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4036578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Huckle | Adam Huckle | Adam George Huckle (born 21 September 1971) is a Zimbabwean former international cricketer who played in eight Test matches and 19 One Day Internationals (ODI) from 1997 to 1999 for the Zimbabwe national team.
In his second Test in 1997, against New Zealand, Huckle took 11–255 in the match (6–109 and 5–146). As of 2013, this remains the only occasion when a Zimbabwean bowler has taken 11 wickets in a Test match. His aggressive appealing in the match led to a fine by referee Sidath Wettimuny for attempting to intimidate the umpire. He was filmed shepherding a dismissed batsman off the field with a well known two-word goodbye. When interrogated by the relevant cricketing body at a subsequent hearing, Huckle explained: "Well, we weren't playing netball".
Huckle's father, Mike Huckle, played a single first-class match for Rhodesia in the 1960s.
External links
"Adam Huckle - a short biography" by John Ward at Cricinfo
1971 births
Living people
Cricketers from Bulawayo
White Zimbabwean sportspeople
Alumni of Falcon College
Zimbabwean cricketers
Zimbabwe Test cricketers
Zimbabwe One Day International cricketers
Eastern Province cricketers
Matabeleland cricketers
Commonwealth Games competitors for Zimbabwe
Cricketers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup |
4036591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin%20Rennie | Gavin Rennie | Gavin James Rennie (born 12 January 1976) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer who played in 23 Test matches and 40 One Day Internationals from 1996 to 2003. He was a left-hand top-order batsman and slow left-arm orthodox bowler although his bowling was mainly restricted to first class cricket.
His older brother John also played for Zimbabwe and in 1996–97 against Pakistan, history was made when the two played together along with the Strang and Flower brothers. It was the first time that three sets of brothers had played together in a game.
Rennie had a good start to his Test career, scoring half centuries in each of his first four Tests during 1997–98. He never scored a Test hundred and instead had to settle with a highest score of 93, made against New Zealand in 2000. Rennie holds the record for the most Test matches in a complete career (23) where a batsman batted twice in every match.
Rennie and Grant Flower set the record for the highest 2nd wicket partnership for Zimbabwe in ODI cricket (150)
He was part of the Zimbabwean squad which won their first ever Test series away from home, against Pakistan in 1998–99.
Aged just 27, Rennie chose not to renew his contract in 2003 and instead chose to go into business, as a transport broker. Today, he is the co-owner of a safari camp in Zimbabwe.
References
Sources
1976 births
Living people
Zimbabwe Test cricketers
Zimbabwe One Day International cricketers
Zimbabwean cricketers
Mashonaland cricketers
Matabeleland cricketers
Alumni of St. George's College, Harare
Sportspeople from Masvingo
White Zimbabwean sportspeople |
4036597 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor%20Madondo | Trevor Madondo | Trevor Nyasha Madondo (22 November 1976 – 11 June 2001) was a Zimbabwean cricketer who played in three Test matches and 13 One Day Internationals from 1998 to 2001.
Growing up, Madondo attended Lilfordia School and Falcon College. At Falcon. he also played hockey and rugby union. He gave up his studies at Rhodes University to become a full-time cricketer. A middle-order batsman, he hit his highest first-class score in his last Test when he scored 74 not out against New Zealand in 2000–01.
He died a few months later at the age of 24 from malaria. He was the fifth-youngest Test player to die. In November 2008, his brother Tafadzwa Madondo died in a motorbike accident while vacationing in Bali.
References
External links
1976 births
2001 deaths
Alumni of Falcon College
Zimbabwe Test cricketers
Zimbabwe One Day International cricketers
Zimbabwean cricketers
Mashonaland cricketers
Matabeleland cricketers
Deaths from malaria
Infectious disease deaths in Zimbabwe |
4036601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Crampton%20Gore | William Crampton Gore | William Crampton Gore RHA (1871–1946) was an Irish painter.
The son of an army officer from Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, Gore studied medicine at Trinity College Dublin, graduating in 1897 and practising until 1901. An intervening period of some months in 1898 was spent studying art under Henry Tonks at the Slade School of Art, giving him a taste for life as a professional painter. After a stint abroad, during which he worked as a ship's surgeon on sailings to North America, India and Italy, he returned to London and the Slade, studying there from 1900 until 1904. Whilst there he befriended Sir William Orpen and Augustus John, sharing a studio with the latter. In 1905 he first exhibited with the RHA and from then until 1939 he contributed over a hundred works to their annual shows. In 1916 he was elected an Associate member of the RHA and in 1918 he was made a full member. His works were mainly interiors and still-lives in oils. Flower painting in particular attracted him, and it was on his encouragement that the Royal Horticultural Society of Ireland first hosted an exhibition of Flower and Garden Paintings at the Metropolitan School of Art in the 1940s. He was represented in many survey shows of Irish art, including the much-vaunted Irish Exhibition in Brussels in 1930. Examples of his work can be seen in the Limerick City Gallery of Art and the Hugh Lane Gallery in Dublin.
Sources
Whytes Biography of Irish Art and Irish Artists
1871 births
1946 deaths
19th-century Irish painters
20th-century Irish painters
Irish male painters
19th-century Irish male artists
20th-century Irish male artists |
4036602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurchenko%20loop | Yurchenko loop | A Yurchenko loop is a skill performed on the balance beam in women's artistic gymnastics. It is named after Soviet gymnast Natalia Yurchenko, who originated and competed with the element in the early 1980s.
In a standard Yurchenko loop, the gymnast stands sideways on the beam, dives backwards into a back handspring (the "loop"), grasps the beam, performs a back hip circle and ends up in a front support position, resting on their hands.
French gymnast Elvire Teza performed a variation of the Yurchenko loop with a full twisting handspring in the 1990s. The element is referred to as "The Teza" in the Code of Points.
See also
Yurchenko (vault)
External links
An animation of the Yurchenko loop
An animation of the Teza
Gymnastics manoeuvres |
4036604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danderyds%20sjukhus%20metro%20station | Danderyds sjukhus metro station | Danderyds sjukhus is a metro station in suburban Danderyd Municipality, north of Stockholm, Sweden.
The station was opened on 29 January 1978 as part of the extension from Universitetet to Mörby centrum and serves the nearby Danderyds sjukhus hospital. The Mörby railway station on the Roslagsbanan is situated a few hundred metres from this station.
References
Stockholm metro stations
Railway stations opened in 1978
1978 establishments in Sweden |
4036626 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stermalmstorg | Östermalmstorg | Östermalmstorg is a square in the district of Östermalm, in Stockholm, Sweden.
It is known principal for Östermalm Market Hall (Östermalmshallen) which first opened in 1889. Östermalmshallen's interior is a marketplace for food and related delicacies. Östermalmstorg was also the location of the first Åhléns department store which opened in 1932.
Next to the square stands the statue of The Meeting (Swedish: "Möte"), showing a naked male figure bearing a piece of meat on his shoulders before a recumbent female figure, created by the artist Willy Gordon (1918–2003).
See also
Östermalmstorg metro station
References
Squares in Stockholm |
4036630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena-Maneesh | Serena-Maneesh | Serena-Maneesh (previously spelled Serena Maneesh, sometimes shortened to S-M) is a Norwegian alternative rock band from Oslo.
Biography
The team of musicians who each contribute to the band's sound is organized around its protagonist and songwriter Emil Nikolaisen.
Important sources of musical inspiration have been The Velvet Underground, The Stooges, AC/DC, Amon Düül, Gainsbourg/ Vannier, many greats of bossanova and anything beyond.
In late 2005, the band toured Europe in support of The Dandy Warhols. In early 2006, Serena-Maneesh landed the opening gig for British band Oasis during its UK tour. They supported Nine Inch Nails on the Australia/Japan leg of their 2007 world tour.
The highly acclaimed self-titled debut album was released on the Norwegian record-label HoneyMilk in the autumn of 2005. In December of the same year, the Norwegian vinyl label Hype City released an LP print featuring two exclusive tracks, and the Spanish indie distributor Touchme Records published the CD. In March 2006, the band announced its transfer to the Playlouder-branch of the Beggars Group established in Europe (UK, Germany and Italy), North America (United States and Canada) and Oceania (Australia). In June 2006, the band released an international edition of its self-titled album (both CD and LP) through the international label Playlouder.
The second album Serena Maneesh 2: Abyss in B Minor was released in March 2010, on the renowned British independent label 4AD.
Band members
Current members
Emil Nikolaisen – vocals, guitar
Ådne Meisfjord – electronics
Former or associated members
Hilma Nikolaisen – bass
Øystein Sandsdalen – guitar
Tommy "Manboy" Akerholdt – drums
Lina (Holmstroem) Wallinder – vocals, percussion, organ
Sondre Tristan Midttun – guitar
Håvard Krogedal – organ, cello
Eivind Schou – viola
Anders Møller – percussion
Einar Lukerstuen – drums
Ann Sung-An Lee – vocals, percussion, organ
Marcus Forsgren – bass (ex- Lionheart Brothers)
Jennifer P. Fraser – bass (ex- The Warlocks)
Marco "Storm" Hautakoski – drums (ex-Selfmindead)
Discography
Studio albums
Serena Maneesh (2005)
Serena Maneesh 2: Abyss in B Minor (2010)
EPs
Fixxations EP (December 2002 – CD; 22 September 2003 – 12", Norway)
Zurück: Retrospectives 1999-2003 (20 June 2005, Norway)
Enhanced CD; HoneyMilk Records (HONEY019)
Singles
"Drain Cosmetics" (12 June 2006, United Kingdom)
Enhanced CD; Playlouder Recordings (PLAYR7CD)
7" vinyl; Playlouder Recordings (PLAYR7S)
12" vinyl; Playlouder Recordings (PLAYR7T)
"Sapphire Eyes" (2 October 2006, United Kingdom)
CD; Playlouder Recordings (PLAYR12CD)
7" vinyl; Playlouder Recordings (PLAYR12S)
"Ayisha Abyss" (18 January 2010, United Kingdom)
12" vinyl, b/w: "Call-Back from a Dream"; 4AD (BAD 2941)
Split singles
Serena Maneesh / The Parkas: Singles Club No. 4 7" (2004) – Australia, Low Transit Industries LTID012
"Drive Me Home the Lonely Nights"
Serena Maneesh / Blood on the Wall 7" (February 2006) – United States, Insound
"Sapphire Eyes" (Serena-Maneesh Refix)
Appearances on compilations
"Blues Like Beehive" on Ŏya Festivalen: Oslo 08-10 Aug 2002 (1 May 2002, Norway)
CD; Øya Festival
"Leipziger Love Life" on The Pet Series Volume 1 (20 July 2002, Netherlands)
CD; Sally Forth Records (SF1059)
"Drive Me Home the Lonely Nights" on Counter Culture 05 (23 January 2006, United Kingdom)
2CD; V2/Rough Trade Shops (VVR1037732)
Music videos
"Drive Me Home the Lonely Nights" (1 May 2003), written and directed by Ola Bratt
"Drain Cosmetics" (4 June 2006)
"I Just Want to See Your Face" (12 March 2010)
"D.I.W.S.W.T.T.D" (7 Oct 2010)
References
External links
Official website
Urban Pollution Interview
Drain Cosmetics PodCast
Official Myspace
Subculture Magazine's review of "Serena Maneesh"
Serena Maneesh@HoneyMilk (domestic label)
Serena Maneesh@HypeCity (domestic label)
Serena Maneesh@Beggars US (USA label)
Serena Maneesh@Indigo/Beggars Group (German label)
Media links
Serena Maneesh LP
Drain Cosmetics promo Hi-Fi QuickTime for Win/Mac
"Drain Cosmetics" SP
Sapphire Eyes (Refix) legal MP3
Shoegazing musical groups
Norwegian alternative rock groups
Norwegian indie rock groups
Norwegian rock music groups
4AD artists
Musical groups established in 1999
1999 establishments in Norway
Musical groups from Oslo
Low Transit Industries artists |
4036633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%20Wimbledon%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1991 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles | Michael Stich defeated Boris Becker in the final, 6–4, 7–6(7–4), 6–4 to win the gentlemen's singles tennis title at the 1991 Wimbledon Championships.
Stefan Edberg was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Stich.
Andre Agassi competed in Wimbledon for the first time since 1987, losing in the quarterfinals to David Wheaton. Agassi had previously refused to play Wimbledon due to the All England Club's dress code.
Seeds
Stefan Edberg (semifinals)
Boris Becker (final)
Ivan Lendl (third round)
Jim Courier (quarterfinals)
Andre Agassi (quarterfinals)
Michael Stich (champion)
Guy Forget (quarterfinals)
Pete Sampras (second round)
Michael Chang (first round)
Goran Ivanišević (second round)
Emilio Sánchez (first round)
Andrei Cherkasov (first round)
Jakob Hlasek (second round)
Karel Nováček (fourth round)
Brad Gilbert (third round)
John McEnroe (fourth round)
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
1991 Wimbledon Championships – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
Wimbledon Championship by year – Men's singles |
4036635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron%20trifluoride%20etherate | Boron trifluoride etherate | Boron trifluoride etherate, strictly boron trifluoride diethyl etherate, or boron trifluoride–ether complex, is the chemical compound with the formula BF3O(C2H5)2, often abbreviated BF3OEt2. It is a colorless liquid, although older samples can appear brown. The compound is used as a source of boron trifluoride in many chemical reactions that require a Lewis acid. The compound features tetrahedral boron coordinated to a diethylether ligand. Many analogues are known, including the methanol complex.
Reactions
Boron trifluoride etherate serves as a source of boron trifluoride according to the equilibrium:
BF3OEt2 BF3 + OEt2
The BF3 binds to even weak Lewis bases, inducing reactions of the resulting adducts with nucleophiles.
References
Fluorides
Boron compounds
Boron halides
Acid catalysts |
4036636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savage%20Souls%20%28album%29 | Savage Souls (album) | Savage Souls is the 4th studio album by the German power metal band Mystic Prophecy.
Behind track #11 there's after 9:13 minutes of silence a hidden / secret spoken outro for about 30 seconds. A limited edition digibook version of the album was released including a DVD of the band performing most of the tracks live for an audience of their biggest fans.
Track listing
"Shadow Beyond My Soul" (Liapakis / Pohl) - 4:18
"Master of Sins" (Liapakis / Grimm) - 4:30
"Evil Empires" (Liapakis / Albrecht) - 4:16
"Savage Souls" (Liapakis / Albrecht) - 4:30
"In the Darkness" (Liapakis / Albrecht) - 5:10
"Deception of Hate" (Liapakis / Pohl / Grimm) - 3:56
"Sins and Sorrows" (Liapakis / Pohl / Grimm) - 4:26
"Best Days of My Life" (Liapakis / Albrecht / Grimm) - 4:30
"Nightmares of Demons" (Liapakis / Pohl) - 4:08
"Victim of Fate" (Liapakis / Grimm) - 4:34
"Into the Fire" (Liapakis / Albrecht) - 15:14
Credits
Roberto Dimitri Liapakis - vocals
Martin Grimm - guitars
Markus Pohl - guitars
Martin Albrecht - Bass
Mattias Straub - drums
2004 albums
Mystic Prophecy albums
Massacre Records albums |
4036640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis%20Henderson | Curtis Henderson | Curtis Henderson (September 28, 1926 - June 25, 2009) was a pioneer in the practice of cryonics.
Personal background
Henderson graduated from Pennsylvania Military College (now Widener University) and Temple University law school. He passed the New York bar exam. For ten years he worked as an attorney (claims adjuster) for an automobile insurance company (Hardware Mutuals) and later for The Hartford.
Henderson had three sons from two wives. One of his sons was named "Rob", after Robert Ettinger. His oldest son is James Crawford Henderson. Both of Henderson's two wives divorced him in large part because of his cryonics activities. The intense hostility of Henderson's second wife to cryonics inspired Mike Darwin to begin a study of the many cases where "hostile spouses or girlfriends have prevented, reduced or reversed the involvement of their male partner in cryonics."
Henderson died on June 25, 2009 and is cryopreserved at the Cryonics Institute.
Organizational activities
The first cryonics-related organization in New York City was a branch of Evan Cooper's Washington, D.C.-based Life Extension Society (LES). James Sutton, the New York LES coordinator and others became frustrated with LES when Cooper refused to give names and addresses of New Yorkers who had contacted Cooper. Deciding to form a new organization, Sutton arranged a meeting in August 1965 that included Curtis Henderson, Saul Kent and a designer named Karl Werner. At the meeting, Karl Werner coined the word "cryonics", and the new organization was called the Cryonics Society of New York (CSNY). Henderson soon became the President.
Curtis Henderson and Saul Kent spent October 1966 touring the United States to assist in the consolidation of the nascent cryonics movement. On October 2 they attended a meeting in Oak Park, Michigan which led to the formation of the Cryonics Society of Michigan, with Robert Ettinger as President. On October 14 they attended a meeting in Woodland Hills, California where it was agreed to incorporate the Cryonics Society of California (CSC), with Robert Nelson as President. (The following January, CSC cryopreserved the first man, Dr. James Bedford.)
On March 2, 1968 CSNY held its first Annual Cryonics Conference at the New York Academy of Sciences, a meeting attended by over one hundred people. In July 1968 CSNY cryopreserved its first patient, Steven Mandell.
In 1969 Cryo-Span Corporation was created to specialize in the technical and business aspects of cryopreservation, as distinct from the educational and administrative activities of CSNY. Curtis Henderson, Saul Kent and Paul Segall were the Cryo-Span Directors, but in practice Curtis Henderson was responsible for maintaining the patients in liquid nitrogen. In 1974, the State of New York Department of Public Health informed Curtis Henderson that cryonics was in violation of the law and that continued cryopreservation would be fined at a rate of $1,000 per day. The bodies of the three CSNY patients being maintained were returned to their relatives.
Henderson was unusual as a pioneer who was ruthlessly honest about the limitations of cryonics. He admonished his contemporaries with aphorisms such as "There is no such thing as feelgood cryonics," meaning that optimism and faith in the future should never be allowed to distract advocates from the hard choices, challenges, and inadequacies of procedures in the real world. After grim personal experiences he became an advocate for "no third-party funding," referring to the practice (now obsolete) of accepting cases funded by a third party such as a spouse, child, or sibling of the deceased who might promise to make installment payments but almost invariably would cease doing so after a relatively short period, thus leaving the cryonics organization to deal with the problem of maintenance.
Curtis Henderson continued to be active in cryonics as a Member of Alcor Life Extension Foundation, CryoCare Foundation and most recently the Cryonics Institute until his death on June 25, 2009. He was cryopreserved on July 3, 2009.
See also
Cryonics
Life extension
References
External links
Interview with Curtis Henderson
Mike Darwin's interview with Curtis Henderson
1926 births
20th-century American lawyers
Cryonicists
Cryonically preserved people
Widener University alumni
Temple University Beasley School of Law alumni
2009 deaths |
4036644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick%20and%20mortar | Brick and mortar | Brick and mortar (also bricks and mortar or B&M) refers to a physical presence of an organization or business in a building or other structure. The term brick-and-mortar business is often used to refer to a company that possesses or leases retail shops, factory production facilities, or warehouses for its operations. More specifically, in the jargon of e-commerce businesses in the 2000s, brick-and-mortar businesses are companies that have a physical presence (e.g., a retail shop in a building) and offer face-to-face customer experiences.
This term is usually used to contrast with a transitory business or an Internet-only presence, such as fully online shops, which have no physical presence for shoppers to visit, talk with staff in person, touch and handle products and buy from the firm in person. However, such online businesses normally have non-public physical facilities from which they either run business operations (e.g., the company headquarters and back office facilities), and/or warehouses for storing and distributing products. Concerns such as foot traffic, storefront visibility, and appealing interior design apply to brick-and-mortar businesses rather than online ones. An online-only business needs to have an attractive, well-designed website, a reliable e-commerce system for payment, a good delivery or shipping service and effective online marketing tactics to drive web traffic to the site. Governments are also adopting e-government approaches, which is the use of online services for citizens to enable them to fill in government forms, pay tax bills and register for government programs online; these services aim to cut bricks and mortar costs (building leasing/purchase and staff costs) and improve services to citizens (by offering 24/7 access to information and services).
Etymology
The name is a metonym derived from the traditional building materials associated with physical buildings: bricks and mortar, however, it is applicable to all stores with a physical storefront, not just those built out of bricks and mortar. The term was originally used by 19th century American novelist Herman Melville in the book Moby Dick (chapter 96). The term brick-and-mortar businesses is also a retronym, in that most shops had a physical presence before the advent of the Internet. The term is also applicable in a pre-Internet era, when contrasting businesses with physical retail presence with those that operated strictly in an order-by-mail capacity pre-Internet.
History
The history of brick and mortar businesses cannot be dated precisely, but it existed in the earliest vendor stalls in the first towns (as early as 7500 BCE), where merchants brought their agricultural produce, clay pots and handmade clothing to sell in a village market. Bricks and mortar businesses remain important in the 2010s, though many shops and services, ranging from consumer electronics shops to clothing shops and even grocery shops have begun offering online shopping. This physical presence, either of a retail shop, a customer service location with staff, where clients can go in person to ask questions about a product or service, or a service center or repair facility where customers can bring their products, has played a crucial role in providing goods and services to consumers throughout history.
thumb|right|A fruit stand at a village market in Afghanistan.
All large retailers in the 19th and the early to mid-20th century started off with a smaller brick and mortar presence, which increased as the businesses grew. A prime example of this is McDonald’s, a company that started with one small restaurant and now has nearly 36,000 restaurants in over 120 countries and plans to grow further; this shows the importance of having a physical presence. For many small businesses, their business model is mostly limited to a bricks and mortar model, such as a diner restaurant or a dry cleaning service. Nevertheless, even service-based businesses can use websites and "apps" to reach new customers or improve their services. For example, a dry cleaning service could use a website to let customers know of the hours and location(s) of their bricks and mortar stores.
Decline
Netflix, an online movie streaming website founded in 1997, is an example of how an online business has affected a B&M businesses such as video rental stores. After Netflix and similar companies became popular, traditional DVD rental stores such as Blockbuster LLC went out of business. Customers preferred to be able to instantly watch movies and TV shows using "streaming", without having to go to a physical rental store to rent a DVD, and then return to the store to give the DVD back. "The rapid rise of online film streaming offered by the likes of Lovefilm and Netflix made Blockbuster's video and DVD [rental] business model practically obsolete.'
There has been an increase in online retailers in the 2000s, as people are using e-commerce (online sales) to fulfill basic needs ranging from grocery shopping to book purchases. Sales through mobile devices such as tablet computers and smartphones have also risen in the 2000s: "While total online sales rose 18% year-on-year in December to £11.1 [B], according to the latest figures [January 2014] from e-tail industry body IMRG and advisory firm Capgemini, sales via mobile devices doubled to £3 [B].'
The increase in households where both adults work outside the home, combined with the convenience of shopping for and buying products and services online, has decreased the number of customers going to retail outlets, as consumers can access the same information about products and services without paying for gas, parking and other costs, thus saving them time and money. "Today’s consumers lead busy lives and [Bricks and Mortar] shopping takes time. Often it is a [challenging] task. Consumers find researching and shopping on the Web far more convenient than brick-and-mortar visits." Brick and mortar businesses are not limited to having a physical presence only, they may also have an online presence such as Tesco, who offer an online grocery service as well as a brick and mortar retail presence.
Benefits
The presence of brick and mortar establishments may bring many benefits to businesses;
Customer service: face-to-face customer service can be a big contributor into increasing sales of a business and improving customer satisfaction. When customers can take a product back to the store to ask staff questions or help them learn to use it, it can make customers feel more satisfied with their purchase. Research has shown that 86% of customers will pay more for a product if they have received great customer service.
Face-to-face interaction: Many consumers prefer to be able to touch products, and experience and test them out before they buy. This is often attributed to Baby Boomers, older Generation X customers and the elderly being used to a more traditional in-person approach when it comes to shopping and preferring to have a demonstration of products or services, especially when buying new technology . Other studies show, given equal prices, a 90% preference for the in-person shopping experience, including among teens, who combine social interaction with shopping. On the other hand, many of these consumers engage in showrooming: trying on clothes or otherwise examining merchandise in-store, and then buying online at cheaper prices.
Trust: Online commerce presents an increased risk of internet fraud, and thus some consumers may be averse to it.
Drawbacks
The brick and mortar approach also has various drawbacks.
New businesses and fixed costs
Fixed costs are a serious challenge for B&M businesses. Fixed costs are payments that a business has to make for elements such as rent of a store and monthly payments for services such as a security alarm. Fixed costs stay the same for a business even if it ramps up its operations or winds down its operations during a slow period. In contrast, variable costs change as a business ramps its operations up or down. Variable costs include wages (for employees paid by the hour) and electricity for operating machinery used by the business during its operating hours. If a business increases its hours of operation, its hourly wages and electricity bill will rise, but its rent and security alarm costs will stay the same (assuming that the business does not add additional locations). Start-up companies and other small businesses typically find it hard to pay all of the fixed costs that are part of their venture. Research shows that 70% of new start up businesses fail within the first 10 years.
Inconvenient for customers with busy lifestyles
People have busier lifestyles in the 2010s, with more families having both adults working, and therefore they find it harder to find the time to physically go and shop at stores and services. As well, in many cities traffic jams and congestion on roads have made it more stressful and time-consuming to drive to physical locations to shop. Online shopping and online services, which consumers can access from an Internet-connected laptop or smartphone are more convenient for these people. With mobile devices, consumers can order take-out food, gifts and services even when they are "on the go", such as stuck sitting on a bus or waiting in an airport lounge for a plane.
Expensive and luxury products
B&M increases the fixed cost for any business, therefore the products sold in physical shops tend to be more expensive compared to online shops. For stores selling expensive products or services in a B&M format, customers expect beautiful window displays, fine decorating in the establishment and well-dressed salespeople who earn high commission on their sales. Some high-end hair salons and luxury car stores even offer conveniences such as free espresso and bottled water, all of which add to the overhead of selling these products and services. Online shops, even those for luxury goods, do not have to pay for high-end retail stores and salespeople. Nevertheless, high-end online stores typically incur higher costs for their online presence, because they need to have leading edge Web 2.0 functions on their website, a professionally designed site, and in some cases, staff available to respond to phone calls, e-mails and online "chat" questions.
Wider stock availability online
Products may be out stock in relatively small brick and mortar retail stores and due to limited space in small business retail stores, these establishments may only be able to carry a few types of each product. Online shops are able to have a huge amount of stock in numerous large warehouses (e.g., Amazon.com has warehouses in numerous locations from which it ships its products) which it can quickly ship out. An online store may be able to order up products from a large number of geographically dispersed warehouses, even warehouses owned and operated by third parties (e.g., smaller companies), which are connected to the large company via the Internet.
Queues
Queues (lineups and waiting rooms) are part and parcel of B&M retail businesses, due to physical constraints and the limitations on how many staff the business can afford to hire. A physical store may only have a few salespeople to serve customers, so many customers may have to wait in line during the busiest hours. To lessen the stress of waiting, some B&M stores provide big-screen TVs with cable TV, free coffee and newspapers; while these niceties improve the customer experience, they add to the costs of operating a B&M establishment. On the other hand, an online virtual store in which customers select their own purchases in a virtual "shopping cart" and pay for them using e-commerce approaches may be able to serve thousands of customers at the same time.
E-government
Beginning in the 1990s and early 2000s, many governments in industrialised countries began to offer e-government services to citizens. Online government services are offered by a range of government departments and agencies, ranging from departments of motor vehicles (online car registration), police (paying speeding tickets online), city services (paying parking tickets online or requesting that a pothole be filled) and social services (registering for social assistance or unemployment insurance) and tax departments (paying a tax bill or submitting a tax return online). Many governments use e-services to provide online information to citizens (e.g., "help" guides, Frequently Asked Question lists, manuals for government program applicants, etc.), thus saving on the need for call centers where citizens can call to ask questions or physical service locations where citizens can come in person to ask about government forms or services.
These online government services aim at two goals: reducing costs to governments and improving client service. By offering these services and information online, governments save money, because they do not have to offer as many bricks and mortar client service centers where citizens can come and fill in these forms and pay government bills. Governments offering e-services can also operate with less civil servants and thus less salary and benefits costs, as the citizens using online services are generally doing all of the administrative tasks (e.g., downloading a form, filling in a form, looking up guidance in an online "help" manual, paying fees) themselves using their home computer. E-government services also improve service for citizens who have access to a computer, Internet and an online payment method (e.g., a credit card or PayPal), because these citizens are not limited by the 9 am-5 pm or 8 am-4 pm business hours of most physical government offices, and citizens do not have to incur the costs of transportation (e.g., bus tickets, gas, parking, etc.) associated with going to a bricks and mortar location. Nevertheless, government e-services do not help all citizens, due to the digital divide; citizens who are in poverty, who are homeless or who live in rural or remote regions may not have access to high speed Internet. These citizens, as well as those who are not comfortable with computers or those who do not understand how to use them, which in practice means elderly people, are not able to benefit from e-services.
See also
Showrooming
Bricks and clicks
Retail apocalypse
Storefront
Online shopping
References
Retail formats
Business terms
Sales
Costs
Customer service |
4036646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over%E2%80%93under%20%28disambiguation%29 | Over–under (disambiguation) | Over–under is a bet.
Over–under may also refer to:
Over/under cable coiling
A grappling position called over–under position
An over and under shotgun
Over and Under, an album by folk musician Greg Brown
Over and under are the possible alternatives for toilet paper orientation
Over/Under is a series by the music publication website, Pitchfork |
4036650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyl%20bromide | Butyl bromide | Butyl bromide (C4H9Br) may refer to:
1-Bromobutane (n-Butyl bromide)
2-Bromobutane (sec-butyl bromide)
1-Bromo-2-methylpropane (isobutyl bromide)
2-Bromo-2-methylpropane (tert-butyl bromide) |
4036661 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%20Wimbledon%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1992 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles | Andre Agassi defeated Goran Ivanišević in the final, 6–7(8–10), 6–4, 6–4, 1–6, 6–4 to win the gentlemen's singles tennis title at the 1992 Wimbledon Championships. It was Agassi's first major title and his first leg of an eventual career Grand Slam. Ivanisević became the first Croatian tennis player to reach the Grand Slam final for the first time.
Michael Stich was the defending champion, but he lost in the quarterfinals to Pete Sampras.
Jim Courier was attempting to become the first man to achieve the Surface Slam (winning major titles on hard court, clay and grass in the same calendar year) after winning the Australian Open and French Open earlier in the year; he also attempted to win the Australian Open, French Open and Wimbledon in the same calendar year for the first time since Rod Laver in 1969. He lost to Andrei Olhovskiy in the third round.
This was the last Wimbledon at which three-time champion John McEnroe and two-time champion Jimmy Connors competed.
Seeds
Jim Courier (third round)
Stefan Edberg (quarterfinals)
Michael Stich (quarterfinals)
Boris Becker (quarterfinals)
Pete Sampras (semifinals)
Petr Korda (second round)
Michael Chang (first round)
Goran Ivanišević (final)
Guy Forget (quarterfinals)
Ivan Lendl (fourth round)
Richard Krajicek (third round)
Andre Agassi (champion)
Brad Gilbert (third round)
Wayne Ferreira (fourth round)
Alexander Volkov (third round)
David Wheaton (third round)
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
Notes
References
External links
1992 Wimbledon Championships – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
Wimbledon Championship by year – Men's singles |
4036662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over%E2%80%93under%20position | Over–under position | Over–under is a stand-up grappling position in which both combatants have one overhook and one underhook, and is the most common stand-up grappling position in mixed martial arts. The head is typically on the same side as the overhooked arm, to allow greater weight to be put on the opponent's underhooked arm, and hence preventing the opponent from using the underhooked arm effectively. The over–under position can be advanced into a pinch grip tie by locking the hands behind the opponent's back.
See also
Bear hug
Collar-and-elbow position
Double collar tie
Double underhooks
Pinch grip tie
References
Danaher, John; Gracie, Renzo. Two Approaches to Fighting in the Clinch. URL last accessed February 11, 2006.
Grappling positions
Wrestling |
4036664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombomodulin | Thrombomodulin | Thrombomodulin (TM), CD141 or BDCA-3 is an integral membrane protein expressed on the surface of endothelial cells and serves as a cofactor for thrombin. It reduces blood coagulation by converting thrombin to an anticoagulant enzyme from a procoagulant enzyme. Thrombomodulin is also expressed on human mesothelial cell, monocyte and a dendritic cell subset.
Genetics and structure
In humans, thrombomodulin is encoded by the gene. The protein has a molecular mass of 74kDa, and consists of a single chain with six tandemly repeated EGF-like domains, a Serine/Threonine-rich spacer and a transmembrane domain.
It is a member of the C-type lectin domain (CTLD) group 14 family.
Function
Thrombomodulin functions as a cofactor in the thrombin-induced activation of protein C in the anticoagulant pathway by forming a 1:1 stoichiometric complex with thrombin. This raises the speed of protein C activation thousandfold. Thrombomodulin-bound thrombin has procoagulant effect at the same time by inhibiting fibrinolysis by cleaving thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI, aka carboxypeptidase B2) into its active form.
Thrombomodulin is a glycoprotein on the surface of endothelial cells that, in addition to binding thrombin, regulates C3b inactivation by factor I. Mutations in the thrombomodulin gene (THBD) have also been reported to be associated with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome (aHUS).
The antigen described as BDCA-3 has turned out to be identical to thrombomodulin. Thus, it was revealed that this molecule also occurs on a very rare (0.02%) subset of human dendritic cells called MDC2. Its function on these cells is unknown.
Interactions
Thrombomodulin has been shown to interact with thrombin.
References
Further reading
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
OMIM entries on Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
Coagulation system
Clusters of differentiation |
4036670 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Johnson%20%28musician%29 | Bob Johnson (musician) | Robert Johnson (born 18 March 1944) is a British guitarist. He was formerly in British folk rock band Steeleye Span from 1972 to 1977, and again from 1980 to 2001.
Early life
Johnson was born in London; his mother was a music teacher. He was educated at Westminster City School in London and the University of Hertfordshire.
Musical career
Johnson played acoustic and electric guitars and sang on Appalachian dulcimer player Roger Nicholson's 1972 album Nonesuch for Dulcimer, credited as Robert Johnson. He went on to become a member of the successful English electric folk band Steeleye Span in 1972, after being introduced by fiddler Peter Knight.
Johnson first appeared on the group's fourth album, Below the Salt, where he took lead vocals on the track "King Henry". Along with "King Henry", he introduced many of the band's better-known songs into the repertoire, such as "Thomas the Rhymer", "Alison Gross", "Long Lankin" and "Gaudete".
Despite taking lead vocals on many songs, he was something of a background member. Johnson left Steeleye Span temporarily in 1977 to work on a concept album, The King of Elfland's Daughter, along with Peter Knight. However, he returned in 1980 to record Sails of Silver. After Tim Hart's departure from the band in 1980, Johnson became the sole guitarist and a more prominent member, taking on a central role for the albums Back in Line (1986) and Tempted and Tried (1989).
Owing to health reasons, he left Steeleye Span in 2000, but returned the following year to record Present--The Very Best of Steeleye Span. However, his remaining health issues prevented him from touring, so he was replaced by Ken Nicol. Nevertheless, he continues to be involved with the band, contributing songwriting and vocals to their studio albums, most recently Wintersmith in 2013.
Personal life
Johnson is a qualified psychologist, having completed a degree with the University of Hertfordshire. He and his former wife, Jane (now divorced), have two children, Barnaby and Holly.
References
1944 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Hertfordshire
British folk guitarists
British rock guitarists
British male guitarists
People educated at Westminster School, London
Steeleye Span members
British folk rock musicians
Chrysalis Records artists |
4036673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penbutolol | Penbutolol | Penbutolol (brand names Levatol, Levatolol, Lobeta, Paginol, Hostabloc, Betapressin) is a medication in the class of beta blockers, used in the treatment of high blood pressure. Penbutolol is able to bind to both beta-1 adrenergic receptors and beta-2 adrenergic receptors (the two subtypes), thus making it a non-selective β blocker. Penbutolol is a sympathomimetic drug with properties allowing it to act as a partial agonist at β adrenergic receptors.
It was approved by the FDA in 1987 and was withdrawn from the US market by January 2015.
Medical uses
Penbutolol is used to treat mild to moderate high blood pressure. Like other beta blockers it is not a first line treatment for this indication.
It should not be used or only used with caution in people with heart failure and people with asthma. It may mask signs of low blood sugar in people with diabetes and it may mask signs of hyperthyroidism.
Animal studies showed some signs of potential trouble for women who are pregnant, and it has not been tested in women who are pregnant. It is not known if penbutolol is secreted in breast milk.
Side effects
Penbutolol has a low frequency of side effects. These side effects include dizziness, light headedness, and nausea.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Penbutolol is able to bind to both beta-1 adrenergic receptors and beta-2 adrenergic receptors (the two subtypes), thus making it a non-selective β blocker. Penbutolol is a sympathomimetic drug with properties allowing it to act as a partial agonist at β adrenergic receptors.
Blocking β adrenergic receptors decreases the heart rate and cardiac output to lower arterial blood pressure. β blockers also decrease renin levels, which ultimately results in less water being reabsorbed by the kidneys and therefore a lower blood volume and blood pressure.
Penbutolol acts on the β1 adrenergic receptors in both the heart and the kidney. When β1 receptors are activated by a catecholamine, they stimulate a coupled G protein which activates adenylyl to convert adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The increase in cAMP ultimately alters the movement of calcium ions in heart muscle and increases heart rate. Penbutolol blocks this and decreases heart rate, which lowers blood pressure.
The ability of penbutolol to act as a partial agonist proves useful in the prevention of bradycardia as a result of decreasing the heart rate excessively. Penbutolol binding β1 adrenergic receptors also alters kidney functions. Under normal physiological conditions, the enzyme renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which will then be converted to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal gland, causing a decrease in electrolyte and water retention, ultimately increasing water excretion and decreasing blood volume and pressure.
Like propanolol and pindolol, it is a serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor antagonist; this discovery by several groups in the 1980s generated excitement among those doing research on the serotonin system as such antagonists were rare at that time.
Pharmacokinetics
Penbutolol is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, has a bioavailability over 90%, and has a rapid onset of effect. Penbutolol has a half life of five hours.
Society and culture
Availability
Penbutolol was approved by the FDA in 1987. In January 2015 the FDA acknowledged that the penbutolol was no longer marketed in the US, and determined that the drug was not withdrawn for safety reasons.
References
5-HT1A antagonists
5-HT1B antagonists
Beta blockers
N-tert-butyl-phenoxypropanolamines
Withdrawn drugs
Cyclopentyl compounds |
4036687 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back%20hip%20circle | Back hip circle | The back hip circle is an element in men's and women's artistic gymnastics. It is usually performed on the uneven bars or high bar, but can also be done on the balance beam. It is a basic skill, and is usually one of the first learned by beginning gymnasts, but also appears as a component of more advanced moves. The back hip circle is first used in level 2 women gymnastics.
On bars, the back hip circle is usually performed in combination with a cast. To perform the skill, the gymnast rests on the bar in a front support. He casts away, returns to the bar, and travels around it, returning to a front support.
A more advanced version of the back hip circle is the clear hip. In this move, the gymnast still circles backwards around the bar, but does not return to a front support. A clear hip can be linked to a handstand, dismount or release move.
On beam, the Yurchenko loop and the Teza both end in back hip circles.
External links
Animation and explanation of the back hip circle
Gymnastics manoeuvres |
4036688 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitetet%20metro%20station | Universitetet metro station | Universitetet ("the University") is a Metro station in the Frescati area, close to Stockholm University (Stockholms universitet), and the Museum of Natural History. It was opened on 12 January 1975 as the northern terminus of the extension from Tekniska högskolan. On 29 January 1978, the line was extended north to Mörby centrum.
Since the 1990s, the art on the station consists of tiles featuring Carl von Linné and the UN Declaration of Universal Human Rights. This artwork is by Belgian and Parisian artist Françoise Schein. The station includes 12 large tiles panels all dedicated to the travels of Linné around the Baltic. The artist used the travels as the starting point to develop the theme of nature and the ecological problems we are all living now in the world. The work was created in Lisbon on azulejos tiles, then brought to Stockholm. It represents in its conception and its production a real European work of art.
Not far from the station is the Universitetet railway station and several bus lines.
References
External links
Images of Universitetet station
www.inscrire.com
Stockholm metro stations
Railway stations opened in 1975
Stockholm University
Railway stations at university and college campuses |
4036691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya%20Pedersen-Bieri | Maya Pedersen-Bieri | Maya Pedersen-Bieri (born 27 November 1972 in Spiez) is a Swiss-Norwegian skeleton racer who has competed since 1995. She won the gold medal in the women's skeleton event at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. She retired from the sport in 2010 before returning to compete for Norway (the country of her husband and coach, Snorre Pedersen) in 2016, becoming at the oldest woman to start a World Cup race when she returned to the top level of skeleton in 2017. She is listed in the International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation athlete registration system as Maya Pedersen.
