been making fedora-style hats since the late 19th century. Its golden age was between the 1920s and 1940s, which is within the film's time frame. As a consequence of the movie, there was revival in the popularity of Borsalino fedora hats.
Casting
Despite Delon's desire to work with Belmondo, the relationship between the pair broke down after filming was completed. Director Jacques Deray noted that, "All through production Delon was impeccable, never interfered. But when the film was completed "Delon the producer" stepped in and took it over." Delon said while promoting the film in the US:
We are still what you in America call pals or buddies. But we are not friends. There is a difference. He was my guest in the film but still he complained. I like him as an actor but as a person, he's a bit different. I think his reaction was a stupid reaction... almost like a female reaction. But I don't want to talk about him anymore.
Delon's associate producer, Pierre Caro, said:
If you ask me, I think Belmondo was afraid from the first to make a picture with Alain. He demanded the same number of close ups. Alain had to cancel a lot of his best scenes because they made him look better than Belmondo. My own feeling is that they will never work together again. Alain says they will but he lies.
Under the terms of their contracts, Belmondo and Delon were required to have the same number of close-ups, which prompted Delon to dye his hair black for his role.
Belmondo later sued Delon in court over the manner in which their names were billed in the production. Belmondo was annoyed that the title card "an Alain Delon Production" appeared before his name in the credits.
Filming
The film was shot on location in and around Marseille, France. Interiors were completed in Paris. The film remains one of the most expensive French films ever made. Finance mostly came from Paramount Pictures.
Reception
The film was a large success at the French box office, breaking records throughout the country. It had admissions in France of 4,710,381. This made it the fourth most watched film of the year, after The Gendarme Takes Off, Atlantic Wall, and Rider on the Rain. It was followed by The Red Circle, MASH, Once Upon a Time in the West, The Things of Life, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, Donkey Skin and The Damned.
The film was also very popular elsewhere in Europe, but did not break through in the US the way the filmmakers hoped. While it was released the Markovic Affair was still being heavily publicised, adding to the film's notoriety.
Variety said "problem is that pic is more a vehicle for its stars' personalities than a more cogent insight into French pre-war organized gangsters." Time Out remarked it was "fairly basic as a gangster pastiche ...but not unenjoyable thanks to its loudly stressed period detail and Claude Bolling's jolly score for mechanical piano."
References
External links
Borsalino at Le Film Guide
Review of film at The New York Times
Borsalino at TCMDB
1970 films
1970s buddy comedy films
1970s crime comedy films
Films about organized crime in France
Films directed by Jacques Deray
Films produced by Alain Delon
Films set in 1930
Films set in Marseille
Films shot in Marseille
Films shot in Paris
French crime comedy films
French films
1970s French-language films
Gangster films
Italian films
Italian buddy comedy films
Italian crime comedy films
Films with screenplays by Jean-Claude Carrière
1970 comedy films
Films scored by Claude Bolling |
17328844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadim | Tadim | Tadim is a Portuguese parish, located in the municipality of Braga.
References
Parishes of Braga |
6900002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Ryder | Paul Ryder | Paul Anthony Ryder is the English bass player and a founding member of the Manchester band Happy Mondays.
Early life
Paul and Shaun are the two sons of postman Derek and nurse Linda.
Happy Mondays
Ryder has been an active member of the band through most of its history, from its inception in 1983 through to the present day, and was often credited for giving the band their trademark groove upon which some of their biggest hits were built. His bandmates include his brother Shaun Ryder, Gary Whelan, Mark "Bez" Berry, Paul Davies and Mark Day. It was during his tenure with the band that it had its biggest successes with albums such as Pills 'n' Thrills and Bellyaches which sold more than 350,000 copies in the UK alone.
Acting
Although best known for his role in Happy Mondays, he has also acted in several films, The Ghosts of Oxford Street, Losing It and gave a critically acclaimed performance in the film about his band, 24 Hour Party People, where he played the part of a gangster. Actor Paul Popplewell played the part of Paul Ryder in the film. He has also appeared in many TV shows both as an actor and music industry pundit and commentator.
Other projects
He left Happy Mondays to pursue other projects including writing music for several TV shows and forming a new band Big Arm, who released a critically acclaimed album in 2008 called Radiator. Big Arm supported Ian Brown on a UK tour in 2008 and featured his longtime collaborator Pete Smith as programmer, Danny Short on drums and Daz Gilkinson on guitar, as well as Happy Mondays former percussion player Lea Mullin.
He has also worked as an international DJ playing to large crowds around the world. He is currently living in Los Angeles where he continues to write music. He supported Tom Tom Club on two of the dates on the North America tour in October 2010, playing gigs in San Francisco and Los Angeles. He was joined by fellow musicians Eddy Gronfier (from French act One-T), Neo Garcia on drums and Matt Cheadle on guitar.
In January 2012, it was announced that Happy Mondays were reforming with all of the original members, including Paul Ryder. Happy Mondays continue to perform live shows around the world.
In March 2017, Ryder, Gary Whelan (Happy Mondays drummer) and Ben Knott are working on a new project The Supafreak. Recording in Cheshire with guest vocalists, the results which Gaz Whelan describes as 'Not an album but your entire record collection in 50 minutes' were due to be released in late 2017.
