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4028190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/119P/Parker%E2%80%93Hartley | 119P/Parker–Hartley | 119P/Parker–Hartley is a periodic comet in the Solar System.
Around 16 March 2161, the comet will pass about from Jupiter.
References
External links
Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Horizons Ephemeris
119P/Parker-Hartley – Seiichi Yoshida @ aerith.net
119P at Kronk's Cometography
Periodic comets
0119
Discoveries by Malcolm Hartley
Comets in 2014
19890302 |
4028194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20der%20Hoop%20Bankiers | Van der Hoop Bankiers | Van der Hoop Bankiers N.V. is a Dutch bank founded in 1895 currently in state of bankruptcy and put under supervision of court-ordered curators.
History prior to 2005
The bank was founded by Cornelis van der Hoop in Rotterdam in 1895, with several branches including in The Hague. Its headquarters moved to Amsterdam some time later, at the " Gouden Bocht " at Herengracht 469 in Amsterdam. Until 2003 the bank's name was van der Hoop Effektenbank NV and it was a relatively small, specialized bank whose account holders were mainly wealthy individuals who had often been clients there for a long time. The bank was completely dependent on the securities company for its income. The new name was part of developments to offer banking services for mortgages, savings and asset management to additional, less wealthy, customers. This development was not very successful. Among other things, an attempt was made to provide film financing. At the end of 2004, Van der Hoop Bankiers' balance sheet total was 403.6 million euros, and the bank had approximately 100 million euros in assets. The mortgage portfolio amounted to approximately 150 million euros.
Events and bankruptcy in 2006
On 9 December 2005 the bank was found by a Dutch court to be in a financial position that required attention. Its liquidity position was found to consist of €140 million in demands, while its credit facilities consisted of only €68 million. Also, the Netherlands central bank was concerned about whether the bank was solvent. Van der Hoop Bankiers was declared bankrupt by the same court on 16 December 2005, when the bank showed it had a negative balance of €9 million.
Earlier in 2005, the bank had settled a claim of €5.5 million with the Dutch Tax and Customs Administration (Belastingdienst) for not paying some of the corporation taxes on its daughter companies. This dated back to 2001. The bank had set up so-called cash companies with the objective of raising more income. Such companies were considered risky. Unusually, this activity was carried out entirely in the bank's own name (through its own trust company). A bank usually only mediates in such shares and they are not held in its own name, but, after taking tax advice, the bank took the unusual course of conducting this activity entirely in its own name (through its own trust company). As a result, the profit for 2004 had to be adjusted retrospectively to a loss.
On 8 June 2005, Van der Hoop's management informed the account holders by letter of the loss and announced a restructuring. A press release was also issued at the time. At the end of June 2005, it was announced that one-third of the 75 jobs at the bank would be cut, which attracted media attention. Takeover and merger discussions - including with project developer LSI and the Belgian Bank DeGroof - came to nothing. At the request of the Netherlands central bank, emergency regulations were applied on 9 December, freezing all bank accounts, after which bankruptcy was declared on 16 December. Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck and HP de Haan were appointed as the two administrators and receivers. On 23 December 2005 they sent a letter to the account holders about the assets. Securities that were not in the name of the bank might still be available. The distribution lists, bankruptcy reports and other legally relevant documents are still available on the website of the law firm Houthoff [3] of the former trustee.
The Hope Loss Foundation was established on 13 February 2006 as an advocate for the account holders after the bankruptcy. The board of this foundation consisted of 4 account holders at the bank and meetings were held in 2006. In the end, a lawsuit was brought by the account holders about whether DNB could recover the amounts that it was required to pay out to private account holders and small businesses under the Deposit Guarantee Scheme from the bankruptcy estate. In fact, DNB had made a mistake on this point during a creditors' meeting. The account holders group won the lawsuit; a substantive procedure was never initiated by DNB.
Under the Deposit Guarantee Scheme (depositogarantiestelsel) of the Netherlands central bank, account holders were eligible for compensation up to a maximum of €20,000, and in fact received twice this protection from the scheme.
Ultimately, all private savers and account holders were fully repaid their credit from the proceeds of the bankruptcy estate. However, the bank's shareholders lost their deposits permanently.
References
Sources
This article is based entirely or partially on its equivalent on Dutch Wikipedia.
Hoop Bankiers, Van der
Banks established in 1895
Banks disestablished in 2005
Dutch companies established in 1895
2005 disestablishments in the Netherlands |
4028197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Francisco%20War%20Memorial%20and%20Performing%20Arts%20Center | San Francisco War Memorial and Performing Arts Center | The San Francisco War Memorial and Performing Arts Center (SFWMPAC) is located in San Francisco, California. It is one of the largest performing arts centers in the United States. It covers 7.5 acres (3 hectares) in the Civic Center Historic District, and totals 7,500 seats among its venues.
Performing arts
Opera, symphony, modern and classical dance, theatre, recitals, plays, lectures, meetings, receptions, special screenings, and gala events all have a place and occur at the Center.
History
The complex was developed in the 1920s on two blocks on Van Ness Avenue facing San Francisco City Hall from the west. The "War Memorial" name commemorates all the people who served in the First World War, which ended seven years before the project commenced. It was designed by Arthur Brown Jr in 1927-1928, and is one of the last Beaux-Arts style structures erected in the United States. The project resulted in the construction of a matched pair of buildings across a formal courtyard park: the War Memorial Opera House; and the multi-purpose Veterans Building next door. Both were completed and opened in 1932.
The upper floors of the Veterans Building housed the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (formerly the San Francisco Museum of Art) from 1935 to 1994. In 1980 the new Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall opened, on a site on Van Ness across the sidestreet from the Opera House, as part of the SFWMPAC complex.
United Nations
The SFWMPAC has historical significance. On June 26, 1945, the United Nations Charter was signed in the Veterans Building's Herbst Theatre by the group of 50 founding nations, following the two-month-long United Nations conference in the Opera House.
In 1951, the Peace Treaty with Japan (commonly called "Treaty of San Francisco"), formally ending World War II hostilities with Japan, was signed in the Opera House. The Center has been host to U.S. presidents and foreign heads of state. In 1990 the Center was chosen to host the first Goldman Environmental Prize ceremony, and this prize is now presented annually at the Center.
Performing arts venues
The following venues make up the San Francisco War Memorial and Performing Arts Center—SFWMPAC:
War Memorial Opera House building
The War Memorial Opera House, or the Opera House, with 3,146 seats, was built in 1932 as part of the original War Memorial Building. It has been the home of the San Francisco Opera since 1932, as well as the San Francisco Ballet.
Veterans Building
The Herbst Theatre, with 916 seats, is a small concert and lecture/presentation hall. It is a part of the original Veterans Building and was originally named the “Veterans Auditorium”. In 1945 the original United Nations Charter was signed here. In 1977 the theater was refurbished and renamed.
The Green Room is located on the second floor of the Veterans Building. Originally designed as a lounge for World War I veterans, the room now serves as a performance and reception hall. Several concert and lecture series are held in the Green Room each year, as well as dinners, receptions, fashion shows, recitals, conferences and meetings. The room is also a prime location for fashion photography and video.
The San Francisco Arts Commission Gallery is located in the northeast corner of the Veterans Building. The gallery hosts changing exhibitions of contemporary art.
Davies Symphony Hall building
Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall opened in 1980 and, with 2,743 seats, is the major symphony hall of the city. It has been the home of the San Francisco Symphony since its opening.
Zellerbach Rehearsal Hall
Harold L. Zellerbach Rehearsal Hall is located at the corner of Franklin and Hayes streets, and is directly adjacent to Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall. Zellerbach Rehearsal Hall consists of three rehearsal facilities, which can be used for a multitude of rehearsal purposes and movie shoots.
References
External links
official San Francisco War Memorial and Performing Arts Center—GerakanKita website
San Francisco Arts Commission Gallery
1932 establishments in California
Art museums and galleries in San Francisco
Arthur Brown Jr. buildings
Beaux-Arts architecture in California
Buildings and structures completed in 1932
Buildings and structures in San Francisco
Civic Center, San Francisco
Culture of San Francisco
Entertainment venues in San Francisco
Event venues established in 1932
Landmarks in San Francisco
Performing arts centers in California
San Francisco Designated Landmarks
Theatres in San Francisco
Tourist attractions in San Francisco |
4028198 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocross%20%28disambiguation%29 | Autocross (disambiguation) | Autocross is a timed race through a course of traffic cones on a flat, paved surface.
Autocross may also refer to:
British autocross, similar to American autocross but races are held on dirt or grass surfaces that may not be flat
FIA Autocross, similar to British autocross but the cars start at the same time
See also
Autotesting, a British motoring amateur competition that typically includes driving the vehicle in reverse gear
Autosolo, the closest British equivalent of American Autocross
Gymkhana (motorsport), a Japanese motorsport event that is similar to American Autocross
Motorkhana, a motorsport in Australia and New Zealand
Rallycross, a motorsport in which part of the race track is unpaved |
4028199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Nqakula | Charles Nqakula | Charles Nqakula (born 13 September 1942) is a South African politician who served as Minister of Defence from September 2008 to 2009. He also served as Minister for Safety and Security from May 2002 to September 2008.
Nqakula is married to former South African Minister of Defence and Military Veterans, Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula MP.
On 24 June 2012, South African President Jacob Zuma appointed Nqakula as High Commissioner to the Republic of Mozambique.
Early life
Charles Nqakula attended primary school at Cradock and secondary school at Lovedale, matriculating in 1963. He worked as a hotel waiter and wine steward, after which he became a clerk in the Department of Bantu Education.
Journalism
In 1966, Nqakula started as a journalist with the Midland News, a regional weekly newspaper in Cradock. Seven years later, he became a political reporter with Imvo Zabantsundu in King William's Town. From 1976 he worked for the Daily Dispatch in East London until he was placed under an apartheid banning order in 1981. Nqakula was unbanned the following year but, because his village had been redesignated as part of the Ciskei independent homeland, he was unable to re-enter South African territory and was declared a prohibited immigrant.
He became a member of the Union of Black Journalists (UBJ) and was elected vice-president of the union in 1976. The UBJ was banned in October 1977 as part of a government crackdown on organisations supporting the Black Consciousness Movement. In 1979 he was elected vice-president of the Writers' Association of South Africa (WASA), which later became the Media Workers Association of South Africa (MWASA). Although frequently being detained by both the South African and Ciskeian authorities, he managed to establish the Veritas News Agency in Zwelitsha towards the end of 1982.
Politics
Charles Nqakula was elected publicity secretary of the fledgling United Democratic Front (UDF) in 1983, and was arrested the same year in East London for being in South Africa without a visa. By this time Nqakula was an underground operative for the ANC, specialising in propaganda. He left South Africa in 1984 travelling to Lesotho, Tanzania and Zambia. He underwent military training in Angola and joined MK the armed wing of the ANC. He also travelled to the Soviet Union and East Germany for further military training.
He infiltrated South Africa on his return as one of the commanders of Operation Vula, with a mission to build viable underground and military structures. In 1988, he served as commander in the Western Cape. Emerging from the underground in 1991, he was granted amnesty by the government. He served on the interim leadership group of the SACP, as convenor of its National Organising Committee. He was also a member of its Political Committee and served on the SACP Secretariat. He was elected SACP Deputy Secretary-General in 1991 and became Secretary-General following the assassination of Chris Hani in April 1993.
Upon the demise of the apartheid government and the election of President Nelson Mandela in 1994, Nqakula was elected to the National Executive Committee of the ANC. He later served as Parliamentary Counsellor to the President. On 24 January 2001 Charles Nqakula was appointed as Deputy Minister of Home Affairs, becoming Minister of Safety and Security on 7 May 2002.
After President Thabo Mbeki was forced to resign in September 2008, Nqakula was moved to the post of Minister of Defense in the cabinet of Mbeki's successor, Kgalema Motlanthe, on 25 September 2008.
Unfinished business
Following an inconclusive investigation in 1996 by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission into the 1986 aircrash in which President Samora Machel of Mozambique was killed, Charles Nqakula announced in parliament on 9 February 2006 that the inquiry is to be reopened:
"We owe it to the people of Mozambique to ensure the matter is thoroughly investigated," Nqakula said, amid lingering suspicions that the apartheid regime's Directorate of Military Intelligence caused the presidential aircraft to crash.
All of South Africa's law enforcement agencies are expected to be involved in the new inquiry, in co-operation with their Mozambican counterparts.
Crime rate controversy
Later in 2006, Nqakula outraged opposition MPs in parliament (who were not satisfied that enough was being done to counter crime), when he said that "South Africans who complain about the country's crime rate, should stop whining and leave the country".
According to a United Nations Survey on Crime Trends, South Africa has the second highest murder rate in the world. South Africa also has the highest occurrence of rape in the world. Nqakula failed to realise the consequence of his statement, as many people around the world were making travel arrangements for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.
Nqakula was again criticized while he was in Burundi, promoting peace and democracy, while there was a spate of violent crime in Gauteng. This spate included the killings of an alarming number of people, including members of the South African Police Service killed while performing their duties. The criticism preceded a subsequent announcement by the minister that an all out effort would be made to quell the alarming increase of crime by 30 December 2006. 54 police officers have lost their lives in the first 7 months of 2006.
References
1942 births
Living people
Xhosa people
South African Communist Party politicians
African National Congress politicians
Defence ministers of South Africa
Members of the National Assembly of South Africa
High Commissioners of South Africa to Mozambique |
4028206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reckless%20Abandon | Reckless Abandon | Reckless Abandon may refer to:
In music:
Reckless Abandon (David Bromberg album), 1977
Reckless Abandon (Andrew F album), 2008
"Reckless Abandon", a song by Blink-182 from Take Off Your Pants and Jacket
"Reckless Abandon", a song by It Dies Today from Lividity
In other media:
"Reckless Abandon" (Charmed), an episode of Charmed
Reckless Abandon, a 2004 novel by Stuart Woods
Reckless Abandon, a book by Larry Tomczak
In sports:
Reckless Abandon (horse) (foaled 2010), a British Thoroughbred racehorse
Reckless Abandon, a 2007 HDNet Fights MMA event |
4028219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakias | Plakias | Plakias () is a village on the south coast of the Greek island of Crete, in the Rethymno regional unit, about 21 kilometres south of the city of Rethymno. It is part of the municipality Agios Vasileios, and of the municipal unit Foinikas. It is surrounded by mountains to the north and the Libyan Sea to the south.
The name in Greek means "flat", because the town stands on an alluvial fan of material that has washed down the Kotsifou gorge directly to the north.
This material has formed along the sea's edge into a long, fine, gold-hued sand beach, which shelves very gradually out into the bay, making it quite safe for swimming and hence, for family holidays.
Initially just a fishing jetty and a few houses, Plakias developed during the last few decades into a tourist resort. The first official mention of Plakias was in 1961, when it was recorded in a census as the permanent home of six fishermen. The recorded history of surrounding mountain villages like Myrthios and Sellia goes back to the 10th century, when the Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas (961 AD) built roads and bridges in order to link those villages, and there are some fragments of wall remaining from a fortified area on a hill top just northeast of the present main town.
The local area is geographically suitable for a settlement, having plenty of agricultural space, and there may well have been a settlement there since Minoan times.
Plakias has a 1300-metre-long sandy beach and there are several other beaches within walking distance (Souda, Damnoni, Ammoudi, and Skhinaria). The southeastern end of the beach, near the Kakomouri headland, is used by nudists. The town is not on any major passage for traffic and hence traffic is minimal and it is quieter and less dusty than many other Greek resorts.
Parking along the main town road is difficult in the high season, but there is a large free-parking area just east of the main town. There are plenty of places to eat along the sea front, with the biggest cluster of tavernas at the west end. 8 kilometers to the east is the historic monastery of Preveli, which may have been founded as early as the 10th century. Due to its isolated position, it has played an important role in Cretan revolts against occupying forces such as the Nazis in World War II. Near the monastery and in a short distance from Plakias is the Preveli Beach. This is a very beautiful spot, where there is a forest with palm trees, in a gorge with a river and a beautiful beach.
The area is accessible from the port of Plakias.
Plakias is home to the "Youth Hostel Plakias", set in olive groves behind the town, which is famous among international backpackers as the 'most southerly hostel' in Europe. Also well-known are the cafes "Nufaro", (known locally as "Joe's bar") and the bars "Ostraco" and "Cozy Backyard". "World International Tourism Day" is celebrated each September with a big evening festival, with a free buffet meal and free traditional music, songs, and dancing performances in the main square.
There are two roads leading to Plakias through the mountain range that lies to the north, both of which run through spectacular gorges—to the north of Plakias, the Kotsifos Gorge, and to the northeast, the Kourtaliotiko Gorge. A good coastal motor track runs west beyond Souda to Rodakino beach, Frangokastello and Sfakiá. There are plenty of walks locally, and bolder walkers will enjoy the high green countryside beyond the coastal mountain range north of town. Mountain biking and cycle touring are other local attractions.
There are several buses daily to and from Rethymnon bus station; some of these go via Preveli Monastery. The Plakias bus stop is on the seafront taxi rank.
External links
What to do in Plakias
All about Plakias and surroundings
Plakias on Interkriti
Plakias Photo Album
Youth Hostel Plakias
Welcome to Plakias
Plakias forum
Activities in Plakias
Populated places in Rethymno (regional unit) |
4028228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Hadj%20M%27Hamed%20El%20Anka | El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka | El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka (), (May 20, 1907 in Algiers – November 23, 1978 in Algiers) also known as Hadj Muhammed Al Anka, El-Hadj M'Hamed El Anka (and various other combinations), was considered a Grand Master of Andalusian classical music and Algerian chaâbi music.
Early life
He was born on May 20, 1907, under the name Ait Ouarab Mohamed Idir Halo, on 4 Rue Tombouctou in the Casbah of Algiers. His family, Ait Ouarab, were originally from Taguersift near to Freha in Greater Kabylia; his father was Mohamed Ben Hadj Saîd, and his mother was Fatma Bent Boudjemaâ.
His father was taken ill on the day of his birth, and had to be replaced by a maternal uncle for registering the birth, which caused an error recording his name. His uncle presented himself as such to the registry employee, by saying "Ana Khalou" ("I am his uncle" in Arabic), and the employee wrote "Halo". So he became Halo Mohamed Idir from then on.
He studied in three schools from 1912 to 1918: Koranic (1912–14), Brahim Fatah (in the Casbah) from 1914–17, and another in Bouzaréah until 1918. He left school to go to work before his 11th birthday.
Musical career
At the age of 13, the orchestra leader sheik Mustapha Nador noticed his passion and innate sense of rhythm at a festival his group was playing at, and took him on as a Tardji (tambourine player) with his orchestra. The sheik and orchestra taught him the mandola, which became El Anka's favorite instrument.
After the death of sheik Nador on May 19, 1926, in Cherchell, El Anka took over the organization of festivals for the group. The orchestra included Si Saîd Larbi (real name Birou), Omar Bébéo (Slimane Allane) and Mustapha Oulid El Meddah among others. In 1927 he began taking part in the courses taught by sheik Sid AH Oulid Lakehal, which he followed assiduously until 1932.
In 1928 he was first exposed to the general public, by recording 27 discs (78 rpm) for Columbia, his first publisher, and taking part in the inauguration of Radio PTT Algiers.
On August 5, 1931, popular sheik Abderrahmane Saîdi died, and El Anka helped to fill the void. His popularity, supported by the new record player and radio, only grew; he was once invited to perform for the King of Morocco. After Columbia, he made another 10 78 rpm disks with Algériaphone in 1932, and another ten 78 rpm records with Polyphone. Upon return from Mecca (in memory of which he composed the song "El Houdja") in 1937, he reformed his orchestra, and toured Algeria and France.
One element of his sound that would have changed in 1932 came from a change of instruments. 1932 was the year he worked with a luthier to craft a bigger mandola. He found that the mandolas used by the orchestra were too high pitched and not loud enough. He asked a luthier to make one much bigger, and that mandole was to become his main instrument.
After the Second World War, El HadJ Muhammad El Anka was invited to direct popular music on ENRS Algiers Radio which succeeded Radio PTT. The popular music he promoted from 1946 became "chaâbi". In 1955 he began teaching chaâbi as a professor at the municipal Academy of Algiers. His first pupils all became sheiks in their turn, including Amar Lâachab, Hassen Said, and Rachid Souki.
In total, El Hadj El Anka wrote nearly 360 songs ( qaca' id ) and produced approximately 130 records. Notable works included "Lahmam lirabitou", "ltif Sebhan ellah ya" and "Win saâdi win". He died on November 23, 1978, in Algiers, and was buried in the El Kettar Cemetery.
Songs
Lahmam lirabitou
Sebhan ellah ya ltif
Win saâdi win
Achki fi khnata
Bibliography
References
External links
Bio of El Anka with many photos.
Short bio of El Anka with several good photos.
Page with names of El Anka's students in Chaabi.
Hadj M'hamed El Anka : La légende du siècle Article by Karim Aïnouche, on "La Kabylie de Matoub LOUNES"
1907 births
1978 deaths
20th-century Algerian male singers
Algerian mondol players
Berber musicians
Kabyle people
People from Casbah |
4028242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Lebanon at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Lebanon competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.
Alpine skiing
Note: In the men's combined, run 1 is the downhill, and runs 2 and 3 are the slalom. In the women's combined, run 1 and 2 are the slalom, and run 3 the downhill.
Skeleton
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006 Winter Olympics
Winter Olympics |
4028244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/120P/Mueller | 120P/Mueller | 120P/Mueller, also known as Mueller 1, is a periodic comet in the Solar System.
References
External links
Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Horizons Ephemeris
120P/Mueller 1 – Seiichi Yoshida @ aerith.net
120P at Kronk's Cometography
Periodic comets
0120
120P
Comets in 2013
19871018 |
4028248 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20James | Charles James | Charles James may refer to:
Charles James (British Army officer) (1757/8–1821), English army officer and writer
Charles James (attorney) (born 1954), former U.S. assistant attorney general
Charles James (American football) (born 1990), American football cornerback
Charlie James (baseball) (born 1937), baseball player
Charles James (chemist) (1880–1928), discoverer of lutetium
Charles James (designer) (1906–1978), fashion designer
Charlie James (footballer) (1874–1948), Australian rules footballer
Charles James (footballer) (1882–1960), footballer for Stoke
Charles James (MP) (1817–1890), British politician
Charles James (rugby league) (1891–1917), New Zealand rugby league footballer
Charles C. James (1882–1957), American consulting accountant
Charlie Hamilton James (born c. 1974), English photographer, television cameraman and presenter
Charles Hamilton James, Count of Arran, Anglo-Scottish soldier and author
Charles Holloway James (1893–1953), architect
Charles O. James, Texas state senator, 1899–1903; state representative, 1893–1895, see Texas Senate, District 2
Charles Pinckney James (1818–1899), U.S. federal judge
Charles Tillinghast James (1805–1862), U.S. Senator from Rhode Island
Chuck James (born 1981), baseball player
Charles James (cricketer) (1885–1950), English cricketer |
4028270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathasaritsagara | Kathasaritsagara | The Kathāsaritsāgara ("Ocean of the Streams of Stories") (Devanagari: कथासरित्सागर) is a famous 11th-century collection of Indian legends, fairy tales and folk tales as retold in Sanskrit by the Shaivite Somadeva.
Kathāsaritsāgara contains multiple layers of story within a story and is said to have been adopted from Guṇāḍhya's Bṛhatkathā ("the Great Narrative"), which was written in a poorly-understood language known as Paiśāchī. The work is no longer extant but several later adaptations still exist — the Kathāsaritsāgara, Bṛhatkathamanjari and Bṛhatkathāślokasaṃgraha. However, none of these recensions necessarily derives directly from Gunadhya, and each may have intermediate versions. Scholars compare Guṇāḍhya with Vyasa and Valmiki even though he did not write the now long-lost Bṛhatkathā in Sanskrit. Presently available are its two Sanskrit recensions, the Bṛhatkathamanjari by Kṣemendra and the Kathāsaritsāgara by Somadeva.
Author and structure
The author of Kathasaritsagara, or rather its compiler, was Somadeva, the son of Rāma, a Śaiva Brāhman of Kashmir. He tells us that his magnum opus was written (sometime between 1063-81 CE) for the amusement of Sūryavatī, wife of King Ananta of Kashmir, at whose court Somadeva was poet. The tragic history of Kashmir at this period - Ananta’s two sons, Kalaśa and Harṣa, the worthless degenerate life of the former, the brilliant but ruthless life of the latter, the suicide of Ananta himself, the self-immolation of Sūryavatī on his funeral pyre, and the resulting chaos - forms as a dark and grim background for the setting of Somadeva’s tales. The frame story is the narrative of the adventures of Naravahanadatta, son of the legendary king Udayana, his romances with damsels of great beauty and wars with enemies. As many as 350 tales are built around this central story, making it the largest existing collection of Indian tales.
Somadeva declares that his work is a faithful though abridged translation of a much larger collection of stories known as the Bṛhatkathā, or Great Tale written in the lost Paisaci dialect by Guṇāḍhya. But the Kashmirian (or "Northwestern") Bṛhatkathā that Somadeva adapted may be quite different from the Paisaci ur-text, as at least 5 apparent descendants of Guṇāḍhya's work exist — all quite different in form and content, the best-known (after the Kathāsaritsāgara itself) probably being the Bṛhatkathāślokasaṃgraha of Budhasvamin from Nepal. Like the Panchatantra, tales from the Kathāsaritsāgara (or its related versions) travelled to many parts of the world.
Kathāsaritsāgara consists of 18 lambhakas ("books") of 124 taramgas (chapters called as "waves") and approximately 22,000 ślokas (distichs) in addition to prose sections. The śloka consists of 2 half-verses of 16 syllables each. Thus, syllabically, the Kathāsaritsāgara is approximately equal to 66,000 lines of iambic pentameter; by comparison, John Milton's Paradise Lost weighs in at 10,565 lines. All this pales in comparison to the (presumably legendary) 700,000 ślokas of the lost original Brihatkatha.
Somadeva’s narrative captivates both by its simple and clear, though very elegant, style and diction and by his skill in drawing with a few strokes pictures of types and characters taken from the real every-day life. Hence it is that even in the miraculous and fantastical facts and events that make up the bulk of the main story and of a great deal of the incidental tales the interest of the reader is uninterruptedly kept. His lively and pleasant art of story-telling — though now and then encumbered with inflatedness or vitiated by far-fetched false wit — is enhanced also by his native humor and the elegant and pointed sentences strewn about here and there with a good taste.
Synopsis
The Kathāsaritsāgara is a large work. Each book comprises a number of stories loosely strung together, by being narrated for the recreation or information of the same individuals, or arising out of their adventures. These are Udayana, king of Kosambi, and his son Naravahanadatta. The marriage of the latter with various damsels of terrestrial or celestial origin, and his elevation to the rank of king of the Vidyadharas, a class of heavenly spirits, are the leading topics of most of the books; but they merely constitute the skeleton of the composition, the substance being made up of stories growing out of these circumstances, or springing from one another with an ingenuity of intricacy which is one of the great charms of all such collections.
Book 1
The first book (Kathapitha) is introductory, and refers the origin of the tales contained in the collection to no less a person than the deity Siva, who, it is said, related them in private conversation with his wife, Parvati, for her entertainment. One of the attendants of the god, Pushpadanta, took the liberty of listening, and he repeated them, under the seal of secrecy, to his wife, Jaya, a sort of lady’s maid to the goddess. Jaya takes an opportunity of intimating to her mistress that she is acquainted with the stories narrated by Siva to the great mortification of Parvati who had flattered herself that they had been communicated to her alone. She accordingly complains to Siva of his having deceived her and he vindicates himself by discovering the truth. Parvati thereupon pronounces an imprecation upon Pushpadanta, condemning him to be born upon the earth as a man; and she sentences his friend Malyavan, who had ventured to intercede for him, to a like destination. Parvati tells the culprits that they shall resume their celestial condition when Pushpadanta, encountering a Yaksha, a follower of Kubera, the god of wealth, doomed for a certain time to walk the earth, as a Pisacha or goblin, shall recollect his own former state, and shall repeat to the Pisacha the stories he overheard from Siva; and when Malyavan, falling in with the Pisacha, shall hear from him again the stories that his friend Pushpadanta had narrated. The recitation of the stories forms also the limit of the Pisacha’s sojourn amongst mortals.
The two demigods, Pushpadanta and Malyavan, are born as two Brahmans, named Vararuchi and Gunadhya, and their adventures as mortals constitute the subject of several tales. Some of these possess much local interest: we have in them literary anecdotes relating to celebrated works and authors, as to Panini the grammarian; notices of historical persons and events, as of the accession of Chandragupta Maurya; and traditions of the origin of celebrated places, as of that of Pataliputra. One of the best-told stories in the whole work occurs here. Upakosha the wife of Vararuchi, becomes during the absence of her husband, the object of the addresses of the king's family priest, the commander of the guards, the prince's tutor, and her husband's banker. She makes assignations with them all: each as he arrives is quickly followed by his successor, and is secreted only to be finally exposed and punished.
Malyavan, or Gunadhya, in consequence of a dispute with a rival Brahman, forgoes the use of the Sanskrit, Prakrit and Desya, or vernacular languages. He afterwards learns the Paisachi language, or that of the goblins, which enables him to receive the narrations as they are told him by the metamorphosed Yaksha or Pisacha. Gunadhya having heard the stories, extending to seven hundred thousand stanzas, wrote them with his blood, for there was no ink in the forest. He then offered the work to Satavahana, king of Pratishthan, who rejected it with abhorrence, on which the author kindled a fire in the forest, and reading it aloud, to the great edification of spirits and goblins, and birds and beasts, he burned it leaf by leaf as he finished the perusal. The news of this proceeding at last reached the king, and he repented of what he had done, and repaired to Gunadhya to solicit the gift of the work. The sage consented to present the king with the hundred thousand verses that had not yet been consigned to the flames. Satavahana took it to his capital, and having received an explanation of it from two of Gunadhya's disciples, he translated it from the language of the Pisachas.
Books 2 to 5
The second book (Kathamukha) commences that part of the original narrative which was supposedly not consumed, and records the adventures of Udayana, king of Kosambi, a prince of great fame in Sanskrit plays and poems, and his marriage with Vasavadatta, princess of Ujjain. The major sub-stories include the tales of Sridatta, Devasmita and Lohajangha.
The third book (Lavanaka) describes his marriage to the second wife, Padmavati, princess of Magadha and his subsequent conquests. This book is especially rich in mythological sub-stories like Durvasa and Kunti, Urvashi and Pururavas, Indra and Ahalya, Sunda and Upasunda &c.
The fourth book (Naravahanadattajanana) narrates the birth of the son of Udayana, by Vasavadatta, Naravahanadatta; at the same time sons are born to the chief ministers of Udayana, and they become the companions and councilors of the young prince. The book contains the famous story of Jimutavahana.
The fifth book (Caturdarika) records the adventures of Saktivega who became king of the heavenly beings termed Vidyadharas, a class of spirits who reside upon the loftiest peaks of the Himalaya mountains. While a mortal, he possessed superhuman longevity and faculties including clairvoyance and extrasensory perception. Naravahanadatta, is prophecised to be a king of the Vidyadharas.
Book 6
The main focus of the sixth book (Madanamanchuka) is the marriage of the young prince Naravahanadatta with Madanamanchuka the daughter of Kalingasena, a princess whose mother is a celestial nymph. Kalingasena had been enamoured of Udayana, and desires to wed him. Udayana wants to marry her; but as he has two wives already, his chief minister argues against it. A friend of the princess, a nymph of air, is also opposed to the match, and a variety of tales are recited on either side in support of the reasoning for and against the union. In the end, a spirit of air, in love with the princess, assumes the form of Udayana, and in this identity weds her. She reconciles without remedy, and has a daughter, Madanamanchuka who is the bride of Udayana's son. The book features the famous story of Usha and Aniruddha.
Book 7
In the next book (Ratnaprabha) Naravahanadatta marries Ratnaprabhā a Vidyadhari who was prophesized to be his bride; the wedding is celebrated at the palace of her father Hemaprabha, on one of the snow-crowned summits of the Himalaya. When the married couple return to Kosambi the young bride persuades her husband to throw open the doors of the inner quarters, and allow free access to his friends and associates. “The honour of women,” she affirms, “is protected by their own principles alone; and where these are corrupt, all precautions are vain.” This arrangement not only emancipates the women from jealous restraint, but also triggers a subsequent series of tales, with the prince's companions as narrators. The stories that then ensue (for e.g. Somasvamin, Sringabhuja and Rupasikha) are about the conduct of women; some are tales of revenge.
Books 8 and 9
The eighth book (Suryaprabha) is devoted to the adventures of a prince named Suryaprabha, who became king of the Vidyadharas. The scene of action is mostly in the Lokas beyond earth, and the dramatis personae are the Nagas or snake-gods of Patala and the Vidyadharas. This is further illustration of the mode in which Naravahanadatta may fulfil the prophecy.
In the ninth book (Alamkaravati), Naravahanadatta is distraught on the disappearance of his favorite bride Madanamanchuka after throwing open the doors of the inner quarters. He is consoled by the narration of a number of stories about the temporary separation and final reunion of faithful couples. They consist of a compendious recital of the adventures of Nala and Damayanti. The stories continue till the thirteenth book.
Book 10
The next book (Saktiyasas), the tenth, is important in the history of literature, as it includes the whole of the Panchatantra. We also have in this book a possible inspiration of another well-known story, that of King Shahryar and His Brother in the One Thousand and One Nights. Two young Brahmins travelling are benighted in a forest, and take up their lodging in a tree near a lake. Early in the night a number of people come from the water, and having made preparation for an entertainment retire; a Yaksha, a genie, then comes out of the lake with his two wives, and spends the night there; when he and one of his wives are asleep, the other, seeing the youths, invites them to approach her, and to encourage them, shows them a hundred rings received from former gallants, notwithstanding her husband's precautions, who keeps her locked up in a chest at the bottom of the lake. The youths reject her advances; she wakes the genie who is going to put them to death, but the rings are produced in evidence against the unfaithful wife, and she is cast away with the loss of her nose.
Books 11 to 13
The eleventh book (Vela) is one huge story, that of Vela, a damsel married to a merchant's son focusing on their shipwreck, separation and re-union.
The twelfth book (Sasankavati) narrates the huge tale of Mrigankadatta, prince of Ayodhya. The narrative is similar to Daṇḍin's Dashakumaracharita, the Tale of the Ten Princes, in which a prince and his nine companions are separated for a season, and recount what has happened to each when they meet again. The exact stories, however, are different. This book also contains an earlier version of a popular collection of tales called the Vetala Panchavimshati: twenty-five tales of a Vetala being related to Trivikramasena, king of Pratishthan, on the Godavari.
The thirteenth book (Madiravati) is short and recounts the adventures of two young Brahmans, who have secret marriages with a princess and her friend. The incidents are curious and diverting and similar to the contrivances by which Madhava and Makaranda obtain their mistresses in the drama entitled Malatimadhava by Bhavabhuti.
Book 14 and 15
The two next books, the fourteenth (Panca) and fifteenth (Mahabhisheka), the scene of action is the fabulous region of the Vidyadharas. In the first, the prince Naravahanadatta, realises that his queen Madanamanchuka was abducted by Manasavega the Vidyadhara , marries additional five women of Vidhyadhara (Vidhyadhari) and finally kills Manasavega to regain his queen.
In Mahabhisheka, Naravahanadatta is crowned emperor of the Vidyadhara people.
Book 16
In (Suratamanjari), the sixteenth book, Udayana, resigns his throne to Gopalaka, the brother of his wife Vasavadatta, and, accompanied by his wives and ministers, goes to Mount Kalanjana. A heavenly chariot descends, and conveys them all to heaven. Gopalaka, inconsolable for the loss of his brother-in-law, soon relinquishes his regal state of Kosambi to his younger brother, Palaka, retires to the White Mountain, and spends the rest of his days in the hermitage of Kashyapa. We have then an account of the son of Palaka falling in love with a young girl of low caste, a Chandali, and different stories illustrative of odd couples. Palaka's ministers argue that the very circumstance of the prince's being enamoured of the Chandali is a proof that she must be a princess or goddess in disguise; otherwise it were impossible that she should have attracted the affections of any noble individual. They therefore counsel the king to demand her hand from Matanga, her father . Matanga consents on condition that the Brahmins of Ujjain eat in his house. Palaka issues orders that eighteen thousand Brahmins, shall dine with the Chandala. The Brahmins are in great alarm, as this is a degradation and loss of caste, and they pray to Mahakala, the form of Siva especially worshipped in Ujjain, to know what to do. He commands them in a dream to comply, as Matanga is in truth a Vidyadhara. He had conspired against the life of Naravahanadatta, in order to prevent his becoming emperor of the Vidyadharas, and had been therefore condemned by Siva to live in Ujjain with his family as Chandalas. The curse was to terminate when eighteen thousand Brahmins should eat in his house; and this being accomplished, Matanga is restored to his rank, and his daughter is judged a fit bride for the son of the king.
Books 17 and 18
The two last books are composed of narratives told by Naravahanadatta, when on a visit to his uncle Gopalaka at the hermitage of Kashyapa. He repeats those stories which were communicated to him when he was separated from Madanamanchuka, to console him under the anguish of separation. (Padmavati) is the love story of Muktaphalaketu, a prince of the Vidyadharas, and Padmavati, daughter of the king of the Gandharvas. The former is condemned by a holy person to become a man, and he is thus for a season separated from the latter. He is, after a short time, restored to his station and his wife.
The last book (Visamasila) has Vikramaditya or Vikramasila, son of Mahendraditya, king of Ujjain, for its hero, and describes his victories over hostile princes, and his acquirement of various princesses. These are interspersed with love adventures, some of which reiterate the calumnies against women, and with stories relating the tricks of professed cheats.
Historiography: versions and translations
Sanskrit antecedents: Bṛhatkathāmañjarī and Bṛhatkathāślokasaṃgraha
Bṛhatkathāmañjarī
Somadeva tells us that the Kathāsaritsāgara is not his original work, but is taken from a much larger collection by Guṇāḍhya, known as the Bṛhatkathā. Kṣemendra, the Sanskrit aesthete from Kashmir, had written his Bṛhatkathāmañjarī, a summary of the Bṛhatkathā twenty or thirty years previously. The Kathāsaritsāgara and the Bṛhatkathāmañjarī agree in the number and the titles of the different lambhakas but, after lambhaka 5, disagree in the order of them. However, all the books of the same name in both versions overlap with each other exactly (excluding a few minor details), except for two. Book 8 (Vela) in Kṣemendra is a combination of Book 11 (Vela) and the beginning of Book 14 (Panca) in Kathāsaritsāgara. Considering that Kṣemendra composed two near faithful extracts of the celebrated epics: the Bharatamanjari and the Ramayanamanjari, it is more probable that it was Kṣemendra, and not Somadeva, who drew up the faithful reproduction of the old Paisaci poem. Kathāsaritsāgara is considered to have better charm of language, elegance of style, masterly arrangement and metrical skill. Also, Kṣemendra’s collection is a third the length of the Kathāsaritsāgara, the printed text amounting to a little more than 7,561 slokas.
In 1871 Professor Bühler (Indian Antiquary, p. 302 et seq.) proved two important facts: firstly, that Somadeva and Kṣemendra used the same text, and secondly, that they worked entirely independently from one another. A Bṛhatkathā such as the two writers reproduced, a prose work in the Paiśācī dialect, existed, therefore, in Kashmir. But it was no longer the book which Guṇāḍhya had composed. It was a huge compilation, incorporating not only many particular stories from heterogeneous sources, but even whole books such as the Pañcatantra, the Vetālapañcaviṃśati and the story of Nala. The charge of abridging, obscuring and dislocating the main narrative is valid, not against Somadeva and Kṣemendra, but against predecessors, whose work of amplification had been completed, so far as completion can be predicated, perhaps two or three centuries earlier.
Bṛhatkathāślokasaṃgraha
Apart from the Kashmir redactions there exists a Sanskrit version of Guṇāḍhya’s work, bearing the title Bṛhatkathāślokasaṃgraha, i.e. the “Great Tale: Verse Epitome.” Only about six of the twenty-six lābhas are currently available. Its discoverer and editor, M. Félix Lacôte, had published (Essai sur Guṇāḍhya et la Bṛhatkathā, Paris, 1908) along with the text an elaborate discussion of all the questions of higher criticism relating to the Kathāsaritsāgara and the other recensions. M. Lacôte’s conclusions, which are developed with great perspicacity, may be summarised as follows. The manuscript came from Nepal, the work of a Nepalese writer, by name Budhasvāmin. It is dated to the eighth to the ninth century CE and is based upon the Paiśāci original. It lacks many of the subsidiary tales in the Kathāsaritsāgara, and thus the main narrative stands out concerned predominantly with the actual adventures of Naravāhanadatta, a hero of Guṇāḍhya’s own invention.
Persian adaptations: Bahr al-asmar and Darya-yi asmar
Kathāsaritsāgara was translated into Persian in Kashmir during the reign of Zayn al-‘Abidin (r. 1418/20-1470) under the name of Bahr al-asmar (“Ocean of Stories”). Nowadays this version is not extant; it is known solely through the evidence from other sources. A likely reference to it can be found in the Rajatarangini by Śrīvara (fl. 1459-1505). Śrīvara, the poet laureate at the court, refers to the commissioning of the translation of Sanskrit works into Persian and vice versa by his patron Zayn al-‘Abidin, among them a translation of “a digest of the Bṛhatkathā” (bṛhatkathāsāra) which may refer to the Kathāsaritsāgara.
Another Persian version was commissioned in the second half of the 16th century during Akbar's reign and accomplished by a certain Mustafa Khaliqdad ‘Abbasi also known as the translator of other works. This work was presumably carried out after 1590 following the military annexation of Kashmir. Abbasi named it Darya-yi asmar (“River of Stories”) to distinguish it from the Kashmirian translation. In its preface, ʿAbbasi mentions that he was assigned to rewrite an earlier version “of the book barhatkata […] which the Kashmirian Brahmin Sumdevbat […] had shortened” and which “someone had undertaken during Zayn al-‘Abidin’s reign”, being fraught with Arabic expressions, in a more readable style.” In conformity with the Sanskrit text, the Persian adaptation is likewise divided into eighteen main chapters, called nahr (rivers), each subdivided into several mauj (waves). This translation was discovered around 1968-9 (National Museum, New Delhi no. 62.1005). It was edited by Dr. Tara Chand and Prof. Syed Amir Hasan Abidi. It is worth mentioning that today only two manuscripts of the Persian version are available; both are incomplete and contain only 8 out of the original 18 chapters of the Sanskrit version each, which Chand and ‘Abidi based their edition upon.