Born in Spiez, Switzerland, Pedersen-Bieri is married to Snorre Pedersen (who is her trainer), has two children, both of her children are females and lives in Øyer near Lillehammer, Norway.
Notable results
Before retiring in 2010, Pederen-Bieri was one of the most successful skeleton athletes in the world. Pedersen-Bieri won the FIBT World Championships in the women's skeleton event in 2001 and 2005, and earned two medals at the 2007 FIBT World Championships in St. Moritz with a silver in the women's skeleton and a bronze in the mixed bobsleigh-skeleton team event. Pedersen-Bieri also won a silver in the mixed team event at the 2009 championships.
Pedersen-Bieri was European champion in 2006 (in St. Moritz). She won the women's overall Skeleton World Cup in 1997-08. Pedersen-Bieri also finished fifth in the women's skeleton event at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. She returned to competition for the 2008-09 Skeleton World Cup after sitting out the 2007-08 season to maternity leave. She finished third in her return at the 2008-09 event in Altenberg, Germany on December 5, 2008. Pedersen-Bieri qualified for the 2010 Winter Olympics, finishing ninth, after which she retired.
In 2016, Pedersen-Bieri began a comeback, sliding now for Norway, racing on the two Continental Cup circuits (best result, third in Park City) and the Intercontinental Cup. She represented Norway at the IBSF World Championships 2017 in Königssee where she missed the cut and finished 24th. She returned to the World Cup circuit for the 2017–18 season, missing the cut in the first five races but still earning 19th place in the European Championship race at Igls.
References
Other sources
"Huber edges Szymkowiak in Altenberg World Cup". International Bobsleigh & Skeleton Federation. 5 December 2008. Accessed 6 December 2008.
2002 women's skeleton results (todor66.com)
Women's skeleton Olympic medalists since 2002 (sports123.com)
External links
1972 births
Living people
Olympic skeleton racers of Switzerland
Olympic gold medalists for Switzerland
Skeleton racers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Skeleton racers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Skeleton racers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Swiss female skeleton racers
Olympic medalists in skeleton
People from Spiez
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from the canton of Bern |
4036694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densely%20packed%20decimal | Densely packed decimal | Densely packed decimal (DPD) is an efficient method for binary encoding decimal digits.
The traditional system of binary encoding for decimal digits, known as binary-coded decimal (BCD), uses four bits to encode each digit, resulting in significant wastage of binary data bandwidth (since four bits can store 16 states and are being used to store only 10), even when using packed BCD. Densely packed decimal is a more efficient code that packs three digits into ten bits using a scheme that allows compression from, or expansion to, BCD with only two or three hardware gate delays.
The densely packed decimal encoding is a refinement of Chen–Ho encoding; it gives the same compression and speed advantages, but the particular arrangement of bits used confers additional advantages:
Compression of one or two digits (into the optimal four or seven bits respectively) is achieved as a subset of the three-digit encoding. This means that arbitrary numbers of decimal digits (not only multiples of three digits) can be encoded efficiently. For example, 38 = 12 × 3 + 2 decimal digits can be encoded in 12 × 10 + 7 = 127 bits – that is, 12 sets of three decimal digits can be encoded using 12 sets of ten binary bits and the remaining two decimal digits can be encoded using a further seven binary bits.
The subset encoding mentioned above is simply the rightmost bits of the standard three-digit encoding; the encoded value can be widened simply by adding leading 0 bits.
All seven-bit BCD numbers (0 through 79) are encoded identically by DPD. This makes conversions of common small numbers trivial. (This must break down at 80, because that requires eight bits for BCD, but the above property requires that the DPD encoding must fit into seven bits.)
The low-order bit of each digit is copied unmodified. Thus, the non-trivial portion of the encoding can be considered a conversion from three base-5 digits to seven binary bits. Further, digit-wise logical values (in which each digit is either 0 or 1) can be manipulated directly without any encoding or decoding being necessary.
History
In 1969, Theodore M. Hertz, and in 1971, Tien Chi Chen () with Irving Tze Ho () devised lossless prefix codes (referred to as Hertz and Chen–Ho encodings) which packed three decimal digits into ten binary bits using a scheme which allowed compression from or expansion to BCD with only two or three gate delays in hardware. Densely packed decimal is a refinement of this, devised by Mike F. Cowlishaw in 2002, which was incorporated into the IEEE 754-2008 and ISO/IEC/IEEE 60559:2011 standards for decimal floating point.
Encoding
Like Chen–Ho encoding, DPD encoding classifies each decimal digit into one of two ranges, depending on the most significant bit of the binary form: "small" digits have values 0 through 7 (binary 0000–0111), and "large" digits, 8 through 9 (binary 1000–1001). Once it is known or has been indicated that a digit is small, three more bits are still required to specify the value. If a large value has been indicated, only one bit is required to distinguish between the values 8 or 9.
When encoding, the most significant bits of each of the three digits to be encoded determine one of eight coding patterns for the remaining bits, according to the following table. The table shows how, on decoding, the ten bits of the coded form in columns b9 through b0 are copied into the three digits d2 through d0, and the remaining bits are filled in with constant zeros or ones.
Bits b7, b4 and b0 (c, f and i) are passed through the encoding unchanged, and do not affect the meaning of the other bits. The remaining seven bits can be considered a seven-bit encoding for three base-5 digits.
Bits b8 and b9 are not needed and ignored when decoding DPD groups with three large digits (marked as "x" in the last row of the table above), but are filled with zeros when encoding.
The eight decimal values whose digits are all 8s or 9s have four codings each.
The bits marked x in the table above are ignored on input, but will always be 0 in computed results.
(The 3 × 8 = 24 non-standard encodings fill in the gap between 103 = 1000 and 210 − 1 = 1023.)
Examples
This table shows some representative decimal numbers and their encodings in BCD, Chen–Ho, and densely packed decimal (DPD):
See also
Binary-coded decimal (BCD)
Binary integer decimal (BID)
decimal32 floating-point format
decimal64 floating-point format
decimal128 floating-point format
DEC RADIX 50 / MOD40
IBM SQUOZE
References
Further reading
and (NB. This patent is about DPD.)
(NB. An older version can be found here: Packed Decimal Encoding IEEE-754r.)
Binary arithmetic
2002 introductions
2002 in science |
4036700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik%20Holm | Henrik Holm | Henrik Holm (born 22 August 1968) is a former professional tennis player from Sweden, who turned professional in 1988. The right-hander won five doubles titles, reached the quarterfinals of the 1992 Stockholm Masters and achieved a career-high ATP singles ranking of World No. 17 in July 1993.
Career
Holm started playing tennis at the age of five. His father, Christer, played Davis Cup for Sweden and was ranked No. 2 in his country during the mid 1960s. His mother, Gun, is a tennis coach.
In July 1992 Holm reached his first career Tour singles final in Washington, losing to Petr Korda. Later that year he reached the final at the Tokyo Indoor, losing to Ivan Lendl. In the third round of that tournament he handed Boris Becker his worst career indoor loss (6–1, 6–2).
ATP career finals
Singles: 2 (2 runner-ups)
Doubles: 9 (5 titles, 4 runner-ups)
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Singles: 9 (6–3)
Doubles: 11 (7–4)
Performance timelines
Singles
Doubles
References
External links
1968 births
Living people
Swedish male tennis players
People from Täby Municipality
Sportspeople from Stockholm County |
4036701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harumi%20Island%20Triton%20Square | Harumi Island Triton Square | is high-rise office and residential complex in the Harumi district of Chūō, Tokyo, Japan.
It consists of four towers, one of which is significantly shorter than the others; the three tall towers are the source of the name "Triton," and the total number of four is the source of the name "Square."
Triton Square is located near Kachidoki Station on the Toei Oedo Line and Tsukishima Station on the Tokyo Metro Yurakucho Line.
References
External links
Skyscraper office buildings in Tokyo
Office buildings completed in 2000
Residential buildings completed in 2000
Residential skyscrapers in Tokyo |
4036703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime%20mortar | Lime mortar | Lime mortar or torching is composed of lime and an aggregate such as sand, mixed with water. The ancient Indians were the first to use lime mortars, which they used to plaster the Temples. In addition, the Egyptians also incorporated various limes into their religious temples as well as their homes. Indian traditional structures built with lime mortar, which are more than 4,000 years old like Mohenjo-daro is still a heritage monument of Indus valley civilization in Pakistan. It is one of the oldest known types of mortar also used in ancient Rome and Greece, when it largely replaced the clay and gypsum mortars common to ancient Egyptian construction.
With the introduction of Portland cement during the 19th century, the use of lime mortar in new constructions gradually declined. This was largely due to the ease of use of Portland cement, its quick setting, and high compressive strength. However, the soft and porous properties of lime mortar provide certain advantages when working with softer building materials such as natural stone and terracotta. For this reason, while Portland cement continues to be commonly used in new constructions of brick and concrete construction, in the repair and restoration of brick and stone-built structures originally built using lime mortar, the use of Portland cement is not recommended.
Despite its enduring utility over many centuries, lime mortar's effectiveness as a building material has not been well understood; time-honoured practices were based on tradition, folklore and trade knowledge, vindicated by the vast number of old buildings that remain standing. Only during the last few decades has empirical testing provided a scientific understanding of its remarkable durability. Both professionals and do-it-yourself home owners can purchase lime putty mortar (and have their historical mortar matched for both color and content) by companies that specialize in historical preservation and sell pre-mixed mortar in small batches.
Etymology
Lime comes from Old English lim "sticky substance, birdlime, mortar, cement, gluten", and is related to Latin limus "slime, mud, mire", and linere "to smear". Mortar is a mixture with cement and comes from Old French mortier "builder's mortar, plaster; bowl for mixing" in the late 13th century and Latin mortarium "mortar". Lime is a cement which is a binder or glue which holds things together but cement is usually reserved for Portland cement.
Uses
Lime mortar today is primarily used in the conservation of buildings originally built using lime mortar, but may be used as an alternative to ordinary portland cement. It is made principally of lime (hydraulic, or non hydraulic), water and an aggregate such as sand. Portland cement has proven to be incompatible with lime mortar because it is harder, less flexible, and impermeable. These qualities lead to premature deterioration of soft, historic bricks so the traditionally, low temperature fired, lime mortars are recommended for use with existing mortar of a similar type or reconstruction of buildings using historically correct methods. In the past, lime mortar tended to be mixed on site with whatever sand was locally available. Since the sand influences the colour of the lime mortar, colours of pointing mortar can vary dramatically from district to district.
Hydraulic and non-hydraulic lime
Hydraulic lime contains substances which set by hydration so it can set under water. Non-hydraulic lime sets by carbonation and so needs exposure to carbon dioxide in the air and cannot set under water or inside a thick wall. For natural hydraulic lime (NHL) mortars, the lime is obtained from limestone naturally containing a sufficient percentage of silica and/or alumina. Artificial hydraulic lime is produced by introducing specific types and quantities of additives to the source of lime during the burning process, or adding a pozzolan to non-hydraulic lime. Non-hydraulic lime is produced from a high purity source of calcium carbonate such as chalk, limestone or oyster shells.
Non-hydraulic lime
Non-hydraulic lime is primarily composed of (generally greater than 95%) calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2.
Non-hydraulic lime is produced by first heating sufficiently pure calcium carbonate to between 954° and 1066 °C, driving off carbon dioxide to produce quicklime (calcium oxide). This is done in a lime kiln. The quicklime is then slaked: hydrated by being thoroughly mixed with enough water to form a slurry (lime putty), or with less water to produce dry powder. This hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide) naturally turns back into calcium carbonate by reacting with carbon dioxide in the air, the entire process being called the lime cycle.
The slaking process involved in creating a lime putty is an exothermic reaction which initially creates a liquid of a creamy consistency. This is then matured for 2 to 3 months—depending upon environmental conditions—to allow time for it to condense and mature into a lime putty.
A matured lime putty is thixotropic, meaning that when a lime putty is agitated it changes from a putty into a more liquid state. This aids its use for mortars as it makes a mortar easier to work with. If left to stand following agitation a lime putty will slowly revert from a thick liquid to a putty state.
As well as calcium-based limestone, dolomitic limes can be produced which are based on calcium magnesium carbonate.
A frequent source of confusion regarding lime mortar stems from the similarity of the terms hydraulic and hydrated.
Hydrated lime is any lime other than quicklime, and can refer to either hydraulic (hardens under water) or non-hydraulic (does not harden under water) lime.
Lime putty is always non-hydraulic and will keep indefinitely stored under water. As the name suggests, lime putty is in the form of a putty made from just lime and water.
If the quicklime is slaked with an excess of water then putty or slurry is produced. If just the right quantity of water is used, the result is a dry material (any excess water escaping as steam during heating). This is ground to make hydrated lime powder.
Hydrated, non-hydraulic lime powder can be mixed with water to form lime putty. Before use putty is usually left in the absence of carbon dioxide (usually under water) to mature. Putty can be matured for as little as 24 hours or for many years; an increased maturation time improves the quality of the putty. There is an argument that a lime putty which has been matured for an extended period (over 12 months) becomes so stiff that it is difficult to work.
There is some dispute as to the comparative quality of putty formed from dry hydrated lime compared with that produced as putty at the time of slaking. It is generally agreed that the latter is preferable. A hydrated lime will produce a material which is not as "fatty”, being a common trade term for compounds have a smoother buttery texture when worked. Often, due to lengthy and poor storage, the resulting lime produced by hydrated lime will exhibit longer carbonatation periods as well as lower compressive strengths.
Non-hydraulic lime takes longer to set and is weaker than hydraulic lime, and should not be allowed to freeze before it is well set. Although the setting process can be slow, the drying time of a lime mortar must be regulated at a slow rate to ensure a good final set. A rapidly dried lime mortar will result in a low-strength, poor-quality final mortar often displaying shrinkage cracks. In practice, lime mortars are often protected from direct sunlight and wind with damp hessian sheeting or sprayed with water to control the drying rates. But it also has the quality of autogeneous healing (self healing) where some free lime dissolves in water and is redeposited in any tiny cracks which form.
Oyster Shell Mortar
In the tidewater region of Maryland and Virginia, oyster shells were used to produce quicklime during the colonial period. Similar to other materials used to produce lime, the oyster shells are burned. This can be done in a lime rick instead of a kiln. Burning shells in a rick is something that Colonial Williamsburg and the recreation of Ferry Farm have had to develop from conjecture and in-the-field learning. The rick that they constructed consists of logs set up in a circle that burn slowly, converting oysters that are contained in the wood pile to an ashy powder. An explanatory video of how the rick was built for the Ferry Farm can be found here. The burnt shell can then be slaked and turned into lime putty.
Mortars using oyster shells can sometimes be identified by the presence of small bits of shell in the exposed mortar joint. In restoration masonry, the bits of shell are sometimes exaggerated to give the viewer the impression of authenticity. Unfortunately, these modern attempts often contain higher than necessary ratios of Portland cement. This can cause failures in the brick if the mortar joint is stronger than the brick elements.
Hydraulic lime
Hydraulic lime sets by reaction with water called hydration.
When a stronger lime mortar is required, such as for external or structural purposes, a pozzolan can be added, which improves its compressive strength and helps to protect it from weathering damage. Pozzolans include powdered brick, heat treated clay, silica fume, fly ash, and volcanic materials. The chemical set imparted ranges from very weak to almost as strong as Portland cement.
This can also assist in creating more regulated setting times of the mortar as the pozzolan will create a hydraulic set, which can be of benefit in restoration projects when time scales and ultimately costs need to be monitored and maintained.
Hydraulic lime can be considered, in terms both of properties and manufacture, as part-way between non-hydraulic lime and Portland cement. The limestone used contains sufficient quantities of clay and/or silica. The resultant product will contain dicalcium silicate but unlike Portland cement not tricalcium silicate.
It is slaked enough to convert the calcium oxide to calcium hydroxide but not with sufficient water to react with the dicalcium silicate. It is this dicalcium silicate which in combination with water provides the setting properties of hydraulic lime.
Aluminium and magnesium also produce a hydraulic set, and some pozzolans contain these elements.
There are three strength grades for natural hydraulic lime, laid down in the European Norm EN459; NHL2, NHL3.5 and NHL5. The numbers stand for the minimum compressive strength at 28 days in newtons per square millimeter (N/mm2). For example, the NHL 3.5 strength ranges from 3.5 N/mm2 (510 psi) to 10 N/mm2 (1,450 psi). These are similar to the old classification of feebly hydraulic, moderately hydraulic and eminently hydraulic, and although different, some people continue to refer to them interchangeably. The terminology for hydraulic lime mortars was improved by the skilled French civil engineer Louis Vicat in the 1830s from the older system of water limes and feebly, moderately and eminently. Vicat published his work following research of the use of lime mortars whilst building bridges and roads in his work. The French company Vicat still currently produce natural cements and lime mortars. Names of lime mortars were so varied and conflicting across the European continent that the reclassification has greatly improved the understanding and use of lime mortars.
Mix
Traditional lime mortar is a combination of lime putty and aggregate (usually sand). A typical modern lime mortar mix would be 1 part lime putty to 3 parts washed, well graded, sharp sand. Other materials have been used as aggregate instead of sand. The theory is that the voids of empty space between the sand particles account for a 1/3 of the volume of the sand. The lime putty when mixed at a 1 to 3 ratio, fill these voids to create a compact mortar. Analysis of mortar samples from historic buildings typically indicates a higher ratio of around 1 part lime putty to 1.5 part aggregate/sand was commonly used. This equates to approximately 1 part dry quicklime to 3 parts sand. A traditional coarse plaster mix also had horse hair added for reinforcing and control of shrinkage, important when plastering to wooden laths and for base (or dubbing) coats onto uneven surfaces such as stone walls where the mortar is often applied in thicker coats to compensate for the irregular surface levels.
If shrinkage and cracking of the lime mortar does occur this can be as a result of either
The sand being poorly graded or with a particle size that is too small
The mortar being applied too thickly (Thicker coats increase the possibility of shrinkage, cracking and slumping)
Too much suction from the substrate
High air temperatures or direct sunlight which force dry the mortar
High water content in the lime mortar mix
Poor quality or unmatured lime putty
A common method for mixing lime mortar with powdered lime is as follows:
Gather your ingredients, sand, lime, and water
Measure out your ratio of sand to lime, for example 3 buckets of sand, and 1 bucket of lime for a 3:1 ratio.
Mix the dry ingredients thoroughly so all the sand is coated with lime, and there are neither chunks of sand or lime visible.
Reserve some portion of the dry ingredients by removing it from your mixing vessel. The amount reserved can vary, but a safe starting point is about 1/4 of the batch. This will be added in later to fine tune the dryness of the mix.
Measure out water. How much depends on how wet you want your mix to be, and how damp/wet your sand is. A good starting point is 1 quart of water per gallon of sand.
Add about 2/3 of the water to your dry ingredients and mix until even consistency.
Add the reserved dry ingredients and/or the remaining water to get a mix you like. It takes time to know what works well, and the recipe can change depending on the temperature, humidity, moisture in the sand, type of brick, and task at hand (laying brick may warrant a wetter mix, while pointing may require a drier one.
To test the mix as you are making it, you can use a trowel, or pat the mortar with your hand to see how much moisture and "cream" come to the surface.
Remember to thoroughly wet your brick prior to using lime mortar. Old brick can be extremely porous, a 4lb brick can hold a pint of water. The bricks should be saturated, but dry on the surface prior to laying or pointing. Excess water can cause the lime to run and leave streaks.
Hair reinforcement
Hair reinforcement is common in lime plaster and many types of hair and other organic fibres can be found in historic plasters. However, organic material in lime will degrade in damp environments particularly on damp external renders. This problem has given rise to the use of polypropylene fibres in new lime renders
Properties
Lime mortar is not as strong in compression as Portland cement based mortar, but both are sufficiently strong for construction of non-high-rise domestic properties.
Lime mortar does not adhere as strongly to masonry as Portland cement. This is an advantage with softer types of masonry, where use of cement in many cases eventually results in cement pulling away some masonry material when it reaches the end of its life. The mortar is a sacrificial element which should be weaker than the bricks so it will crack before the bricks. It is less expensive to replace cracked mortar than cracked bricks.
Under cracking conditions, Portland cement breaks, whereas lime often produces numerous microcracks if the amount of movement is small. These microcracks recrystallise through the action of 'free lime' effectively self-healing the affected area.
Historic buildings are frequently constructed with relatively soft masonry units (e.g. soft brick and many types of stone), and minor movement in such buildings is quite common due to the nature of the foundations. This movement breaks the weakest part of the wall, and with Portland cement mortar this is usually the masonry. When lime mortar is used, the lime is the weaker element, and the mortar cracks in preference to the masonry. This results in much less damage, and is relatively simple to repair.
Lime mortar is more porous than cement mortars, and it wicks any dampness in the wall to the surface where it evaporates. Thus any salt content in the water crystallises on the lime, damaging the lime and thus saving the masonry. Cement, on the other hand, evaporates water less than soft brick, so damp issues are liable to cause salt formation and spalling on brick surfaces and consequent disintegration of bricks. This damp evaporation ability is widely referred to as 'breathability'.
Lime mortar should not be used below temperatures of and takes longer to set so it should be protected from freezing for three months. Because of its faster set, hydraulic lime may not need as much time before freezing temperatures begin.
Usually any dampness in the wall will cause the lime mortar to change colour, indicating the presence of moisture. The effect will create an often mottled appearance of a limewashed wall. As the moisture levels within a wall alter, so will the shade of a limewash. The darker the shade of limewash, the more pronounced this effect will become.
A load of mixed lime mortar may be allowed to sit as a lump for some time, without it drying out (it may get a thin crust). When ready to use, this lump may be remixed ('knocked up') again and then used. Traditionally on building sites, prior to the use of mechanical mixers, the lime putty (slaked on site in a pit) was mixed with sand by a labourer who would "beat and ram" the mix with a "larry" (a wide hoe with large holes). This was then covered with sand and allowed to sit for a while (from days to weeks) - a process known as 'banking'. This lump was then remixed and used as necessary. This process cannot be done with Portland cement.
Lime with Portland cement
The combination of Portland cement and lime is used for stabilization and solidification of the ground through establishing of lime cement columns or stabilization of the entire upper mass volume. The method provides an increase in strength when it comes to vibrations, stability and settling. When building e.g. roads and railways, the method is more common and widespread (Queen Eufemias street in Central Oslo, E18 at Tønsberg etc.).
For preservation purposes, Type N and Type O mortars are often used. A Type N mortar is 1 part Portland, 1 part Lime and 6 parts sand or other aggregate (1:1:6). A Type O mortar is 1 part Portland, 2 parts Lime and 9 parts sand or other aggregate (1:2:9). Straight lime mortar has no Portland, and 1 part Lime to 3 parts sand or other aggregate. The addition of cement or other pozzolan to decrease cure times is referred to as “gauging.” Other than Portland, ash and brick dust have been used to gauge mortars.
For historic restoration purposes, and restoration work involving repointing or brick replacement, masons must discover the original brick and mortar and repair it with a similar material. The National Park Service provides guidance for proper masonry repointing through Preservation Brief 2. In general, Brief 2 suggests that repointing should be done with a similar or weaker mortar. Therefore, a straight lime mortar joint should be repointed in kind. Due to the popularity of Portland cement, this often is not the case. A wall system needs a balance between the mortar and brick that allows the mortar to be the weak part of the unit. When mortar is stronger than the brick, it prevents any natural movement in the wall and the faces of the brick will begin to deteriorate, a process known as spalling, the process by which the outer face of a brick degrades and can flake off or turn to powder. There is also a natural movement of water through a masonry wall. A strong Portland cement mix will prevent a free flow of water from a moist to dry area. This can cause rising damp to be trapped within the wall and create system failures. If moisture can not escape into the air, it will cause damage to a wall structure. Water freezing in the wall is another cause of spalling.
In restoration work of pre-20th century structures, there should be a high ratio of lime and aggregate to Portland. This reduces the compressive strength of the mortar but allows the wall system to function better. The lime mortar acts as a wick that helps to pull water from the brick. This can help to prevent the older brick from spalling. Even when the brick is a modern, harder element, repointing with a higher ratio lime mortar may help to reduce rising damp.
It may not be advisable for all consumers to use a straight lime mortar. With no Portland in the mix, there is less control over the setting of the mortar. In some cases, a freeze thaw cycle will be enough to create failure in the mortar joint. Straight lime mortar can also take a long time to fully cure and therefore work needs to be performed at a time of year where the weather conditions are conducive to the mortar setting properly. Those conditions are not only above freezing temperatures but also drier seasons. To protect the slow curing mortar from damp, a siloxane can be added to the surface. With historic structures, this may be a controversial strategy as it could have a detrimental effect to the historic fabric.
The presence of Portland allows for a more stable mortar. The stability and predictability make the mixed mortar more user friendly, particularly in applications where entire wall sections are being laid. Contractors and designers may prefer mixes that contain Portland due to the increased compressive strength over a straight lime mortar. As many pre-Portland mix buildings are still standing and have original mortar, the arguments for greater compressive strength and ease of use may be more a result of current practice and a lack of understanding of older techniques.
See also
Energetically modified cement
Hempcrete
Plastering
Sticky rice mortar
Whitewash
References
Further reading
Burnell, George Rowdon; Rudimentary Treatise on Limes, Cements, Mortars, Concretes, Mastics, Plastering, Etc.
Dibdin, William Joseph; Lime Mortar & Cement: Their Characteristics and Analyses. With an Account of Artificial Stone and Asphalt
Gilmore, Quincy A.; Limes Hydraulic Cement and Mortars
Hodgson, Fred T.; Concrete, Cements, Mortars, Artificial Marbles, Plasters and Stucco: How to Use and How to Prepare Them
Lazell, Ellis Warren; Lime Mortar & Cement : Their Characteristics and Analyses. With an Account of Artificial Stone and Asphalt
External links
The following are mid-19th-century technical articles on the respective subjects: lime mortar, cement making on a small scale, cement making on a large scale and mortar.
Gerard Lynch, 'The Myth in the Mix: The 1:3 Ratio of Lime to Sand', The Building Conservation Directory, 2007
Building materials
Cement
Masonry |
4036711 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-%C3%89mile%20Victor | Paul-Émile Victor | Paul-Émile Victor (born Paul Eugène Victor; 28 June 1907 – 7 March 1995) was a French ethnologist and explorer.
Victor was born in Geneva, Switzerland to French Jewish parents of Bohemian and Polish descent. He graduated from École Centrale de Lyon in 1928. In 1931, he learned how to fly with his instructor and friend, Claude de Cambronne. In 1936, he led an expedition traversing Greenland by dog-sled. Victor, Robert Gessain, Michel Perez, and Eigil Knuth completed the 825 km from Christianshåb in the west to Angmagssalik in the east in 44 days. During World War II, he engaged himself in the US Air Forces.
After the War, he initiated the Expéditions polaires françaises to organize French polar expeditions. He died in 1995 on Bora Bora, to which he had retired in 1977.
A survey led by Victor in 1951 concluded that, under the ice sheet, Greenland is composed of three large islands. In 1952 he was awarded the Patron's Gold Medal by the Royal Geographical Society of London for the work.
Mount Victor, in the Belgica Mountains of Antarctica, is named for him.
His son, Jean-Christophe Victor, stars in the weekly geopolitical show Le dessous des cartes on Arte until December 2016.
References
External links
Records of the Field Expedition to Greenland at Dartmouth College Library
1907 births
1995 deaths
French explorers
École Centrale de Lyon alumni
French people of Polish-Jewish descent
Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur
Scientists from Geneva |
4036732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Saceanu | Christian Saceanu | Christian Saceanu (born 8 July 1968) is a retired tennis player from Germany, who turned professional in 1986. The right-hander won two singles titles (1988, Bristol and 1991, Rosmalen) in his career. Saceanu reached his highest singles ATP-ranking in March 1988 when he became the number 60 of the world.
He began playing tennis when he was nine. He was ranked No. 1 in the Romanian 14s and one year later moved with his family to West Germany where he won the German national singles title in 1986. In that same year he was ranked No. 1 in the 18s.
Career finals
Singles
References
External links
1968 births
Living people
German male tennis players
Romanian emigrants to Germany
Sportspeople from Cluj-Napoca
West German male tennis players |
4036739 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp%20Schoch | Philipp Schoch | Philipp Schoch (born 10 October 1979) is a Swiss snowboarder. He won a gold medal in the Parallel Giant Slalom at the 2002 Winter Olympics. At the next Olympics, he faced his brother Simon Schoch in the Parallel Giant Slalom Final. Philipp raced away to an unassailable 0.88 second lead in the first leg of the final, retaining his Olympic crown. He is the first snowboarder to win two gold medals in the Winter Olympics. At the world championships, he won two silver medals in the slalom events in 2007.
References
External links
SchochBrothers.ch – Website of Philipp and Simon Schoch
Swiss male snowboarders
Olympic snowboarders of Switzerland
Snowboarders at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2014 Winter Olympics
1979 births
Living people
Olympic gold medalists for Switzerland
Olympic medalists in snowboarding
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
People from Winterthur
Sportspeople from the canton of Zürich |
4036742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpe%27s%20Sword | Sharpe's Sword | Sharpe's Sword is a historical novel in the Richard Sharpe series by Bernard Cornwell. It is the fourth in the series, being first published in 1983, though the fourteenth chronologically. Set in the summer of 1812 including the Battle of Salamanca on 22 July 1812, the story follows Sharpe and his friend Sergeant Harper involved in espionage while hunting down the sadistic and highly dangerous Colonel Philippe Leroux.
Plot summary
French Colonel Philippe Leroux and Captain Paul Delmas are fleeing from the King's German Legion toward Sharpe's Light Company. Leroux has extracted the secret identity of El Mirador, Britain's most important spy in Spain, from a priest he tortured. Leroux kills Delmas and assumes his identity and then allows himself to be captured by Sharpe and his men, knowing that the British would never exchange an imperial colonel. Sharpe covets Leroux's sword, a finely crafted, superbly balanced Klingenthal heavy cavalry sword. As Captain Delmas, Leroux gives his parole to Major Joseph Forrest. Whilst he is being escorted back to Wellington's headquarters, he kills his escort and escapes on horseback towards Salamanca. Lieutenant Colonel Windham pursues Leroux on horseback, but Leroux kills him. He gains sanctuary in one of the three French-controlled forts outside Salamanca, after Father Curtis protects him from the locals.
Sharpe confronts Curtis, who explains that the Frenchman is in fact Leroux, and that he was protecting the city's residents against Leroux's revenge if the city were to be recaptured by the French. Sharpe takes an instant dislike to Curtis, whom he thinks is sympathetic to the French. In Salamanca, Sharpe is introduced to the breathtakingly beautiful Marquesa de Casares el Grande y Melida Sadaba, and to Captain Lord Jack Spears. Wellington's army arrives at Salamanca as part of their manoeuvring against Marshal Marmont's army. Major Michael Hogan is both disturbed and relieved when Sharpe gives him a list Leroux dropped; the list was stolen from Hogan and contains the names of many of his spies. Many of them have recently been tortured and killed by Leroux.
Frustrated at his inability to bring Marmont to battle on his terms, Wellington finally sends two battalions, including the South Essex, against three French battalions in an effort to provoke Marmont, but Marmont does not rise to the bait.
Following the battle, Wellington places Sharpe and the Light Company under Hogan's command (as he and his men can identify Leroux) to ensure Leroux does not escape from the French forts. The Sixth Division attempts to storm the forts by surprise, but the French have been tipped off and slaughter the attackers. Sharpe is invited to a party by La Marquesa, but decides not to attend. Nevertheless Lord Spears later persuades him to go. As he prepares to leave the party, one of the servants takes him to a garden for a private meeting with La Marquesa. She obliquely claims to be El Mirador, and begs Sharpe to protect her from Leroux. They become lovers (her fat old husband being away suppressing a revolt in Brazil); after a while, she tells him her first name is Helena.
After several days, the forts are assaulted again and quickly surrender. Sharpe and his men examine the French prisoners several times, but cannot find Leroux. After searching the wounded, Sharpe allows them to be taken to the hospital in Salamanca. After Harper discovers a disemboweled French soldier who does not appear to have a full complement of intestines, Sharpe realises that Leroux has disguised himself as a French soldier with a severe stomach wound. Leaving his jacket behind (he had taken it off due to the heat), Sharpe and Harper race to the hospital, disrupting Leroux's rendezvous with a confederate who has brought a horse for him. Whilst searching the hospital, Harper discovers Leroux and a struggle ensues. Harper is pushed down a staircase and knocked unconscious. Sharpe comes running and engages in a sword duel with Leroux until the blade of Sharpe's sabre is shattered. Before Leroux can kill him, a sentry comes to his aid, and Leroux flees. Leroux shoots Sharpe in the stomach.
The Light Company eventually realise that Sharpe and Harper are missing and Major Hogan is alerted. A search of the hospital finds Harper still unconscious, but Sharpe cannot be found. When his discarded trousers are found, it is believed that he was mistaken for a dead French soldier and buried in a mass grave. In fact, he has been taken to the death ward run by Sergeant Connolley in the dank basement. Sharpe, unrecognised, drifts in and out of consciousness, but refuses to die from a wound that is almost always fatal. Hogan and Harper resume the search. They finally find Sharpe, but he is barely clinging to life. While the army moves on, Harper and Isabella (the peasant girl Harper rescued in the Battle of Badajoz) minister to Sharpe. In the meantime, Hogan assigns Lord Spears and some men to discreetly guard El Mirador.
With time on his hands, Harper buys a sword and spends many hours working on it. Isabella tells him that Sharpe is on the road to full recovery. When Lord Spears visits, Sharpe, he suggests that Lord Spears is protecting El Mirador. Sharpe's knowledge of this surprises Spears and makes him uncomfortable, but he nevertheless confirms Sharpe's hunch. As Sharpe recuperates, Harper returns to the Light Company.
A month later, Hogan sends Sharpe a letter telling him that the French will soon be returning to Salamanca and that he must pack and leave. That evening, Father Curtis returns Sharpe's stolen rifle. Curtis tells Sharpe that one of his correspondents in Paris has discovered that Leroux has a multi-lingual sister named Hélène. Curtis believes that this must be La Marquesa. Hogan does as well, and asks Sharpe to feed her false information that Wellington intends to speedily retreat to Portugal, while remaining with one division as rearguard to fool the French into believing otherwise. Sharpe realises that Curtis is El Mirador, not La Marquesa. Whilst hoping that she is not a French spy, he does deceive her later that evening.
Sharpe, still not fully healed, rejoins Wellington's army, riding on a horse that was a gift from La Marquesa. Marmont, suspecting already that Wellington is racing for the border, has these suspicions confirmed by a message from La Marquesa and he sends his army in pursuit, enabling Wellington to spring his trap, and the Battle of Salamanca ensues. The French left is destroyed by a British cavalry charge. Marmont and his deputy are both injured, so General Clausel assumes command. The British Fourth Division (including the South Essex) attack the French centre, but are repulsed by a French counterattack. Sharpe seeing the South Essex being pushed back and realising that they need to stand firm in order to channel the French columns into a killing ground for the Sixth Division, cannot resist joining the battle. He gets the wavering Light Company to stand their ground, and the French column is crushed. The French withdraw under the protection of their still undefeated right, hoping to cross the bridge at Alba de Tormes and escape. Wellington believes that a Spanish garrison holds the bridge and that the French are trapped. Unbeknownst to him, however, the Spanish have fled, believing that the British have been defeated, and the French retreat proceeds unopposed.
Lord Spears conducts a solo charge against the fleeing French and is fatally shot. Sharpe comes to his aid. Spears is dying and he wants Sharpe to tell his sister that he died honourably and he tells Sharpe that he wants to die because he has the Black Lion (syphilis), which results in an ugly death. He tells Sharpe that he knew that Hélène was a French spy and that he had told Hogan this some time ago. Sharpe realises that he is lying and suspects that he is the traitor in the British headquarters who stole Hogan's list. He threatens to kill Spears by stabbing him in the back (which would make it seem like he was killed whilst running away). Spears relents and confesses. He had not sold out Curtis because Leroux already knew. but he did give Leroux the book in which Curtis had written down the details of all the agents in his network. Spears had been hoping that in exchange Leroux would give him a night with his sister, but instead, he gave him back his parole and promised to provide his sister with a dowry when he returned to Paris. Then, at Spears' own request, Sharpe shoots him in the head. He reports to Hogan that Leroux has Curtis's book.
Sharpe, Harper and Hogan pursue the retreating French through the night in an effort to intercept Leroux. In the morning, they catch up to him, but he is able to outrun them and gain the protection of one of three French infantry squares. The French infantry subsequently ambush a British/King's German Legion cavalry charge against the French cavalry. Against extremely heavy odds, the enraged cavalry succeed in breaking the squares, albeit with heavy casualties.
Sharpe corners Leroux. Leroux shoots at him, missing Sharpe, but killing his horse. Sharpe shoots Leroux, wounding him in the leg and causing him to be thrown from his horse. Leroux refuses to fight, preferring to surrender. Sharpe forces him to fight, threatening to kill him anyway if he does not. In the ensuing sword duel, Sharpe kills Leroux and recovers Leroux's sword and the coded book.
La Marquesa is allowed to leave Salamanca, since it is not in the British interest to create a scandal involving a high-ranking Spanish aristocrat. She encounters Sharpe, and is not particularly upset when she learns that Sharpe killed her brother. Sharpe chooses to keep Harper's present, feeling it is lucky, while throwing LeRoux's sword - which, despite its beauty, has only been used for evil purposes - into the river.
Characters in "Sharpe's Sword"
Captain Richard Sharpe – Rifle Captain in the British army, Officer Commanding the Light Company of the South Essex Battalion.
Sergeant Patrick Harper – one of Sharpe's new group of Rifles, one of the Chosen Men
Major Michael Hogan – an Engineer, and Wellesley's head of intelligence.
Lieutenant General Wellington – commander of the British army in Spain.
Colonel Philippe Leroux – ruthless French officer of Napoleon’s imperial guard; sent to Spain as Napoleon’s emissary to find El Mirador and to destroy his spy network.
Hélène Leroux, La Marquesa de Casares el Grande y Melida Sadaba – expatriate French wife to a Spanish aristocrat general, and sister to Colonel Philippe Leroux.
The Reverend Doctor Patrick Curtis – an expatriate Irish priest and Rector of the Irish College and Professor of Astronomy and Natural History at the University of Salamanca. Known to the Spanish as Don Patricio Cortes. Runs a British spy network covering Spain and France under the code name El Mirador.
Captain Lord Jack Spears – British cavalry officer, works for Major Hogan as an exploring officer; chronic gambler and womaniser.
Marshal of France Auguste Marmont – commander of the French army in northern Spain.
Allusions to actual history
References are made to incidents during the Peninsular War and the 1812 Battle of Salamanca. Lieutenant General Wellington, Marshal of France Auguste Marmont, Patrick Curtis, Sergeant Connelley (in charge of the death ward in the novel) and Colquhoun Grant (exploring officer captured by Colonel Leroux) were all based on real historical figures of the same name, with limited dramatic licence taken.
Adaptations
Sharpe’s Sword has been adapted for TV as Sharpe's Sword, a 1995 British television drama, part of a series screened on the ITV network. While based on the novel, it is set a year later (1813) than the book and contains several other variations to the novel.
Publication history
1983, UK, Harper Collins , Pub date 1983, Paperback
1983, UK, Harper Collins , Pub date 18 May 1988, Paperback
1983, UK, Harper Collins , Pub date 1994, Paperback
References
External links
Section from Bernard Cornwell's website on Sharpe's Sword
1983 British novels
Sword
Fiction set in 1812
William Collins, Sons books |
4036749 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrom%20Harry%20Katz | Amrom Harry Katz | Amrom Harry Katz (August 15, 1915 – February 10, 1997) was an American physicist who specialized in aerial reconnaissance as well as satellite technology.
Katz developed methods for aerial reconnaissance supported by space satellites. His work was used by military intelligence, and for locating disaster victims. On August 18, 2000 he was acknowledged as one of the ten Founders of the National Reconnaissance Office.
Between 1954 and 1969 he worked for the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica, California.
References
1915 births
1997 deaths
20th-century American physicists
Aerial reconnaissance
RAND Corporation people |
4036763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moholy-Nagy%20University%20of%20Art%20and%20Design | Moholy-Nagy University of Art and Design | The Moholy-Nagy University of Art and Design (in Hungarian: Moholy-Nagy Művészeti Egyetem, MOME), former Hungarian University of Arts and Design, is located in Budapest, Hungary. Named after László Moholy-Nagy, the university offers programs in art, architecture, designer and visual communication.