References
English rock bass guitarists
Male bass guitarists
Happy Mondays members
Living people
1964 births
People from Salford |
17328847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%20of%20the%20Imhoff%20Altar | Master of the Imhoff Altar | The Master of the Imhoff Altar (fl. c. 1410–1420) was a German painter. His name comes from an altarpiece, dating to between 1418 and 1422, commissioned by Konrad Imhoff for the Lorenzkirche in Nuremberg. Only the central panel, depicting the Coronation of the Virgin, and the wings, depicting several apostles, are still preserved in the church, albeit partially disassembled. On the inner wings, flanking the Coronation, may be found a donor portrait of the donor with three of his four wives. Originally the back of the altarpiece held an image of Christ as the Man of Sorrows, with the Virgin Mary and Saint John. This piece, which has since been removed to the Germanisches Nationalmuseum, is now believed to be the work of the Master of the Bamberg Altar.
It is believed by some historians that the Master of the Imhoff Altar is also the so-called Master of the Deichsler Altarpiece, whose work is known from two surviving altarpiece wings in Berlin. Attempts have been made to link both artists to Berthold Landauer, but these have been based entirely on his activity in Nuremberg at the time in question. The Deischler paintings are believed to predate the Imhoff Altar by five to ten years, and are the work of an artist deeply familiar with the art of Bohemia from around 1400. The Imhoff Altar, by contrast, represents a marked shift towards a firmer and sparer manner, coupled with the use of stronger colors.
References
Master of the Imhoff Altar
14th-century births
15th-century deaths
15th-century German painters
Imhoff Altar, Master of the
Gothic painters |
20466247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3n%20Garc%C3%ADa%20Abril | Antón García Abril | Antón García Abril OAXS (19 May 1933 – 17 March 2021) was a Spanish composer and musician.
Biography
Between 1974 and 2003, he was the head of the department of Compositions and Musical Forms (Composición y Formas Musicales) of the Madrid Royal Conservatory, and in 1982 he was elected a member of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando in Madrid. In 1994, he was awarded Spain's Premio Nacional de Música for composition, and in 2008, he was also named a member of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Carlos in Valencia.
He died on 17 March 2021, at the age of 87 from COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain.
Works
García Abril has composed as many orchestral works as he has chamber and vocal pieces, and he has composed music for films and television series such as El hombre y la Tierra, Fortunata y Jacinta, Anillos de oro, Segunda enseñanza, Brigada Central, Ramón y Cajal, La ciudad no es para mí and Compuesta y sin novio.
In 1966, he composed the soundtrack for the film Texas, Adios, a Spaghetti Western starring Franco Nero. Also, in 1969, he worked alongside Rafael Romero Marchent, a film director from Madrid, on the soundtrack of the movie Awkward Hands, another Spaghetti Western. He also composed the music for Amando de Ossorio's Blind Dead series of films, being Tombs of the Blind Dead (1972), Return of the Blind Dead (1973), The Ghost Galleon (1974) and Night of the Seagulls (1975).
Compositions
1969. Twelve songs to texts by Rafael Alberti (for voice and orchestra)
1972. Hemeroscopium (for orchestra)
1976. Concierto aguediano (for guitar and orchestra)
1985. Evocaciones (for solo guitar)
1986. Concierto mudéjar (for guitar and orchestra)
1987. Vademecum (a collection of 12 pieces for the guitar)
1992. Divinas palabras (opera after Ramón del Valle-Inclán, premiered 1997 with Plácido Domingo)
1994. Concierto (for piano and orchestra)
1996. Nocturnos de la Antequeruela (for piano and orchestra)
1999. Concierto de las tierras altas (for cello and orchestra)
2001. Concierto de la Malvarrosa (for flute, piano and strings)
2007. Alba de los caminos (for piano and string quintet)
2012. Cantos de Ordesa, Concerto for viola and orchestra
Music for films and television
Between 1956 and 1994, Antón García Abril created more than 150 compositions for movies and television. He has provided soundtracks for the films:
1962. La muerte silba un blues
1964. La chica del trébol
1965 La corrida (Documentary short)
1965 Un vampiro para dos
1965 El tímido
1965 El cálido verano del Sr. Rodríguez
1966. La ciudad no es para mí
1966. Texas, Adios
1967. Maneater of Hydra
1967. The Cobra
1967. Sor Citroën
1969. Awkward Hands
1971. The Werewolf vs. The Vampire Woman
1972. Tombs of the Blind Dead
1972. Dr. Jekyll y el Hombre Lobo
1972. Pancho Villa
1973. Curse of the Devil
1973. Return of the Blind Dead
1974. The Loreley's Grasp
1974. The Ghost Galleon
1975. A Long Return
1975. Night of the Seagulls
1984. Los santos inocentes
1987. Monsignor Quixote
He also created the soundtracks of the television series:
1974. El hombre y la Tierra
1980. Fortunata y Jacinta
1983. Anillos de oro
1986. Segunda enseñanza
1972. Los camioneros
Honours
Knight Grand Cross of the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise (Kingdom of Spain, 16 December 2005).
References
External links
1933 births
2021 deaths
People from Teruel
Academics of the Madrid Royal Conservatory
Madrid Royal Conservatory alumni
Spanish classical composers
Spanish male classical composers
Spanish film score composers
Male film score composers
Recipients of the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain |
20466253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurchen | Jurchen | Jurchen may refer to:
Jurchen people, Tungusic people who inhabited the region of Manchuria until the 17th century
Haixi Jurchens, a grouping of the Jurchens as identified by the Chinese of the Ming Dynasty
Jianzhou Jurchens, a grouping of the Jurchens as identified by the Chinese of the Ming Dynasty
Wild Jurchens, a grouping of the Jurchens as identified by the Chinese of the Ming Dynasty
Jurchen script, writing system of Jurchen people
Jurchen language, extinct language spoken by Jurchen people
Jin dynasty (1115–1234), also known as the Jurchen Dynasty
Language and nationality disambiguation pages |
20466255 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wasat%20%28Bahraini%20newspaper%29 | Al-Wasat (Bahraini newspaper) | Al-Wasat (), also Alwasat, was an Arabic-language daily newspaper in Manama, Bahrain. Al-Wasat was generally regarded as the only independent newspaper in Bahrain. The newspaper ran for 15 years, during which is provided reporting unique to Bahrain.