In contrast to other examples from similar kind of literature like Abu al-Maʿali Nasrullah Munshi’s Kalila va Dimna, the Darya-yi asmar was retold not in artificial prose (nasr-i musajja‘) aimed at connoisseurs but rather in simple prose with features that remind of an oral recital. In the Persian narrative we encounter a mix of adaptation techniques: some sections display a transfer close to the Indian version, whereas most parts indicate a more narrative approach. This means that special attention was given to the transmission of the narrated story and not to the preservation of as many textual features as possible. One of the adaptation techniques applied in the Kathāsaritsāgara is the use of explanations and glosses to single words that refer to persons, objects or concepts. The translator-compiler ‘Abbāsī remarks, for example, that “this story is elaborated upon in [other] Indian books”, or comments on certain passages by adding: “[…] according to the sayings of the people of India […].” The second type of strategy encountered is that of inserting poetic quotations from the pool of Persian poetry such as Gulistan, Divan-i Hafiz, Divan-i Salman-i Savaji, Manzumat-i Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Nizami's Khusrau-u-Shirin, Makhzan al-Asrar, Haft paykar, and various others.
Printed editions and modern translations
Professor H. H. Wilson was the first European scholar who drew the attention of the Western world to this storehouse of fables. In 1824, he gave a summary of the first five books in the Oriental Quarterly Magazine. The first edition of the work was undertaken by Professor Brockhaus. In 1839 he issued the first five chapters only, and it was not till 1862 that the remaining thirteen appeared. Both publications formed part of the Abhandlungen der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft.
It was this text which C. H. Tawney used for his excellent translation (Ocean of the River of Streams) published by the Asiatic Society of Bengal in the Bibliotheca Indica, 1880-1884 (the index not appearing till 1887). Brockhaus’ edition was based primarily on six MSS., though in the second part of the work he apparently had not so many at his disposal. Tawney was not satisfied with several of Brockhaus’ readings, and consequently made numerous fresh renderings or suggestions largely taken from MSS. borrowed from the Calcutta College and from three India Office MSS. lent him by Dr Rost.
In 1889 Durgāprasād issued the Bombay edition, printed at the Nirṇayasāgara Press, which was produced from Brockhaus’ edition and two Bombay MSS. This is the latest text now available.
In 1919, N. M. Penzer first approached Tawney with the suggestion of reissuing his Ocean of the River of Streams. But he revised and published Tawney’s 2 volumes in 10 volumes in 1924. The first volume gave an introduction of Hindu fiction and the other famous story-collections like Panchatantra, Hitopadesha etc. Volumes 2 to 10 published the original translation with extensive comments. Penzer invited different scholars to write forewords to each volume resulting in nine excellent essays dealing with all aspects of the great collection.
A project to translate the full work into modern English prose, translated by Sir James Mallinson, began to appear in 2007 from the Clay Sanskrit Library, published by New York University Press. The translation was based on the Nirnaya Press’s 1915 edition of the Sanskrit text, the edition favored by Sanskritists today. Currently available are 2 volumes of the projected 7-volume edition.
Printed editions
Translations
C. H. Tawney (1880-84), The Kathá sarit ságara; or, Ocean of the streams of story, 2 vols, Vol I, . The only complete translation into English.
N. M. Penzer (1924-28), The ocean of story, being C. H. Tawney's translation of Somadeva's Katha sarit sagara (or Ocean of streams of story), 10 vols Vol I, Vol II, Vol III, Vol IV, Vol V, Vol VI, Vol VII, Vol VIII, Vol IX, . Based on Tawney's translation, but greatly expanded, with additional notes and remarks comparing stories from different cultures.
A. R. Krishnashastry (1952), Kathaamrita (Kannada: ಕಥಾಮೃತ), Geetha Book House, K.R. Circle, Mysore 570 001, India.
Sir James Mallinson (2007-9), The Ocean of the Rivers of Story, Clay Sanskrit Library. New York: New York University Press. vol 1, vol 2. intended to be a complete translation in nine volumes, only two volumes, reaching up to canto 6.8, were published before the publisher ended operations.
Prof. P.C. Devasia (1978) Sri Somadevabattante Kathasaritsagaram (samboornagadyavivarthanam. Prose translation of Somadeva's Sanskrit Poem) (Malayalam). Publishers: Sahitya Pravarthaka Cooperative Society Ltd., Kottayam, Kerala State, India. Sold by National Book Stall. Reprinted 1990.
Arshia Sattar (1997), Tales from the Kathasaritsagara. Penguin. Includes key selections from the Kathasaritsagara.
Radhavallabh Tripathi, Katha Sarit Sagar (Hindi). National Book Trust. .
Influence
The stories and their order in Tantrakhyayika within Book 10 are consistent with the tales and arrangement of the Kalila wa Demna more than even the Panchatantra, and it would appear therefore that we have in the Kathasaritsagara an earlier representative of the original collection than even the Panchatantra, at least as it is now met with.
The book was a favourite of scholar of Buddhism Herbert V. Guenther, according to Jodi Reneé Lang, Ph.D.
The idea of a sea of stories was an inspiration for Salman Rushdie's Haroun and the Sea of Stories.
See also
Hitopadesa
Kshemendra
One Thousand and One Nights
References
External links
Online HTML ebook of The Ocean of Story (kathasaritsagara), volume 1-9, proofread, including thousands of notes and extra appendixes.
Ocean of Story at the Encyclopedia of Fantasy
Sanskrit literature
11th-century Indian books
Collections of fairy tales
Indian fairy tales
Indian folklore
Indian literature
Indian legends |
4028271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Luxembourg at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Luxembourg sent a delegation to compete in the 2006 Winter Olympics, held in Turin, Italy from 10–26 February 2006. Luxembourg returned to the Winter Olympic Games after missing the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. The Luxembourgian delegation consisted of a single figure skater, Fleur Maxwell, making her Olympic debut. In the ladies' singles she finished in 24th place.
Background
Luxembourg first joined Olympic competition at the 1900 Summer Olympics and first participated at the Winter Olympic Games at the 1928 Winter Olympics. Their participation at Winter Olympics since has been sporadic, Luxembourg did not send a delegation to any Winter Olympics from 1948 to 1984. They also skipped the immediately prior Winter Olympics. The Luxembourgian delegation to Turin consisted of a single figure skater, Fleur Maxwell. Georges Diderich served as the chef de mission of the Luxembourgian delegation to Turin. Maxwell was the flag bearer for both the opening ceremony and the closing ceremony.
Figure skating
Fleur Maxwell was 17 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics. She was entered into the ladies' singles event, where the short program was held on 21 February and the free skate on 23 February. In the short program, she skated eighth, and received a score of 44.53 points. This placed her 21st, and as the top 24 were allowed to continue to the free skate, sufficient to advance her to the second night of competition. In the free skate, she was the fourth skater to compete. She scored 65.04 points, which was 24th and last for the session. Her score included a one-point deduction for falling during her program. Each competitor had their final score determined by adding their two scores together, and Maxwell's total score was 109.57 points. This put her in 24th place overall. Maxwell temporarily retired after the 2005–2006 season, and did not return to skating until 2010, though she did not make another Olympics.
Key: FS = Free Skate, SP = Short Program
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006 Winter Olympics
Winter Olympics |
4028278 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szabadsz%C3%A1ll%C3%A1s | Szabadszállás | Szabadszállás is a small town in Bács-Kiskun county, Hungary, 80 kilometres south of Budapest by rail.
The town is surrounded by several areas of the Kiskunság National Park.
Twin cities
Schönenberg-Kübelberg
Gallery
References
External links
in Hungarian
Szabadszállás on Google Maps
Szabadszállás a Vendégvárón
Szabadszállás a Gyaloglón
Légifotók Szabadszállásról
Populated places in Bács-Kiskun County
Towns in Hungary |
4028280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99drzej%20Kitowicz | Jędrzej Kitowicz | Jędrzej Kitowicz (1727 or 1728 – 3 April 1804) was a Polish historian and diarist.
According to , a historian of Polish literature, Kitowicz was born into a bourgeois family in the region of Greater Poland, and was later employed in the service of wealthy priests. He was a rotmistrz of the Confederation of Bar in Greater Poland. In 1771 he joined a religious seminary, while he remained in service of the bishop of Kujawy Antoni Ostrowski (who later became the primate of Poland). In 1777 he took Holy Orders and in 1781 he became the provost of Rzeczyca where he spent the rest of his life.
He is best known as the author of two unfinished treatises. Description of Customs during the reign of August III (Opis obyczajów za panowania Augusta III, published in 1840) was an attempt to portray the culture of Poland during the first half of the 18th century. Memoires, or History of Poland (Pamiętniki, czyli Historia polska, published partially in 1840, complete edition in 1971) was a chronicle of the years 1743–1798, with special attention to the Confederation of Bar. Kitowicz's works, especially Opis obyczajów... have a significant literary and historical value, although he could not keep himself objective, speaking out against Stanisław August Poniatowski and the reformists. He died in Rzeczyca.
References
Literatura polska. Przewodnik encyklopedyczny, Warszawa 1984
1727 births
1804 deaths
18th-century Polish Roman Catholic priests
18th-century Polish historians
Polish male non-fiction writers
Bar confederates |
4028296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrolls%20of%20Abraham | Scrolls of Abraham | The Scrolls of Abraham (, Ṣuḥuf ʾIbrāhīm) are a part of the religious scriptures of Islam. These scriptures are believed to have contained the revelations Abraham received from God, which were written down by him as well as his scribes and followers. They are now generally believed to have perished over the course of time and are considered a lost body of scripture.
Background
In two surah (chapters), which are dated from the first Meccan period, there is a reference to the 'Leaves, Scrolls, Journals' (Suhuf) of Abraham (and the Scrolls of Moses), by which presumably certain divinely inspired texts handwritten by the patriarchs are meant. These passages say that the truth of God's message is present in the earliest revelations, of Abraham and Moses. Although Suhuf is generally understood to mean 'Scrolls', many translators - including Abdullah Yusuf Ali and Marmaduke Pickthall - have translated the verse as "The Books of Abraham and Moses".
Qur'anic mention
The Quran refers to certain Scrolls of Abraham, which have alternatively been translated as the Books of Abraham. All Muslim scholars have generally agreed that no scrolls of Abraham survive today, and therefore this is a reference to a lost body of scripture. The Scrolls of Abraham are understood by Muslims to refer to certain revelations Abraham received, which he would have then transmitted to writing. The exact contents of the revelation are not described in the Quran.
The 87th chapter of the Quran, surah Al-Ala, concludes saying the subject matter of the surah has been in the earlier scriptures of Abraham and Moses. It is slightly indicative of what were in the previous scriptures, according to Islam:
Chapter 53 of the Quran, surah An-Najm mentions some more subject matters of the earlier scriptures of Abraham and Moses.
Identification
Some scholars suggest the Scrolls of Abraham to be a reference to the Sefer Yetzirah, as its appendix (vi. 15) and Jewish tradition generally ascribe the reception of its revelation to Abraham. Other scholars, however, suggest it refers to the Testament of Abraham, which was also available at the time of Muhammad (Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh).
The Quran contains numerous references to Abraham, his life, prayers and traditions and has a dedicated chapter named Ibrahim (14). On a relevant note, surah Al-Kahf (18) was revealed as an answer from God to the Jews who asked Muhammad about past events. Here God directly instructed Muhammad in surah Al-Kahf (18:22), not to consult the Jews for verifying the three stories about which they inquired.
The reason being God declaring He Himself is relating what needs to be verified in another verse of surah Al-Kahf (18:13)
Regarding consultation with the People of the Book, it is also narrated by Abu Hureyrah in hadith literature:
Therefore, in this view, Muslims would not be required to ascribe to the Sefer Yetzirah, even were it to be identified as the Scrolls of Abraham. However, Muslim theology already accepts Jewish sources such as the Torah (Tawrat) as revealed to Moses (Musa) or the Psalms (Zabur) as revealed to David (Dawud), though asserting Quranic precedence in the event of conflicting accounts.
See also
Book of Abraham
References
Further reading
Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography
Editions and translations:
Editio princeps:
Mantua, 1562; HebrewBooks.org Sefer Detail: ספר יצירה -- מיוחס לאברהם אבינו
other important editions:
Amsterdam, 1642;
Zolkiev, 1745;
Korzec, 1779;
Constantinople, 1791;
Grodno, 1806 (five commentaries); Sefer Detail: ספר יצירה -- ספר יצירה. תקס"ו. הורדנה.
Warsaw, 1884 (nine commentaries);
Goldschmidt, Das Buch der Schöpfung . . . Kritisch Redigirter Text, Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1894 (the edition, however, by no means represents a critical text).
Translations:
Latin:
Postell, Abraham Patriarchœ Liber Iezirah, Paris, 1552;
Pistor, Liber Iezirah, in Ars Cabalistica, Basel, 1557;
Rittangel in the Amsterdam edition of 1642;
German:
Johann F. von Meyer, Das Buch Yezira, Leipsic, 1830;
English:
I. Kalisch, A Sketch of the Talmud, New York City, 1877;
W. W. Westcott, Sepher Yezirah, London, 1893;
French:
Karppe, Etude sur les Origines . . . du Zohar, pp. 139–158, Paris, 1901.
Literature:
Castelli, Il Commento di Sabbatai Donnolo, Florence, 1880;
Epstein, Studien zum Jezira-Buche, in Monatsschrift, xxxvii.;
idem, Pseudo-Saadia, ib.;
idem, Recherches sur le Sefer Yeçira, in R. E. J. xxviii.-xxix. (both articles also published separately);
idem, in Monatsschrift, xxxix. 46–48, 134–136;
Grätz, Gnosticismus und Judenthum, pp. 102–132, Breslau, 1846;
Franck, La Kabbale, pp. 53–66, 102–118, Paris, 1843 (German translation by Jellinek, pp. 57–65, Leipsic, 1844);
Hamburger, R. B. T. Supplement, iii. 98-102;
Jellinek, Beiträge, i. 3-16;
Rosenthal, in Keneset Yisrael, ii. 29–68;
Steinschneider, in Berliner's Magazin, xix. 79–85;
idem, Cat. Bodl. cols. 552–554;
Zedner, Cat. Hebr. Books Brit. Mus. p. 13;
Fürst, Bibl. Jud. i. 27–28;
Bacher, Die Anfänge der Hebräischen Grammatik, pp. 20–23, Leipsic, 1895.
Islamic texts
Abraham in Islam |
4028297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus%20%28magazine%29 | Linus (magazine) | linus is an Italian comics magazine published in Italy since 1965. It is the first Italian magazine exclusively focused on comics. During a period of crisis, the magazine was not published in May and June 2013, but returned in July, published by Baldini & Castoldi.
History and profile
The first number of linus was published in April 1965 by Milano Libri, a subsidiary of Rizzoli, and was later published by Baldini & Castoldi in monthly issues until April 2013. Its founder was Giovanni Gandini. The magazine's name was always written in lowercase letters. It had a sister magazine, Alter, which was also a comics magazine. Both magazines had a leftist cultural stance and their editorials supported for the Italian Communist Party.
The first director of linus was Giovanni Gandini. The magazine published foreign comic strips like Peanuts, Li'l Abner, Bristow, Dick Tracy, and others. linus was also the place where Italian comics found space for the first time: examples include Neutron/Valentina by Guido Crepax and Girighiz by Enzo Lunari. It was the first Italian comics magazine which featured stories read by adults.
From the magazine's beginning, the comics section was accompanied by an extensive section dealing with society, politics, mass media, literature and other cultural themes. The first issue, for example, featured an interview by Umberto Eco with the novelist Elio Vittorini. Satirical strips by famous Italian authors like Altan, Alfredo Chiappori, Sergio Staino, Ellekappa, Angese, Vauro, Bruno D'Alfonso and by foreigners like Jules Feiffer were regularly published. Gandini was followed in 1972 by the intellectual, journalist, and writer Oreste del Buono.
Adventures comic book series like Dick Tracy or Jeff Hawke were initially published separately on special issues. These later were moved into a monthly series, Alterlinus (later Alter Alter and simply Alter, 1974), where more adult-themed comics found place, including works by innovative French authors like Moebius, Enki Bilal or Philippe Druillet and Italian artists like Sergio Toppi, Andrea Pazienza and Lorenzo Mattotti. Pure adventure themes were published in the monthly spin-off magazine Corto Maltese, created in 1983, named after Hugo Pratt's famous character.
Enzo Baldoni, the Italian journalist and writer killed in Iraq in 2004, worked as translator for linus, notably for the Doonesbury comic strip. Garry Trudeau wrote about him in his website shortly after Baldoni's murder.
A few issues of an English language edition were produced in 1970, edited by Frank Dickens and Ralph Steadman
Comic strips published in linus
Asterix
B.C.
Bristow
Calvin & Hobbes
Corto Maltese
Crock
Dick Tracy
Dilbert
Doonesbury
Fearless Fosdick
Get Fuzzy
Girighiz
Krazy Kat
Li'l Abner
Maakies
Maus
Peanuts
Pogo
Robotman
Valentina
The Wizard of Id
See also
List of magazines published in Italy
References
External links
Official website
Page at Slumberland.it
1965 establishments in Italy
1965 comics debuts
2013 comics endings
2013 disestablishments in Italy
Defunct magazines published in Italy
Comics magazines published in Italy
Italian-language magazines
Magazines established in 1965
Magazines disestablished in 2013
Magazines published in Milan |
4028322 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie%20Train%20%2703 | Boogie Train '03 | is the fifth single released by Miki Fujimoto. It was released on February 5, 2003, and sold a total of 43,804 copies, reaching number eight on the Oricon chart.
First pressing of this single came in a special tin packaging.
This is Fujimoto's last solo single before she joined the 6th Generation of Morning Musume.
Hello! Project Kids members Erika Umeda, Momoko Tsugunaga, Chinami Tokunaga, and Maasa Sudo appear in the pv.
Track listing
Boogie Train '03 (Instrumental)
External links
Boogie Train '03 entry at Up-Front Works
Miki Fujimoto songs
2003 singles
Songs written by Tsunku |
4028337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Macedonia at the 2006 Winter Olympics | The Republic of Macedonia sent a delegation to compete at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy from 10–26 February 2006. This was Macedonia's third appearance at a Winter Olympic Games. The delegation consisted of three athletes; Ivana Ivčevska and Gjorgi Markovski in alpine skiing, and Darko Damjanovski in cross-country skiing. Their best performance in any event was 40th, by Ivčevska in the women's giant slalom.
Background
The Olympic Committee of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia was recognized by the International Olympic Committee on 1 January 1993. The nation made its Summer Olympics debut at the 1996 Atlanta Games, and its first appearance in the Winter Olympic Games at the 1998 Nagano Olympics. Macedonia has participated in every Olympics since their respective debuts. No athlete competing for Macedonia has ever won a medal at the Winter Olympics. The Macedonian delegation to Turin consisted of three athletes; Ivana Ivčevska and Gjorgi Markovski in alpine skiing, and Darko Damjanovski in cross-country skiing. Markovski was the flag bearer for both the opening ceremony and the closing ceremony.
Alpine skiing
Ivana Ivčevska was 17 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics, and was making her Olympic debut. She was entered into two events, the giant slalom and the slalom. The slalom was held on 22 February, and consisted of two runs, with the total time determining the final standings. Ivčevska finished her first run in a time of 52.40 seconds and her second in a slower 57.73 seconds. Her total time was 1 minute and 50.13 seconds, which put her in 48th place out of 51 competitors who were able to finish both runs. On 24 February, she took part in the giant slalom, completing the first run in a time of 1 minute and 13.89 seconds, and the second in 1 minute and 23.47 seconds. Her total time was 2 minutes and 37.36 seconds, good for 40th place.
Gjorgi Markovski was 20 years old at the time of the 2006 Olympics, and was also making his Olympic debut. In the men's giant slalom on 20 February, he failed to finish the first run, and was eliminated from the competition. In the slalom, held on 25 February, he finished the first run in a time of 1 minute and 4.03 seconds, but failed to finish the second run, and went unranked for the competition.
Cross-country skiing
Darko Damjanovski was 24 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics, and was making his Olympic debut. In the men's 15 kilometre classical held on 17 February, he finished with a time of 48 minutes and 33.7 seconds, putting him 84th out of 96 classified finishers. He would go on to represent Macedonia again at the 2010 Winter Olympics, and a third time at the 2014 Winter Olympics.
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006
Winter Olympics |
4028343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Mattern%20Montgomery | Richard Mattern Montgomery | Richard Mattern Montgomery (December 15, 1911 – August 27, 1987), was a lieutenant general in the United States Air Force, and chief-of-staff of the U. S. Strategic Air Command from 1952 to 1956. He was vice commander-in-chief of the United States Air Force in Europe, from 1962 until he retired in 1966. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia.
Education and training
He attended the United States Military Academy at West Point, graduating with a lieutenant's commission in 1933. One year later he completed pilot training at Kelly Field, Texas. This was the beginning of an active flying career in which Montgomery logged more than 10,000 hours in more than 80 types of aircraft, including the KC-135 jet tanker (military counterpart of the Boeing 707), B-47 and B-52 intercontinental jet bombers.
Career
Vice commander in chief, U.S. Airforces in Europe
Sep 1962 – Sep 1966
Montgomery was assigned as vice commander in chief, U.S. Air Forces in Europe, at Wiesbaden AB, Germany, September 1, 1962, with promotion to the grade of lieutenant general.
Vice chief of staff, Headquarters U.S. Air Force
Aug 1959 – Sep 1962
In August 1959 he was named assistant vice chief of staff, Headquarters U.S. Air Force. He served for two years in this capacity under his previous commander General Curtis E. LeMay, who was then vice chief of staff. At the end of his Pentagon tour he was presented with the Distinguished Service Medal by General LeMay, U.S, Air Force chief of staff. For the next year he continued in the same job when General Frederic H. Smith became vice chief of staff.
Deputy commander of the 2nd Air Force (SAC)
Sep 1956 – Aug 1959
In 1956 he was assigned as deputy commander of the 2d Air Force (SAC). Following this two-year tour, he became commander of the 3d Air Division at Guam, with responsibility for SAC Forces West of the 180th meridian.
Chief of staff to General Curtis E. LeMay
Sep 1952 – Sep 1956
The assignment which did most to shape his subsequent career was that of chief of staff, Headquarters, Strategic Air Command, Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, in September 1952, a post he held until September 1956. As a principal staff assistant to then SAC commander in chief General Curtis E. LeMay, Montgomery participated in the buildup of SAC into the most powerful military force in the world history.
Joint Strategic Plans & Operations Group
1947–1949
A 1947 graduate of the Air War College, Montgomery became a member of the Joint Strategic Plans and Operations Group for General Douglas MacArthur in Tokyo. The following year he joined the 51st Fighter Wing at Naha Air Force Base, Okinawa. Flying then the new F-80 jet "Shooting Star" aircraft, the 51st Jet Fighter Wing pioneered in long overwater mass jet training flights in the Far East under Montgomery's leadership.
Deputy commander Briggs Air Force Base
1949–1952
Returning to the U.S. in 1949, he was assigned to Biggs Air Force Base in Texas and early in 1950 became deputy commander of the 97th Bombardment Wing located there. His assignment to SAC headquarters followed that tour of duty. A veteran of more than 30 years Air Force service, Montgomery was twice awarded the Legion of Merit while serving with the Strategic Air Command.
Aviation cadet training program/model basic flying school
1947–1949
Throughout his earlier years in the air corps, Montgomery held varied staff and command assignments. His first wartime job was concerned with organization of the aviation cadet training program. During this period he established a model Basic Flying School at Independence, Kansas. Later he was assigned to the Office of the Assistant Chief, Air Staff Training, Army Air Force headquarters in the Pentagon, where his extensive field experience was brought to bear on the entire Air Force wartime training program.
References
External links
United States Air Force generals
United States Military Academy alumni
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
1911 births
1987 deaths |
4028353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Pro%20Wrestling%3A%20United%20Kingdom | International Pro Wrestling: United Kingdom | International Pro Wrestling: United Kingdom (Sometimes called IPW:UK or IPWUK) was a British professional wrestling promotion, founded by Daniel Edler. The company was established in 2004 and predominantly promoted events across Kent and the south-east; notably in Orpington, Sittingbourne, Tonbridge, Swanley and lastly Rochester.
History
The promotion made its debut in September 2004 with a show called Extreme Measures at the Orpington Halls in Orpington, Greater London. The show included an Iron Fist match between Jonny Storm and Pro Wrestling Guerrilla's Super Dragon. At its inception, the promoter was Daniel Edler and the Booker was Andrew "Fozzy" Maddock.
Other memorable early shows for IPW:UK would include the Best of British series which would see matches to determine the best wrestlers in the UK of a certain class (High Flyers, and Heavyweights).
After initially coming in as a referee in 2005, Andy Quildan was promoted in the company to Booker, replacing Andrew Maddock - with Quildan also taking over the behind the scenes role of lead editor for all media output. The promotion would soon reach a deal with The Wrestling Channel to broadcast a weekly one-hour television show.
In August 2006, Frontier Wrestling Alliance allowed IPW:UK to participate in its second Frontiers of Honor show which also involves American promotion Ring of Honor. This working relationship with FWA would seem to take a turn for the worse when several incidents involving IPW:UK using FWA talent when the same talent were scheduled to appear in FWA events, and promoting FWA title defences without asking for permission from the FWA management team. However, these seemingly legit incidents were worked into an inter-promotional feud that would see then IPW:UK Champion Martin Stone be stripped of his FWA Tag Team Title, siding with IPW:UK in preparation to face semi-retired FWA Star Alex Shane in a Promotion vs. Promotion – Winner Takes All Match at Broxbourne on 16 March 2007. This was later changed to The Orpington Halls vs. Flash Barker, on 25 March - an event which IPW:UK won.
In early-2007, IPW:UK announced that from October 2007 to September 2008, they would be running a year-long, 64 person tournament entitled the "British National Championship". This culminated in a final bout between Johnny Moss and Terry Frazier, with Frazier coming out on top as the winner of the BNC and the new All-England Champion. The promotion tried a second version later down the line, with far less critical success.
On 26 August 2012, at booker Andy Quildan broke with the promotion to ensure "the high standards he set to the promotion" would be maintained. Quildan would bring with him the British Heavyweight, Tag Team and Cruiserweight Championships to his new promotion Revolution Pro Wrestling.
At the same time, Daniel Edler, still recognising all the current champions, began working on "Academy" events set in Swanley, with the aim being to produce the next generation of British talent. A star student would turn out to be WWE NXT:UK wrestler Sam Stoker.
In July 2017, owner and founder Daniel Edler sold the company assets and the final ever IPW:UK event was held on 24 September 2017, one day shy of 13 years to the date of the first show.
Championships
IPW:UK promoted four main championships during its time, with the major title, the IPW:UK World Championship being a World championship - after being defended internationally.
Retired championships
See also
Professional wrestling in the United Kingdom
List of professional wrestling promotions in the United Kingdom
References
Entertainment companies established in 2004
Entertainment companies of the United Kingdom
2004 establishments in the United Kingdom |
4028355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quds%20Force | Quds Force | The Quds Force () is one of five branches of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) specializing in unconventional warfare and military intelligence operations. U.S. Army's Iraq War General Stanley McChrystal describes the Quds Force as an organization analogous to a combination of the CIA and the Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) in the United States. Responsible for extraterritorial operations, the Quds Force supports non-state actors in many countries, including Hezbollah, Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, Yemeni Houthis, and Shia militias in Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan.
The Quds Force reports directly to the Supreme Leader of Iran, Ayatollah Khamenei. After Qassem Soleimani was killed, his deputy, Esmail Ghaani, replaced him. The U.S. Secretary of State designated the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and Quds Force as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) in 2019 based on the IRGC’s “continued support to and engagement in terrorist activity around the world.” This was the first time that the U.S. ever designated another government’s department as a FTO.
Name
While the formation's official name is Quds Force (), it has also been referred to as the 'Quds Corps' () in Persian media.
History and mission
The predecessor of the Quds Force, known as 'Department 900', was created during the Iran–Iraq War as a special intelligence unit, while the IRGC was allegedly active abroad in Afghanistan before the war. The department was later merged into 'Special External Operations Department'. After the war in 1988, the IRGC was reorganized and the Quds Force was established as an independent service branch. It has the mission of liberating "Muslim land", especially al-Quds, from which it takes its name—"Jerusalem Force" in English.
Both during and after the war, it provided support to the Kurds fighting Saddam Hussein. In 1982, a Quds unit was deployed to Lebanon, where it assisted in the genesis of Hezbollah. The Force also expanded its operations into neighboring Afghanistan, including assistance for Abdul Ali Mazari's Shi'a Hezbe Wahdat in the 1980s against the government of Mohammad Najibullah. It then began funding and supporting Ahmad Shah Massoud's Northern Alliance against the Taliban. However, in recent years, the Quds Force is alleged to have been helping and guiding the Taliban insurgents against the NATO-backed Karzai administration. There were also reports of the unit lending support to Bosnian Muslims fighting the Bosnian Serbs during the Bosnian War.
According to the Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram, former Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad helped fund the Quds Force while he was stationed at the Ramazan garrison near Iraq, during the late 1980s.
In January 2010, according to the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, the mission of the Quds Force was expanded and the Force along with Hezbollah started a new campaign of attacks targeting not only the US and Israel but also other Western bodies.
In January 2020, Quds Force commander Major General Qasem Soleimani was killed by a US airstrike on his convoy outside Baghdad International Airport.
The Quds force is ran from Tehran, and has ties with armed groups in Afghanistan, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and the Palestinian territories.
Organization
The force is described as "active in dozens of countries." According to former U.S. Army intelligence officer David Dionisi, the Quds force is organized into eight different directorates based on geographic location:
Western countries (excluding Turkey, including the former Eastern Bloc)
Former Soviet Union
Iraq
Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India
Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan
Turkey
North Africa
Arabian Peninsula
According to journalist Dexter Filkins, the force's members are "divided between combatants and those who train and oversee foreign assets," and the force is divided into branches focusing on "intelligence, finance, foreign languages, politics, sabotage, and special operations." Members are chosen both for their skill and "allegiance to the doctrine of the Islamic Revolution."
In addition, Dionisi asserts in his book American Hiroshima that the Iranian Quds Force headquarters for operations in Iraq was moved in 2004 to the Iran-Iraq border in order to better supervise activities in Iraq. The Quds Force also operates a base in the former compound of the U.S. Embassy, which was overrun in 1979.
According to Filkins and American General Stanley A. McChrystal, it was the Quds Force that "flooded" Iraq with "explosively formed projectiles" which fire a molten copper slug able to penetrate armor, and which accounted for "nearly 20%" of American combat deaths in Iraq (i.e. hundreds of soldiers). In September 2007, a few years after the publication of American Hiroshima: The Reasons Why and a Call to Strengthen America's Democracy in July 2006, General David Petraeus reported to Congress that the Quds Force had left Iraq. Petraeus said, "The Quds Force itself, we believe, by and large, those individuals have been pulled out of the country, as have the Lebanese Hezbollah trainers that were being used to augment that activity."
On 7 July 2008, journalist Seymour Hersh wrote an article in The New Yorker revealing that President Bush had signed a Presidential Finding authorizing the CIA and Joint Special Operations Command to conduct cross-border paramilitary operations from Iraq and Afghanistan into Iran. These operations would be against the Quds Force and "high-value targets." "The Finding was focused on undermining Iran's nuclear ambitions and trying to undermine the government through regime change," a person familiar with its contents said, and involved "working with opposition groups."
Size
The size of the Quds Force is classified and unknown. In 2007, Mahan Abedin of Center for the Study of Terrorism said that Quds Force numbers no more than 2,000 people, with 800 core operatives. Scott Shane, who interviewed several American scholars later that year, wrote that estimates range from 3,000 to 50,000. In 2013, Dexter Filkins wrote that the Quds Force has 10,000–20,000 members, "divided between combatants and those who train and oversee foreign assets". The 2020 edition of The Military Balance, published by the International Institute of Strategic Studies (IISS), estimated that the force has about 5,000 personnel.
In 2020, Jack Watling of the Royal United Services Institute estimated the Quds Force had the "divisional strength military formation" of approximately 17,000 to 21,000 members, split regionally.
Financing
Companies controlled by the Quds Force maintain banking relationships with the Bank of Kunlun, a subsidiary of the China National Petroleum Corporation.
Outside analysis
While it reports directly to the Supreme Leader of Iran, there are debates over how independently Quds Force operates.
Mahan Abedin, director of research at the London-based Center for the Study of Terrorism (and editor of Islamism Digest), believes the unit is not independent: "Quds Force, although it's a highly specialized department, it is subject to strict, iron-clad military discipline. It's completely controlled by the military hierarchy of the IRGC, and the IRGC is very tightly controlled by the highest levels of the administration in Iran."
According to a Los Angeles Times report, in Abedin's view, "[I]t's a very capable force—their people are extremely talented, [and] they tend to be the best people in the IRGC".
Activities
The Quds Force trains and equips foreign Islamic revolutionary groups around the Middle East. The paramilitary instruction provided by the Quds Force typically occurs in Iran or Sudan. Foreign recruits are transported from their home countries to Iran to receive training. The Quds Force sometimes plays a more direct role in the military operations of the forces it trains, including pre-attack planning and other operation-specific military advice.
Afghanistan
Since 1979, Iran had supported the Shi'a Hezbe Wahdat forces against the Afghan government of Mohammad Najibullah. When Najibullah stepped down as President in 1992, Iran continued supporting Hezbe Wahdat against other Afghan militia groups. When the Taliban took over Afghanistan in 1996, Hezbe Wahdat had lost its founder and main leader, Abdul Ali Mazari, so the group joined Ahmad Shah Massoud's Northern Alliance. Iran began supporting the Northern Alliance against the Taliban, who were backed by Pakistan and the Arab world. In 1999, after several Iranian diplomats were killed by the Taliban in Mazar-e Sharif, Iran nearly got into a war with the Taliban. The Quds Force reportedly fought alongside the United States and the Northern Alliance in the Battle for Herat. However, in recent years Iran is accused of helping and training the Taliban insurgents against the NATO-backed Karzai administration. Iranian-made weapons, including powerful explosive devices are often found inside Afghanistan.
In March 2012, Najibullah Kabuli, leader of the National Participation Front (NPF) of Afghanistan, accused three senior leaders of Iran's Revolutionary Guards of plotting to assassinate him. Some members of the Afghan Parliament accuses Iran of setting up Taliban bases in several Iranian cities, and that "Iran is directly involved in fanning ethnic, linguistic and sectarian tensions in Afghanistan." There are reports about Iran's Revolutionary Guards training Afghans inside Iran to carry out terrorist attacks in Afghanistan.
India
Following an attack on an Israeli diplomat in India in February 2012, Delhi Police at the time contended that the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps had some involvement. This was subsequently confirmed in July 2012, after a report by the Delhi Police found evidence that members of Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps had been involved in the 13 February bomb attack in the capital.
United States
On 11 October 2011, the Obama Administration revealed the United States Government's allegations that the Quds Force was involved with the plot to assassinate Saudi Arabia's Ambassador to the United States Adel al-Jubeir, which also entailed plans to bomb the Israeli and Saudi embassies located in Washington, D.C.
South America
It's been reported that Iran has been increasing its presence in Latin America through Venezuela. Little is known publicly what their objectives are in the region, but in 2009, Defense Secretary Robert Gates denounced Iran for meddling in "subversive activities" using Quds Forces. However, Iran claims it is merely "ensuring the survival of the regime" by propagating regional influence.
Juan Guaidó, President of the National Assembly of Venezuela, accused Nicolás Maduro in January 2020 of allowing Qasem Soleimani and his Quds Forces to incorporate their sanctioned banks and their companies in Venezuela. Guaidó also said that Soleimani "led a criminal and terrorist structure in Iran that for years caused pain to his people and destabilized the Middle East, just as Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis did with Hezbollah."
Iraq
The Quds Force has been described as the Iranian "unit deployed to challenge the United States presence" in Iraq following the U.S. invasion of that country, which put "165,000 American troops along Iran's western border," adding to the American troops already in Iran's eastern neighbor Afghanistan.
The force "operated throughout Iraq, arming, aiding, and abetting Shiite militias"—i.e., the Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq, Dawa, and the Mahdi Army—"all" of which "had close ties to Iran, some dating back decades" as part of their struggle against Saddam Hussein's oppressive Arab nationalist regime.
In November 2006, with sectarian violence in Iraq increasing, U.S. General John Abizaid accused the Quds Force of supporting "Shi'a death squads", while the government of Iran was pledging support in stabilization. Similarly, in July 2007, Major General Kevin Bergner of the U.S. Army alleged that members of the Quds Force aided in the planning of a raid on U.S. forces in the Iraqi city of Karbala in January 2007.
Former CIA officer Robert Baer asserts the Quds Force uses couriers for all sensitive communications.
2006 detainment in Iraq
On 24 December 2006, The New York Times reported that at least four Iranians had been captured by American troops in Iraq in the previous few days. According to the article, the U.S. government suspected that two of them were members of Quds Force, which would be some of the first physical proof of Quds Force activity in Iraq. According to The Pentagon, the alleged Quds Force members were "involved in the transfer of IED technologies from Iran to Iraq." The two men had entered Iraq legally, although they were not accredited diplomats. Iraqi officials believed that the evidence against the men was only circumstantial, but on 29 December, and under U.S. pressure, the Iraqi government ordered the men to leave Iraq. They were driven back to Iran that day. In mid-January 2007 it was reported that the two alleged Quds force officers seized by American forces were Brig. Gen. Mohsen Chizari and Col. Abu Amad Davari. According to The Washington Post. Chizari is the third highest officer of Quds Force, making him the allegedly highest-ranked Iranian to ever be held by the United States.
New York Sun report
The New York Sun reported that the documents described the Quds Force as not only cooperating with Shi'a death squads, but also with fighters related to al-Qaeda and Ansar al-Sunna. It said that the Quds Force had studied the Iraq situation in a similar manner to the U.S. Iraq Study Group, and had concluded that they must increase efforts with Sunni and Shiite groups in order to counter the influence of Sunni states.
U.S. raid on Iranian liaison office
On 11 January 2007, U.S. forces raided and detained five employees of the Iranian liaison office in Erbil, Iraq. The U.S. military said the five detainees were connected to the Quds Force. The operation drew protests from the regional Kurdish government while the Russian government called the detainments unacceptable.
Alireza Nourizadeh, a political analyst at Voice of America, stated that their arrests were causing concern in Iranian intelligence because the five alleged officials were knowledgeable of a wide range of Quds Force and Iranian activities in Iraq. According to American ambassador Zalmay Khalilzad, one of the men in custody was Quds Force's director of operations.
Iranian and Iraqi officials maintained that the detained men were part of a diplomatic mission in the city of Erbil, Iraq. The five Iranian detainees were still being held at a U.S. prison in Iraq as of 8 July 2007. The U.S. said they were "still being interrogated" and that it had "no plans to free them while they are seen as a security risk in Iraq." Iran said that the detainees were "kidnapped diplomats" and that they were "held as hostages."
On 9 July 2009, the five detainees were released from U.S. custody to Iraqi officials.
Allegations of involvement in Karbala attack
On 20 January 2007, a group of gunmen attacked the Karbala Provincial Joint Coordination Center in Karbala, captured four American soldiers, and subsequently killed them. The attackers passed through an Iraqi checkpoint at around 5 pm, a total of five black GMC Suburbans, similar to those driven by U.S. security and diplomatic officials. They were also wearing American military uniforms and spoke fluent English. Because of the sophistication of the attack, some analysts have suggested that only a group like the Quds Force would be able to plan and carry out such an action. Former CIA officer Robert Baer also suggested that the five Americans were killed by the Quds Force in revenge for the Americans holding five Iranians since the 11 January raid in Irbil. It was reported that the U.S. military is investigating whether or not the attackers were trained by Iranian officials; however, no evidence besides the sophistication of the attack has yet been presented.
On 2 July 2007, the U.S. military said that information from captured Hezbollah fighter Ali Musa Daqduq established a link between the Quds Force and the Karbala raid. The U.S. military claims Daqduq worked as a liaison between Quds force operatives and the Shia group that carried out the raid. According to the United States, Daqduq said that the Shia group "could not have conducted this complex operation without the support and direction of the Quds force".
Allegations of support for Iraqi militants
In June 2007, U.S. General Ray Odierno asserted that Iranian support for these Shia militia increased as the United States itself implemented the 2007 "troop surge". Two different studies have maintained that approximately half of all foreign insurgents entering Iraq come from Saudi Arabia.
In December 2009 evidence uncovered during an investigation by The Guardian newspaper and Guardian Films linked the Quds Force to the kidnappings of five Britons from a government ministry building in Baghdad in 2007. Four of the hostages, Jason Creswell, Jason Swindlehurst, Alec Maclachlan, and Alan McMenemy, were killed. Peter Moore was released on 30 December 2009. The investigation uncovered evidence that Moore, 37, a computer expert from Lincoln was targeted because he was installing a system for the Iraqi Government that would show how a vast amount of international aid was diverted to Iran's militia groups in Iraq. One of the alleged groups funded by the Quds force directly is the Righteous League, which emerged in 2006 and has stayed largely in the shadows as a proxy of the Quds Force. Shia cleric and leading figure of the Righteous League, Qais al-Khazali, was handed over by the U.S. military for release by the Iraqi government on 29 December 2009 as part of the deal that led to the release of Moore.