History
The predecessor of the Moholy-Nagy University of Art and Design, the Hungarian Royal National School of Arts and Crafts, was founded in 1880 and operated under this name until 1944. Like other European Art Colleges, it evolved from a handicraft industry school, the Model Drawing School. Its founder and first director, Gusztáv Kelety declared the ‘educational support of a more artistic wood and furniture industry’ the aim of the new institution. The spirit of the school was fundamentally influenced by the Arts and Crafts Movement of Britain, as well as by Hungarian folklore.
At first there was only one department, in which architectural drawing and design were taught. Goldsmithing and xylography classes started in 1883, while decorative painting and copperplate engraving classes began in 1884. The decorative sculpture class, uniting small sculpture and wood-carving, was established in 1885. In 1896, the school, which had been scattered in different parts of Budapest, moved to the new Museum of Applied Arts, and came under the directorship of Kamill Flitter. The number of registered students at that time was 120.
The idea of converting the school into a college arose in the early 1940s, but the rigours of the war years prevented any steps from being taken. Following the repair of damage suffered in the Second World War, teaching resumed in March 1945, and preparations to reorganise the school continued. In 1946 the ministry decided to elevate the school’s rank; thus the College of Arts and Crafts was established.
In 1950 there were already six degree courses, and the number of students in 1952 rose to 280. In 1954 parts of the College moved to the present location in Zugligeti Street, but some of the workshops remained in the Kinizsi Street annex of the Museum of Applied Arts. In 1955 another reorganisation occurred: with the termination of the theatre stage design course, four degree courses remained: interior decoration, decorative painting, decorative sculpture and textile design. The industrial design degree course was initiated in 1959.
The appointment of Frigyes Pogány to the head of the College in 1964 ushered in a new era of reforms, coinciding with the growing appreciation of the social role of applied arts. In 1971 the College was granted university rank, but remained a college in name. In 1982, under István Gergely, a new series of reforms were introduced: the departments were changed into institutes, allowing students to earn college and university degrees in the incremental educational system. In the mid-1980s, the range of courses was extended with the establishment of photography, video and art management courses. The official gallery of the College, Tölgyfa Galéra, opened its doors to the public in Henger Street in 1987. With the appointment of the renowned ceramic artist to the head of the College, uniform university training was introduced, and the departments were re-established. In 1997, because of economic restrictions, the structure of the institution was modified again.
The University was accredited in 1998.
Since 1999, textile designer Judit Droppa has served as president of the University. In 2002 a far-reaching development plan was devised, the first phase calling for the removal of the Tölgyfa Gallery from Henger Street and the renovation of the main building of the University in the same year. The current rector of the University is József Fülöp.
In March 2006 the Hungarian University of Arts and Design announced its new name as Moholy-Nagy University of Art and Design.
Departments
Architecture
Product Design
Silicate Design
Textile Design
Media (graphic design, media design, animation, photography)
Others:
Teacher Training
Manager Training
Doctoral Studies
Notable faculty and alumni
Sándor Bortnyik
László Moholy-Nagy
István Orosz
Gábor Megyeri
Ernő Rubik, the inventor of Rubik's Cube.
See also
External links
(Hungarian and English)
Cumulus page (English)
Aerial photography of the building
References
1880 establishments in Hungary
Educational institutions established in 1880 |
4036764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%20Bareja | Stanisław Bareja | Stanisław Sylwester Bareja (5 December 1929 – 14 June 1987) was a Polish filmmaker. Some of his films (mostly comedies) have reached cult status in Poland.
His most famous film is Teddy Bear (Miś), filmed in 1980. His last work was Zmiennicy, a TV series completed in 1986 and aired in 1987.
On 21 September 2006 Bareja was posthumously awarded the Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta by President Lech Kaczynski and in 2005, a street in Warsaw was named after Stanislaw Bareja.
Works
Director
Zmiennicy (1986)
Alternatywy 4 (1983)
Teddy Bear (Miś, 1980)
What Will You Do When You Catch Me? (Co mi zrobisz, jak mnie złapiesz?, 1978)
Brunet Will Call (Brunet wieczorową porą, 1976)
Incredibly peaceful man (Niespotykanie spokojny człowiek, 1975)
A Jungle Book of Regulations (Nie ma róży bez ognia, 1974)
Man - Woman Wanted (Poszukiwany poszukiwana, 1972)
Adventure with a Song (Przygoda z piosenką, 1968)
The Marriage of Convenience (Małżeństwo z rozsądku, 1966)
Kapitan Sowa na tropie (1965)
Wife for an Australian (Żona dla Australijczyka, 1963)
The Touch of the Night (Dotknięcie nocy, 1961)
Husband of His Wife (Mąż swojej żony, 1960)
Scripts
Zmiennicy (1986)
Alternatywy 4 (1983)
Teddy Bear (Miś, 1980)
What Will You Do When You Catch Me? (Co mi zrobisz, jak mnie złapiesz?, 1978)
Brunet Will Call (Brunet wieczorową porą, 1976)
A Jungle Book of Regulations (Nie ma róży bez ognia, 1974)
Man - Woman Wanted (Poszukiwany poszukiwana, 1972)
Adventure with a Song (Przygoda z piosenką, 1968)
Barbara i Jan (1964), with Jerzy Ziarnik
Husband of His Wife (Mąż swojej żony, 1960), with Jerzy Jurandot
Actor
Zmiennicy (1986)
Alternatywy 4 (1983)
Teddy Bear (Miś, 1980)
Dom (1980–2000)
The Lesniewski Family (Rodzina Leśniewskich, 1978)
What Will You Do When You Catch Me? (Co mi zrobisz, jak mnie złapiesz?, 1978)
Lalka (1977)
Brunet Will Call (Brunet wieczorową porą, 1976)
Man - Woman Wanted (Poszukiwany poszukiwana, 1972)
Mr Anatol's Inspection (Inspekcja pana Anatola, 1959)
Little Town (Miasteczko, 1958)
Mr. Anatol's Hat (Kapelusz pana Anatola, 1957)
Heroism (Eroica, 1957)
Winter Twilight (Zimowy Zmierzch, 1956)
Charcoal Sketches (Szkice węglem, 1956)
Nikodem Dyzma (1956)
Three Starts (Trzy starty'', 1955)
References
External links
Profile of Stanisław Bareja at Culture.pl
1929 births
1987 deaths
Male actors from Warsaw
Polish film directors
Polish screenwriters
Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta
20th-century Polish male actors
20th-century screenwriters |
4036766 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva%20Purana | Shiva Purana | The Shiva Purana is one of eighteen major texts of the Purana genre of Sanskrit texts in Hinduism, and part of the Shaivism literature corpus. It primarily revolves around the Hindu God Shiva and Goddess Parvati, but references and reveres all gods.
The Shiva Purana asserts that it once consisted of 100,000 verses set out in twelve Samhitas (Books), however the Purana adds that it was abridged by Sage Vyasa before being taught to Romaharshana. The surviving manuscripts exist in many different versions and content, with one major version with seven books (traced to South India), another with six books, while the third version traced to the medieval Bengal region of the Indian Subcontinent with no books but two large sections called Purva-Khanda (Previous Section) and Uttara-Khanda (Later Section). The two versions that include books, title some of the books same and others differently. The Shiva Purana, like other Puranas in Hindu literature, was likely a living text, which was routinely edited, recast and revised over a long period of time. The oldest manuscript of surviving texts was likely composed, estimates Klaus Klostermaier, around 10th- to 11th-century CE. Some chapters of currently surviving Shiva Purana manuscripts were likely composed after the 14th-century.
The Shiva Purana contains chapters with Shiva-centered cosmology, mythology, relationship between Gods, ethics, yoga, tirtha (pilgrimage) sites, bhakti, rivers and geography, and other topics. The text is an important source of historic information on different types and theology behind Shaivism in early 2nd-millennium CE. The oldest surviving chapters of the Shiva Purana have significant Advaita Vedanta philosophy, which is mixed in with theistic elements of bhakti.
In the 19th and 20th century, the Vayu Purana was sometimes titled as Shiva Purana, and sometimes proposed as a part of the complete Shiva Purana. With the discovery of more manuscripts, modern scholarship considers the two texts as different, with Vayu Purana as the more older text composed sometime before the 2nd-century CE. Some scholars list it as a Mahapurana, while some state it is an Upapurana.
Date
The date and authors of Shiva Puran are unknown. No authentic data is available. Scholars such as Klostermaier as well as Hazra estimate that the oldest chapters in the surviving manuscript were likely composed around the 10- to 11th-centuries CE, which has not stood the test of carbon dating technology hence on that part we must rely on the text itself which tells when it was composed. Certain books and chapters in currently surviving Shiva Puran manuscripts were likely composed later, some after the 14th-century. The Shiva Puran, like other Puranas in Hindu literature, were routinely edited, recast and revised over the centuries.
Hazra states that the Bombay manuscript published in the 19th-century is rarer, and likely the older than other versions published from eastern and southern India.
Different manuscripts
Several recensions of this text exist. The Bombay 1884 manuscript recension published by the Vangavasi Press, Calcutta in 1896 consists of six s (sections):
The second manuscript of Shiva Puran published in 1906, reprinted in 1965, by the Pandita Pustakalaya, Kashi consists of seven s:
According to a passage found in the first chapters of and of these recensions the original Shiva Purana comprised twelve s, which included five lost s: , (or ), , and (or ). The number of verses in these sections were as follows:
Vidyeshvara Samhita - 10,000
Rudra Samhita - 8,000
Vainayaka Samhita - 8,000
Uma Samhita - 8,000
Matri Samhita - 8,000
Rudraikadasha Samhita - 13,000
Kailasa Samhita - 6,000
Shatarudra Samhita - 3,000
Sahasrakotirudra Samhita - 11,000
Kotirudra Samhita - 9,000
Vayaviya Samhita - 4,000
Dharma Samhita - 12,000
Several other s are also ascribed to the . These are the , the , the , the and the .
Haraprasad Shastri mentioned in the Notices of Sanskrit MSS IV, pp. 220–3, Nos, 298–299 about another manuscript of the , which is divided into Two Khandas (Parts), the and the . The consists 3270 s in 51 chapters written in Nagari script and the has 45 chapters written in Oriya script. It was preserved in Mahimprakash Brahmachari Matha in Puri. The of this manuscript is same as the of the Vangavasi Press Edition.
Contents
The Vidyesvara Samhita, also called Vighnesa Samhita or Vidyasara Samhita, appears in both editions, is free of mythology found in some other samhitas, and is dedicated to describing the greatness and the bhakti of Shiva, particularly through the icon of Linga. This section is also notable for mentioning both Shaiva Agamas and Tantric texts, but frequently quoting from the Vedas and asserting that the text is the essence of the Vedic teaching and the Vedanta. The chapters of this shared samhita in different versions of the Shiva Purana includes a description of India's geography and rivers from north and south India so often and evenly that Hazra states it is difficult to gauge if this part was composed in north or south India.
The Jnanasamhita in one manuscript shares content with Rudrasamhita of the other manuscript, presents cosmology and mythology, and is notable for its discussion of saguna andnirguna Shiva.
The text discusses goddesses and gods, dedicates parts of chapters praising Vishnu and Brahma, as well as those related to avatars such as Krishna. It asserts that one must begin with karma-yajna, thereon step by step with tapo-yajna, then self study, then regular meditation, ultimately to jnana-yajna and yoga to achieve sayujya (intimate union) with Shiva within. The text emphasizes bhakti and yoga, rather than bookish learning of the Vedas.
The Shiva Puran dedicates chapters to Shaiva-Advaita philosophy, like Linga Puran and other Shaivism-related Puranas, advocating it as a system for Salvation. The text also presents the Brahman as satcitananda theme, with masculine and feminine Shiva-Shakti as a unity, and perception of plurality-discrimination as a form of nescience. Love-Driven Devotionalism (Bhakti), asserts the text, leads to knowledge, and such love combined with knowledge leads to attracting saintly people and Guru, and with them one attains Liberation, states Shiva Puran. These ideas, states Klaus Klostermaier, are similar to those found in Devi-related Puranas and Shakti Literature.
References
Bibliography
External links
The Shiva Puran English translation by J. L. Shastri, 1970 (includes glossary)
Surya And Nairrta On The Siva Temple Of Prambanan, Roy E. Jordaan (1992), pages 59–66, Brill (Puranas/Shiva texts in southeast Asia)
Puranas
Shaiva texts |
4036791 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prazepam | Prazepam | Prazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative drug developed by Warner-Lambert in the 1960s. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Prazepam is a prodrug for desmethyldiazepam which is responsible for the therapeutic effects of prazepam.
Indications
Prazepam is indicated for the short-term treatment of anxiety. After short-term therapy, the dose is usually gradually tapered-off to reduce or avoid any withdrawal or rebound effects. Desmethyldiazepam, an active metabolite, has a very long half-life of 29 to 224 hours, which contributes to the therapeutic effects of prazepam.
Side effects
Side effects of prazepam are less profound than with other benzodiazepines. Excessive drowsiness and with longer-term use, drug dependence, are the most common side effects of prazepam. Side effects such as fatigue or "feeling spacey" can also occur but less commonly than with other benzodiazepines. Other side effects include feebleness, clumsiness or lethargy, clouded thinking and mental slowness.
Tolerance, dependence and withdrawal
Tolerance and dependence can develop with long-term use of prazepam, and upon cessation or reduction in dosage, then a benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome may occur with symptoms such as tremulousness, dysphoria, psychomotor agitation, tachycardia and sweating. In severe cases, hallucinations, psychosis and seizures can occur. Withdrawal-related psychosis is generally unresponsive to antipsychotic mediations. The risk and severity of the withdrawal syndrome increases the higher the dose and the longer prazepam is taken for. Tolerance, dependence and withdrawal problems may be less severe than with other benzodiazepines, such as diazepam. It may be because tolerance is slower to develop with prazepam than with other benzodiazepines. Abrupt or over-rapid discontinuation of prazepam after long-term use, even at low dosage, may result in a protracted withdrawal syndrome.
Benzodiazepines can induce serious problems of addiction, which is one of the main reasons for their use being restricted to short-term use. A survey in Senegal found that the majority of doctors believed that their training in this area was generally poor. Recommendations for national authorities to take urgent action regarding the rational use of benzodiazepines. Another study in Dakar found that almost one-fifth of doctors ignored prescription guidelines regarding short-term use of benzodiazepines, and almost three-quarters of doctors regarded their training and knowledge of benzodiazepines to be inadequate. More training regarding benzodiazepines has been recommended for doctors.
Contraindications and special caution
Benzodiazepines require special precaution if used in the elderly, during pregnancy, in children, alcohol or drug-dependent individuals and individuals with comorbid psychiatric disorders.
Mechanism of action
Prazepam exerts its therapeutic effects primarily via modulating the benzodiazepine receptor which in turn enhances GABA function in the brain. Prazepam like other benzodiazepines has anticonvulsant properties, but its anticonvulsant properties are not as potent as other benzodiazepines when tested in animal studies.
Pharmacokinetics
Prazepam is metabolised into descyclopropylmethylprazepam (also known as desmethyldiazepam) and 3-hydroxyprazepam which is further metabolised into oxazepam. Prazepam is a prodrug for descyclopropylmethylprazepam/desmethyldiazepam (also known as norprazepam or nordazepam) which is responsible for most of the therapeutic activity of prazepam rather than prazepam itself.
Interactions
Prazepam may interact with cimetidine. Alcohol in combination with prazepam increases the adverse effects, particularly performance impairing side effects and drowsiness.
Overdose
The symptoms of an overdose of prazepam include sleepiness, agitation and ataxia. Hypotonia may also occur in severe cases. Overdoses in children typically result in more severe symptoms of overdose.
Abuse potential
Prazepam like other benzodiazepines has abuse potential and can be habit forming. However, its abuse potential may be lower than other benzodiazepines because it has a slow onset of action.
Toxicity
Animal studies have found prazepam taken during pregnancy results in delayed growth and causes reproductive abnormalities.
Trade names
Common trade names include Centrac, Centrax, Demetrin, Lysanxia, Mono Demetrin, Pozapam, Prasepine, Prazene, Reapam and Trepidan. Trade names vary depending on the country; Austria: Demetrin, Belgium: Lysanxia, France: Lysanxia, Germany: Demetrin; Mono Demetrin, Greece: Centrac, Ireland: Centrax, Italy: Prazene; Trepidan, Macedonia: Demetrin, Prazepam, Netherlands: Reapam, Portugal: Demetrin, South Africa: Demetrin, Switzerland: Demetrin, Thailand: Pozapam; Prasepine.
See also
Benzodiazepine
Benzodiazepine dependence
Long-term effects of benzodiazepines
References
External links
Inchem – Prazepam
Benzodiazepines
Lactams
Chloroarenes
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Cyclopropyl compounds |
4036798 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Auburn | Electoral district of Auburn | Auburn is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Australian state of New South Wales in Sydney's West. It is currently represented by Lynda Voltz, after the 2019 election.
Auburn includes the suburbs of Auburn, Berala, Lidcombe, Newington, Rookwood, Silverwater, South Granville, Sydney Olympic Park, Wentworth Point and parts of Chester Hill, Guildford, Merrylands and Regents Park.
Members
History
Auburn was created in 1927. It has been held by the Labor Party for its entire existence, and for most of that time has been one of Labor's safest seats in New South Wales. It is considered a part of Labor's heartland in Western Sydney.
Auburn was once represented by former Premier, Jack Lang, and later by his son, Chris Lang. The seat was once vacant for four months; between December, 1955 and March, 1956; as a result of the death of Edgar Dring. A by-election was not held, given the relatively short amount of time left until the 1956 New South Wales state election.
Election results
References
Electoral districts of New South Wales
Constituencies established in 1927
1927 establishments in Australia |
4036803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avondale%20Agricultural%20Research%20Station | Avondale Agricultural Research Station | Avondale Agricultural Research Station or Avondale Discovery Farm is one of thirteen research farms and stations operated by Western Australia's Department of Agriculture and Food. In addition to its research, Avondale has historical buildings, a farming equipment museum and operates as an agriculture education centre specialising in introducing primary school children to farming, and teaching of its history in Western Australia.
Avondale is situated on land where the Dale River joins the Avon River northwest of Beverley. It is located on land originally granted to the first Governor of Western Australia, Captain (later Admiral Sir) James Stirling and Captain Mark Currie RN in 1836. These grants were combined in 1849 and with additional land purchases they became known as Avondale Estate, expanding to in excess of .
On 4 April 1924 the remaining of Avondale were passed on to the Department of Agriculture and Food. Initially Avondale continued its involvement with the Group Settlement Scheme, it was not until 1926 that research activities commenced. During the 1930s it was to be the laboratory for Dr Harold Bennetts successful research into Bacillus ovitoxicus. As part of Western Australia's 1979 sesquicentennial celebrations a machinery museum was built and the other buildings were restored to original condition.
Today, Avondale is managed by the National Trust of Western Australia and is open to the public at varying times throughout the year.
Early farm years
In November 1835, an expedition led by Governor James Stirling joined another party led by the Surveyor General John Septimus Roe in King George Sound. Roe had made arrangement for both parties to return to the Swan River Colony via an alternative route. The route was intended to join the settlements of King George Sound, York and the Swan River Colony along with the newly established settlement of Williams. This expedition passed through the area of Avondale sighting the Dale River and a granite hill that Roe name Bald Hill on 27 December. Bald Hill was to become the primary reference point for surveying the region.
In 1836, the surveyor Thomas Watson returned to area and used Bald Hill as the principal trigonometric reference. Watson was to map out a number of lots in the area including the western boundary for Beverley town site. Two of the lots surveyed were Avon location 14 with , and Avon location K with ; location 14 was given to Captain Mark Currie, Fremantle Harbour Master, while location K was given to Stirling. Stirling as Governor and Currie as harbour master were not paid salaries by the colony but given land grants as compensation for their services. In 1978, surveyors using current equipment were engaged to determine the exact location of these original holdings, and commented on the remarkable accuracy of Watson's survey 142 years before.
Currie sold his grant of land to a Nicholas Carey in September 1838 for £330. Carey entered into a lease agreement in December with Governor Stirling for his grant, which included Carey purchasing the property at the end of the lease for £750 in 1846. Carey also purchased to west of location 14 he also received an additional grant of land in 1849. With all the land in the vee formed by the Avon River and the Dale River the property was now in size and was named Avondale Estate. During the late 1840s Carey moved to Guernsey leaving Avondale to be operated by an unknown caretaker.
Upon Carey's death in March 1889, Avondale was inherited by his 16-year-old grand nephew William Herbert deLisle. deLisle arrived and took up residence there in 1893, and assumed the land title in 1894. Avondale had been a pastoral property until deLisle's arrival, over the next ten years sections of the estate were sold off to fund its development. During this period, the house was expanded and the stable built, which included 20 horse stalls with hollow walls and an overhead loft. The hollow walls enable feed from the loft to gravitate directly to the feed bins in each stall.
The remaining were sold to William James Butcher and Charles John Hunt Butcher in 1904. The brothers purchased adjoining properties adding which enlarged Avondale to . In 1908 they offered to sell Avondale to the Western Australian Government for £5/10/- per acre. The Government countered with an offer of £5/5/- per acre, which was accepted. Avondale was purchased in March 1910 under the Agricultural Land Purchase act for a total of £51,494/12/6, equivalent to approximately A$5,500,000 in 2006.
1910 to 1924
Even though the Butcher brothers' farming operations continued until January 1911, the government began preparations for subdivision. John Hall was sent to Avondale in April 1910 to locate all improvements and draw subdivision lines following existing fencing where possible. His arrival sparked considerable controversy, because not only had he set up camp on the golf course but the golf club also had leased of Avondale that joined the edge of town. Investigations found that the lease was terminated when the land was sold.
Hall divided Avondale into nine substantial size farms whose boundaries have remained unchanged since, the that had been occupied by the golf course was made into small lots which have since been further subdivided. Lands Department accountants calculated that the sale of the lots would return £8,768/3/3 after expenses, and the estate was gazetted and land made available on 21 December 1910. Of the nine substantial lots only four were taken up as settlers were unable to pay the £6 per acre price. Lot 1 was taken up by George Hancock, the father of mining magnate Lang Hancock, and George's brother Richard took up Lot 2. Lot 13 was taken up by G.W. Isbister, and Lot 4 was taken up by former Premier Sir Newton Moore, who then proceeded to London with the plans. As Agent General Newton was to offer to prospective settlers lots at Avondale, although a number telegram inquiries to ascertain availability of lots at Avondale were sent, there is no record any lots being allocated in London.
As none of the remaining 5 substantial lots had been taken up by November 1911, it was suggested that 4 of those remaining be used for an Agricultural College with the Lands Department responsible for continuing to farm the remaining lots. This left one lot known as Drumclyer available, in 1914 a Dowerin farmer tried to lease Drumclyer after losing his property there from drought, but was unable to negotiate an acceptable rate. In December, the Hancock brothers had abandoned lots 1 & 2, Isbister had also abandoned Lot 13, although it is not known exactly when, leaving only the of Lot 4 in private hands. With the outbreak of World War I the Agricultural College plans were abandoned as well.
Near the end of 1916, the Beverley community requested that Avondale be subdivided into 20 lots for returning soldiers. It was also suggested that Avondale be a nursery where soldiers are given small allotments and those that succeed are then given larger grants elsewhere in the state. In July 1918, it was decided that Avondale would have 6 lots made available for servicemen from the Beverley area and that which included the area around the homestead was to remain under control of the Lands Department.
Department of Agriculture
The original homestead block faced an uncertain future for many years, until it was given to the Department of Agriculture in 1924. Initially intended for the production of pure seed wheat and oats, very little was produced for several years. Avondale was used as an assembly and holding ground for dairy cattle, prior to them being sent to group settlers in the state's South West. During this period, the silo was built with a capacity of 100 tonnes; the silo is now heritage listed.
The local farming community raised concerns about cattle being unsuitable for the area, while the concerns were not immediately addressed Avondale was turned towards seed production and research. The first research began in 1926; this was in the application of superphosphate its alternatives and the timing of application. Initial results were published in the Journal of Agriculture in 1927.
Research
A Braxy-like disease originated in the Beverley-York region in 1915. Over the next 15 years it spread across most of the state's farming districts. Flock losses generally were around 5% though there were reported cases of 30% loss. In 1918 Professor Dakin of the University of Western Australia identified the disease as a toxaemia of bacterial origin but was unable to establish the source.
Dr Harold Bennetts was appointed the state's first veterinary pathologist in May 1925. Bennetts commenced an immediate investigation into the disease, using alleyways and open space around the department's city offices to house the sheep needed for the research. In 1930 a field laboratory was built at Avondale; a flock of 1000 sheep were purchased to enable feed experiments. In 1931 Bennetts had identified Bacillus ovitoxicus as the cause of the disease. With this knowledge he was able to develop the infectious enterotoxaemia vaccine; for his efforts Bennetts received a CBE.
The sheep populations that were required by Bennetts at Avondale also afforded additional research opportunities. From 1931 for several years experiments were conducted with the object of determining how to best produce prime export lambs. This investigated various breeds and cross breeds determining that cross-bred ewes where significantly more productive than pure-bred Merinos.
In 1934, Bennetts teamed with state botanist Charles Gardner to study the toxic effect of native plants species on sheep. Gardner would collect the plants and supply them fresh to Bennetts who would then feed them to the sheep. They confirmed 24 species of plants as being poisonous, most which were from the native pea genera Gastrolobium and Oxylobium. Based on this and later research, Gardner and Bennetts published The Toxic Plants of Western Australia in 1956. During 1935, investigations into the effects of castrating male lambs with either mechanical pincers compared to using a knife, both of these methods have since been replaced with rubber elastrator rings. The experiment on 499 sheep concluded that no significant differences were observable in respect of mortality, maturity rates and meat quality.
Dr Eric Underwood began his research at Avondale in the mid-1930s also utilising the sheep flocks. Underwood's initial research was into the effects of sulfur on wool growth, he followed that research with investigations into botulism in sheep during 1935. These experiments were the first of many by Underwood over the next 30 years. During the 1940s he studied the nutritional value of hay and pasture for sheep, the ongoing results from these Studies in Cereal Hay production in Western Australia were published in the Journal of Agriculture.
During World War II, Avondale farm provided research into farming of linseed and flax in Western Australia, although it was not the most suitable location for growing either. Three varieties of Linseed were trialled: Riga Crown, an early maturing variety, Italian also early maturing and Walsh, a mid-season maturing variety. It was discovered that all were susceptible to cutworm with greater damage occurring later in the season; early trails of the insecticide DDT was said to show promising results in combating this.
Other efforts
In 1942 there was some pioneering in the development and use of contour banks, the equipment required a team 4 horses or two Clydesdales, a teamster and two labourers. Through the 1950s Avondale had monitored its sheep flocks as part of the research into Dwalganup strain of clover as a livestock feed and its effect on ewe fertility. On into the 1960s and 1970s Avondale was involved with the breeding and trial of various cereal crops for use within Western Australia. Since the early 1980s Avondale has focused on environmental and sustainable farming along with farm income supplemental alternatives like marron farming.
Avondale like most Western Australian farms utilised horses and Clydesdales in particular for pulling farming equipment. Farm economics of the 1930s meant that the Clydesdales weren't retired to enjoy the governments grassy paddocks. In 1937 a letter to the Agricultural minister details the disposal of horses that were no longer useful;
The letter details how the Perth Zoo is responsible for the freight and that the Minister had approved the transaction. Many Clydesdales were to follow the first two bay mares with the consignment note description "for lions food, freight payable by consignee". This practice continued until well into the 1950s until tractors replaced the use of horses in farming. Since the opening of the museum in 1978 Avondale again utilised Clydesdales for demonstrations of the old equipment these horse are sold as pets once they are incapable of working.
1976 to present
In 1976, as part of the preparations for Western Australia's 1979 sesquicentennial celebrations, the Department of Agriculture decided to restore the historic Avondale farm to its original state to display the achievements of Western Australian farmers. In response to the announcement, farmers from around the state responded generously with donations of old machinery and equipment. Most of this machinery was restored by Department of Agriculture mechanics. In 1978 an invitation to visit and open Avondale's agricultural displays was sent to Prince Charles, this was accepted and on 16 March 1979 Avondale was officially opened with commemorative tree planting near the entrance to the farm.
The farm continues its research into improving farming and farm practices under Western Australian conditions. Avondale's displays are open to the public with picnic facilities available, included in the displays are the original homestead, the stables complete with Clydesdales and a machinery shed. There is also road maintained around the farm with information boards on each paddock explaining its current usage.
See also
Agricultural science
Agriculture
References
External links
Avondale Discovery Farm Website – Beverley Tourist Bureau
Department of Agriculture and Food Website
Heritage Council of Western Australia – Register of Heritage Places Assessment Documentation
Agriculture museums in Australia
State Register of Heritage Places in the Shire of Beverley
Science and technology in Western Australia
Wheatbelt (Western Australia)
Museums in Western Australia
National Trust of Western Australia |
4036804 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Ballina | Electoral district of Ballina | Ballina is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales.
History
Ballina was originally created in 1894, when the three-member electorate of Richmond was divided into Richmond, Lismore and Ballina. In 1904, Ballina was replaced by Byron. In 1988, a recreated Ballina and Murwillumbah replaced Byron.
The 2004 redistribution of electoral districts estimated that the electoral district would have 47,246 electors on 29 April 2007. At the 2007 election it encompassed all of Ballina Shire (including Ballina, Alstonville, Lennox Head and Wollongbar) and most of the populated areas of Byron Shire (including Byron Bay, Mullumbimby, Ocean Shores, Suffolk Park, Brunswick Heads, South Golden Beach and Bangalow).
The 2013 NSW state electoral redistribution once again changed the boundaries of the electorate, so at the next election it would comprise the entire shires of Ballina and Byron.
The won the seat of Ballina at the 2015 state election, bringing their lower house representation to three seats. It became the first rural seat in any Australian parliament outside Tasmania to be won by the Greens.
Members for Ballina
Election results
References
External links
Electoral districts of New South Wales
Ballina, New South Wales
Ballina Shire
Byron Bay, New South Wales
1894 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1894
1904 disestablishments in Australia
Constituencies disestablished in 1904
1988 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1988 |
4036805 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnfield%20College | Barnfield College | Barnfield College is the largest further education college in Bedfordshire, England, with two campuses in Luton.
Campus locations
New Bedford Road Campus, New Bedford Road, Luton, LU2 7BF
Technology Campus, Enterprise Way, Luton, LU3 4BU
Faculty areas
Faculty of Business Enterprise and Retail
Business and Management
Hospitality and Catering
Accountancy
Higher Education
Faculty of Creative Arts
Art and Design
Hairdressing
Media and Communications
Beauty and Holistic Therapy
Performing Arts and Music
Fashion and Textiles
Higher Education
Faculty of Technology
Construction Trades
Plumbing
Electrical
Computing
Engineering
Networking
Motor Vehicle
Higher Education
Faculty of Care, Public Services, Sport and Leisure
Child Care
Public Services
Health and Social Care/HE
Sport and Fitness
Travel and Tourism
Dental
Higher Education/Access
Faculty of Skills Development
Additional and Learning Support
Functional Skills
Language Skills
History
Origin
In 1958, Luton Technical School moved to a new building off Barnfield Avenue, and the name of the school was changed to Barnfield Secondary Technical School. With the introduction of comprehensive schools in Luton in 1967, it became Barnfield High School. The number of pupils declined; in 1968 parts of the building were taken over for teaching hairdressing and dressmaking; and in 1970 the College of Further Education took over the whole building.
In 2003, Barnfield College became the first general further education college to be awarded Beacon status.
Barnfield Federation
Peter Birkett was appointed as principal in 2005, and the College became the first further education college in Britain to sponsor an academy school (Barnfield South Academy and Barnfield West Academy). By 2007, the Barnfield Federation included a nursery, primary and secondary schools and a college. In 2010, it opened one of the first studio schools in Britain (Barnfield Skills Academy). The Federation was also the first to launch a 14-18 Law & Accountancy Academy for students who would like to follow a career as an Accountant or Lawyer.
As of October 2013, the federation was under investigation by the Department for Education and the Skills Funding Agency. A key element of the investigation focussed on a £915,000 funding claim for students that did not study at the college. The outcomes of the investigations were jointly announced on 28 February 2014 by multiple news sources, which summarised reports from the Further Education Commissioner, the Skills Funding Agency and the Education Funding Agency.
In July 2014 it was announced that the schools would be split from Barnfield College to form their own multi-academy trust. The college would then focus on further and higher education provision. In 2015 the schools split from Barnfield and formed the Shared Learning Trust.
Merger with West Herts College
At the end of January 2019, the college legally became part of West Herts College, although it has continued to operate under the name of Barnfield College.
Notable alumni
Rankin, portrait photographer & director
Glyn Dillon, graphic artist and costume designer
References
Further education colleges in Bedfordshire
Further education in Luton
Educational institutions established in 1968
Learning and Skills Beacons
1968 establishments in England
Buildings and structures in Luton |
4036806 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Bankstown | Electoral district of Bankstown | Bankstown is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales in Sydney's West. It has historically been one of the safest seats in New South Wales. It is currently represented by Tania Mihailuk.
Bankstown includes the suburbs of Bankstown, Bass Hill, Birrong, Chester Hill, Condell Park, Georges Hall, Lansdowne, Potts Hill, Punchbowl, Regents Park, Revesby, Sefton, Villawood, Yagoona.
Members for Bankstown
Election results
References
Electoral districts of New South Wales
1927 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1927
City of Canterbury-Bankstown |
4036808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Barwon | Electoral district of Barwon | Barwon is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Roy Butler of the Shooters Fishers and Farmers Party.
Covering roughly 44% of the land mass of New South Wales, Barwon is by far the state's largest electoral district. It includes the local government areas of Bourke Shire, Brewarrina Shire, Narrabri Shire, Walgett Shire, Warrumbungle Shire, Coonamble Shire, Gilgandra Shire, Warren Shire, Bogan Shire, Lachlan Shire, Cobar Shire, Central Darling Shire, the City of Broken Hill as well as the large Unincorporated Far West Region surrounding Broken Hill.
History
Barwon was originally created in 1894, when it along with Moree, replaced Gwydir. In 1904, with the downsizing of the Legislative Assembly after Federation, Gwydir was recreated and Moree and Barwon were abolished. In 1927, with the breakup of the three-member Electoral district of Namoi, it was recreated.
Originally a marginal seat that traded hands between the Labor Party and the conservative parties, it was considered a safe seat for the National Party who held it without interruption from 1950 until 2019, when it was won by the Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party.
Members for Barwon
Election results
References
Electoral districts of New South Wales
1894 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1894
1904 disestablishments in Australia
Constituencies disestablished in 1904
1927 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1927
North West Slopes |
4036813 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathos%20kai%20sophos | Agathos kai sophos | Agathos kai sophos () is a phrase coined by Plato, which literally means "good and wise" in Greek. The Athenians used this phrase to describe the qualities of an honest man.
Plato apparently derived this phrase from an earlier kalos kagathos—literally, "beautiful and good". The Greeks believed that external beauty (kalos) was associated with inner beauty, morality and virtue, suggesting that a beautiful face was the outward expression of a beautiful soul. To avoid this association, which often led to confusion, Plato reinvented the expression as agathos kai sophos, separating external beauty from the beauty of the soul.
See also
Philotimon
References
Platonism |
4036831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Petchey | Mark Petchey | Mark Rodney James Petchey (born 1 August 1970) is a former tennis player from England, who turned professional in 1988.
He now works as a tennis commentator and analyst for Amazon Prime, ITV, the BBC, the Tennis Channel and others.
Personal life
Petchey was educated at Forest School, a private school in north-east London.
His first coach was his father, Rod.
Mark married Michelle on 5 July 1996 in Warwickshire: they have two daughters, Nicole and Myah.
Tennis career
Juniors
Junior Slam results:
Australian Open: -
French Open: 1R (1988)
Wimbledon: 2R (1988)
US Open: 3R (1987)
Pro tour
The right-hander won one doubles title (Nottingham in 1996) in his career. He reached his career-high ATP singles ranking of World No. 80 in August 1994, winning 3 Challenger events. His best performance in a Grand Slam came in the 1997 Wimbledon Championships. He defeated Ján Krošlák and Tommy Haas before losing to Boris Becker in the third round.
As a coach
He coached Silvija Talaja to the world's Top 20 and Tina Pisnik to the Top 30.
He was also coach to Andy Murray whom he coached to the Top 50.
Career finals
Doubles (1 win, 1 loss)
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
Sportspeople from London
English male tennis players
People educated at Forest School, Walthamstow
People from Loughton
English tennis coaches
British male tennis players
Tennis people from Greater London
Tennis commentators |
4036833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian%20Simmen | Gian Simmen | Gian Simmen (born 19 February 1977) is a Swiss snowboarder. In Snowboarding at the 1998 Winter Olympics, Simmen won Gold in Men's Halfpipe. He competed at the 1998, 2002, and the 2006 Olympics Winter games.
References
External links
FIS-Ski.com - FIS Competition Results
Swiss male snowboarders
Olympic snowboarders of Switzerland
Olympic gold medalists for Switzerland
Snowboarders at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
1977 births
Living people
Olympic medalists in snowboarding
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics |
4036866 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eira%20%28disambiguation%29 | Eira (disambiguation) | Eira can refer to:
Places
Eira, a district in Helsinki, Finland
Eira Hospital, a hospital in the district of Helsinki, Finland
Eira River, a river in Nesset, Møre og Romsdal, Norway
Eira (Messenia), a town of ancient Messenia, Greece
Eira, Messenia, a municipal unit in Messenia, Greece
City of Glen Eira, a local government area in Victoria, Australia
People
Eira, a Sami family name in North Sami area, mainly in North Norway and North Finland.
Eira, a female name originating from the Norse goddess Eir
Eira, a female name in Wales also meaning "snow" in the Welsh language
Eira, a Sanskrit female name pronounced 'ih-RAH', meaning "the earth" and a name of the Goddess Saraswati, Goddess of Wisdom
Berit Marie Eira (born 1968), Norwegian Sami reindeer owner and politician
Maaria Eira (1924—1999), Finnish opera singer and actress
Sandra Andersen Eira (born 1986), Norwegian Sami politician
Animals
Tayra (Eira barbara), a carnivorous mammal that is the only member of its genus |
4036874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collar-and-elbow | Collar-and-elbow | Collar-and-elbow wrestling (Irish: Coiléar agus Uille or Brollaidheacht) is a style of jacket wrestling native to Ireland. Historically it has also been practised in regions of the world with large Irish diaspora populations, such as the United States and Australia.
History
Origins in Ireland
Wrestling as a competitive sport has been recorded in Ireland as far back as the second millennium BC, when it featured as one of the many athletic contests held during the annual Tailteann Games. The mythical hero Cúchulainn boasted of his prowess in both hurling and wrestling, and was on one occasion enraged by an undead spectre mockingly suggesting that his skill in the latter area had been highly exaggerated. Carved depictions of two figures in a recognisable wrestling clinch appear on the Market High Cross of Kells and the ruins of a church at Kilteel (both 9th century AD), and wrestling matches were common features of country fairs until at least the 18th century.
These wrestling contests were occasionally violent affairs. Participants could be and were frequently injured, sometimes fatally so, as in the case of a contest between one Thomas Costello (known locally as "Tumaus Loidher" - Thomas the Strong) and an unnamed champion in which Costello ostensibly squeezed on his opponent's harness so powerfully that it broke the man's spine. There appear to have been little or no attempts to moderate these violent aspects of wrestling from a legal point of view; as historian Edward MacLysaght noted in his account of the match, as the participant in a sporting contest Costello had little to fear in terms of official retribution.
These accounts of early Irish wrestling matches all describe participants taking a diverse range of grips on their opponents - from clutching at any available limb in the time of Cúchulainn, to a backhold-style clinch on the carvings at Kells and Kilteel, to both hands holding a belt in the match between Thomas Costello and his ill-fated opponent. However, by the 18th century a new form of grip had established itself as the favoured hold: right hand grabbing the opponent's collar, left hand grabbing the sleeve of their jacket at the elbow. This position, and all its associated techniques and strategies, was to quickly emerge as the dominant framework under which Irish wrestling matches were contested.
Collar and Elbow in Ireland
In the 19th century, Collar and Elbow wrestling was one of the most widely practised sporting activities in the country - "the chief physical sport of the male population from childhood to mature manhood". Bouts took place between local champions and challengers on a parish level, and those between the most well-known and skilled wrestlers could draw thousands of spectators from across neighbouring counties. Although it was primarily referred to by its English name, Collar and Elbow is known to have had at least two names in Irish: "Coiléar agus Uille" (a literal translation of Collar and Elbow) and "brollaidheacht". The latter derives from the term for the front of a shirt ("brollach léine") and thus "brollaidheacht" could be translated as "collaring" - a reference to the grip that wrestlers were required to take on each other's jackets.