The government of Bahrain forcibly closed the newspaper on 4 June 2017, in a move which Amnesty International termed an "all-out campaign to end independent reporting".
History and profile
Al-Wasat was established in 2002. The newspaper was established after the early reforms adopted by King Hamad bin Isa. Allowing a key oppositional figure to establish this newspaper was seen as a key event in the opening up of society. Before Al-Wasat was established, Bahrain had only two Arabic newspapers, Akhbar Al Khaleej and Al Ayam, both of which were viewed as extremely pro-government. Its founders are Mansoor Al-Jamri and leading personalities from the Bahraini private sector. Al-Jamri was the editor-in-chief. He was temporarily forced out of his position between 3 April 2011 until 4 August 2011 during a government crackdown on journalists and the press during the Arab Spring.
Al-Wasat was the most popular newspaper in Bahrain and was generally regarded as the only daily that does not take a loyalist stand to the Bahraini government. It was the first Bahraini newspaper to reflect opposing viewpoints.
The paper was ranked as the top newspaper in terms of circulation and impact in the kingdom of Bahrain by the Pan-Arab Research Center in its survey in 2012. The paper was ranked of the top of index of credibility by the "Media Credibility Index" issued by Next Century Foundation in London on 5 May 2012. The paper's online version was the 15th most visited website for 2010 in the MENA region.
Awards
Mansoor Al-Jamri is recipient of the CPJ International Press Freedom Awards in 2011 and the International Media Peace Award 2012.
In addition, the newspaper won several awards, including a European Award on 8 December 2011, MENA photojournalism award, UNICEF regional award for electronic media on 28 September 2011, the 15th strongest MENA newspaper on the Internet according to Forbes Middle East on 27 October 2010, Arab Journalism Award on 13 May 2010, Bahrain's electronic media, and Award on 13 March 2009.
Al Wasat was ranked top of the "Media Credibility Index" issued by the Next Century Foundation in May 2012. The paper was identified by the Pan-Arab Research Centre (PARC) in 2012 as the most widely read newspaper in Bahrain. Its editor-in-chief, Mansoor Al-Jamri also received the International Media Peace Award in London on 5 May 2012.
Controversy
On 15 March 2011, the newspaper's printing office was attacked by mobs carrying knives and clubs. This came after recent 2011 Bahraini protests as some pro-government supporters attacked Al Wasat'''s oppositional views on recent events. The attack happened in the early hours of Tuesday morning after days of harassment of staff and journalists by some pro-government supporters.
Following a talk show on Bahrain television on 2 April 2011, which allegedly accused fabrications by the newspaper in its reporting of 2011 protests in Bahrain, Al-Wasat was suspended for one day and put under investigation by Bahrain's Information Affairs Authority. Al Wasat newspaper was accused of using old footage and articles when reporting on current events following the Bahraini protests. The Associated Press reported on 3 April that Al Wasat did not publish, following a message on state TV that the Information Ministry had ordered the paper to shut down. According to the state-run Bahrain News Agency, government officials again accused Al-Wasat of "unethical" coverage.
The day after the suspension, the board of directors of the paper announced they had accepted the resignation of Mansoor Al-Jamri as editor in chief, and Nouwehed as managing editor and head of local news (Aqeel Mirza). The new editor in chief would be Obaidaly AlObaidaly, a columnist for the paper. The newspaper restarted on 4 April 2011.
Al Jamri spoke to the Financial Times following these events and contended that allegations against his newspaper were part of a "sustained campaign" against this specific publication. He explained that there is a possibility of a double agent that was planted in the newspaper to spread fabrications. Bahrain's Information Affairs Authority filed a legal case based on Bahrain's law regarding press, printing and publishing. The General Prosecution summoned Mansoor Al Jamri, managing editor Walid Nouwehed and head of local news Aqeel Mirza for questioning. They were charged with publishing fabricated stories which "harmed public safety and national interests". Prosecutor General Ali bin Fadhl Al Bouainain indicated that they would stand trial when investigations have been completed.
Al Jamri explained in an interview with Al-Hurra Satellite that on 3 April 2011, an official ordered the newspaper's board to dismiss the editor-in-chief and key staff, two non-Bahraini staff were forcibly deported on 4 April 2011 and a detailed a series of official intimidation to the newspaper.
Karim Fakhrawi, one of the founders of Al Wasat, was detained on 3 April 2011 and according to the BICI report he died under torture on 12 April 2011.
The public announcement indicated that Fakhrawi died of kidney failure, but according to the Committee to Protect Journalists, pictures showed bruises on his body.
On 4 August 2011, the board of directors reinstated Mansoor Al-Jamri back as editor-in-chief of the newspaper. The investors' general meeting held on 7 August 2011 reaffirmed the strategic direction of Al Wasat'' newspaper.
In June 2017 the newspaper was banned by the Bahraini government on accusations that it "sows division".