Allegations by U.S. President Bush
In a 14 February 2007 news conference U.S. President George W. Bush reiterated his claim that the Quds Force was causing unrest in Iraq, stating:
I can say with certainty that the Quds force, a part of the Iranian government, has provided these sophisticated IEDs that have harmed our troops. And I'd like to repeat, I do not know whether or not the Quds Force was ordered from the top echelons of government. But my point is what's worse – them ordering it and it happening, or them not ordering it and it happening? And so we will continue to protect our troops. ... to say it [this claim] is provoking Iran is just a wrong way to characterize the Commander-in-Chief's decision to do what is necessary to protect our soldiers in harm's way. And I will continue to do so. ... Whether Ahmadinejad ordered the Quds force to do this, I don't think we know. But we do know that they're there, and I intend to do something about it. And I've asked our commanders to do something about it. And we're going to protect our troops. ... I don't think we know who picked up the phone and said to the Quds Force, go do this, but we know it's a vital part of the Iranian government. ...What matters is, is that we're responding. The idea that somehow we're manufacturing the idea that the Iranians are providing IEDs is preposterous. ... My job is to protect our troops. And when we find devices that are in that country that are hurting our troops, we're going to do something about it, pure and simple. ... does this mean you're trying to have a pretext for war? No. It means I'm trying to protect our troops.
Mohsen Sazegara, who was a high-ranking Tehran official before turning against the government, has argued that Ahmadinejad does not control the Guards outside of Iran. "Not only the foreign ministry of Iran; even the president does not know what the Revolutionary Guards does outside of Iran. They directly report to the leader", he said, referring to Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. Although Ali Khamenei is the ultimate person in charge of the Quds Force, George Bush did not mention him. According to Richard Clarke, "Quds force reports directly to the Supreme Ayatollah, through the commander-in-chief of the revolutionary guards."
Detainment of alleged bomb smuggler
On 20 September 2007, the U.S. military arrested an Iranian during a raid on a hotel in Sulaimaniyah, a city in the Kurdish-controlled north. The military accused the Iranian of being a member of the elite Quds Force and smuggling powerful roadside bombs, including armor-piercing explosively formed penetrators, into Iraq. The military said intelligence reports asserted the suspect was involved in the infiltration and training of foreign fighters into Iraq as well.
On 22 September 2007, Iraqi President Jalal Talabani criticized the United States for arresting the Iranian and called for his immediate release. Talabani argued he is a civil servant who was on an official trade mission in the Kurdish Region and stated Iraqi and Kurdish regional government representatives were aware of the man's presence in the country. "I express to you our outrage for these American forces arresting this Iranian civil official visitor without informing or cooperating with the government of the Kurdistan region, which means insult and disregard for its rights", Talabani wrote in a "letter of resentment" to Ryan Crocker, U.S. ambassador to Iraq, and Gen. David Petraeus.
Allegations of 2007 market attack
On 24 November 2007, US military officials accused an Iranian special group of placing a bomb in a bird box that blew up at a popular animal market in central Baghdad. "The group's purpose was to make it appear Al Qaeda in Iraq was responsible for the attack", Admiral Smith said. He further emphasized there was "no evidence Iran ordered the attack". In May 2008, Iraq said it had no evidence that Iran was supporting militants on Iraqi soil. Al-Sadr spokesman Al-Ubaydi said the presence of Iranian weapons in Iraq is "quite normal," since "they are bought and sold and any party can buy them."
Allegations of ties to Al-Qaeda
According to reports produced by Agence France-Presse (AFP), The Jerusalem Post, and Al Arabiya, at the request of a member of the United States' House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, in 2011 Congressional counter-terrorism advisor Michael S. Smith II of Kronos Advisory, LLC produced a report on Iran's alleged ties to Al-Qaeda that was distributed to members of the Congressional Anti-Terrorism Caucus. Titled "The al-Qa'ida-Qods Force Nexus: Scratching the Surface of a Known Unknown", a redacted version of Smith's report is available online via the blog site owned by American military geostrategist and The Pentagon's New Map author Thomas P.M. Barnett. The report's Issue Summary section explains: "This report focuses on the history of Iran's relationship with al-Qa'ida, and briefly addresses potential implications of these ties. Additionally, its author provides a list of recommended action items for Members of the United States Congress, as well as a list of questions that may help Members develop a better understanding of this issue through interactions with defense and intelligence officials".
A member of the Quds Force was alleged arrested with 21 other suspects in the attack on the Israeli and United States embassies on 14 March 2012 in Azerbaijan.
Combat against Islamic State
In 2014, Quds Force was deployed into Iraq to lead Iranian action against ISIL. Iran sent three Quds Force battalions to help the Iraqi government repel ISIL's 2014 Northern Iraq offensive. Over 40 officers participated in the Second Battle of Tikrit, including the commander of the force, Gen. Qasem Soleimani who took a leading role in the operation.
2020 drone strike on Qasem Soleimani in Iraq
On 3 January 2020, a drone strike approved by United States President Donald Trump at Baghdad International Airport killed General Qasem Soleimani, the head of the Quds Force.
Syria
IRGC Commander Jafari announced on 16 September 2012 that Quds Force "were present" in Syria.
Coinciding with the Geneva II Conference on Syria in 2014, Iran boosted its presence in Syria with several "hundred" military specialists, including senior commanders from the Quds Force, according to Iranian sources and security experts. While recently retired senior IRGC commander told that there were at least 60 to 70 Quds force commanders on the ground in Syria at any given time. The primary role of these forces is to gather intelligence and manage the logistics of the battle for the Syrian Government.
In November 2015, the Quds Force conducted a successful rescue mission of a Russian bomber pilot who was shot down by a Turkish fighter jet.
In May 2018, Quds forces on the Syrian-held side of the Golan Heights allegedly fired around 20 projectiles towards Israeli army positions without causing damage or casualties. Israel responded with airstrikes against Iranian bases in Syria. At least twenty-three fighters, among them 18 foreigners, were reportedly killed in the strikes.
In January 2019, the Israel Defense Forces confirmed that it had carried out strikes against Iranian military targets in Syria several hours after a rocket was intercepted over the Golan Heights. The Israeli military claimed in a statement that Quds Force positions were targeted and included a warning to the Syrian military against "attempting to harm Israeli forces or territory."
In April 2021, prominent Syria-based Quds operative Brigadier General Mohammad Reza Fallahzadeh became Quds Deputy Commander.
Germany
In January 2018, German authorities conducted raids in Baden-Württemberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Bavaria and Berlin, searching homes and businesses belonging to ten alleged Iranian Quds Force members, suspected of spying on Israeli and Jewish targets.
Commanders
Designation as a terrorist organization
The United States Department of the Treasury designated the Quds Force under Executive Order 13224 for providing material support to US-designated terrorist organizations on 25 October 2007, prohibiting transactions between the group and U.S. citizens, and freezing any assets under U.S. jurisdiction. The Government of Canada designated the Quds Force as a terrorist organization on 17 December 2012. Israel designated the Quds Force as a terrorist organization in March 2015.
On 23 October 2018, the kingdoms of Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, both involved in Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against Quds Force-backed Houthis, designated the IRGC as a terrorist organization. The designation also included former commander Qasem Soleimani.
In April 2019, the U.S. made the decision to designate the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), a foreign military, as a foreign terrorist organization by the State Department under an immigration statute and their maximum pressure campaign. This designation was done over the opposition of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Department of Defense (DoD).
On 28 August 2019, when Israel's foreign minister Katz made a visit to the United kingdom, he asked the UK's foreign minister Dominic Raab to designate the Quds Force as a terrorist organization.
Rewards for justice offers $15 million for information on QF financing.
Sanctions
Designates IRGC-Qods Force Front Company
On 1 May 2020, The U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) designated dual Iranian and Iraqi national Amir Dianat, associate of Revolutionary Guards Quds Force officials. The religion, Dianat, who also known as Amir Abdulazeez Jaafar, has been involved in the Quds Force's efforts to generate revenue and smuggle weapons abroad. The U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) also designating "Taif" Mineral Mining Services Company, a company owned, controlled, or directed by Dianat.
Fiction depiction
Splinter Cell Blacklist
See also
Intelligence Organization of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
References
Sources
Dionisi, David J. American Hiroshima: The Reasons Why and a Call to Strengthen America's Democracy. Trafford Publishing, 2005. Sanzini Publishing for the 2006/2007 Korean version.
1988 establishments in Iran
Military units and formations established in 1988
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps military branches
Special forces of Iran
Iranian security organisations
Foreign relations of Iran
Military intelligence agencies
Anti-Soviet factions in the Soviet–Afghan War
Anti-ISIL factions in Iraq
Anti-ISIL factions in Syria
Pro-government factions of the Syrian civil war
Military units and formations of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Military units and formations of the Bosnian War
Organizations designated as terrorist in Asia
Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States
Organizations designated as terrorist by Canada
Entities added to the Consolidated List by Australia |
4028365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9nette%20et%20Boni%20%28soundtrack%29 | Nénette et Boni (soundtrack) | Nénette et Boni is the name of Tindersticks' soundtrack album to the 1996 Claire Denis film Nénette et Boni.
All of the tracks are instrumentals, with the exception of "Petites Gouttes d'Eau", which is a retitled version of "Tiny Tears", from the band's second album.
Track listing
"Ma sœur" – 2:48
"La passerelle" – 4:17
"Les gâteaux" – 1:00
"Camions" – 2:50
"Nénette est là" – 1:32
"Petites chiennes" – 1:59
"Nosfératu" – 1:11
"Petites gouttes d’eau" - 5:25
"Les cannes à pêche" – 2:49
"La mort de Félix" – 1:31
"Nénette s’en va" – 2:19
"Les bébés" – 1:31
"Les fleurs" – 1:06
"Rhumba" – 6:52
References
Tindersticks albums
1996 soundtrack albums
Drama film soundtracks |
4028368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benevolent%20dictatorship | Benevolent dictatorship | A benevolent dictatorship is a government in which an authoritarian leader exercises absolute political power over the state, but is perceived to do so with regard for benefit of the nation and its population as a whole, standing in contrast to the decidedly malevolent stereotype of a dictator who focuses on their supporters and their own self-interests.
As such, a benevolent dictator generally allows for some civil liberties and democratic decision-making as well as the rule of law to exist, such as through public referendums or elected representatives with varying degrees of power, and often makes preparations for increased democratization during or after their term. It might be seen as a republican form of enlightened despotism.
Characteristics
Modern usage of the term in a world society where the norm leans much more toward democracy can be traced back to John Stuart Mill in his classic On Liberty (1869). Although he argued in favor of democratic rights for individuals, he did make an exception for what he called today's developing countries:
We may leave out of consideration those backward states of society in which the race itself may be considered as in its nonage. Despotism is [...] legitimate [...] in dealing with barbarians, provided the end be their improvement [...]. Liberty [...] has no application to any state of things anterior to the time when mankind have become capable of being improved by free and equal discussion.
Benevolent dictator was also a popular rhetoric in the early 20th century as a support for colonial rulings. A British colonial official called Lord Hailey said in the 1940s "A new conception of our relationship...may emerge as part of the movement for the betterment of the backward peoples of the world." Hailey conceived economic development as a justification for colonial power.
In the Spanish language, the pun word dictablanda is sometimes used for a dictatorship conserving some of the liberties and mechanisms of democracy. The pun is that, in Spanish, dictadura is "dictatorship", dura is "hard" and blanda is "soft". Analogously, the same pun is made in Portuguese as ditabranda or ditamole. In February 2009, the Brazilian newspaper Folha de S.Paulo ran an editorial classifying the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964–1985) as a "ditabranda", creating controversy.
Mancur Olson characterized benevolent dictators as "not like the wolf that preys on the elk, but more like the rancher who makes sure his cattle are protected and are given water".
Modern examples
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Shortly after the death of Lee Kuan Yew, the online portal The Policy Wire in its editorial brought up Mustafa Kemal Atatürk as a similar benevolent dictator due to his leadership of the Turkish War of Independence from 1919 to 1923 and his presidency from 1923 to 1938. He was credited with removing foreign influence from former Ottoman territory, and is looked fondly upon as the founder of modern Turkey in the form of a republic.
As the president of the newly formed Turkish Republic, Atatürk initiated a rigorous program of political, economic, and cultural reforms with the ultimate aim of building a modern and progressive nation. He made Republic of Turkey a secular state. Secularism in Turkey derives from Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's Six Arrows: republicanism, populism, laïcité, reformism, nationalism and statism. He made primary education free and compulsory, opening thousands of new schools all over the country. Turkish women received equal civil and political rights during Atatürk's presidency. In particular, women were given voting rights in local elections by Act no. 1580 on 3 April 1930 and a few years later, in 1934, full universal suffrage. Alexander Rüstow also defined his rule as a benevolent dictatorship.
Josip Broz Tito
Although Josip Broz Tito led the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as Prime Minister and President (later President for Life) from 1944 until his death in 1980 under what many criticized as authoritarian rule,
according to author Susan G. Shapiro he was widely popular and was "seen by most as a benevolent dictator". He was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad.
Viewed as a unifying symbol especially retrospectively after the events of the violent breakup of Yugoslavia, his internal policies maintained the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation. The country's economy underwent a period of prosperity under the system of workers' self-management devised by his deputy Edvard Kardelj. Tito gained further international attention as the chief leader of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Lee Kuan Yew
Since gaining independence on 9 August 1965, Singapore in just a few decades has transformed from a relatively underdeveloped and impoverished agrarian society into Asia's most developed nation and one of the wealthiest, as a centre of aviation, international banking, business, tourism and shipping. Singapore was also dubbed as one of the Four Asian Tigers.
Lee Kuan Yew and his administration wielded absolute reign over Singaporean politics until 1990, while his People's Action Party has remained in power ever since, controlling Singapore as a dominant-party state. Therefore, Lee has often been referred to as a benevolent dictator. In 1988, Donella Meadows of the The Academy for Systems Change described Singaporeans to be living a good life under a benevolent dictator – referring to Lee.
As a leader who was in power for thirty-one years from 1959 until 1990, he implemented some laws that were deemed by some observers to be autocratic, and attempted to dismantle political opposition by engaging in defamation lawsuits. Despite this, he is reportedly often looked upon favorably by Singaporeans for his transformation of Singapore. A proponent for Realpolitik, Peter Popham of The Independent called Lee "one of the most successful political pragmatists."
See also
Absolute monarchy
Benevolent dictator for life (related concept in terms of software)
Dictablanda
Enlightened absolutism
Meritocracy
Philosopher king
Separation of powers
Social planner
Soft despotism
References
Authoritarianism
Political systems |
4028378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilt%20%28British%20band%29 | Tilt (British band) | Tilt is an English group of electronic record producers, composed of Mick Park and Nic Britton.
Tilt was formed in Coventry, England by Mick Park and Mick Wilson. In 1990 they became resident DJs at The Eclipse (club), which was the first legal all night Rave dance venue in the United Kingdom. During their time at Eclipse, they DJ'd alongside Sasha, who inspired them to produce their own musical material. In 1993, they met with John Graham and formed Tilt. Engineered by Nic Britton at Bassroom/Midiroom Studios in Stoke-on-Trent, their first big hit single came in 1996 with "I Dream", released on Paul Oakenfold's Perfecto Records. Tilt released several other singles such as "My Spirit", "Places", and "Butterfly", as well as "Rendezvous", which they recorded with Paul van Dyk.
Following this success, they were signed by Red Jerry's Hooj Choons label. On Hooj Choons, they released "Invisible", which reached the Top 20 in the UK Singles Chart. They also produced a cover version of Robert Miles' "Children". Additionally, Tilt also released their "Dark Science EP" on Hooj Choons. Tilt Have had success with seven UK chart hits to date.
In 1997 the boys collaborated with the legendary Sex Pistols Manager Malcolm McLaren on a project called Lakme 'The Bell Song' - to critical acclaim. John Graham left Tilt in 1999 to pursue a solo production career, but Tilt, now a duo, continued to release singles. Andy Moor then joined up with Parks and Wilson. They released the album, Explorer, on a Hooj Choons subsidiary label, Lost Language. Shortly after the album release, Moor and Wilson left the band to pursue their own careers. In 2011, Nic Britton re-joined Mick Park as TILT with releases on Black Hole Recordings
2011/12 - produced ‘No Other Day’ which featured Maria Nayler and re-released the classic ‘The World Doesn’t Know’ for Lost Language’s 100th release. Mick Park and Nic Britton hit the ground running with their huge remix of Cosmos ‘Take Me With You’ which was supported by Pete Tong on BBC Radio One and Steve Smart on Kiss (UK radio station). They have since collaborated with Ben Shaw, Sam Mollison and Dominique Atkins (aka) 'Grace' and have released productions on Mesmeric Records, Black Hole Recordings, Perfecto Records, Pro B-Tech and Lost Language all gaining DJ support from Carl Cox, John Digweed, Hernan Cattaneo, Nick Warren, Pete Tong, Armin Van Buuren, Paul Oakenfold plus many more. Late 2013 TILT released ‘Stop The World Revolving’ – Best of TILT; DJ Mix Compilation.
2014 started with a hive of activity producing an E.A.R (Electronic Artists Revealed) tutorial for Mac Pro. The video was an instant hit and TILT were invited back to produce another in 2017. Soon after work started on their highly anticipated album ‘Resonator’ which was signed to Pro B Tech Records, they collaborated with various singers and producers completing the project in 2014. Released in November 2014, it went straight to number 2 in the Beatport charts with critical acclaim from the world dance community. They toured to promote the project with a DJ & Live Visual show! 2015 then saw TILT release a four track EP entitled ‘Quad’ on Stripped Recordings. Fantastic reviews were received which culminated in TILT touring with Paul Oakenfold; DJing at sellout venues, which included Ministry of Sound, Cream (nightclub) and Session. Late 2015 saw TILT embarking on a monthly residency with Frisky Radio. TILT’s 'Trip Switch' showcased the hottest underground tunes over a one-hour mix. Feeling the need of a new challenge, TILT started work on a new studio production with long standing collaborators Natasha Cadman and Silinder. In October 2016, ‘Black Hearts’ was released on Pro B Tech Records hitting the Beatport top 10. More remixes followed with numerous reworks for the ‘hot’ Tactal Hots Music over the next few months.
In early 2017 TILT started a ‘House Music’ collaboration with the Queen of Soul and Gospel Music, Ms Ruby Turner (Jools Holland). This was Ruby’s first dance record production, which was named ‘Deeper In Love’. It was signed by Paul Oakenfold and released on Perfecto House Records in late 2017. In 2018 they released two brand new singles ‘Black Samurai’ and ‘Sinai’ on Tactal Hots Music.
2019, the guys remixed the biggest band in the worlds new single U2 ‘Summer of Love’ which has already had huge support from BBC Radio One, Paul Oakenfold, Rusty Egan and Solarstone - It was released on August 10th on Island Records / Universal Music Group - to date, Mick Park / TILT has remixed 5 projects for the Irish Rockers!
At the end of 2019 the guys decided to launch their own imprint record label / clothing brand ‘Guerilla Movement’. The first two runs of merchandise sold out immediately and they have already produced the debut release ‘Arabesque’ which is set for release late October. 2021/22 has been extremely busy; it started with remixing U2 ’Where the streets have no name’ for Bono himself. The guys have also started scoring the music for their first 'yet untitled' feature film. They have since go onto collaborate with Robbie Williams on several ideas for his new album and are about to embark on two more collaborations, this time with Happy Mondays front woman Rowetta and Inder Goldfinger (Ian Brown).
Selected discography
Singles
1995: "I Dream" (UK #69) (Warner Music / Perfecto)
1997: "My Spirit" (UK #61) (Warner Music / Perfecto)
1997: "Places" (UK #64) (Warner Music / Perfecto)
1998: "Butterfly" (UK #41) (US #31) (feat. Zee) (Warner Music / Perfecto)
1999: "Children" (UK #51) (Deconstruction Records)
1999: "Invisible" (UK #20) (Hooj Choons)
1999: "Angry Skies" (TILT & Maria Nayler)(Deconstruction Records)
2000: "Dark Science EP" (UK #55) (Hooj Choons)
2002: "Headstrong" (feat. Maria Nayler) (Baroque Records)
2004: "The World Doesn't Know" (UK #36) (Lost Language)
2004: "Twelve" (Lost Language)
2011: "The Century EP" (Lost Language)
2013: "My Release" (feat. Maria Nayler) (Black Hole Recordings)
2013: "Here Is Not Now" (feat. Sam Mollison) (Pro B Tech Records)
2015: "30 Hits Of Acid" (feat. G-Man) (Pro B Tech Records)
Albums
2005: Explorer (Lost Language)
2013: Stop The World Revolving (Compilation) (Lost Language)
2014: Resonator (Pro B Tech Records)
References
External links
Official Tilt Website
UK Official Charts Company from Official Charts Company
US Chart stats from Billboard.com
Musical groups established in 1995
English DJs
English electronic music groups
British trance music groups
Electronic dance music DJs |
4028383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Elkind | David Elkind | David Elkind (born March 11, 1931) is an American child psychologist and author. Elkind and his family relocated to California when he was still a teenager. He studied at the University of California at Los Angeles and obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1952 and Doctorate in Philosophy in 1955. David also earned an honorary doctorate in Science at the Rhode Island College (1987).
A longtime professor at Tufts University, his groundbreaking books — The Hurried Child, The Power of Play and Miseducation informed early childhood education professionals of the possible dangers of "pushing down" the elementary school curriculum into the very early years of a child's life. By doing so, he argued, teachers and parents alike could lapse into developmentally inappropriate instructional and learning practices that may distort the smooth development of learning. He is associated with the belief of decline of social markers.
Professional positions
David Elkind is professor emeritus of Child Development at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts. He was formerly professor of Psychology, Psychiatry and Education at the University of Rochester.
Elkind obtained his doctorate at UCLA and then spent a year as David Rapaport's research assistant at the Austen Riggs Center in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. In 1964–65 he was a National Science Foundation Senior Postdoctoral Fellow at Piaget's Institut d'Epistemologie Genetique in Geneva. His research has been in the areas of perceptual, cognitive and social development where he has attempted to build upon the research and theory of Jean Piaget.
Elkind is a member of some 10 professional organizations, is on the editorial board of numerous scientific journals, and is a consultant to state education departments as well as to government agencies and private foundations. He lectures extensively in the United States, Canada and abroad. He has appeared on The Today Show, The CBS Morning News, Twenty/Twenty, Nightline, Donahue, and The Oprah Winfrey Show. He has been profiled in People and Boston Magazine. Elkind co-hosted the Lifetime television series, Kids These Days. He is past president of the National Association for the Education of Young Children.
Publications
Professor Elkind's bibliography now numbers close to 500 items and includes research, theoretical articles, book chapters and eighteen books. In addition he has published more popular pieces such as children's stories in Jack and Jill, biographies of famous psychologists in the New York Times Magazine, as well as presentations of his own work in Good Housekeeping, Parade and Psychology Today. Some of his recent articles include "Computers and Young Children," "The Authority of the Brain," "The Cosmopolitan School," "On Becoming a Grandfather," and "Thanks for the Memory: The Lasting Value of True Play."
Perhaps Elkind is best known for his popular books, The Hurried Child, The Power of Play, All Grown Up and No Place to Go, and Miseducation. Grandparenting: Understanding Today's Children was published in November 1989. Parenting Your Teenager and three additional books, Images of the Young Child; Understanding Your Child and a third edition of A Sympathetic Understanding of the Child: Birth to Sixteen appeared in 1993. Ties That Stress: The New Family Imbalance was published in 1994. A second edition of All Grown Up and No Place to Go and Reinventing Childhood: Raising and Educating Children in a Changing World appeared in 1998. A third edition of The Hurried Child came out 2001 and the 25th anniversary edition was published in 2007 along with his newest book The Power of Play: Learning What Comes Naturally.
Elkind was a contributing editor to Parents Magazine.
Personal
Elkind is married to Debbie Elkind, lives on Cape Cod, and has three sons and four grandchildren. Elkind enjoys sailing and gardening and has recently taken up pottery.
See also
Developmental psychology
Imaginary audience
Personal fable
Genie (feral child)
References
External links
http://ase.tufts.edu/faculty-guide/faculty.asp?id=delkind a profile of Elkind
1931 births
Living people
American family and parenting writers
American psychologists
American psychology writers
American male non-fiction writers
Jewish American writers
Child psychologists
Early childhood education in the United States
Play (activity)
Tufts University faculty
Writers from Boston
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
21st-century American Jews |
4028385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%20Anderson | Cat Anderson | William Alonzo "Cat" Anderson (September 12, 1916 – April 29, 1981) was an American jazz trumpeter known for his long period as a member of Duke Ellington's orchestra and for his wide range, especially his ability to play in the altissimo register.
Biography
Born in Greenville, South Carolina, Anderson lost both parents when he was four years old, and was sent to live at the Jenkins Orphanage in Charleston, where he learned to play trumpet. Classmates gave him the nickname "Cat" (which he used all his life) based on his fighting style. He toured and made his first recording with the Carolina Cotton Pickers, a small group based at the orphanage. After leaving the Cotton Pickers, Anderson played with guitarist Hartley Toots, Claude Hopkins' big band, Doc Wheeler's Sunset Orchestra (1938–1942), with whom he also recorded, Lucky Millinder, the Erskine Hawkins Orchestra, Sabby Lewis's Orchestra, and Lionel Hampton, with whom he recorded the classic "Flying Home No. 2".
Anderson's career took off, however, in 1944, when he joined Duke Ellington's orchestra, at the Earle Theater in Philadelphia. He quickly became a central part of Ellington's sound. Although Anderson was a very versatile musician, capable of playing in a number of jazz styles (Leonard Feather described his style as "somewhere between Louis Armstrong and Harry James), he is most renowned for his abilities in the extreme high or "altissimo" range. He had a big sound in all registers, but could play up to a "triple C" (the highest Bb note on a piano keyboard) with great power (he was able to perform his high-note solos without a microphone, while other members of a big band were usually amplified for their solos). Wynton Marsalis called him "one of the best" high-note trumpeters.
But Anderson was much more than just a high-note trumpeter - he was also a master of half valve and plunger mute playing. Author and jazz critic Dan Morgenstern said of Cat that "he was...the band's Number One utility trumpeter, capable of filling in for anyone else who was not there." He played with Ellington's band from 1944 to 1947, from 1950 to 1959, and from 1961 to 1971, with each break corresponding to a brief hiatus to lead and front his own big band. In addition to his work on trumpet, he was a very skilled arranger and composer - he performed his own compositions "El Gato" and Bluejean Beguine" with Ellington, and others of his compositions and arrangements with his own band, for example on his 1959 record album for Mercury, Cat on a Hot Tin Horn.
After 1971, Anderson settled in the Los Angeles area, where he continued to play studio sessions, to perform with local bands (including Louie Bellson's and Bill Berry's big bands), and to tour Europe. He died of brain cancer in 1981.
Discography
Cat Anderson Plays at 4 AM (Columbia [France, EMI], 1958)
Cat on a Hot Tin Horn (Mercury, 1958)
A Chat with Cat Anderson (Columbia [France, EMI], 1963)
Cat Speaks (Black & Blue, 1977)
Plays W.C. Handy (Black & Blue, 1978)
Americans Swinging in Paris (EMI, 2002; CD reissue of the two French Columbia albums)
Cat Speaks: The Definitive Black and Blue Sessions (Black & Blue, 2002)
As sideman
With Gene Ammons
Free Again (Prestige, 1971)
With Louie Bellson
The Louis Bellson Explosion (Pablo, 1975)
Ecue Ritmos Cubanos (1977)
Sunshine Rock (1978)
With Duke Ellington
1951 Masterpieces by Ellington (Columbia)
1952 At The Crystal Gardens (Hep, 2CD, 2011)
1953 Ellington Uptown (Columbia)
1953 The 1953 Pasadena Concert (GNP Crescendo, 1986)
1954 Ellington '55 (Capitol)
1955 Ellington Showcase (Capitol)
1956 A Drum Is a Woman (Columbia)
1956 Duke Ellington Presents... (Bethlehem)
1956 First Annual Connecticut Jazz Festival (IAJRC, 1993)
1956 Historically Speaking (Bethlehem)
1956 Ellington at Newport (Columbia)
1957 All Star Road Band (Doctor Jazz, 1983)
1957 Ellington Indigos (Columbia)
1957 Such Sweet Thunder (Columbia)
1958 Black Brown and Beige (Columbia)
1958 Newport 1958 (Columbia)
1959 Festival Session (Columbia)
1959 Jazz Party (Columbia)
1959 Live at the Blue Note (Roulette)
1960 Blues in Orbit (Columbia)
1961 First Time! The Count Meets the Duke (Columbia)
1961 S.R.O. (LRC, 1989)
1962 Featuring Paul Gonsalves (Fantasy, 1985)
1963 Afro-Bossa (Reprise)
1963 The Great Paris Concert (Atlantic, 1973)
1963 The Symphonic Ellington (Reprise)
1964 All Star Road Band Volume 2 (Doctor Jazz, 1985)
1964 Duke Ellington Plays Mary Poppins (Reprise)
1964 Ellington '65 (Reprise)
1964 Harlem (Pablo Live, 1985)
1965 1965 Revisited 3 (Affinity, 1991)
1965 Concert in the Virgin Islands (Reprise)
1965 Ellington '66 (Reprise)
1966 Soul Call (Verve)
1966 Ella and Duke at the Cote D'Azur (Verve)
1966 Far East Suite (RCA)
1967 ...And His Mother Called Him Bill (RCA)
1967 Francis A. & Edward K. (Reprise)
1967 Big Bands Live: Liederhalle Stuttgart (Jazzhaus)
1968 Second Sacred Concert (Prestige)
1968 Yale Concert (Fantasy, 1973)
1969 Standards: Live at the Salle Pleyel (Jazz Music Yesterday (Italy), 1991)
1969 Live At The Opernhaus Cologne (Jazzline, 2016)
1969 70th Birthday Concert (Solid State)
1969–71 Up in Duke's Workshop (Pablo, 1976)
1970 New Orleans Suite (Atlantic)
1977 The Carnegie Hall Concerts: December 1944
1977 The Carnegie Hall Concerts: January 1946
With Ella Fitzgerald
Sings the Duke Ellington Songbook (Verve, 1957)
Ella at Duke's Place (Verve, 1965)
With Lionel Hampton
Lionel Hampton and His Jazz Giants 77 (CBS MasterWorks, 1977)
All-Star Band at Newport (Timeless, 1978)
Live: 50th Anniversary Concert (Sultra, 1981; Half Note, 1999)
With Johnny Hodges
Ellingtonia '56 (Norgran, 1956)
The Big Sound (Verve, 1957)
Johnny Hodges with Billy Strayhorn and the Orchestra (Verve, 1962)
Everybody Knows Johnny Hodges (Impulse!, 1964)
Triple Play (RCA Victor, 1967)
Swing's Our Thing (Verve, 1967)
With Quincy Jones
1973 You've Got It Bad Girl (A&M)
1976 I Heard That! (A&M)
With others
1956 Blue Rose, Rosemary Clooney (Columbia)
1956 Porgy and Bess, Frances Faye/Mel Tormé (Bethlehem)
1966 Once Upon a Time, Earl Hines
1976 Hello Rev, Bill Berry (Concord Jazz)
1977 'Live and Well in Japan!, Benny Carter (Pablo)
1979 Jazz Gala, Claude Bolling (America Records)
References
External links
The Duke Ellington Society, TDES, Inc
1916 births
1981 deaths
African-American jazz musicians
American jazz trumpeters
American male trumpeters
Duke Ellington Orchestra members
Mercury Records artists
Musicians from Greenville, South Carolina
Swing trumpeters
20th-century American musicians
American male jazz musicians
Black & Blue Records artists
Deaths from brain cancer in California
20th-century American male musicians |
4028400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht%20Mayer | Albrecht Mayer | Albrecht Mayer (born 3 June 1965) is a German classical oboist and conductor. The principal oboist of the Berlin Philharmonic, he is internationally known as a soloist and chamber musician and has made many recordings.
Biography
Born in Erlangen, Mayer sang as a child in the choir of the Bamberg Cathedral. He was a student of Gerhard Scheuer, Georg Meerwein, Maurice Bourgue and Ingo Goritzki, and began his professional career as principal oboist for the Bamberg Symphony Orchestra in 1990. He joined the Berlin Philharmonic as principal oboist in 1992, a position he currently holds together with Jonathan Kelly.
Mayer used to play a Green Line Oboe by the French company Buffet Crampon, but in 2009 switched to a line of wind instruments (Oboe, Oboe d'amore, and English Horn) named after him by the German instrument makers Gebrüder Mönnig.
Albrecht Mayer plays with ensembles of the Philhamonic, the Berliner Philharmonisches Bläserensemble and the Berlin Philharmonic Winds Soloists, amongst other chamber music ensembles.
Recordings
As soloist
Bonjour Paris – Works by Fauré, D'Indy, Françaix, Hahn and Satie. Decca. (2010)
Albrecht Mayer in Venice (In Venedig) – Works by Marcello, Vivaldi and Albinoni. Decca. (2009)
New Seasons – transcriptions of music by Handel for oboe and orchestra played by Mayer with the Sinfonia Varsovia (Deutsche Grammophon 4760472)
Lieder ohne Worte (Songs Without Words) – transcriptions of music by J. S. Bach for oboe and orchestra, Nigel Kennedy (violin) and the Sinfonia Varsovia (Deutsche Grammophon 4760472)
Auf Mozarts Spuren (In search of Mozart), August 2004, with Claudio Abbado and the Mahler Chamber Orchestra (Deutsche Grammophon 6231046)
Music for Oboe, Oboe d'amore, Cor anglais, and Piano – chamber music from the 19th century, with Markus Becker (EMI Classics 5731672)
J. S. Bach's Double concerto for oboe and violin, with Kennedy (violin) with the Berlin Philharmonic (EMI Classics 5570162)
Lost and Found – February 2015, Oboenkonzerte des 18. Jahrhunderts von Hoffmeister, Lebrun, Fiala und Koželuh. (Deutsche Grammophon 479 2942 0)
Appears on
Serenades for Wind Ensemble, January 2006, EMI records
Opus, by Schiller, September 2013, Deutsche Grammophon
References
External links
Official web site
Albrecht Mayer's personal profile. Berliner Philarmoniker website
Berliner Philharmonisches Bläserensemble
Berlin Philharmonic Winds Soloists
German classical oboists
Male oboists
Living people
Players of the Berlin Philharmonic
Place of birth missing (living people)
1965 births |
4028401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20H.%20Williams%20%28film%20producer%29 | John H. Williams (film producer) | John Hayward Williams (born 1953) is an American film producer known for his work both in live-action and in animation. He is mainly known for Shrek (2001), Shrek 2 (2004), Shrek the Third (2007), and Shrek Forever After (2010). He is the founder and owner of his own company, Vanguard Films which produces live-action and animated (through its sister skein Vanguard Animation) products.
Life and career
Williams was born in Manhattan, New York City, on June 17, 1953.
In 2001 shortly after working on Shrek, Williams founded Vanguard Animation and started working on projects such as Valiant (2005), Happily N'Ever After (2007), Space Chimps (2008) and its sequel Space Chimps 2: Zartog Strikes Back.
He made his directorial debut on Space Chimps 2: Zartog Strikes Back.
Vanguard Comics
On June 6, 2008, John Williams along with Platinum Studios created a new label called Vanguard Comics.
3QU Media
In 2014, partnering with Henry Skelsy, formed 3QU Media as a specialist in CG-animated feature films for the international marketplace. 3QU Media is producing in association with WV Enterprises. Williams is producing and SC Films International is handling foreign sales.
Filmography
References
External links
Vanguard Animation
"About Us" at Vanguard Animation website
Living people
American animators
American film directors
American film producers
American animated film directors
American animated film producers
DreamWorks Animation people
Place of birth missing (living people)
1953 births |
4028405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmet%20Nr%20I | Valmet Nr I | Nr I is a class of articulated six-axle (B′2′B′ wheel arrangement), chopper-driven tram operated by Helsinki City Transport on the Helsinki tram network. All trams of this type were built by the Finnish metal industry corporation Valmet between the years 1973 and 1975.
Between 1993 and 2004 all trams in the class were modernised by HKL and redesignated as Nr I+ class. Currently HKL classifies them as NRV I.
Overview
Nr I were the first type of articulated tram operated by the HKL. The design of the Nr I type trams was based on the GT6 type trams built by Duewag for various cities in western Europe since 1956, but the Nr I incorporated several technological innovations that had not been available when the GT6 was designed. The Nr I trams were delivered by Valmet between 1973 and 1975, with the first seven trams delivered in 1973, further 18 delivered in 1974 and the final 15 in 1975. As the first mass-produced tram type in the world, the Nr I featured thyristor chopper control. The first tram of this class entered revenue-earning service on 16 December 1973 on line 10. Although the trams of this type are numbered 31 to 70, the first unit was not the 31st tram to be used by the HKL. The HKL tram numbering system had been reset in 1959, with the numbering of new trams delivered that year beginning from 1.
In the early 80s the city of Gothenburg, the forerunner in creation of modern light rail systems in Europe, wished to purchase Nr I -based trams from Valmet for its own tram network. However, due to pressure from the Swedish government, Göteborgs spårvägar were forced to place an order with the Swedish ASEA instead. In Helsinki a further developed version of the Nr I, the Nr II class, was delivered by Valmet for HKL between 1983 and 1987. The Nr II class trams have an identical external appearance and very similar interior layout to the Nr I class.
From November 1993 onwards, starting with tram number 45, all Nr I units were modernised by HKL into Nr I+ class. The modernisation included updates to the technics of the trams, changes to the interior layout, addition of electronic displays displaying the name of the next stop, as well as replacement of the original seats with new ones. The last tram to be modernised was number 53, modernised in July 2004.
A second modernisation process, labelled "life extension programme" by the HKL, begun in 2005. Like the earlier process, this programme includes updating much of the technics and changes to the interiors. Additionally the chassis of the trams will be sand-blasted and given a new surface finish. For some trams the life extension programme will be carried out in Germany.
Liveries
For the Nr I type trams, HKL decided to adopt a new livery. Instead of the traditional green/yellow colours, the new trams were painted light grey, with an orange stripes running along the top and bottom of the carriage. In 1986 HKL decided to abandon the unpopular orange/grey livery, and by 1995 all trams of this type were painted in the green/yellow colours, with the top half of the tram painted yellow and the bottom half green.
Tram number 45, the first to be modernised into Nr I+ class, was painted in an experimental livery coinciding with the modernisation. The livery was identical with the standard green/yellow colours, but had an additional narrow yellow stripe running along the bottom of the carriage. This livery was not adapted to any other trams, and number 45 later reverted to the standard livery.
Interior layout and design
As built the Nr I class trams had a seating capacity of 41, with approximately 100 standing places, with the exception of the last tram of the class, number 70, which only had 39 passenger seats. Subsequently, the number of seats in all units was redecued by two, bringing the seating capacity down to 39 for numbers 31–69 and 37 for number 70.
From 1982 onwards the conductor's seat was removed from all units (from thereon tickets were sold by the driver), and coinciding with this the seating arrangements of all Nr I trams was standardised to 39 passenger seats. Following the 1993–2004 modernisation process, HKL officially gives the seating capacity of all units as 39, with 106 standing places.
Originally the seats of the Nr I class were covered beige-coloured artificial leather upholstery. As a part of the first modernisation process the original seats were substituted with ones upholstered in green fabric and featuring headrests made from green plastic.
Future
HKL are planning to order 40 new low-floor trams to enter service between 2009 and 2016. Coinciding with this, some of the Nr I class units are planned to be withdrawn from service. The Nr II class trams have been fitted with a low-floor midsection from 2006 onwards, and fitting the Nr I class units with similar midsections to increase their lifespan is also reported to be under consideration (as of June 2008).
See also
Trams in Finland
References
External links
NrI
Tram vehicles of Finland |
4028412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20J%C3%A6ger | Frank Jæger | Frank Jæger (19 June 1926 - 4 July 1977) was a Danish writer most known for his poetry and radio plays. He received the Grand Prize of the Danish Academy in 1969. He also edited two volumes of Heretica magazine with Tage Skou-Hansen.
Early life and education
Jæger was born in the Frederiksberg district of Copenhagen on 19 June 1926. He graduated from Schneekloth's School in 1945 and from the Royal School of Library Science in 1950 but could by then already make a living from his writings.
Bibliography
Dydige digte (1948)
Morgenens trompet (digte, 1949)
De fem årstider (digte, 1950)
Iners (roman, 1950)
Hverdagshistorier (1951)
Tune – det første år (børnebog, 1951)
Den unge Jægers lidelser (noveller, 1953)
Tyren (digte, 1953)
19 Jægerviser (1953)
Jomfruen fra Orléans, Jeanne d'Arc (biografi, 1955)
Havkarlens sange (digte, 1956)
Kapellanen og andre fortællinger (1957)
Til en følsom Veninde. Udvalgte digte (1957)
Velkommen, Vinter og andre essays (1958)
Hvilket postbud – en due (hørespil, 1959)
Cinna og andre digte (1959)
Digte 1953-59 (1960)
Fyrre Digte (1964)
Pastorale. Pelsen (hørespil, 1964)
Drømmen om en sommerdag og andre Essays (1965)
Danskere. Tre Fortællinger af Fædrelandets Historier (fortællinger, 1966)
Idylia (digte, 1967)
Naive rejser (essays, 1968)
Alvilda (essays & noveller, 1969)
Årets ring (digte, 1969)
Døden i skoven (noveller, 1970)
Essays gennem ti Aar (1970)
Hjemkomst (digte, 1970)
Stå op og tænd ild (prosa, 1971)
Udvalgte digte (1971)
Provinser (noveller, 1972)
S (roman, 1973)
Udsigt til Kronborg (essays & noveller, 1976)
Recognition
Danish Critics Prize for Literature (Kritikerprisen) (1958)
De gyldne laurbær (1959)
Emil Aarestrup Medaillen (1960)
Søren Gyldendal Prize (1962)
Grand Prize of the Danish Academy (1969)
References
20th-century Danish poets
Writers from Copenhagen
People from Frederiksberg
Recipients of the Grand Prize of the Danish Academy
1926 births
1977 deaths
Danish male poets
20th-century Danish male writers |
4028418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Van%20Dyke | Paul Van Dyke | Paul Van Dyke (1859–1933) was an American historian and the brother of Henry Van Dyke.