Victory was determined by a "fall", the definition of which differed from county to county. In Kildare a wrestler was deemed to have won if he made his opponent touch the ground with any single part of his body above the knees, whereas in Dublin he was required to make three points of his opponent's body touch the ground (usually both shoulders and a hip, or both hips and a shoulder). A significant difference between Collar and Elbow as it was practised in Ireland and the United States is that, in its Irish incarnation, shin-kicking was routinely permitted. This, coupled with the fact that many participants wore heavy work boots, resulted in a level of injury among Irish wrestlers not usually seen among their US counterparts. Shins were frequently "gored and/or bruised" after a match, and on rare occasions outright broken.
Admirers of the style nonetheless lauded its "eminently scientific and picturesque" virtues. In particular, they claimed that, since the opening stance prevented the "bull-like charges, flying tackles, or other onrushes" common in other wrestling styles, Collar and Elbow encouraged participants to develop "deftness, balance, and leverage allied with strength, [which permitted] a man to win by means of skill instead of sheer might and weight".
Collar and Elbow in the United States
As levels of Irish emigration to the United States steadily increased throughout the 17th–19th centuries, so too did the presence of the Irish cultural traditions they brought with them - including their wrestling style. New England in general, and Vermont in particular, emerged as an early stronghold of Collar and Elbow after it had been introduced by immigrants largely from County Kildare. During the US Civil War, Vermont regiments introduced the style to other units in the Army of the Potomac, and in that way it acquired immense popularity among men from other regions of the United States who might otherwise never have encountered it. By the time the Civil War ended, Collar and Elbow had emerged as one of the most common rulesets under which wrestling bouts were contested nationwide.
Bouts drew large and enthusiastic crowds across the country, and purses of several hundred dollars were routinely offered for championship contests. Vermont continued to remain a significant force in the Collar and Elbow world throughout, with two of the style's most notable 19th-century practitioners, Henry Moses Dufur and John McMahon, hailing from Franklin County. Practitioners of Collar and Elbow in general were colloquially referred to as "scufflers" (occasionally "trippers" in reference to the leg-centric strategies they employed), and a Collar and Elbow bout itself as "scuffling" or a "scuffling bee".
Rules
Initially, Collar and Elbow bouts in both Ireland and the United States were governed by unwritten, often improvised codes of conduct rather than any kind of codified rules. An early attempt to standardise the competitive rules of the style was made in advance of a tournament that was scheduled to be held in St. Albans, Vermont in 1856. The tournament was ultimately cancelled due to "an epidemic of disease" in the region, however, and no record of the proposed ruleset exists. It was almost two decades later before the first widely accepted set of rules was published. These were compiled by legendary Collar and Elbow champion Henry Moses Dufur, and as such came to be colloquially known as the Dufur Rules. Among other things, they stated that wrestlers had to compete while wearing a suitably sturdy jacket, and banned the wearing of heavy footwear.
The Dufur rules were closely followed by the Ed James rules, published as part of a general manual of sporting rules and regulations in 1873. These were largely the same as the Dufur rules, and specified the clear conditions for victory - a wrestler had to throw his opponent flat on his back, similar to the concept of ippon in judo. The Ed James rules were to act as the agreed-upon standard for the majority of Collar and Elbow bouts held in the United States during its 19th-century heyday:
Even in so-called "mixed wrestling" bouts where men would compete against each other in consecutive rounds under different rulesets (e.g. Catch-as-Catch-Can, Greco-Roman, and Collar and Elbow), they would specifically be required to don jackets for the Collar and Elbow rounds.
Jackets and Harness
Although there are accounts of bouts being held in which the combatants were shirtless - particularly in rural areas during the summer months - in its standardised competitive form Collar and Elbow required both participants to wear jackets or heavy shirts that could be gripped and used to set up throwing techniques. A similar requirement exists in other Celtic styles like Cornish wrestling and Breton Gouren. At wrestling events in Dublin, a common method of issuing a challenge was to place a jacket in the centre of the ring and wait for a contender to step in and put it on.
In Ireland - and in the early days in the United States - there were no standardised requirements for the durability or the length of the jacket. This occasionally led to disputes between prospective opponents when one party believed that the other's attire provided him with an unfair advantage, such as the one that occurred between Patrick Cullen and Paddy Dunne in which Dunne alleged that Cullen's long cavalry officer's coat would prevent him from seeing and defending against his leg techniques. Contests were occasionally even called off mid-bout when a jacket ripped or was otherwise unable to bear the rigours of a prolonged wrestling match. The Dufur rules of the 19th century were the first to specifically state that any jacket used for a Collar and Elbow bout had to be "tight-fitting, with strongly sewn seams". This prescription was mirrored in the Ed James rules, which also elaborated that the jacket should not reach below the wrestler's hips so that their leg attacks would be freely visible.
Subsequently, a dedicated leather harness was developed to act as a potential substitute for the jacket. The invention of the harness is attributed to Homer Lane, a three-time national Collar and Elbow champion of the United States. It saw somewhat frequent use in both the US and Canada, but in general the majority of Collar and Elbow bouts continued to be held using the requisite durable jackets.
Techniques
Since both combatants' hands were fixed in place on each other's jackets, Collar and Elbow came to be distinguished by its volume and variety of leg techniques. Scufflers would circle each other throwing rapid-fire combinations of trips, taps, kicks, and sweeps in an attempt to off-balance their opponent and send him crashing to the ground - an extended exchange of attack and defense that one historian described as "footsparring". Observers of Collar and Elbow bouts frequently remarked upon this aspect of the style, with one journalist proposing that a Collar and Elbow match between two skilled participants was really "a fist fight with the feet".
Although wrestlers' grips were fixed in place, they were nonetheless free to push, pull, and twist their opponent using their arms, and ultimately any form of takedown was permitted as long as the person executing it maintained his collar-and-elbow grips while doing so. One of the more dramatic takedowns was the flying mare - described as an explosive, high-impact throw that would send the victim's feet flying up over his head. In catch wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling this is usually depicted as something akin to ippon seoi nage, but since the gripping requirements in Collar and Elbow would have rendered it impossible to grab an opponent's arm with both hands, it is more probable that, in its Collar and Elbow incarnation, the flying mare would have more closely resembled morote seoi nage instead.
The following techniques were listed in a 1900 dictionary of sporting terms published by the Irish Department of Education (An Roinn Oideachais).
Caitheamh thar gualainn, flying mare
Cor ailt, cor mughdhoirn (múrnáin), ankle throw (similar to Sasae tsurikomi ashi)
Cor coise, tripping throw
Cor cromáin, hip throw
Cor glúine, knee throw
Cor ioscaide, back-knee trip (similar to Osoto otoshi or Osoto gari)
Cor sála, back-heel (similar to Kosoto gake)
Cros-chor ailt (múrnáin), cross-ankle trip (similar to Tai otoshi)
Cros-más, cross-buttock throw (similar to Harai goshi)
Glac-coise, leg-lock
Glas coise, hank (similar to Ōuchi gari)
Lúbaim, hook
Más, buttock throw (similar to Tsurikomi goshi)
Snaidim, click (similar to Kosoto gari)
Tuisleadh, trip
Decline
By the early 20th century, Collar and Elbow had all but disappeared from Ireland. Writing in the Leinster Leader newspaper in 1907, local historian John Ennis directly attributed this to two significant factors - the Great Famine that resulted in the deaths of over 1 million people and the "unnatural exodus" of 1 million more seeking a better way of life, and the colonial-era Coercion Acts that limited any kind of gatherings in public space. The demographic and cultural devastation of the former coupled with the oppressive restrictions of the latter resulted in an environment in which Ireland's native wrestling style simply could not be practised, ultimately leading to it fading from everyday life entirely.
An additional significant factor was the lack of any independent, centralised sporting organisation to promote the style. A book published in 1908 by An Chomhairle Náisiúnta (The National Council), referring to both wrestling and handball, noted that "although both these pastimes have been on the Gaelic programme since its first appearance, neither has ever received any official encouragement. Yet both are games in which Gaels have excelled[…] That such a wide area and so popular and meritorious a branch of athletics should have received only nominal recognition is only another instance of how partial and halting has been the management of Gaelic athletic affairs." Individual efforts were made to promote Collar and Elbow bouts in Dublin in 1906, but these were "spontaneous and isolated", and the sport was entirely omitted from the largest government-organised athletics event of the period - the short-lived modern revival of the Tailteann Games held after the Irish Civil War. No records exist of any Collar and Elbow bouts being held in Ireland after the early 20th century.
In the United States, the growing popularity of other grappling styles like catch wrestling and Greco-Roman resulted in Collar and Elbow being practised less and less. The final contest for the Collar and Elbow championship of America - held between James H. McLoughlin and John McMahon - took place in 1878, with McMahon winning with two falls out of three. By 1890, Collar and Elbow was already being referred to as an "old time" sport, and by the early 20th century newspaper accounts of wrestling matches were referring to "the ancient days when collar-and-elbow was the rule".
Purported Legacy in Collegiate Wrestling
In his 1959 book Magnificent Scufflers, author Charles Morrow Wilson proposed that, even after Collar and Elbow had vanished as a standalone style, it continued to exert an influence on the strategies and techniques used in American collegiate wrestling. He specifically highlighted the "foot and leg plays, beginning with foot trips, the heel blocks, and the forward leg trips and working upwards to hip rolls" as "obvious but not deliberate borrowings from Collar and Elbow", and attributed them to the technical innovations introduced by Oklahoma coach Edward C. Gallagher. It should however be noted that neither of Gallagher's self-penned technique manuals, Amateur Wrestling (1925) and Wrestling (1939), mention Collar and Elbow in any way (apart from a lone reference where the term "collar and elbow" is used to describe a single collar tie).
Modern revival
In August 2019, a series of Collar and Elbow bouts were held in Heidelberg, Germany. The ruleset for these bouts included several modifications to ensure compatibility with a modern tournament format. Most notably, individual bouts were limited to a maximum of 5 minutes' duration, in contrast to historical Collar and Elbow bouts which were entirely open-ended and routinely lasted several hours.
Subsequently, matches based on the same modern ruleset have been held in the United States.
See also
Catch wrestling
Cumberland and Westmorland wrestling
Cornish wrestling
Folk wrestling
Gouren
Judo
Scottish Backhold
Shin-kicking
Footnotes
Folk wrestling styles
Sports originating in Ireland
European martial arts
Wrestling in Ireland |
4036875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois%20Duncan | Lois Duncan | Lois Duncan Steinmetz (April 28, 1934 – June 15, 2016), known as Lois Duncan, was an American writer, novelist, poet, and journalist. She is best known for her young-adult novels, and has been credited by historians as a pioneering figure in the development of young-adult fiction, particularly in the genres of horror, thriller, and suspense.
The daughter of professional photographers Lois and Joseph Janney Steinmetz, Duncan began writing at a young age, publishing two early novels under the pen name Lois Kerry. Several of her novels, including Hotel for Dogs (1971), I Know What You Did Last Summer (1973), Summer of Fear (1976), and the controversial Killing Mr. Griffin (1978), have been adapted into films.
In addition to her novels and children's books, Duncan published several collections of poetry and nonfiction, including Who Killed My Daughter? (1992), which detailed the 1989 unsolved murder of Duncan's teenaged daughter, Kaitlyn. She received the 1992 Margaret Edwards Award from the American Library Association for her contribution to writing for teens. After her daughter's murder, Duncan distanced herself from the thriller and horror genres, shifting her focus to picture books and novels aimed for young children. Her last published work, a sequel to Who Killed My Daughter? titled One to the Wolves, was published in 2013.
Early life
Duncan was born Lois Duncan Steinmetz on April 28, 1934, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the first child of Lois Duncan (née Foley) and Joseph Janney Steinmetz. Duncan had one younger brother, William Janney "Billy" Steinmetz. Both of Duncan's parents were professional magazine photographers, who took photos for the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.
She spent her early life in Pennsylvania, relocating in her late childhood to Sarasota, Florida, where her parents resumed their employment as circus photographers. In Florida, she spent her youth among circus performers, including The Doll Family. Her experience growing up in this environment eventually served as the basis of her picture books The Circus Comes Home (1993) and Song of the Circus (2002).
Duncan described herself as a "shy, fat little girl," a "bookworm and dreamer", who spent her childhood playing in the woods. Duncan cited The Princess and the Goblin and The Wizard of Oz and Mary Poppins series among her favorite novels as a child. She started writing and submitting manuscripts to magazines at age 10, and sold her first story at the age of 13. At age 15, Duncan was photographed by her father posed at Siesta Key, and the photo appeared on the cover of the July 9, 1949, issue of Collier's magazine.
She graduated from Sarasota High School in 1952. The following autumn, she enrolled at Duke University, but dropped out in 1953 to start a family with Joseph Cardozo, a fellow student she had met at the university.
Career
Early publications
After dropping out of college, Duncan continued to write and publish magazine articles; she wrote over 300 articles published in magazines such as Ladies' Home Journal, Redbook, McCall's, Good Housekeeping, and Reader's Digest. She published her first novel, Love Song for Joyce, in 1958 under the pen name Lois Kerry, followed by Debutante Hill in 1959; the latter was initially rejected for a literary prize because it featured an adolescent character drinking a beer.
In 1962, Duncan moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico, with her children after divorcing her first husband, Joseph Cardozo, and supported herself writing greeting cards and fictional confessionals for pulp magazines. In 1966, she published the novel Ransom, detailing a group of students held captive on a school bus, which earned her an Edgar Allan Poe Award nomination, as well as marking her shift from romance to more suspense-oriented works.
In the early 1970s, Duncan was hired to teach journalism at the University of New Mexico. "I was hired on a fluke," Duncan recalled in a 2011 interview: Her friend, who was the chair of the journalism department, hired her as a replacement based on her experience writing for magazines, despite the fact that she did not have a degree. While teaching, Duncan enrolled in classes at the university, earning her Bachelor of Arts in English in 1977.
In 1970, she published the historical novel Peggy, chronicling the life of Peggy Shippen, followed by the 1971 children's book Hotel for Dogs, which was later adapted as a 2009 film of the same name starring Emma Roberts.
Suspense and horror novels
Influenced by her own interest in the supernatural and speculative fiction, Duncan wrote various suspense and horror novels aimed for teenagers. Some of her works have been adapted for the screen, the most infamous example being the 1997 film I Know What You Did Last Summer, adapted from her 1973 novel of the same title. After the publication of I Know What You Did Last Summer, Duncan wrote Down a Dark Hall (1974), a Gothic novel following four students at an isolated and mysterious boarding school. In 1976, she published the supernatural horror novel Summer of Fear, which was also adapted into a 1978 film by director Wes Craven.
In 1978, Duncan published the controversial Killing Mr. Griffin, a novel that details three high-school students' murder of their English teacher. Critic Margery Fisher noted Duncan's "unreserved" approach to writing the novel, in language she described as both "harsh and literal." Richard Peck of The New York Times also praised the novel, writing: "Duncan breaks some new ground in a novel without sex, drugs, or black leather jackets, but the taboo she tampers with is far more potent and pervasive: the unleashed fury of the permissively reared against any assault on their egos and authority ... The value of the book lies in the twisted logic of the teenagers and how easily they can justify anything." Killing Mr. Griffin was one of Duncan's major critical successes, and was selected as an American Library Association Best Book for Young Adults that year.
In the 1980s, Duncan would publish several more horror novels with supernatural themes, including Stranger with My Face (1981), about a teenage girl's experiences with astral projection, and The Third Eye (1984), also with psychic themes. In 1985, she wrote another suspense novel, Locked in Time.
Later works
In 1988 and 1989, Duncan published the thriller novels The Twisted Window and Don't Look Behind You, respectively. From 1987 to 1989, Duncan wrote several picture books for young children, some paired with audio CDs of songs for children, including Songs from Dreamland, Dream Songs from Yesterday, Our Beautiful Day, and The Story of Christmas.
After the murder of her youngest daughter, Kaitlyn, in 1989, she only wrote one more horror novel, a supernatural thriller titled Gallows Hill (1997). The murder of Duncan's daughter marked a shift in her writing, and she spent the remainder of her career writing thematically lighter material, mainly children's chapter and picture books. In 1992, she published Who Killed My Daughter?, a nonfiction account of her daughter's unsolved murder.
In the 2000s, Duncan wrote two sequels to Hotel for Dogs: News for Dogs (2009) and Movie for Dogs (2010), both children's novels. She also published her second collection of poetry in 2007, titled Seasons of the Heart. Her final book, a nonfiction sequel to Who Killed My Daughter? titled One to the Wolves, was published in 2013 with a foreword by Ann Rule.
Beginning in 2010, 10 of Duncan's most successful teen novels were updated for a new generation and re-released in paperback with modern cover designs. For the new editions, Duncan gave characters updated wardrobes, more contemporary dialogue, and access to technologies such as cell phones.
Personal life
Duncan had three children with her first husband, Joseph Cardozo: daughters Robin and Kerry, and son Brett. Her first marriage ended in divorce in 1962. In 1965, she married Donald Arquette, an electrical engineer; they had two children: son Donald, Jr., and daughter Kaitlyn. Her three oldest children all took her second husband's name.
In 1989, the youngest of Duncan's children, Kaitlyn Arquette, was murdered in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Who Killed My Daughter? relates fact and conjecture about the case, which appeared to be a random act of violence. Duncan had said that her "dream is to write a sequel to Who Killed My Daughter? to give our family's true-life horror story a closure. Of course, for that to be possible, Kait's case must be solved." Duncan also founded a research center to help investigate cold cases, which later became the nonprofit Resource Center for Victims of Violent Deaths. After her daughter's death, Duncan began writing children's picture books, saying that she could no longer write about young women in life-threatening situations.
On August 23, 2021, Albuquerque Police Chief Harold Medina announced that a suspect was picked up in July on unrelated charges. Paul Apodaca had confessed to Arquette's murder, as well as two other murders around the same time, one of which was the murder by stabbing of Althea Oakley, a University of New Mexico student. On February 21, 2022, Apodaca was indicted in the murder of Arquette.
Death
On June 15, 2016, at the age of 82, Duncan died at her home in Bradenton, Florida, of undisclosed causes. Her husband, Donald Arquette Sr., noted that Duncan had suffered a series of strokes in the years prior.
Honors and legacy
Duncan is credited by many critics and journalists as a pioneering figure of young-adult fiction, particularly the teen suspense and horror genres, and has been dubbed the "queen of teen thrillers." As noted by Emily Langer of The Washington Post, Duncan often "plucked her characters from normalcy and placed them in extraordinary, often dark circumstances," in contrast to her contemporaries such as Beverly Cleary, Judy Blume, and Robert Cormier.
The ALA Margaret A. Edwards Award recognizes one writer and a particular body of work for "significant and lasting contribution to young adult literature". Duncan won the annual award in 1992 and the Young Adult Librarians now name six books published from 1966 to 1987, the autobiographical Chapters and five novels: Ransom, I Know What You Did Last Summer, Summer of Fear, Killing Mr. Griffin, and The Twisted Window. The citation observes, "Whether accepting responsibility for the death of an English teacher or admitting to their responsibility for a hit-and-run accident, Duncan's characters face a universal truth—your actions are important and you are responsible for them."
In 2014, Duncan was awarded the Grand Master award from the Mystery Writers of America alongside James Ellroy in New York City.
Works
Anthologies edited
Night Terrors (1996)
Trapped! (1998)
On the Edge (2000)
Audiobooks
Dream Songs from Yesterday (1987), Silver Moon Prod.
Songs from Dreamland (1988), Random House; ill. Kay Chorao
Our Beautiful Day (1988), Silver Moon Prod.
The Story of Christmas (1989), Silver Moon Prod.
Psychics in Action (1993), Silver Moon Prod.
Novels
† As Lois Kerry
‡ Works that have been adapted into films
Nonfiction
How to Write and Sell Your Personal Experiences (1979), Writer's Digest Books
Chapters: My Growth as a Writer (1982), Little, Brown and Co.
Who Killed My Daughter? (1992), Delacorte
Psychic Connections (1995), Duncan and William Roll
One to the Wolves (2013) sequel to Who Killed My Daughter
Picture and chapter books
The Littlest One in the Family (1959), illustrated by Suzanne K. Larsen
Silly Mother (1962), The Dial Press, ill. Larsen
Giving Away Suzanne (1962), Dodd, Mead & Co.; ill. Leonard Weisgard
The Terrible Tales of Happy Days School (1983), Little, Brown and Co.; ill. Friso Henstra
Horses of Dreamland (1985), Little, Brown and Co.; ill. Donna Diamond
Wonder Kid Meets the Evil Lunch Snatcher (1988), Little, Brown and Co.; ill. Margaret Sanfilippo
The Birthday Moon (1989), Viking; ill. Susan Davis
The Circus Comes Home (1993), Doubleday; photos by Duncan's father Joseph Steinmetz
The Magic of Spider Woman (1996), Scholastic; ill. Shonto Begay
The Longest Hair in the World (1999), Dragonfly; ill. Jon Macintosh
I Walk at Night (2000), Viking; ill. Steve Johnson and Lou Fancher
Song of the Circus (2002), Philomel; ill. Meg Cundiff
Poetry collections
From Spring to Spring (1983), Westminster John Knox Pr.
Seasons of the Heart (2007)
Film adaptations
Theatrical
TV
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Profiles
Lois Duncan at Teens@Random (publisher Random House)
Research resources
Lois Duncan at DMOZ
1934 births
2016 deaths
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American women writers
American children's writers
American women children's writers
American women novelists
American writers of young adult literature
Margaret A. Edwards Award winners
Novelists from Florida
Novelists from Pennsylvania
People from Sarasota, Florida
Sarasota High School alumni
University of New Mexico alumni
University of New Mexico faculty
Women writers of young adult literature
Writers from Albuquerque, New Mexico
Writers from Philadelphia
American women academics |
4036882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Javadi | Ali Javadi | Ali Javadi (born 1953) is an Iranian political Communist activist living in exile.
He is one of the main founders and theoreticians of the Worker-Communism Unity party of Iran. In December 2006, while Javadi was part of the Central Committee for the Worker-Communist party of Iran, he helped establish a faction called "The Worker-Communism Unity." Later, Javadi quit the Worker-Communist party of Iran and worked on developing the aforementioned Worker-Communism Unity party of Iran.
Because of his political activism on various radio and television stations, Javadi is a well-known figure among Iranian communists opposed to the Islamic Republic.
Currently, Javadi is Secretary of the Worker-Communism Unity Party's Central Committee.
He is also both the current head of the Marx Society and current director of the “Center for Prosecuting Islamic Republic officials for their crimes against People.”
Life
Return to Iran and forming “Spark Communist Committee”
In response to rising social tension in Iran, Javadi and a group of his friends put their education on hold and returned to Iran during the summer of 1977— only a few months before the Islamic Revolution.
During the social movement in Iran, Javadi and his friends formed the “Spark Communist Committee” which had close political ties to a similar group called “Alliance for the Struggle of the Working Class Cause.” He joined social and worker protests first against Muhammad Reza Shah and then against Ruhollah Khomeini's newly found regime. To protect his identity, Javadi used the pseudonym “Reza”.
During this time, Javadi got to know Javad Ghaedi, a member of the “Alliance for the Struggle of the Working Class Cause.” With Ghaedi's help, Javadi wrote his first piece called “Councils: Germinal bases of Revolutionary Government”.
Knowing Mansoor Hekmat and joining CMU
After studying “Iranian Revolution and the Role of the Proletariat (Theses)” (an early work of Mansoor Hekmat and Hamid Taghvaee), Javadi and the “Spark Communist Committee” became attracted to a group named “Sahand Circle." After Sahand Circle formed its
"Communist Militias Union” (CMU), Javadi and his peers joined it.
Also during this period, Ali Javadi befriended Mansoor Hekmat who was then using the pseudonym “Bahram”. Javadi first met Hekmat in a behind-the-curtain-meeting featuring Hekmat, Gholam Keshavarz, Javad Ghaedi, and a delegate from the group called “Armdadasdane Zahmatkeshane Khorasan”.
After joining the CMU, Ali participated in worker movements in the east and southeast of Tehran. At the same time, Javadi was officially working as a technician for the “Organization of the Expanding and Reconstructing of Iranian Industry”.
On June 20, 1981, a day associated with the 30 Khordad Event, Javadi took to the streets of Tehran. In a fortunate turn of events, Javadi survived the ensuing persecution.
Following the violent repression of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Javadi lost his connection with the CMU and put his political activities on hiatus.
Return to the U.S. and working with CPI
In 1984, Javadi used forged documents to flee from Iran to Europe. Then from Europe, Javadi went to the United States where he continued his higher education studies in the state of Texas. It was during this time that the Communist Party of Iran (CPI) was formed and Ali joined the party. After a while, Javadi became responsible for coordinating some CPI activities in the United States.
Joining and leaving WPI
When a “Worker Communism Faction” was forming in CPI, he joined this Faction and at this time, with the advice of Mansoor Hekmat, he became the Advisor to Politburo of CPI.
After the Worker-Communist Party of Iran was formed, he was among the first to join it and he was a member of the WPI Central Committee from the very beginning.
Ali Javadi was one of the first contributors to “Radio International” and he was responsible for the Television Activities (NewChannel) of the Worker-Communist party of Iran, which was the first Persian satellite channel with a Communist alternative at the time. He was also a member of the editorial board or director of “Anternasional” (means: International), a paper in Persian.
With the recommendation of Mansoor Hekmat, Javadi started publishing an original quarterly magazine in 1999 called “Porsesh”, which translates to "Question" in English.
In September 2003, Javadi launched a television program called “For a better world” to promote WPI's agenda. “Channel One” broadcasts this program several hours a week.
Later and with the establishment of “New Channel”, he became the first director of New Channel later he left this position.
Later, he was involved in discussions inside of Worker-Communist party of Iran and built a faction named the Worker-Communism Faction of the main Party and was still a part of the party till the faction decided to leave the main party and build its own party, called Worker-Communism Unity Party of Iran, he is one of the leaders which include; Him, Azar Majedi, Siavash Daneshvar.
Akhare Hafte
For many months, Javadi published a political periodical called Akhare Hafte in Persian, which translates to "The Weekend" in English. In addition to covering current events, he often wrote about his personal life.
References
External links
Official web site (Mainly in Persian)
Official web site of Worker-Communism unity party of Iran (Mainly in Persian)
Living people
1953 births
Communist Party of Iran politicians
Worker-communist Party of Iran politicians
Worker-communism Unity Party of Iran politicians
Iranian communists |
4036895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20III%2C%20Elector%20Palatine | Louis III, Elector Palatine | Louis III () (23 January 1378 – 30 December 1436), was an Elector Palatine of the Rhine from the house of Wittelsbach in 1410–1436.
Biography
Louis III was the third son of King Rupert of Germany and his wife Elisabeth of Nuremberg. During his father's campaign in Italy 1401-1402 Louis served as imperial vicar. He succeeded his father in 1410 as Elector of the Palatinate but did not run for the German crown. The Palatinate was divided between the four of Rupert's surviving sons. As oldest surviving son and new Prince-Elector Louis III received the main part, John received Palatinate-Neumarkt, Stephen received Palatinate-Simmern and Otto received Palatinate-Mosbach.
Louis III was a member of the Parakeet Society and of the League of Constance. Highly cultured and religious he was a patron of the Heidelberg University. Louis III acted as vicar for Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor and was his bearer during the Council of Constance. As such Louis later also executed the sentences against Jan Hus and Jerome of Prague. He also arrested Antipope John XXIII in 1415.
Louis III returned very sick from a pilgrimage in 1427 into the Holy Land which he had organized after the death of his son Ruprecht. From 1430 onwards he was almost blind and in 1435 deprived of power by his wife and her advisors. In the following year he died, in Heidelberg, and was succeeded by his son Louis IV.
Family and children
Louis III was married twice. Firstly, he married on 6 July 1402 Blanche of England (1392 – 21 May 1409), daughter of King Henry IV of England and Mary de Bohun. They had one son Ruprecht (22 May 1406 – 20 May 1426). This marriage brought the Palatine Crown into the hands of the Wittelsbach.
Secondly, he married on 30 November 1417 Matilda of Savoy, daughter of Amadeo, Prince of Achaea. They had five children:
Mathilde (7 March 1419 – 1 October 1482), married:
in 1434 to Count Louis I of Württemberg
in 1452 to Duke Albrecht VI of Austria
Louis IV, Elector Palatine (1 January 1424 – 13 August 1449)
Frederick I, Elector Palatine (1 August 1425 – 12 December 1476)
Rupprecht (27 February 1427 – 26 July 1480), Prince-elector archbishop of Cologne
Margarete (ca. 1428 – 23 November 1466), a nun at Liebenau monastery
References
Sources
External links
genealogie-mittelalter.de
Biography
Wittelsbach, Louis III, Elector Palatine of the Rhine
Wittelsbach, Louis III, Elector Palatine of the Rhin
House of Wittelsbach
Prince-electors of the Palatinate
Burials at the Church of the Holy Spirit, Heidelberg
Sons of kings |
4036898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ueli%20Kestenholz | Ueli Kestenholz | Ueli Kestenholz (born 10 May 1975) is a Swiss snowboarder and Speedriding pioneer.
Kestenholz was Snowboard World Champion in 2000 and 2001. He won the first ever Olympic Medal in Snowboarding: Bronze at the 1998 Winter Olympics (Giant Slalom). He's a two times Gold medalist/Winner at the Winter X-Games in Boardercross/BoarderX.
After his third Olympic Games of Torino 2006, Ueli quit the Worldcup circuit to focus 100% on Freeriding. Besides Freeriding on a Snowboard, he became one of the pioneers of Speedriding/Speedflying in Switzerland. Together with Mathias Roten they created Playgravity, an award winning multisport-movie, showing their amazing speedriding-descent of Eiger, Monch and Jungfrau in one day. In May 2009 he did a speedriding first descent of the famous Matterhorn.
External links
http://www.kestenholz.com
http://www.playgravity.com
Swiss male snowboarders
Olympic snowboarders of Switzerland
Snowboarders at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
1975 births
Living people
Olympic medalists in snowboarding
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Switzerland |
4036904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPC-5CN | TPC-5CN | TPC-5CN or Trans-Pacific Cable 5 Cable Network is a submarine telecommunications cable system linking Japan, Guam, Hawaii and mainland United States.
It has landing points in:
Ninomiya, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
Bandon, Coos County, Oregon, United States
San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo County, California, United States
Keawaula/Yokohama Beach, Wai'anae, Honolulu County, Oahu, Hawaii, United States
Tumon Bay, Tumon, Tamuning, Guam
Miyazaki, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan
It has a transmission capacity of 5 Gbit/s, and a total cable length of 22,500 km. It started operation on 31 December 1996.
External links
References
Submarine communications cables in the Pacific Ocean
Japan–United States relations
1996 establishments in California
1996 establishments in Oregon
1996 establishments in Guam
1996 establishments in Hawaii
1996 establishments in Japan |
4036911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morley%20Winograd | Morley Winograd | Morley Winograd is an American author and speaker. He serves as Senior Fellow at the University of Southern California’s Annenberg School’s Center on Communication Leadership and Policy. With Michael D. Hais, he is a Principal of Mike & Morley and the co-author of "Millennial Momentum: How A New Generation Is Remaking America" (Rutgers University Press: 2011) and "Millennial Makeover: MySpace, YouTube and the Future of American Politics" (Rutgers University Press: 2008). He is also a fellow with NDN, a Democratic think tank.
He was appointed as the Senior Policy Advisor to Vice President Al Gore. and Director of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government in December 1997. Winograd left his post in January, 2001 to return to Southern California.
Winograd served as Chairman of the Michigan Democratic Party from 1973 to 1980. In 1988, Winograd also chaired Al Gore's presidential primary campaign in Michigan. As a member of the Democratic Leadership Council, in 1991, Winograd served as Parliamentarian at the National Convention in Cleveland, Ohio.
In 1996, together with Dudley Buffa, he helped co-found the Institute for the New California (INC), a think tank devoted to aligning that state's governing systems with requirements for the information age. Winograd is co-author with Buffa of Taking Control: Politics in the Information Age (published in 1996). Taking Control analyzes the political ramifications that technology has on the way Americans live, work and govern themselves.
Winograd began his career in 1979 in the telecommunications industry with the Michigan Bell company. He was responsible for propelling the success of small business customers in the Western region as the Sales Vice President for AT&T's Western Region Commercial Markets. Winograd is also responsible for the creation of the AT&T University of Sales Excellence Program. This sales program won national recognition in Peter Block's book, Stewardship (1993), as well as Stan Davis and Jim Botkin's book, The Monster Under the Bed (1994).
Winograd resides in Southern California.
Education
Winograd graduated from the University of Michigan with a Bachelor's Degree in Business Administration.
References
References
Fast Company. (1996). How knowledge workers vote. Retrieved February 8, 2006, from
http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/05/vote.html
Living people
California Democrats
Al Gore
Ross School of Business alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) |
4036950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20Law%20%28Singapore%29 | Ministry of Law (Singapore) | The Ministry of Law (MinLaw; ; ; ) is a ministry of the Government of Singapore responsible for the advancement in access to justice, the rule of law, the economy and society through policy, law and services.
Organisational structure
The Ministry of Law comprises
Headquarters (HQ)
Four departments (Insolvency and Public Trustee's Office, Legal Aid Bureau, Anti-Money Laundering / Countering the Financing of Terrorism Division, and Community Mediation Unit, the last of which oversees the Community Mediation Centres located at The Treasury and at the Subordinate Courts of Singapore)
Three boards and tribunals (Appeals Board for Land Acquisitions, Land Surveyors Board and Copyright Tribunal)
Two statutory boards (Intellectual Property Office of Singapore and Singapore Land Authority)
Ministers
The Ministry is headed by the Minister for Law, who is appointed as part of the Cabinet of Singapore. The incumbent minister is K. Shanmugam.
See also
Justice ministry
Politics of Singapore
References
External links
Official website of the Ministry of Law
Singapore Government Directory Interactive — Ministry of Law
Law
Singapore, Law
Singapore
1964 establishments in Singapore |
4036960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmarnock%20%28UK%20Parliament%20constituency%29 | Kilmarnock (UK Parliament constituency) | Kilmarnock was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1918 to 1983. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.
The constituency included the area of the former parliamentary burgh of Kilmarnock. The parliamentary burgh had been, previously, a component of the Kilmarnock Burghs constituency.
Prominent Members for this seat included long-serving Scottish Secretary Willie Ross, and senior judge Craigie Mason Aitchison
Boundaries
1918 to 1950
The constituency was created by the Representation of the People Act 1918 as one of four constituencies covering the county of Ayr and the county of Bute. Of the other three constituencies, two were county constituencies: Bute and Northern Ayrshire and South Ayrshire. The third, Ayr Burghs, was a district of burghs constituency. All four constituencies were entirely within the boundaries of the two counties.
The Kilmarnock constituency consisted of "The county district of Kilmarnock, inclusive of all burghs situated therein except insofar as included in the Ayr District of Burghs."
The counties of Ayr and Bute had been covered, previously, by the five constituencies of Ayr Burghs, Buteshire, Kilmarnock Burghs, North Ayrshire and South Ayrshire. Two of these, Ayr Burghs and Kilmarnock Burghs, had included areas (parliamentary burghs) outside the two counties.
1950 to 1974
Constituency boundaries were redrawn in 1950, creating five constituencies to cover the counties of Ayr and Bute. Ayr Burghs was abolished and two new county constituencies, Ayr and Central Ayrshire, were created. Part of the Kilmarnock constituency was transferred to the new Central Ayrshire constituency.
1974 to 1975
In 1974, the boundary between the Kilmarnock and Ayrshire Central constituencies was redrawn to enlarge Kilmarnock.
1975 to 1983
In 1975, under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, local government counties were abolished and replaced by a system of regions and districts. The areas of the counties of Ayr and Bute were merged into the Strathclyde region and, thus, the Kilmarnock constituency became one of a number covering the region. Eight years were to elapse before new constituency boundaries took account of new local government boundaries.
In 1983 the Kilmarnock constituency was merged into the Kilmarnock and Loudoun constituency.
Members of Parliament
Election results
Elections in the 1910s
Elections in the 1920s
Elections in the 1930s
Elections in the 1940s
Elections in the 1950s
Elections in the 1960s
Elections in the 1970s
See also
Kilmarnock
1929 Kilmarnock by-election
1933 Kilmarnock by-election
1946 Kilmarnock by-election
Former United Kingdom Parliament constituencies
References
Historic parliamentary constituencies in Scotland (Westminster)
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1918
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1983
Politics of Kilmarnock |
4036964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our%20Man%20in%20Paris | Our Man in Paris | Our Man in Paris is a 1963 jazz album by saxophonist Dexter Gordon. The album's title refers to where the recording was made, Gordon (who had moved to Copenhagen a year earlier) teaming up with fellow expatriates Bud Powell and Kenny Clarke, both Parisian residents, and native Parisian Pierre Michelot. Powell, Clarke and Michelot, under the name The Three Bosses, had played together often in Paris since Powell moved there in 1959.
The album was remastered by Rudy Van Gelder in 2003 and released as part of Blue Note's RVG Edition series.
Music
The original intention was for the pianist on the recording to be Kenny Drew and for the music to be new compositions by Gordon. However, the actual pianist used was Bud Powell, who would not play new music, so jazz standards were chosen during the rehearsal. The two tracks added to the CD release were originally issued by Blue Note on Bud Powell's Alternate Takes in 1985.
Critical reception
The Penguin Guide to Jazz gave it a maximum four-star rating and added it to the core collection, commenting that Gordon's playing on "A Night in Tunisia" "is one of his finest performances on record" and concluding that the album is "a classic". The review of the 2003 remastered version in The Guardian was similarly positive, stating that it is "one of the all-time classics".
Track listing
"Scrapple from the Apple" (Charlie Parker) – 7:22
"Willow Weep for Me" (Ann Ronell) – 8:47
"Broadway" (Billy Bird, Teddy McRae, Henri Woode) – 6:44
"Stairway to the Stars" (Matty Malneck, Mitchell Parish, Frank Signorelli) – 6:57
"A Night in Tunisia" (Dizzy Gillespie, Frank Paparelli) – 8:15
Bonus tracks on CD reissue
"Our Love is Here to Stay" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) – 5:39
"Like Someone in Love" (Jimmy Van Heusen, Johnny Burke) – 6:19
Personnel
Musicians
Dexter Gordon – tenor saxophone (except track 7)
Bud Powell – piano
Pierre Michelot – bass
Kenny Clarke – drums
Production
Francis Wolff – production and cover photography
Reid Miles – cover design
Claude Ermelin – recording engineering
Ron McMaster – digital transfer engineering
References
External links
1963 albums
Blue Note Records albums
Dexter Gordon albums
Albums produced by Francis Wolff |
4036969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt%20Eriksplan | Sankt Eriksplan | Sankt Eriksplan is a square in the district of Vasastaden in Stockholm, Sweden.
History
Saint Erik's Plaza was called so after King Erik IX who is the patron saint of Stockholm and depicted in the city's coat of arms.
Sankt Eriksplan metro station was opened in 1952 and is on the green line between Odenplan and Fridhemsplan.
Popular venues close to Sankt Eriksplan include Filadelfiakyrkan ('the Philadelphia Church') which offers frequent concerts. Nearby is the riverside park of Karlberg Palace () which was built in 1630. It is in sight of the Military Academy Karlberg which was inaugurated in 1792. Sankt Eriksplan is a popular and expensive residential area, with apartment prices being among the most expensive in Stockholm.
In 2017, Low Roar released a song named after the metro station, "St. Eriksplan".
References
Squares in Stockholm
Odonyms referring to religion |
4036972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanna%20Mezzogiorno | Giovanna Mezzogiorno | Giovanna Mezzogiorno (; born 9 November 1974) is an Italian theatre and film actress.
Early life
Mezzogiorno was born in Rome, 9 November 1974, a daughter of actors Vittorio Mezzogiorno and Cecilia Sacchi. She grew up watching her parents on set. At first, she wanted to become a ballerina, and she studied dancing for 13 years. After her father's death when she was 19, Mezzogiorno moved to Paris, where she attended the stages by Arianne Mnouchkine and worked for two years at the Peter Brook Workshop. She made her stage debut with the role of Ofelia in Qui est là, based on Shakespeare's Hamlet. The play toured various European cities. She received the Premio Coppola-Prati 1996, the jury was presided over by theatre critic Franco Quadri. One year later, she made her film debut in Il viaggio della sposa (The Bride's Journey), written by and starring Sergio Rubini. Mezzogiorno was awarded the Targa d'Argento as the New Talent in Italian Cinema, she was also given the Grolla d'oro, and the Globo d'Oro by the Foreign Press Association and the Premio Flaiano as Best Actress of the 1997 - 1998 season.
Career
In 1998, she starred in the film Del perduto amore directed by Michele Placido, with Fabrizio Bentivoglio and Sergio Rubini (she was awarded the Nastro d'Argento, the Ciak d'Oro and Premio Pasinetti as best actress in a starring role) and, for the Italian National Television Network RaiDue, in a film made-for-TV Più leggero non basta ("A lighter burden to bear") in the role of a young girl with muscular dystrophy, directed by Elisabetta Lodoli with Stefano Accorsi.