References
2002 establishments in Bahrain
2017 disestablishments in Bahrain
Arabic-language newspapers
Defunct newspapers published in Bahrain
Mass media in Manama
Newspapers established in 2002
Publications disestablished in 2017
Censorship in Bahrain |
23571693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutland | Rutland | Rutland () is a ceremonial county and unitary authority in the East Midlands, England. The county is bounded to the west and north by Leicestershire, to the northeast by Lincolnshire and the southeast by Northamptonshire.
Its greatest length north to south is only and its greatest breadth east to west is . It is the smallest historic county in England and the fourth smallest in the UK as a whole. Because of this, the Latin motto Multum in Parvo or "much in little" was adopted by the county council in 1950. It has the smallest population of any normal unitary authority in England. Among the current ceremonial counties, the Isle of Wight, City of London and City of Bristol are smaller in area. The former County of London, in existence 1889 to 1965, also had a smaller area. It is 323rd of the 326 districts in population.
The only towns in Rutland are Oakham, the county town, and Uppingham. At the centre of the county is Rutland Water, a large artificial reservoir that is an important nature reserve serving as an overwintering site for wildfowl and a breeding site for ospreys.
Rutland's older cottages are built from limestone or ironstone and many have roofs of Collyweston stone slate or thatch.
Etymology
The origin of the name of the county is unclear. In a 1909 edition of Notes and Queries Harriot Tabor suggested "that the name should be Ruthland, and that there is a part of Essex called the Ruth, and that the ancient holders of it were called Ruthlanders, since altered to Rutland"; however, responses suggest "that Rutland, as a name, was earlier than the Norman Conquest. Its first mention, as "Roteland", occurs in the will of Edward the Confessor; in Domesday it is "the King's soc of Roteland", not being then a shire; and in the reign of John it was assigned as a dowry to Queen Isabella.
The northwestern part of the county was recorded as Rutland, a detached part of Nottinghamshire, in Domesday Book; the south-eastern part as the wapentake of Wicelsea in Northamptonshire. It was first mentioned as a separate county in 1159, but as late as the 14th century it was referred to as the 'Soke of Rutland'. Rutlandshire is an archaic and rarely used alternative name.
Rutland may be from Old English or "cattle" and "land", as a record from 1128 as Ritelanede shows. However, A Dictionary of British Place-Names by A D Mills gives an alternative etymology, "Rota's land", from the Old English (Anglo-Saxon) personal name and land land. It is from the alternative interpretation of red land that the traditional nickname for a male person from Rutland, a "Raddle Man", derives.
History
Earl of Rutland and Duke of Rutland are titles in the peerage of England held in the Manners family, derived from the historic county of Rutland. The Earl of Rutland was elevated to the status of Duke in 1703 and the titles were merged. The family seat is Belvoir Castle, Leicestershire.
The office of High Sheriff of Rutland was instituted in 1129, and there has been a Lord Lieutenant of Rutland since at least 1559. Oakham Castle was built c.1180–1190 and is "one of the nation’s best-preserved Norman buildings" and is a Grade I listed building.
By the time of the 19th century it had been divided into the hundreds of Alstoe, East Rutland, Martinsley, Oakham and Wrandike.
Rutland covered parts of three poor law unions and rural sanitary districts (RSDs): those of Oakham, Uppingham and Stamford. The registration county of Rutland contained the entirety of Oakham and Uppingham RSDs, which included several parishes in Leicestershire and Northamptonshire – the eastern part in Stamford RSD was included in the Lincolnshire registration county. Under the Poor Laws, Oakham Union workhouse was built in 1836–37 at a site to the north-east of the town, with room for 100 paupers. The building later operated as the Catmose Vale Hospital, and now forms part of the Oakham School.
In 1894 under the Local Government Act 1894 the rural sanitary districts were partitioned along county boundaries to form three rural districts. The part of Oakham and Uppingham RSDs in Rutland formed the Oakham Rural District and Uppingham Rural District, with the two parishes from Oakham RSD in Leicestershire becoming part of the Melton Mowbray Rural District, the nine parishes of Uppingham RSD in Leicestershire becoming the Hallaton Rural District, and the six parishes of Uppingham RSD in Northamptonshire becoming Gretton Rural District. Meanwhile, that part of Stamford RSD in Rutland became the Ketton Rural District.
Oakham Urban District was created from Oakham Rural District in 1911. It was subsequently abolished in 1974.
Rutland was included in the "East Midlands General Review Area" of the 1958–67 Local Government Commission for England. Draft recommendations would have seen Rutland split, with Ketton Rural District going along with Stamford to a new administrative county of Cambridgeshire, and the western part added to Leicestershire. The final proposals were less radical and instead proposed that Rutland become a single rural district within the administrative county of Leicestershire.
District of Leicestershire (1974–1997)
Rutland became a non-metropolitan district of Leicestershire under the Local Government Act 1972, which took effect on 1 April 1974. The original proposal was for Rutland to be merged with what is now the Melton borough, as Rutland did not meet the requirement of having a population of at least 40,000. The revised and implemented proposals allowed Rutland to be exempt from this.
Unitary authority (1997–present)
In 1994, the Local Government Commission for England, which was conducting a structural review of English local government, recommended that Rutland become a unitary authority. This was implemented on 1 April 1997, when Rutland County Council became responsible for almost all local services in Rutland, with the exception of the Leicestershire Fire and Rescue Service and Leicestershire Police, which are run by joint boards with Leicestershire County Council and Leicester City Council. Rutland regained a separate lieutenancy and shrievalty, and thus also regained status as a ceremonial county.