He was born in Brooklyn, New York, graduated from Princeton in 1881 and from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1884, and studied at Berlin in 1884–85. He was a Presbyterian minister at Geneva, N. Y. in 1887–89, then taught church history at Princeton Theological Seminary (1889–92).
After serving as pastor at the Edwards Congregational Church in Northampton, Mass. (1892–98), he held the chair of modern European history at Princeton. He wrote The Age of the Renascence (1897), volume seven in a ten-volume series titled "Ten Epochs of Church History". In 1905, he published his book Renascence Portraits, which "...tries to illustrate the Renascence by describing three men who were affected by it and who were all living at the same time in Italy, England and Germany" (the three men are Pietro Aretino, Thomas Cromwell, and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor).In 1921–22 and 1928–29, Van Dyke directed the Continental division of the American University Union in Europe, which was based in Paris. He was elected to the National Institute of Arts and Letters in 1927. At Princeton Theological Seminary, he taught classes using the German "seminar" method.
When he joined the faculty of Princeton College in 1898, he was Chair of History and Political Science.
References
1859 births
1933 deaths
American people of Dutch descent
American Presbyterian ministers
Historians from New York (state)
People from Brooklyn |
4028423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel%20%28New%20York%20nightclub%29 | Tunnel (New York nightclub) | Tunnel was a nightclub located at 220 Twelfth Avenue, in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. It operated from 1986 to 2001.
The nightclub was located within the Terminal Warehouse Company Central Stores Building, also known as Chelsea Terminal Warehouse, which is now part of the West Chelsea Historic District.
History
Tunnel, less popularly and incorrectly also known as "The Tunnel," was owned by Boaz Aharoni, a real-estate developer, and Elli Dayan, founder and former chairman of Bonjour International, a company best known for blue jeans. The club was built in a space which was formerly a railroad freight terminal. Dayan sold the property to Marco Riccota in January 1990. Peter Gatien acquired the 80,000-square-foot nightclub in 1992.
Tunnel closed its doors late in 2001 due to non-payment of rent and New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani's quality-of-life campaign. Gatien had been accused of drug trafficking, charges he was acquitted of, although he and his wife pleaded guilty to tax evasion and were deported to Canada in 2003.
Description
The club was named for the tunnel-like shape of the main room, in which train tracks from the early 1900s ran through a sunken area of the dance floor. These were a relic of an era in which railroad sidings from the Eleventh Avenue freight line of the New York Central Railroad ran directly into warehouse buildings in that area, so that goods could be transferred to and from freight cars which crossed the Hudson on car floats from Hoboken.
The club was architecturally distinctive: a long, narrow space with multiple rooms on several levels. The dance floor featured several dance cages. The decor of the club changed frequently. One room, decorated by artist Kenny Scharf, was called the Kenny Scharf Lava Lounge. Others were decorated as Victorian libraries, S/M dungeons, and lounges. The club featured unisex bathrooms, which were the converted locker rooms formerly used by the freight terminal's workers. They had modern stalls with partitions and doors for privacy, extant rows of old lockers attached to the wall, as well as marks where the former shower stalls had been removed. In the late 1980s, Club Kids, including Michael Alig, Amanda Lepore, and RuPaul, often gathered in the V.I.P. room in the basement.
During its lifespan, Tunnel frequently hosted Johnny Dynell and Roman Ricardo in the late 80s and into the early 90s. More DJs included Junior Vasquez, Danny Tenaglia, Jonathan Peters, Peregrine Hood, Little Louie Vega, DJ Renegade, Eddie Baez, DJ Justin Time, DJ Corbett, DJ DA, Bobby Rios and Hex Hector after the close of the original Sound Factory in the mid-1990s. It later presented Kurfew, a trance-techno oriented Saturday night party started by promoter Jeff Brenner and hosted by talent such as Lady Bunny, DJ Urbanox, Peppermint, DJ Vito Fun, DJ Michael T, Amanda Lepore, DJ Jason, and DJ Steve Sidewalk and introducing young clubbers to talent including Danny Tenaglia, Jonny McGovern, and Cazwell (as Morplay). Legendary doorman, Fernando Sarralha, was the keeper of the velvet rope. While the club attracted primarily gay audiences, it also attracted members of the hip hop community. One advantage of the multiple rooms of the club was the ability to host different types of parties, with as many as five or more DJs spinning different styles of music to varying crowds. In 1998, DJ Amadeus was named the resident DJ at Tunnel.
In popular culture
Celebrities
Actor Vin Diesel once worked as a bouncer at Tunnel.
Tunnel was one of the clubs promoted by Michael Alig and a hangout of the Club Kids, before Alig's conviction and subsequent incarceration for murdering Andre "Angel" Melendez.
Films
Tunnel is the location of the opening sequence in Hype Williams' film Belly (1998).
Tunnel was used for a scene in the movie Vampire's Kiss (1988), filmed between August and October 1987.
The interior of Tunnel was used for the 'ghost train' scene of Ghostbusters II.
A scene from Larry Clark's film Kids (1995) was shot at Tunnel in the summer of 1994.
In the documentary film, Glory Daze: The Life and Times of Michael Alig (2015), Michael Alig recounts having enjoined the help of an unwitting taxi driver to help him and his co-killer Robert D. "Freeze" Riggs transport and throw into the river, near Tunnel, the box containing the upper body remains of Andre "Angel" Melendez.
A scene from Straight Outta Compton (2015) shows Eazy-E meeting up with Ice Cube in a club; Ice Cube says the club was the Tunnel in a radio interview at 6 minutes, 38 seconds.
Literature
In Bret Easton Ellis' novel, American Psycho (1991), the club is frequented by Patrick Bateman and his associates as a trendy place to bring women or to purchase cocaine.
Music
Tunnel was the featured location in Johnny Kemp's video for his classic hit single "Just Got Paid" (1987).
The rap group Onyx released a song called "The Tunnel" on their album Wakedafucup (2014), detailing their history with the historic night club.
Tunnel is featured in Queen Pen's hit single, "Party Ain't A Party", in the lyric: "catch me on the rebound, or maybe at the Tunnel".
Tunnel is referenced in Mobb Deep's track "The Infamous Prelude" off their seminal album, "The Infamous" (1995).
The music video for DMX's debut single Get At Me Dog was filmed in The Tunnel.
Tunnel is referenced in Jayo Felony's hit single "Whatcha Gonna Do", in the lyric "Went to the Tunnel and brought down the roof".
Tunnel is referenced in Nas's track "Blue Benz" off his thirteenth studio album, "King's Disease" (2020).
Television
In the HBO TV series Sex and the City episode Coulda, Woulda, Shoulda, Carrie Bradshaw discusses having a "drunken night" at Tunnel at age 22, which resulted in an unplanned pregnancy.
See also
List of electronic dance music venues
References
Notes
Defunct nightclubs in New York (state)
Nightclubs in Manhattan
Chelsea, Manhattan
Eleventh Avenue (Manhattan) |
4028455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libohov%C3%AB | Libohovë | Libohovë () is a town and a municipality in southern Albania. It is overlooked by Libohovë Castle and has a main street with views across the Drino valley. Libohovë is at the foot of the Bureto Mountain. The region forms part of the Zagori Regional Nature Park located in Zagori region.
The municipality was formed at the 2015 local government reform by the merger of the former municipalities Libohovë, Qendër Libohovë and Zagori, that became municipal units. The seat of the municipality is the town Libohovë. The total population is 3,667 (2011 census), in a total area of 248.42 km2. The population of the former municipality at the 2011 census was 1,992.
History
The archaeological evidence indicates a very ancient settlement which reached its zenith in the 17th century.
It may be the exact site of present Dropull's former Catholic Diocese of Hadrianopolis in Epiro. In the late 17th century, the Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi passed through Libohovë noting it was inhabited by Muslim Albanians and had 200 houses, a mosque, prayer house, inn and small bathhouse. Between 1796-1798 the Libohovë Castle was built in the city. In the early 19th century during the rule of Ali Pasha, British diplomat William Martin Leake during his journey from Vlorë to Gjirokastra and later to present-day Greece, in his diary describes his arrival on December 26, 1804, in the region of Derópoli, or Dropull as it was known from the local Albanians. According to him, Libohovë, then part of the same region, numbered about 1000 Muslim families and 100 Christian families.
It is the home of a well-known Albanian noble family, which shares its name with the town. Prior to the communist era they held considerable sway over the country's politics. The castle is a substantial fortress with four polygonal corner towers and a curtain wall surrounding a wide courtyard. The sister of Ali Pasha of Tepelenë, Shanica, married one of the most important members of the Libohovë family and the castle was the dowry that Ali Pasha presented to her. In the town centre was an old plane tree around which a bar-restaurant has been built. Also in the centre is the house of Myfit (Bey) Libohovë (1876–1927), a renowned politician, the first minister of internal affairs and foreign affairs serving in the Albanian Government of 1912.
During the interwar period (20th century) Libohovë was a well watered, large and wealthy settlement located among extensive groves containing 500 houses, its inhabitants spoke Albanian and were mostly Muslim. Libohovë was a centre for the Muslim Sufi Bektashi order with several tekkes located in Dropull. Muslims formed most of Libohovë's population in the late twentieth century.
Places of interest
Libohovë Castle is the most visited site in city.
Myfit Bej Libohova's home is located in the centre of the city.
Notable locals
Myfit Libohova, Albanian government member on nine occasions from 1912 until his death in 1927, holding the positions of Justice Minister, Minister of the Interior, Minister of Finance, and Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was also the founder of the Bank of Albania.
Abedin Nepravishta, twice former mayor of Tirana, Albania, during 1933-1935 and 1937–1939
Servet Libohova, mayor of Tiranë
Eni Çobani, lawyer
Avni Rustemi, leftist activist of the 1920s.
Nexhmie Zaimi, Albanian American author and journalist
Kadri Gjata, Albanian educator
References
Municipalities in Gjirokastër County
Administrative units of Libohovë
Towns in Albania |
4028462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinaroo%2C%20Queensland | Tinaroo, Queensland | Tinaroo is a rural locality in the Tablelands Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Tinaroo had a population of 312 people. The town of Tinaroo Falls is on the eastern edge of the locality () beside Lake Tinaroo.
Geography
Tinaroo is located on the shore of Lake Tinaroo, a man-made reservoir.
Despite the town's name, the waterfall of the same name is not in either the town or the locality but it is very close by in the neighbouring locality of Lake Tinaroo, which includes the Tinaroo Dam, the lake it impounds and the shoreline around the lake.
History
The town and locality take their name from Tinaroo Creek, which is believed to derive from tin hurroo, a shout used by tin miners.
At the , Tinaroo had a population of 266.
See also
Lake Tinaroo
References
External links
Town map of Tinaroo Falls, 1978
Towns in Queensland
Populated places in Far North Queensland
Tablelands Region
Localities in Queensland |
4028464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beira%20Alta%20Province | Beira Alta Province | Beira Alta Province (; "Upper Beira") was a Portuguese province in the north of Portugal.
Vast plateaus, river valleys, mountains, and castles abound in Beira Alta.
Formerly it was part of the Beira Province.
The two main cities were Guarda and Viseu. Other cities include Pinhel, Sabugal, Trancoso, Almeida, Oliveira do Hospital, Tondela, Mangualde, Santa Comba Dao, Seia, Gouveia, Meda.
The city of Viseu, once the capital of the Beira Alta, is now in the main city within the new Dão-Lafões Subregion, which is part of the Centro Region.
Guarda is now the capital of the new Beira Interior Norte Subregion within the Centro Region.
External links
Provinces of Portugal (1936–1976) |
4028479 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud%20%28animal%29 | Stud (animal) | A stud animal is a registered animal retained for breeding. The terms for the male of a given animal species (stallion, bull, rooster, etc.) usually imply that the animal is intact—that is, not castrated—and therefore capable of siring offspring. A specialized vocabulary exists for de-sexed animals (gelding, steer, etc.) and those animals used in grading up to a purebred status.
Stud females are generally used to breed further stud animals, but stud males may be used in crossbreeding programs. Both sexes of stud animals are regularly used in artificial breeding programs.
A stud farm, in animal husbandry, is an establishment for selective breeding using stud animals. This results in artificial selection.
Stud fees
A stud fee is a price paid by the owner of a female animal, such as a horse or a dog, to the owner of a male animal for the right to breed to it. Service fees can range from a small amount for a local male animal of unknown breeding to several hundred thousand dollars for the right to breed a champion Thoroughbred race horse such as Storm Cat, who has earned stud fees of up to US $500,000.
Many owners of high-quality stallions also offer a live foal guarantee with a breeding, usually defined as a guarantee that once the mare leaves the stud farm confirmed to be in foal by a veterinarian, she will give birth to a foal that stands and nurses, or else the stud farm will re-breed the mare for no stud fee the following season.
Most stud fees do not include the costs of boarding the female animal at the location of the stud animal, or the cost of collecting and shipping semen if artificial insemination is used in lieu of live cover. Any veterinary expenses or medications are also an additional cost to the owner of the female animal.
See also
Dog breeding
Horse breeding
Sheep farming
Stud farm
References
Livestock
Slang terms for men
Animal breeding |
4028488 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilie%20Autumn | Emilie Autumn | Emilie Autumn Liddell (born September 22, 1979) is an American singer-songwriter, poet, author and violinist. Autumn's musical style is described by her as "Fairy Pop", "Fantasy Rock" or "Victoriandustrial". It is influenced by glam rock and from plays, novels, and history, particularly the Victorian era. Performing with her all-female backup dancers The Bloody Crumpets, Autumn incorporates elements of classical music, cabaret, electronica, and glam rock with theatrics, and burlesque.
Growing up in Malibu, California, Autumn began learning the violin at the age of four and left regular school five years later with the goal of becoming a world-class violinist; she practiced eight or nine hours a day and read a wide range of literature. Progressing to writing her own music, she studied under various teachers and went to Indiana University, which she left over issues regarding the relationship between classical music and the appearance of the performer. Through her own independent label Traitor Records, Autumn debuted in 1997 with her classical album On a Day: Music for Violin & Continuo, followed by the release in 2003 of her album Enchant.
Autumn appeared in singer Courtney Love's backing band on her 2004 America's Sweetheart tour and returned to Europe. She released the 2006 album Opheliac with the German label Trisol Music Group. In 2007, she released Laced/Unlaced; the re-release of On a Day... appeared as Laced with songs on the electric violin as Unlaced. She later left Trisol to join New York based The End Records in 2009 and release Opheliac in the United States, where previously it had only been available as an import. In 2012, she released the album Fight Like a Girl. She played the role of the Painted Doll in Darren Lynn Bousman's 2012 film The Devil's Carnival, as well as its 2015 sequel, Alleluia! The Devil's Carnival.
Life and career
1979–2000: Beginnings
Emilie Autumn was born in Los Angeles, California, on September 22, 1979. Autumn grew up in Malibu, California. She has stated that "being surrounded by nature and sea had a lot to do with [her] development as a 'free spirit.'" Her mother worked as a seamstress, and she has said that her father was a German immigrant with whom she did not share a close relationship. While not musicians, her family enjoyed various genres of music.
When Autumn was four years old, she started learning the violin, and later commented: "I remember asking for a violin, but I don't remember knowing what one was. I might have thought it was a kind of pony for all I know, but I don't remember being disappointed." Four years later, Autumn made her musical debut as a solo violinist performing with an orchestra, and won a competition. At the age of nine or ten, she left regular school with the goal of becoming a world-class violinist. On her time at the school, she remarked, "I hated it anyway, what with the status as 'weird,' 'antisocial,' and the physical threats, there seemed to be no reason to go anymore, so I just didn't." She practiced eight or nine hours a day, had lessons, read a wide range of literature, participated in orchestra practice, and was home-schooled. Growing up, she owned a large CD collection of "violin concertos, symphonies, chamber music, opera, and a little jazz". She began writing her own music and poetry at age thirteen or fourteen, though she never planned to sing any of her songs. She studied under various teachers and attended Indiana University in Bloomington, but left after two years there, because she disagreed with the prevailing views on individuality and classical music. She believed that neither the audience nor the original composer would be insulted by the clothing and appearance of the performer.
While convinced that she would only play violin, eighteen-year-old Autumn decided to sing on one of her songs as a way of demonstrating to a major music producer, who wanted to sign her on a label, how it should sound. She became unhappy with the changes done to her songs, and decided to break away from the label and create her own independent record label, Traitor Records. Through it, she debuted with her classical album On a Day: Music for Violin & Continuo, which she recorded in 1997 when she was seventeen years old; its title refers to the fact that the album took only a day to record. It consists of her performing works for the baroque violin accompanied by Roger Lebow on the baroque cello, Edward Murray on harpsichord, and Michael Egan on lute. She considered it "more of a demo despite its length", and released it as "a saleable album" after fans who enjoyed her "rock performances starting asking for a classical album so that they could hear more of the violin." She also debuted with her poetry book Across the Sky & Other Poems in 2000, later re-released in 2005 as Your Sugar Sits Untouched with a music-accompanied audiobook.
2001–04: Enchant and collaborations
As part of a recording project, Autumn traveled to Chicago, Illinois, in 2001, and decided to stay because she enjoyed the public transportation system and music scene there. She released the 2001 EP Chambermaid while finishing Enchant—she alternatively labeled the musical style on Chambermaid as "fantasy rock" and cabaret—and wrote the 2001 charity single "By the Sword" after the events of September 11, 2001. According to her, the song is about strength, not violence; the act of swearing by the sword represents "an unbreakable promise to right a wrong, to stay true".
On February 26, 2003, Autumn released her concept album Enchant, which spanned multiple musical styles: "new-age, pop and trip hop chamber music". Written during her late teenage years, Enchant revolved around the supernatural realm and its effect on the modern-day world. Autumn labeled it as "fantasy rock", which dealt with "dreams and stories and ghosts and faeries who'll bite your head off if you dare to touch them". The faery-themed "Enchant Puzzle" appeared on the artwork of the album; her reward for the person who would solve it consisted of faery-related items. Her bandmates consisted of cellist Joey Harvey, drummer Heath Jansen, guitarist Ben Lehl, and bassist Jimmy Vanaria, who also worked on the electronics. At the same time of Enchants release, Autumn had several side projects: Convent, a musical group for which she recorded all four voices; Ravensong, "a classical baroque ensemble" that she formed with friends in California; and The Jane Brooks Project, which she dedicated to the real-life, 16th-century Jane Brooks—a woman executed for witchcraft.
On the night of the Enchant release party, Autumn learned that Courtney Love had invited her to record an album, America's Sweetheart, and embark on the tour to promote it. Contributing violin and vocals, Autumn appeared in Love's backing band The Chelsea— along with Radio Sloan, Dvin Kirakosian, Samantha Maloney, and Lisa Leveridge—on the 2004 tour. Much of Autumn's violin work was ultimately not released on the album; she commented: "This had to do entirely with new producers taking over the project after our little vacation in France, and carefully discarding all of our sessions." She performed live with Love and The Chelsea on Late Show with David Letterman on March 17, 2004, and at Bowery Ballroom the next day. In September 2004, her father died from lung cancer, even though he had quit smoking twenty years earlier. Near the end of 2004, she was filmed for an appearance on an episode of HGTV's Crafters Coast to Coast, showing viewers how to create faery wings and sushi-styled soap—both products she sold in her online "web design and couture fashion house", WillowTech House. On December 23, 2004, she appeared on the Chicago-based television station WGN as part of the string quartet backing up Billy Corgan and Dennis DeYoung's duet of "We Three Kings".
2005–09: Opheliac, Laced/Unlaced, and A Bit o' This & That
Autumn began work on her concept album Opheliac in August 2004, and recorded it at Mad Villain Studios in Chicago. In August 2005, she created the costumes for Corgan's music video for the track "Walking Shade"; she also contributed violin and vocals for the track "DIA" from his 2005 album TheFutureEmbrace. In late 2005, Autumn also recorded vocals and violin for "The Gates of Eternity" from Attrition's 2008 album All Mine Enemys Whispers: The Story of Mary Ann Cotton, a concept album focusing on the Victorian serial killer Mary Ann Cotton. Autumn later protested the release of the song, claiming that it was unfinished, "altered without her permission", and had been intended only as a possible collaboration with Martin Bowes.
In January 2006, Autumn performed a song from the album, "Misery Loves Company", on WGN, before the album's release by the German label Trisol Music Group in September. She released the limited-edition, preview EP Opheliac through her own label, Traitor Records, in spring 2006; while the Opheliac EPs were being shipped, Autumn claimed that her offices had been robbed, causing the delay in the album release and the shipping of the EPs. According to her, Opheliac "was the documentation of a completely life-changing and life-ending experience". At one time, Autumn did have plans to film a music video for her song "Liar", which included "bloody bathtubs". Her song "Opheliac" later appeared on the 2007 albums 13th Street: The Sound of Mystery, Vol. 3, published by ZYX Music, and Fuck the Mainstream, Vol. 1, published by Alfa Matrix on June 19. On October 9, 2006, she appeared on the Adult Swim cartoon Metalocalypse as a guest artist and on the subsequent 2007 album The Dethalbum. November 2006 saw the release of the EP Liar/Dead Is the New Alive, which featured remixes of songs from Opheliac and new material.
Autumn released her instrumental album, Laced/Unlaced in March 2007; it consisted of two discs: Laced, the re-release of On a Day..., and Unlaced, new songs for the electric violin. She decided to re-release On a Day as Laced because she "felt that it made a nice contrast to the metal shredding fiddle album, "Unlaced", and [...] loved that it was the perfect representation of "then" versus "now". She also performed live at the German musical events Wave Gotik Treffen and M'era Luna Festival in 2007. She later released A Bit o' This & That: a rarities album of her covers, including songs from The Beatles and The Smiths, classical pieces, and her own songs. In 2008, she released the EP 4 o'Clock, which contained remixes of songs from Opheliac, new songs, and a reading from her autobiographical novel The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls. She also released another EP, Girls Just Wanna Have Fun &Bohemian Rhapsody, the same year. A year later, Autumn broke away from Trisol Music Group to join The End Records and re-release Opheliac in the United States on October 27, 2009; previously, it was only available there as an import. The re-release included extras such as pictures, bonus tracks, an excerpt from The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls, and a video.
In addition to releasing her own material, Autumn collaborated with other musicians. She contributed backing vocals and violin to the track "Dry" by Die Warzau and made an appearance in the band's music video for "Born Again". She played violin on the song "UR A WMN NOW" from OTEP's 2009 album, Smash the Control Machine. Additionally, two of her tracks appeared in film soundtracks: "Organ Grinder" from 4 o'Clock on the European edition of Saw III and a remixed version of "Dead Is The New Alive" from Opheliac on the international version of Saw IV.
2010–present: The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls and Fight Like a Girl
Autumn's debut novel, The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls, was self-published in late 2009, with a second edition following in 2010. Because of the book's nature and possible autobiographical sections, she claimed its release was delayed because some did not want it published. The book combines Autumn's own real life journal entries, including those chronicling her time in a psych ward, and the diary of a fictional Victorian-era asylum inmate named "Emily". Autumn has said that the intent of the book was to show "there’s very little difference from asylums for ladies in 1841 and the ones for us now," and that the subject of mental illness remains misunderstood.
In June 2010, Autumn released the acronym of her upcoming album, F.L.A.G., on her Twitter account, before revealing the full title as Fight Like a Girl. In her words, the meaning behind the title is "about taking all these things that make women the underdogs and using them to your advantage". Based on her novel, The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls, the album has been described as "an operatic feminist treatise set inside an insane asylum, wherein the female inmates gradually realize their own strength in numbers". On August 30, 2010, she announced that she would be undergoing jaw surgery, and had to postpone her North American tour dates while she recovered. In September 2011, she posted the full lyrics to the album's title track, "Fight Like a Girl", on her Twitter account. Autumn appeared at the 2011 Harvest Festival in Australia, and had planned to debut two songs from Fight Like a Girl during those performances. On April 11, 2012, Autumn released the single "Fight Like a Girl", with the song "Time for Tea" appearing as a B-side.
On April 16, 2012, Autumn announced her plans to debut a three-hour musical adaptation of her autobiographical novel on London's West End theatre in 2014. According to her interview with Mulatschag, she has plans to play the roles of both protagonists, Emilie and Emily.
In late 2011, a twelve-minute teaser was released for Darren Lynn Bousman and Terrance Zdunich's project The Devil's Carnival, featuring Autumn as The Painted Doll, her first major acting role. The film was released in April 2012. "Bloody Crumpets" members Beth "The Blessed Contessa" Hinderliter and Maggie "Captain Maggot" Lally also appear in the film as Woe-Maidens.
On June 13, 2012, Autumn announced on her blog the release date of Fight Like a Girl, which was on July 24 of the same year.
In 2013, Autumn produced and starred in her first ever music video, directed by Darren Lynn Bousman, for the song "Fight Like a Girl". Also appearing in the video are Autumn's Devil's Carnival co-stars Dayton Callie and Marc Senter, as well as Veronica Varlow, among others.
In 2014, it was announced that Autumn would be appearing at a handful of dates on the 2014 Vans Warped Tour with an installation called "The Asylum Experience", which will include music, burlesque, circus sideshow attractions and theater.
On September 22, 2018, she released The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls: Behind the Musical, an album with songs made for her upcoming musical.
On November 3, 2021, Autumn released the single "The Passenger", a cover of the song by Iggy Pop, marking her first official release in three years.
Influences and musical style
Her music encompasses a wide range of styles. Autumn's vocal range is contralto, but also has the ability to perform in the dramatic soprano range. Her vocal work has been compared to Tori Amos, Kate Bush, and The Creatures. She has released two instrumental albums (On a Day... and Laced/Unlaced), and four featuring her vocals: Enchant, Opheliac, A Bit o' This & That, and "Fight Like a Girl". The 2003 album Enchant drew on "new age chamber music, trip hop baroque, and experimental space pop". Autumn layers her voice frequently, and incorporates electronics and electronic effects into her work on Enchant; she also combines strings and piano for some songs, while others feature mainly the piano or violin. The 2006 release Opheliac featured "cabaret, electronic, symphonic, new age, and good ol' rock & roll (and heavy on the theatrical bombast)".
A classically trained musician, Autumn is influenced by plays, novels, and history, particularly the Victorian era. She enjoys the works of Shakespeare, Elizabeth Barrett Browning and husband Robert, and Edgar Allan Poe. She incorporates sounds resembling Victorian machinery such as locomotives, which she noted was "sort of a steampunk thing". While a young Autumn cited Itzhak Perlman as an influence because of the happiness she believed he felt when he played, her main musical influence and inspiration is the English violinist Nigel Kennedy. Her favorite singer is Morrissey from The Smiths. She takes inspiration for her songs from her life experiences and mixes in "layers and layers of references, connections, other stories and metaphors". Autumn has variously described her music and style as "Psychotic Vaudeville Burlesque", "Victoriandustrial'", a term she coined, and glam rock because of her use of glitter onstage. According to Autumn, her music "wasn't meant to be cutesy" and is labeled as "industrial" mainly because of her use of drums and yelling. Her adaption of "O Mistress Mine" was praised by author and theater director
Barry Edelstein as "a ravishing, guaranteed tearjerker".
For her live performances, which she calls dinner theatre because of her practice of throwing tea and tea-time snacks off of the stage, Autumn makes use of burlesque—"a show that was mainly using humour and sexuality to make a mockery of things that were going on socially and politically"—to counterbalance the more morbid topics discussed in her music, such as abuse, suicide and self-mutilation. Her shows feature handmade costumes, fire tricks, theatrics, and her all-female backing band, The Bloody Crumpets, a group whose members have variously included burlesque performer Veronica Varlow as The Naughty Veronica, performance artist Maggie Lally as Captain Maggot, Jill Evyn as Lady Amalthea (or Moth), actress and performer Beth Hinderliter as The Blessed Contessa, actress Aprella Godfrey Barule as Lady Aprella, German musician Lucina as Little Lucina, cellist Sarah Kim as Lady Joo Hee, German costume designer Vecona as Captain Vecona, Jesselynn Desmond as Little Miss Sugarless, and Ulorin Vex. Her intention is for the live shows to be a statement of "anti-repression" and empowerment.
Personal life
She keeps a ritual of drawing a heart on her cheek as a symbol of protection.
Autumn became vegetarian at age eleven after being unable to rationalize why she should eat farm animals but not her pet dog; in her late-teens, she became vegan. She has stated she believes that there is a link between the treatment of women and animals in society. In August 2014, Autumn said she had developed copper toxicity and was no longer vegan, although still a committed vegetarian.
In 2021, Autumn adopted a Toy Manchester Terrier, who she named Darjeeling.
She has endorsed companies such as Manic Panic and Samson Tech.
Autumn has bipolar disorder, which she has discussed in a number of interviews.
Discography
Studio albums
Enchant (2003)
Opheliac (2006)
Fight Like a Girl (2012)
The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls: Behind the Musical (2018)
Instrumental albums
On a Day... (1997)
Laced/Unlaced (2007)
Concert tours
The Asylum Tour (2007)
The Plague Tour (2008)
The Gate Tour (2008–2009)
The Key Tour (2009)
The Door Tour (2011)
The Fight Like a Girl Tour (2011–2012)
Bibliography
Across the Sky & Other Poems (2000)
Your Sugar Sits Untouched (2005)
The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls (2009)
The Gown: A Short Story (2017)
Filmography
11-11-11 as 11'er in Video (2011) Uncredited
The Devil's Carnival (2012) as Painted Doll
Alleluia! The Devil's Carnival (2015) as June / The Painted Doll
Notes
References
External links
Emilie Autumn MetalBlast.net interview, April 17, 2012.
Interview with Emilie Autumn
1979 births
21st-century American poets
21st-century American singers
American contraltos
American electronic musicians
American feminists
American harpsichordists
American industrial musicians
American people of German descent
American rock violinists
American women poets
Dark cabaret musicians
Women rock singers
Feminist musicians
Living people
Metropolis Records artists
Singers from California
Singers from Chicago
People with bipolar disorder
American women in electronic music
Writers from California
Writers from Illinois
21st-century American women singers
Electric violinists
21st-century violinists
Women harpsichordists
Steampunk music
Women in punk |
4028496 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay%20Red%20Eagle | Jay Red Eagle | Jay Red Eagle is a Native American flautist and Native American artist whose businesses include lines of music clothing called Nashville Threads and M.T. Medicine Bottle. His clothing and shoe designs include country music and Native American clothing, Hip hop clothing, and the first ever Cherokee shoes specifically designed using the Cherokee syllabary and language. He is an enrolled member of the Cherokee Nation. His debut CD was entitled Vision. He was born in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, and in 2010 he released a second CD titled Cherokee Nation which is also composed of Native American flute music.
Red Eagle won two Music Awards in 2006: Best Native American Artist of the Year and Native American Flutist of the Year. In 2007 Red Eagle was voted Flutist of the Year a second time.
References
Music Awards 2006-02-22
Red lake News Article
External links
Jay Red Eagle's MySpace Page
Cherokee Nation Website
Jay Red Eagle Music Downloads
2007 Oklahoma Music Awards
Amazing Grace - Native American Flute Video
Native Radio
Vision on Cdbaby.com by Jay Red Eagle
Cherokee Nation people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Tahlequah, Oklahoma
Cherokee artists
Native American textile artists
Native American flautists
Musicians from Oklahoma
21st-century Native Americans |
4028503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%20ostatnia%20niedziela | To ostatnia niedziela | To ostatnia niedziela (; 1935) is one of the long-time hits of Jerzy Petersburski. A nostalgic tango with lyrics by Zenon Friedwald describing the final meeting of former lovers just before they break up, it was performed by numerous artists and gained the nickname of Suicide Tango, due to its brooding lyrical content.
Other versions
In 1937, a Russian version was written by and performed by singer backed by the State Radio Committee Jazz Band, led by pianist Aleksandr Tsfasman, under the title of Wearied Sun (, Utomlyonnoye solntse). After the war the song remained largely successful and was one of the symbols of pre-war music in Polish popular culture. Performed by, among others, Mieczysław Fogg and Piotr Fronczewski, it appeared in a number of films, including:
Andrei Mikhalkov-Konchalovsky's Siberiade (1979),
Yuri Norstein's acclaimed Tale of Tales of the same year,
The Parrot Speaking Yiddish (1990) directed by Efraim Sevela,
Schindler's List (1993),
Krzysztof Kieślowski's award-winning Three Colors: White (1994),
Nikita Mikhalkov's Burnt by the Sun (1994)
The Russian title of the song also became the namesake for the latter film. There exist a famous contemporary recording of the violinist Gidon Kremer.
Also the Ukrainian version written by exists.
A pop-rock version was used for the trailer of Atomic Heart.
Lyrics (polish)
Lyrics (russian)
References
Polish songs
Polish-language songs
1935 songs
Russian songs
Tangos
Tango in Poland |
4028516 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%20Abdulla | Prince Abdulla | Prince Abdulla is the given name for Prince Ibrahim Faamuladheyri Kilegefan, son of Sultan Muhammad Ghiyasuddin of the Dhiyamigili dynasty.
After protests over the assassination of his father Sultan Muhammad Ghiyasuddin, Prince Abdulla was banished to Fuvahmulah.
Family
According to ancient genealogical books of Meedhoo, Isdu dynasty has its roots in Meedhoo and Fua Mulah. Some of the royalties of the Maldives have their roots one way or the other connected with Meedhoo.
When the young prince was banished to Fuvahmulah he was taken care of by his relatives. He had lived all his life in the region with his children taking important roles in Maldives political history.
Princess Aisha Didi
Princess Aisha Didi ( Don Aisa Didi / Doshee Didi ) was the eldest daughter of Abdulla from his marriage to Kudarania Edhurugey Mariyam Manikufaanu.
Aisha Didi had 6 children.
She had 2 children from her first marriage to Kon'dey Ali Manikufaanu ( Grandson of Sultan Ibrahim Mudzhiruddine )
1) Kon'dey Didi (Dhon Didi)
2) Thukkalaa Didi
And second marriage to Meedhoo Gan'duvaru Mohammed Thakurufaanu with 4 children.
3) Meedhoo Gan'duvaru Khadija Didi
4) Meedhoo Gan'duvaru Hassan Didi ( Maternal grandfather of Ibrahim Nasir )
5) Meedhoo Gan'duvaru Ahmed Didi
6) Meedhoo Gan'duvaru Aminath Didi
Ibrahim Nasir
Ibrahim Nasir was born to Ahmad Didi of the famous Velaanaage family and Nayaage Aishath Didi. Nasir is descended from the famous Huraa and Dhiyamigili royal dynasties of the Maldives. Nasir's mother, Aishath Didi, was the daughter of Moosa Didi, son of Dhadimagu Ganduvaru Maryam Didi, daughter of Husain Didi, son of Al-Nabeel Karayye Hassan Didi, son of Prince Ibrahim Faamuladheyri Kilegefan, son of Sultan Muhammed Ghiya'as ud-din, son of Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar II, son of Sultan Muhammad Imaduddin II of the Dhiyamigili dynasty.
Moosa Didi
Moosa Didi was the eldest son of Abdulla who married S.Maradhoo Mudhingey Mariyam Manikufaanu.
They had 5 children.
1) (Maradhoo) Ibrahim Didi + Hithadhoo Dhaleykaage Dhondhiye ( Aminath Manikfaan)
2) Hawwa Didi
3) Ahmed Didi ( Offspring in Huvadhoo Atoll ) - Addu Afeef Didi's maternal grandfather.
4) Aminath Didi + Ganduvaru Dhon Raha (s/o) Ibrahim Manikufaanu (Gan'duvaru Bodu Raha) son of Bandeyri Hassan Manikufaanu
5) Mohamed Didi
Afeef Didi
Moosa Didi is the maternal ancestral grandfather of Afeef Didi.
Afeef Didi's mother is Fathima Didi daughter of Aishath Didi daughter of (Gan'duvaru) Dhon Didi daughter of Aminath Didi daughter of Maradhoo Mudhingey Mariyam Manikufaan and An-Nabeel Moosa Didi (Kilegefaanuge Moosa Didi) son of Al-Ameer Abdulla (Ibrahim Faamuladheyri Kilegefaan) who is the only surviving son of Sultan Mohamed Ghiyasuddin son of Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar II son of Sultan Mohamed Imaduddin Al-Muzaffar (Imaduddin II) of Dhiyamigili Dynasty.
References
Maldivian nobility |
4028519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%20Coakley | Martha Coakley | Martha Mary Coakley (born July 14, 1953) is an American lobbyist and lawyer who served as Attorney General of Massachusetts from 2007 to 2015. Prior to serving as Attorney General, she was District Attorney of Middlesex County from 1999 to 2007.
Coakley was the Democratic nominee in the 2010 special election to fill the United States Senate seat long held by Ted Kennedy (and held in the interim by Paul G. Kirk). Coakley was defeated 52% to 47% by Republican Scott Brown in what was widely considered an upset. She won reelection as Attorney General in the 2010 general election. Coakley was the Democratic nominee for governor in 2014 but lost to Republican Charlie Baker. Coakley is now a lobbyist for the e-cigarette company Juul.
Early life
Coakley was born in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, to Edward J. and Phyllis E. Coakley. Her father was a World War II veteran, Korean War veteran, and small business owner. Her mother was a homemaker. When Coakley was one year old, she and her parents moved to North Adams. There, she attended St. Joseph's School and Drury High School, graduating in June 1971.
Early career
Coakley graduated cum laude with a B.A. from Williams College in 1975 and a J.D. from Boston University School of Law in 1979. In the summer of 1978, while a law student, Coakley clerked for the law firm of Donovan and O'Connor of Adams, Massachusetts. After graduating from law school, Coakley began work as an associate at the law firm of Parker, Coulter, Daley & White and later practiced at Goodwin Procter—both in Boston, Massachusetts.
Assistant District Attorney
She joined the DA's office in 1986 as an Assistant District Attorney in the Lowell, Massachusetts, District Court office. A year later, she was invited by the U.S. Justice Department to join its Boston Organized Crime Strike Force as a Special Attorney. Coakley returned to the District Attorney's office in 1989 and was appointed the Chief of the Child Abuse Prosecution Unit two years later.
In 1997, while serving under Middlesex County, Massachusetts, District Attorney Tom Reilly, she and Gerry Leone led the courtroom prosecution of then 19-year-old English au pair Louise Woodward, who was later convicted in the shaking death of eight-month-old Matthew Eappen of Newton, Massachusetts.
Run for State Representative
In 1997, a special election was held for Boston's 16th Suffolk district to replace James T. Brett, who was resigning. Five candidates, who all lived in the same Ward 16 neighborhood, including a "thoughtful, but unknown assistant DA named Martha Coakley," entered the race. Coakley lost the race to Marty Walsh, receiving 11.7% of the vote.
District Attorney
In December 1997, Coakley resigned her position in order to campaign for District Attorney in Middlesex County.
In 2001, Coakley successfully lobbied Acting Governor Jane Swift to deny clemency to Gerald Amirault, a defendant in the Fells Acres Day Care Center preschool trial, whom many regarded as a victim of day care sex abuse hysteria. Clemency for Amirault had been recommended unanimously by the Massachusetts Parole Board. Amirault's co-accused mother and sister had already been released from custody. Wall Street Journal editorial board member Dorothy Rabinowitz cites Coakley's pursuit of the case despite lack of corroborating evidence as an example of questionable judgment on Coakley's part.
Coakley's actions as District Attorney in the sexual abuse case of a 23-month-old girl in 2005 have drawn sharp criticism. Coakley, who oversaw the grand jury for the case, did not immediately indict Keith Winfield, a Somerville police officer. On August 1, 2006, after a criminal complaint was threatened to be filed by Larry Frisoli, attorney for the victim's single mother and the Republican candidate running against Coakley for Attorney General, she indicted Winfield. She requested for him to be released without cash bail. The District Attorney succeeding Coakley subsequently secured a conviction. Winfield was given two life sentences for the crime. Coakley later defended her actions by saying she acted appropriately with the evidence that was available at the time. As of 2012, film producer Steve Audette was making a documentary about Winfield's prosecution, conviction, and continued assertion of innocence; Audette was denied access to recordings of the trial in March 2013.
Attorney General
Coakley was elected Massachusetts Attorney General in the 2006 general election as a Democrat, defeating Republican Larry Frisoli with 73% of the vote. She was sworn in on January 17, 2007. Coakley became the first woman to serve as Attorney General in Massachusetts.
During the Aqua Teen Hunger Force bomb scare in January 2007, Coakley was widely quoted in the press defending the reaction of Boston's emergency services. Small electronic signs advertising a cartoon had been mistaken for bombs; Massachusetts authorities halted traffic on two bridges and closed the Charles River before realizing the signs were harmless. Coakley defended the precautions because the LED signs had looked suspicious: "It had a very sinister appearance, it had a battery behind it, and wires."
Both of those accused of putting up the signs which caused the bomb scare were given plea bargains, received community service and apologized publicly.
In May 2007, Coakley testified before the Massachusetts State Legislature in support of the passage of a "buffer zone" law that created a 35-foot buffer around entrances and driveways of reproductive health care facilities that offer abortion services. The law was signed into effect by Governor Deval Patrick on November 13, 2007, and was subsequently challenged by opponents and overturned by a unanimous decision of the Supreme Court as a violation of the First Amendment.
The next month, she signed a Guide to Consumer Credit and activated a Consumer Complaint and Information Hotline for helping people in financial difficulties.
In September 2008, Coakley worked with Apple Inc. and the National Federation of the Blind to have Apple redesign the popular iTunes software so it would comply with the federal Americans with Disabilities Act, as well as the Massachusetts Equal Rights Act.
In November 2008, Coakley unsuccessfully argued the case of Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts before the United States Supreme Court.
On February 5, 2009, she led an 18-state coalition, as well as the Corporation Counsel for the City of New York and the City Solicitor of Baltimore, urging the Environmental Protection Agency to take action in response to the 2007 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Massachusetts v. EPA. Though the Supreme Court ruled that the EPA did have the authority to regulate greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act, the Agency had yet to make an official decision on whether it believes that greenhouse gas emissions pose dangers to public health or welfare.
Coakley inherited litigation of the fatal 2006 Big Dig ceiling collapse from outgoing Attorney General Tom Reilly in 2007. On March 26, 2009, she settled the final lawsuit pertaining to the incident. Through eight lawsuits attached to the incident, Coakley's office recovered $610.625 million on behalf of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
Coakley declined to conduct a criminal investigation of an aide to Thomas M. Menino, Mayor of Boston, for allegedly violating laws regarding the destruction of public e-mail records, describing the request as politically motivated.