In 1999, she played the role of Silvia, daughter of Enzo Tortora by whose mistaken conviction the film was inspired. The film Un uomo perbene with Michele Placido and Mariangela Melato, was directed by Maurizio Zaccaro. In that same year, she worked in Asini, directed by Antonello Grimaldi, with celebrated Italian comedian Claudio Bisio.
In 2000, she travelled between Prague and Paris for work in the TV miniseries Les Miserables, directed by Josée Dayan, with Gérard Depardieu and John Malkovich. She worked in Denmark in Nobel, directed by Fabio Carpi, with Héctor Alterio. In Italy, she worked with Puglielli in Tutta la conoscenza del mondo ("All There Is to Know"), and then, L'ultimo bacio ("The Last Kiss") directed by Gabriele Muccino with Stefano Accorsi and Stefania Sandrelli (winning the Premio Flaiano). With the success of this last movie Giovanna become really famous in Italy.
In 2001, she worked in the film Malefemmene with Ángela Molina and directed by Fabio Conversi, in the role of Francesca, who was imprisoned following a judicial error and came into contact with the reality of friendship and attachment which she had never imagined possible. She also worked on Stai con me, with Adriano Giannini and directed by Livia Giampalmo, in the role of a mother of twins.
In 2002, she worked on the set of Ilaria Alpi - Il più crudele dei giorni, in the role of the protagonist, directed by Ferdinando Vicentini Orgnani (the film tells the tragic and dark story of the Italian TV journalist killed in Mogadiscio). She also starred in France in the Holocaust-period TV drama Entrusted, directed by Giacomo Battiato, with Klaus Maria Brandauer, Thomas Brodie-Sangster and Steven Moyer, based on Loup Duran's best-seller. In Italy, she starred in the film La finestra di fronte ("Facing windows") directed by Ferzan Özpetek, costarring Massimo Girotti and Raoul Bova. This film, critically acclaimed and a box office success, earned her a lot of awards: the David di Donatello, the Ciak d’Oro, the Nastro d'Argento, the Globo d'oro by the Foreign Press, the Flaiano Award, the Karlovy Vary Award as "Best Actress in a Leading Role".
Lately, she starred in the film L’amore ritorna, directed by Sergio Rubini, costarring Fabrizio Bentivoglio and Margherita Buy. She was also working in France, on the set of her first comedy: Au secours, j'ai 30 ans, directed by Marie-Anne Chazel, with Pierre Palmade.
Then, in 2004, Giovanna worked in the TV movie Virginia (La monaca di Monza), directed by Alberto Sironi. She then returned to the theatre, working with the director Piero Maccarinelli in 4.48 Psicosi, written by Sarah Kane.
In 2005, La bestia nel cuore ("Don't Tell"), directed by Cristina Comencini, was an Academy Award candidate for Best Foreign Language Film and earned Giovanna one of the most important international prizes for an actress: the Coppa Volpi, previously won by Shirley MacLaine, Gong Li, Isabelle Huppert, Catherine Deneuve and Sophia Loren.
Then in 2006, she acted in AD Project, a sci-fi thriller by Eros Puglielli, and acted in "Lezioni di Volo" ("Flying Lessons") by Francesca Archibugi.
In 2007, she became Leila, a sexy thief, in the black comedy Notturno Bus ("Night Bus"), directed by Davide Marengo and starring Valerio Mastandrea and Ennio Fantastichini.
She travelled to Colombia to become Fermina Daza, the principal female character from Love in the Time of Cholera based on the book written by Nobel Prize winner Gabriel García Márquez and directed by Mike Newell (Four Weddings and a Funeral).
After two films shot in 2008, Sono Viva and Palermo Shooting by Wim Wenders, in 2009 she achieved great international success with Vincere by Marco Bellocchio, selected for the official competition in Cannes and a solid candidate for the final award.
She has voiced and produced a documentary to celebrate the career of her father Vittorio, 15 years after his sudden death in 1994.
She was a member of the jury at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2010. In January 2011, she was rewarded with the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress 2010 for her role in Vincere.
In 2017, she appeared in a role of Adriana in a film called Napoli velata.
She has two sons, Leone and Zeno, born 26 August 2011.
Filmography
References
External links
Saverio Ferragina press agent
1974 births
Living people
20th-century Italian actresses
21st-century Italian actresses
Actresses from Rome
David di Donatello winners
Italian film actresses
Italian stage actresses
Nastro d'Argento winners
Volpi Cup for Best Actress winners
People of Campanian descent
People of Venetian descent |
4036973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable%20tourism | Sustainable tourism | Sustainable tourism is a concept that covers the complete tourism experience, including concern for economic, social and environmental issues as well as attention to improving tourists' experiences and addressing the needs of host communities. Sustainable tourism should embrace concerns for environmental protection, social equity, and the quality of life, cultural diversity, and a dynamic, viable economy delivering jobs and prosperity for all. It has its roots in sustainable development and there can be some confusion as to what "sustainable tourism" means. There is now broad consensus that tourism should be sustainable. In fact, all forms of tourism have the potential to be sustainable if planned, developed and managed properly. Tourist development organizations are promoting sustainable tourism practices in order to mitigate negative effects caused by the growing impact of tourism, for example its environmental impacts.
The United Nations World Tourism Organization emphasized these practices by promoting sustainable tourism as part of the Sustainable Development Goals, through programs like the International Year for Sustainable Tourism for Development in 2017. There is a direct link between sustainable tourism and several of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Tourism for SDGs focuses on how SDG 8 ("decent work and economic growth"), SDG 12 ("responsible consumption and production") and SDG 14 ("life below water") implicate tourism in creating a sustainable economy. Improvements are expected to be gained from suitable management aspects and including sustainable tourism as part of a broader sustainable development strategy.
Definition
Sustainable tourism is "an exceedingly complex concept with varied definitions due to different interpretations of the meaning and use of the concept". It has its roots in sustainable development, a term that is "open to wide interpretation". This can lead to some confusion as to what sustainable tourism means.
A definition of sustainable tourism from 2020 is: "Tourism which is developed and maintained in an area in such a manner and at such a scale that it remains viable over an infinite period while safeguarding the Earth’s life-support system on which the welfare of current and future generations depends."
Sustainable tourism covers the complete tourism experience, including concern for economic, social and environmental issues as well as attention to improving tourists' experiences. The concept of sustainable tourism aims to reduce the negative effects of tourism activities. This has become almost universally accepted as a desirable and politically appropriate approach to tourism development.
Background
Global goals
The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), is the custodian agency to monitor the targets of Sustainable Development Goal 8 ("decent work and economic growth") that are related to tourism. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or Global Goals are a collection of 17 interlinked global goals designed to be a "blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all". Given the dramatic increase in tourism, the report strongly promotes responsible tourism. Even though some countries and sectors in the industry are creating initiatives for tourism in addressing the SDGs, knowledge sharing, finance and policy for sustainable tourism are not fully addressing the needs of stakeholders.
The SDGs include targets on tourism and sustainable tourism in several goals:
Target 8.9 of SDG 8 (Decent work and economic growth) states: "By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products".
Target 12.b of SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production) is formulated as "Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products." UNWTO is the custodian agency for this target.
Target 14.7 of SDG 14 (Life below Water) is to: "By 2030, increase the economic benefits to small island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism".
Comparison with conventional tourism and mass tourism
According to the UNWTO, "Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes." Global economists forecast continuing international tourism growth, the amount depending on the location. As one of the world's largest and fastest-growing industries, this continuous growth will place great stress on remaining biologically diverse habitats and Indigenous cultures. Mass tourism is the organized movement of large numbers of tourists to popular destinations such as theme parks, national parks, beaches or cruise ships. Mass tourism uses standardized packaged leisure products and experiences packaged to accommodate large number of tourists at the same time.
Related similar concepts
Responsible tourism
While "sustainable tourism" is a concept, the term "responsible tourism" refers to the behaviors and practices that can lead to sustainable tourism. All stakeholders are responsible for the kind of tourism they develop or engage in. Both service providers and purchasers or consumers are held accountable. Being responsible demands “thinking” by using planning and development frameworks that are properly grounded in ethical thinking around what is good and right for communities, the natural world and tourists.
According to the Center for Responsible Tourism, responsible tourism is "tourism that maximizes the benefits to local communities, minimizes negative social or environmental impacts, and helps local people conserve fragile cultures and habitats or species." Responsible tourism incorporates not only being responsible for interactions with the physical environment, but also of the economic and social interactions. While different groups will see responsibility in different ways, the shared understanding is that responsible tourism should entail improvements in tourism. This would include ethical thinking around what is "good" and "right" for local communities and the natural world, as well as for tourists. Responsible tourism is an aspiration that can be realized in different ways in different originating markets and in the diverse destinations of the world.
Responsible tourism has also been critiqued. Studies have shown that the degree to which individuals engage in responsible tourism is contingent upon their engagement socially. Meaning, tourist behaviors will fluctuate depending on the range of social engagement that each tourist chooses to take part in. A study regarding responsible tourists behavior concludes that it is not only a personal behavior of tourists that shape outcomes, but also a reflection of mechanisms put in place by governments. Other research has put into question the promise that tourism, even responsible tourism, is inline with UN Sustainable Development Goals given the difficulties in measuring such impact. Some argue that it actually detracts attention from the wider issues surrounding tourism that are in need of regulation, such as the number of visitors and environmental impact.
Ecotourism
Criticism
Many critics view the extractive nature of "sustainable tourism" as an oxymoron, as it is fundamentally unable to continue indefinitely. True and perfect sustainability is likely impossible in all but the most favorable circumstances, as the interests of equity, economy, and ecology often conflict with one another and require tradeoffs. It is a reality that many things are done in the name of sustainability are actually masking the desire to allow extra profits. There is often alienation of local populations from the tourists. Such cases highlight that sustainable tourism covers a wide spectrum from "very weak" to "very strong" when the degree of anthropocentricism and exploitation of human and natural resources is taken into account.
Stakeholders
Stakeholders of sustainable tourism can include organizations as well as individuals. A stakeholder in the tourism industry is deemed to be anyone who is impacted by development positively or negatively. Stakeholder involvement reduces potential conflict between the tourists and host community by involving the latter in shaping the way in which tourism develops.
Governments and good governance
The government plays an important role in encouraging sustainable tourism whether it be through marketing, information services, education, and advice through public-private collaborations. However, the values and ulterior motives of governments often need to be taken into account when assessing the motives for sustainable tourism. One important factor to consider in any ecologically sensitive or remote area or an area new to tourism is that of carrying capacity. This is the capacity of tourists of visitors an area can sustainably tolerate over time without damaging the environment or culture of the surrounding area. This can be altered and revised in time and with changing perceptions and values.
Scholars have pointed out that partnerships "incrementally nudge governance towards greater inclusion of diverse stakeholders". Partnerships refer to cooperation between private, public and civil society actors. Its purpose is to implement sustainability policies. Governance is essential in developing partnership initiatives.
Good governance principles for National Parks and protected areas management include legitimacy and voice, direction, performance, accountability and fairness.
Non-governmental organizations
Non-governmental organizations are one of the stakeholders in advocating sustainable tourism. Their roles can range from spearheading sustainable tourism practices to simply doing research. University research teams and scientists can be tapped to aid in the process of planning. Such solicitation of research can be observed in the planning of Cát Bà National Park in Vietnam.
Dive resort operators in Bunaken National Park, Indonesia, play a crucial role by developing exclusive zones for diving and fishing respectively, such that both tourists and locals can benefit from the venture.
Large conventions, meetings and other major organized events drive the travel, tourism, and hospitality industry. Cities and convention centers compete to attract such commerce, commerce which has heavy impacts on resource use and the environment. Major sporting events, such as the Olympic Games, present special problems regarding environmental burdens and degradation. But burdens imposed by the regular convention industry can be vastly more significant.
Green conventions and events are a new but growing sector and marketing point within the convention and hospitality industry. More environmentally aware organizations, corporations, and government agencies are now seeking more sustainable event practices, greener hotels, restaurants and convention venues, and more energy-efficient or climate-neutral travel and ground transportation. However, the convention trip not taken can be the most sustainable option: "With most international conferences having hundreds if not thousands of participants, and the bulk of these usually traveling by plane, conference travel is an area where significant reductions in air-travel-related GHG emissions could be made. ... This does not mean non-attendance" (Reay, 2004), since modern Internet communications are now ubiquitous and remote audio/visual participation. For example, by 2003 Access Grid technology had already successfully hosted several international conferences. A particular example is the large American Geophysical Union's annual meeting, which has used live streaming for several years. This provides live streams and recordings of keynotes, named lectures, and oral sessions, and provides opportunities to submit questions and interact with authors and peers. Following the live-stream, the recording of each session is posted online within 24 hours.
Some convention centers have begun to take direct action in reducing the impact of the conventions they host. One example is the Moscone Center in San Francisco, which has a very aggressive recycling program, a large solar power system, and other programs aimed at reducing impact and increasing efficiency.
Local Communities
Local communities benefit from sustainable tourism through economic development, job creation, and infrastructure development. Tourism revenues bring economic growth and prosperity to attractive tourist destinations, which can raise the standard of living in destination communities. Sustainable tourism operators commit themselves to creating jobs for local community members. An increase in tourism revenue to an area acts as a driver for the development of increased infrastructure. As tourist demands increase in a destination, a more robust infrastructure is needed to support the needs of both the tourism industry and the local community. A 2009 study of rural operators throughout the province of British Columbia, Canada found "an overall strong 'pro-sustainability' attitude among respondents. Dominant barriers identified were lack of available money to invest, lack of incentive programs, other business priorities, and limited access to suppliers of sustainable products, with the most common recommendation being the need for incentive programs to encourage businesses to become more sustainable."
International organizations
The Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC) serves as the international body for fostering increased knowledge and understanding of sustainable tourism practices, promoting the adoption of universal sustainable tourism principles, and building demand for sustainable travel. GSTC launched the GSTC Criteria, a global standard for sustainable travel and tourism, which includes criteria and performance indicators for destinations, tour operators and hotels. The GSTC Criteria serve as the international standard for certification agencies (the organizations that would inspect a tourism product, and certify them as a sustainable company).
Sustainable transport and mobility
Tourism can be related to travel for leisure, business and visiting friends and relatives and can also include means of transportation related to tourism. Without travel there is no tourism, so the concept of sustainable tourism is tightly linked to a concept of sustainable transport. Two relevant considerations are tourism's reliance on fossil fuels and tourism's effect on climate change. 72 percent of tourism's CO2 emissions come from transportation, 24 percent from accommodations, and 4 percent from local activities. Aviation accounts for 55% of those transportation CO2 emissions (or 40% of tourism's total). However, when considering the impact of all greenhouse gas emissions, of condensation trails and induced cirrus clouds, aviation alone could account for up to 75% of tourism's climate impact.
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) considers an annual increase in aviation fuel efficiency of 2 percent per year through 2050 to be realistic. However, both Airbus and Boeing expect the passenger-kilometers of air transport to increase by about 5 percent yearly through at least 2020, overwhelming any efficiency gains. By 2050, with other economic sectors having greatly reduced their CO2 emissions, tourism is likely to be generating 40 percent of global carbon emissions. The main cause is an increase in the average distance traveled by tourists, which for many years has been increasing at a faster rate than the number of trips taken. "Sustainable transportation is now established as the critical issue confronting a global tourism industry that is palpably unsustainable, and aviation lies at the heart of this issue."
The European Tourism Manifesto has also called for an acceleration in the development of cycling infrastructure to boost local clean energy travel. Deployment of non-motorized infrastructures and the re-use of abandoned transport infrastructure (such as disused railways) for cycling and walking has been proposed. Connectivity between these non-motorized routes (greenways, cycle routes) and main attractions nearby (i.e. Natura2000 sites, UNESCO sites, etc.) has also been requested. It has also called for sufficient and predictable rail infrastructure funding, and a focus on digital multimodal practices, including end-to-end ticketing (such as Interrail), all of which are in-line with the EU’s modal shift goal.
Global tourism accounts for about eight percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. This percentage takes into account airline transportation as well as other significant environmental and social impacts that are not always beneficial to local communities and their economies.
Challenges
Displacement and resettlement
In places where there was no tourism prior to tourism companies' arrival, displacement and resettlement of local communities is a common issue. For example, the Maasai tribes in Tanzania have been a victim of this problem. After the second World War, conservationists moved into the areas where the Maasai tribes lived, with the intent to make such areas accessible to tourists and to preserve the areas' natural beauty and ecology. This was often achieved through establishing national parks and conservation areas. It has been claimed that Maasai activities did not threaten the wildlife and the knowledge was blurred by "colonial disdain" and misunderstandings of savannah wildlife. As the Maasai have been displaced, the area within the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) has been adapted to allow easier access for tourists through the construction of campsites and tracks, as well as the removal of stone objects such as stones for souvenirs.
Environmental impacts
Improvements
Management aspects
Promotion of sustainable tourism practices are often connected to the management of tourist locations by locals or the community. This form of tourism is based on the premise that the people living next to a resource are the ones best suited to protecting it. This means that the tourism activities and businesses are developed and operated by local community members, and certainly with their consent and support. Sustainable tourism typically involves the conservation of resources that are capitalized upon for tourism purposes. Locals run the businesses and are responsible for promoting the conservation messages to protect their environment.
Community-based sustainable tourism (CBST) associates the success of the sustainability of the ecotourism location to the management practices of the communities who are directly or indirectly dependent on the location for their livelihoods. A salient feature of CBST is that local knowledge is usually utilized alongside wide general frameworks of ecotourism business models. This allows the participation of locals at the management level and typically allows a more intimate understanding of the environment.
The use of local knowledge also means an easier entry level into a tourism industry for locals whose jobs or livelihoods are affected by the use of their environment as tourism locations. Environmentally sustainable development crucially depends on the presence of local support for a project. It has also been noted that in order for success projects must provide direct benefits for the local community.
However, recent research has found that economic linkages generated by CBST may only be sporadic, and that the linkages with agriculture are negatively affected by seasonality and by the small scale of the cultivated areas. This means that CBST may only have small-scale positive effects for these communities.
Partnerships between governments and tourism agencies with smaller communities are not particularly effective because of the disparity in aims between the two groups, i.e. true sustainability versus mass tourism for maximum profit. In Honduras, such a divergence can be demonstrated where consultants from the World Bank and officials from the Institute of tourism wanted to set up a selection of 5-star hotels near various ecotourism destinations. But another operating approach in the region by USAID and APROECOH (an ecotourism association) promotes community-based efforts which have trained many local Hondurans. Grassroot organizations were more successful in Honduras.
As part of a development strategy
Developing countries are especially interested in international tourism, and many believe it brings countries a large selection of economic benefits including employment opportunities, small business development, and increased in payments of foreign exchange. Many assume that more money is gained through developing luxury goods and services in spite of the fact that this increases a countries dependency on imported products, foreign investments and expatriate skills. This classic 'trickle down' financial strategy rarely makes its way down to brings its benefits down to small businesses.
It has been said that the economic benefits of large-scale tourism are not doubted but that the backpacker or budget traveler sector is often neglected as a potential growth sector by developing countries governments. This sector brings significant non-economic benefits which could help to empower and educate the communities involved in this sector. "Aiming 'low' builds upon the skills of the local population, promotes self-reliance, and develops the confidence of community members in dealing with outsiders, all signs of empowerment" and all of which aid in the overall development of a nation.
In the 1990s, international tourism was seen as an import potential growth sector for many countries, particularly in developing countries as many of the world's most beautiful and 'untouched' places are located in developing countries. Prior to the 1960s studies tended to assume that the extension of the tourism industry to LEDCs was a good thing. In the 1970s this changed as academics started to take a much more negative view on tourism's consequences, particularly criticizing the industry as an effective contributor towards development. International tourism is a volatile industry with visitors quick to abandon destinations that were formerly popular because of threats to health or security.
Tourism is seen as a resilient industry and bounces back quickly after severe setbacks, like natural disasters, September 11th attacks and COVID-19. Many call for more attention to "lessons learned" from these setbacks to improve mitigation measures that could be taken in advance.
Trends
Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic
Due to COVID-19, an unprecedented decrease of 65% took place in international tourist numbers in first half of 2020 as compared to 2019. Countries around the world closed their borders and introduced travel restrictions in response to the pandemic. The situation is expected to gradually improve in 2021 depending upon lifting of travel restrictions, availability of COVID-19 vaccine and return of traveler confidence.
Furthermore, the current corona pandemic has made many sustainability challenges of tourism clearer. Therefore sustainable tourism scholars call for a transformation of tourism. They state that the corona pandemic has created a window of opportunity, in which we can shift towards more sustainable practices and rethink our systems. The system we have in place now, cannot be sustained in its current form. The constant aim for economic growth goes at the expense of Earth´s ecosystems, wildlife and our own well-being. The gap between rich and poor is growing every year, and the pandemic has spurred this even further. Our current systems are often in place for the few, leaving the many behind. This is no different for the global and local tourism systems. Therefore, tourism scholars argue we should learn from the pandemic. “COVID-19 provides striking lessons to the tourism industry, policy makers and tourism researchers about the effects of global change. The challenge is now to collectively learn from this global tragedy to accelerate the transformation of sustainable tourism”.
Technology is seen as a partial solution to the disruptive impacts of pandemics like COVID-19. Scholars argue that "surrogate tourism" will allow tourists to remain home while employing local guides at the destination to facilitate personalized, interactive, real-time tours (PIRTs). While these options will not take the place of conventional travel experience, there is a market for PIRTS especially for persons with disabilities and the elderly, and for the "sustainable citizen who wishes to minimize their impact on the planet".
History
Historically, the movement toward sustainable tourism through responsible tourism emerged following the environmental awareness that rose out of the 1960s and 70s amidst a growing phenomenon of “mass tourism”. In 1973, the European Travel Commission initiated a multilateral effort to advance environmentally sound tourism and development. The South African national tourism policy (1996) used the term "responsible tourism" and mentioned the well-being of the local community as a main factor. In 2014, the Cape Town Declaration on Responsible Tourism focused on the role of business in promoting responsible tourism. While further research is needed to understand the impacts of responsible tourism, a study conducted in 2017 found that well-managed responsible tourism practices were beneficial to local communities.
Examples
Forest tourism
The Haliburton Sustainable Forest in central Ontario, Canada is a sustainably managed and privately owned 100,000 forest that supports both tourism and the logging industry. Based on a 100-year plan for sustaining the forest, the Haliburton Sustainable Forest has sources of income with tourism and logging that contribute to the long-term stability of the local economy and to the health of the forest. In just over four decades the forest has been transformed from a run-down forestry holding to a flourishing, multi-use operation with benefits to owners, employees and the public at large as well as the environment.
Sustainable touristic cities
In 2019 Machu Picchu in Peru was "recognized as Latin America’s first 100% sustainable city through the management of its waste".
Organizations
Biosphere Tourism is an organization that certifies industry players who are able to balance sociocultural, economic and ecological factors within a tourism destination. The TreadRight Foundation (The Travel Corporation's not-for-profit foundation) has been recognized in 2019 by the UNWTO’s annual awards for its pioneering work in sustainability.
See also
BEST Education Network
International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development
Journal of Sustainable Tourism
Mohonk Agreement
World Tourism Day
Overtourism
References
External links
International Centre for Responsible Tourism
Linking Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Tourism at World Heritage Sites
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development
African Fair Tourism & Trade Organisation
Cape Town Declaration on Responsible Tourism
Global Sustainable Tourism Council
Economy and the environment
Types of tourism
Articles containing video clips
Sustainability
Sustainable development |
4036986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Incredible%20Shrinking%20Fireman | The Incredible Shrinking Fireman | The Incredible Shrinking Fireman is a platform game for the ZX Spectrum released by Mastertronic in 1986. It was programmed by Andy Mitchell with art by David Kidd.
Gameplay
The Incredible Shrinking Fireman is a platform game in which the player moves the titular fireman through a series of flip-screen rooms attempting to avoid enemies and search for pieces of a Stretching Rack, to return him to full size. In keeping with other Mastertronic platform games of the era, such as the Magic Knight series, the character must pick up and use various objects encountered on the way to complete the game. Possession of certain objects provides access to alternate travel routes (such as moving up through the ceiling).
Reception
References
External links
Incredible Shrinking Fireman, The
Incredible Shrinking Fireman, The
Incredible Shrinking Fireman, The
Incredible Shrinking Fireman, The
Incredible Shrinking Fireman, The
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Platform games
Video games about size change |
4036995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caustic%20Christ | Caustic Christ | Caustic Christ was an American crusty hardcore punk band from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. They were on Havoc Records. The band is composed of vocalist GenEric Christ, guitarist Bill Christ, bassist Mistaken Ukla Von Upenstien, and drummer Archie Punker.
History
In late 2000, guitarist Bill Chamberlain (of Mankind?, The Pist, and React) quit React and moved from Connecticut to Pittsburgh to start a band with guitarist/vocalist Eric Good and bassist Corey Lyons of Aus-Rotten. Together with drummer Ron Wingrove, they began to practice in Corey, Eric, and Bill's basement; played local shows and a few weekend tours; and recorded a demo. During that time, Aus-Rotten broke up and Chamberlain also formed Behind Enemy Lines with former Aus-Rotten vocalist Dave Trenga.
In the spring of 2001, Wingrove was struck by a pickup truck while riding his bike in Pittsburgh and sustained brain damage. This left him unable to play drums for some time, and the band decided to replace him. Wingrove would later return to his hometown of Uniontown, Pennsylvania, where he would participate in several bands. After a hiatus, drummer Greg Mairs (Submachine, Short Dark Strangers) joined the band. This was supposed to be a temporary solution while the band found another, less busy, drummer, but Mairs remained and became an integral part of the band.
With Mairs, Caustic Christ recorded their first seven-inch record, which was released on Havoc Records, as were all of their subsequent releases. They toured the United States extensively with bands like Subhumans and Municipal Waste and were interviewed in Maximum RocknRoll, HeartattaCk, Suburban Voice, and numerous other punk zines. In 2006, they toured Europe. Local favorites, the band performed frequently at Mr. Roboto Project, a venue then in Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania.
Caustic Christ disbanded following their last show, on May 5, 2009.. However, in 2015, the band reunited to play two shows as part of the annual Skull Fest in Pittsburgh. And in 2016, the band played a benefit in Richmond, Virginia, for the family of Brandon Ferrell alongside Municipal Waste, Career Suicide, Night Birds, Blood Presure, and a reunited Double Negative.
Releases
Caustic Christ 7" (Havoc Records, 2001)
Can't Relate LP (Havoc Records, 2003)
Government Job 7" (Havoc Records, 2004)
Public Service/Jodie Foster limited tour single (Havoc Records, 2005)
Lycanthropy LP (Havoc Records, 2006)
Splits and compilations
Go Down Fighting, Come Up Smiling CD compilation (Hardtravelin' Records, 2001)
Split 7" with Intense Youth (Behold The Youthquake Records, 2002)
Split 7" with R.A.M.B.O. (Busted Heads Records, 2003)
Dark Thoughts compilation (Rabid Dogs Records, 2003)
Half Life - Under The Knife covers compilation 7" (Moo Cow Records, 2004)
Revolved Back To Failure cassette compilation (Hardtravelin' Records, 2005)
Members
The Mistaken Ukla Von Upenstien - Bass
GenEric Christ - Vocals
Bill Christ - Guitar
Archie Punker - Drums
References
External links
Havoc Records Label site.
Caustic Christ MySpace Page
Hardcore punk groups from Pennsylvania
Musical groups from Pittsburgh
American crust and d-beat groups |
4037004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesselring | Kesselring | Kesselring is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Albert Kesselring (1885–1960), German field marshal
Joseph Kesselring (1902–1967), American playwright
German-language surnames |
4037009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Myres | John Myres | Sir John Linton Myres Kt OBE FBA FRAI (3 July 1869 in Preston – 6 March 1954 in Oxford) was a British archaeologist and academic, who conducted excavations in Cyprus in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Life
He was the son of the Rev. William Miles Myres and his wife, Jane Linton, and was educated at Winchester College. He graduated B.A. at New College, Oxford in 1892. At the same year he was a Craven Fellow at the British School at Athens with which he excavated at the Minoan sanctuary of Petsofas. Myres became the first Wykeham Professor of Ancient History, at the University of Oxford, in 1910, having been Gladstone Professor of Greek and Lecturer in Ancient Geography, University of Liverpool from 1907. He contributed to the British Naval Intelligence Division Geographical Handbook Series that was published during the Second World War, and to the noted 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1910–1911).
Myers was also a member of the Folklore Society and served as its President between 1924 and 1926. Later he became president of the Royal Anthropological Institute between 1928 and 1931. And finally president of the Hellenic Society between 1938-1938. Additionally, he was the founder of the journal Man and its first editor from 1901-1903. His work in Cyprus spanned several decades, with the German archaeologist Max Ohnefalsch-Richter he published the first catalogue of the Cyprus Museum. In 1894 he participated in the excavations of the British Museum at Amathus, he also excavated for the British School at Athens, with the support of the Cyprus Exploration Fund, various sites such as the Bronze Age site of Ayia Paraskevi, Kalopsida, Laxia tou Riou and Kition. Myres gave his share of the finds to the University of Oxford where it forms the core of the Cypriot collection of the Ashmolean Museum . Myres Archive is located at the Ashmolean Museum. Additionally, he conducted excavations at Lapithos in 1913 with Leonard Halford Dudley Buxton. Furthermore in 1914 he published a handbook of the Cesnola collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. He was an advisor during the drafting of the 1935 Antiquities Law and the setting up of the Department of Antiquities.
According to Robert Ranulph Marett,
He was a major influence on the British-Australian archaeologist Vere Gordon Childe.
At Oxford Myres worked for the Director of Naval Intelligence.
Works
Excavations in Cyprus in 1894 (1897)
Copper and Bronze in Cyprus and South-East Europe (1898)
A catalogue of the Cyprus museum, with a chronicle of excavations undertaken since the British occupation, and introductory notes on Cypriote archaeology (1899)
Notes on the History of the Kabyle Pottery (1902)
Sarcophagus from Amathus, Sarcophagus from Golgi (1909-1911)
The value of ancient history (1910)
The Dawn of History (New York/London: Holt/Williams and Norgate, 1911)
Herodotus : Outline Analysis of Books I-Vl] (Oxford: Hart [printer, 1912).
Handbook of the Cesnola collection of antiquities from Cyprus (1914)
Notes on the ‘Prison of Saint Catharine’ at Salamis in Cyprus (1915)
The influence of anthropology on the course of political science (1916)
The Political Ideas of the Greeks (1927)
Who were the Greeks? (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1930), Sather Lectures
The Early Pot-Fabrics of Asia Minor (1930)
The Cretan Labyrinth: A Retrospect of Aegean Research (1933)
The Amathus Bowl: A Long-Lost Masterpiece of Oriental Engraving (1933)
A Modern 'Kernos' Vessel from Tiflis (1937)
A 'Kernos,' or Ring-Vase, in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts (1939)
Excavations in Cyprus, 1913 (1940-1945)
Concentric Circle Ornament on Vessels of Wood from the Taurus (1952)
Herodotus, Father of History (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953)
References
External links
Article on Myers at the Pitt Rivers Museum
1869 births
Writers from Preston, Lancashire
1954 deaths
British archaeologists
Wykeham Professors of Ancient History
Prehistorians
Victoria Medal recipients
Alumni of New College, Oxford
Presidents of the Folklore Society
Knights Bachelor
Fellows of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
Presidents of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |
4037024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Rosa | Hermann Rosa | Hermann Rosa (* November 2, 1911, Pirna; † October 5, 1981, Munich) was a German sculptor and architect.
Biography
Born as the son of a stonemason Hermann Rosa in Pirna, he grew up with six siblings on the castle Oberpolitz. He visited a Stone Mason's College in Saubsdorf (today Supíkovice). During the years of 1934 - 1938 he was a disciple of Professor Drahonovsky at the Art College in Prague. After this he became a student of Professor Karl Albiker at the Dresden Academy of Art in the years of 1939 - 1946 (although there were several interruptions in between).
Works
1937 Pferdegruppe composition
1947 Wassertägerin (bronze)
1948/49 Eva, portrait (bronze)
1949 Eva, act (bronze)
1950 Flucht (Flight), relief (bronze)
1951 Sinnende (bronze)
1952 Liebespaar (Lovers) (bronze)
1952 Stürzender Engel (bronze)
1952 Auferstehung (Resurrection), Relief (bronze)
1953 Sitzende (bronze)
1953 Stehende mit Ast (bronze)
1953/54 Adalbert Stifter, portrait after death mask (bronze)
1954 Eva, abstract (bronze)
1954 Schmerzensmann (bronze)
1954 Adalbert Stifter, bust, memorial in Fürth (Bavaria) (bronze)
1955 Käfer (Beetle), after Franz Kafka (bronze)
1955/56 Flüchtlinge, relief two-parts (bronze)
1970 - 1981 Ludwig Spegel, portrait (bronze)
1972 - 1981 Self-portrait (bronze)
1977 - 1981 Blitz, fountain Augsburg- Hochzoll (bronze)
His studios
1954 - 1959 Studio Wallnerstreet 9, Munich-Freimann
1954 - 1959 Studio Wallnerstreet 12, Munich-Freimann
1960 - 1968 Studio Osterwaldstreet, Munich-Schwabing
External links
Atelier ROSA Osterwaldstrasse 89 - Englischer garden in Munich
1911 births
1981 deaths
German sculptors
German male sculptors
20th-century sculptors |
4037035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial%20locomotion | Terrestrial locomotion | Terrestrial locomotion has evolved as animals adapted from aquatic to terrestrial environments. Locomotion on land raises different problems than that in water, with reduced friction being replaced by the increased effects of gravity.
As viewed from evolutionary taxonomy, there are three basic forms of animal locomotion in the terrestrial environment:
legged – moving by using appendages
limbless locomotion – moving without legs, primarily using the body itself as a propulsive structure.
rolling – rotating the body over the substrate
Some terrains and terrestrial surfaces permit or demand alternative locomotive styles. A sliding component to locomotion becomes possible on slippery surfaces (such as ice and snow), where location is aided by potential energy, or on loose surfaces (such as sand or scree), where friction is low but purchase (traction) is difficult. Humans, especially, have adapted to sliding over terrestrial snowpack and terrestrial ice by means of ice skates, snow skis, and toboggans.
Aquatic animals adapted to polar climates, such as ice seals and penguins also take advantage of the slipperiness of ice and snow as part of their locomotion repertoire. Beavers are known to take advantage of a mud slick known as a "beaver slide" over a short distance when passing from land into a lake or pond. Human locomotion in mud is improved through the use of cleats. Some snakes use an unusual method of movement known as sidewinding on sand or loose soil. Animals caught in terrestrial mudflows are subject to involuntary locomotion; this may be beneficial to the distribution of species with limited locomotive range under their own power. There is less opportunity for passive locomotion on land than by sea or air, though parasitism (hitchhiking) is available toward this end, as in all other habitats.
Many species of monkeys and apes use a form of arboreal locomotion known as brachiation, with forelimbs as the prime mover. Some elements of the gymnastic sport of uneven bars resemble brachiation, but most adult humans do not have the upper body strength required to sustain brachiation. Many other species of arboreal animal with tails will incorporate their tails into the locomotion repertoire, if only as a minor component of their suspensory behaviors.
Locomotion on irregular, steep surfaces require agility and dynamic balance known as sure-footedness. Mountain goats are famed for navigating vertiginous mountainsides where the least misstep could lead to a fatal fall.
Many species of animals must sometimes locomote while safely conveying their young. Most often this task is performed by adult females. Some species are specially adapted to conveying their young without occupying their limbs, such as marsupials with their special pouch. In other species, the young are carried on the mother's back, and the offspring have instinctual clinging behaviours. Many species incorporate specialized transportation behaviours as a component of their locomotion repertoire, such as the dung beetle when rolling a ball of dung, which combines both rolling and limb-based elements.
The remainder of this article focuses on the anatomical and physiological distinctions involving terrestrial locomotion from the taxonomic perspective.
Legged locomotion
Movement on appendages is the most common form of terrestrial locomotion, it is the basic form of locomotion of two major groups with many terrestrial members, the vertebrates and the arthropods. Important aspects of legged locomotion are posture (the way the body is supported by the legs), the number of legs, and the functional structure of the leg and foot. There are also many gaits, ways of moving the legs to locomote, such as walking, running, or jumping.
Posture
Appendages can be used for movement in a lot of ways: the posture, the way the body is supported by the legs, is an important aspect. There are three main ways in which vertebrates support themselves with their legs – sprawling, semi-erect, and fully erect. Some animals may use different postures in different circumstances, depending on the posture's mechanical advantages. There is no detectable difference in energetic cost between stances.
The "sprawling" posture is the most primitive, and is the original limb posture from which the others evolved. The upper limbs are typically held horizontally, while the lower limbs are vertical, though upper limb angle may be substantially increased in large animals. The body may drag along the ground, as in salamanders, or may be substantially elevated, as in monitor lizards. This posture is typically associated with trotting gaits, and the body flexes from side-to-side during movement to increase step length. All limbed reptiles and salamanders use this posture, as does the platypus and several species of frogs that walk. Unusual examples can be found among amphibious fish, such as the mudskipper, which drag themselves across land on their sturdy fins. Among the invertebrates, most arthropods – which includes the most diverse group of animals, the insects – have a stance best described as sprawling. There is also anecdotal evidence that some octopus species (such as the genus Pinnoctopus) can also drag themselves across land a short distance by hauling their body along by their tentacles (for example to pursue prey between rockpools) – there may be video evidence of this. The semi-erect posture is more accurately interpreted as an extremely elevated sprawling posture. This mode of locomotion is typically found in large lizards such as monitor lizards and tegus.
Mammals and birds typically have a fully erect posture, though each evolved it independently. In these groups the legs are placed beneath the body. This is often linked with the evolution of endothermy, as it avoids Carrier's constraint and thus allows prolonged periods of activity. The fully erect stance is not necessarily the "most-evolved" stance; evidence suggests that crocodilians evolved a semi-erect stance in their forelimbs from ancestors with fully erect stance as a result of adapting to a mostly aquatic lifestyle, though their hindlimbs are still held fully erect. For example, the mesozoic prehistoric crocodilian Erpetosuchus is believed to have had a fully erect stance and been terrestrial.
Number of legs
The number of locomotory appendages varies much between animals, and sometimes the same animal may use different numbers of its legs in different circumstances. The best contender for unipedal movement is the springtail, which while normally hexapedal, hurls itself away from danger using its furcula, a tail-like forked rod that can be rapidly unfurled from the underside of its body.
A number of species move and stand on two legs, that is, they are bipedal. The group that is exclusively bipedal is the birds, which have either an alternating or a hopping gait. There are also a number of bipedal mammals. Most of these move by hopping – including the macropods such as kangaroos and various jumping rodents. Only a few mammals such as humans and the ground pangolin commonly show an alternating bipedal gait. In humans, alternating bipedalism is characterized by a bobbing motion, which is due to the utilization of gravity when falling forwards. This form of bipedalism has demonstrated significant energy savings. Cockroaches and some lizards may also run on their two hind legs.
With the exception of the birds, terrestrial vertebrate groups with legs are mostly quadrupedal – the mammals, reptiles, and the amphibians usually move on four legs. There are many quadrupedal gaits.
The most diverse group of animals on earth, the insects, are included in a larger taxon known as hexapods, most of which are hexapedal, walking and standing on six legs. Exceptions among the insects include praying mantises and water scorpions, which are quadrupeds with their front two legs modified for grasping, some butterflies such as the Lycaenidae (blues and hairstreaks) which use only four legs, and some kinds of insect larvae that may have no legs (e.g., maggots), or additional prolegs (e.g., caterpillars).
Spiders and many of their relatives move on eight legs – they are octopedal. However, some creatures move on many more legs. Terrestrial crustaceans may have a fair number – woodlice having fourteen legs. Also, as previously mentioned, some insect larvae such as caterpillars and sawfly larvae have up to five (caterpillars) or nine (sawflies) additional fleshy prolegs in addition to the six legs normal for insects. Some species of invertebrate have even more legs, the unusual velvet worm having stubby legs under the length of its body, with around several dozen pairs of legs. Centipedes have one pair of legs per body segment, with typically around 50 legs, but some species have over 200. The terrestrial animals with the most legs are the millipedes. They have two pairs of legs per body segment, with common species having between 80 and 400 legs overall – with the rare species Illacme plenipes having up to 750 legs. Animals with many legs typically move them in metachronal rhythm, which gives the appearance of waves of motion travelling forwards along their rows of legs.
Leg and foot structure
The legs of tetrapods, the main group of terrestrial vertebrates (which also includes amphibious fish), have internal bones, with externally attached muscles for movement, and the basic form has three key joints: the shoulder joint, the knee joint, and the ankle joint, at which the foot is attached. Within this form there is much variation in structure and shape. An alternative form of vertebrate 'leg' to the tetrapod leg is the fins found on amphibious fish. Also a few tetrapods, such as the macropods, have adapted their tails as additional locomotory appendages.