Rutland was a postal county until the Royal Mail integrated it into the Leicestershire postal county in 1974. After a lengthy campaign, and despite counties no longer being required for postal purposes, the Royal Mail agreed to re-create a postal county of Rutland in 2007. This was achieved in January 2008 by amending the former postal county for all of the Oakham (LE15) post town and a small part of the Market Harborough (LE16) post town.
Politics and subdivisions
Wards
As from the May 2019 elections, there are 27 councillors representing 15 wards on Rutland County Council. They represent a mixture of one, two and three-person wards.
Parliamentary constituency
Rutland formed a Parliamentary constituency on its own until 1918, when it became part of the Rutland and Stamford constituency, along with Stamford in Lincolnshire. Since 1983 it has formed part of the Rutland and Melton constituency along with Melton borough and part of Harborough district from Leicestershire.
As of the 2019 general election, Alicia Kearns is the member of parliament for Rutland and Melton, having received 62.6% of the vote.
Civil parishes
The county comprises 57 civil parishes, which range considerably in size and population, from Martinsthorpe (nil population) to Oakham (10,922 residents in the 2011 census).
Demographics
The population in the 2011 Census was 37,369, a rise of 8% on the 2001 total of 34,563. This is a population density of 98 people per square kilometre. 2.7% of the population are from ethnic minority backgrounds compared to 9.1% nationally. In terms of religious affiliation, around 68.2% are of Christian faith, with "No religion" being around 22.9%. 0.4% are of Islam faith and other religions at less than 1%.
In 2006 it was reported that Rutland has the highest fertility rate of any English county – the average woman having 2.81 children, compared with only 1.67 in Tyne and Wear.
In December 2006, Sport England published a survey which revealed that residents of Rutland were the 6th most active in England in sports and other fitness activities. 27.4% of the population participate at least 3 times a week for 30 minutes.
In 2012, the well-being report by the Office for National Statistics found Rutland to be the "happiest county" in the mainland UK.
Geography
The particular geology of the area has given its name to the Rutland Formation which was formed from muds and sand carried down by rivers and occurring as bands of different colours, each with many fossil shells at the bottom. At the bottom of the Rutland Formation is a bed of dirty white sandy silt. Under the Rutland Formation is a formation called the Lincolnshire limestone. The best exposure of this limestone (and also the Rutland Formation) is at the Ketton Cement Works quarry just outside Ketton.
Rutland is dominated by Rutland Water, a large artificial lake formerly known as "Empingham Reservoir", in the middle of the county, which is almost bisected by the Hambleton Peninsula. The west part is in the Vale of Catmose. Rutland Water, when construction started in 1971, became Europe's largest man-made lake; construction was completed in 1975, and filling the lake took a further four years. This has been voted Rutland's favourite tourist attraction.
The highest point of the county is at Cold Overton Park (historically part of Flitteriss Park) at 197 m (646 ft) above sea level close to the west border (OS Grid reference: SK8271708539). The lowest point is close to the east border, in secluded farmland at North Lodge Farm, northeast of Belmesthorpe, at just 17 m (56 feet) above sea level (OS Grid reference: TF056611122); this corner of the county is on the edge of The Fens and is drained by the West Glen.
Rivers
River Chater
Eye Brook
River Gwash
River Welland
Economy
There are 17,000 people of working age in Rutland, of which the highest percentage (30.8%) work in Public Administration, Education and Health, closely followed by 29.7% in Distribution, Hotels and Restaurants and 16.7% in Manufacturing industries. Significant employers include Lands' End in Oakham and the Ketton Cement Works. Other employers in Rutland include two Ministry of Defence bases – Kendrew Barracks (formerly RAF Cottesmore) and St George's Barracks (previously RAF North Luffenham), two public schools – Oakham and Uppingham – and one prison, Stocken. The former Ashwell prison closed at the end of March 2011 after a riot and government review but, having been purchased by Rutland County Council, has now been turned into Oakham Enterprise Park. The county used to supply iron ore to Corby steel works but these quarries closed in the 1960s and early 1970s resulting in the famous walk of "Sundew" (the Exton quarries' large walking dragline) from Exton to Corby, which even featured on the children's TV series Blue Peter. Agriculture thrives with much wheat farming on the rich soil. Tourism continues to grow.
The Ruddles Brewery was Langham's biggest industry until it was closed in 1997. Rutland bitter is one of only three UK beers to have achieved Protected Geographical Indication status; this followed an application by Ruddles. When Greene King, the owners of Ruddles, closed the Langham brewery it was unable to take advantage of the registration. However, in 2010 a Rutland Bitter was launched by Oakham's Grainstore Brewery.
It is 348th out of 354 on the Indices of Deprivation for England, showing it to be one of the least economically deprived areas in the country.
In March 2007, Rutland became only the fourth Fairtrade County.
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of the non-metropolitan county of Leicestershire and Rutland at current basic prices with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.
includes hunting and forestry
includes energy and construction
includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured
Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
As far as the NHS is concerned Rutland is generally treated as part of Leicestershire.
Transport
A small part of the East Coast Main Line passes through Rutland's north-east corner, near Essendine. It was on this stretch that a train pulled by the locomotive Mallard set the world speed record for steam locomotives on 3 July 1938, with a speed of .
Rutland was the last county in England without a direct rail service to London (apart from the Isle of Wight and several administrative counties which are unitary authorities). East Midlands Trains started running a single service from Oakham railway station to London St Pancras via Corby on 27 April 2009.
Through the Rutland Electric Car Project, Rutland was the first county to offer a county-wide public electric-vehicle charging network.