On July 8, 2009, Coakley filed a suit challenging the constitutionality of the Defense of Marriage Act. The suit claims that Congress "overstepped its authority, undermined states' efforts to recognize marriages between same-sex couples, and codified an animus towards gay and lesbian people." Massachusetts is the first state to challenge the legislation.
In 2009, Coakley won settlements of $60 million from Goldman Sachs and $10 million from Fremont Investment & Loan for their abuse of subprime loans and lending.
In 2010, Coakley helped draft a Massachusetts law regulating obscenity on the internet. In a decision celebrated by civil rights advocates, the law was overturned by a federal judge after a coalition of booksellers and website publishers sued, claiming the new law was unconstitutional and would hold criminally liable anyone who operates a website containing nudity or sexual material, including subjects such as art or even health information such as pregnancy or birth control. They said the law failed to distinguish between open websites and obscene material. Federal Judge Rya W. Zobel stated that the plaintiffs demonstrated "without question" that the law violated the First Amendment by infringing on and inhibiting free speech.
During Coakley's tenure as Attorney General, misconduct at Massachusetts' crime laboratories led to the reexamination of tens of thousands of drug convictions. Chemist Annie Dookhan was accused of forging reports and tampering with samples to produce desired results. Similarly, Sonja Farak was accused of tampering with the evidence she was tasked with analyzing by using it to get high herself. The actions of both women, who acted independently, resulted in tens of thousands of drug counts being dismissed, the largest single mass dismissal of criminal cases in U.S. history. How to Fix a Drug Scandal is an American true crime documentary miniseries that was released on Netflix on April 1, 2020, that was created by Erin Lee Carr, who followed the aftereffects of this notorious case. How to Fix a Drug Scandal depicts the role of Martha Coakley, who was accused of political cover up.
Political campaigns
1997 Massachusetts state representative campaign
Martha Coakley finished third with 12% of the primary vote in her first run for office against future Boston Mayor and US Secretary of Labor Marty Walsh (33%), neighborhood activist Charles Tevnan (16%) and Edward Regal (10%).
1998 District Attorney campaign
Martha Coakley won the Democratic primary (48%) against Michael A. Sullivan (28%) and Timothy Flaherty (25%) and coasted to a 71–29% general election win against Republican Lee Johnson.
2002 District Attorney campaign
Martha Coakley was unopposed in both the primary and the general election.
2006 Attorney General campaign
Martha Coakley was unopposed in the Democratic primary. She won the General election (73%-27%) against Republican Larry Frisoli.
2010 U.S. Senate campaign
On September 1, 2009, Coakley was the first candidate to take out nomination papers to run in a special election to succeed the late Edward M. Kennedy in the United States Senate in the special election in 2010. Two days later, on September 3, Coakley officially announced her candidacy on her website. She won the Democratic primary on December 8, 2009. Her opponents were Republican Scott Brown and Libertarian Joseph L. Kennedy (no relation to the Kennedy family). Coakley was endorsed by The Boston Globe on January 14, 2010.
In her last television debate January 11, 2010, at the University of Massachusetts Boston, when asked about the prospects of victory in Afghanistan, Coakley stated, "I think we have done what we are going to be able to do in Afghanistan. I think that we should plan an exit strategy. Yes. I'm not sure there is a way to succeed. If the goal was and the mission in Afghanistan was to go in because we believed that the Taliban was giving harbor to terrorists, we supported that. I supported that. They're gone. They're not there anymore. They're in, apparently Yemen, they're in Pakistan. Let's focus our efforts on where Al Qaeda is." This statement drew criticism from Scott Brown and his supporters, including Rudy Giuliani.
Coakley committed a number of gaffes during the campaign. When criticized for leaving the state for a Washington fundraiser instead of campaigning, Coakley responded by saying "As opposed to standing outside Fenway Park? In the cold? Shaking hands?" Barack Obama, in reflecting on his presidency, cited this comment as an instigating factor for Coakley's election loss, as well as a hurdle for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Coakley also referred to Red Sox star pitcher and Brown supporter Curt Schilling as "another Yankee fan," making her a target of derision.
Coakley admitted to making a mistake while filing the financial disclosure forms for her Senate run, claiming to have no personal assets when she had an account under her husband's name with over $200,000 and a personal IRA containing approximately $12,000.
On January 19, 2010, Coakley was defeated by Brown 52% to 47% in the special election. Brown received 1,168,107 votes, Coakley received 1,058,682 votes, and Joseph L. Kennedy received 22,237 votes.
2010 Attorney General campaign
Coakley successfully ran for reelection, defeating her main challenger, Republican nominee Jim McKenna.
2014 Massachusetts gubernatorial campaign
On September 15, 2013, WCVB-TV learned of Coakley's intention to run for the Massachusetts governorship when incumbent Democrat Deval Patrick retired in 2014. Coakley was set to formally announce her entry into the race the following Monday. She won the Democratic nomination on September 9, 2014. On November 4, 2014, she was narrowly defeated in the general election for governor by Republican Charlie Baker, who was endorsed by the Boston Globe despite the Globe'''s having endorsed Coakley four years prior in her Senate campaign.
After the election, the Globe wrote that Coakley had been "redeemed, even in defeat," saying that she had been "haunted" by her failed bid for the U.S. Senate four years earlier and had been a "relentless, and frequently terrific, campaigner. Coakley worked her heart out meeting voters across the state. She arrived at the rationale for her candidacy that eluded her four years ago: She had proven she cares about the state's most vulnerable citizens." The Globe added that "this person of remarkable accomplishments, grace, and resilience looks to be leaving public life. That's a big loss."
Post political career
From 2015 through early 2019, Coakley worked for Foley Hoag, a Boston-based law firm, as a lawyer and lobbyist. While at the firm, Coakley represented the fantasy sports website DraftKings and student-loan firm Navient when state governments were examining the practices of these industries.
In April 2019, it was announced that Coakley had taken a full-time role with electronic cigarette maker Juul on their government affairs team. As a former attorney general, lobbying attorneys general for the vaping industry has called into question the ethics of Coakley's work for Juul, a leader in the electronic cigarette industry accused of marketing addictive nicotine products to youths.
Personal life
Coakley resides in Medford, Massachusetts. She is married to retired police Deputy Superintendent Thomas F. O'Connor Jr.
See also
List of female state attorneys-general in the United States
References
External links
Attorney General Martha Coakley official Massachusetts government website
Collected news and commentary at the Boston Herald Collected news and commentary] at MassLive.com 2010 US Senate campaign contributions from OpenSecrets.org
Martha Coakley: Why I'm Running for Senate, Martha Coakley, Christian Science Monitor'', January 15, 2010
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1953 births
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
American women lawyers
Boston University School of Law alumni
Candidates in the 2010 United States elections
District attorneys in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Living people
Massachusetts Attorneys General
Massachusetts Democrats
Massachusetts lawyers
People from North Adams, Massachusetts
Politicians from Pittsfield, Massachusetts
Williams College alumni
Women in Massachusetts politics |
4028524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polity%20data%20series | Polity data series | The Polity data series is a data series in political science research. Along with the Varieties of Democracy project and Freedom House, Polity is among prominent datasets that measure democracy and autocracy.
The Polity study was initiated in the late 1960s by Ted Robert Gurr and is now continued by Monty G. Marshall, one of Gurr's students. It was sponsored by the Political Instability Task Force (PITF) until February 2020. The PITF is funded by the Central Intelligence Agency.
The data series has been criticized for its methodology, Americentrism, and connections to the CIA. Seva Gunitsky, an assistant professor at the University of Toronto, stated that the data series was appropriate "for research that examines constraints on governing elites, but not for studying the expansion of suffrage over the nineteenth century".
Scoring chart
Scores for 2018
Criticism
The 2002 paper "Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy" claimed several problems with commonly used democracy rankings, including Polity, opining that the criteria used to determine "democracy" were misleadingly narrow.
The Polity data series has been criticized by Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting for its methodology and determination of what is and isn't a democracy. FAIR has criticized the data series for Americentrism with the United States being shown as the only democracy in the world in 1842, being given a nine out of ten during slavery, and a ten out of ten during the Jim Crow era. The organization has also been critical of the data series for ignoring European colonialism in Africa and Asia with those areas being labeled as no data before the 1960s. FAIR has also been critical of the data series' connection to the Central Intelligence Agency. Max Roser, the founder of Our World in Data, stated that Polity IV was far from perfect and was concerned at the data series' connections with the Central Intelligence Agency.
Seva Gunitsky, an assistant professor at the University of Toronto, wrote in The Washington Post where he stated that "Polity IV measures might be appropriate for research that examines constraints on governing elites, but not for studying the expansion of suffrage over the nineteenth century". Gunitsky was critical of the data series for ignoring suffrage.
See also
Democracy-Dictatorship Index
Democracy Index
Democracy Ranking
List of freedom indices
Freedom in the World
References
External links
Polity IV Project webpage
Democracy |
4028525 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare%20Award%20for%20Best%20Action | Filmfare Award for Best Action | The Filmfare Best Action Award is given by the Filmfare magazine as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi films.
Although the awards started in 1954, the category was not started until 1993.
Superlatives
Most Awards
Sham Kaushal – 5
Allan Amin – 3
Tinnu Verma – 3
Bhiku Verma - 2
Akbar Bakshi – 2
Vijayan Master – 2
Tom Struthers - 2
Having won the award 5 times, Sham Kaushal holds the record for most wins in this category, followed by Tinnu Verma, Allan Amin each with 3 wins each, and Bhiku Verma, Akbar Bakshi, Vijayan Master each with 2 wins each.
Awards
Here is a list of the award winners and the films for which they won.
See also
Filmfare Awards
Bollywood
Cinema of India
References
Action |
4028537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard%20Animation | Vanguard Animation | Vanguard Films & Animation, often named only as Vanguard Animation, is an American production studio founded in 2002 by producer John H. Williams and Neil Braun. The studio has offices in British Columbia, Canada and Ealing Studios in London, England, United Kingdom. Starz Media owns the studio's minority stake.
History
The studio was founded in 2002 by John H. Williams. For its launch, it signed with Ealing Studios a four-picture deal to produce sub-$40 million computer-animated films. Following year, Vanguard sold a minority stake to IDT Corporation and partnered with its animation unit, Digital Production Solutions, to co-produce and co-own all Vanguard's properties, including Valiant (2005), the first and only project produced for Disney.
Filmography
Feature films
Short films
Frank Was a Monster Who Wanted to Dance
Unproduced projects
Citizen Siege - A science fiction thriller CGI-animated film that was to be co-produced by Vanguard and video game developer Oddworld Inhabitants. The plot involves an expatriate who returns home to find that he has been repossessed, in a shady underhive-like world where a corporate government rules the continent. The film was originally scheduled to release in 2009, but the date was pushed back to an unknown date. As of 2019, there have been no recent developments regarding the film's production.
Alien Rock Band
Rotten Island
Buzby
City of Dragons
Atomic Circus
Oz Wars
Ribbit
The Twits
Galaxy High
The Gnome King
See also
List of computer-animated films
References
External links
American animation studios
Film production companies of the United States |
4028538 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay%20it%20forward | Pay it forward | Pay it forward is an expression for describing the beneficiary of a good deed repaying the kindness to others instead of to the original benefactor.
The concept is old, but the particular phrase may have been coined by Lily Hardy Hammond in her 1916 book In the Garden of Delight. Robert Heinlein's 1951 novel Between Planets helped popularize the phrase.
"Pay it forward" is implemented in contract law of loans in the concept of third party beneficiaries. Specifically, the creditor offers the debtor the option of paying the debt forward by lending it to a third person instead of paying it back to the original creditor. This contract may include the provision that the debtor may repay the debt in kind, lending the same amount to a similarly disadvantaged party once they have the means, and under the same conditions. Debt and payments can be monetary or by good deeds. A related type of transaction, which starts with a gift instead of a loan, is alternative giving.
History
Paying forward was used as a key plot element in the denouement of a New Comedy play by Menander, Dyskolos (a title which can be translated as "The Grouch"). Dyskolos was a prizewinning play in ancient Athens in 317 BC; however, the text of the play was lost and it was only recovered and republished in 1957.
The oldest, and perhaps most basic pattern of this concept, is the inter-generational devotion of parents to their children, re-enacting what their own parents did for them. In her 1916 book In the Garden of Delight, Lily Hardy Hammond reflects, "I never repaid Great-aunt Letitia's love to her, any more than she repaid her mother's. You don't pay love back; you pay it forward."
American Author and former war correspondent Richard Harding Davis, had already published a popular short story in The Metropolitan Magazine (dated March, 1914) entitled "The Boy Scout," that also dealt directly with the same concept. In it, a young "Scout" does a "good deed" that eventually reverberates world-wide.
Regarding money, the concept was described by Benjamin Franklin, in a letter to Benjamin Webb dated April 25, 1784:
Jesus taught in Matthew 18:21–35, that paying it forward is a requirement for those who have received God's forgiveness. He told a parable of a man who had been forgiven a huge debt by the king, because the debtor had begged for mercy. However, after being freed from the debt, he found a fellow who owed him a very small debt, by comparison. Although he had been shown a great mercy, he refused the same consideration to his fellow who had pled for more time to pay. When the king found this out, he was angry, and threw the original debtor into prison until he paid the entire debt. Jesus summarized the story by saying, "So likewise shall my heavenly Father do also unto you, if ye from your hearts forgive not every one his brother their trespasses."
Ralph Waldo Emerson, in his 1841 essay "Compensation", wrote: "In the order of nature we cannot render benefits to those from whom we receive them, or only seldom. But the benefit we receive must be rendered again, line for line, deed for deed, cent for cent, to somebody." Woody Hayes (1913 – 1987), winner of five national titles as football coach at Ohio State University, misquoted Emerson as having said "You can pay back only seldom. You can always pay forward, and you must pay line for line, deed for deed, and cent for cent." He also shortened the (mis)quotation into "You can never pay back; but you can always pay forward" and variants.
The 1929 novel, Magnificent Obsession, by Lloyd C. Douglas, also espoused this philosophy, in combination with the concept that good deeds should be performed in confidence.
An anonymous spokesman for Alcoholics Anonymous said in The Christian Science Monitor in 1944, "You can't pay anyone back for what has happened to you, so you try to find someone you can pay forward."
Also in 1944, the first steps were taken in the development of what became the Heifer Project, one of whose core strategies is "Passing on the Gift".
In Robert Heinlein's 1951 novel Between Planets, the circumstances of war place the protagonist in a country where it is illegal to spend his foreign money. He is hungry and a stranger gives him enough to pay for lunch:
The mathematician Paul Erdős heard about a promising math student unable to enroll in Harvard University for financial reasons. Erdős contributed enough to allow the young man to register. Years later, the man offered to return the entire amount to Erdős, but Erdős insisted that the man rather find another student in his situation, and give the money to him.
It is also possible for the original beneficiary to become part of the later chain of kindness. Some time in 1980, a sixteen-page supplemental Marvel comic appeared in the Chicago Tribune entitled “What Price a Life?” and was subsequently reprinted as the backup story in Marvel Team-Up #126 dated February 1983. This was a team-up between Spider-Man and The Incredible Hulk, in which Spider-Man helps the Hulk escape from police who mistakenly thought that he was attacking them. Afterwards, they meet in their secret identities, with Peter Parker warning Bruce Banner to leave town because of the Hulk’s seeming attack on police. But Banner is flat broke, and cannot afford even bus fare. As a result, Parker gives Banner his last $5 bill, saying that someone had given him money when he was down on his luck, and this was how he was repaying that debt. Later, in Chicago, the Hulk confronts muggers who had just robbed an elderly retired man of his pension money, all the money he had. After corralling the muggers, the Hulk turns towards the victim. The retiree thinks that the Hulk is about to attack him as well, but instead, the Hulk gives him the $5 bill. It transpires that the very same old man had earlier given a down-on-his-luck Peter Parker a $5 bill.
1999 novel, film and subsequent projects
In 1999, Catherine Ryan Hyde's novel Pay It Forward was published and then adapted in 2000 into a film of the same name, distributed by Warner Bros. and starring Kevin Spacey, Helen Hunt and Haley Joel Osment. In Ryan Hyde's book and movie, it is described as an obligation to do three good deeds for others in response to a good deed that one receives. Such good deeds should accomplish things that the other person cannot accomplish on their own. In this way, the practice of helping one another can spread geometrically through society, at a ratio of three to one, creating a social movement with an impact of making the world a better place.
The Pay it Forward Movement and Foundation was founded in the USA helping start a ripple effect of kindness acts around the world. The newly appointed president of the foundation, Charley Johnson, had an idea for encouraging kindness acts by having a Pay it Forward Bracelet that could be worn as a reminder. Since then, over a million Pay it Forward bracelets have been distributed in over 100 countries sparking acts of kindness. Few bracelets remain with their original recipients, however, as they circulate in the spirit of the reciprocal or generalized altruism.
In 2007, International Pay It Forward Day was founded in Australia by Blake Beattie. It has now spread to 70 countries with over 50 state and city proclamations. It is estimated that it has inspired over five million acts of kindness and has featured on 7, 9, 10, ABC, NBC, Fox 5, Fox 8 and Global News in Canada.
On April 5, 2012, WBRZ-TV, the American Broadcasting Company affiliate for the city of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, did a story on The Newton Project, a 501(c)(3) outreach organization created to demonstrate that regardless of how big the problems of the world may seem, each person can make a difference simply by taking the time to show love, appreciation and kindness to the people around them. It is based on the classic pay-it-forward concept, but demonstrates the impact of each act on the world by tracking each wristband with a unique ID number and quantifying the lives each has touched. The Newton Project’s attempt to quantify the benefits of a Pay It Forward type system can be viewed by the general public at their website.
Inspired by John F. Kennedy who profoundly declared, "Let us think of education as the means of developing our greatest abilities, because in each of us there is a private hope and dream which, fulfilled, can be translated into benefit for everyone and greater strength for our nation", The Student Body of America Association, a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization, has initiated its Project Pay it Forward program to implement education with the pay-it-forward concept.
Economic model
Several firms have adopted the pay it forward approach as an economic model. These include Karma Kitchen, where patrons' meals have already been paid for by previous customers, and customers are then encouraged to contribute toward future patrons' meals. Heifer Project International pioneered the approach in sustainable development, and it has been utilized by microfinance lenders. Some authors advocate the pay it forward approach be utilized as the primary means of economic transaction. Such models have begun to be the topic of research.
See also
Feed the Deed
Random act of kindness
Reciprocity (social psychology)
Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)
Six degrees of separation
Social business
Social responsibility
Gift economy
Cool To Be Kind
References
External links
Pay it Forward Day UK
Pay It Forward Foundation
International Pay it Forward Day
Pay It Forward Life
Pay It Forward movie
Giving
1784 introductions
Sociological terminology |
4028541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RJK | RJK | RJK or Russia-Japan-Korea is a submarine telecommunications cable system linking the three named countries bordering the Sea of Japan. It began operation in 1995.
It has landing points in:
Nakhodka, Russia
Naoetsu, Japan
Pusan, Korea
It has a transmission capacity of 1.12 Gbit/s, and a total cable length of .
Sources
Submarine communications cables in the Pacific Ocean
Russia–South Korea relations
Japan–South Korea relations
Japan–Russia relations
1995 establishments in Japan
1995 establishments in Russia
1995 establishments in South Korea |
4028549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic%20Town%20%28film%29 | Titanic Town (film) | Titanic Town is a 1998 film directed by Roger Michell and starring Julie Walters, Ciarán Hinds, Nuala O'Neill, and Ciarán McMenamin. It is set in Belfast during the Troubles.
It was filmed in Shortmead Drive and Green Close in Cheshunt, Hertfordshire.
Premise
Aidan and Bernie McPhelimy are a mother and father caught in the Northern Ireland Troubles in Belfast (known for building the RMS Titanic). Bernie's close friend is killed in the crossfire and so she becomes involved in the peace process.
Cast
The McPhelimy family
Ciarán Hinds as Aidan McPhelimy
Julie Walters as Bernie McPhelimy
Nuala O'Neill as Annie McPhelimy
James Loughran as Thomas McPhelimy
Barry Loughran as Brendan McPhelimy
Elizabeth Donaghy as Sinead McPhelimy
Mal Rogers as Uncle Jimmy
The Englishmen at Stormont
Oliver Ford Davies as Whittington
Nicholas Woodeson as Immonger (as Nick Woodeson)
Others
Ciarán McMenamin as Dino/Owen
Janice Pollock as Patsy French
Caolan Byrne as Niall French
Aingeal Grehan as Deirdre
Des McAleer as Finnbar
B.J. Hogg as Chair
Doreen Hepburn as Nora
Mairead Redmond as Mairead
External links
Titanic Town at Box Office Mojo
1998 films
British films
Northern Irish films
1998 drama films
Films about The Troubles (Northern Ireland)
Films directed by Roger Michell
Films set in Belfast
Films shot in Northern Ireland
British drama films
Films scored by Trevor Jones
1999 drama films
1999 films |
4028565 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20heavy-water%20reactor | Advanced heavy-water reactor | The advanced heavy-water reactor (AHWR) or AHWR-300 is the latest Indian design for a next-generation nuclear reactor that burns thorium in its fuel core. It is slated to form the third stage in India's three-stage fuel-cycle plan. This phase of the fuel cycle plan is supposed to be built starting with a 300MWe prototype in 2016. construction has not started and a firm date has not be set.
Background
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) set up a large infrastructure to facilitate the design and development of these Advanced Heavy Water reactors. Things to be included range from materials technologies, critical components, reactor physics, and safety analysis. Several facilities have been set up to experiment with these reactors. The AHWR is a pressure tube type of heavy water reactor. The Government of India, Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), is fully funding the future development, the current development, and the design of the Advanced Heavy Water Reactor. The new version of Advanced Heavy Water Reactors will be equipped with more general safety requirements. India is the base for these reactors due to India's large Thorium reserves; therefore, it is more geared for continual use and operation of the AHWR.
Motivation
Thorium is three times more abundant in the Earth's crust than uranium, though less abundant in terms of economically viable to extract proven reserves, with India holding the largest proven reserves of any country. A lot of thorium is also contained in the tailings of mines that extract rare earth elements from monazite which usually contains both rare earth elements and thorium. As long as demand for thorium remains low, these tailings present a chemical (thorium is a toxic heavy metal) and - to a lesser extent - radiological issue which would be solved at least in part by use of thorium in nuclear power plants. Unlike Uranium, which is composed of over 99% fertile but not fissile and only to roughly 0.72% of fissile , Thorium is composed almost entirely out of fertile which can be readily transmutated into fissile using thermal neutrons. This allows a much larger share of the original material to be used without the need for fast breeder reactors and while producing orders of magnitude less minor actinides. However, as Thorium itself is not fissile, it has to be "bred" first to obtain a fissile material, which can then be used in the same reactor that "bred" the or chemically separated for use in a separate "burner" reactor.
Design
The proposed design of the AHWR is that of a heavy-water-moderated nuclear power reactor that will be the next generation of the PHWR type. It is being developed at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), in Mumbai, India and aims to meet the objectives of using thorium fuel cycles for commercial power generation. The AHWR is a vertical pressure tube type reactor cooled by boiling light water under natural circulation. A unique feature of this design is a large tank of water on top of the primary containment vessel, called the gravity-driven water pool (GDWP). This reservoir is designed to perform several passive safety functions.
The overall design of the AHWR is to utilize large amounts of thorium and the thorium cycle. The AHWR is much like that of the pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR), in that they share similarities in the concept of the pressure tubes and calandria tubes, but the tubes' orientation in the AHWR is vertical, unlike that of the PHWR. The AHWR's core is 3.5 m long and has 513 lattice locations in a square pitch of 225 mm. The core is radially divided into three burn up regions. The burn up decreases as it moves toward the external surface of the core. Fuel is occupied by 452 lattice locations and the remaining 37 locations are occupied by shutdown system-1. This consists of 37 shut-off rods, 24 locations are for reactive control devices which are consisted of 8 absorber rods, 8 shim rods, and 8 regulating rods. By boiling light water at a pressure of 7 MPa, heat is then removed. The main focus with this model is to get the total power and a coarse spatial power distribution within the core to be within certain degree of accuracy.
The reactor design incorporates advanced technologies, together with several proven positive features of Indian pressurised heavy water reactors (PHWRs). These features include pressure tube type design, low pressure moderator, on-power refueling, diverse fast acting shut-down systems, and availability of a large low temperature heat sink around the reactor core. The AHWR incorporates several passive safety features. These include: Core heat removal through natural circulation; direct injection of emergency core coolant system (ECCS) water in fuel; and the availability of a large inventory of borated water in overhead gravity-driven water pool (GDWP) to facilitate sustenance of core decay heat removal. The emergency core cooling system (ECCS) injection and containment cooling can act (SCRAM) without invoking any active systems or operator action.
The reactor physics design is tuned to maximise the use of thorium based fuel, by achieving a slightly negative void coefficient. Fulfilling these requirements has been possible through the use of PuO2-ThO2 MOX, and ThO2-233UO2 MOX in different pins of the same fuel cluster, and the use of a heterogeneous moderator consisting of amorphous carbon (in the fuel bundles) and heavy water in 80–20% volume ratio. The core configuration lends itself to considerable flexibility and several feasible solutions, including those not requiring the use of amorphous carbon based reflectors, are possible without any changes in reactor structure.
Some Distinctive Features of AHWR
Elimination of high-pressure heavy water coolant resulting in reduction of heavy water leakage losses, and eliminating heavy water recovery system.
Recovery of heat generated in the moderator for feed water heating.
Elimination of major components and equipment such as primary coolant pumps and drive motors, associated control and power supply equipment and corresponding saving of electrical power required to run these pumps.
Shop assembled coolant channels, with features to enable quick replacement of pressure tube alone, without affecting other installed channel components.
Replacement of steam generators by simpler steam drums.
Higher steam pressure than in PHWRs.
Production of 500 m3/day of demineralised water in Multi Effect Desalination Plant by using steam from LP Turbine.
Hundred year design life of the reactor.
A design objective of requiring no exclusion zone on account of its advanced safety features.
Fuel cycle
The AHWR at standard is set to be a closed nuclear fuel cycle because this will lead to reduction in radio-toxicity. Because of this, the AHWR has alternate fuel options, given it has diverse fuel cycles. It can do closed types and once-through types of fuel cycles. The overall aspect of the AHWR is primed for high burn up with thorium-based fuel (BARC, 2013). Recycled thorium that is recovered from the reactor is then sent back, and plutonium is stored to be later used for a fast breeder reactor. The fuel for AHWR would be manufactured by ADVANCED FUEL FABRICATION FACILITY, which is under the direction of BARC Tarapur. AFFF is currently working on PFBR fuel rod production. AFFF has been associated with fuel rod fabrication for other research purposes in the past. AFFF is the only nuclear fuel production facility in the world which has dealt with Uranium, plutonium and thorium.
Future plans
Indian Government announced in 2013 it would build an AHWR of 300 MWe with its location to be decided. As of 2017, the design is in the final stages of validation.
Safety innovation
Past nuclear meltdowns such as Chernobyl and Fukushima have made the improvement of construction and maintenance of facilities to be crucial. These accidents were with the involvement of uranium-235 reactors and the poor structures of the facilities they were in. Since then, International Atomic nuclear Association has stepped up protocols in nuclear facilities in order to prevent these accidents from occurring again. One of the top security measures for a meltdown is containment of radioactivity from escaping the reactor. The Defence in Depth (DiD) is a method used in nuclear facilities to acquire the most effective practice of radioactive containment. The AWHR has acquired the Defense in Depth process which is used in reactors by providing a list of provisions and required equipment in order to retain the radioactivity in the core. The Defense in Depth method sets regulations that must be followed in order to reduce human error incidents and machine malfunctions.
The procedures are the following:
Level 1: Prevention of abnormal operation and failure
Level 2: Control of abnormal operation and detection of failure
Level 3: Control of accidents within the design basis
Level 4: Control of severe plant conditions, including prevention of accident progression and mitigation of consequences of severe accidents
Level 5: Mitigation of radiological consequences of significant release of radioactive materials.
The AWHR is an innovation in renewable energy safety as it will limit the use of fissile uranium-235 to breeding fissile uranium-233 from fertile thorium-232. The extraction of nuclear energy from the 90th element Thorium is said to have more energy than the world's oil, coal, and uranium combined. The AHWR has safety features that distinguish it from conventional lightwater nuclear reactors. Some of these features consist of: strong safety systems, reduction of heat from core through a built in cooling system, multiple shutdown systems and a fail-safe procedure that consist of a poison that shuts down the system in the case of a technical failure (FBR). The potential threat scientists try to avoid in reactors is the buildup of heat because nuclear energy escalates when it reacts with high temperatures, high pressures and chemical reactions. The AHWR has features that helps reduce the probability of this occurrence through: negative reactivity coefficients, low power density, low excess reactivity in the core and proper selection of material attributes built in.
Technical specifications
See also
Advanced CANDU reactor
Breeder reactor
Generation IV reactor
Pressurised heavy-water reactor
Thorium fuel cycle
India's three-stage nuclear power programme
Parallel_approaches
References
External links
Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) now being designed in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Advanced Heavy Water Reactor. Sept 2008 Detailed design and diagrams
http://www.barc.gov.in/reactor/ahwr.pdf
Heavy water reactors
Nuclear power reactor types |
4028567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Ged%20Walker | Death of Ged Walker | PC Gerald Michael "Ged" Walker (15 January 1960 – 9 January 2003) was an English police dog handler with Nottinghamshire Police who was killed in the line of duty in Bulwell, Nottingham, in 2003.
On 7 January 2003, PC Walker was dragged 100 yards and fatally injured by a stolen taxi as he reached into the vehicle in an attempt to remove the keys from the ignition. He died in hospital two days later from serious head injuries. He was survived by his widow and two children.
In December 2003, 26-year-old drug addict David Parfitt was convicted of Walker's manslaughter and sentenced to 13 years in prison. He had been on licence at the time of the incident for a previous robbery offence.
In September 2005, a memorial stone for PC Walker was unveiled at the junction of St. Albans Road and Cantrell Road in Bulwell, close to the location of the fatal incident. Present at the unveiling was Michael Winner, the founder and chairman of the Police Memorial Trust, Walker's widow, and the chief constable of Nottinghamshire Police.
A dog show has been held annually in Long Eaton in memory of Walker since his death in 2003. The police station in Bulwell where he was stationed has been named the Ged Walker Building.
See also
List of British police officers killed in the line of duty
References
External links
BBC News article on memorial
Memorial vandalised and reward offered to catch vandals
Funeral of PC Ged Walker
1960 births
2000s in Nottingham
2003 deaths
2003 crimes in the United Kingdom
2003 in England
British manslaughter victims
British police officers killed in the line of duty
Crime in Nottinghamshire
Date of birth missing
Deaths by person in England
History of Nottingham |
4028579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Frank | Henry Frank | Henry L. Frank (1851–1908) was an American politician and businessman based in Montana.
Frank was born in Ohio in 1851, and was of French descent. A self-made entrepreneur who invested in liquor distribution, real estate and mining, he also founded the Silver Bow Electric Light Company, was president of the Butte Water Company, and was the first chairman of the board of trustees of the Montana State School of Mines, a position held until his death.
Henry Frank also co-owned (with Sam Gebo) the Canadian-American Coal and Coke Company which operated a coal mine in the town of Frank, Alberta, Canada. He paid 30,000 for the property and the town was named after him. The mine owned by the company was damaged in the famous Frank Slide of 1903.
Henry Frank was twice mayor of Butte, Montana (1885 - 1887) and a member of the first and second Montana state legislatures representing Silver Bow County. A Democrat, he was the 1896 chairman for the State Central Committee and was elected the presidential elector for Montana. He was nearly nominated for the US Senate in 1901 during a dramatic overnight debate (a clock was smashed so that nomination could be completed before a midnight deadline), eventually supporting Paris Gibson.
Henry Frank achieved the 33rd degree of Freemasonry and in 1905 became grand master of the Grand Lodge of Montana, and was also active in the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks and Knights of Pythias lodges.
Henry L. Frank died under uncertain circumstances in 1908 at age 57 while visiting his mother in Cincinnati, Ohio. There is some suggestion that depression or mental illness contributed to his death.
References
Bibliography
Butte Miner August 18, 1908
The Anaconda Standard August 18, 1908
1851 births
1908 deaths
Politicians from Butte, Montana
Mayors of places in Montana
Members of the Montana House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American businesspeople |
4028583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storytelling%20festival | Storytelling festival | A storytelling festival is an event that features local, regional and/or nationally known oral storytellers. Each storyteller will have a scheduled amount of time to share a story (or stories) with an audience. The featured storytellers are often professional performing artists, but semi-professional or amateur storytellers may also be included among the events.
A festival may be a single or multiple day event. Depending upon the venue, the festival schedule is organized around blocks of time for the storytellers to share their stories. The storytellers may rotate between smaller venues or the crowds may move from venue to venue. Often storytelling festivals will include an open mic event, sometimes referred to as "story swapping," where amateurs from the audience may share their own stories. Some festivals showcase the winners of storytelling contests such as the Young Storyteller of the Year.
At some festivals (including the National Storytelling Festival (USA)), paper tickets are substituted by "swatches" of patterned cloth that are pinned on and worn by festival participants. These swatches of cloth have a different/unique pattern each year and various colors may be used to distinguish the level of participation.
List
See also
Oral storytelling - some history of festivals
World Storytelling Day - international storytelling day with small festivals
References
External links
Storytelling festivals List of and links to storytelling festivals (USA and International)
The National Storytelling Network (USA)
Audio interviews and articles on How to run a storytelling festival. (USA)
Storytellers of Canada/Conteurs du Canada
East Tennessee State Reading/Storytelling Program Only university in US to offer an MA Reading/Storytelling program
Storytellers and Storytelling in India
Arts festivals by type |
4028590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Pinnacles%20%28Atherton%20Tableland%29 | The Pinnacles (Atherton Tableland) | The Pinnacles (aka the Seven Sisters) are a series of seven volcanic cinder cones on the Atherton Tableland, near Yungaburra, Queensland, Australia. They were formed more than 350 000 years ago.
The vents have an overall southwest-northeast alignment, which suggests that the ascending magma utilised a pre-existing fracture within the earth's crust. Several of the craters are breached to the southeast, possibly due to the prevailing southeast winds blowing ash and scoria to the northwest and so building the cones more to that side. Parts of the rocky basalt flows are still densely forested and can be seen surrounding the Curtain Fig Tree.
See also
Lake Barrine
Lake Eacham (Yidyam)
Lake Tinaroo
Mount Hypipamee Crater
References
External links
The Seven Sisters on Google Earth
12 Aboriginal stories about The Seven Sisters
Landforms of Far North Queensland
Volcanoes of Queensland |
4028610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paragould%20High%20School | Paragould High School | Paragould High School is a public school serving grades nine through twelve located in Paragould, Arkansas. The campus is located at 1701 West Court Street in Paragould and is administered by Paragould School District. Oak Grove High School (mascot: Lions) and Paragould High School (mascot: Bulldogs) consolidated into Ridgecrest High School in 1986 and it was voted to change the nickname to the Rams to accommodate this consolidation. After the 1996–1997 school year, the school's name was changed back to Paragould High School but maintained the Rams as mascot.
Academics
The assumed course of study follows the Smart Core curriculum developed by the Arkansas Department of Education (ADE). Students complete regular (core and career focus) courses and exams and may select Advanced Placement (AP) coursework and exams that provide an opportunity for college credit. The school is accredited by the ADE and is a charter member and accredited by AdvancED (formerly North Central Association) since 1925.
Extracurricular activities
Paragould offers many extracurricular activities pertaining to athletics, drama, academic clubs, and band.
The school's mascot is the Ram. The Paragould Rams compete in the Class 5A-East conference of the Arkansas Activities Association. Sports offered at Paragould High School include: football, basketball (boys/girls), soccer, baseball, softball, volleyball, golf, tennis, swimming, and track & field.
Football
For years now, Paragould High and their cross-town rival, Greene County Tech, have competed with each other in nearly every sport. The most competitive and anticipated matchup is the yearly Paragould-Tech football games which occur once each school year. The teams used to play two games each season (one as an opener, one as a closer) but, Green County Tech moved up to the AAAAAA conference, and there is no longer a need for a second game. At the end of each season, Paragould and Green County Tech play each other for the coveted Bell Trophy. The winner of the game gets to take the bell home to their school. The Bell Trophy is a three-foot, bronze bell with small engraving plates on either side wood frame that tells the year in which it was won and by which school. In the '06-'07 school year, Paragould lost the bell to Tech on their own field, but on August 31, the first Paragould-Tech game of the new season was played at Paragould. The game ended with Paragould at 49 and Tech with 19. The Rams bullied past the Eagles by a score of 47–24. Paragould has won this trophy 8 times since its introduction in 1999.
Basketball
Paragould High has enjoyed success on the hardwood under direction of the legendary Coach Paynter. Paynter coached the Bulldogs/Rams for several decades and made many trips to the state tournament, with several semi-finals and finals appearances. Since the 2004 season, the Rams have not had a winning season and have averaged a meager 2 conference wins per year. Meanwhile, crosstown rival Greene County Tech has enjoyed 2 state titles and 3 finals appearances since 2006. In April 2009, Paragould hired alumnus, former player under Paynter, and most recently, head coach the Greene County Tech Junior High boys' basketball team, Jay Robertson.
The girls' squad is coached by former Arkansas State assistant coach Jay Cook; Cook's first year was the 2008–09 season. In the 2010–11 season, both Coach Cook and Robertson coached their teams to the State tournament. The Sr. Lady Rams were conference champions, and the Sr. High Rams went after Forrest City High School beat out Nettleton High School for the top spot.
Band
The Paragould Pride Band has quickly grown to become of the district's crowning programs. In the 2014 marching season, the band took home 3 Grand Championships, 1 Reserve Grand Championship, 6 overall and class Drum Major Championships, 6 overall and class percussion Championships, and 1 class color guard Championships, as well as Class A Champions at BOA St. Louis, making the Pride the first Arkansas band to ever win Class A at a BOA event. Since 2008, the band has received 9 Overall Grand Championships and 7 Reserved Grand Championships.
The band is also a 24 time recipient of the ASBOA Sweepstakes award, the highest honor given by ASBOA. During the 2014–15 school year, the band put a total of 15 students in
all region Jazz Band, 33 students in Jr. High All Region, 47 students in Sr. High All Region, and 16 students in All-State Honors Bands; all including alternates. They are also a 6-time Arkansas State Champion in class 5A as of 2021. The band is currently under the direction of Richie Williams, Cody Ballard, Joshua Mobley, and Carlos Serna.
References
External links
Public high schools in Arkansas
Schools in Greene County, Arkansas
Buildings and structures in Paragould, Arkansas |
4028613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vere%20Beauclerk%2C%201st%20Baron%20Vere | Vere Beauclerk, 1st Baron Vere | Admiral Vere Beauclerk, 1st Baron Vere (14 July 1699 – 21 October 1781), known as Lord Vere Beauclerk until 1750, was a Royal Navy officer, British peer and politician who sat in the House of Commons for 24 years from 1726 to 1750. After serving various ships in the Mediterranean and then commanding the third-rate HMS Hampton Court, he joined the Board of Admiralty, ultimately serving as Senior Naval Lord.
Naval career
Born the son of the 1st Duke of St Albans and his wife Diana Beauclerk, Duchess of St Albans, he was a grandson of King Charles II.
Beauclerk joined the Royal Navy in 1713. Promoted to post-captain on 30 May 1721, he served in various ships in the Mediterranean before being given command of the sixth-rate HMS Lyme in 1727, the fifth-rate HMS Kinsale in 1729 and the fourth-rate HMS Oxford in 1731. He went to command the third-rate HMS Hampton Court in December 1731.
Beauclerk joined the Board of Admiralty under the Whig government in March 1738 but had to step down when the Government fell in March 1742. He returned to the Board again when the Broad Bottom ministry came to power in December 1744 and was promoted to rear admiral on 23 April 1745. He was advanced to Senior Naval Lord on the Board in February 1746 and promoted to vice admiral on 14 July 1746 and to full admiral on 12 May 1748 before retiring in November 1749.
Beauclerk was elected one of the first Vice Presidents of London's charitable Foundling Hospital for abandoned children, an unpaid position. He served in that capacity from the institution's first year of 1739 until 1756, but then again from 1758 until 1767. From 1726 to 1741 Beauclerk was Member of Parliament (MP) for Windsor and for Plymouth (succeeding his brother Henry) from 1741 to 1750. On his retirement from politics in 1750, he was created Baron Vere, of Hanworth in the County of Middlesex. he was also Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire from 1761 to 1771. It is said that he died at his home, 16 St James's Square in London, on 21 October 1781, although this date would appear at odds with the burial register of St James's Church, Piccadilly, which has him being buried on 6 October 1781.
Family
On 13 April 1736, in London, he married Mary Chambers (c. 1714-21 January 1783), a maternal granddaughter of the 2nd Earl of Berkeley. They later had six children (four of whom died young):
Vere Beauclerk (12 January 1737 – 26 December 1739)
Chamber Beauclerk (22 February 1738 – 16 July 1747)
Sackville Beauclerk (12 April 1739 – 25 April 1739)
Aubrey Beauclerk, 5th Duke of St Albans (3 June 1740 – 9 February 1802)
Elizabeth Beauclerk (7 July 1741 – April 1746); buried on 26 April 1746.
The Hon. Mary Beauclerk (4 December 1743 – 13 January 1812); who married Lord Charles Spencer, son of the 3rd Duke of Marlborough.
References
Sources
|-
|-
1699 births
1781 deaths
Barons in the Peerage of Great Britain
Peers of Great Britain created by George II
Beauclerk, Lord Vere
Lords of the Admiralty
Lord-Lieutenants of Berkshire
Beauclerk, Vere, Lord
Vere Beauclerk, 1st Baron Vere
British MPs 1722–1727
British MPs 1727–1734
British MPs 1734–1741
British MPs 1741–1747
British MPs 1747–1754 |
4028616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison%20Kodiaks | Madison Kodiaks | The Madison Kodiaks were a minor professional ice hockey team based in Madison, Wisconsin, during the 1999–2000 United Hockey League season. Affiliated with the AHL Milwaukee Admirals, the Kodiaks were an expansion team that filled the void left by the recently departed Madison Monsters.