The fundamental form of the vertebrate foot has five digits, however some animals have fused digits, giving them less, and some early fishapods had more; Acanthostega had eight toes. Only ichthyosaurs evolved more than 5 digits within tetrapods, while their transition from land to water again (limb terminations were becoming flippers). Feet have evolved many forms depending on the animal's needs. One key variation is where on the foot the animal's weight is placed. Some vertebrates: amphibians, reptiles, and some mammals such as humans, bears, and rodents, are plantigrade. This means the weight of the body is placed on the heel of the foot, giving it strength and stability. Most mammals, such as cats and dogs are digitigrade, walking on their toes, giving them what many people mistake as a “backward knee”, which is really their ankle. The extension of the joint helps store momentum and acts as a spring, allowing digitigrade creatures more speed. Digitigrade mammals are also often adept at quiet movement. Birds are also digitigrade. Hooved mammals are known as ungulates, walking on the fused tips of their fingers and toes. This can vary from odd-toed ungulates, such as horses, pigs, and a few wild African ungulates, to even-toed ungulates, such as cows, deer, and goats.
Mammals whose limbs have adapted to grab objects have what are called prehensile limbs. This term can be attributed to front limbs as well as tails for animals such as monkeys and some rodents. All animals that have prehensile front limbs are plantigrade, even if their ankle joint looks extended (squirrels are a good example).
Among terrestrial invertebrates there are a number of leg forms. The arthropod legs are jointed and supported by hard external armor, with the muscles attached to the internal surface of this exoskeleton. The other group of legged terrestrial invertebrates, the velvet worms, have soft stumpy legs supported by a hydrostatic skeleton. The prolegs that some caterpillars have in addition to their six more-standard arthropod legs have a similar form to those of velvet worms, and suggest a distant shared ancestry.
Gaits
Animals show a vast range of gaits, the order that they place and lift their appendages in locomotion. Gaits can be grouped into categories according to their patterns of support sequence. For quadrupeds, there are three main categories: walking gaits, running gaits, and leaping gaits. In one system (relating to horses), there are 60 discrete patterns: 37 walking gaits, 14 running gaits, and 9 leaping gaits.
Walking is the most common gait, where some feet are on the ground at any given time, and found in almost all legged animals. In an informal sense, running is considered to occur when at some points in the stride all feet are off the ground in a moment of suspension. Technically, however, moments of suspension occur in both running gaits (such as trot) and leaping gaits (such as canter and gallop). Gaits involving one or more moments of suspension can be found in many animals, and compared to walking they are faster but more energetically costly forms of locomotion.
Animals will use different gaits for different speeds, terrain, and situations. For example, horses show four natural gaits, the slowest horse gait is the walk, then there are three faster gaits which, from slowest to fastest, are the trot, the canter, and the gallop. Animals may also have unusual gaits that are used occasionally, such as for moving sideways or backwards. For example, the main human gaits are bipedal walking and running, but they employ many other gaits occasionally, including a four-legged crawl in tight spaces.
In walking, and for many animals running, the motion of legs on either side of the body alternates, i.e. is out of phase. Other animals, such as a horse when galloping, or an inchworm, alternate between their front and back legs.
In saltation (hopping) all legs move together, instead of alternating. As a main means of locomotion, this is usually found in bipeds, or semi-bipeds. Among the mammals saltation is commonly used among kangaroos and their relatives, jerboas, springhares, kangaroo rats, hopping mice, gerbils, and sportive lemurs. Certain tendons in the hind legs of kangaroos are very elastic, allowing kangaroos to effectively bounce along conserving energy from hop to hop, making saltation a very energy efficient way to move around in their nutrient poor environment. Saltation is also used by many small birds, frogs, fleas, crickets, grasshoppers, and water fleas (a small planktonic crustacean).
Most animals move in the direction of their head. However, there are some exceptions. Crabs move sideways, and naked mole rats, which live in tight tunnels and can move backward or forward with equal facility. Crayfish can move backward much faster than they can move forward.
Gait analysis is the study of gait in humans and other animals. This may involve videoing subjects with markers on particular anatomical landmarks and measuring the forces of their footfall using floor transducers (strain gauges). Skin electrodes may also be used to measure muscle activity.
Limbless locomotion
There are a number of terrestrial and amphibious limbless vertebrates and invertebrates. These animals, due to lack of appendages, use their bodies to generate propulsive force. These movements are sometimes referred to as "slithering" or "crawling", although neither are formally used in the scientific literature and the latter term is also used for some animals moving on all four limbs. All limbless animals come from cold-blooded groups; there are no endothermic limbless animals, i.e. there are no limbless birds or mammals.
Lower body surface
Where the foot is important to the legged mammal, for limbless animals the underside of the body is important. Some animals such as snakes or legless lizards move on their smooth dry underside. Other animals have various features that aid movement. Molluscs such as slugs and snails move on a layer of mucus that is secreted from their underside, reducing friction and protecting from injury when moving over sharp objects. Earthworms have small bristles (setae) that hook into the substrate and help them move. Some animals, such as leeches, have suction cups on either end of the body allowing two anchor movement.
Type of movement
Some limbless animals, such as leeches, have suction cups on either end of their body, which allow them to move by anchoring the rear end and then moving forward the front end, which is then anchored and then the back end is pulled in, and so on. This is known as two-anchor movement. A legged animal, the inchworm, also moves like this, clasping with appendages at either end of its body.
Limbless animals can also move using pedal locomotary waves, rippling the underside of the body. This is the main method used by molluscs such as slugs and snails, and also large flatworms, some other worms, and even earless seals. The waves may move in the opposite direction to motion, known as retrograde waves, or in the same direction as motion, known as direct waves. Earthworms move by retrograde waves alternatively swelling and contracting down the length of their body, the swollen sections being held in place using setae. Aquatic molluscs such as limpets, which are sometimes out of the water, tend to move using retrograde waves. However, terrestrial molluscs such as slugs and snails tend to use direct waves. Lugworms and seals also use direct waves.
Most snakes move using lateral undulation where a lateral wave travels down the snake's body in the opposite direction to the snake's motion and pushes the snake off irregularities in the ground. This mode of locomotion requires these irregularities to function. Another form of locomotion, rectilinear locomotion, is used at times by some snakes, especially large ones such as pythons and boa. Here large scales on the underside of the body, known as scutes are used to push backwards and downwards. This is effective on a flat surface and is used for slow, silent movement, such as when stalking prey. Snakes use concertina locomotion for moving slowly in tunnels, here the snake alternates in bracing parts of its body on it surrounds. Finally the caenophidian snakes use the fast and unusual method of movement known as sidewinding on sand or loose soil. The snake cycles through throwing the front part of its body in the direction of motion and bringing the back part of its body into line crosswise.
Rolling
Although animals have never evolved wheels for locomotion, a small number of animals will move at times by rolling their whole body. Rolling animals can be divided into those that roll under the force of gravity or wind and those that roll using their own power.
Gravity or wind assisted
The web-toed salamander, a salamander, lives on steep hills in the Sierra Nevada mountains. When disturbed or startled it coils itself up into a ball, often causing it to roll downhill.
The pebble toad (Oreophrynella nigra) lives atop tepui in the Guiana highlands of South America. When threatened, often by tarantulas, it rolls into ball, and typically being on an incline, rolls away under gravity like a loose pebble.
Namib wheeling spiders (Carparachne spp.), found in the Namib desert, will actively roll down sand dunes. This action can be used to successfully escape predators such as the Pompilidae tarantula wasps, which lay their eggs in a paralyzed spider for their larvae to feed on when they hatch. The spiders flip their body sideways and then cartwheel over their bent legs. The rotation is fast, the golden wheel spider (Carparachne aureoflava) moving up to 20 revolutions per second, moving the spider at 1 metre per second.
Coastal tiger beetle larvae when threatened can flick themselves into the air and curl their bodies to form a wheels, which the wind blows, often uphill, as far as 25 m and as fast as . The also may have some ability to steer themselves in this state.
Pangolins, a type of mammal covered in thick scales, roll into a tight ball when threatened. Pangolins have been reported to roll away from danger, by both gravity and self-powered methods. A pangolin in hill country in Sumatra, to flee from the researcher, ran to the edge of a slope and curled into a ball to roll down the slope, crashing through the vegetation, and covering an estimated 30 metres or more in 10 seconds.
Self-powered
Caterpillars of the mother-of-pearl moth, Pleuroptya ruralis, when attacked, will touch their heads to their tails and roll backwards, up to 5 revolutions at about 40 cm per second, which is about 40 times its normal speed.
Nannosquilla decemspinosa, a species of long-bodied, short-legged mantis shrimp, lives in shallow sandy areas along the Pacific coast of Central and South America. When stranded by a low tide the 3 cm stomatopod lies on its back and performs backwards somersaults over and over. The animal moves up to 2 meters at a time by rolling 20–40 times, with speeds of around 72 revolutions per minute. That is 1.5 body lengths per second (3.5 cm/s). Researchers estimate that the stomatopod acts as a true wheel around 40% of the time during this series of rolls. The remaining 60% of the time it has to "jumpstart" a roll by using its body to thrust itself upwards and forwards.
Pangolins have also been reported to roll away from danger by self-powered methods. Witnessed by a lion researcher in the Serengeti in Africa, a group of lions surrounded a pangolin, but could not get purchase on it when it rolled into a ball, and so the lions sat around it waiting and dozing. Surrounded by lions, it would unroll itself slightly and give itself a push to roll some distance, until by doing this multiple times it could get far enough away from the lions to be safe. Moving like this would allow a pangolin to cover distance while still remaining in a protective armoured ball.
Moroccan flic-flac spiders, if provoked or threatened, can escape by doubling their normal walking speed using forward or backward flips similar to acrobatic flic-flac movements.
Limits and extremes
The fastest terrestrial animal is the cheetah, which can attain maximal sprint speeds of approximately 104 km/h (64 mph). The fastest running lizard is the black iguana, which has been recorded moving at speed of up to 34.9 km/h (21.7 mph).
See also
Animal locomotion
Aquatic locomotion
Comparative foot morphology
Locomotion in space
Robot locomotion
Role of skin in locomotion
Terrestrial
Undulatory locomotion
Walking fish
References
Bibliography
External links
Adaptations of running animals
Crocodile stance
Tetrapod stance
Lecture on crawling (slithering) at Berkeley
Animation of earthworm movement by a propagating retrograde wave
Zoology
Articles containing video clips |
4037036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational%20choice%20theory%20%28criminology%29 | Rational choice theory (criminology) | In criminology, rational choice theory adopts a utilitarian belief that humans are reasoning actors who weigh means and ends, costs and benefits, in order to make a rational choice. This method was designed by Cornish and Clarke to assist in thinking about situational crime prevention.
The rational choice theory has sprung from older and more experimental collections of hypotheses surrounding what has been essential, the empirical findings from many scientific investigations into the workings of human nature. The conceiving and semblance of these social models which are hugely applicable to the methodology expressed through the function of microeconomics within society are also similarly placed to demonstrate that a sizable amount of data is collated using behavioural techniques which are tweaked and made adjustable in order to ensure compatibility with the spontaneous motivational drives displayed by the consumer.
Elements
The theory is related to earlier drift theory (David Matza, Delinquency and Drift, 1964) where people use the techniques of neutralization to drift in and out of delinquent behaviour, and systematic crime theory (an aspect of social disorganization theory developed by the Chicago School), where Edwin Sutherland proposed that the failure of families and extended kin groups expands the realm of relationships no longer controlled by the community, and undermines governmental controls. This leads to persistent "systematic" crime and delinquency. He also believed that such disorganization causes and reinforces the cultural traditions and cultural conflicts that support antisocial activity. The systematic quality of the behaviour was a reference to repetitive, patterned or organized offending as opposed to random events. He depicted the law-abiding culture as dominant and more extensive than alternative criminogenic cultural views and capable of overcoming systematic crime if organized for that purpose. In a similar vein, developed the routine activity theory which focuses on the characteristics of crime rather than the characteristics of the offender. This is one of the main theories of environmental criminology as an aspect of crime prevention theory. It states that for a crime to occur, three elements must be present, i.e. there must be:
an available and suitable target;
a motivated offender; and
no authority figure to prevent the crime from happening.
Routine activity theory relates the pattern of offending to the everyday patterns of social interaction. Between 1960 and 1980, women left the home to work which led to social disorganization, i.e. the routine of leaving the home unattended and without an authority figure increased probability of criminal activity. The theory is supplemented by the crime triangle or the problem analysis triangle which is used in the analysis both of a crime problem by reference to the three parameters of victim, location, and offender, and of an intervention strategy by reference to the parameters of target/victim, location and absence of a capable guardian with the latter helping to think more constructively about responses as well as analysis. The theory avoids speculation about the source of the offenders’ motivation, which distinguishes it immediately from most other criminological theories.
Support for theory
Many features of rational choice perspective make it particularly suitable to serve as a criminological “metatheory” with a broad role in the explanation for a variety of criminological phenomena. Since rational choice can explain many different components; it is broad enough to be applied not only to crime but everyday life circumstances. Studies involve offenders being interviewed on motives, methods and target choices. Research involves burglars (Walsh, 1980; Maguire 1982; Cromwell et al., 1991) bank and commercial robbers (New South Wales Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, 1987; Nugent et al., 1989) and offenders using violence (Morrison and O’ Donnell, 1996). The rational choice perspective has provided a framework under which to organize such information so that individual studies produce more general benefits.
Rational choice theory insists that crime is calculated and deliberate. All criminals are rational actors who practice conscious decision making, that simultaneously work towards gaining the maximum benefits of their present situation. Another aspect of rational choice theory is the fact that many offenders make decisions based on bounded/limited rationality.
Bounded/limited rationality
Ideas of limited rationality emphasize the extent to which individuals and groups simplify a decision because of the difficulties of anticipating or considering all alternatives and all information. Bounded rationality relates to two aspects, one part arising from cognitive limitations and the other from extremes in emotional arousal. Sometimes emotional arousal at the moment of a crime can be acute, therefore would be offenders find themselves out of control, and rational considerations are far less salient.
Crime therefore can be influenced by opportunity. Opportunity of a crime can be related to cost benefits, socioeconomic status, risk of detection, dependent on situational context, type of offence and access to external benefits. In addition, opportunities are dependent on the individual’s current surroundings and consequential factors. This theory better explains instrumental crimes rather than expressive crimes. Instrumental crimes involve planning and weighing the risks with a rational mind. An example of an instrumental crime can include: tax evasion, traffic violations, drinking and driving, corporate crime, larceny and sexual assault. On the other hand, expressive crime includes crimes involving emotion and lack of rational thinking without being concerned of future consequences. Expressive crimes can include: non pre-meditated murder such as manslaughter, and assault. As a result, punishment is only effective in deterring instrumental crime rather than expressive crime.
In 2000, O’Grady et al. performed a study which examined the illegal sale of tobacco products to underage youth. With the use of a rational mind merchants and clerks weigh out the cost benefits and risk factors which are involved in selling cigarettes to underage youth. Due to the minimal risk of police patrol after 5pm, merchants and clerks felt a diminished sense of risk, therefore allowing them to sell their products illegally to underage youth.
According to the three main critiques of rational choice theory include:
Assumes that all individuals have the capacity to make rational decisions
The theory does not explain why the burden of responsibility is excused from young offenders as opposed to adult offenders
This theory contradicts the Canadian Criminal Justice System. This theory does not support the idea that all individuals are rational actors because of cognitive inability. An example of individuals who lack a rational mind include those who are Not Criminally Responsible on Account Due to Mental Disorder (NCRMD).
Routine activity theory
Routine activity theory is a sub-field of rational choice criminology, developed by Marcus Felson and Lawrence Cohen.
Routine activity theory says that crime is normal and depends on the opportunities available. If a target is not protected enough, if it is worth the reward, crime will happen. Crime does not need hardened offenders, super-predators, convicted felons or wicked people, just an opportunity.
The basic premise of routine activity theory is that most crimes are petty theft and unreported to the police. Crime is not spectacular or dramatic. It is mundane and happens all the time.
Another premise is that crime is relatively unaffected by social causes such as poverty, inequality, unemployment. For instance, after World War II, the economy of Western countries was booming, and the welfare states were expanding. Crime rose significantly. According to Felson and Cohen, this is because the prosperity of contemporary society offers so much opportunities of crime: there is much more to steal.
Routine activity theory is controversial among sociologists who believe in the social causes of crime. But several types of crime are very well explained by routine activity theory:
copyright infringement related to peer-to-peer file sharing
employee theft (internal theft)
corporate crime
Situational crime prevention
The main creation of the rational choice theory was to aide and give focus to situational crime prevention. Situational crime prevention comprises opportunity-reducing measures that are directed at highly specific forms of crime; involves management, design or manipulation of the immediate environment systematically and permanently; makes crime more difficult and risky or less rewarding and excusable as judged by a wide range of offenders. Rather than simply responding to crime after the fact, recent attention to crime prevention has focused on specific ways in which to modify the physical and social environment.
Changes to the physical environment have included such measures as better streetscape and building design, improved lighting in public spaces, installations of deadlocks and alarms, property marking and identification, and traffic calming and creation of green belts. Attempts have been made to extend the range of surveillance of local neighborhood activities, involving such measures as establishment of neighborhood watch committees, employment of private security guards in residences and businesses, antiracist/antifascist organizations and community watch committees to prevent police harassment.
Directing enhanced citizen participation programs are not crime-centered would include for example sports and recreation programs, needle exchange programs and AIDS counseling, local employment initiatives funded by government grants and campaigns against poverty and unemployment.
Emotions
It is argued that there are three important roles of emotions within a rational choice theory of crime. First the people’s state of emotionality is an important context on which rational conduct rests. Second is the “sneaky thrill” of minor property crime also might operate more generally such that the anticipated emotional consequences of criminal conduct is one of the benefits or utilities (“thrills”) that are weighed in the process of rational decision making. Third as a sizable amount of research can attest, the anticipated emotional costs associated with criminal behavior might serve to effectively reduce the likelihood of such behavior. Emotions are a central part of the psychological process of motivation as they heighten the saliency of certain desires, wants, and outcomes and thus energize people to pursue them. Too little emotional intensity and performance suffers from insufficient physical and mental arousal, while too much emotional intensity causes the person to be so aroused that thinking and physical self-control become disorganized. If an offender gets angry easily it is highly probable they won’t think twice about assaulting someone than an individual who is level headed. Negative emotions can hinder rationality thus leading one to use bounded/limited rationality or make an impulsive move towards a criminal action.
Notes
References
Criminology |
4037037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seraina%20Mischol | Seraina Mischol | Seraina Mischol (born 1 December 1981) is a Swiss cross-country skier, who competed between 1999 and 2011.
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
World Championships
a. Cancelled due to extremely cold weather.
World Cup
Season standings
References
External links
Home page
Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Swiss female cross-country skiers
Olympic cross-country skiers of Switzerland
Living people
1981 births |
4037038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mang%20Lon | Mang Lon | Mang Lon, Manglon, Manglun, Manglön, or Mang Lön a state in the northern Shan states of Myanmar, was formerly the chief state of the Wa people. It is a mountainous territory, including the valleys of the Salween and its tributary the Nam Hka. It had an approximate area of 7770 km² and its estimated population in 1911 was 40,000.
Mang Lon state extended from about 21° 30′ to 23° N., or for 100 miles, along the river Salween, which divided the state into East and West Mang Lon. The inhabitants of East Manglon were Was, while West Manglon was mostly inhabited by Shan people.
History
Nothing is known about the history of Manglon before the nineteenth century. The area had been a kingdom named Jambularattha according to legend.
The first Sawbwa of Manglon was Ta Ang, a Wa leader who became tributary to Hsenwi State in 1814, retaining his hold over the territory. The eastern part of the state was often raided by Wa chiefs of the neighbouring independent Wa States.
The capital, Takut, was located NE of Pangyang and was perched on a hilltop 6000 feet above sea level. The Sawbwa was a Wa who adopted the style of the Shan rulers. He had control over two substates, Mot Hai to the north and Maw Hpa to the south. The Wa of Mang Lon had given up headhunting, and many professed Buddhism.
Traditionally the adjacent Wa States had been administered by a Sawbwa, a Shan hereditary chief who resided in Mang Lon. In the second half of the 19th century the British authorities in Burma judged the Wa territory remote and of difficult access and, excepting Mang Lon, they left the Wa States without administration, its border with China undefined. That situation suited the Wa well, for throughout their history they had consistently preferred being left alone.
There were few Wa in West Mang Lon, where Shans formed the chief population, but there were Palaungs, Chinese and Yanglam, besides Lahu. The bulk of the population in East Mang Lon was Wa, but there were Shans in the valley areas. Both portions were very hilly; the only flat land being along the banks of streams in the valleys, and here the Shans were settled. There were prosperous settlements and bazaars at Nawng Hkam and Mong Kao in West Mang Lon.
Rulers
The rulers of Manglon bore the title of Saopha. Between 1870 and 1892 the state was divided into East and West Manglön.
Saophas
1814 - 1822 Hsö Hkam (Ta Awng) (d. 1822)
1822 - 1852 Sao Hkun Sang (Khun Sing) (d. 1852)
1852 - 1853 Uyaraza (Upayaza) (d. 1854)
1853 - 1860 Naw Hpa (Nawpha) (d. 1860)
1860 - 1919 Sao Tön Hsang (Tun Sang) (b. 1831 - d. 1919) (1870-1892, in East Manglön)
1870 - 1877 Hsang Kyaw (in West Manglön)
1877 - 1892 Sao Maha (in West Manglön)
1919 - 1952 Sao Man Laik
1919 - 1946 Sao Hka Nan -Regent (b. 1892 - d. 1946)
See also
List of rulers of Shan states
Wa people
Wa State
References
Wa people
Shan States |
4037041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pummel | Pummel | Pummel may refer to:
strike (attack) someone in sports, combat, and some martial arts
PUMMEL! miniatures tabletop and wargame light rules system
Pummel (album), of 1995 by punk rock band All
See also
Pommel (disambiguation) |
4037051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20agencies%20of%20the%20government%20of%20Kerala | List of agencies of the government of Kerala |
Autonomous bodies, cultural and other institutions
Agency for Development of Aquaculture, Kerala (ADAK)
Alappuzha Canal Management Society
Agency for Non-conventional Energy and Rural Technology (ANERT)
Co-Operative Academy of Professional Education (CAPE)
Energy Management Centre (EMC)
Food Craft Institute - Kerala, under the Dept. of Tourism
Information Kerala Mission (IKM)
Institute for Communicative and Cognitive Neurosciences (ICCONS)
Institute of Handloom and Textile Technology
Institute of Land Management
Institute of Management in Government
Kerala Aviation Training Centre
Kerala Books and Publications Society
Kerala Bureau of Industrial Promotion (K-BIP)
Kerala Council for Historic Research
Kerala Folklore Akademi
Kerala Forest Research Institute
Kerala Government Medical Officers Association (KGMOA)
Kerala Health Research Welfare Society
Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation
Kerala Industrial Revitalisation Fund Board
Kerala Institute of Labour and Employment
Kerala Institute of Local Administration
Kerala Institute of Tourism and Travel Studies (KITTS)
Kerala Kalamandalam
Kerala Lalithakala Akademi
Kerala Police
Kerala Press Academy
Kerala Rural Development and Marketing Society
Kerala Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency
Kerala Sahitya Akademi
Kerala State Science and Technology Museum
Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment
The Kerala State Higher Education Council (KSHEC), Science and Technology Museum Campus, Vikas Bhavan PO, Thiruvananthapuram
Kerala State Information Technology Mission
Kerala State Institute of Children’s Literature
Kerala State Nirmathi Kendra
Kerala State Pharmacy Council
Kerala State Planning Board
Kerala State Pollution Control Board
Kerala State Remote Sensing and Environment Centre
Kerala State Social Welfare Advisory Board
Kerala State Veterinary Council
Kerala State Youth Welfare Board
Kerala Wakf Board
Kerala Water Authority
LBS Centre for Science and Technology
Malabar Botanical Garden Society
Malabar Cancer Centre, Thalassery
Medical Council and Nursing Council
Multi Purpose Cultural Complex Society
Nava Kerala Mission
National Institute of Speech and Hearing (NISH)
National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, (NATPAC)
People’s Action for Development (Kerala)
Public Sector Restructuring and Internal Audit Board
Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology
Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram
Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Thiruvananthapuram
Sophisticated Test and Instrumentation Centre
State Advisory Contract Labour Board
State Agricultural Prices Board
State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)
State Institute of Encyclopedic Publications
State Institute of Language
State Institute of Rural Development (SIRD)
State Resource Centre, Kerala
Thenmala Eco Tourism Promotion Society
Theerapatham Urban Development Project, Thiruvananthapuram
Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute, Palode
Vasthuvidya Gurukulam
Welfare fund boards
Kerala Abkari Workers Welfare Fund Board
Kerala Agricultural Workers Welfare Fund Board
Kerala Bamboo, Kattuvally and Pandanus Leaf Workers Welfare Fund Board
Kerala Fishermen Welfare Fund Board
Kerala Handloom Workers Welfare Fund Board
Kerala Tailoring Workers Welfare Fund Board
Kerala Toddy Wrkers Welfare Fund Board
Universities
A P J Abdul Kalam Technological University
Cochin University of Science and Technology
Kannur University
Kerala Agricultural University
Kerala University of Health Sciences
Mahatma Gandhi University
Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit
University of Calicut
University of Kerala
References
State Government Organizations
Lists of government agencies in India
Public sector in Kerala |
4037062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APCN | APCN | APCN or Asia-Pacific Cable Network is a submarine telecommunications cable system linking nine Asian countries.
It has landing points in:
Petchaburi, Thailand
Mersing, Malaysia
Changi, Singapore
Ancol, Indonesia
Lantau, Hong Kong
Batangas, Philippines
Toucheng, Taiwan
Busan, Korea
Miyazaki, Japan
It has a transmission capacity of 5 Gbit/s, and a total cable length of approximately 12,000 km. It started operations in 1997.
See also
APCN 2
List of international submarine communications cables
Cable landing point
Sources
Submarine communications cables in the Pacific Ocean
1997 establishments in Asia |
4037068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20International | Radio International | Radio International (in Persian: رادیو انترناسیونال) was a radio station in Persian which acted against the current Islamic Republic of Iran. Although it represented itself as “independent”, it is a de facto organ of the Worker-communist Party of Iran.
The slogan of Radio International was “Voice of Liberty, Voice of Worker, Voice of Truth, and Voice of Humanity”.
This radio was broadcasting from Sweden and covers all of Iran, even though it was obviously banned in Iran.
The director of radio was Siavash Daneshvar and some notable staff include Sima Bahari, Sadegh Zandi, and Soosan Saberi.
International broadcasters |
4037080 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malakwal | Malakwal | Malakwal () is a city in Mandi Bahauddin District, Punjab, Pakistan.
History
In 997 CE, Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi, took over the Ghaznavid dynasty empire established by his father, Sultan Sebuktegin. In 1005 he conquered the Shahis in Kabul in 1005, and followed it by the conquests of Punjab region. The Delhi Sultanate and later Mughal Empire ruled the region. The Punjab region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of Punjab region.
After the formation of the Sikh Empire in 1801, Malakwal was invaded and occupied by Sikhs. During the period of British rule, Malakwal increased in population and importance.
The predominantly Muslim population supported Muslim League and Pakistan Movement. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the minority Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India while the Muslims refugees from India settled down here.
City information
Malakwal lies on the south/east bank of river Jhelum and is sandwiched between River Jehlam and Lower Jehlam Canal. It is a tehsil and sub-divisional headquarter of Mandi Bahauddin District of province Punjab, Pakistan. It is located approximately 200 km far away from Islamabad in a southeast direction which is the country's capital and 35 km from its district headquarters Mandi Bahauddin. It has a moderate climate. During the peak of a summer day, the temperature rises to 40 °C, and falls to 2 °C in the months of December and January.
Malakwal is situated on Shahpur Mandi Bahauddin highway.
Malakwal has a railway station that is also a junction. There are boys' and girls' degree colleges available for both boys and girls.
Bar Musa, Gojra, Miana Gondal, Rukkan and Busal are the big towns of Malakwal Tehsil. Bar Musa is a famous town in this tehsil.
Malakwal is also known for the Daffer forest and Mona Depot, an Army remount for horses, this Mona Depot was named after the village Mona
BEAUTI OF THE MALAKWAL CITY
1.victoria Bridge almost 3 km on river jahlam between malakwal and kheorra
2.Damny khezar park on the bank of river jahlam
3.Nawaz sharif park on lower jahlam chanal on MANDI TO MALAKWAL ROAD
4.one of the biggest railway platform station 5 platform 10 trean stand at same time and demand crass railline on this station workshop of railways is famous also
5.Malakwal is link with drictley zela jhelam jela chakwal zela sargodha and M. B. Din
6.Famous Dargha Haji sekh Ahmad wali sarkar Malakwal city . Sheran wali sarkar Malakwal city. Syed MojAli shah sarkar 9 chak gurbaksh pora Malakwal.
Anmol saharf Malakwal city.
Bhegam sharif Malakwal city.
Darbar baba berri ali sarkar daferjangal
7.one of the biggest forest of Pakistan name dafar jangal
References
http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/bwpsr/punjab/MANDI%20BAHAUDDIN_SUMMARY.pdf
https://www.citypopulation.de/php/pakistan-distr-admin.php?adm2id=71903
Cities and towns in Mandi Bahauddin District |
4037083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avondale%20Estate | Avondale Estate | Avondale Estate may refer to:
the Avondale Agricultural Research Station in Western Australia, formerly known as Avondale Estate
Avondale Estates, Georgia, a city in DeKalb County, Georgia, United States
Avondale Estate in Cooranbong, New South Wales, Australia
Avondale Estates in Parkland County, Alberta, Canada |
4037084 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siavash%20Daneshvar | Siavash Daneshvar | Siavash Daneshvar is an Iranian communist political activist and one a member of Central Committee and Permanent Council of Political Bureau of Worker-communist Unity Party. He was also the Director of Radio International. The radio which was broadcast on Iran for years and represented Worker-Communist Party of Iran. Daneshvar lives and works in Sweden.
References
Living people
Worker-communism Unity Party of Iran politicians
Iranian communists
Year of birth missing (living people) |
4037111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence%20Rochat | Laurence Rochat | Laurence Rochat (born 1 August 1979) is a Swiss cross-country skier who has competed since 1996. She won a bronze medal in the 4 × 5 km relay at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City and had her best individual finish with a 15th place in the Individual sprint at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin.
Rochat's best finish at the Nordic skiing World Championships was a 12th in the 30 km event in 2005. She also has nineteen victories at various levels in her career since 1998.
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
1 medal – (1 bronze)
World Championships
a. Cancelled due to extremely cold weather.
World Cup
Season standings
References
External links
1979 births
Living people
Swiss female cross-country skiers
Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Switzerland
Olympic cross-country skiers of Switzerland
Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics |
4037112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ende%20Regency | Ende Regency | Ende Regency is a regency on the island of Flores, within East Nusa Tenggara Province of Indonesia. The capital is the town of Ende. The regency covers an area of 1,946.29 km2, and it had a population of 260,605 at the 2010 Census and 270,763 at the 2020 Census.
The Kelimutu National Park which contains the well-known tourist attraction of Mount Kelimutu with three coloured lakes is in Ende Regency.
Administration
The regency is divided into twenty-one districts (kecamatan), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of villages (rural desa and urban kelurahan) in each district, and its post code.
the
Note: (a) a new district created since 2010 by splitting of existing neighbouring districts. (b) the 2010 Census population of the new Lepembuso Kelisoke District is included with the figure for the districts from which it was split.
References
External links
Regencies of East Nusa Tenggara
Flores Island (Indonesia) |
4037113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition%20%28grappling%29 | Transition (grappling) | A transition in grappling is a move from one grappling hold or grappling position to another. The process is called transitioning and is one of the most important aspects of ground grappling, as it allows the combatant performing the transition to advance in positioning, for instance by using a sweep, or to attempt pinning holds or submission holds.
In judo, the term is also used to refer to the skillful transition between standing phase and the ground phase.
References
Eng, Lawrence. Grappling: Fact and Fiction. www.cjas.org. URL last accessed February 11, 2006.
Grappling
Martial art techniques
Wrestling |
4037114 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawa%20languages | Yawa languages | The Yawa languages, also known as Yapen languages, are a small family of two closely related Papuan languages, Yawa (or Yava) and Saweru, which are often considered to be divergent dialects of a single language (and thus a language isolate). They are spoken on central Yapen Island and nearby islets, in Cenderawasih Bay, Indonesian Papua, which they share with the Austronesian Yapen languages.
Yawa proper had 6000 speakers in 1987. Saweru has been variously reported to be partially intelligible with other dialects of Yawa and to be considered a dialect of Yawa by its speakers, and to be too divergent for intelligibility and to be perceived as a separate language. It is moribund, spoken by 150 people out of an ethnic group of 300.
Classification
C. L. Voorhoeve tentatively linked Yawa with the East Geelvink Bay languages in his Geelvink Bay proposal. However, the relationship would be a distant one at best, and Mark Donohue felt in 2001 that Yawa had not been shown to be related to any other language. Reesink (2005) notes resemblances with East Bird's Head languages. Recently Malcolm Ross made a tentative proposal that Yawa might be part of an Extended West Papuan language phylum. The pronominal resemblances are most apparent when comparing proto-Yawa to the East Bird's Head language Meax:
{| class=wikitable
|-
! !! I !! thou !! s/he !! you
|-
| Proto-Yawa || *rei || *uein || *wepi || *waya
|-
| Meax || didif || bua || ofa || iwa
|}
d~r, b~w, we~o, p~f are all common sound correspondences.
Ethnologue (2009, 2013) takes this a step further, and placed Yawa within West Papuan itself.
Foley (2018) classifies Yawa separately as an independent language family.
Typological overview
Yawa languages are split intransitive languages, which are typologically highly uncommon in New Guinea.
Unlike the Sepik languages, Taiap, and other languages of northern New Guinea, masculine rather than feminine is the unmarked gender, whereas Taiap and the Sepik languages treat feminine as the default unmarked gender. In Yawa languages, feminine is delegated mostly for animate nouns with obvious female sexual characteristics.
Basic vocabulary
Basic vocabulary of the Yapen languages Yawa and Saweru listed in Foley (2018):
{|
|+ Yapen family basic vocabulary
! gloss !! Yawa !! Saweru
|-
| ‘bird’ || insani/ani || aani
|-
| ‘blood’ || mavu || maandi
|-
| ‘bone’ || pae || yai(yae)
|-
| ‘breast’ || ukam || inawam
|-
| ‘ear’ || amarikoam || nama(komu)
|-
| ‘eat’ || raiʃ || andai
|-
| ‘egg’ || kami || aanimpenam
|-
| ‘eye’ || ami || name
|-
| ‘fire’ || tanam || naona
|-
| ‘go’ || poto || ta
|-
| ‘ground’ || kakopa || kakofa
|-
| ‘hair’ || akarivuiny || neyaribiri
|-
| ‘hear’ || ranaun || nau
|-
| ‘leg’ || ajo || inayo
|-
| ‘louse’ || eme || emo
|-
| ‘man’ || anya || rama
|-
| ‘moon’ || embae || emba
|-
| ‘name’ || tame || inatama
|-
| ‘one’ || ntabo || baintawe
|-
| ‘path, road’ || unandi || nar
|-
| ‘see’ || raen || eni
|-
| ‘stone’ || oraman || toman
|-
| ‘sun’ || uma || uma
|-
| ‘tongue’ || aunan || nawanana
|-
| ‘tooth’ || atomokan || natu
|-
| ‘tree’ || nyoe mot || nawao
|-
| ‘two’ || jirum, rurum || wai dinu
|-
| ‘water’ || mana || manaa
|-
| ‘woman’ || wanya || ruama
|}
The following basic vocabulary words are from Voorhoeve (1975), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Yawa
|-
| head
| akari
|-
| hair
| bwin
|-
| eye
| nami
|-
| tooth
| atu
|-
| leg
| najo
|-
| louse
| eme
|-
| dog
| make
|-
| pig
| bugwe
|-
| bird
| insane
|-
| egg
| kami
|-
| blood
| madi
|-
| bone
| pae
|-
| skin
| kea
|-
| tree
| nyo
|-
| man
| ana
|-
| sun
| uma
|-
| water
| karu (?)
|-
| fire
| tanam
|-
| stone
| oram
|-
| name
| tam
|-
| eat
| rais
|-
| one
| utabo
|-
| two
| jiru
|}
References
Further reading
Gasser, Emily. 2017. Papuan-Austronesian Language Contact on Yapen Island: A Preliminary Account. NUSA: Linguistic studies of languages in and around Indonesia, no.62, p. 101-155.
West Papuan languages
Languages of western New Guinea
Papua (province) culture
Language families |
4037118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20New%20Zealanders | European New Zealanders | European New Zealanders, also known by the Māori-language loanword Pākehā, are New Zealanders of European descent. Most European New Zealanders are of British and Irish ancestry, with significantly smaller percentages of other European ancestries such as Germans, Poles (historically noted as German due to Partitions of Poland), French, Dutch, Croats and other South Slavs, Greeks, and Scandinavians.
Statistics New Zealand maintains the national classification standard for ethnicity. European is one of the six top-level ethnic groups, alongside Māori, Pacific Peoples, Asian, Middle Eastern/Latin American/African (MELAA), and Other. Within the top-level European group are two second-level ethnic groups, New Zealand European and Other European. New Zealand European consists of New Zealanders of European descent, while Other European consists of migrant European ethnic groups. Other Europeans also includes some people of indirect European descent, including Americans, Canadians, South Africans and Australians.
According to the 2018 New Zealand census, 3,372,708 people (70.2%) identified as European, with 3,013,440 people (64%) identifying as New Zealand European.
History
British Captain James Cook sailed to New Zealand in 1769 prior to him was Dutch man Abel Tasman in 1642. The establishment of British colonies in Australia from 1788 and the boom in whaling and sealing in the Southern Ocean brought many Europeans to the vicinity of New Zealand. Whalers and sealers were often itinerant and the first real settlers were missionaries and traders in the Bay of Islands area from 1809. Some of the early visitors stayed and lived with Māori tribes as Pākehā Māori. Often whalers and traders married Māori women of high status which served to cement trade and political alliances as well as bringing wealth and prestige to the tribe. By 1830 there was a population of about 800 non-Māori which included a total of about 200 runaway convicts and seamen. The seamen often lived in New Zealand for a short time before joining another ship a few months later.
In 1839 there were 1100 Europeans living in the North Island. Violence against European shipping (mainly due to mutual cultural misunderstandings), the ongoing musket wars between Māori tribes (due to the recent relatively sudden introduction of firearms into the Māori world), cultural barriers and the lack of an established European law and order made settling in New Zealand a risky prospect. By the late 1830s the average missionary would claim that many Māori were nominally Christian; many of the Māori slaves that had been captured during the Musket Wars had been freed, and cannibalism had been largely stamped out. By this time many Māori, especially in the north, could read and write in their native language and to a lesser extent English.
1840 onwards
European migration has resulted in a deep legacy being left on the social and political structures of New Zealand. Early visitors to New Zealand included whalers, sealers, missionaries, mariners, and merchants, attracted to natural resources in abundance. They came from the Australian colonies, Great Britain and Ireland, Germany (forming the next biggest immigrant group after the British and Irish), France, Portugal, the Netherlands, Denmark, the United States, and Canada.
In 1840 representatives of the British Crown signed the Treaty of Waitangi with 240 Māori chiefs throughout New Zealand, motivated by plans for a French colony at Akaroa and land purchases by the New Zealand Company in 1839. British sovereignty was then proclaimed over New Zealand in May 1840. Some would later argue that the proclamation of sovereignty was in direct conflict with the treaty which in its Māori version had guaranteed sovereignty (Rangatiratanga) to the Māori who signed it. By the end of the 1850s the European and Māori populations were of a similar size as immigration and natural increase boosted European numbers.
Following the formalising of British sovereignty, the organised and structured flow of migrants from Great Britain and Ireland began. Government-chartered ships like the clipper Gananoque and the Glentanner carried immigrants to New Zealand. Typically clipper ships left British ports such as London and travelled south through the central Atlantic to about 43 degrees south to pick up the strong westerly winds that carried the clippers well south of South Africa and Australia. Ships would then head north once in the vicinity of New Zealand. The Glentanner migrant ship of 610 tonnes made two runs to New Zealand and several to Australia carrying 400 tonne of passengers and cargo. Travel time was about 3 to months to New Zealand. Cargo carried on the Glentanner for New Zealand included coal, slate, lead sheet, wine, beer, cart components, salt, soap and passengers' personal goods. On the 1857 passage the ship carried 163 official passengers, most of them government assisted. On the return trip the ship carried a wool cargo worth 45,000 pounds. In the 1860s discovery of gold started a gold rush in Otago. By 1860 more than 100,000 British and Irish settlers lived throughout New Zealand. The Otago Association actively recruited settlers from Scotland, creating a definite Scottish influence in that region, while the Canterbury Association recruited settlers from the south of England, creating a definite English influence over that region. In the 1860s most migrants settled in the South Island due to gold discoveries and the availability of flat grass covered land for pastoral farming. The low number of Māori (about 2,000) and the absence of warfare gave the South Island many advantages. It was only when the New Zealand wars ended that The North Island again became an attractive destination.