In popular culture
Rutland's small size has led to a number of humorous references such as Rutland Weekend Television, a television comedy sketch series hosted by Eric Idle. The county is the supposed home of the parody rock band The Rutles, who first appeared on Rutland Weekend Television.
The events in several Peter F. Hamilton books (including Misspent Youth and Mindstar Rising) are situated in Rutland, where the author lives. Adam Croft is writing the Rutland crime series, beginning with What Lies Beneath (2020).
Rutland was the last county in England without a McDonald's restaurant. However, in January 2020 a planning application for a McDonald's restaurant on the outskirts of Oakham was approved by the County Council and the restaurant opened on 4 November 2020.
Traditions
Rutland's traditions include:
Letting of the Banks (Whissendine): The Banks are pasture land and the letting traditionally occurs in the third week of March
Rush Bearing and Rush Strewing (Barrowden): Reeds are gathered in the church meadow on the eve of St Peter's Day and placed on the church floor (late June, early July)
Uppingham Market was granted by Charter in 1281 by Edward I.
According to tradition, any royalty or peers passing through Oakham must present a horseshoe to the Lord of the Manor of Oakham. The horseshoe has been Rutland's emblem for hundreds of years.
Education
Harington School provides post-16 education in the county. Rutland County College closed in 2017.
Places of interest
Barnsdale Gardens
Lyddington Bede House
Oakham Castle
Rutland County Museum, Oakham
Rutland Railway Museum, Ashwell
Rutland Water
Tolethorpe Hall
The Viking Way
Rutland Water Nature Reserve
See also
Flag of Rutland
High Sheriff of Rutland
List of birds of Leicestershire and Rutland
Lord Lieutenant of Rutland
Kesteven
Parts of Holland
Soke of Peterborough
References
Bibliography
External links
Rutland County Council
Rutland Local History & Record Society
Unitary authority districts of England
East Midlands
Local government districts of the East Midlands
Counties of England established in antiquity
Counties of England disestablished in 1974
Counties of England established in 1997 |
23571694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molovata | Molovata | Molovata is a village in Dubăsari District, Moldova.
References
Villages of Dubăsari District
Populated places on the Dniester |
20466263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig%20Mahon | Craig Mahon | Craig Derek Mahon (born 21 June 1989) is an Irish footballer who is a player/coach for National League North side Curzon Ashton.
Craig Mahon signed a one-year professional contract with Wigan Athletic in June 2008. Mahon's footballing education took place at the Dublin-based club Lourdes Celtic, from there he signed as trainee YT in 06/07 at Wigan where he then progressed through the ranks.
Craig signed for Accrington Stanley on loan in 2008/09. Mahon was spotted by Stanley bosses putting in an impressive performance in the reserves game against Everton. He made his debut for Stanley on 29 November 2008 in a League Two match against Bury at the Crown Ground, which ended in a 2–1 defeat for Stanley.
He has also represented the Republic of Ireland at youth level, making his debut for the under-18 side on 7 February 2007 in a 0–0 draw against Netherlands. He appeared for the under-19 team later in the year, playing in a 2–1 defeat against Chile.
Football runs in the family for Craig, he is the nephew of Alan Mahon formerly of (Tranmere Rovers) and cousin of Andy Reid (Nottingham Forest).
In the summer of 2009, he was released by Wigan Athletic and went on to have a short spell with Salford City scoring eight goals in 24 appearances with the club.
After trials at Football League Clubs Bury and Rochdale, Mahon signed for Conference North side Vauxhall Motors on 4 September 2010. He signed a further 12-month deal on 26 July 2011.
Vauxhall Motors secured the services of Mahon on a further 12-month deal on 27 July 2012.
Craig was voted the Vauxhall Motors Player of the Season for the 2012/13 season. He signed for neighbours Chester on 23 May 2013, allowing him the chance to play football in the Conference Premier. He remained at Chester for 8 years, which included loan spells with AFC Fylde and Ashton United.
On 7 November 2014, Mahon became the father of twins. The following day Mahon was back on the pitch playing for Chester against Football League side Southend United F.C. in the FA Cup First Round. Mahon had further cause for celebration by scoring the winning goal in the 51st minute, the match ending 2–1 to Chester as they pulled off a surprise victory against higher-ranked opponents.
On 12 September 2017 Craig broke the all-time appearance record for Chester FC, with 160 appearances for the club. He went on to make 215 appearances for the club.
In January 2020 Mahon signed for Altrincham. He was part of the Altrincham team that were promoted to The Vanarama National League on the 1st August 2020 beating Boston United 1-0 in the play-off final.
Craig signed for National League North side Curzon Ashton in September 2020. He signed a further 12 month contract as a player/coach in August 2021. In October 2021 he took the role of Interim Manager for three games, whilst the club recruited a new manager.
References
External links
1989 births
Living people
Association footballers from County Dublin
Republic of Ireland association footballers
Republic of Ireland youth international footballers
Association football forwards
English Football League players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Accrington Stanley F.C. players
Salford City F.C. players
Burscough F.C. players
Vauxhall Motors F.C. players
Chester F.C. players
AFC Fylde players
Ashton United F.C. players
players
Altrincham F.C. players |
20466289 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine%20Willcox | Elaine Willcox | Elaine Willcox is an English television reporter. Currently employed by ITV Granada.
Personal life
Willcox was born in Berlin, after her father was stationed in the city as part of the Royal Engineers, she was brought up in Newcastle where she stayed to complete a degree in English and History.
She now lives in North West England. Elaine lives with her husband.
Media career
Elaine was part of a team which won a BAFTA in 2007 for covering the impact of the Morecambe Bay cockling disaster for ITV Granada. This, to date, is the only occasion where a BAFTA has gone to a regional news programme.