In the team's sole season, the Kodiaks finished in third place in the Western Division, going on to defeat the Rockford IceHogs in a best-of-three first round series. It lost its second round series to the eventual champion Flint Generals, four games to two. The team's leading scorer was Josh Boni with 99 points. Its leading goal scorer was Jim Duhart with 43. Duhart went on to score a remarkable 20 points in only nine playoff games, finishing second in the league in playoff scoring despite playing in two fewer playoff series than the league leader, Nick Stajduhar of the Generals.
After that one season—having the lowest attendance of any team in its small-market league—the team moved to Kalamazoo, Michigan, to play as the second incarnation of the Kalamazoo Wings.
The team's last active player is Dominic Chiasson, who last played professional hockey with the Cornwall River Kings of the LNAH in 2015.
References
External links
Madison Kodiaks statistics at HockeyDB
Defunct United Hockey League teams
Defunct ice hockey teams in the United States
Ice hockey clubs established in 1999
Sports clubs disestablished in 2000
Ice hockey teams in Wisconsin
1999 establishments in Wisconsin
2000 disestablishments in Wisconsin
Sports in Madison, Wisconsin |
4028617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20New%20Mexico%20Cancer%20Research%20Building | University of New Mexico Cancer Research Building | The UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center (UNMCCC) is housed in the University of New Mexico Cancer Research Building. The building has five stories and covers 206,000 square feet of clinical space. It is designed as a shelled space for future expansion. The building cost $100 million and was officially opened in 2009.
NCI designation
UNMCCC first received designation as an NCI-designated Cancer Center in 2005. This status was further renewed in 2010, and gained its new designation as an NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center in 2015. Only 51 centers in the nation hold this designation. The UNMCCC is the only cancer center in New Mexico designated by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). To receive this designation, cancer centers must be leaders in scientific research, cancer treatment, and clinical trials, among other requirements laid out by the NCI. The application process to be awarded this designation occurs once every five years, with the most current one being in 2020 for the UNMCCC.
References
Further reading
University of New Mexico
Buildings and structures in Albuquerque, New Mexico |
4028620 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairali | Kairali | Kairali literally means "originating from Kerala". Or anything at all related to Kerala. It may refer to:
Malayalam language
Kairali TV, a Malayalam television channel
, an Indian merchant ship which disappeared in 1979
See also
Dhundi-Kairali dialect, spoken in parts of Punjab and Azad Kashmir |
4028628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare%20Award%20for%20Best%20Cinematography | Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography | The Filmfare Best Cinematography Award is given by the Filmfare magazine as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi films.
The category was first awarded in 1954.
Superlatives
Most Awards
Kamal Bose – 5
Radhu Karmakar – 4
Jal Mistry – 4
Santosh Sivan – 3
V. K. Murthy - 2
Binod Pradhan – 3
Fali Mistry – 2
Faredoon Irani - 2
Krishnarao Vashirda – 2
Jaywant Pathare – 2
Govind Nihalani – 2
Ravi K. Chandran – 2
Manmohan Singh – 2
Multi-Categories
Kamal Bose, Radhu Karmakar, Fali Mistry & Jaywant Pathare won the award in both the categories—Black & White as well as Color.
List
See also
Filmfare Award's
Bollywood
Cinema of India
References
External links
Filmfare Nominees and Winners
Cinematographer
Awards for best cinematography |
4028633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20Expellee%20Law | Federal Expellee Law | The Federal Law on Refugees and Exiles (, BVFG; Gesetz über die Angelegenheiten der Vertriebenen und Flüchtlinge; literally: Law on the affairs of the expellees and refugees) is a federal law passed by the Federal Republic of Germany on 19 May 1953 to regulate the legal situation of ethnic German refugees and expellees who fled or were expelled after World War II from the former eastern territories of the German Reich and other areas of Central and Eastern Europe. The law was amended on 3 September 1971.
The major force behind the law was the All-German Bloc/League of Expellees and Deprived of Rights party, which had among its supporters - besides German citizens, who had fled or were expelled from formerly German territory annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union - many formerly non-citizens, who experienced by the end of World War II and the post-war years of ethnic cleansing, denaturalisation, robbing and humiliation (1945 until 1950) carried out by the governments of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia.
Provisions
The law applies to refugees and exiles (also known as expellees), which it defines as a German citizen or an ethnic German who resided in the former eastern territories of the German Reich, "located temporarily under foreign administration", or in areas outside the German Reich as at 31 December 1937, who as a result of the events of World War II suffered expulsion, in particular by removing or escape. Those expellees who were not already German nationals became entitled to German citizenship. The law did not apply to German nationals, including expellees and refugees from other countries, who at the time the Federal Republic of Germany was founded in 1949, were entitled to German citizenship under the 1913 nationality law and under Article 116 (2) of the Basic Law (federal constitution), but rather to ethnic Germans who only later managed to escape persecuting states and were entitled to German citizenship under the 1913 law.
The law also contained a heredity clause entitling children of expellees to inherit German ethnicity and citizenship: "If one parent was a German citizen or ethnic German residing on December 31, 1937, or earlier, in the areas of exile..." Inheriting the status of "expelled" resulted in an increase in the number of persons covered by the Act. According to the statistical yearbook, in 1971 in West Germany there were 8.96 million "expellees" under the law, who could apply for a document certifying this classification (German: Bundesvertriebenenausweis; i.e. Federal Expellee Card).
The law also recognises as refugees and expellees entitled to German citizenship refugees from Germany, who emigrated or were expelled after 30 January 1933 to flee factual or impending persecution on the grounds of their political opposition, their racial classification, their religion or philosophy of life (Weltanschauung).
The persons entitled to German citizenship also include (former) foreign citizens of states of the Eastern Bloc, who themselves - or whose ancestors - were persecuted or discriminated between 1945 and 1990 for their German or alleged German ethnicity by their respective governments. The argument goes that the Federal Republic of Germany had/has to administer to the needs of these foreigners, because their respective governments in charge of guaranteeing their equal treatment as citizens, severely neglected or contravened that obligation.
See also
German Law of Return
German nationality law
References
External links
Bundesvertriebenengesetz at juris.de
Aftermath of World War II in Germany
German nationality law
Refugees in Germany
Post–World War II forced migrations |
4028640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiskuns%C3%A1g%20National%20Park | Kiskunság National Park | Kiskunság National Park () is a national park located in Danube–Tisza Interfluve mainly in Bács-Kiskun county, Hungary. It was created in 1975 and declared a biosphere reserve by the UNESCO. The park covers an area of 570 km2 and stretches across the Little Cumania (Kiskunság) region of the Great Hungarian Plain.
Features
It is not a single territory, but comprises seven disjoint units, scattered throughout the area.
One of these is the Kiskunság's Puszta where annual events are held reviving the old pastoral life and cattle breeding customs.
Another is Lake Kolon near the town of Izsák. It is famous for its marsh tortoises, herons, expanses of untouched reeds and nine species of orchids which grow in the vicinity. An interesting natural phenomenon is the sand dunes in the vicinity of Fülöpháza. They are said to move under favourable wind conditions.
Geography
The alkali lakes of the Little Cumania are found near Fülöpszállás and Szabadszállás. Their unique flora and fauna are of special value. Avocets, geese and black-winged stilts nest in the area. The lakes provide a temporary home for tens of thousands of migratory birds. This ornithologist paradise is also a UNESCO biosphere reserve. Lake Szelid near Kalocsa, Lake Vadkert by Soltvadkert, Lake Kunfehér and Lake Sós at Kiskunhalas are ideal spots for bathing and camping.
There are many tourist trails, study trails and lookouts, within the national park; all contributing to a unique experience of the Kiskunság. The main visitor's center of the Kiskunság National Park, called the 'House of Nature', is situated in Kecskemét.
Gallery
See also
List of national parks of Hungary
Puszta
References
National parks of Hungary
Tourist attractions in Bács-Kiskun County
Protected areas established in 1975
Geography of Bács-Kiskun County
1975 establishments in Hungary
Danube-Tisza Interfluve
Ramsar sites in Hungary |
4028651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Stasz%C3%B3w | Battle of Staszów | The Battle of Staszów was part of the Polish January Uprising of 1863. When the uprising erupted Staszów became a gathering place for Russian infantry and artillery in the area, on the belief that Commander Marian Langiewicz was headquartered in the town.
On February 12, 1863, Langiewicz's unit of 600 men departed in the direction of Raków from Święty Krzyż, as Langiewicz was unable to hold his troops against a Russian assault. While trying to outmanoeuvre the Russians Langiewicz entered Staszów on the 14th of February. The Polish revolutionaries waited for a Russian attack, it came on February 17. The Russian armies were under the command of Colonel Zagriashko, on February 18 the Polish revolutionaries finally withdrew their forces from Staszów and left towards Małgoszcz, although the battle is considered one of Poland's victories of the uprising.
The town was plundered by the Russians after the Polish forces left, although the Russians only plundered Polish homes, the Jews of Staszów in turn bought the looted goods from the Russians for 500 rubles, and when the Russians left the town, the Jews returned the robbed goods to their Polish owners, without demanding any payment.
References
Conflicts in 1863
Battles of the January Uprising
February 1863 events
Radom Governorate |
4028667 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Anthony%20Payne%20II | Carl Anthony Payne II | Carl Anthony Payne II (born May 24, 1969) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Cole Brown on the FOX sitcom Martin and Walter "Cockroach" Bradley on the NBC sitcom The Cosby Show, Carl on Rock Me Baby (TV series), Curtis on the sitcom George Lopez (2002–2003), and as Myles Wilson on Tyler Perry's Young Dylan.
Early life
Payne studied acting at the First All Children's Theater, an off-Broadway repertory theatre company. He graduated from Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts in New York and Howard University.
Acting career
Carl Payne is best known for his role as Cole Brown on the FOX sitcom Martin and his recurring role as Theo Huxtable's best friend Cockroach on the NBC sitcom The Cosby Show.
Payne played Reynaldo St. James on the BET series The Game. He directed and produced music videos, web series and short films, all while continuing to tour the country as a stand up comic. He even starred in the series For Richer or For Poorer, whose stars were LeToya Luckett and Rockmond Dunbar.
Payne also played an FBI agent, turned FCC field agent, on The Rickey Smiley Show.
Filmography
Film/Movie
Television
Music video appearances
Whodini - "Growing Up" (1986)
Bobby Brown - "Girl Next Door" (1987)
Mint Condition - "Walk On" (2011)
References
External links
1969 births
Living people
American male television actors
African-American male actors
Howard University alumni
People from Harlem
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people |
4028673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacin | Anacin | Anacin is an American brand of analgesic that is manufactured by Prestige Consumer Healthcare. Its product contains aspirin and caffeine.
History
Anacin was invented by William Milton Knight and was first to be used circa 1916 as stated in the patent. Anacin is one of the oldest brands of pain relievers in the United States, first being sold in the 1930s. Anacin's mascot at the time was Ana Anacin, who was found in a number of ads for this product by Bayer.
It was originally sold by the Anacin Co. ("Pharmaceutical Chemists") in Chicago, Illinois. American Home Products, now known as Wyeth, purchased the manufacturing rights in 1930. Anacin was reportedly their most popular product. Insight Pharmaceuticals acquired the brand in 2003. In 2014, Prestige Brands signed an agreement with Insight to acquire the company; it was Prestige Brand's largest acquisition to that point.
Advertising
In 1939, Anacin sponsored a daytime serial called Our Gal Sunday. Their sponsorship spanned 18 of the program's 23 years on the air. Early Anacin radio commercials appeared in radio shows and dramas of the 1940s and '50s. These "formulaic" commercials usually claimed that Anacin was being actively prescribed by doctors and dentists at the time, treated "headaches, neuritis and neuralgia", and that it contained "a combination of medically proven ingredients, like a doctor's prescription", without specifying those ingredients. Sometimes the announcer would mention that there were four active ingredients in Anacin, one of which was the medicine the consumer was already taking. It also claimed to help with depression. The announcer then reminded the listener that Anacin was available "at any drug counter", and "comes in handy (tin) boxes of 12 and 30, and economical family-size bottles of 50 and 100", usually spelling out its name at the end of the commercial.
Anacin sponsored the first made-for-television sitcom, Mary Kay and Johnny. Unsure of how many viewers would be watching when they sponsored the show in 1947, Anacin ran a simple test, offering a free mirror to the first 200 viewers to write for one. The offer drew over 9,000 responses, overwhelming the sponsor but proving television was a viable advertising medium.
Anacin was also a leading sponsor of the television soaps Love of Life, The Secret Storm and the early years of The Young and the Restless.
Anacin is one of the earliest and best examples of a concerted television marketing campaign, created for them in the late 1950s by Rosser Reeves of the Ted Bates ad agency. Many people remember the commercials advertising "tension producing" situations, and the "hammers in the head" advertisement with the slogan "Tension. Pressure. Pain."
An Anacin advertisement in 1962 featured a mother trying to assist her grown daughter with various chores, such as preparing a meal. "Don't you think it needs a little salt?", the mother would say, only to have her nerve-racked daughter shout, "Mother, please, I'd rather do it myself!" As the mother wilted, the daughter would emote and rub her head, with her inner voice saying, "Control yourself! Sure, you've got a headache, you're tense, irritable, but don't take it out on her!" Another commercial had a wife greeting her husband as he pulled into their driveway in his car; the husband responded by yelling "Helen, can't you keep Billy's bike out of the driveway?!?" These advertisement scenarios became popular and were parodied a number of times, including in the Allan Sherman song "Headaches", the 1966 film The Silencers and the 1980 film Airplane. The medication was mentioned in the book "The Shining" by Stephen King.
Anacin had a large advertisement behind the center field fence of Yankee Stadium from the 1950s through 1973, until the stadium's 1974-75 renovation.
Products
Anacin covers a family of pain relievers. There are currently two different formulations:
Anacin Regular Strength – contains 400 mg ASA (aspirin) and 32 mg caffeine per tablet.
Anacin Max Strength – contains 500 mg ASA and 32 mg caffeine per tablet.
Side effects
Anacin's side effects may include dizziness, heartburn, irritability, nausea, nervousness, rashes, hives, bloody stools, drowsiness, hearing loss, ringing in the ears, and trouble sleeping.
See also
Anadin, an Anacin brand sold in the United Kingdom, launched in 1932.
References
External links
Prestige Brands Anacin
Insight Pharmaceuticals - Anacin
Prestige Brands
Prestige Brands brands
Pfizer brands
Drug brand names
Analgesics |
4028677 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%20Walker | Russell Walker | Russell Donnithorne Walker (13 February 1842 – 29 March 1922) was an English cricketer, barrister and cricket administrator.
Russell Walker was born in Southgate, Middlesex. He was the sixth of seven cricket playing brothers, who were influential in the establishing of the Middlesex County Cricket Club in 1864. Their cricket ground at Southgate is maintained by the Walker Trust to this day.
He played as a right-handed batsman and a round arm slow right arm bowler for Oxford University (1861–1865), a Middlesex XI (1862), Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) (1862–1878) and Middlesex County Cricket Club (1864–1877).
After graduating from Oxford (where he was at Brasenose College) in 1865, he studied law at Lincoln's Inn and was called to the bar in 1871. He succeeded his brother Edward as President of Middlesex and served in this role from 1907 until his death at Regent's Park, aged 80.
See also
The Walkers of Southgate
References
External links
Middlesex County Cricket Club Hall of Fame
1842 births
1922 deaths
English cricketers
Middlesex cricketers
Oxford University cricketers
Presidents of Middlesex County Cricket Club
People from Southgate, London
People educated at Harrow School
Gentlemen of the South cricketers
Gentlemen cricketers
North v South cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Southgate cricketers
Gentlemen of England cricketers
Russell
Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford
English barristers
Cricketers from Greater London
Gentlemen of Middlesex cricketers
Gentlemen of Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
North of the Thames v South of the Thames cricketers
R. D. Walker's XI cricketers |
4028678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Conneff | Kevin Conneff | Kevin Conneff (born 8 January 1945) is an Irish singer and musician. He is best known as the lead singer and bodhrán player of Irish folk group, The Chieftains. He joined the group in 1976 after contributing to their album The Chieftains 6: Bonaparte's Retreat.
Conneff was born and raised in the Donore Avenue area of the Liberties, in the heart of Dublin. Music was an important part of his home life but, as he later related, "I didn't hear traditional music from the womb," as did other members of the Chieftains. It was not until he began work as a photographic assistant for a printing machine company, at age 18, that he was introduced to Irish traditional music. A group of his work colleagues would hire a car every week to drive to local fleadhs (traditional Irish music festivals). Conneff began attending weekend jam sessions, occasionally joining the musicians for some songs. He was heavily influenced by the traditional style of singing from the Donegal/Fermanagh region in Ireland, particularly the singing of Paddy Tunney. Around this time, he took up the bodhrán after hearing one on the radio, including the playing of Seán Ó Riada with Ceoltóirí Chualann, and was amazed at the power of the simple goatskin Irish frame drum.
Conneff soon mastered the bodhrán and began playing and singing at sessions about Ireland, along with playing with Dublin traditional music circles. For many years, he helped run the Tradition Club, a haven for traditional musicians, including future Chieftains colleagues Paddy Moloney, Seán Keane and Michael Tubridy. In the early 1970s, he joined Christy Moore for what became a benchmark album, Prosperous. Prior to joining the Chieftains, he maintained his printing job, also looking after his elderly mother.
Conneff has three children, Peigí, Ruairí and Ella, and lives in Hollywood, County Wicklow.
References
1945 births
Living people
Bodhrán players
Claddagh Records artists
Irish folk musicians
Irish folk singers
Musicians from Dublin (city)
The Chieftains members |
4028681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fougasse%20%28cartoonist%29 | Fougasse (cartoonist) | Cyril Kenneth Bird CBE (17 December 1887 – 11 June 1965), known by the pen name Fougasse, was a British cartoonist.
He was perhaps best known for his work in Punch magazine (of which he served as editor from 1949 to 1953) and his World War II warning propaganda posters; "Careless talk costs lives" was one of the most popular. He also designed many posters for the London Underground.
Early life
Bird was born in London on 17 December 1887, the son of Arthur Bird, a company director. He was educated at Cheltenham College and King's College London (B.Sc). While at King's College he attended evening art classes at the Regent Street Polytechnic and at the School of Photo-Engraving in Bolt Court.
He was seriously injured at the Battle of Gallipoli during World War I and invalided out of the British Army.
Career
Bird first contributed to Punch in 1916, while convalescing, and also contributed to several other British newspapers and magazines, including the Graphic and Tatler. His pen name was based on the fougasse, a type of mine.
As one of the best known cartoonists of the time, he was one of 170 authors who created doll-sized books exclusively for Queen Mary's Dolls' House; his illustrated verse tale, written on postage stamp-sized pages, was published as a regular-sized hardback in 2012 by the Royal Collection and Walker Books.
In the course of the 1920s and 1930s, his drawings evolved from the traditionally representational to an innovative, spare, style that was both unique and popular, featuring in many advertising campaigns as well as in magazine editorial. He became art editor of Punch from 1937 to 1949, then editor until 1953. He was the only cartoonist ever to edit the magazine. During World War II, he worked unpaid for the Ministry of Information, designing humorous but effective propaganda posters including the famous "Careless Talk Costs Lives" series. For this work he was awarded the honour of Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1946. In 1951 he was elected as Master of the Art Workers' Guild.
He illustrated and co-wrote several humorous books with W. D. H. McCullough. These included the very successful Aces Made Easy – or Pons asinorum in a nutshell, on the subject of contract bridge, in 1934, and You Have Been Warned – A Complete Guide to the Road, in 1935.
In the mid-1950s, he taught at the Christian Science Sunday School in the Sloane Square church, which has since been converted into the Cadogan Hall concert hall. He died in London, aged 77.
Legacy
Since 2009 his cartoon of a butler carrying a tray has been used to illustrate the front page of British Airways' First Class menus, continuing an association with the airline which goes back to the 1930s when Fougasse penned advertising posters for BA's forerunner, Imperial Airways.
Personal life
Bird married Mary Holden Caldwell on 16 September 1914.
References
Further reading
External links
UK National Archives: The Art of War: Fougasse
Lambiek "Comiclopedia": Fougasse
Spartacus: Fougasse
Fougasse*s Punch Illustrations in HeidICON
1887 births
1965 deaths
Fougasse (Kenneth Bird)
Fougasse (Kenneth Bird)
Bird, Kenneth
Alumni of King's College London
Fellows of King's College London
English cartoonists
Punch (magazine) cartoonists
The New Yorker cartoonists
Artists' Rifles soldiers
British Christian Scientists
Masters of the Art Worker's Guild |
4028690 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%27s%20World | Jane's World | Jane's World was a comic strip by cartoonist Paige Braddock that ran from March 1998 to October 2018. Featuring lesbian and bisexual women characters, the strip stars Jane Wyatt, a young lesbian living in a trailer in Northern California with her straight male roommate, Ethan, and follows her life with her circle of friends, romances, and exes. Shortly after celebrating its 20th anniversary, publication ended with Jane marrying Dorothy.
The comic strip is notable for being the first gay-themed comic work to receive online distribution by a national newspaper syndicate in the United States. In 2006, Paige Braddock was nominated for an Eisner Award as Best Writer/Artist–Humor for Jane's World.
Comic strip
Braddock created Jane's World so that women, particularly lesbians, would have a comic strip character that they could relate to, though it's meant to be accessible to a wider audience. Braddock devised Jane in 1991 but never actually put her onto paper until 1998, and began publishing on the Internet in late March.
In 2001, United Media's Comics.com website picked up reprints of Jane's World, making it the first gay-themed work to receive distribution by a national media syndicate.
In April 2002, it was picked up for print syndication by United Media's United Feature Syndicate. They began publishing new works in 2007.
In addition to web and newspaper publication, Braddock published the strip in a comic book format through her own publication house, "Girl Twirl Comics". The trade paperback versions feature covers created by different artists.
Characters
Jane's World characters are all friends, to various degrees, and romantic interests of Jane; along with the occasional ex-girlfriend, coworker, and boss in the mix.
Jane
The protagonist of Jane’s World is Jane Wyatt. Her middle name, Tiberius, was given by her dad, a Star Trek fan. She is a white, soft butch, lesbian, who is in and out of jobs, in and out of housing, in and out of comical blunders and cosmic dimensions, and in and out of relationships. Jane has run-ins with exes as well as the Log Cabin Republicans, The Star League of The Last Starfighter, Amazon Island, zombies, to name a few.
Rusty
Jane's mixed-breed dog. He has a brown ring around his left eye. The comic strip begins with a Rusty storyline that introduces Jane and her circle of friends and family.
Dorothy
Jane's best friend, and on-again, off-again girlfriend. Dorothy runs the coffee shop, Hard Drive Cafe, where many of the comic strip's plots take place. Unbeknownst to either of them, their mothers tried to play matchmakers and arranged for Jane and Dorothy to get together one evening. Things heated up between them but Jane became confused after Skye showed her some interest. The comic strip concludes with Jane and Dorothy getting married.
Ethan
Jane's straight male roommate and best dude. Their romantic relationships with women often get in the way of their friendship. Ethan has a gay brother named, Julian.
Chelle
Chelle is visually reminiscent of Trinity in The Matrix. She rides a motorcycle, has a special ops background, and a past she is trying to get away from. Despite her coolness, Chelle dates Jane, and remains a good friend post breakup.
Dorrie
Jane's co-worker at The Daily News and friend. Dorrie is African American, a lesbian, and has a crush on Chelle.
Archie
Jane's co-worker at The Daily News and friend. Archie is Asian American, straight, and is not amused by Jane's antics at work or in her relationships.
Skye
One of Jane's love interests who works at The Garden of Vegan diner. She unsuccessfully tries to get Jane to eat healthier while they're dating. She's also a surfer.
Jill
Chelle's on-again, off-again girlfriend. She was Chelle's former partner on the police force, and prior to that, a United States Navy diver. She is often portrayed as Jane's nemesis. Jill never has a problem attracting women.
Talia
An ex-girlfriend of Jane's that pops in and out of the strip. She's bisexual and went to college with Jane.
Bud
Jane's laid-back cousin and car mechanic.
Shallow Breast Guy
Based on cartoonist Stephan Pastis, creator of Pearls Before Swine, this character appears only occasionally as a breast-obsessed, straight male. Shallow Breast Guy is drawn to look like Pastis. He once took control of the strip and drew Jane's World in the style of Pearls Before Swine, endowing the women with large breasts and portraying them as hyper-sexualized, thereby earning his nickname. In turn, Pastis has featured Braddock's wiener dog Andy (and, less frequently, Olive) in his strip.
Books
Love Letters to Jane's World, Lion Forge, 2018
Jane's World: The Case of the Mail Order Bride, Bold Strokes Books, 2016
Jane's World, Volume 11, Girl Twirl Comics, 2014
Jane's World, Volume 10, The New Frontier, Girl Twirl Comics, 2011
Jane's World, Volume 9, Girl Twirl Comics, 2009
Jane's World, Volume 8, Girl Twirl Comics, 2008
Jane's World, Collection 1 (first 15 issues), Girl Twirl Comics, 2007
Jane's World, Volume 7, Girl Twirl Comics, 2007
Jane's World, Volume 6, Girl Twirl Comics, 2006
Jane's World, Volume 5, Girl Twirl Comics, 2006
Jane's World, Volume 4, Girl Twirl Comics, 2006
Jane's World, Volume 3, Girl Twirl Comics, 2005
Jane's World, Volume 2, Girl Twirl Comics, 2004
Jane's World, Volume 1, Girl Twirl Comics, 2003
See also
List of female comics creators
List of feminist comic books
List of webcomics with LGBT characters
Dykes to Watch Out For
Hothead Paisan: Homicidal Lesbian Terrorist
Wimmen's Comix
References
Further reading
Paige Braddock
Miscellaneous
External links
Jane's World at GoComics
Paige Braddock's website
(book review)
1998 webcomic debuts
2018 webcomic endings
1990s webcomics
2000s webcomics
2010s webcomics
1990s LGBT literature
2000s LGBT literature
2010s LGBT literature
Adult comics
Comics about women
Feminist comics
Fictional lesbians
Lesbian feminist mass media
Lesbian fiction
Lesbian-related comics
LGBT-related webcomics
Lesbian-related mass media in the United States
LGBT literature in the United States |
4028695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbag%20%28disambiguation%29 | Sandbag (disambiguation) | A sandbag is an obstruction device commonly used in flood control and temporary military fortifications.
Sandbag may also refer to:
A sand-filled punching bag or weight bag.
A bean bag with very fine-particled fillings like sand, grounded grain/husk or polyvinyl pellets.
Sandbag (Smash Bros.), a character from Super Smash Bros. Melee.
Sandbag (non-profit organisation), a campaign group for reduction of carbon emissions.
, the term used for deceptively hiding the strength, skill or difficulty of something or someone early in an engagement.
Sandbag in the sense of bullying or ganging up.
See also
The Sandbaggers, a British TV series from the late 1970s |
4028710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spheres%20of%20Justice | Spheres of Justice | Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality is a 1983 book by the philosopher Michael Walzer.
Summary
Walzer argues in favour of an idea he calls "complex equality", and against the view that goods with different meaning and content can be lumped together into the larger category of primary goods, as is advocated by John Rawls, in his A Theory of Justice (1971).
Reception
Spheres of Justice has, together with Just and Unjust Wars (1977) and Interpretation and Social Criticism (1987), been identified as one of Walzer's most important works by the philosopher Will Kymlicka.
References
Bibliography
External links
preview through Google Books (large images)
1983 non-fiction books
Basic Books books
Books by Michael Walzer
Books in political philosophy
English-language books |
4028713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hou%20Wang%20Temple | Hou Wang Temple | The Hou Wang Temple is a heritage-listed former temple and now museum at Herberton Road, Atherton, Tablelands Region, Queensland, Australia. Built in 1903, it is one of the oldest original Chinese temples in Australasia. It is also known as Hou Wang Miau, Atherton Joss House and Atherton Chinese Temple.
It is one of only two or three temples outside China known to be dedicated to Hou Wang and is the only surviving timber and iron temple in Queensland. The temple contains a substantial number of original artifacts. Most were made in China during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, especially for this temple. They include a clapperless bell manufactured about 1895 and numerous intricately carved timber panels. It was once the socio-religious focus for over 1,000 Chinese residents who worked as timber cutters, market gardeners and maize growers.
The temple and the land it stands on was purchased by a group of Chinese families, who donated it to the National Trust of Queensland. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992. The temple's restoration was completed on 15 September 2002, and it now includes an art gallery and interpretation centre. The temple and gallery are open to the public six days a week, (closed Mondays).
History
The Atherton Chinese Temple was built in 1903 by the community of the Chinatown at Atherton using local materials for construction and furnishings ordered especially from China. It provided a social and spiritual focus for over a thousand people in the township and the surrounding area.
Atherton Chinatown was one of many small settlements that developed in Australia during the nineteenth century as homes for the Chinese sojourners who arrived in great numbers to work on the goldfields. Most of these Chinese were males who came from poor areas in south west China and intended to work here until they had gathered enough capital to assure their financial security on their return home. For mutual support and to maintain contacts with their homeland, they lived and worked together, creating such Chinatowns within European settlements, or on their fringes.
Chinese diggers flocked to north Queensland in the 1870s in large numbers following the discovery of gold on the Palmer River and on the Hodgkinson. They were regarded with suspicion and hostility by Europeans, who they greatly outnumbered, and were barred from working on newly discovered mineral fields. Because of this, and as the Palmer River field was faded in importance, most Chinese moved south looking for other means to make a living.
They arrived in the Atherton area in the early 1880s, working with European timber getters, and set up a camp on the opposite side of Piebald Creek to the tiny European settlement of Prior's Pocket. In 1885, this area was surveyed and officially named Atherton. Land sales took place and although the Chinese were not allowed to own land, many entered into leases with Europeans and began farming. They grew fruit and vegetables to supply nearby towns and pioneered the growing of maize in north Queensland, which became an important commercial crop. Chinatown grew to service Chinese people in and around Atherton and by 1897 was a thriving residential and commercial centre.
In the 1890s, it was decided to built a temple to serve what was now quite a large community. Funds were collected and furnishings were ordered from China. In 1903, the temple was constructed of local cedar and black bean timber and corrugated iron. Brick was the material usually chosen for temples in Australia and the painting of the front wall to resemble this material suggests that the community would have preferred brick, had it been readily available. The temple complex consisted of a temple dedicated to the god Hou Wang, a feasting hall, kitchen and store. It had living quarters for a caretaker and provided accommodation for those visiting the temple from the outlying district. During the 1900s, when Chinatown was at the height of its importance, the temple was a social and spiritual centre for over a thousand people.
Following the First World War, Chinese leases on agricultural land in the district were revoked in favour of soldier settlers. During the nineteen twenties, most of the inhabitants of Chinatown and the surrounding farms moved south or to nearby coastal towns. Many of the buildings in Chinatown were demolished and removed, some being reused locally. A caretaker remained at the temple which was used by a few old men who remained in the township.
Although some repairs were carried out, without a community to support it, the temple fell into disrepair. A cyclone in 1956 blew away the pagoda, which was replaced by a lean-to. Damage also occurred from water leakage. In the 1960s artefacts were removed from the temple, including the image of Hou Wang and other gods. Some of these artefacts have since been returned. The temple was used intermittently for worship until the early 1970s and contains objects connected with this later use. The land on which the temple stands was purchased in 1965 by several local Chinese families.
In 1975, the National Trust of Queensland, who had been aware of the temple for some time, gained funding to begin investigative work. In 1977 the area was surveyed, as the Fong On family had offered the temple to the Trust to ensure its preservation. At about the same time cataloging of the remaining artefacts in the temple began. The temple was transferred to the Trust in 1980 and conservation work on the buildings began. It is now interpreted as a place museum.
Description
The temple complex is situated in an open, grassed area which is the site of the former Chinatown. Its positioning suggests that geomancy was used to select the most auspicious site and alignment for the buildings. The complex consists of a temple, hall, kitchen and store constructed of corrugated iron and local timbers in a traditional Chinese form.
The buildings are marked off from the street by an ornamental picket fence and gate which have been reconstructed from photographs and archaeological investigation. The temple building is fronted by a pagoda consisting of the upper section of the original roof mounted on a new base. Inside, the space is divided into an entrance area separated by doors from the area which contains the altar and a heavenly well. This is a section of raised pagoda roof which is designed to admit light and to allow incense to rise from the large burner below. It is glazed to keep out rain and is supported on posts which display a deliberate irregularity to symbolize human imperfection.
The interior of the temple is lined with unpainted cedar and is decorated with carvings, painted metal wall panels and temple furnishings which were imported from China. Much of the carving is embellished with vermilion and gold paint.
On the left side of the building as one faces the altar, a door provides access to the adjacent community hall. This is a plainer, more functional building and contains a bedroom for the caretaker, and a room for meetings and ceremonial banquets. There is a clerestory similar to the one in the temple and evidence of Chinese notices and graffiti survive on the unpainted walls. Behind the hall are two small buildings which contained a store and kitchen. Both are timber framed and clad, unpainted inside with earth floors. The kitchen has a galvanised fire recess. Much of these two buildings has been reconstructed.
The buildings are raised on hardwood stumps. Structural members are made of black bean (Castanospermum australe) and the ceilings, wall linings and joinery are made from red cedar (Toona australis). Red Penda and Kalantis have been substituted for these no longer common timbers where reconstruction work was necessary for conservation. Both of these timbers are very close to the original in appearance.
Paths edged with upturned bottles, an indentation which indicates the position of the pig roasting pit and archaeological remains survive. Artefacts which were placed in temporary storage are being replaced in the temple as they are conserved. These include carvings, carved banners and the temple bell on its stand. There are also substantial archaeological collections.
Heritage listing
The Atherton Chinese Temple was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
As a temple complex which serviced a major Chinese settlement and farming community on the Atherton Tablelands, it is important in demonstrating the role which the Chinese played in the development of north Queensland.
The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.
It is the only surviving timber and iron temple in Queensland; is the only temple outside China known to be dedicated to Hou Wang and contains a substantial number of original artefacts.
The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history.
It has the potential to contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history by demonstrating aspects of the lifestyle and beliefs of Chinese sojourners in Queensland.
The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.
It has aesthetic qualities which are valued by the community and reflects the cultural traditions that the Chinese brought with them to Australia.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
It has a special association with the Chinese community of Atherton who made an important contribution to the development of agriculture in the area.
The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.
It has a special association with the Chinese community of Atherton who made an important contribution to the development of agriculture in the area.
See also
Holy Triad Temple, heritage-listed temple at 32 Higgs Street, Albion, City of Brisbane, Queensland
Yiu Ming Temple, heritage-listed Chinese temple at 16-22 Retreat Street, Alexandria, City of Sydney, New South Wales
Sze Yup Temple, heritage-listed Chinese temple at Victoria Road in the inner western Sydney suburb of Glebe, City of Sydney, New South Wales
List of National Trust properties in Australia
References
Attribution
Further reading
Grimwade, Gordon (2003), "Rediscovering Atherton Chinatown", in Locality Community History Magazine, Australian Centre for Public History, Broadway, NSW.
Grimwade, Gordon (1995), "Of Gods, Timber and Maize: Cultural Heritage Management at Cedar Camp Atherton Chinatown, Queensland", in Histories of the Chinese in Australasia and the South Pacific, Museum of Chinese Australian History, Melbourne.
External links
Hou Wang Temple homepage
Chinese temple returns from the dead (ABC Online)
Queensland Heritage Register
National Trust of Australia
Atherton, Queensland
Buildings and structures in Far North Queensland
Temples in Queensland
Temples in Chinese folk religion
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1903
Chinese-Australian culture
Asian-Australian culture in Queensland
Chinese-Australian history
Ethnic museums in Australia
Museums in Queensland
Museums of Chinese culture abroad
Tourist attractions in Far North Queensland
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register |
4028714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20Leagas | Patrick Leagas | Patrick Leagas is a British musician. Leagas was a founding member of Death In June. After leaving Death In June in 1985 during a tour in Italy, Leagas formed Sixth Comm in 1986 and began working under the name Patrick O-Kill. Sixth Comm frequently collaborated with the Dutch neopagan Freya Aswynn and expressed neopagan themes. Leagas later met vocalist Amodali at a Liverpool club in 1989. The two collaborated extensively in the 1990s as Mother Destruction, which released five albums with pagan themes and influences from electronic dance music. After this, Leagas left music for a period of time when he focused on family life and lived abroad. He returned to music with a double album with Sixth Comm in 2006.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Death in June members
British Modern Pagans
Performers of Modern Pagan music |
4028727 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive%20pump | Inductive pump | An Inductive pump is a magnetically regulated positive displacement pump used to pump liquids and gases. It is capable of handling many corrosive chemicals as well as solvents and gases. It is characterized by a single piston that reciprocates within a magnetic field and therefore doesn’t require a dynamic seal to link the piston to an outside mechanical power source. Check valves are placed at both ends of the piston housing allowing the simultaneous suctioning and pumping that reverses with each stroke. This is known to reduce pulsations especially at higher flow rates. The piston and housing are constructed of materials that are inert to many liquids and gasses. Because the piston and housing are non-plastic materials the positive displacement chamber does not change in dimension from flexing and distortion thus allowing inductive pumps to remain very accurate with no significant changes over time. Inductive pumps are extremely accurate as each stroke contains the same volume created by a solid piston inside a solid chamber. The number of strokes can be counted or timed to determine the total volume delivered. They can be used in sterile and controlled environments as they will not leak to the outside of the housing even if the piston has experienced wear.
Efficiency
Inductive pumps are considered highly accurate and energy efficient. Inductive pumps use two primary parameters to control flow, they are Rate and Dwell. Rate is used to determine the number of strokes per second or in any given time interval. Dwell is used to control the length of time the energizing coil remains on during the Rate cycle. Essentially if the piston has completed its stroke and is waiting for the reverse cycle to occur, there is no need to continue energizing the coil as most of this energy will be converted to heat as no more work is being done by the piston. The Dwell setting allows adjustment of this ON time during the rate cycle. Also the Dwell setting allows for a true pressure control parameter for the pump. By reducing the Dwell time even further one can reduce the total energy applied to the piston during the pumping cycle. This can reduce the maximum output pressure during pumping. This differs from many other pumps as they commonly reduce flow to reduce pressure in a given circumstance, however if an occlusion occurs to the output channel other pumps tend to build up to their maximum pressure until they either burst the tubing or damage their internal mechanism. Inductive pumps can be shut off at the outlet and will not exceed the pressure they are set at. Pumping against a closed output does not cause damage to the pump.
History
The Inductive Pump was first patented in the United States by Laurence R. Salamey in 1998 U.S. patent number 5 713 728 and again in 1999 U.S. patent number 5 899 672. An additional patent has been filed for in 2014 by Salamey. The pump was originally designed as an improvement to peristaltic and diaphragm pumps as they were susceptible to fracturing of the pumping chamber with use due to their flexing of plastic parts. Inductive pumps were found to be an improvement to accuracy and length of service before repairs were required. Over time Salamey continued to develop his understanding of magnetic fields and their use for propagation of force with the inductive pump. This has led to further refinements and increased efficiency. Additionally inductive pumps have developed the ability to achieve much higher pressures in excess of 3,000 psi. The same inductive pump technology can be applied to very small pumps delivering volumes in the micro-liter range to much larger pumps delivering volumes in the 10 gallon per minute range. Understanding of magnetic field propagation has led to increased design simplicity which is a hallmark of inductive pumps. There are very few moving parts and no mechanical linkages. The piston is the only moving part aside from the check valves and it is driven by an electrically controlled magnetic field.
Applications
Inductive pumps have been used in many different applications such as the following:
Industrial chemical feed systems
Water Treatment chemical injection process
Oil bearing lubrication of industrial pump and motor bearings (Block and Budris, 2004)
Automotive pumping systems i.e. fuel pumps, vacuum pumps, exhaust treatment pumps etc.
Micro-liter disbursement of flavoring in food manufacturing
High Pressure injection of chemicals into oil and gas transfer lines
Industrial waste water treatment before discharge
Industrial laundry chemical feed systems
Sub-oceanic in situ mass spectroscopy environmental testing
Environmental sampling and chemical treatment dosing
Important design characteristics
Inductive pumps use both sides of the piston to pump and suction simultaneously. This means that both sides of the pump piston are always experiencing the inlet pressure at a minimum until the pressure cycle that would exceed the inlet pressure. This may be interpreted as meaning the net head pressure in a closed circuit, at the beginning of a stroke cycle, is always zero. Therefore, inductive pumps may be used in very high pressure closed circuits to circulate liquids at very low differential pressures. Essentially the inductive pump does not have to overcome the closed system pressure in order to move liquid in the system. This results in far less use of energy to move liquid with the circuit. This also provides additional circulation without any dynamic seals that could eventually leak to the outside of the system.
Additionally inductive pumps may also be connected in series to approximately double the pressure while not increasing the volume. They may also be connected in parallel to approximately double the volume while not increasing the pressure. Most positive displacement pumps cannot increase output pressure when placed in series as they both stop when they reach their max operating pressure. The inductive pumps add to each other due to the zero differential seen on the second pump from the first pump.
Technology
The fundamental basis for induced voltage in a magnetic field comes from Faraday's law describing an induced electromotive force (EMF) as follows:
Emf = -N (∆Φb / ∆t)
(Nave, C. R. 2011).
This implies that as the number of magnetic flux lines increase or decrease there is a subsequent change in induced voltage of negative or positive polarity. However the relationship of electric forces and magnetic forces were summed up in the Lorentz Force Law as:
F = qE + qv x B.