In the 1870s the MP Julius Vogel borrowed millions of pounds from Britain to help fund capital development such as a nationwide rail system, lighthouses, ports and bridges, and encouraged mass migration from Britain. By 1870 the non-Māori population reached over 250,000.
Other smaller groups of settlers came from Germany, Scandinavia, and other parts of Europe as well as from China and India, but British and Irish settlers made up the vast majority, and did so for the next 150 years.
Demographics
There were 3,297,864 people identifying as being part of the European ethnic group at the 2018 New Zealand census, making up 70.2% of New Zealand's population. This is an increase of 328,473 people (11.1%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 688,275 people (26.4%) since the 2006 census. There were 1,614,807 males and 1,683,054 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.959 males per female. The median age was 41.4 years, with 621,552 people (18.8%) aged under 15 years, 606,366 (18.4%) aged 15 to 29, 1,456,794 (44.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 613,149 (18.6%) aged 65 or older.
In terms of population distribution, 71.6% of Europeans live in the North Island and 28.4% live in the South Island. The Waimakariri District has the highest concentration of Europeans at 92.9%, followed by the Tasman District (92.6%) and the Grey District (92.2%). The Ōtara-Papatoetoe local board area in Auckland has the lowest concentration at 16.6%, followed by the Māngere-Ōtāhuhu local board area (19.1%) and the Manurewa local board area (29.2%). The Wairoa District has the lowest concentration of European people outside Auckland at 47.5%.
The first general Census of New Zealand population was taken November- December 1851. Subsequent censuses were taken in 1858, 1861, 1864, 1867, 1871, 1874, 1878 and 1881 and thereafter at five-yearly intervals until 1926. The table shows the ethnic composition of New Zealand population at each census since the early twentieth century. Europeans are still the largest ethnic group in New Zealand. Their proportion of the total New Zealand population has been decreasing gradually since the 1916 Census.
The 2006 Census counted 2,609,592 European New Zealanders. Most census reports do not separate European New Zealanders from the broader European ethnic category, which was the largest broad ethnic category in the 2006 Census. Europeans comprised 67.6 percent of respondents in 2006 compared with 80.1 percent in the 2001 census.
The apparent drop in this figure was due to Statistics New Zealand's acceptance of 'New Zealander' as a distinct response to the ethnicity question and their placement of it within the "Other" ethnic category, along with an email campaign asking people to give it as their ethnicity in the 2006 Census.
In previous censuses, these responses were counted belonging to the European New Zealanders group, and Statistics New Zealand plans to return to this approach for the 2011 Census. Eleven percent of respondents identified as New Zealanders in the 2006 Census (or as something similar, e.g. "Kiwi"), well above the trend observed in previous censuses, and higher than the percentage seen in other surveys that year.
In April 2009, Statistics New Zealand announced a review of their official ethnicity standard, citing this debate as a reason, and a draft report was released for public comment. In response, the New Zealand Herald opined that the decision to leave the question unchanged in 2011 and rely on public information efforts was "rather too hopeful", and advocated a return to something like the 1986 approach. This asked people which of several identities "apply to you", instead of the more recent question "What ethnic group do you belong to?"
nfd - not further defined (insufficient data to classify the response further)
nec - not elsewhere classified (no classification exists for the response)
Alternative terms
Pākehā
The term Pākehā (or Pakeha), the etymology of which is unclear, is used interchangeably with European New Zealanders. The 1996 census used the wording "New Zealand European (Pākehā)" in the ethnicity question, however the word Pākehā was subsequently removed after what Statistics New Zealand called a "significant adverse reaction" to its use to identify ethnicity. In 2013, the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study carried out by The University of Auckland found no evidence that the word was derogatory, 14% of the overall respondents to the survey chose the option Pākehā to describe themselves with the remainder preferring New Zealander, New Zealand European or simply Kiwi.
Palagi
The term "Palagi", pronounced Palangi, is Samoan in origin and is used in similar ways to Pākehā, usually by people of Samoan or other Pacific Island descent.
British and Irish New Zealanders
The New Zealand 2006 census statistics reported citizens with British (27,192), English (44,202), Scottish (15,039), Irish (12,651), Welsh (3,771) and Celtic (1,506) origins. Historically, a sense of 'Britishness' has figured prominently in the identity of many New Zealanders. As late as the 1950s it was common for New Zealanders to refer to themselves as British, such as when Prime Minister Keith Holyoake described Sir Edmund Hillary's successful ascent of Mount Everest as "[putting] the British race and New Zealand on top of the world". New Zealand passports described nationals as "British Subject and New Zealand Citizen" until 1974, when this was changed to "New Zealand Citizen".
While "European" identity predominates political discourse in New Zealand today, the term "British" is still used by some New Zealanders to explain their ethnic origins. Others see the term as better describing previous generations; for instance, journalist Colin James referred to "we ex-British New Zealanders" in a 2005 speech. It remains a relatively uncontroversial descriptor of ancestry.
Politics
Colonial period
As the earliest colonists of New Zealand, settlers from England and their descendants often held positions of power and made or helped make laws often because many had been involved in government back in England.
National founders
The lineage of most of the national founders of New Zealand was British (especially English) such as:
James Busby (from Scotland with English and Scottish parents) drafted the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand and, with William Hobson, co-authored the Treaty of Waitangi.
Captain William Hobson (from Waterford, Ireland) is the principal author of the Treaty of Waitangi and the first governor of New Zealand.
Various other founders of New Zealand have also been unofficially recognised:
Captain James Cook, the Englishman who voyaged to, and claimed New Zealand for the crown
Captain Arthur Phillip (Englishman), first governor of New South Wales, founder of the first colony with nominal authority over all of Australia east of the 135th meridian, including all of New Zealand bar the southernmost part of South Island.
Sir George Grey (English and Irish parents), the third governor of New Zealand and the eleventh New Zealand Prime Minister.
Henry Sewell (English parents), the first New Zealand Prime Minister.
Culture
The culture of New Zealand is essentially a Western culture influenced by the unique geography of New Zealand, the diverse input of Māori and other Pacific people, the British colonisation of New Zealand that began in 1840, and the various waves of multi-ethnic migration that followed. Evidence of a significant Anglo-Celtic heritage includes the predominance of the English language, the common law, the Westminster system of government, Christianity (Anglicanism) as the once dominant religion, and the popularity of British sports such as rugby and cricket; all of which are part of the heritage that has shaped modern New Zealand.
Distinctive identity
European settlement increased through the early decades of the 19th century, with numerous trading stations established, especially in the North. The experiences of European New Zealanders have endured in New Zealand music, cinema and literature. The early Pākehā settlers and later organised European settlers identifies themselves as the nationality of their former nations—typically British. Historian Fiona Barker states, "New Zealanders saw their country as playing a special role as a loyal member of the British Empire, and for a long time New Zealand aspired to be a ‘Britain of the South’." However, by the mid-20th century a distinctive identity had cemented.
Michael King, a leading writer and historian on identity, discussed the concept of distinct European New Zealander practices and imaginations in his books: Being Pākehā (1985) and Being Pākehā Now (1999), and the edited collection, Pakeha: The Quest for Identity in New Zealand (1991), conceptualising as New Zealand's "second indigenous" culture. By contrast, Māori art historian Jonathan Mane-Wheoki described Pākehā as "the people who define themselves by what they are not. Who want to forget their origins, their history, their cultural inheritance – who want Maori, likewise, to deny their origins so that we can all start off afresh."
Where identity is located, commonly New Zealand kitsch and symbols from marketing such as the Chesdale Cheese men are used as signifiers, and might more appropriately be called "Kiwiana".
Language
New Zealand English is a major variety of the English language and is used throughout New Zealand. Having an official status in the Constitution, New Zealand English is the one of the country's official languages and is the first language of the majority of the population.
New Zealand English began to diverge from British English after the English language was established in New Zealand by colonists during the 19th century. It arose from the intermingling of early settlers from a great variety of mutually intelligible dialectal regions of the British Isles and quickly developed into a distinct variety of English. New Zealand English differs from other varieties of English in vocabulary, accent, pronunciation, register, grammar and spelling.
The earliest form of New Zealand English was first spoken by the children of the colonists born into the colony of New Zealand. This first generation of children created a new dialect that was to become the language of the nation. The New Zealand-born children in the new colony were exposed to a wide range of dialects from all over the British Isles, in particular from Ireland and South East England. The native-born children of the colony created the new dialect from the speech they heard around them, and with it expressed peer solidarity. Even when new settlers arrived, this new dialect was strong enough to blunt other patterns of speech.
The most commonly spoken European languages other than English in New Zealand are French and German.
Music
Another area of cultural influence are New Zealand Patriotic songs:
"God Defend New Zealand" is a national anthem of New Zealand - Created by the Irish-born composer Thomas Bracken, the song was first performed in 1876, and was sung in New Zealand as a patriotic song. It has equal status with "God Save the Queen" but "God Defend New Zealand" is more commonly used. It did not gain its status as an official anthem until 1977, following a petition to Parliament asking "God Defend New Zealand" to be made the national anthem in 1976.
"God Save the Queen" - New Zealand's other official national anthem, and was the sole national anthem until 1977. "God Save the Queen" is also the national anthem of the United Kingdom and was adopted in 1745. It is now most often played only when the sovereign, Governor-General or other member of the Royal Family is present, or in other situations where a royal anthem would be used, or on some occasions such as Anzac Day.
Architecture
Scottish architect Sir Basil Spence provided the original conceptual design of the Beehive in 1964. The detailed architectural design was undertaken by the New Zealand government architect Fergus Sheppard, and structural design of the building was undertaken by the Ministry of Works. The Beehive was built in stages between 1969 and 1979. W. M. Angus constructed the first stage - the podium, underground car park and basement for a national civil defence centre, and Gibson O'Connor constructed the ten floors of the remainder of the building. Bellamy's restaurant moved into the building in the summer of 1975–76 and Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand, unveiled a plaque in the reception hall in February 1977. The Prime Minister, Robert Muldoon, formally opened the building in May 1977. The government moved into the upper floors in 1979. The annex facing Museum Street was completed in 1981. In July 2015, Heritage New Zealand declared the Beehive "of outstanding heritage significance for its central role in the governance of New Zealand".
Many of the more imposing structures in and around Dunedin and Christchurch were built in the latter part of the 19th century as a result of the economic boom following the Central Otago Gold Rush. A common style for these landmarks is the use of dark basalt blocks and facings of cream-coloured Oamaru stone, a form of limestone mined at Weston in North Otago. Notable buildings in this style include Dunedin Railway Station, the University of Otago Registry Building, Christchurch Arts Centre, Knox Church, Dunedin, ChristChurch Cathedral, Christchurch, Christ's College, Christchurch, Garrison Hall, Dunedin, parts of the Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings and Otago Boys' High School.
Place names in New Zealand of European origin
There are many places in New Zealand named after people and places in Europe, especially the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, and the Netherlands as a result of the many English, Scottish, Welsh, Irish, Dutch and other European settlers and explorers. These include the name "New Zealand" itself, as described below, along with several notable cities and regions:
New Zealand – In 1645 Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand.
Auckland – Both the city and region, as well as the former province, are named after George Eden, Earl of Auckland, whose title comes from the town of West Auckland, Durham, in England
Canterbury – the region, and former province, are named after Canterbury, England.
Christchurch – the original name of the city, "Christ Church", was decided prior to the ships' arrival, at the Association's first meeting, on 27 March 1848. The exact basis for the name is not known. It has been suggested that it is named for Christchurch, in Dorset, England; for Canterbury Cathedral; or in honour of Christ Church, Oxford. The last explanation is the one generally accepted.
Dunedin – comes from Dùn Èideann, the Scottish Gaelic name for Edinburgh, the Scottish capital.
New Plymouth – named for Plymouth, England
Wellington – Both the city and region, as well as the former province, are named after Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, whose title comes from the town of Wellington, Somerset, in England.
Small pockets of settlers from other European countries add to the identity and place names of specific New Zealand regions, most notably the Scandinavian-inspired place names of Dannevirke and Norsewood in southern Hawke's Bay.
Prime Ministers
All of the ancestors of the forty Prime Ministers of New Zealand were European and Anglo-Celtic (English, Scottish, Northern Irish, Welsh, or Irish). Some ancestors of three Prime Ministers did not originate from Britain or Ireland: some of the ancestors of David Lange were Germans, some of the ancestors of Julius Vogel and Francis Bell were European Jews, and some of John Key's ancestors were Jewish Austrian migrants (his mother's side).
Henry Sewell (English)
William Fox (English)
Edward Stafford (Scottish)
Alfred Domett (English)
Frederick Whitaker (English)
Frederick Weld (English)
George Waterhouse (Cornish)
Julius Vogel (English-Jewish)
Daniel Pollen (Irish)
Harry Atkinson (English)
George Grey (English, Irish)
John Hall (English)
Robert Stout (Scottish)
John Ballance (Irish, Scotch-Irish)
Richard Seddon (English)
William Hall-Jones (English)
Joseph Ward (Irish)
Thomas Mackenzie (Scottish)
William Massey (Scotch-Irish)
Francis Bell (English-Jewish)
Gordon Coates (English)
George Forbes (Scottish)
Michael Joseph Savage (Irish)
Peter Fraser (Scottish)
Sidney Holland (English)
Keith Holyoake (English)
Walter Nash (English)
Jack Marshall (Scottish)
Norman Kirk (Scottish)
Bill Rowling (English)
Robert Muldoon (Irish)
David Lange (German)
Geoffrey Palmer (English)
Mike Moore (English)
Jim Bolger (Irish)
Jenny Shipley (English)
Helen Clark (Irish)
John Key (English, Austrian-Jewish)
Bill English (Irish, English)
Jacinda Ardern (English, Scottish)
See also
Pākehā
Demographics of New Zealand
Immigration to New Zealand
Europeans in Oceania
European Australians
European Americans
European Canadians
Italian New Zealanders
Greek New Zealanders
Notes
References
External links
Stats NZ site
Ethnic groups in New Zealand |
4037122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Ireland%20Poc%20Fada%20Championship | All-Ireland Poc Fada Championship | The All-Ireland Poc Fada Hurling & Camogie Championships is an annual tournament testing the skills of Ireland's best hurlers and camogie players. Poc Fada is Irish for "long puck". The championships are sponsored by Martin Donnelly (who has been a sponsor since 1996).
The All Ireland Poc Fada Finals have taken place on the Saturday of the Irish August Bank Holiday each year since 2005. In 2018 the All Ireland Hurling Championship was restructured, with the 2019 Finals taking place on Saturday 3 August.
The Senior Hurling Final starts at An Fhána Mór, Annaverna, County Louth. Competitors must puck (hit) a sliotar with a hurley to the top of Annaverna Mountain (An Céide), and onwards to Carn an Mhadaidh. After a short break they continue down to An Gabhlán, before finishing back at the start of the course. The whole course measures .
Tournaments
Seniors Final – An Corn Setanta (The Setanta Cup)
The 12 competitors competing in this category qualify as the 4 Provincial champions, the 4 Provincial runners-up, the current champion, the 2013 "All Star" goalkeeper and 2 invitationals. In the past competitors have come from USA, Europe and South Africa.
An Corn Setanta ("The Sliotar Cup") is awarded to the player who takes the lowest number of pucks. Ties are broken by the distance by which the player's last puck crosses the finish line.
Comórtas Beirte (Pairs) – An Corn Cualigne (The Cooley Cup) & An Corn Craobh Rua (The Red Branch Cup)
Shared between the pairing drawn prior to the competition as the Pair returning the fewest combined pucks for the course. Record holders still to be clarified! This competition has now been discontinued.
Camogie Final – (The Camogie Poc Fada Cup)
There are 7 competitors in the Ladies event, although if there is an invitational place/wildcard on offer there may be 8. Presently the current champion, the 4 Provincial qualifiers, a qualifier from Co. Louth and a qualifier from Co. Armagh, the latter 2 counties being the hosts. In the past, the invitational/wildcard has gone to the London Cumann.
The U16 Boys Final – An Corn Sean Og Mac Seáin (The Sean Og Mac Seáin Cup)
There are currently only 4 participants in this event, 1 from each of the 4 provincial qualifiers. If the situation occurs where the winner of the All Ireland final is eligible to compete at the same age group the following year he will be asked to return and defend his All Ireland title. To date this has happened twice when the 2011 Under 16 champion (Cillian Kiely of Offaly) successfully retained the All Ireland title in 2012. This feat was repeated by his brother Cathal, the 2016 champion, who also retained his title in 2017.
History
The tournament was founded in 1960 by Fr. Pól Mac Sheáin and the Naomh Moninne club based in Fatima, Dundalk, Louth, with the first All Ireland event taking place in 1961 Limerick man Vincent Godfrey the first winner, out of 16 hurlers invited. The competition went off the calendar after 1969 before returning in 1981 with 12 competitors.
The concept of the competition originates in the Irish legend of "Táin Bó Cuailgne" when Cúchulainn, who as the boy Setanta set out from his home at Dún Dealgan to the King's court at Emain Macha hitting his sliotar before him and running ahead to catch it.
In 2001 the Poc Fada was held at Dundalk Stadium (Dundalk Racecourse) due to foot-and-mouth disease on the Cooley Peninsula, doing two laps of the circuit (2 miles 880 yards / 4,023 metres). The 2005 tournament was won by Albert Shanahan of Limerick, with international soccer player Niall Quinn (who played for Dublin in the All-Ireland minor final of 1983) also competing.
Almost all of the winners have been from the traditional hurling counties, but Dinny Donnelly (Meath), Gerry Goodwin (Tyrone), Colin Byrne (Wicklow), Paul Dunne (Louth), Mary Henry (Westmeath), 2009 champion Gerry Fallon (Roscommon) and the 2010 champion Graham Clarke (Down) have been the exceptions. The record currently stands at 48 pucks (an average of 104 metres per puck), achieved by Brendan Cummins (Tipperary) in 2004. The current record for the Camogie course is held by Patricia Jackman of Waterford when in 2013 she completed the course in 27 pocs and 7 metres (over the end line). Traditionally the most successful competitors have generally been goalkeepers, owing to the need for goalkeepers to puck the ball far up the field in a game of hurling but increasingly there are more "outfield" Hurlers and Camogs out qualifying their goalkeeping contemporaries at county and provincial final level.
Poc Fada Hall of Fame
Roll of Honour
Poc Fada Seniors
§ short course 2001 – took place at the Dundalk Racecourse (two and a half-mile) due to foot-and-mouth disease.
§ Less mountainous course 2012 – The Senior Men's competition was played over the "Lower" course due to the prevailing weather conditions on Finals' Day. They started at the 2.14 km course start line pucking to "An Gábhlan" and back to the start line where they turned and repeated the course for a second time. The course distance was 4.24 km.
Camogie Poc Fada since 2004
Uses a shorter course of just 2 stages from "An Fhana Mór" to "An Gabhlan" and back, a distance of 2.14 km (1.33 miles). The current record for the Camogie course is held by Patricia Jackman of Waterford when in 2013 she completed the course in 27 pocs and 7 metres (over the end line). Lyndsey Condell of Carlow's record stood from 2008 until 2013 when she completed the course in 28 pocs and 67 metres (over the end line) – Scoresheet not available online but has been verified. Catriona Daly (Galway) finishing 2nd to Patricia in 2013 with 28 pocs and 17.5m is in third place. Mary Henry of Westmeath in fourth place with 28 pocs and 4 metres (over the end line) in 2006.
Boys (Under 16)
Uses the same course as the Camogie finalists.
Girls U16 Camogie Poc Fada since 2015
Uses the same course as the Camogie finalists.
References
An Poc Fada.net – The Poc Fada portal for News, History, Pictures and Results
The Poc Fada on gaa.ie
GAA Poc Fada
External links
The Poc Fada on gaa.ie
GAA Poc Fada on Facebook
GAA Poc Fada on Twitter
MD My Club Shop GAA Poc Fada Official Sponsor
An Poc Fada.net – The Poc Fada portal for News, History, Pictures and Results
All-Ireland Hurling Championships |
4037124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenn%20Sterger | Jenn Sterger | Jennifer Lynette Sterger (born November 29, 1983) is an American model, television personality, and former online columnist for Sports Illustrated. She has worked as the "Gameday Host" for the New York Jets and was a co-host of the Versus sports news show The Daily Line. She currently works for All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as a backstage interviewer.
Career
Discovery
Sterger was born in Miami and attended Gaither High School near Tampa before attending Florida State University (FSU). Sterger and Catherine Perry (who later gained fame in WWE under the ringname Lana) were among a group of friends called the FSU Cowgirls, known for wearing skimpy clothing and cowboy hats to football games. She first came to attention when she was shown during a 2005 Florida State–Miami football game televised on ABC Sports. On seeing the shot, announcer Brent Musburger commented on-air that "1,500 red-blooded Americans just decided to apply to Florida State."
Modeling and acting
Sterger has posed in Maxim and Playboy magazines and was a spokesperson for Dr Pepper and Sprint. Sterger was featured on the E!: Entertainment Television show Byte Me: 20 Hottest Women of the Web that originally aired in March 2008, where she was #19 on their list.
In 2009, Sterger had her breast implants removed, stating that they had served their purpose for her career, and that she was tired of being stereotyped.
Sports journalism
After contributing two articles to Sports Illustrated, Sterger wrote a Wednesday feature on SI.com's "Scorecard Daily." In August 2008, the New York Jets hired her to be the "Gameday Host" for the team.
Sterger was a regular segment host on the ABC show Race to March Madness. The nationally televised weekly show highlighted the best teams in NCAA men's basketball and how the season was shaping up prior to the tournament. She hosted a weekly segment where she visited a top school's campus and interviewed players, coaches and fans of the respective teams.
After seven months on the air, Versus cancelled The Daily Line, a show she co-hosted, as of November 4, 2010. In 2011, Sterger worked as a reporter on specials for Fuel TV. In 2012 she moved to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career.
As of 2019, she has begun working at All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as an on-air personality conducting event updates and pre & post fight interviews with wrestlers.
Allegations against Brett Favre
In October 2010, reports surfaced on the website Deadspin that during the 2008 NFL season, quarterback Brett Favre was alleged to have sent Sterger suggestive text messages and voicemails asking her to come to his hotel room, and explicit photos of himself. At this time, he was the quarterback for the New York Jets while she was a sideline reporter for the team. The league said its sole focus was on whether Favre violated workplace conduct policy, not to "make judgments about the appropriateness of personal relationships." Favre admitted to sending voicemails, but not images to Sterger. He was later fined $50,000 for "failure to cooperate" with the investigation. The NFL stated that it "could not conclude" that Favre had violated the personal conduct policy, and that there was not sufficient evidence to establish if Favre had sent the photos.
Personal life
On December 23, 2016, Sterger became engaged to baseball player Cody Decker. On January 19, 2018, Sterger married Decker.
References
External links
Sterger's official site
Sterger's official blog
1983 births
American Internet celebrities
Florida State University alumni
Gaither High School alumni
Living people
Professional wrestling announcers
Writers from Miami
Writers from Tampa, Florida |
4037128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indestructible%21 | Indestructible! | Indestructible! is a 2006 studio album by the American jazz singer Anita O'Day. It was O'Day's final recording.
Indestructible! was O'Day's first album in thirteen years on her record label, Kayo Stereophonics, and was recorded between February 2004 and November 2005 at the Maid's Room, New York City. Musical arrangements and piano were by John Colianni.
O'Day died seven months after the album was released.
Track listing
"Blue Skies" (Irving Berlin) – 2:58
"This Can't Be Love" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) – 3:16
"Is You Is or Is You Ain't My Baby" (Bill Austin, Louis Jordan) – 4:01
"All of Me" (Gerald Marks, Seymour Simons) – 3:10
"A Slip of the Lip" (Mercer Ellington, Luther Henderson) – 2:39
"Pennies from Heaven" (Johnny Burke, Arthur Johnston) – 2:33
"Gimme a Pigfoot (And a Bottle of Beer)" (Coot Grant, Wesley Wilson) – 3:30
"Them There Eyes" (Maceo Pinkard, Doris Tauber, William Tracey) – 3:10
"Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea" (Berlin) – 2:54
"My Little Suede Shoes" (Charlie Parker) – 3:30
"The Nearness of You" (Hoagy Carmichael, Ned Washington) – 5:25
References
2006 albums
Anita O'Day albums |
4037130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferd%27nand | Ferd'nand | Ferd'nand was a Danish pantomime comic notable for its lack of word balloons and captions and its longevity (over seven decades). It was first published in 1937 and is still published regularly in several countries around the globe.
Background
Ferd'nand was first published in 1937 by the Presse-Illustrations-Bureau of Copenhagen. Created by Henning Dahl Mikkelsen, Ferd'nand features the adventures of the title character, his unnamed wife, unnamed son and family dog. Like Carl Anderson's Henry and Otto Soglow's The Little King, there is no dialogue in the strip, although there is the rare exception. While the characters usually speak via the occasional set of exclamation points or question marks, Ferd'nand has been seen to say "Africa," "Paris," and even with a word balloon, "Ok, James." This enabled the strip to achieve a wide distribution throughout Europe and, starting November 10, 1947, in the United States via United Feature Syndicate. Since Ferd'nand is pantomime, translation is not a problem, so the strip has been published in 30 countries.
Author
Mikkelsen, or "Mik" as he preferred to be known, moved to the United States in 1946, becoming a citizen in 1954. Mikkelsen turned over the strip to others, including Frank Thomas (no relation to Disney's Frank Thomas) for a time from 1955 until the mid-1960s. He then drew it until his death in 1982, after which Al Plastino, drew it until 1989. Plastino's strips were signed "Al + Mik".
Henrik Rehr, a Danish illustrator and painter, took over the strip in 1989, and was the final author. Rehr's strips are signed "Rehr.Mik".
Characters and story
The main character, presumably named Ferd'nand, is a round, mustachioed, middle-aged father and husband, recognized by his conical hat. Ferd'nand's son sports a similar hat, while his wife and dog are rather unremarkable in appearance. Ferd'nand's father also appeared in one strip, looking and being dressed like his son except for the white hair and mustache and wearing eyeglasses.
Unlike most strips, Ferd'nand lacks basic continuity or any cast of recurring characters other than the immediate Ferd'nand family. Ferd'nand himself has been seen working in nearly every occupation and in any location imaginable. Similarly, each strip stands alone; no story spans multiple strips. This lends a rather fantasy-like, ephemeral air to the strip.
Films
Two Ferd'nand animated cartoons were produced, both directed by H. Dahl Mikkelsen:
Ferd'nand på fisketur (Ferd'nand's fishing trip) (1944)
Ferd'nand på bjørnejagt (Ferd'nand's bear hunting) (1945)
End
New entries of "Ferd'nand" are no longer being published. The strip ended its run on January 8, 2012 (although Yahoo has now re-dated that strip May 6, 2012).
References
External links
Ferd'nand at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on July 25, 2016.
Danish comic strips
Fictional Danish people
Gag-a-day comics
Pantomime comics
1937 comics debuts
2012 comics endings
Comics characters introduced in 1937
Male characters in comics
Comics adapted into films
Comics adapted into animated series |
4037135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ende%2C%20East%20Nusa%20Tenggara | Ende, East Nusa Tenggara | Ende is the seat capital of the Ende Regency, East Nusa Tenggara province of Indonesia. Ende is located on the southern coast of Flores Island. The town had a population of 87,269 residents at the 2020 census, divided administratively between four districts of the regency – Ende Seletan, Ende Timur, Ende Tengah and Ende Utara.
History
Ende was the site of a kingdom that existed around the end of 18th century. The people of the area therefore known as Lio-Ende people. For many decades Ende has been a center of government, trade, education, and political activities.
Rebellion against the Dutch was led by a certain Nipa Do known as the wars of Watu Api and Mari Longa (1916-1917). In 1934, the nationalist leader, Sukarno, who later became Indonesia's first president was exiled to eastern Indonesia by the Dutch colonial government.
Attractions
The Bung Karno Museum is the old house occupied by Sukarno during his years of exile in Ende. Most of the old furniture are still there. While he was exiled in Ende, Sukarno wrote and held several plays, together with Tonel Kelimutu Theatre Group. Among the plays were Rendorua Ola Nggera Nusa (Rendo that stirred the archipelago) and Doctor Satan, a revision on the story of Dr. Frankenstein.
Near the football field in Ende stands a big breadfruit tree. Under the tree, Sukarno often sat, working on political ideas to lead Indonesia to independence. Those reflections contributed to the opening of Pancasila concept, which is now the state philosophy of Indonesia. From here Pancasila was born. Today, the Pancasila Birth Monument stands on this place. During a visit to Ende in June 2013, Vice President Boediono spoke of the importance of the idea of Pancasila for Indonesia and officiated over a ceremony to open a monument to the work of Sukarno in Ende.
Another attraction is Christ the King Cathedral, which is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ende.
The well-known tourist spot of Mount Kelimutu with three coloured volcanic lakes is about to the east of Ende.
While in Ende there is an opportunity to tryout the local type of coffee “Kopi End”'. Coffee beans and ginger toasted together and brewed as normal.
Transportation
The town is served by H. Hasan Aroeboesman Airport or Ende airport.
Climate
Ende has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw) with a long dry season and short wet season.
See also
Ende language (Indonesia)
Li'o language
References
External links
Populated places in East Nusa Tenggara
Flores Island (Indonesia)
Regency seats of East Nusa Tenggara |
4037146 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%20NASCAR%20Busch%20Series | 1999 NASCAR Busch Series | The 1999 NASCAR Busch Series began on February 13 and ended on November 13. Dale Earnhardt Jr. of Dale Earnhardt, Inc. won the season points championship for the second year in a row.
Teams and drivers
List of full-time teams at the start of 1999.
Races
NAPA Auto Parts 300
The NAPA Auto Parts 300 was held February 13 at Daytona International Speedway. Ken Schrader was the polesitter. On the last lap, Casey Atwood was tapped by Andy Hillenburg into the outside retaining wall. Atwood continued to go across the tri-oval on his roof. Atwood flipped 4 times, but emerged from his Chevrolet unscathed. The race was broadcast on CBS.
Top ten results
1-Randy LaJoie
32-Jeff Green
18-Andy Hillenburg
17-Matt Kenseth
8-Bobby Hillin Jr.
45-Adam Petty
99-Kevin Lepage
37-Kevin Grubb
9-Jeff Burton
90-Brad Loney
Failed to qualify: Hank Parker Jr. (#53), Derrike Cope (#61), Kelly Denton (#75), Morgan Shepherd (#07), Wayne Grubb (#83), Jeff Krogh (#56), Mike Garvey (#09), Skip Smith (#67), Shane Hall (#43), Mark Krogh (#80), Mike Stefanik (#05), Mark Day (#16), Blaise Alexander (#20), Ed Berrier (#77), Hermie Sadler (#72), Freddie Query (#68), Jeff McClure (#13), Brett Bodine (#54), Jim Bown (#51), Joe Bessey (#6), Lance Hooper (#23), Loy Allen Jr. (#78)
Alltel 200
The Alltel 200 was held February 20 at North Carolina Speedway. Dale Earnhardt Jr. was the polesitter. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
9-Jeff Burton
60-Mark Martin
17-Matt Kenseth
1-Randy LaJoie
27-Casey Atwood
34-Mike McLaughlin
98-Elton Sawyer
64-Geoff Bodine
66-Todd Bodine
36-Tim Fedewa
Failed to qualify: Adam Petty (#45), Freddie Query (#68), Brad Loney (#90), David Green (#41), Glenn Allen Jr. (#38), Philip Morris (#01), Jeff Green (#32), Mario Gosselin (#58), Dick Trickle (#5), Jeff Finley (#25), Bryan Wall (#73), Mike Skinner (#19), Bobby Labonte (#44), Jimmy Kitchens (#22)
Sam's Town 300
The Sam's Town 300 was held March 6 at Las Vegas Motor Speedway. Mark Martin was the pole sitter. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
60-Mark Martin
87-Joe Nemechek
9-Jeff Burton
24-Jeff Gordon
12-Jimmy Spencer
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
47-Elliott Sadler
32-Jeff Green
99-Kevin Lepage
57-Jason Keller
Failed to qualify: Casey Atwood (#27), Glenn Allen Jr. (#38), Brad Loney (#90), Mike Dillon (#59), Ted Musgrave (#29), Joe Buford (#7), Larry Pearson (#00), Jeff Finley (#25), Shane Hall (#43), Ed Berrier (#77), Jimmy Kitchens (#22), Kevin Grubb (#37), Freddie Query (#68), Wayne Grubb (#83), Bobby Hillin Jr. (#8), Bryan Wall (#73), Hermie Sadler (#72), Eric Jones (#70), Morgan Shepherd (#07), Mark Krogh (#80), Jerry Glanville (#81), Bobby Hamilton Jr. (#95)
Yellow Freight 300
The Yellow Freight 300 was held March 13 at Atlanta Motor Speedway. Dave Blaney was the polesitter. The race came under controversy when winner Mike Skinner was disqualified and the win was given to Blaney. But after a further review, NASCAR reversed its decision and re-awarded the victory to Skinner. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
19-Mike Skinner
93-Dave Blaney
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
99-Kevin Lepage
66-Todd Bodine
60-Mark Martin
64-Geoff Bodine
98-Elton Sawyer
38-Glenn Allen Jr.
50-Mark Green
Failed to qualify: Andy Kirby (#28), Tim Fedewa (#36), Freddie Query (#68), Hermie Sadler (#72), Bobby Hamilton Jr. (#95), Jeff Finley (#25), Shane Hall (#43), Brad Loney (#90), Jeff Fuller (#89), J. D. Gibbs (#18), Kevin Grubb (#37), Mark Day (#16)
Diamond Hill Plywood 200
The Diamond Hill Plywood 200 was held March 20 at Darlington Raceway. Mark Martin was the polesitter. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
17-Matt Kenseth
98-Elton Sawyer
10-Phil Parsons
44-Terry Labonte
99-Kevin Lepage
9-Jeff Burton
41-David Green
36-Tim Fedewa
21-Michael Waltrip
66-Todd Bodine
Failed to qualify: Jim Bown (#51), Lyndon Amick (#35), Andy Kirby (#28), Jeff Finley (#25), Freddie Query (#68), Mark Krogh (#80), Kerry Earnhardt (#40), Jimmy Kitchens (#22), Kevin Grubb (#37) Bobby Labonte (#18)
Coca-Cola 300
The Coca-Cola 300 was held March 27 at Texas Motor Speedway. Dave Blaney won the pole. The race was shortened to 163 laps due to rain. The race was broadcast on CBS and switched to TNN midway through the race.
Top ten results
60-Mark Martin
9-Jeff Burton
32-Jeff Green
34-Mike McLaughlin
11-Kenny Irwin Jr.
57-Jason Keller
15-Ken Schrader
93-Dave Blaney
19-Mike Skinner
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
Failed to qualify: Ed Berrier (#77), Andy Kirby (#28), Sterling Marlin (#42), Dick Trickle (#5), Jimmy Spencer (#12), Philip Morris (#01), Steve Park (#83), Shane Hall (#43), Stanton Barrett (#40), Brad Loney (#90), Jason Jarrett (#33), Jimmy Kitchens (#22), Mark Day (#16), Joe Buford (#7), Kenny Wallace (#25), Mark Krogh (#80), Bobby Hamilton Jr. (#95)
BellSouth Mobility 320
The BellSouth Mobility 320 was held April 3 at Nashville Speedway USA. Dale Earnhardt Jr. won the pole. The race was broadcast on CBS.
Top ten results
32-Jeff Green
27-Casey Atwood
57-Jason Keller
87-Joe Nemechek
66-Todd Bodine
4-Jeff Purvis
34-Mike McLaughlin
98-Elton Sawyer
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
10-Phil Parsons
Failed to qualify: J. D. Gibbs (#18), Freddie Query (#68), Scot Walters (#83), Lyndon Amick (#35), Shane Hall (#43), Brad Baker (#7), Chad Chaffin (#84), Donnie Moran (#58), Mark Day (#16), Bobby Hamilton Jr. (#95), Chris Cook (#65)
Moore's Snacks 250
The Moore's Snacks 250 was held April 10 at Bristol Motor Speedway. Jason Keller won the pole. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
57-Jason Keller
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
98-Elton Sawyer
44-Terry Labonte
66-Todd Bodine
25-Kenny Wallace
37-Kevin Grubb
14-Sterling Marlin
36-Tim Fedewa
61-Tony Roper
Failed to qualify: Ted Christopher (#13), Freddie Query (#68), Gary Bradberry (#86), Jason Jarrett (#33), Hermie Sadler (#72), Kelly Denton (#75), Curtis Markham (#83), Elliott Sadler (#47)
Touchstone Energy 300
The Touchstone Energy 300 was held April 24 at Talladega Superspeedway. Ken Schrader won the pole. The Big One happened midway in the race, with pole-sitter Schrader crashing and erupting in flames in Turn 1, also taking many other cars out. Schrader was uninjured. Terry Labonte would just barely edge Joe Nemechek in the closest finish of NASCAR Busch Series history. The race was broadcast on ABC.
Top ten results
44-Terry Labonte
87-Joe Nemechek
4-Jeff Purvis
17-Matt Kenseth
35-Lyndon Amick
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
00-Larry Pearson
27-Casey Atwood
1-Randy LaJoie
41-David Green
Failed to qualify: Andy Kirby (#28), Mark Martin (#60), Loy Allen (#78), Hermie Sadler (#72), Skip Smith (#67), Joe Bessey (#6), Stevie Reeves (#25), Freddie Query (#68)
This was the first Busch Series race in which veteran driver Mark Martin had failed to qualify for since February 1993.
Elton Sawyer entered this race with a microscopic 1 point lead in Busch Series standings, but due to engine troubles just 15 laps into the race, Sawyer had to drop out of the race, causing him to drop from first in points to third with a 114-point deficit to new standings leader Dale Earnhardt Jr.
Auto Club 300
The Auto Club 300 was held May 1 at California Speedway. Dale Earnhardt Jr. won the pole. The race was broadcast on ABC and switched to ESPN2 except on the West Coast with 9 laps to go due to the race running into ABC's broadcasting window of the 125th Kentucky Derby.
Top ten results
17-Matt Kenseth
9-Jeff Burton
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
45-Adam Petty
47-Elliott Sadler
36-Tim Fedewa
98-Elton Sawyer
21-Michael Waltrip
35-Lyndon Amick
77-Ed Berrier
Failed to qualify: Jimmy Kitchens (#22), Stevie Reeves (#25), Kenny Irwin Jr. (#11), Curtis Markham (#83), Jerry Glanville (#81), Brett Bodine (#54), Shane Hall (#43), Andy Kirby (#28), Sterling Marlin (#42), Ward Burton (#02)
Busch 200
The Busch 200 was held May 8 at New Hampshire International Speedway. Jeff Green won the pole. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
98-Elton Sawyer
32-Jeff Green
4-Jeff Purvis
1-Randy LaJoie
27-Casey Atwood
57-Jason Keller
72-Hermie Sadler
17-Matt Kenseth
66-Todd Bodine
77-Ed Berrier
This was Elton Sawyer's last career NASCAR victory.
Failed to qualify: Bobby Dotter (#08), Wayne Grubb (#83), Joe Bessey (#6), Bryan Wall (#73)
Hardee's 250
The Hardee's 250 was held May 14 at Richmond International Raceway. Jason Keller won the pole. The race was broadcast on ESPN2.
Top ten results
60-Mark Martin
9-Jeff Burton
17-Matt Kenseth
66-Todd Bodine
32-Jeff Green
15-Ken Schrader
25-Kenny Wallace
21-Michael Waltrip
4-Jeff Purvis
93-Dave Blaney
Failed to qualify: R. D. Smith (#79), Ted Christopher (#13), Geoff Bodine (#64), Terry Labonte (#44), Chad Chaffin (#84), Philip Morris (#01), Brad Baker (#7), Andy Kirby (#28), Brad Loney (#90), Freddie Query (#68), Jeff Finley (#65), Jason Rudd (#81), Bobby Hamilton Jr. (#95), Johnny Benson (#33)
First Union 200
The First Union 200 was held May 23 at Nazareth Speedway. Jeff Green won the pole. The race was shortened to 168 laps due to darkness. The race was broadcast on ESPN2.