In September 2007 she joined GMTV as North West England Correspondent, after three years, she returned to ITV Granada as a reporter for regional news programme Granada Reports.
References
External links
BAFTA win
GMTV presenters and reporters
ITV regional newsreaders and journalists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
23571697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATCvet%20code%20QI03 | ATCvet code QI03 |
QI03A Goat
QI03AA Inactivated viral vaccines
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QI03AB Inactivated bacterial vaccines (including mycoplasma, toxoid and chlamydia)
QI03AB01 Mycobacterium
QI03AC Inactivated bacterial vaccines and antisera
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QI03AD Live viral vaccines
QI03AD01 Peste des petits ruminants (PPR)
QI03AE Live bacterial vaccines
QI03AE01 Mycobacterium
QI03AF Live bacterial and viral vaccines
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QI03AG Live and inactivated bacterial vaccines
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QI03AH Live and inactivated viral vaccines
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QI03AI Live viral and inactivated bacterial vaccines
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QI03AJ Live and inactivated viral and bacterial vaccines
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QI03AK Inactivated viral and live bacterial vaccines
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QI03AL Inactivated viral and inactivated bacterial vaccines
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QI03AM Antisera, immunoglobulin preparations, and antitoxins
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QI03AN Live parasitic vaccines
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QI03AO Inactivated parasitic vaccines
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QI03AP Live fungal vaccines
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QI03AQ Inactivated fungal vaccines
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QI03AR In vivo diagnostic preparations
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QI03AS Allergens
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QI03AT Colostrum preparations and substitutes
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QI03AU Other live vaccines
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QI03AV Other inactivated vaccines
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QI03AX Other immunologicals
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QI03X Capridae, others
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Notes
References
I03 |
20466298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overture%20%281965%20film%29 | Overture (1965 film) | Overture () is a 1965 Hungarian short documentary film written by János Vadász. It won the Short Film Palme d'Or at the 1965 Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
Synopsis
After the opening title card, a white blur in the center of a black screen resolves to the shape of a chicken egg. We penetrate the shell, and watch, in time-lapse, the 21-day development of a chicken embryo, from a germ spot on the yolk to the emergence of the baby chick, compressed into under eight minutes, set to Beethoven's Egmont Overture.
Cultural influences
Film uses complete Beethoven's Ouverture to Egmont as soundtrack for image series featuring hatching bird, referencing rebellious nature of Egmont fighting for freedom despite all barriers. Beethoven's Egmont is a set of incidental music pieces for the 1787 play of the same name by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. The film, nominated for Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject) is described as "among the most ingenious pairings of music and image in the history of the festival."
References
External links
1965 films
1960s short documentary films
1965 documentary films
1965 short films
Hungarian-language films
Hungarian short documentary films
Short Film Palme d'Or winners |
17328858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid%20Kuller | Sid Kuller | Sid Kuller (27 October 1910 New York City, New York – 16 September 1993 in Sherman Oaks, California) was an American comedy writer, producer and lyricist/composer, who concentrated on special musical material, gags and sketches for leading comics. He collaborated with Ray Golden and Hal Fimberg on the screenplay of the Marx Brothers' vehicle The Big Store, for which he also supplied the lyrics to the musical climax, "The Tenement Symphony". Earlier in their careers, Kuller and Golden wrote comedy songs and special material for the Ritz Brothers. Although he wrote prodigiously and with facility throughout his life, Kuller admitted, "The creation of comedy is a painful experience".
Vaudeville
After attending Columbia University, Kuller began contributing jokes and songs to vaudeville performers, such as Bert Lahr and Jack Benny, and became a ghost-gag-writer for the legendary Al Boasberg. While working on an Earl Carroll Vanities show he started to write comedy bits for the precision-dancing Ritz Brothers, who brought him and fellow-writer Ray Golden with them to Hollywood in 1937.
On Broadway Kuller and Golden were part of the team which wrote the book for the progressive 1940 revue Meet the People, which included one of his early hit songs Elmer's Wedding Day (with music by Jay Gorney). He also wrote the political musical revue, O Say Can You Sing, which was performed in Chicago, and may have been one of the producers of the original Chicago production of the Federal Theater Project's groundbreaking all-black Swing Mikado., which transferred to Broadway without him.
Hollywood career
Through a string of Ritz Brothers' credits, the team of Kuller and Golden became known as one of Hollywood's best special material writers. At this time Kuller, who specialized in funny, though politically aware sketches and clever blackouts, kept an open house in the Hollywood Hills where jazz and swing bands regularly jammed, including Duke Ellington's. Groucho Marx quickly recognized in Kuller a fellow wit (and admirer of Gilbert and Sullivan), and kept him on set to zing up lines for The Big Store as they went along (e.g., he's credited with, "You mean a woman of your culture and money and beauty and money would marry this impostor?").
Returning after war service with the U.S. Army Air Corps First Motion Picture Unit, Kuller divided his time between writing and producing for Broadway (Alive and Kicking, debuting Gwen Verdon 1950); television (Colgate Comedy Hour, hosts Martin and Lewis, Donald O'Connor 1952-3; The Milton Berle Show 1951; The Jackie Gleason Show 1970); and various night-club acts (e.g. The Sportsmen Quartet). In 1952 he executive produced with Ben Hecht Actor's and Sin, using archive footage of Louis B. Mayer and Jack L. Warner, which ran into trouble when some theater chains refused to show it on the grounds that it lampooned Hollywood.