Here, all three forces were found to be perpendicular to each other (Nave, a, 2011). Thus Lorentz gave a specially oriented direction to each of the forces, allowing prediction of the direction of forces within the inductive pump architecture. Salamey further investigated the relationship of magnetic flux to circumferential area about the magnetic field where most of the magnetic forces were found to create mechanical forces used to direct the motion of the piston. Salamey further describes, in his second patent, the incorporation of a magnetic field gap. The gap is defined as a region of non-magnetic conduction circumferentially located at either end of the piston bore. The magnetic gap allows for increased propagation of magnetic flux through the magnetic piston body causing an increased force pulling the piston towards the magnetic end-pole (Salamey, 1999).
Efficiencies
Inductive pumps are designed for increased efficiency and were intended to reduce energy consumption in an environment that is increasingly demanding energy conservation. Most electric motors are, on average, about 85% efficient as evidenced by the usual stall test that shows a marked increase in current draw when the motor is stopped mechanically. Inductive pumps show no increase in current draw when stalled during operation as better than 95% of the current is being used to create a force on the piston.
There are very few mechanical losses compared to conventional piston pumps and other technologies because there are no mechanical linkages between the piston and outside power sources. The inductive pump piston is driven directly by the magnetic field formed within the body structure about the bore and within the piston. There are minimal friction losses between the piston and bore due to a circumferential magnetic field that pulls the piston equally in all directions towards the wall of the bore. The resulting force is more axial along the path of the piston creating output pressure. Most other pumps use different types of gear reduction mechanisms to slow the motor rotation when driving the piston. These linkages result in significant energy losses in addition to the inefficiencies of the motor.
Inductive pumps use various proprietary coatings to reduce friction drag and increase efficiency. Specific models of inductive pumps incorporate a seal-less ceramic interface with matching ceramic bore and piston interfaces ground to close tolerances that do not require use of elastic seals. Ceramic interfaces are inert to extremely caustic industrial acids, alkalis, and solvents.
References
Block, H. & Budris, A. (2004) Pump user’s handbook: life extension. Lilburn, GA: The Fairmont Press, Inc.
Nave, C. R. "Faraday's Law". HyperPhysics. Georgia State University. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
Nave, C. R. (a) “Lorentz Force Law” HyperPhysics. Georgia State University. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
Salamey, L. (1999). U S. Patent Not. 5,899,672. Washington, D C: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Whelan, P. M., Hodgeson, M. J., (1978). Essential Principles of Physics (2nd ed.). 1978, John Murray,
Pumps |
4028731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgate%20Resorts | Westgate Resorts | Westgate Resorts is an American timeshare resort company founded by David A. Siegel in 1982.
The company first expanded from Central Florida to Miami and Daytona Beach. As of July 2021, Westgate Resorts has 29 locations across the United States.
History
Founded in 1982, Westgate Resorts operates as a subsidiary of Central Florida Investments, Inc. (CFI), which employs over 10,000 people and has evolved into the largest privately held corporation in the Central Florida area. Siegel opened CFI, a real estate development firm, with an office located in his family garage in 1970.
The Westgate family of resorts was born in 1982 with the opening of a 16-unit resort at Westgate Vacation Villas. Westgate Lakes Resort & Spa opened in 1996, followed by Westgate Towers in 1997; Westgate Town Center and Westgate Smoky Mountain Resort & Spa in 1999; Westgate Flamingo Bay in 2001; Westgate Blue Tree Resort, Westgate Park City Resort & Spa and Westgate River Ranch in 2002; and Westgate Palace and Westgate Historic Williamsburg in 2003.
Westgate Resorts now encompasses more than 13,500 villas at 28 full-service resorts. Siegel was recognized as a CEO of the Year honoree by the Orlando Business Journal in 2014.
In 2016 Westgate Smoky Mountain Resort suffered extensive damage from a fire, rebuilding is said to have begun quickly. In May 2018, musician Barry Manilow returned to Las Vegas as the exclusive headliner at the Westgate International Theater at Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino. In June 2018, Westgate acquired the former Hilton New York Grand Central, a 23-floor, 300-room, two-tower hotel located in the historic Tudor City neighborhood within Midtown Manhattan's East Side that has been rebranded Westgate New York City.
Philanthropy
Westgate Resorts operates the Westgate Foundation, which was started in 2001, and gives out more than $2 million annually to charities and causes in communities where Westgate Resorts employees live and work. The Westgate CareForce provides volunteer help not only for Westgate Foundation projects, but also to support the programs and events of charities in the local community. More than 50,000 hours of volunteer time have been given by members of the Westgate CareForce in support of charities located in our resort communities.
As part of Westgate Resorts’ commitment to the community, the company covers all the Foundation’s administrative costs. One hundred percent of the money donated to the Foundation helps Westgate team members during a qualifying unforeseen emergency, and to great nonprofits in Westgate’s resort communities that support the Foundation. In addition, every year Westgate Resorts proudly host a FREE weekend celebration for our military, veteran, and gold star families as our small way of saying "thank you!"
The Queen of Versailles
In 2012, filmmaker Lauren Greenfield released a documentary entitled The Queen of Versailles, based on a series of interviews with Siegel, his wife Jackie Siegel, and their attempt to build a 90,000 square foot mansion, Versailles house, modeled after the famous French original. In the film, David Siegel is shown struggling (and ultimately failing) to secure funding for Westgate's Las Vegas high-rise resort, the PH Towers Westgate. Siegel's son and senior Westgate executive, Richard, is quoted as saying that David Siegel's determination not to lose the PH Tower was a major source of the company's financial troubles in 2009-11. On November 22, 2011, a controlling interest in the property was sold to Resort Finance America LLC.
Lawsuits
Legal dispute with building contractor
Westgate Resorts was sued in a federal court in Las Vegas for failure to pay bills relating to the pH Towers and building work allegedly carried out to a poor standard. On February 27, 2013, Clark County District Judge Elizabeth Gonzalez ordered Westgate Resorts to pay the plaintiff, Tutor-Saliba Corp., $9 million in unpaid bills, and awarded $2.6m to Westgate for various shoddy building works including a cracked concrete swimming pool.
Class action lawsuit
Westgate Resorts was sued by 300 former sales employees in 2010 for unpaid sales commissions. They won the lawsuit and Westgate Resorts were ordered to pay $600,000. Despite paying $50,000 initially, Westgate stopped payment and the matter went back to the courts for another three years. The matter was finally settled under Judge Michael Baxley, and Westgate agreed to pay $500,000, $100,000 less than the original judgement required.
In January 2014, Westgate Resorts filed dozens of new lawsuits against many of its former employees who were involved with this class action lawsuit, claiming that it deserves to recover previously paid sales commissions. According to the Orlando Sentinel, many of those included in these new lawsuits feel that these new legal actions are "...retaliation for the award granted to the defendant in a class action lawsuit," and one of the lawyers representing the former Westgate employees is quoted as saying that the action is "unconscionable".
United States of America versus Westgate Resorts Ltd
On January 20, 2009, Westgate Resorts Ltd. was found guilty and had to settle with the US Government for its violations of the Telemarketing Sales Rule ("Rule"), 16 C.F.R. Part 310, including the National Do Not Call Registry provisions. As part of its settlement with the US Government, it had to pay a $900,000 fine.
Sexual harassment lawsuit
In 2004, Central Florida Investments and David Siegel were sued by former Westgate employee Dawn Myers. In 2008, they were found liable for battery after a trial in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. The jury awarded $5,378,863.14 but the judge reduced the award to $610,469.84: $103,622.09 in compensatory damages and $506,847.75 in punitive damages. This award arose from Myers's claim of battery under state law, but her claims of sexual harassment were found to be time-barred. In January 2010, The United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit dismissed an appeal and cross-appeal, affirming the district court's verdict.
Lawsuit against the Sundance Institute and the filmmakers of The Queen of Versailles
On January 10, 2012, David Siegel and Westgate Resorts, Ltd filed a lawsuit in Florida against the Sundance Institute and the filmmakers of The Queen of Versailles, claiming that Sundance's published film description was defamatory. On January 23, 2013, the United States District Court Judge Conway of the Middle District of Florida, ordered a stay of the lawsuit pending arbitration. In her order, Judge Conway called the testimony previously offered by Mr. Siegel during court hearings, "inconsistent and incredible and thus lacking weight".
The matter was subsequently heard before an arbitrator for the Independent Film & Television Alliance (IFTA) in June 2013. On March 13, 2014, the arbitrator awarded in favor of the filmmakers, Lauren Greenfield and Frank Evers, including an order that David Siegel and Westgate Resort pay $750,000 to the filmmakers.
The arbitrator wrote in the award, "Having viewed the supposedly egregious portions of the Motion Picture numerous times, [the Arbitrator] simply does not find that any of the content of the Motion Picture was false." The arbitrator also wrote that Westgate had failed to show how it was damaged from the documentary. Finally, the arbitrator wrote that Westgate "did not remotely establish the type of malice required for a defamation claim on behalf of a public figure."
Political controversy
CEO David Siegel, a Republican, sent an email in the fall of 2012 to all of his employees suggesting that he might "reduce the size of this company" if Obama were to win the 2012 presidential election. The email was widely interpreted by the media as a threat to the employees about possible layoffs if Barack Obama were to be re-elected.
Siegel admitted in the documentary The Queen of Versailles as to possibly illegal activities in Florida during the 2000 United States elections, which he claims were singularly responsible for getting George W. Bush into the White House.
In an August 2012 interview with Bloomberg Businessweek, Siegel elaborated on his claims:
References
External links
Timeshare Division
Westgate Events
Westgate Owner Rewards
Real estate companies of the United States
Companies based in Orlando, Florida
Siegel family
Timeshare chains
Real estate companies established in 1982
Hospitality companies established in 1982
American companies established in 1982
1982 establishments in Florida
1982 establishments in the United States |
4028735 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Madagascar at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Madagascar competed in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. The country's participation at the Games marked its Winter Olympics debut, although it had competed in the Summer Olympics since 1964. The delegation consisted of a single alpine skier, Mathieu Razanakolona, who did not win any medals.
Background
Madagascar first competed at the Summer Olympics at the 1964 Games in Tokyo, Japan. They participated on nine occasions prior to the 2006 Winter Olympics, where they made their Winter Olympics debut in Turin, Italy. They sent a single alpine skier, Mathieu Razanakolona.
Razanakolona was born in Quebec, Canada; his mother was Canadian but his father was from Madagascar. He and his brother Philippe sought to bring international attention to the African island nation of Madagascar by having Mathieu become the first person to represent the country at the Winter Olympics. While Mathieu competed in the skiing, Philippe ran the non-profit organisation rAzAlpin.org to support this. Prior to the Turin Games, Mathieu had competed in a single FIS Alpine Ski World Cup event in Schladming, Austria, where he was disqualified after straddling a gate.
Alpine skiing
The sole Malagasy athlete at the Games, Mathieu Razanakolona, competed in the men's giant slalom and slalom. He was the flag bearer at both the opening and closing ceremonies.
Competing in the giant slalom on 20 February, he finished his first run in a time of one minute and 39.1 seconds, placing him in 43rd place out of the 47 skiers who completed the run. His second run of the day saw an improvement in both time and placement, finishing in 31st place with a time of one minute and 27.33 seconds. This placed him in 39th place overall, with a combined time of three minutes and 6.43 seconds, only ahead of China's Li Guangxu and Ivan Borisov of Kyrgyzstan. However, his slalom competition was not as successful, as he failed to finish his first run, thus eliminating himself from the competition.
Alpine skiing
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006
Winter Olympics |
4028737 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20Lib/Dream%20Machines | Computer Lib/Dream Machines | Computer Lib/Dream Machines is a 1974 book by Ted Nelson, printed as a two-front-cover paperback to indicate its "intertwingled" nature. Originally self-published by Nelson, it was republished with a foreword by Stewart Brand in 1987 by Microsoft Press.
In Steven Levy's book Hackers, Computer Lib is described as "the epic of the computer revolution, the bible of the hacker dream. [Nelson] was stubborn enough to publish it when no one else seemed to think it was a good idea."
Published just before the release of the Altair 8800 kit, Computer Lib is often considered the first book about the personal computer.
Background
Prior to the initial release of Computer Lib/Dream Machines, Nelson was working on the first hypertext project, Project Xanadu, founded in 1960. An integral part to the Xanadu vision was computing technology and the freedom he believed came with it. These ideas were later compiled and elaborated upon in the 1974 text, around the time when locally networked computers had appeared and Nelson found global networks as a space for the hypertext system.
Synopsis
Computer Lib
In Computer Lib. You can and must understand computers NOW, Nelson covers both the technical and political aspects of computers.
Nelson attempts to explain computers to the laymen during a time when personal computers had not yet become mainstream and anticipated the machine being open for anyone to use. Nelson writes about the need for people to understand computers more deeply than was generally promoted as computer literacy, which he considers a superficial kind of familiarity with particular hardware and software. His rallying cry "Down with Cybercrud" is against the centralization of computers such as that performed by IBM at the time, as well as against what he sees as the intentional untruths that "computer people" tell to non-computer people to keep them from understanding computers.
Dream Machines
Dream Machines. New Freedom through Computer Screens- a Minority Report, is the opposite of the Computer Lib side. Nelson explores what he believes is the future of computers and the alternative uses for them. This side was his counterculture approach to how computers had typically been used.
Nelson covers the flexible media potential of the computer, which was shockingly new at the time. He saw the use of hypermedia and hypertext, both terms he coined, being beneficial for creativity and education. He urged readers to look at the computer not as just a scientific machine, but as an interactive machine that can be accessible to anyone.
In this section, Nelson also described the details of Project Xanadu. He proposed the idea of a future Xanadu Network, where users could shop at Xanadu stands and access material from global storage systems.
Format
Both the 1974 and 1987 editions have an unconventional layout, with two front covers. The Computer Lib cover features a raised fist in a computer. Once flipped over, the Dream Machines cover shows a man with a cape flying with a finger pointed to a screen. The division between the two sides is marked by text (for the other side) rotated 180°.
The book was stylistically influenced by Stewart Brand's Whole Earth Catalog. The text itself is broken up into many sections, with simulated pull-quotes, comics, sidebars, etc., similar to a magazine layout.
According to Steven Levy, Nelson's format requirements for the book's "over-sized pages loaded with print so small you could hardly read it, along with scribbled notations, and manically amateurish drawings" may have contributed to the difficulty of finding a publisher for the first edition - Nelson paid 2,000 dollars out of his own pocket for the first print run of several hundred copies.
Besides the Whole Earth Catalog, the layout also bore similarities to the People's Computer Company (PCC) newsletter, published by a Menlo Park based group of the same name, where Nelson's book would gain (as described by Levy) "a cult following ... Ted Nelson was treated like royalty at [PCC] potluck dinners."
Neologisms
In Computer Lib, Nelson introduced a few words that he coined :
Cybercrud: "the author's own term for the practice of putting things over on people using computers (especially, forcing them to adapt to a rigid, inflexible, poorly thought out system)". In the text, Nelson puts forth the rallying cry "Down with Cybercrud!"
Hypertext: originally coined in 1965, is text displayed which references other information that a user can access. Nelson explores the types of the term and its future in computers greatly within Computer Lib. Some include:
Chunk style consists of 'chunks' of separate text or media connected by links.
Stretch text is text that extends itself. Instead of linking, it zooms in depending on the detail needed.
Intertwingularity: Nelson says "Everything is deeply intertwingled". He says that all subjects and information are connected. The term comes from the merging of intertwined and intermingled.
Fantics: "the art and science of getting ideas across, both emotionally and cognitively". Nelson explains this as the audience receiving feelings while also receiving information from content.
Legacy
After its release, it drew an underground following from media theorists to computer hackers. In his book Tools for Thought, Howard Rheingold calls Computer Lib "the best-selling underground manifesto of the microcomputer revolution."
It has since been referred to as "the most influential book in the history of computational media", as well as "the most important book in the history of new media" in The New Media Reader.
One of the most widely adopted ideas from Computer Lib was Ted Nelson's "chunk-style" hypertext. This type of hypertext is used in most websites today.
As the book came out before the first personal computer and its rise in popularity, Nelson has been credited with predicting how we interact with computers in terms of arts and entertainment, like video games. He was one of the first to present the computer as an "all-purpose machine".
References
Citations
Bibliography
BYTE Magazine, October 1975
External links
Computer Lib/Dream Machines Retrospective - Excerpts from "Computer Lib"
Xanadu, Network Culture, and Beyond. Chapter from Tools for Thought (book on history of computers) by Howard Rheingold
1974 non-fiction books
Texts related to the history of the Internet
Books by Ted Nelson
Self-published books
Microsoft Press books
Tête-bêche books |
4028739 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare%20Award%20for%20Best%20Editing | Filmfare Award for Best Editing | The Filmfare Best Editing Award is given by the Filmfare magazine as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi films.
Superlatives
Most Awards
Raj Kapoor – 3
Hrishikesh Mukherjee – 3
Sreekar Prasad – 3
Sanjay Verma – 3
Kamlakar Karkhanis – 2
Renu Saluja – 2
V. N. Mayekar – 2
M. S. Shinde – 2
B. S. Glaad – 2
Keshav Naidu – 2
G. G. Mayekar – 2
Namrata Rao – 2
List
See also
Filmfare Award's
Bollywood
Cinema of India
References
External links
Filmfare Nominees and Winners
Filmfare Awards Best Editing
Editing
Film editing awards |
4028743 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%20of%20Miracles%20%28comics%29 | Man of Miracles (comics) | The Man of Miracles (Mother of Existence or M.O.M. for short) is a fictional, ageless, mysterious, genderless, super-being, featured in the Spawn comic book series.
Fictional character biography
The Mother (under the alias Man of Miracles) has appeared to offer her/his guidance and wisdom to The Hellspawn so that he might play his part in Armageddon. She/he is an ageless being of practically inconceivable power who has been the architect behind most of the events in the Spawn universe, holding significant knowledge of Al Simmons and his role as Spawn, knowledge that not even Mammon possesses and possessing powers beyond that of God or Satan. Her/his true form is as the "Mother" of Existence, though she/he is neither female nor male, it is able to cast an illusion to make her/his look male.
It is revealed that Mother/Man of Miracles is in fact the one who walked among mortals as "Jesus Christ", and thus was actually independent of God in the Spawn universe. The twelve heavenly warriors known as the Disciples, formed from the souls of the Twelve Apostles, actually follow Man of Miracles above God.
Mother gave each of her/his infinite children a world to run as they wish; God and Satan were both given Earth. God and Satan constantly bickered and fought to the point where they declared war on one another. Mankind, being created by God (from The Mother's energy) but given free will by Satan, became unique and Mother instantly fell in love with them and decided to act on their behalf, rather than let her/his children use them as cannon fodder. Mother stripped both of her/his children of their kingdoms and made them sleep in a forgotten corner of the universe. Mother then came to Earth as Jesus Christ, spreading a message of love and tolerance. This message being corrupted by mankind, Mother saw that Armageddon was inevitable. Giving mankind a chance to survive, Mother preserved all the souls that had died in the same hour as Al Simmons and placed them inside of Spawn. Spawn represents the potential of mankind and must prove that humanity is worth saving from God and Satan's feud. Mother brought back God and Satan as the human children of Terry and Wanda Fitzgerald in order to give them an appreciation for humanity and change their ways. This plan failed, as the twins simply became more insane than before and wreaked further chaos on Earth. They have since regained their memories, powers, and kingdoms and are bolstering their armies for the final push that will begin Armageddon.
Mother has also been revealed as being The Keeper of Greenworld, the voice of the Emerald Parliament and the one who originally summoned The Heap.
M.O.M.'s appearance changes depending upon who is perceiving her/him. She/he has appeared as an anime-inspired hero, as Miracleman, as a mysterious woman covered in ivy who was presumably Gaia, Jesus Christ and, in her/his true form, as the Mother of Creation: a Caucasian skinned woman. When cloaked in her/his illusion, people see her/his as they want to, and she/he subsequently explains that this is because reality is far more malleable than humanity believes. In her/his anime guise, M.O.M.'s appearance changes consistently from panel to panel. The tattoos on her/his face are different each time, the logo on her/his chest appears and reappears and sometimes her/his shirt disappears but her/his logo remains visible on her/his skin. As of Resurrection and issue #250 onwards, Man of Miracles was retconned out due to legal issues with the Abrahamic origins of God and Satan now take over with the character and the arcs that feature him were retconned out; however, Mother of Existence does make a cameo in issue #297 and In the King Spawn series Gaia appears with a new redesign.
Copyright disputes
Man of Miracles was first introduced in Spawn #150. This character was very similar to the hero known as Miracleman (also known as Marvelman), popularized in the Eclipse Comics series written by Alan Moore and Neil Gaiman. In his original appearance he is named Mike Moran, the same human identity of Miracleman, with basically the same costume. Todd McFarlane bought the rights to Eclipse Comics believing Miracleman was also a part of the deal. However, the rights to the character of Miracleman have been heavily contested. In court a judge determined that McFarlane did not hold the rights to Miracleman. After this the two characters of Mother of Existence and Man of Miracles were combined into one where they were supposed to always be the same being. Due to Resurrection and 250 the character and the arcs that feature him were retconned from the series. However, Spawn 297 confirms that Man of Miracles still exists.In the King Spawn series Man of Miracles is retconned into being simply Gaia.
See also
The One Above All, a similar entity in Marvel Comics
The Presence, a similar entity in DC Comics
References
Man of Miracles
God in fiction
Mythology in comics
Fictional prophets
Characters created by Todd McFarlane
Image Comics characters who are shapeshifters |
4028744 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford%20Lads%27%20Club | Salford Lads' Club | Salford Lads' Club is a recreational club in the Ordsall area of Salford, Greater Manchester, England. The club, on the corner of St. Ignatius Walk and Coronation Street, was established in 1903 as a boys' club but today welcomes people of both sexes and organises activities including sports and exhibitions.
The club was officially opened on 30 January 1904 by Robert Baden-Powell, who later founded the Scout movement. Former members include footballers Albert McPherson, Steve Fleet, Eddie Colman and Brian Doyle, Allan Clarke, lead singer of 1960s pop group The Hollies, and Graham Nash, guitarist, songwriter and singer with The Hollies who went on to form Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young.
The building gained listed status in 2003 as its tiled interior is virtually unchanged with original fittings and includes a boxing ring, snooker rooms and a gym with a viewing balcony. English Heritage said: "The building is thought to be the most complete example of this rare form of social provision to survive in England." In 2007, the Manchester Evening News reported that the building, which was used for the sleeve of The Smiths album The Queen Is Dead, came third in a nationwide hunt to find the most iconic buildings in the country.
History
The concept of a boys' club grew up in the 19th century as a way of keeping young boys "off the streets" and encouraging them to become "good and worthy God-fearing citizens". The clubs were usually set up by local philanthropic businessmen and it was soon realised that to compete with the outside attractions of freedom from restraint and gambling they must provide not only for draughts, bagatelle, and billiards but for more exciting pursuits that most boys could not otherwise obtain such as gymnastics, boxing, fives, swimming and, especially, outdoor games.
In Salford and Manchester, a number of these clubs grew up in the most deprived areas, the first of which was Hulme Lads' Club, founded in 1850. Salford Lads' Club was founded in 1903 by two brothers, James and William Groves, from the family of brewers that were partners with Arthur William Whitnall in the Groves and Whitnall Brewery on Regent Road in Salford. Built and designed by Salford architect Henry Lord, who was also responsible for the former Salford Royal Hospital and Salford Museum and Art Gallery, the club opened in August 1903 and the ceremonial opening was by Robert Baden-Powell on 31 January 1904 three years before he founded the Scout movement.
The club was open every evening from 7 – 10 pm, and in winter months its membership would reach 1,000.
The club has held an annual camp holiday since 1904. According to club worker and local artist Leslie Holmes: "Salford Lads' Club has a remarkable tradition that predates the first Scout camps set up by Lord Baden Powell. Salford Lads' Club first camp was at Llanddulas in 1904, when 173 boys took part." The camps have been held during Whitsun since 1934.
Present day activities include football, snooker, table tennis, computer games, boxing training, dance, community meetings, exhibitions, kickboxing, excursions and jujitsu.
Music, film and cultural heritage
The 1960s pop group The Hollies used to practice at the club before they became famous. Allan Clarke and Graham Nash were both members and their membership cards are still in the club's archives.
The club gained international fame in 1986 when the alternative rock band The Smiths posed in front of the building for the inside cover of their album The Queen Is Dead. The Smiths' music video for the songs "There Is A Light That Never Goes Out" and "Stop Me If You Think You've Heard This One Before" also featured shots of the building's exterior. The committee were said at the time to be furious, and solicitors acting for the club claimed that; ...inclusion of the photograph may generally cause any person reading the [album] or listening to the record to attribute the material to the club, its committee or its members ... we would cite for example the reference in the song Vicar in a Tutu to the singer being engaged in stealing lead from a church roof, or indeed the very title to the album itself and the tenor of the title song."
However, over the last few years the club has begun to embrace this more recent legacy and welcome the fans to the club. The photograph, taken by pop photographer Stephen Wright, was accepted into the National Portrait Gallery in 2008. The club also featured in the music video for The Dream Academy's "Life in a Northern Town".
In 2003 a film documentary was made as part of the celebrations for the club's centenary. The film, which was introduced by Peter Hook, bassist for Joy Division and New Order, who lived on the Ordsall estate until he was 19, was made with the help of elderly residents and young members of the club and is a mix of interviews and location shots.
The musician Vinny Peculiar, also known as Alan Wilks, has a longstanding association with the club, supporting various club events, performing for visiting Morrissey fans with ex-Smiths bassist Andy Rourke and rehearsing with his band, which includes ex-members of The Smiths, Oasis and The Fall.
The building has also been used as the location for a number of films and television dramas, including Channel 4's Shameless, Granada TV's 2002 remake of The Forsyte Saga, the film version of the Jacqueline Wilson's novel "Illustrated Mum", the BBC police drama Conviction and, in 2008, the remake of the 1970s BBC series Survivors.
The club was also seen in the opening sequence of BBC Sport's The Football League Show until the end of the 2011–12 season. On 19 December 2011, it was the setting for BBC One's first-ever outside broadcast of Football Focus.
Fundraising
In recent years the club has fallen into disrepair, and in May 2007, Warren Smith, Chairman of LPC Living and HRH Duke of Gloucester, launched an appeal to raise £1 million to restore the building to its former glory. The club received publicity and funds after being featured in the Channel 4 series The Secret Millionaire in November 2007. Property developer Chek Whyte initially donated £15,000 towards repairs as part of the programme, then subsequently paid for roof repairs and has become involved with the club long-term.
Former Smiths' frontman Morrissey has also donated funds towards restoration. He initially wanted to keep his donation of £20,000 a secret but was dissuaded from doing so, because the publicity would help the campaign.
In 2008 Vinny Peculiar released a single to support the club's £1 million fundraising drive. The song "Lazy Bohemians" was taken from his solo album Goodbye My Angry Friend. The B side and bonus download track of the single called "Ghost Camp", a song he co-wrote with former Smiths guitarist Craig Gannon, was written for a Salford Lads' Club award-winning play. The writer said: "Lazy Bohemians is a self-deprecating swipe against those whose talk about a revolution that never seems to get anywhere, a personal wake-up call to political apathy. My goal for this song is to really attract people's attention and wake people up from the apathy surrounding the club, making them realise that if we don't help it, the club, its fine musical history, and all of the good work it does with local kids will eventually, disappear".
Volunteers
Two of the longest-serving volunteers, Arthur Edward (Archie) Swift and Eric Salthouse have between them over 100 years of service with the club. They have both won accolades for their work: Swift was awarded the 'Salford Citizen of the Month' in April 2004 for his lifetime work as a volunteer at the club and Salthouse was named as 'My Hero' by Manchester entrepreneur Dave Tynan in the June 2004 edition of Social Enterprise magazine. Swift was also awarded the MBE for services to Young People. (Salford, Greater Manchester) In the HM the Queen's Birthday Honours List 2006.
References
External links
Buildings and structures completed in 1903
Grade II listed buildings in the City of Salford
Tourist attractions in Salford
History of Salford
Clubs and societies in Greater Manchester
The Smiths
Youth organisations based in England
Organisations based in Salford |
4028754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%20China | Google China | Google China is a subsidiary of Google. A popular search engine, most services offered by Google China were blocked by the Great Firewall in the People's Republic of China. In 2010, searching via all Google search sites, including Google Mobile, was moved from mainland China to Hong Kong.
By November 2013, Google's search market share in China had declined to 1.7% from its August 2009 level of 36.2%, though it has slowly risen since, representing 3.8% of the search engine market by July 2020.
History
2000–2006: Launch of search service
On 12 September 2000, Google announced the addition of Simplified and Traditional Chinese versions to Google.com and began to provide search services for Chinese users worldwide.
On 10 September 2004, Google.com launched Simplified Chinese Google News.
In 2005, Google China moved from Xinhua Insurance Building, outside Jianguomen, to Keji Building in the Tsinghua Science Park near the east gate of Tsinghua University, where Google rented two floors. In addition, Google has an office in the Beijing Fortune Center.
On 19 July 2005, Kai-Fu Lee, a former Microsoft executive and the founder in 1998 of Microsoft Research Asia, joined Google and officially became the president of Google China. On the same day, Google announced that it would set up a research and development center in China.
2006–2009: Censorship of Google
In January 2006, Simplified Chinese Google News was renamed from "Google 新闻" (Google News) to "Google 资讯" (Google Information).
On 26 January 2006, Google launched its China-based google.cn search page, with results subject to censorship by the Chinese government. Google used its Chinese name, GǔGē ("harvest song"), but it never caught on with Chinese internet users.
On 12 April 2006, Google's Global CEO Eric Schmidt announced Google's Chinese name as "谷歌" (The Chinese character version of GǔGē) in Beijing. Google officially entered the Chinese mainland market.
From September 2006 until August 2016, the office of Google China was a ten-floor building in Kejian Building in the Tsinghua Science Park.
In March 2009, China blocked access to Google's YouTube site due to footage showing Chinese security forces beating Tibetans; access to other Google online services was being denied to users arbitrarily.
On 4 September 2009, after four years leading Google China, Kai-Fu Lee unexpectedly left to start a venture fund, amid debate about the Chinese government's censorship policies and Google's decreasing share to rival Baidu and Sogou.
2010–2016: Giving up search service
In January 2010, Google announced that, in response to a Chinese-originated hacking attack on them and other US tech companies, they were no longer willing to censor searches in China and would pull out of the country completely if necessary. At the same time, Google started to redirect all search queries from Google.cn to Google.com.hk in Hong Kong, which returned results without censorship. At the time, Hong Kong was vested with independent judicial power and was not subject to most Chinese laws, including those requiring the restriction of free flow of information and censorship of Internet traffic. David Drummond, senior vice president of Google, stated in the official Google blog that the circumstances surrounding censorship of the Internet in China led Google to move its search to Hong Kong, the absence of censorship making it more effective for networking and sharing information with Internet users in mainland China.
On 30 March 2010, searching via all Google search sites in all languages was banned in mainland China; any attempt to search using Google resulted in a DNS error. Initial reports suggested that the error was caused by a banned string (RFA, as in "Radio Free Asia") being automatically added to Google search queries upstream of user queries, with prominent China journalists disagreeing over whether the blockage was an intentional and high-level attempt to censor search results. Other Google services such as Google Mail and Google Maps appeared to be unaffected. Xiao Qiang, director of the China Internet Project at UC Berkeley and founder of the China Digital Times, noted that the ban in mainland China could eventually block all access to Google sites and applications if the Chinese government wanted.
The ban was lifted the next day.
On 30 June 2010, Google ended the automatic redirect of Google China to Google Hong Kong, and instead placed a link to Google Hong Kong to avoid their Internet Content Provider (ICP) license being revoked.
The fact that Google had ended some of its services in China, and the reasons for it, were censored in China.
In 2013 Google stopped displaying warning messages that had shown up for mainland Chinese users who were attempting to search for politically sensitive phrases.
Google's Internet mail service, Gmail, and Chrome and Google-based search inquiries have not been available to mainland China users since 2014. Google has maintained that it would continue with the research and development offices in China along with the sales offices for other Google products such as Android smartphone software.
2016–present: Attempts to come back to mainland China
On 1 August 2016, Google China moved its headquarters from Tsinghua Science Park to Rongke Information Center.
On 8 December 2016, Google held the Google Developer Day China 2016 in the China National Convention Center, and announced the creation of a developer website for mainland Chinese developers, including Google Developers China (), Android Developers China (), and Firebase China (). This was the first time Google China used the ".cn" domain name again after giving up Google China.
On 31 August 2017, Google China announced TensorFlow China ().
In May 2017, Google China held Future of Go Summit with the Chinese government.
On 13 December 2017, Google China held Google Developer Day China 2017 in Shanghai and announced the establishment of the Google AI China Center, led by Fei-Fei Li and Professor Li Jia.
On 14 August 2020, following the enactment of the Hong Kong national security law, Google China stated that it would no longer directly respond to data requests from the Hong Kong authorities, and would instead have them go through a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty with the United States.
Dragonfly project
On 1 August 2018, The Intercept reported that Google plans to launch a censored version of its search engine in China, code-named Dragonfly. The finalized version could be launched as soon as January 2019. On 6 August, China Communist Party's official newspaper People's Daily published a column which was soon deleted saying that they might welcome a return of Google if it plays by Beijing's strict rules for media oversight. Soon afterwards, Li Yanhong, the founder of Baidu, China's dominant search engine, predicted his company will "again be victorious" against Google if the U.S. search giant returns to China.
Despite statements from Google executives that their work had been "exploratory", "in early stages" and that Google was "not close to launching a search product in China", on 21 September 2018 The Intercept reported the existence of an internal memo authored by a Google engineer that revealed details about the project. The memo reportedly said that a prototype of the censored search engine was being developed as an app called Maotai that would record the geographical position and internet history of its users, and accused Google of developing "spying tools" for the Chinese government to monitor its citizens.
In December 2018, The Intercept reported that the Dragonfly project had "effectively been shut down" after a clash within Google, led by members of the company's privacy team.
Business
Google China served a market of mainland Chinese Internet users that was estimated in July 2009 to number 338 million, up from 45.8 million in June 2002. A China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) report published a year and a half earlier, on 17 January 2001, had estimated the mainland Chinese Internet user base at 22.5 million, considerably higher than the number published by Iamasia, a private Internet ratings company. The first CNNIC report, published on 10 October 1997, estimated the number of Chinese Internet users at fewer than 650 thousand people.
The competitors of Google China include Petal, Sogou and Baidu, often called the "Google of China" because of its resemblance and similarity to Google. In August 2008, Google China launched a music download service, Google Music.
In 2010, Google China had a market share in China of 29% according to Analysys International.
By October 2012, that number was down to 5%. It further declined to 1.7% in 2013.
Controversies
Before Google China's establishment, Google.com itself was accessible, even though much of its content was not accessible because of censorship. According to official statistics, google.com was accessible 90% of the time, and a number of services were not available at all.
Since announcing its intent to comply with Internet censorship laws in China, Google China had been the focus of controversy over what critics view as capitulation to the "Golden Shield Project". Because of its self-imposed censorship, whenever people searched for prohibited Chinese keywords on a blocked list maintained by the PRC government, google.cn displayed at the bottom of the page (translated): In accordance with local laws, regulations and policies, part of the search result is not shown. Some searches, such as (as of June 2009) "Tank Man" were blocked entirely, with only the message, "Search results may not comply with the relevant laws, regulations and policy, and cannot be displayed" appearing.
Google argued that it could play a role more useful to the cause of free speech by participating in China's IT industry than by refusing to comply and being denied admission to the mainland Chinese market. "While removing search results is inconsistent with Google's mission, providing no information (or a heavily degraded user experience that amounts to no information) is more inconsistent with our mission," a statement said.
A US PBS analysis reported clear differences between results returned for controversial keywords by the censored and uncensored search engines. Google set up computer systems inside China that try to access Web sites outside the country. If a site is inaccessible (e.g., because of the Golden Shield Project), then it was added to Google China's blacklist.
In June 2006 Google co-founder Sergey Brin was quoted as saying that virtually all of Google's customers in China were using the non-censored version of their website.
Google critics in the United States claimed that Google China is a flagrant violation of the Google motto, "Don't be evil".
On 9 April 2007, Google China spokesman Cui Jin admitted that the pinyin Google Input Method Editor (IME) "was built leveraging some non-Google database resources". This was in response to a request on 6 April from the Chinese search engine company Sohu that Google stop distributing its pinyin IME software because it allegedly copied portions from Sohu's own software.
In early 2008 Guo Quan, a university professor who had been dismissed after having founded a democratic opposition party, announced plans to sue Yahoo! and Google in the United States for having blocked his name from search results in mainland China.
Operation Aurora and 2010 withdrawal
On 12 January 2010, Google announced that it was "no longer willing to continue censoring" results on Google.cn, citing a breach of Gmail accounts of Chinese human rights activists including thousands of activists involved with the religious movement Falun Gong and hundreds of overseas activists in fields such as encryption, intellectual property and democracy. The company learned that the hackers had breached two Gmail accounts but were only able to access 'from' and 'to' information and subject headers of emails in these accounts. The company's investigation into the attack showed that at least 34 other companies had been similarly targeted, including Adobe Systems, Symantec, Yahoo, Northrop Grumman and Dow Chemical. Experts claimed the aim of the attacks was to gain information on weapon systems, political dissidents, and valuable source code that powers software applications. Additionally, dozens of Gmail accounts in China, Europe, and the United States had been regularly accessed by third parties, by way of phishing or malware on the users' computers rather than a security breach at Google. Although Google did not explicitly accuse the Chinese government of the breach, it said it was no longer willing to censor results on google.cn, and that it would discuss over the next few weeks "the basis on which we could run an unfiltered search engine within the law, if at all. We recognize that this may well mean having to shut down Google.cn, and potentially our offices in China".
On 13 January 2010, the news agency AHN reported that the U.S. Congress planned to investigate Google's allegations that the Chinese government used the company's service to spy on human rights activists. In a major speech by the US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, analogies were drawn between the Berlin Wall and the free and unfree Internet. Chinese articles came back saying that the United States uses the internet as a means to create worldwide hegemony based on Western values. The issue of Google's changed policy toward China was cited as a potentially major development in world affairs, marking a split between authoritarian socialism and the Western model of free capitalism and Internet access.
The Chinese government since made numerous standard and general statements on the matter, but took no real action. It also criticized Google for failing to provide any evidence of its accusation. Accusations were made by Baidu, a competing Chinese search engine, that Google was pulling out for financial rather than other reasons. At the time Baidu was the market leader in China with about 60% of the market compared to Google's 31%, Yahoo placing third with less than 10%. The Chinese People's Daily newspaper published an op-ed on Google which criticized western leaders for politicizing the way in which China controls citizens' access to the Internet, saying "implementing monitoring according to a country's national context is what any government has to do", and that China's need to censor the internet is greater than that of developed countries, "The Chinese society has generally less information bearing capacity than developed countries such as the U.S. ..."
While Jiang Yu, a spokesperson of China's Foreign Ministry, promoted the Chinese government's "development of the internet", Wang Chen of China's State Council Information Office defended online censorship: "Maintaining the safe operation of the Internet and the secure flow of information is a fundamental requirement for guaranteeing state security and people's fundamental interests, promoting economic development and cultural prosperity and maintaining a harmonious and stable society."
According to Joseph Cheng, a professor of political science from City University of Hong Kong, the ruling Chinese Communist Party was deploying Chinese nationalism to stifle debate about censorship in 2010. By criticizing cultural export (in this case, the localization of Google in China), it provided defense to justify the Chinese authorities' censorship control. The Chinese authorities were accused of steering state-run media to bundle Google together with other disputes with United States that had been stirring nationalist rancour in China at the time. On the state-run tabloid Global Times such examples are found, one user wrote "Get the hell out" while another one wrote "Ha ha, I'm going to buy firecrackers to celebrate!"
Isaac Mao, a prominent Chinese internet expert, speculated that 90% of Internet users in China did not care whether Google was leaving or not. Among Chinese users who strongly supported Google remaining in China without censorship (or leaving China to keep its neutrality and independence), many were accustomed to using circumvention technology to access blocked websites.
Censorship
Subsequent events
Since 27 May 2014, Google's various services have been suspected of having been subject to malicious interference from the Great Firewall of China, as a result of which users became unable to access them. Since then, users from mainland China found that Google's various sub-sites and other services (Google Play, Gmail, Google Docs, etc.) could not be accessed or used normally, including sign-ins to Google Accounts. Although some services like Google Maps and Google Translate remained functional, users from certain places still were unable to visit them. On the evening of 10 July 2014, users became able to use Google's services and functions, but users reported that access was denied the next day.
Blockage of Google
In November 2012, GreatFire.Org reported that China had blocked access to Google. The group reported that all Google domains, including Google search, Gmail, and Google Maps, became inaccessible. The reason for the blockage was likely to control the content in the nation's Internet while the government prepared to change leadership.
As the 20th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square massacre approached, Chinese authorities blocked more websites and search engines.
GreatFire said that the block was far-reaching, and that Google simply wasn't working.
"The block is indiscriminate as all Google services in all countries, encrypted or not, are now blocked in China. This blockage includes Google search, images, Gmail and almost all other products. In addition, the block covers Google Hong Kong, google.com, and all other country specific versions, e.g., Google Japan. It is the tightest censorship ever deployed."
The company began to redirect search results from mainland China to its Hong Kong website, which led the Chinese authorities to block the Hong Kong site by making users wait 90 seconds for banned results.
In 2009, one-third of all searches in China were on Google. , the US company had only 1.7% market share.
Keyword censorship
In 2012, Google added a new software feature to warn users when they type in a word censored or blocked in China, beginning to offer suggestions about possible sensitive or banned keywords in China. For example, searching the Chinese character — which means "river", but is also a common surname — was blocked after erroneous rumours about the death of Jiang Zemin, former General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party.
In 2017, a glitch allowed access to Google which was soon blocked again.
See also
2014 China censorship of Google services
Censorship by Google
Chinese Intelligence Operations in the United States
Operation Aurora
Dragonfly (search engine)
Google bomb
Illegal flower tribute
Internet censorship in China
References
External links
Google China
Official blog
Mainland China service availability
Google leaves China
Chinameriica.asia
China
Chinese websites
Internet properties established in 2005
Chinese subsidiaries of foreign companies
Internet properties established in 2006
2005 establishments in China
2006 establishments in China |
4028761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa%20Devoto | Villa Devoto | Villa Devoto is a neighborhood or district located in the northwestern area of the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Its administrative limits are defined by Lope de Vega, General Paz, San Martín, and Francisco Beiró Avenues; and Joaquín V. González, Baigorría, and Campana streets.