Top ten results
17-Matt Kenseth
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
36-Tim Fedewa
93-Dave Blaney
45-Adam Petty
4-Jeff Purvis
32-Jeff Green
13-Ted Christopher
10-Phil Parsons
53-Hank Parker Jr.
Failed to qualify: Wayne Grubb (#83), Joey McCarthy (#41), Chad Chaffin (#84), J. D. Gibbs (#8N), Andy Kirby (#28), Bryan Wall (#77N), Dennis Demers (#86N), Mike Olsen (#61N)
Carquest Auto Parts 300
The Carquest Auto Parts 300 was held May 29 at Lowe's Motor Speedway. David Green won the pole. The race was broadcast on TBS.
Top ten results
60-Mark Martin
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
17-Matt Kenseth
9-Jeff Burton
21-Michael Waltrip
54-Brett Bodine
63-Chuck Bown
98-Elton Sawyer
66-Todd Bodine
32-Jeff Green
Failed to qualify: Terry Labonte (#44), Glenn Allen Jr. (#38), Jerry Nadeau (#90), Geoff Bodine (#64), Mike Wallace (#33), Bobby Hillin Jr. (#8), Philip Morris (#01), Jeff Fuller (#89), Kenny Irwin Jr. (#11), Tony Roper (#61), Larry Pearson (#00), Ed Berrier (#77), Mike Dillon (#59), Jim Bown (#65), Steve Grissom (#22), Lyndon Amick (#35), Andy Kirby (#28), Nathan Buttke (#30), Joe Buford (#7), Jeff Krogh (#56), Jimmy Kitchens (#55), Doug Reid III (#97)
MBNA Platinum 200
The MBNA Platinum 200 was held June 5 at Dover International Speedway. Dick Trickle won the pole. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
02-Ward Burton
66-Todd Bodine
41-David Green
5-Dick Trickle
37-Kevin Grubb
32-Jeff Green
93-Dave Blaney
98-Elton Sawyer
57-Jason Keller
Failed to qualify: Andy Santerre (#47), Jerry Glanville (#81), Brad Loney (#90), Hermie Sadler (#72), Joey McCarthy (#41), John Preston (#12), Hank Parker Jr. (#53), Lyndon Amick (#35)
Textilease/Medique 300
The Textilease/Medique 300 was held June 12 at South Boston Speedway. Dale Earnhardt Jr. won the pole. This was the last career NASCAR race for Chuck Bown and Larry Pearson. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
32-Jeff Green
53-Hank Parker Jr.
4-Jeff Purvis
36-Tim Fedewa
17-Matt Kenseth
01-Philip Morris
61-Tony Roper
74-Tony Raines
27-Casey Atwood
Failed to qualify: Greg Marlowe (#92), Jeff Krogh (#56), R. D. Smith (#79), Curtis Markham (#33), Andy Santerre (#47), Stanton Barrett (#40), Shane Hall (#43), Glenn Allen Jr. (#38), Ed Berrier (#77), Andy Kirby (#28)
Lysol 200
The Lysol 200 was held June 27 at Watkins Glen International. Ron Fellows won the pole. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
87-Ron Fellows
34-Mike McLaughlin
12-Jack Baldwin
57-Jason Keller
40-Butch Miller
59-Mike Dillon
93-Dave Blaney
66-Todd Bodine
53-Hank Parker Jr.
Failed to qualify: Jeff Krogh (#56), Eric Bodine (#21N), Stacy Compton (#28), J. D. Gibbs (#8N), Louis Rettenmeier (#59N), Ted Christopher (#13)
DieHard 250
The DieHard 250 was held July 4 at The Milwaukee Mile. Casey Atwood won the pole. During the final practice for this race, Jeff Krogh crashed and suffered near-fatal injuries. He has since recovered, although he has not run a NASCAR race since. This was Casey Atwood's first career Busch Series victory as he moved Jeff Green out of the way on the final turn of the final lap. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
27-Casey Atwood
32-Jeff Green
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
38-Glenn Allen Jr.
17-Matt Kenseth
93-Dave Blaney
92-Jimmie Johnson
66-Todd Bodine
5-Dick Trickle
61-Tony Roper
Failed to qualify: Mario Gosselin (#15), Bobby Dotter (#08), Rick Beebe (#82), Dennis Setzer (#11), Stacy Compton (#19), Jerry Glanville (#81), Mel Walen (#58), Brad Loney (#90)
Myrtle Beach 250
The Myrtle Beach 250 was held July 17 at Myrtle Beach Speedway. Dale Earnhardt Jr. won the pole. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
32-Jeff Green
1-Randy LaJoie
17-Matt Kenseth
43-Shane Hall
90-Brad Loney
66-Todd Bodine
98-Elton Sawyer
57-Jason Keller
10-Phil Parsons
4-Jeff Purvis
Failed to qualify: Philip Morris (#01), Glenn Allen Jr. (#38), Chad Chaffin (#84), Mark Green (#50), Andy Santerre (#47), Curtis Markham (#72), Adam Petty (#45), Bobby Hamilton Jr. (#63), Mario Gosselin (#58), Greg Marlowe (#92), Andy Kirby (#28), Kevin Grubb (#37), Ed Spencer III (#12), R. D. Smith (#79)
NAPA Autocare 250
The NAPA Autocare 250 was held July 24 at Pikes Peak International Raceway. Dave Blaney won the pole. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
47-Andy Santerre
36-Tim Fedewa
66-Todd Bodine
32-Jeff Green
4-Jeff Purvis
5-Dick Trickle
17-Matt Kenseth
98-Elton Sawyer
27-Casey Atwood
10-Phil Parsons
Failed to qualify: Scott Gaylord (#52), Jerry Glanville (#81), Chad Chaffin (#16)
Carquest Auto Parts 250
The Carquest Auto Parts 250 was held July 31 at Gateway International Raceway. Casey Atwood won the pole. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
1-Randy LaJoie
87-Joe Nemechek
32-Jeff Green
57-Jason Keller
17-Matt Kenseth
27-Casey Atwood
93-Dave Blaney
34-Mike McLaughlin
66-Todd Bodine
Failed to qualify: Gary Bradberry (#28), Ted Smokstad (#19), Eric Jones (#70), Gus Wasson (#96), Mel Walen (#58), Lyndon Amick (#35)
Kroger 200 presented by Fifth Third Bank
The Kroger 200 was held August 6 at Indianapolis Raceway Park. Jason Keller won the pole. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
57-Jason Keller
66-Todd Bodine
32-Jeff Green
17-Matt Kenseth
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
4-Jeff Purvis
36-Tim Fedewa
98-Elton Sawyer
40-Butch Miller
74-Tony Raines
Failed to qualify: Brad Baker (#7), Brad Loney (#90), Tony Roper (#61), D.J. Hoelzle (#55), Greg Marlowe (#92), Gus Wasson (#96)
NAPA 200
The NAPA 200 was held August 21 at Michigan International Speedway. Dave Blaney won the pole. During a practice session for this race, Ernie Irvan crashed in turn 4 and suffered serious injuries. This forced him into early retirement. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
24-Jeff Gordon
93-Dave Blaney
02-Ward Burton
60-Mark Martin
21-Michael Waltrip
9-Jeff Burton
12-Jimmy Spencer
77-Kevin Lepage
4-Jeff Purvis
Failed to qualify: Curtis Markham (#72), Ted Musgrave (#82), Hank Parker Jr. (#53), Phil Parsons (#10), Tony Roper (#61), Tim Fedewa (#36), Bobby Hillin Jr. (#8), Butch Miller (#40), Wayne Grubb (#83), Greg Sacks (#90), Ricky Craven (#47), Chad Chaffin (#16), Glenn Allen Jr. (#38), Ernie Irvan (#84), Gus Wasson (#96), Ted Christopher (#13), Matt Hutter (#99)
Food City 250
The Food City 250 was held August 27 at Bristol Motor Speedway. Jeff Green won the pole. The race was broadcast on ESPN2.
Top ten results
17-Matt Kenseth
21-Michael Waltrip
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
14-Sterling Marlin
66-Todd Bodine
25-Kenny Wallace
98-Elton Sawyer
44-Terry Labonte
93-Dave Blaney
8-Bobby Hillin Jr.
Failed to qualify: Steve Grissom (#22), Kevin Lepage (#99), Tony Roper (#61), Hermie Sadler (#33), Kenny Irwin Jr. (#11), Bobby Hamilton Jr. (#63), Butch Miller (#40), Glenn Allen Jr. (#38), Hank Parker Jr. (#53), Carl Long (#95), Kelly Denton (#75), Kerry Earnhardt (#76)
Dura Lube 200
The Dura Lube 200 was held September 4 at Darlington Raceway. Ward Burton won the pole. The race was broadcast on ESPN2.
Top ten results
60-Mark Martin
93-Dave Blaney
17-Matt Kenseth
02-Ward Burton
87-Joe Nemechek
25-Kenny Wallace
9-Jeff Burton
4-Jeff Purvis
14-Sterling Marlin
66-Todd Bodine
Failed to qualify: Hermie Sadler (#33), Ted Musgrave (#40), Kevin Harvick (#2), Terry Labonte (#44), Greg Sacks (#90), Curtis Markham (#72), Andy Santerre (#47), Lyndon Amick (#88), Ed Berrier (#55), Kerry Earnhardt (#7), Tom Hubert (#15)
Autolite Platinum 250
The Autolite Platinum 250 was held September 10 at Richmond International Raceway. Jeff Burton won the pole. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
60-Mark Martin
12-Jimmy Spencer
25-Kenny Wallace
37-Kevin Grubb
35-Elliott Sadler
41-David Green
4-Jeff Purvis
77-Chad Chaffin
57-Jason Keller
Failed to qualify: Michael Waltrip (#21), Ricky Hendrick (#24), Brett Bodine (#54), Brad Loney (#90), Michael Ritch (#55), Kenny Irwin Jr. (#11), Philip Morris (#01), Hut Stricklin (#38), Ted Christopher (#13), R. D. Smith (#79), Jason Rudd (#81), Jimmy Kitchens (#7), Jason White (#28), Mario Gosselin (#58), Hal Goodson (#39), Hank Parker Jr. (#53)
MBNA Gold 200
The MBNA Gold 200 was held September 25 at Dover International Speedway. Matt Kenseth won the pole. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
27-Casey Atwood
1-Randy LaJoie
32-Jeff Green
74-Tony Raines
11-Kenny Irwin Jr.
25-Kenny Wallace
46-David Green
10-Phil Parsons
34-Mike McLaughlin
00-Buckshot Jones
Failed to qualify: Jason Leffler (#18), Kelly Denton (#75), Lance Hooper (#23), Rich Bickle (#63), Joey McCarthy (#41), Michael Ritch (#55), Ted Christopher (#13), Jimmy Kitchens (#7), Ken Alexander (#03)
All Pro Bumper to Bumper 300
The All Pro Bumper to Bumper 300 was held October 9 at Lowe's Motor Speedway. Matt Kenseth won the pole. The race was broadcast on TBS.
Top ten results
21-Michael Waltrip
24-Jeff Gordon
34-Mike McLaughlin
12-Jimmy Spencer
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
02-Ward Burton
17-Matt Kenseth
87-Joe Nemechek
66-Todd Bodine
19-Mike Skinner
Failed to qualify: Brett Bodine (#54), Hermie Sadler (#47), Curtis Markham (#72), Kelly Denton (#75), Rich Bickle (#91), Robert Pressley (#61), Ken Schrader (#15), Bobby Hillin Jr. (#8), Chad Chaffin (#77), Kenny Irwin Jr. (#11), Derrike Cope (#89), Ed Berrier (#78), Mike Garvey (#09), Elliott Sadler (#35), Morgan Shepherd (#7), Wayne Grubb (#83), Joe Buford (#95), Kevin Schwantz (#65), Gary Bradberry (#86), Adam Petty (#45)
Kmart 200
The Kmart 200 was held October 23 at North Carolina Speedway. Mark Martin won the pole. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
60-Mark Martin
32-Jeff Green
93-Dave Blaney
17-Matt Kenseth
66-Todd Bodine
33-Johnny Benson
25-Kenny Wallace
57-Jason Keller
41-David Green
61-Morgan Shepherd
Failed to qualify: Hut Stricklin (#38), Ken Schrader (#15), Sterling Marlin (#14), Rich Bickle (#91), Lance Hooper (#23), Jimmy Hensley (#83), Mike Borkowski (#02), Hermie Sadler (#47), Johnny Chapman (#73), Greg Biffle (#19), Ed Berrier (#63), Kelly Moore (#48), Mike Laughlin Jr. (#94), Philip Morris (#01)
Sam's Town 250
The inaugural Sam's Town 250 was held October 30 at Memphis Motorsports Park. Jeff Green won the pole. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
32-Jeff Green
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
98-Elton Sawyer
66-Todd Bodine
45-Adam Petty
5-Dick Trickle
34-Mike McLaughlin
37-Kevin Grubb
36-Tim Fedewa
35-Lyndon Amick
Failed to qualify: J. D. Gibbs (#42), Jimmy Spencer (#12), Jimmy Morales (#82), Kenny Wallace (#25), Brad Baker (#7), Ricky Hendrick (#24), Joe Buford (#67), Brian Smith (#76), R. D. Smith (#13), Kevin Lepage (#99), Sean Studer (#68), Ron Young (#71), Kelly Moore (#48), Kevin Ray (#95), Mike Garvey (#09), Kelly Denton (#75)
Outback Steakhouse 200
The inaugural Outback Steakhouse 200 was held November 6 at Phoenix International Raceway. Ken Schrader won the pole. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
24-Jeff Gordon
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
12-Jimmy Spencer
9-Jeff Burton
25-Kenny Wallace
31-Ron Hornaday Jr.
15-Ken Schrader
17-Matt Kenseth
66-Todd Bodine
00-Buckshot Jones
Failed to qualify: Joe Nemechek (#87), Bobby Hamilton (#80), Jimmy Hensley (#83), Greg Sacks (#90), Jimmy Morales (#14), Dave Steele (#82), Damon Lusk (#70)
First win for Gordon-Evernham Motorsports. This was also the only win with Ray Evernham as co-owner. Evernham would sell his half of the team at seasons end to go develop his own team with Dodge for the 2001 Winston Cup season. Rick Hendrick bought Evernham's share and the team was renamed to JG Motorsports for 2000.
HotWheels.com 300
The HotWheels.com 300 was held November 13 at Homestead-Miami Speedway. Hut Stricklin won the pole. The race was broadcast on NBC, NBC's first Busch Series telecast.
Top ten results
87-Joe Nemechek
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
12-Jimmy Spencer
53-Hank Parker Jr.
32-Jeff Green
99-Kevin Lepage
41-David Green
9-Jeff Burton
22-Bobby Hamilton Jr.
02-Ward Burton
Failed to qualify: Mike Garvey (#09), Greg Sacks (#90), Ron Young (#71), Ted Christopher (#28), John Preston (#89), Bobby Hamilton (#80), Morgan Shepherd (#76), Barry Bodine (#6), Steve Park (#84), Wayne Grubb (#83), Mark Green (#50), Sean Studer (#68), Joe Buford (#7), Jimmy Morales (#82), Randy MacDonald (#54), Curtis Markham (#63), Andy Santerre (#44), Kevin Grubb (#37), Johnny Chapman (#73), Derek Gilcrest (#15)
Final points standings
Dale Earnhardt Jr. - 4647
Jeff Green - 4367
Matt Kenseth - 4327
Todd Bodine - 4029
Elton Sawyer - 3891
Jeff Purvis - 3658
Dave Blaney - 3582
Jason Keller - 3537
Mike McLaughlin - 3478
Randy LaJoie - 3379
Dick Trickle - 3154
Tony Raines - 3142
Casey Atwood - 3134
Tim Fedewa - 2989
Phil Parsons - 2951
Mike Dillon - 2795
Kevin Grubb - 2607
Hank Parker Jr. - 2559
Bobby Hillin Jr. - 2517
Adam Petty - 2471
Mark Green - 2419
Jeff Fuller - 2280
Kenny Wallace - 2167
Shane Hall - 2154
Jeff Burton - 2091
Mark Martin - 2048
David Green - 2010
Buckshot Jones - 1889
Michael Waltrip - 1762
Terry Labonte - 1761
Ed Berrier - 1705
Glenn Allen Jr. - 1692
Joe Nemechek - 1485
Lyndon Amick - 1483
Kevin Lepage - 1476
Elliott Sadler - 1454
Hermie Sadler - 1449
Chuck Bown - 1370
Bobby Hamilton Jr. - 1351
Brad Loney - 1306
Tony Roper - 1284
Ken Schrader - 1270
Jimmy Spencer - 1197
Mike Skinner - 1195
Wayne Grubb - 1187
Johnny Benson - 1173
Geoff Bodine - 1093
Stanton Barrett - 1074
Larry Pearson - 1032
Jeff Krogh - 960
Full Drivers' Championship
(key) Bold – Pole position awarded by time. Italics – Pole position set by owner's points. * – Most laps led.
Rookie of the Year
The winner of the 1999 rookie battle was Tony Raines, a former American Speed Association champion. He had three top-ten finishes en route to a twelfth-place finish in points. Hank Parker Jr. was the runner-up, while fourth-generation driver and preseason favorite Adam Petty struggled with consistency and finished third. Bobby Hamilton Jr. and Tony Roper spent the season bouncing from ride to ride, and were unable to make a strong threat for the award. Kelly Denton, Philip Morris, Kerry Earnhardt, and Skip Smith all declared for the ROTY award, but could not mount a full-season attempt.
See also
1999 NASCAR Winston Cup Series
1999 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series
External links
Busch Series Standings and Statistics for 1999
NASCAR Xfinity Series seasons |
4037149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20Kolev | Ivan Kolev | Ivan Kolev may refer to:
Ivan Kolev (footballer, born 1930) (1930–2005), Bulgarian footballer, 1956 Olympics bronze medalist
Ivan Kolev (footballer, born 1995), Bulgarian footballer
Ivan Kolev (football manager) (born 1957), Bulgarian football manager
Ivan Kolev (wrestler) (born 1951), Bulgarian wrestler, 1976 Olympics bronze medalist
Ivan Kolev (general) (1863–1917), Bulgarian general during WWI |
4037152 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They%20Call%20Me%20Bruce%3F | They Call Me Bruce? | They Call Me Bruce? (also known as They Call Me Bruce) is a 1982 American action comedy film directed by Elliott Hong, written by David B. Randolph and starring Johnny Yune and Margaux Hemingway.
The film was followed by a sequel, They Still Call Me Bruce (1987), which also starred Johnny Yune.
Plot
The film opens with a young boy running to meet his grandfather (played by Yune), who lies dying on his bed. The young boy sadly explains that he could not find the medicine required to cure his grandfather's ailment and wonders aloud who will take care of him after his grandfather dies. His dying grandfather attempts to reassure the young boy and explains that he should go to America. He further explains that when he was younger and working as a merchant marine, he met "the most beautiful girl" in America and tells the young boy that if he goes there, she will take very good care of him. As the young boy is asking how to find her, his grandfather dies and the film fades to black.
When it fades back in, quite some time has passed and the young boy, who is now an adult, has arrived in America and has begun working as a chef, catering to some gangsters in California. The gangsters, who call the man "Bruce" due to his resemblance to the famed martial artist Bruce Lee, are having trouble keeping their "boss of bosses" happy and are trying to come up with the perfect solution to distributing cocaine to all of their clients throughout the United States. Some previous attempts at moving the drug have resulted in busts and the boss of bosses is not happy.
Through a series of misunderstandings, Bruce makes it into the local newspaper as a hero, having thwarted an attempted robbery at the local market. Bruce's boss, Lil' Pete, sees the newspaper and quickly devises a plan, putting Bruce in control of moving the cocaine across the country and using Freddy, a stooge associated with the drug lords, as Bruce's limousine chauffeur. He convinces Bruce (who already wants to go to New York City to find the lady of whom his grandfather spoke) that he should drive to New York, not fly, as flying would rob him of seeing the beautiful countryside. Bruce agrees, and the rest of the film follows an unknowing Bruce delivering what he thinks to be Chinese flour to associates of the gangsters across the country, and the interactions he has with the people on this trip.
Cast
Releases
The film was given a limited release theatrically in the United States by Film Ventures International and Canada in November 1982. Despite never being in more than 325 theaters, the film was a surprise success and grossed $16,894,678 at the box office.
Home video
A DVD of the film was released on April 29, 2003 by Madacy Entertainment, with some minor changes. Various scenes were cut to adhere to the standards of a PG rating, one of which was the removal of a short scene of nudity involving a woman disrobing while Bruce is in a hot tub.
A 25th-Anniversary DVD edition of They Call Me Bruce? was released on June 30, 2009, by Liberation Entertainment. The film is a high-quality transfer from a newly discovered 35 mm print, which the studio calls "pristine", and also restores the scenes that were cut from the original DVD release.
References
External links
1982 films
1982 martial arts films
1980s action comedy films
1980s parody films
American action comedy films
Films set in California
Films about immigration to the United States
Immigration in fiction
Chinese-American films
Korean-American films
Cultural depictions of Bruce Lee
Asian-American action films
1982 comedy films |
4037158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIG%20plc | SIG plc | SIG plc is a British-based international supplier of insulation, roofing, commercial interiors and specialist construction products. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange.
History
The company was founded by Ernest Adsetts in 1957 Sheffield as Sheffield Insulations Limited. His son Norman Adsetts joined the firm in 1966, becoming managing director in 1970, and then chairman in 1985. The company was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1989, when it became Sheffield Insulations Group plc. The company expanded rapidly in the start of the 1990s, acquiring Ceilings Distribution Ltd, a supplier in the United Kingdom of ceilings products, in 1990, Freeman Group, a large British insulation distributor, and Isokauf in Germany in 1994 and Komfort Systems, a supplier of partition systems for offices, in 1995.
The company was renamed SIG plc in 1995. Norman Adsetts retired the following year. Acquisitions in the end of the 1990s included WKT and Golinski of Germany in 1996, and Asphaltic, a major roofing supplier in the United Kingdom, CP Supplies and Branton Industries and Distribution International in the United States in 1997. In 2000, the company bought Nouwens Group in the Netherlands, and in 2001, it bought Capco, suppliers of interiors, roofing and insulation in the United Kingdom and Ireland. This was followed in 2002 by the acquisition of AM Proos and Clydesdale Roofing Supplies. In 2002, David Williams was appointed Chief Executive.
In 2004, the company bought Orion Trent Insulation, another distributor for the United Kingdom, with Leaderflush Shapland (formerly LS Group), a manufacturer of door sets for hospitals following in 2005. It bought Wodan and WIG in Poland, and exited the United States in 2006. The acquisition of Lariviere came in 2007, allowing the company to enter the French roofing market.
In 2007, General Fixings, based in Bristol, was acquired. Also in 2007, SIG moved into the refractory business, by purchasing MacGregor and Moir, one of the United Kingdom and Europe's leading specialists of high temperature insulation and refractory solutions. In 2008 it bought Air Trade Centre International B.V., a Dutch air conditioning business.
In 2008, David Williams retired, with Chris Davies taking his place as Chief Executive. In further management changes, Stuart Mitchell was appointed as CEO in March 2013, Meinie Oldersma took over the role in March 2017 and Steve Francis became CEO in April 2020.
Operations
The company serves a wide range of markets across the building, construction, off site manufacturing and process sectors, from premises throughout Europe and the Middle East.
References
External links
Official site
Building materials companies of the United Kingdom
Business services companies established in 1956
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
Manufacturing companies based in Sheffield
1956 establishments in England |
4037159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Name%20Is%20Bruce | My Name Is Bruce | My Name Is Bruce is a 2007 American comedy horror film directed, co-produced by, and starring B-movie cult actor Bruce Campbell. The film was written by Mark Verheiden. It had a theatrical release in October 2008, followed by DVD and Blu-ray releases on February 10, 2009.
Although Sam Raimi, with whom Bruce frequently collaborates, is not involved with this production, much of the film is in the vein of the Evil Dead series. Ted Raimi (Sam's brother), also a frequent collaborator, appears in this film.
Campbell has shown several minutes of the movie during some of his campus lectures, as well as a few public screenings, including showings at the sixth annual Ashland Independent Film Festival, CineVegas and the 11th annual East Lansing Film Festival. A trailer was released for the film, as well, and is available on various websites. A screening was held at the Alamo Drafthouse Cinema. Tickets for the show sold out in less than two minutes, breaking the previous Alamo ticket sellout record, which was also set by a Bruce Campbell appearance at the theater in 1998.
Plot
In the mining town of Gold Lick, Oregon, Jeff (Taylor Sharpe), a young fan of B-movie actor Bruce Campbell, and his friend Clayton (Logan Martin) go out to a cemetery to meet two girls, Big Debbie (Ariel Badenhop) and Little Debbie (Ali Akay). Jeff removes a medallion off the mausoleum, unleashing the Chinese god of the dead, Guan Di (James Peck), who kills Clayton and the Debbies while Jeff flees.
Meanwhile, Bruce Campbell is finishing filming for the fictional Cave Alien II, and is promised a birthday surprise from his agent, Mills Toddner (Ted Raimi). Bruce meets Jeff, who kidnaps Campbell and takes him to Gold Lick in hopes that his hero can save the town from Guan Di. Upon arrival, Bruce assumes this is his birthday surprise from Mills, and thinks it is all a movie, despite a lack of cameras and a script, and agrees to "help". He learns about Guan Di in the town's hall, and during a dinner party, Bruce gets on the good side of Jeff's mother, Kelly (Grace Thorsen), who had initially been irritated by Bruce's behavior.
After gearing up at Gold Lick's gun shop, Bruce and many citizens of Gold Lick go out into the woods to take on Guan Di, which Bruce still thinks is part of a movie. Bruce then finds out that it is all real and flees Gold Lick, angering the townspeople, disappointing Kelly, and upsetting Jeff. As part of a running gag, an Italian painter (also played by Ted Raimi) constantly repaints the population sign every time someone dies, including himself. Bruce returns to his caravan to find that everyone, including his own dog, hates him a lot. He has a restraining order placed upon him by his ex-wife, Cheryl (Ellen Sandweiss), and finds that his "surprise birthday present" from Mills was just a singing prostitute named Kasey (Janelle Farber). Bruce is then called by Jeff, who informs him that he is going to take on Guan Di alone in spite of Bruce's retreat.
Kasey takes Bruce back to Gold Lick, where he is treated with contempt and tries to reconcile with Kelly. To rescue Jeff, they both drive to the old cemetery, in which they set up dynamite at the mausoleum and try to lure Guan Di inside with one of Jeff's cardboard cut-outs of Bruce, for which Guan Di does not fall. After kissing Kelly, Bruce decides to sacrifice himself (with bean curd playing a significant role in luring Guan Di) and the dynamite is blown up. He emerges from the debris alive, and hangs the medallion back onto the mausoleum wall to ease the spirit. Guan Di then also comes back to life, and at the last minute, as revealed, the whole scenario was a movie. Bruce argues with Ted Raimi about the cliche ending and turns it into a happy ending, which involves Bruce and Kelly married, living in a nice house with their son, Jeff, who is accepted into Harvard University. After the movie ends, Bruce asks, "What could be a better ending than that?", after which Guan Di appears and attacks Bruce.
Cast
Bruce Campbell as Faux Bruce Campbell
Ted Raimi as Mills Toddner / Wing / Ted the Sign Painter
Ben McCain as the Mayor
Ellen Sandweiss as Cheryl
Dan Hicks as Dirt Farmer
Butch McCain as the Sheriff/Farmer
Grace Thorsen as Kelly Graham
Taylor Sharpe as Jeff
Timothy Patrick Quill as Frank
Logan Martin as Clayton
Ali Akay as Little Debbie
Ariel Badenhop as Big Debbie
Janelle Farber as Kasey
James Peck as Guan-Di / Cavealien Monster
Jen Brown as Petra
Mike Estes as Fan #2
Adam Boyd as "Tiny"
Release
Over a year's gap occurred between the film's earliest screenings and its wider release in October 2008. Dark Horse Comics' Mike Richardson commented on this:
"'Some people maybe thought the film fell out or that there was something wrong with it,' Richardson says, touching on Bruce's slow journey getting before wide audiences. It was roughly a year ago that it screened to CineVegas film fest attendees. 'We did our shoot, put it in the can and the studio that financed it liked it so much they gave us more money to do a second shoot. We beefed it up so it could go into the theaters.'"
For the week of November 12, 2008, My Name is Bruce took in $18,777 from its showing at the Sunshine Theater in New York.
Reception
Reviews on My Name is Bruce were mixed, earning a Rotten Tomatoes approval rating of 40%, the consensus being "My Name Is Bruce succeeds or fails based entirely upon the viewer's opinion of Bruce Campbell, an unreasonable burden for even the most accomplished actor.".
One positive review came from Nick Rogers of Suite101.com, saying, "My Name is Bruce won't give you sugar, baby. Not on its budget. But Splenda works fine as a substitute for this Kool-Aid, which Campbell knows fans will happily drink. A little bit of purposefully lousy filmmaking winds up going a long way." One negative review came from Felix Vasquez Jr. of Cinema Crazed, calling it "Smug, silly, and forgettable, this vanity project wants to be the next cult hit, but really is just another vehicle for Bruce Campbell."
Home media
The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on February 10, 2009.
Sequel
Richardson said that a sequel, titled My Name is Still Bruce, is in the works. Dark Horse Entertainment and Image Entertainment will distribute both films. The title for the second film has since been changed to Bruce vs. Frankenstein.
In a message sent in January, 2010, to Ain't It Cool News, Campbell officially announced the sequel, stating that "principal photography begins this fall in Oregon." In April, Ted Raimi confirmed that he would be involved with the project. Campbell declared himself the director, saying, "no one will volunteer, so it's me."
Adaptation
In September 2008, Dark Horse Comics published a single-issue comic-book adaptation of the movie. The script was adapted by Milton Freewater, Jr., and the art was by Cliff Richards.
References
External links
My Name Is Bruce on DVD UK Film and Bruce Information.
2007 films
2007 horror films
2007 comedy horror films
American films
American comedy horror films
Films directed by Bruce Campbell
Films set in Oregon
Films shot in Oregon
Dark Horse Entertainment films
Parodies of horror
Films based on Dark Horse Comics
2007 comedy films |
4037162 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyakken%20Uchida | Hyakken Uchida | was a Japanese author and academic.
Biography
Uchida was born in Okayama to a family of sake brewers whose business later went bankrupt. His real name is Eizo Uchida (内田 榮造 Uchida Eizō). He became a pupil of Natsume Sōseki in 1911. He graduated from Tokyo University (Tokyo Imperial University) in 1914. He became professor of German at Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1916. He later taught at Hosei University (Tokyo). He is the main subject of Akira Kurosawa's last film, . His novel, is the inspiration for the film, Zigeunerweisen. He is the author of more than fifteen volumes of writings including , and . In Japan he is well known as a passionate railfan and he made some works on railway travel. Though a great literary figure in Japan, he currently only has one book translated into English: Realm of the Dead (冥途 Meido). That volume also includes the collection Triumphal Entry into Ryojun (). "Small Round Things", a translated excerpt from another collection, Jottings from the Goblins' Garden (), appeared in the JAL inflight magazine Skyward in January 2006. He had two sons and three daughters.
Bibliography
Novels
(Realm of the Dead) (1922)
(1934)
(The first appearance of the Tokyo Nikki in .) (1939)
(The first appearance of the Nanzanju in .) (1939)
(The first appearance of the Yanagi Kenkō no Shōkan in .) (1941)
(1950)
(The first appearance of the Sarasāte no ban in .） (1951)
(1952–1956)
Essays
(1933)
(1933)
(1934)
(1941)
(1946)
(1951)
(1957)
(1971)
Children's literature
(1934)
Diary
(1935)
(1937)
(1955)
Haiku
(1934)
(1943)
Film
, Toho, 1939), starring Roppa Furukawa.
(Toho, 1980), directed by Seijun Suzuki, starring Yoshio Harada, original novel Sarasāte no ban.
(Daiei, 1993), directed by Akira Kurosawa, starring Tatsuo Matsumura.
Notes
See also
Madadayo
External links
Hyakken Uchida's grave
Hyakken Uchida at J'Lit Books from Japan
Synopsis of Realm of the Dead (Meido) at JLPP (Japanese Literature Publishing Project)
1889 births
1971 deaths
People from Okayama
Japanese writers
University of Tokyo alumni
Hosei University faculty
Japanese haiku poets |
4037169 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfeld | Belfeld | Belfeld () is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Venlo, and lies about 8 km southwest of the city center of Venlo, between the river Meuse and the border with Germany.
In 2001, Belfeld had 4856 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 1.59 km², and contained 1937 residences.
In 2001 Belfeld was merged into the municipality of Venlo.
References
Boroughs of Venlo
Former municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Municipalities of the Netherlands disestablished in 2001 |
4037172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemelen | Bemelen | Bemelen (; ) is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is part of the municipality of Eijsden-Margraten, and lies about 5 km east of Maastricht.
The village was first mentioned in 1096 as Bemele. The etymology is unknown. Bemelen is a village on the eastern flank of the Maas along the Roman road from Maastricht to Aachen. Until 1794, it was a heerlijkheid of the in Maastricht.
The Catholic St Laurentius Church is a single aisled church. The tower has 12th century elements. The church was replaced in 1845 by a neoclassical building.
Bemelen was home to 138 people in 1840. Until 1982, Bemelen was a separate municipality, after which it became part of the municipality Margraten, which fused with municipality Eijsden in 2011 to form Eijsden-Margraten.
Gallery
References
Former municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Eijsden-Margraten |
4037180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo%20Arg%C3%BCello%20Barreto | Leonardo Argüello Barreto | Leonardo Argüello Barreto (29 August 1875 – 15 December 1947) was a Nicaraguan politician who, after several attempts, became the President of Nicaragua in 1947. He served from 1 May to 27 May 1947. His older brother was the noted poet Santiago Arguello Barreto.
A member of the Nationalist Liberal Party, his presidency was cut short by a Coup d'état orchestrated by the Commander of the National Guard, General Anastasio Somoza García.
Life and political race
Leonardo Argüello was born in León, Nicaragua. Working as a doctor in Leon, he entered Liberal Party politics in 1912. He participated in the Constitutionalist War of 1926. He served as President of the lower chamber of the National Congress of Nicaragua, and as Minister of Public Education, Interior and Foreign Affairs.
He was also a writer and diplomat. In the elections of 1936, he ran for president and lost to General Somoza. To the surprise of many, Somoza proposed that Argüello should be the candidate for the Liberal Party in the elections of 1947, and did not run for president himself. The elections were widely believed to be rigged, and one of the conditions for Argüello’s victory was reputedly the maintenance of Somoza as Commander-in-Chief of the National Guard.
Presidency of the Republic
On 1 May 1947, during his inauguration before the Congress of the Republic, Argüello made a speech in opposition to the wishes of Gen. Somoza. In a part of his message he said:
I will not be, by the way, a simple figurehead.
From that day on, disputes arose between Dr. Argüello and Gen. Somoza. The excesses of the National Guard were denounced for the first time. The government published a list of the properties acquired by Somoza during his presidency. There were even rumours that president Argüello, without taking into account the Commander of the National Guard, had attempted to ally with factions of the military who were dissatisfied with Somoza, in particular with the young Aguirre Baca brothers, Francisco and Horacio. Nicaraguans found it ironic that until May 1, 1947, the date of Arguello’s becoming President, Francisco Aguirre had been President Somoza’s most trusted and feared military aid and confidant. These acts by Arguello and Francisco Aguirre infuriated Somoza, who hoped to have the absolute control of the country. The very same Congress that heard Arguello’s Ignaugural Address, declared him unable to govern three weeks later.
Exile and coup d'état
On 26 May 1947 general Somoza led a coup d'état against the government, accusing it of conspiring to remove him as commander of the National Guard. The Congress declared that Argüello was unable to govern and removed him of the position, accusing him of attempting to undermine army discipline. The Assembly nominated Benjamín Lacayo, a puppet of Somoza, to succeed Argüello.
Arguello fled to the Embassy of Mexico, after less than 4 weeks into his mandate. He remained there 6 months, until finally moving to Mexico without resigning the position of President of the Republic. The Aguirre Baca brothers, from their part, took up diplomatic refuge at the Embassy of Panama, and fled to that country, before finally moving to Caracas, Venezuela, then finally settling in the United States.
President Arguello died of an illness shortly after arriving in Mexico City on 15 December 1947. He is buried in Mexico City.
He was a cousin of María Argüello Manning, wife of Juan Bautista Sacasa Sacasa, 63rd President of Nicaragua.
References
1875 births
1947 deaths
People from León, Nicaragua
Nicaraguan people of Spanish descent
Nationalist Liberal Party politicians
Presidents of Nicaragua
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Nicaragua)
Leaders ousted by a coup
Burials in Mexico |
4037183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringe | Beringe | Beringe (; is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Peel en Maas, and lies about 15 km west of Venlo.
The village was first mentioned in 1447 as to Bieringen, and means "settlement of the people of Bero (person)".
The St Josef Church was built in 1928. On 15 November 1944, the tower was blown up and collapsed on the nave. The church was restored in 1951, and a new tower was built in 1952.
Beringe was home to 330 people in 1840.
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Peel en Maas |
4037189 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA%20Euro%201980%20squads | UEFA Euro 1980 squads | These are the teams for the 1980 European Football Championship tournament in Italy, that took place between 11 June and 22 June 1980. The players' listed ages is their actual age on the tournament's opening day (11 June 1980).
Group 1
Czechoslovakia
Manager: Jozef Vengloš
Greece
Manager: Alketas Panagoulias
Netherlands
Manager: Jan Zwartkruis
West Germany
Manager: Jupp Derwall
Group 2
Belgium
Manager: Guy Thys
England
Manager: Ron Greenwood
Italy
Manager: Enzo Bearzot
Spain
Manager: Ladislao Kubala
External links
European Championship 1980 - Final Tournament - Full Details RSSSF.com
Squads
1980 |
4037190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEDIPS | AEDIPS | AEDIPS, the Association of Educational Development and Improvement Professionals in Scotland is an association that supports the development of education in Scotland, with a particular focus on entitlement and quality.
Formerly known as the AEAS (the Association of Educational Advisers in Scotland), AEDIPS updated its constitution and its name in 2005 to reflect the changing roles of professionals working in the areas of quality improvement, curriculum, and professional development in Scottish education today.
AEDIPS acts as a forum for the approximate five hundred educational professionals now supporting schools in all sectors of education in the areas of improvement, curriculum, and professional development in local authorities in Scotland.
Membership of AEDIPS is open to permanent staff, secondees, consultants, and former improvement and development professionals who may have moved on from local authority work but wish to keep up with educational developments in Scotland.
External links
AEDIPS website
Educational administration
Educational organisations based in Scotland |
4037201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljungberg | Ljungberg | Ljungberg is a Swedish surname derived from ljung (heather) and berg (mountain). Youngberg is an Americanized variant of the name.
Notable persons with this name include:
Annika Ljungberg, Swedish singer
Birger Ljungberg (1884–1967), Norwegian Minister of Defense
Bo Ljungberg, Swedish pole vaulter
Einar Texas Ljungberg (1880-1974), Swedish politician
Freddie Ljungberg, Swedish footballer
Hanna Ljungberg, Swedish footballer
Jon Ljungberg, Canadian television personality
Lars Ljungberg, Swedish musician and bass guitarist of The Ark
Mikael Ljungberg (1970-2004), Swedish wrestler
Mikael Ljungberg (curler) (born 1961), Swedish curler
Sven Ljungberg, Swedish visual artist
See also
Thomas Ljungbergh (born 1963), Swedish ice hockey player
Ljungberg Museum in Ljungby, Sweden
References
Swedish-language surnames |
4037204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovetskaya%20%28lake%29 | Sovetskaya (lake) | Sovetskaya Lake is a liquid subglacial lake found buried under the Antarctic ice sheet, below Sovetskaya Research Station. It covers about .
See also
Lake Vostok (the largest subglacial lake in Antarctica)
90 Degrees East
Sovetskaya (Antarctic Research Station)
References
Underground lakes
Subglacial lakes
Lakes of Kaiser Wilhelm II Land |
4037208 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitterswijck | Blitterswijck | Blitterswijck (; ) is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Venray, and lies about 20 km north of Venlo.
The village was first mentioned in 1242 as "Willem van Blitterswijck", and means "settlement of Blicter (person)". Blitterswijck developed along the Maas near a castle. In 1815, it became part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Castle Blitterswijck probably dated from the 14th century. In 1670, it was restored and redesigned in 1806. The castle was destroyed in 1944 and only ruins remain.
The Catholic Onze Lieve Vrouwe Church is a double aisled church and dated from around 1500. In 1944, it was severely damaged. The nave was restored between 1950 and 1951. In 1953,a larger tower was added. The Dutch Reformed church is an aisleless church founded by Barones Mackay in 1828.
Blitterswijck was home to 444 people in 1840. The village was severely damaged by war in 1944.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Venray |
Subsets and Splits