In the 1970s Sid collaborated with Sandy Matlowsky and Tige Andrews (of Mod Squad fame) on two original songs on the Tiger Records label in Los Angeles, California. "The Modfather" and "Keep America Beautiful" were the A and B sides of the vinyl 45 single release. These songs had humor and poignancy for the post 60s youth culture that was embracing political awareness and the social revolution. Sid's clever writing techniques are at its finest in this rare collection that contributed to the advocacy of world peace and the environmental movement.
Black Entertainment Involvement
Redd Foxx recalled that Kuller had become a household name among black performers of the 1940s. While working on the cotton-picking pastiche in The Big Store ("Up n' down the ole plantation, All the cotton was-a rottin away etc."), Kuller conceived with Duke Ellington the idea for a black, topical revue that would challenge segregation and try to break down the old Uncle Tom and Stepin Fetchit stereotypes still prevalent in the industry at that time. Their stated aim was to correct the race situation through theatrical propaganda.
Jump for Joy, starring Dorothy Dandridge, Ellington and other leading black performers, ran for three months at the Mayan Theater in Los Angeles before an integrated audience, with the backing of the Marx Brothers, Orson Welles and other Hollywood liberals. Kuller co-directed most of the skits he wrote, and together with Paul Francis Webster contributed biting lyrics to the music of Hal Borne and Ellington (e.g. "Fare thee well, land of cotton; cotton lisle is out of style"). As Kuller later explained: "Traditionally, black humor had been portrayed by blacks for white audiences from a white point of view. Our material was from the point of view of black people looking at whites." Although the show was an artistic and popular success, it had to be shut down with the outbreak of the Pacific War.
Kuller was also an early supporter of comedian and jazzman Scatman Crothers, with whom he worked on television. Kuller cast him in a featured role in his directorial debut, the 1950 swing version of The Return of Gilbert and Sullivan, filmed in the United Kingdom. For Louis Armstrong Kuller created a jazz versus opera routine featuring Robert Merrill. Kuller together with Borne also contributed to the successful revitalization of the Will Mastin Trio song and dance act in the early 50s, helping launch the breakthrough of Sammy Davis Jr. .
During the 1950s he was involved with some other projects for black performers, most of which did not come to fruition: including another revue entitled Swing Family Robinson, a biopic of Ellington and a revival of Jumpin for Joy in Las Vegas.
Later career
Kuller joined ASCAP in 1942 and was active in organizing many Variety Club charity shows. In the 1956 Jule Styne production Mr. Wonderful, one of Kuller's interpolated songs ("Daddy, Uncle and Me") was performed by Sammy Davis, Jr.
He was also the writer and producer of Miltown Revisited, the disastrous last Las Vegas show of Abbott and Costello, when the partnership finally split up in 1956. Kuller recalled that after Abbott turned up drunk for the second show at the Sahara Hotel, Costello never forgave him: "It was the most terrible night of [Kuller's] life in show business."
Nevertheless, Kuller continued producing night-club acts until his death and was responsible for writing two fondly remembered parody shows for the Jewish dialect comedians Mickey Katz and Billy Gray: The Cohen Mutiny (i.e. Caine takeoff) and My Fairfax Lady, where an upperclass British woman is taught to speak with a Jewish accent!
In 1963 Kuller was heavily involved in writing (and rewriting) the ambitious, but troubled Vernon Duke musical Zenda, based on The Prisoner of Zenda, for the San Francisco Light Opera Company with Alfred Drake and Chita Rivera. But his final stage experience was to be the hit 1981-3 revue Sophisticated Ladies, starring Gregory Hines, where famous songs he and others wrote with Ellington (e.g. "Bli-Blips") were introduced to a new generation.
He and his wife Morine were supporters of Oakwood, the cooperative school established in Hollywood by the actor Robert Ryan, a fellow liberal active in the Civil rights movement, and his Quaker wife.
Filmography
As writer/lyricist
1937 : Life Begins in College (Ritz Bros. with Tony Martin
1938 : Damon Runyon's Straight, Place & Show
1938 : Kentucky Moonshine (Ritz Bros., Tony Martin)
1938 : The Goldwyn Follies (Ritz Bros.)
1939 : The Three Musketeers (Ritz Bros.)
1940 : Argentine Nights (Ritz Bros.)
1940 : Melody Ranch (Gene Autry singing cowboy picture)
1940 : Road to Singapore (first road picture of Bob Hope and Bing Crosby)
1941 : The Big Store (Marx Bros. with Tony Martin)
1945 : Spreadin' the Jam
1950 : The Return of Gilbert and Sullivan
1951 : Slaughter Trail (a Howard Hughes production notorious for the beginning of the blacklist)
1959 "Blues, the Mother of Sin", "Little Mama" and "Piano Man" with Billy Eckstine for a record "Billy Eckstine & Count Basie Inc."
as director
1950 : The Return of Gilbert and Sullivan (swing version of Gilbert and Sullivan, featuring Scatman Crothers and Sportsmen Quartet)
as producer
1952 : Actor's and Sin (Sid Kuller Productions)
1960 : Stop! Look! and Laugh! (an unauthorized Three Stooges compilation, ending with a voice-over chimp fairy tale produced by Kuller)
as composer
1950 : The Return of Gilbert and Sullivan
1956 - Mr. Wonderful - song "Daddy, Uncle, and Me"
1960 : Stop! Look! and Laugh!
References
External links
1910 births
1993 deaths
American male composers
American film directors
American film producers
American male screenwriters
First Motion Picture Unit personnel
20th-century American composers
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters |
Subsets and Splits