Villa Devoto, a primarily middle class to upscale neighborhood, is characterized by quiet tree-lined streets and is often considered as The Garden of Buenos Aires. A lower-density, wealthy residential subsection known as Devoto R is located around Arenales Square, in the ward's north-central section.
Villa Devoto is served by the FC Urquiza and FC San Martín commuter railway lines.
History
Part of General San Martín Partido until the Federalization of Buenos Aires, the area was an exurb at the time and was known as Villa Gainza y Lynch. A rail link was built by the Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway, which inaugurated Devoto Station in 1888.
The district was named after Count Antonio Devoto, who became the landowner of most of the present day district in 1904. The Count Devoto was a member of the elite of Buenos Aires. King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy granted Devoto the title of count in 1916 in gratitude for his assistance to the Kingdom of Italy during World War I; Devoto died a few months later.
Devoto owned one of the largest mansions of Buenos Aires, known as Devoto Palace. The mansion was built by Italian architect Juan Antonio Buschiazzo, its 10,000 m² (107,000 ft²) decorated in bronze, silver and gold with ironwork forged in Italy, as well as Florentine mosaics. Prince Umberto di Savoia stayed there during a state visit in 1924. Devoto died before Buschiazzo's work was complete, and the mansion was demolished around 1940. He did not leave any descendants, and his remains lie at the Basílica of San Antonio de Padua in Villa Devoto.
The Metropolitan Seminary of Buenos Aires, alma mater to many of Argentina's bishops and archbishops, was established in Villa Devoto in 1899; among its alumni was the future Pope Francis. The Devoto Penitentiary, the city's sole remaining jail, was established in 1927. The ward became a bedroom community in later decades, as well as home to a sizable English Argentine and American expatriate community; a Garden Club was established by the English-speaking community in 1978.
Sports
Villa Devoto is home to the General Lamadrid soccer club.
Landmarks
Personalities
Jorge Bergoglio, the 266th and current Pope of the Catholic Church studied in 1958 at the Metropolitan Seminary of Villa Devoto.
The following have all been residents of Villa Devoto:
Olegario Víctor Andrade, poet
Josemaría Listorti, TV comedian
Diego Maradona, footballer
Mario Pergolini, TV producer
Gabriela Sabatini, tennis player
See also
Antonio Devoto
Devoto Palace
External links
The Portal Of Villa Devoto (Spanish)
Devoto Info (Spanish)
Devoto News (Spanish)
Devoto Barrio (Spanish)
Devoto Hoy Portal (Spanish)
Info on Devoto (Spanish)
Neighbourhoods of Buenos Aires |
4028762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay%20of%20Bengal%20Initiative%20for%20Multi-Sectoral%20Technical%20and%20Economic%20Cooperation | Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation | The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is an international organisation of seven South Asian and Southeast Asian nations, housing 1.73 billion people and having a combined gross domestic product of US$4.4 trillion (2022). The BIMSTEC member states – Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand – are among the countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal.
Fourteen priority sectors of cooperation have been identified and several BIMSTEC centres have been established to focus on those sectors. A BIMSTEC free trade agreement is under negotiation (c. 2018), also referred Similar to SAARC.
Leadership is rotated in alphabetical order of country names. The permanent secretariat is in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Background
On 6 June 1997, a new sub-regional grouping was formed in Bangkok under the name BIST-EC (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand Economic Cooperation). Following the inclusion of Myanmar on 22 December 1997 during a special Ministerial Meeting in Bangkok, the Group was renamed ‘BIMST-EC’ (Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand Economic Cooperation). In 1998, Nepal became an observer. In February 2004, Nepal and Bhutan became full members.
On 31 July 2004, in the first Summit the grouping was renamed as BIMSTEC or the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation.
Objective
There are 16 main sectors of BIMSTEC along technological and economic cooperation among South Asian and Southeast Asian countries along the coast of the Bay of Bengal.
Trade & Investment
Transport & Communication
Energy
Tourism
Technology
Fisheries
Agriculture
Public Health
Poverty Alleviation
Counter-Terrorism & Transnational Crime
Environment & Disaster Management
People-to-People Contact
Cultural Cooperation
Climate Change
Sectors 7 to 13 were added at the 8th Ministerial Meeting in Dhaka in 2005 while the 14th sector was added in 11th Ministerial Meeting in New Delhi in 2008.
Member nations are denoted as Lead Countries for each sector.
Provides cooperation to one another for the provision of training and research facilities in educational vocational and technical fields
Promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in economic, social, technical and scientific fields of common interest
Provides help to increase the socio-economic growth of the member countries
Permanent Secretariat
The BIMSTEC Permanent Secretariat at Dhaka was opened in 2014 and India contributes 32% of its expenditure. The current Secretary General of the BIMSTEC is Ambassador Tenzin Lekphell from Bhutan and the former Secretary General was M Shahidul Islam from Bangladesh. And First Secretary General was Sumith Nakandala from Sri Lanka.
Chairmanship
The BIMSTEC uses the alphabetical order for the Chairmanship. The Chairmanship of the BIMSTEC has been taken in rotation commencing with Bangladesh (1997–1999).
Member nations
Heads of the member nations
Leaders are either heads of state or heads of government, depending on which is constitutionally the chief executive of the nation's government.
BIMSTEC priority sectors
14 priority areas have been identified with the lead nations appointed to lead the effort:
The organisation has 15 priority areas for cooperation, including Trade & Investment, Transport & Communication, Energy, Tourism, Technology, Fisheries, Agriculture, Public Health, Poverty Alleviation, Counter-Terrorism & Transnational Crime, Environment & Disaster Management, People-to-People Contact, Cultural Cooperation, Climate Change and Blue Economy.
In a virtual BIMSTEC Colombo summit which took place on March 30, 2022, decision was taken to reduce, re-constitute and reconstruct the number of sectors of co-operation from the unwieldy 14 to a more manageable 7.
Trade, Investment and Development - Bangladesh
Environment and Climate Change - Bhutan
Security and Energy - India
Agriculture and Food Security - Myanmar
People-to-people Contact - Nepal
Science, Technology and Innovation - Sri Lanka
Connectivity - Thailand
BIMSTEC Free Trade Area Framework Agreement
The BIMSTEC Free Trade Area Framework Agreement (BFTAFA) has been signed by all member nations to stimulate trade and investment in the parties, and attract outsiders to trade with and invest in the BIMSTEC countries at a higher level. Subsequently, the "Trade Negotiating Committee" (TNC) was set up, with Thailand as the permanent chair, to negotiate in areas of trade in goods and services, investment, economic co-operation, trade facilitations and technical assistance for LDCs. Once negotiation on trade in goods is completed, the TNC would then proceed with negotiation on trade in services and investment.
The BIMSTEC Coastal Shipping Agreement draft was discussed on 1 December 2017 in New Delhi, to facilitate coastal shipping within 20 nautical miles of the coastline in the region to boost trade between the member countries. Compared to the deep sea shipping, coastal ship require smaller vessels with lesser draft and involve lower costs. Once the agreement becomes operational after it is ratified, a lot of cargo movement between the member countries can be done through the cost effective, environment friendly and faster coastal shipping routes.
The necessity for coastal shipping ecosystem and electricity grid interconnectivity, as two of the necessary components of the evolving shape of BIMSTEC.
On 7 and 8 November 2019, the first ever BIMSTEC Conclave of Ports summit was held in Visakhapatnam, India. The main aims of this summit is providing a platform to strengthen maritime interaction, port-led connectivity initiatives and sharing best practices among member countries.
In 2022 summit saw the declaration of the Master Plan for Transport Connectivity that would provide a framework for regional and domestic connectivity,
Cooperation with Asian Development Bank (ADB)
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) becomes a partner in 2005, to undertake the "BIMSTEC Transport Infrastructure and Logistic Study" (BTILS), which was completed in 2014.
BIMSTEC Summits
Projects
Coast shipping
Power grid interconnection
Regional disaster monitoring and warning system
Road and rail Look-East connectivity projects
See also
ASEAN & Look-East connectivity projects
Asia Cooperation Dialogue
Asian Clearing Union
Asian Development Bank
Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Initiative (BBIN)
BRICS-BIMSTEC Summit, 2016
Mekong-Ganga Cooperation
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation
Notes
References
External links
BIMSTEC free trade agreement
2018 BIMSTEC Summit
1997 establishments in Asia
International economic organizations
International organizations based in Asia
Organizations established in 1997
Foreign relations of Bangladesh
Foreign relations of Bhutan
Foreign relations of India
Foreign relations of Myanmar
Foreign relations of Nepal
Foreign relations of Sri Lanka
Foreign relations of Thailand
Bay of Bengal
Bhutan–India relations |
4028763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz%20Cho%C5%82odecki | Tomasz Chołodecki | Tomasz Chołodecki (21 December 1813 – 17 July 1880) was a political activist and Polish rebel and soldier, who took part in almost every major event that supported Poland's independence in the 19th century.
November uprising
Tomasz Chołodecki was the son of Kajetan Dominik Chołodecki, the leaseholder of Bednarów in what is now the Kalush Raion in Ukraine.
He attended gymnasium nearby in Brzezany and continued his education with jesuit monks in Tarnopol.
In 1831 Chołodecki joined General Józef Dwernicki's forces to fight in Poland's November Uprising.
He fought in all of the 2nd corps battles, starting with the Battle of Stoczek and ending with the Battle of Boreml.
He was injured in that battle and was captured.
After he returned to health he was released from prison and returned to Galicia.
Kraków uprising
Upon returning to Galicia, Chołodecki first tried his hand at becoming a mandatariusz.
Finding government work unconscionable, he began working in alcohol manufacturing.
During this time he continued to conspire against the Austrian authorities.
He was a member of the Centralizacja Towarzyska Demokratyczna, which was run by Robert Chmielewski.
His association with this organization was discovered and he was subsequently put under police surveillance.
Still, this did not deter him from conspiring against the state.
In 1845 he joined Teofil Wiśniowski and his Towarzystwo Demokratyczne Polskie.
Chołodecki left Zarudz, where the plans for a coming uprising were being laid, on 21 November 1846.
He led a platoon of Polish fighters against a group Austrian Hussar's near the Kragla Inn while battling towards Narajów.
When Chołodecki received word that the uprising was being called off in the west, he fled to his cousin who lived in Kudynowce.
From Kudynowce he fled to Złoczów with the help of his cousin, in order to obtain a new passport from the Starosta.
He was found and arrested in Złoczów and transported to the criminal court in Lwów.
There, the prosecution conducted an investigation from 23 March 1846 until 12 July 1846.
After the investigation the court found 25 of the "Narajów expedition" guilty in the first degree, and sentenced to death by hanging.
On 1 July 1847 the high court tribunal in Vienna reduced Chołodecki's sentence to 15 years to be spent in Spielberg.
Teofil Wiśniowski and Józef Kapuściński, however, were hanged on 31 July 1847.
On 23 March 1848 a general amnesty was given to those who took part in the events of 1846, and Chołodecki left for Lwów.
January uprising
In Lwów Chołodecki was able to get a position as the administrator of the Potocki estate.
He later became the administrator in Brzoza Stadnicka.
Eventually, he became the director of a sugar plant in Rytwiana.
In 1855 he married Anna Madeyska, and three years later his only son, Tomasz Dominik Jozef Chołodecki, was born.
He became involved in the events leading up to the January Uprising of 1863.
He joined a local insurgent group and fought in the Battle of Staszów under Marian Langiewicz in February of that year.
He was later captured by the Russians, but managed a daring escape.
Later years
Chołodecki made his way back to Lwów after fleeing from Russian captivity, and lived on his retirement income.
In 1878 he took part in actions greeting Otto Hausner in Lwów, which were fought by the Austrian authorities.
Chołodecki was wounded an Austrian saber cut to the head.
He never fully recovered, and died on 17 July 1880, leaving behind his wife and two children.
Other notes
Tomasz Chołodecki was the great-grandfather of Witold Franciszek Tomasz Chołodecki, who was murdered by Soviet forces in Kharkov in 1940, during what is broadly referred to as the Katyn massacre.
Sources
Polski slownik biograficzny (Polish Biographical Dictionary), Kraków, 2000
Boniecki, Adam. Herbarz Polski (Polish Heraldry), Warsaw, 1899–1913
Chołodecki, Białynia Józef. Białynia-Chołodeccy : uczestnicy spisków, więźniowie stanu (History of the Cholodecki family of the Bialynia Clan). 1911
Limanowski, Bolesław. Historja ruchu rewolucyjnego w Polsce w 1846 r. 1913
Żychliński, Tadeusz. Złota Księga Szlachty Polskiej (Golden Tome of Polish Szlachta) Vol. 23, pp. 13–19.
1813 births
1880 deaths
Tomasz Chołodecki
Polish rebels |
4028774 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20J.%20Clune | John J. Clune | John J. Clune (October 29, 1932 – April 4, 1992) was the long-time director of athletics at the United States Air Force Academy. The Clune Arena at the academy is named in his memory.
A native of Jersey City, New Jersey, Clune graduated from St. Peter's High School, where he earned all-state honors in basketball. He was a 1954 graduate of the United States Naval Academy, where he earned All-American honors in basketball, and held scoring records that lasted for 30 years. He earned a master's degree in electrical engineering from the University of Southern California, completed the Armed Forces Staff College in 1959 and the Industrial College of the Armed Forces in 1972.
His initial assignments were in missile operations, missile maintenance and administration. He served as an Air Officer Commanding at the Air Force Academy from 1965 to 1968. Prior to returning the academy, he was chief of the Electronics and Equipment Division, Air Force Logistics Command and Chief of the Logistics Engineering Branch, Headquarters U.S. Air Force.
During his tenure as the Air Force Academy athletic director, he arranged for the academy to become a member of the Western Athletic Conference, the first service academy to join a conference. He was responsible for initiating a 10-sport intercollegiate program for women when the first class was admitted in 1976. Once joining the WAC, Col. Clune served on the compliance committee, finance committee and the extra events committee. Clune served as president of the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics and as a member of the NCAA's Postseason Football Committee. He is the former chairman of the board of directors of the College Football Association and served as chair of the NCAA Voting Committee.
He was also instrumental in working with Colorado Springs civic leaders in bringing the United States Olympic Training Center, Olympic House and two Olympic Sports Festivals to Colorado Springs. He served as the president of the Air Force Academy Athletic Association and was one of the 10 board members designated by Congress to serve on the Academy Board, which is the governing body of the Air Force Academy. While in the military, Clune was rated as a senior missileman. Among his military decorations the Legion of Merit, two Meritorious Service Medals and the Air Force Commendation Medal.
Clune was married to Pat Clune and had 4 kids. John Clune, Cathy Clune, Michael Clune, and Tim Clune
Clune died of cancer in 1992 after serving 16 years as the athletic director at the Air Force Academy. In honor of his longtime service to Air Force athletics, the basketball arena within the Cadet Field House at USAFA was renamed Clune Arena.
References
1932 births
1992 deaths
Forwards (basketball)
Air Force Falcons athletic directors
Navy Midshipmen men's basketball players
New York Knicks draft picks
United States Air Force officers
Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy alumni
USC Viterbi School of Engineering alumni
Sportspeople from Jersey City, New Jersey
Basketball players from Jersey City, New Jersey
American men's basketball players
Military personnel from New Jersey |
4028783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Moldova at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Moldova competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.
Biathlon
Cross-country skiing
Sprint
Luge
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006
Winter Olympics |
4028790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Howitt | Mary Howitt | Mary Howitt (; 12 March 1799 – 30 January 1888) was an English poet, the author of the famous poem The Spider and the Fly. She translated several tales by Hans Christian Andersen. Some of her works were written in conjunction with her husband, William Howitt. Many, in verse and prose, were intended for young people.
Background and early life
Mary Botham, daughter of Samuel Botham and Ann (née Wood), was born at Coleford, Gloucestershire, where her parents lived temporarily, while her father, a prosperous Quaker surveyor and former farmer of Uttoxeter, Staffordshire, looked after some mining property. In 1796, aged 38, Samuel had married 32-year-old Ann, daughter of a Shrewsbury ribbon-weaver. They had four children: Anna, Mary, Emma and Charles. Their Queen Anne house is now called Howitt Place. Mary Botham was taught at home, read widely and began writing verse at a very early age.
Marriage and writing
On 16 April 1821 she married William Howitt and began a career of joint authorship with him. Her life was bound up with that of her husband; she was separated from him only during a period when he journeyed to Australia (1851–1854). She and her husband wrote over 180 books.
The Howitts lived initially in Heanor in Derbyshire, where William was a pharmacist. Not until 1823, when they were living in Nottingham, did William decide to give up his business with his brother Richard and concentrate with Mary on writing. Their literary productions at first consisted mainly of poetry and other contributions to annuals and periodicals. A selection appeared in 1827 as The Desolation of Eyam and other Poems.
The couple mixed with many literary figures, including Charles Dickens, Elizabeth Gaskell and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. On moving to Esher in 1837, Howitt began writing a long series of well-known tales for children, with signal success. In 1837 they toured Northern England and stayed with William and Dorothy Wordsworth. Their work was generally well regarded: in 1839 Queen Victoria gave George Byng a copy of Mary's Hymns and Fireside Verses.
William and Mary moved to London in 1843, and after a second move in 1844, counted Tennyson amongst their neighbours. In 1853 they moved to West Hill in Highgate close to Hillside, the home of their friends, the physician and sanitary reformer Thomas Southwood Smith and his partner, the artist Margaret and her sister Mary Gillies. Mary Howitt had some years earlier arranged that the children's writer Hans Christian Andersen would visit Hillside to see the haymaking during his trip to England in 1847.
Scandinavia
In the early 1840s Mary Howitt was residing in Heidelberg, where her literary friends included Shelley's biographer Thomas Medwin and the poet Caroline de Crespigny, and her attention was drawn to Scandinavian literature. She and a friend, Madame Schoultz, set about learning Swedish and Danish. She then translated into English and introduced Fredrika Bremer's novels (1842–1863, 18 vols). Howitt also translated many of Hans Christian Andersen's tales, such as
Only a Fiddler (1845)
The Improvisators (1845, 1847)
Wonderful Stories for Children (1846)
The True Story of every Life (1847).
Among her original works were The Heir of Wast-WayIand (1847). She edited for three years the Fisher’s Drawing Room Scrap Book, writing, among other articles, "Biographical Sketches of the Queens of England". She edited the Pictorial Calendar of the Seasons, added an original appendix to her husband's translation of Joseph Ennemoser's History of Magic, and took the chief share in The Literature and Romance of Northern Europe (1852). She also produced a Popular History of the United States (2 vols, 1859), and a three-volume novel called The Cost of Caergwyn (1864).
Mary's brother-in-law Godfrey Howitt, his wife and her family emigrated to Australia, arriving at Port Phillip in April 1840. In June 1852, the three male Howitts, accompanied by Edward La Trobe Bateman, sailed there, hoping to make a fortune. Meanwhile, Mary and her two daughters moved into The Hermitage, Bateman's cottage in Highgate, which had previously been occupied by Dante Gabriel Rossetti.
The men returned from Australia a number of years later. William wrote several books describing its flora and fauna. Their son, Alfred William Howitt, achieved renown as an Australian explorer, anthropologist and naturalist; he discovered the remains of the explorers Burke and Wills, which he brought to Melbourne for burial.
Mary Howitt had several other children. Charlton Howitt was drowned while engineering a road in New Zealand. Anna Mary Howitt spent a year in Germany with the artist Wilhelm von Kaulbach, an experience she wrote up as An Art-Student in Munich. She married Alaric Alfred Watts, wrote a biography of her father, and died while on a visit to her mother in Tirol in 1884. Margaret Howitt wrote the Life of Fredrika Bremer and a memoir of her own mother.
Mary Howitt's name was attached as author, translator or editor to at least 110 works. She received a silver medal from the Literary Academy of Stockholm, and on 21 April 1879 gained a civil list pension of £100 a year. In her declining years she joined the Roman Catholic Church, and was one of an English deputation received by Pope Leo XIII on 10 January 1888. Her Reminiscences of my Later Life were printed in Good Words in 1886. The Times wrote of her and her husband:
Their friends used jokingly to call them William and Mary, and to maintain that they had been crowned together like their royal prototypes. Nothing that either of them wrote will live, but they were so industrious, so disinterested, so amiable, so devoted to the work of spreading good and innocent literature, that their names ought not to disappear unmourned.
Mary Howitt was away from her residence in Meran in Tirol, spending the winter in Rome, when she died of bronchitis on 30 January 1888.
Her works
Among those written independently of her husband were:
Sketches of Natural History (1834)
Wood Leighton, or a Year in the Country (1836)
Birds and Flowers and other Country Things (1838)
Hymns and Fireside Verses (1839)
Hope on, Hope ever, a Tale (1840)
Strive and Thrive (1840)
Sowing and Reaping, or What will come of it (1841)
Work and Wages, or Life in Service (1842)
Which is the Wiser? or People Abroad (1842)
Little Coin, Much Care (1842)
No Sense like Common Sense (1843)
Love and Money (1843)
My Uncle the Clockmaker (1844)
The Two Apprentices (1844)
My own Story, or the Autobiography of a Child (1845)
Fireside Verses (1845)
Ballads and other Poems (1847)
The Children's Year (1847)
The Childhood of Mary Leeson (1848)
Our Cousins in Ohio (1849)
The Heir of Wast-Wayland (1851)
The Dial of Love (1853)
Birds and Flowers and other Country Things (1855)
The Picture Book for the Young (1855)
M. Howitt's Illustrated Library for the Young (1856; two series)
Lillieslea, or Lost and Found (1861)
Little Arthur's Letters to his Sister Mary (1861)
The Poet's Children (1863)
The Story of Little Cristal (1863)
Mr. Rudd's Grandchildren (1864)
Tales in Prose for Young People (1864)
M. Howitt's Sketches of Natural History (1864)
Tales in Verse for Young People (1865)
Our Four-footed Friends (1867)
John Oriel's Start in Life (1868)
Pictures from Nature (1869)
Vignettes of American History (1869)
A Pleasant Life (1871)
Birds and their Nests (1872)
Natural History Stories (1875)
Tales for all Seasons (1881)
Tales of English Life, including Middleton and the Middletons (1881)
The Spider and the Fly
The poem was originally published in 1829. When Lewis Carroll was readying Alice's Adventures Under Ground for publication, he replaced a parody he had made of a negro minstrel song with the "Lobster Quadrille", a parody of Mary's poem.
The poem became a Caldecott Honor Book in October 2003.
References
Further reading
Mary Howitt: an Autobiography, edited by her daughter, Margaret Howitt (1889)
C. R. Woodring, Victorian Samplers – William & Mary Howitt (1952)
A. Lee, Laurels and Rosemary – The Life of William & Mary Howitt (1955)
External links
Complete list of her works
Papers of Mary and William Howitt are held at Manuscripts and Special Collections, The University of Nottingham
1799 births
1888 deaths
English women poets
19th-century English poets
19th-century English women writers
19th-century British translators
Swedish–English translators
Danish–English translators
German–English translators
English Quakers
Deaths from bronchitis
People from Coleford, Gloucestershire |
4028791 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravernet | Ravernet | Ravernet () is a village and townland in County Down, Northern Ireland. It is on the Ravernet River, about 3 km south of Lisburn and about 3 km northeast of Hillsborough. Nearby is Sprucefield and the M1 motorway. In the 2001 Census it had a population of 559.
2001 Census
Ravernet is classified as a small village or hamlet by the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (i.e. with population between 500 and 1,000 people).
On Census day (29 April 2001) there were 559 people living in Ravernet. Of these:
28.6% were aged under 16 years and 8.2% were aged 60 and over
50.8% of the population were male and 49.2% were female
4.7% were from a Catholic background and 90.1% were from a Protestant background
2.6% of people aged 16–74 were unemployed
References
Villages in County Down
Townlands of County Down
Civil parish of Blaris |
4028795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curetis%20thetis | Curetis thetis | Curetis thetis, the Indian sunbeam, is a species of lycaenid or blue butterfly found in Indomalayan realm.
Distribution
The butterfly occurs in Peninsular India, south of the Himalayas, but not in the desert tracts or in areas with a scanty rainfall; parts of Assam; Saurashtra; Bengal, Sylhet onto Myanmar. It is also found in the Nicobar Islands.
It is also found in Sri Lanka, Java, Philippines, northern Sulawesi and Selajar.
Status
It is not considered rare.
Description
Male
Upperside dark cupreous red, glossy and shining. Forewing: base irrorated with dusky scales; costa edged with a narrow, inwardly jagged, jet-black band that broadens to the apex, thence continued along the termen, decreasing in width to the tornus; opposite the apex the inner edge of the black is acutely angulate. Hindwing: base and dorsum broadly but slightly irrorated (sprinkled) with dusky scales; costa narrowly, dorsal margin more broadly pale; termen very narrowly and evenly margined with black.
Underside: shining silvery white. Forewings and hindwings crossed transversely by discal and inner subterminal, somewhat lunular dark lines and a more or less obsolescent outer subterminal line of minute dark dots. These markings generally very indistinct but traceable; in some specimens more clearly defined but never prominent. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen dusky black; the antennae reddish at apex; in some specimens the head, the thorax laterally and the base of the abdomen brownish-mouse colour; beneath: the palpi, thorax and the basal half of the abdomen medially silvery white, the sides and apex of the abdomen dusky black.
Female
Upperside: forewing dark brownish black; a large medial patch that extends from vein 1 to vein 4, enters the lower half of the cell and extends from base outwards for about two-thirds the length of the wing, white; at the base of the wing this patch is shaded and obscured for a short distance by dusky black. Hindwing: pale dusky black; a darker, short, broad brownish-black streak from base along the subcostal vein, that outwardly broadens into an irregularly round patch beyond which is a broad short upper discal white band with ill-defined and somewhat diffuse margins. Cilia, forewings and hindwings: white. Underside: as in the male but the markings still more indistinct, and in almost no specimen is there any trace of the outer subterminal line of dark dots.
Variety arcuata
Variety arcuata Moore, differs from typical thetis as follows:
Male
Upperside: ground colour similar but of a slightly paler shade in all the specimens I have seen. Forewing: costal and terminal margins edged more broadly with black than in thetis, the inner margin of this colour forms a regular strongly curved arch from base of wing to tornus, not angulate at all opposite apex of wing, the edging of the costal margin not jagged on the inner side. Hindwing: the costal margin not pale but somewhat broadly dusky black; the terminal black edging broader than in thetis, not linear, produced for a very short distance up each vein. The irroration of dusky scales at the bases of both forewings and hindwings and along the dorsal area of the hindwing heavier and more broadly diffused, especially on the latter. Underside: as in the typical form. Antenna, head, thorax and abdomen similar.
Female
Upperside: ground colour darker brownish black, deep opaque black on the costa, apex and termen of the forewing; the medial oval white patch on the forewing smaller, the upper discal white band on the hindwing narrower, the short, broad black streak from base terminates in a large round spot or patch inwardly merged in the ground colour which fills the whole area of the cell.
There have been reports of gynandromorphic forms.
Life history
Food plants
The larva has been recorded as feeding on Pongamia glabra, Derris scandens, Abrus precatorius (Leguminosae), Xylia dolabriformis and Heynia trijuga (Meliaceae).
Larva
De Niceville goes on to say that the sheaths of the tentacles on the twelfth segment are pale green, the tentacles themselves maroon, the whorl of hairs at their apices white with their basal thirds black.
The larvae have tentacular organs as seen on myrmecophilous lycaenids, but they have not been observed to be tended by ants.
Pupa
Light green; wing-cases bluish green. "There is a conspicuous heart-shaped pale ochreous mark on the top of the thorax, the pits on it filled in with reddish pigment." (de Nicéville.) The pupae are capable of producing sounds and the function of these are not fully understood.
Gallery
See also
List of butterflies of India (Lycaenidae)
Cited references
References
thetis
Butterflies of Java
Butterflies described in 1773
Butterflies of Asia
Taxa named by Dru Drury |
4028796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutty%20%282001%20film%29 | Kutty (2001 film) | Kutty is a 2001 Tamil language film directed by Janaki Vishwanathan. The film's music is composed by Ilayaraja. Upon release, the film met with widespread critical acclaim.
Plot
The film revolves around a young girl who is forced into child labour working for an urban family after a tragedy in her own family. Paavaadai is a potter living in a village in the outskirts of Madurai. Even though his profession is in a miserable condition, he has high hopes for his daughter Kannammaa and raises her with much affection. Unfortunately, he dies in an accident and this forces Kannammaa to be sent to work for an urban family. The girl is quite happy about this, thinking about the prospects of good food and clothes. The family's working couple also treat her with kindness. However, the arrival of the mother-in-law changes everything. Kutty doesn't get enough food to eat and is mistreated by the old woman and her grandson. Day-by-day things get worsen. Once, Kutty's relatives come to see how she is doing. The grandmother behaves kindly to Kutty and makes them believe that she is completely happy there. Kutty too fails to communicate with them about her misery. Kutty watches the teenage girl who works in the opposite apartment being molested. And in a few days, she learns that the girl committed suicide. Even though supported by the couple (which infuriates the old woman), Kutty becomes desperate and decides to send a letter to her mother asking her to take her away back to the village. She tries to seek the help of a store owner, who is very kind to her. However, matters do not improve when Kutty reveals that she doesn't know the name of her village but she just knows the directions. One night, she decides to run away but she runs right into a man, who has a shop set up right next to Vivek's. He promises to help her and boards her onto a train. The man is then seen speaking to another man and bargaining for more money. The man says to Kutty that the other man will take good care of her and will reach her to her mother. But, the train is actually leaving not for her village, but to Mumbai, indicating that perhaps Kutty will be sold to a brothel. The film ends with showing Kutty's anticipated face on the prospect of going back to her mother.
Cast
P. Shwetha as Kanamma (Kutty)
Ramesh Arvind as Ranganathan
Kausalya as Rohini
Nassar as Pavadai
Eashwari Rao as Chenthamarai
M. N. Rajam as Ranganathan's mother
Vivek as Owner of provision store
R. S. Shivaji as Panwala
S. N. Lakshmi as Viruthamba, Pavadai's mother
Master Suraj as Vicky
Ilavarasu as Pazhaniappan
Kalairani as Valli
Awards
The film has won the following awards since its release:
2002 Cairo International Children's Film Festival (Egypt)
Won - Special International Jury Prize - Kutty - J.K. Vishwanathan
2002 National Film Awards (India)
Won - Silver Lotus Award - Best Child Artist - P. Shwetha
Won - Silver Lotus Award - Special Jury Award - Director - J.K. Vishwanathan
2002 Gollapudi Srinivas Award
Won - Best Debutant Director - J.K. Vishwanathan
References
External links
2001 films
2001 drama films
Indian films
Tamil-language films
Films based on Indian novels
Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja
2000s Tamil-language films
Indian drama films |
4028801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wix%2C%20Essex | Wix, Essex | Wix is a village and civil parish in the Tendring district of north-east Essex, England. It lies in a small valley about south of the Stour Estuary. The valley drains east towards Harwich. Formerly an important crossroads on the route to Harwich, it has now been bypassed by the A120 road.
The place-name 'Wix' is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it appears as Wica. It appears as Wikes in 1191 in the Feet of Fines, and as Wiches in the Curia Regis Rolls in 1198. The name is the plural of the Old English 'wic', meaning a dairy farm.
St Mary's Church, Wix has a detached belfry, which stands in the churchyard and contains one bell. In 1961, the then owner of Wix Abbey Farm was ploughing in the church which was overgrown when he struck a large piece of dressed limestone, which with further investigation revealed a large stone coffin with a skeleton inside. Archaeologists were called in and dated the coffin to circa 1140, due to the decorative cross on the lid having Saxon influences. The skeleton is very likely that of Alexander de Wix, a founder of Wix Priory, which occupied the church grounds until the 12th century. This coffin is now on show, or was until recently on display in Colchester Castle. An almost identical but slightly smaller coffin from the same site can be found in the bellhouse, in the churchyard.
There is one pub, The Waggon at Wix which on Saturday evenings has live bands. There is also a village shop in Colchester Road next to Anglian Timber. There is an Equestrian Centre in Clacton Road which hosts Dressage, Show Jumping and Carriage Driving.
Nearby places
References
External links
Entry in Kelly's Directory of Essex, 1894
Page on the World Wykes Web about Wix Priory and earlier spellings of the name
St Mary's Church website
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Tendring |
4028802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zera%20%28character%29 | Zera (character) | Zera is a supervillain appearing in the Spawn universe comics.
Fictional character biography
As a conflict erupts in Heaven that may well be the final war between Heaven and Hell, it is revealed that God has an abandoned creation. The forces of the Forgotten gather at the gates of Paradise, and the Angels know that soon the walls will be breached. One of the ruling Seraphim sees no alternative and releases a long-forgotten warrior from imprisonment in the hope of turning the tide. A warrior of immense power, imprisoned by God himself, she is known as Zera.
Zera is the Queen of the Seraphim, one of the most powerful beings in all creation. Because she is utterly insane and has an endless blood lust, God chose to lock her away in the depths of the Shining City. In these desperate times, Zera has been set free to defend the Throne of Creation.
Free to enter the fray once more, she is seen single-handedly annihilating the armies of the Forgotten Ones. During battle, Zera's insanity and blood lust manifest themselves in the form of an enormous, white-furred bestial Humanoid. This Avatar is capable of breathing white celestial fire and obeys Zera's every command.
After defeating the Forgotten, Zera looks to the last and mocks him. He claims that there is still one more of the Forgotten and while Zera shakes him to try to get the name, she snaps his neck. He never finishes the word, "Ma..." which would give her the name she desires, that of Lord Mammon, the architect behind the siege on Heaven. Knowing that Hell could break through the gates of Heaven at any moment and that Heaven's forces have been seriously depleted and are no match for evil, Zera heads out to find God and return him to his throne. Keyed into the essence of God, she tracks him down and finds him in the human form of Jacob Fitzgerald. At first, he doesn't remember who he is. With Zera's revelation, his memories return and the two depart for Heaven. With his return, The Rapture begins. Later on, he is found by a now God-like Spawn after easily killing off many of Hell's forces during the Apocalypse.
Though she was one of the most powerful forces in Heaven and powerful enough to completely bisect Spawn, Zera was unable to match the power of a Deity that Spawn had acquired. When Spawn decided to stop holding back, he easily killed Zera's avatar and easily defeated Zera by ripping out all of her organs. Though defeated, Zera swore that she would be back and she would never stop trying to kill Spawn. Spawn decapitated her and brought the head in front of God himself, to whom she apologized for her failure.
She reappeared once more in Spawn issue 169: Voodoo Child. In this issue she is seen again now as a rotting severed head immersed in preservative liquids within a glass container. Because God loved her above all others, she had been granted immortality, and so is unable to die, even though she no longer has the rest of her body. She attempts to possess Nyx, but Spawn interferes after being summoned by the Voodoo priestess Mambo Suzanne. Zera uses Nyx's body to successfully do battle with Spawn. Mambo Suzanne, however uses the conflict as a distraction to shatter the glass containing Zera's head and throw the head to streets below. There, demon dogs devour the head until there is nothing left, thereby freeing Nyx from Zera's possession. However, due to Zera's immortality she cannot die. But how she will continue to exist without a body is left unexplained.
Other media
To commemorate the 14th anniversary of the comic, McFarlane Toys released a Zera action figure in its 29th Spawn line of toys.
See also
Spawn villains
References
Fictional angels
Fictional avatars
Fictional queens
Fictional warlords
Comics characters who use magic
Fictional women soldiers and warriors
Image Comics characters with superhuman strength
Image Comics female superheroes
Characters created by Todd McFarlane
Mythology in comics
Spawn characters
Image Comics female supervillains |
4028805 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky%20VS-44 | Sikorsky VS-44 | The Sikorsky VS-44 was a large four-engined flying boat built in the United States in the early 1940s by Sikorsky Aircraft. Based on the XPBS-1 patrol bomber, the VS-44 was designed primarily for the transatlantic passenger market, with a capacity of 40+ passengers. Three units were produced: Excalibur, Excambian, and Exeter, plus two XPBS-1 prototypes.
Development
In the early 1930s, the primary mode of long-distance air travel over oceans was in flying boats, due to the ease of constructing docking facilities on shore without having to construct runways, and the possibility of malfunction forcing a sea landing. One flying boat designer was Russian immigrant Igor Sikorsky who had founded Sikorsky Aero Engineering Company when he came to the US in 1919. In 1930, his company became a subsidiary of United Aircraft.
XPBS-1 patrol bomber
In March 1935, the United States Navy was making plans for a new patrol bomber that would have increased performance and weapon load capability from their newly procured Consolidated YP3Y-1. Prototypes were ordered from Sikorsky in June 1935 and Consolidated Aircraft in July 1936. Sikorsky's entry, the XPBS-1 (Bureau Number 9995), made its first flight on 9 September 1937, the Consolidated XPB2Y-1 on 17 December of the same year.
The XPBS-1 was evaluated by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) in 1938, but the Navy contract went to Consolidated. The XPBS-1 remained in naval service, temporarily operated by Patrol Wing Five at Norfolk, Virginia in 1939, then by Patrol Wing Two at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, until it was finally assigned to transport squadron VR-2 at Naval Air Station Alameda, in 1940. On 30 June 1942, the XPBS-1 hit a submerged log upon landing at NAS Alameda. Among its passengers was CINCPAC Admiral Chester W. Nimitz who suffered minor injuries. One member of the flight crew, Lieutenant Thomas M. Roscoe, died. The XPBS-1 sank and was lost.
VS-44 commercial flying boat
By 1940 Sikorsky had merged with Chance Vought under the umbrella of United Aircraft and hoped to regain the Pan Am Clipper routes once serviced by their S-42 with the new Vought-Sikorsky VS-44, based on the XPBS-1.
A single deck seaplane with four twin-row Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasps rated at each, the new aircraft was in length and weighed in at for takeoff. The Boeing 314 Clipper was larger and had more powerful Wright Twin Cyclones of , but the VS-44 was faster and could fly an average payload more than , outdistancing the big Boeing by , giving it the longest full-payload range of any aircraft. The VS-44 brought home several new world records after it went into operation, but missed out on a Pan Am contract, which instead purchased the Martin M-130 and later the Boeing 314 Clipper. The VS-44's limited production would never recoup the development costs.
Operational service
Commercial service
American Export Airlines (AEA) ordered three VS-44s, dubbed ‘Flying Aces’ and named Excalibur (NX41880; later as NC41880), Excambian (no NX; later as NC41881), and Exeter (no NX; later as NC41882) after the parent company's Four Aces passenger liners. AEA had grown out of the American Export Lines steamship line, so naturally these planes gave nothing away to cruise ships. Sikorsky's standard of luxury boasted full-length beds, dressing rooms, full galley, snack bar, lounge and fully controlled ventilation.
World War II
With the American entry into World War II, 200 of the nation's 360 airliners were requisitioned for military service. AEA's three VS-44's, now with the Navy designation JR2S-1, continued flying between New York and Foynes, Ireland, carrying passengers, freight and materiel. The first VS-44, Excalibur, crashed on takeoff in 1942 at Botwood, Newfoundland, killing 11 of 37 aboard. A proposed licensed version of the VS-44 to be built by Nash-Kelvinator, the JRK-1, was canceled due to the availability of the impressed JR2S aircraft.
Postwar service
After the war, the two remaining VS-44s continued to fly for AEA, now renamed American Overseas Airlines (AOA) and operated by American Airlines.
In 1946, Exeter was sold to TACI of Montevideo, Uruguay, as CX-AIR. It crashed on August 15, 1947 while landing in the River Plate off Montevideo when (allegedly) returning from a smuggling flight to Paraguayan rebels. Four out of the five crew were killed, but both passengers survived.
In 1949, AOA sold Excambian to Tampico Airlines. A short-lived effort to restore the only remaining VS-44 to run freight in the Amazon was unsuccessful, leaving the flying boat stranded in Ancon Harbor, Peru.
By the late 1950s, two Southern California businessmen had heard of the Excambians plight and had her ferried to Long Beach, where restoration work began. Dick Probert and Walter von Kleinsmid of Avalon Air Transport, (AAT) thought the VS-44 would be perfect for the Catalina tourist trade. AAT named her Mother Goose, to complement the line's Grumman Goose amphibians, and plans were made to utilize her for summer travel. In the winter, N41881 would undergo maintenance. Avalon Air Transport was later renamed Catalina Air Lines and continued to operate the aircraft until the late 1960s.
Excambian carried thousands of passengers for AAT until 1967 when it was sold to Charles Blair of Antilles Air Boats. Blair, husband of actress Maureen O'Hara, acquired Excambian to ferry passengers among the Virgin Islands including service to the Charlotte Amalie Harbor Seaplane Base on St. Thomas and the Christiansted Harbor Seaplane Base on St. Croix. On January 3, 1969 she was extensively damaged by rocks while taxiing at Charlotte Amalie, US Virgin Islands. Damaged beyond economic repair, it was beached in March 1972 and converted into a hot dog stand.
Restoration and museum
In 1976, Excambian was donated by Charles Blair, original Chief Pilot of the VS-44, to the National Naval Aviation Museum at NAS Pensacola, Florida. In 1983, the Navy transferred the aircraft on permanent loan to the New England Air Museum in Windsor Locks, Connecticut. The heavily corroded Flying Boat was then shipped by barge from the Gulf of Mexico to Bridgeport, CT. Unloaded by crane, it was trucked a short distance to the Sikorsky Memorial Airport in Stratford, CT. A temporary Nissen hut-style hangar was erected at the airport in front of hangars three and four for the project. This put the VS-44A less than 1000 feet away from the original hangar she was built in, across the street at the (then) Avco Lycoming Engine Plant. In 1987 the restoration of the Excambian began, and it was decided to restore the rare flying boat to its post-WWII American Export Airlines livery. The restoration was conducted by a team of highly trained volunteers, many of them former Sikorsky workers who had originally built the VS-44As there 50 years ago. The combined support from Sikorsky and Avco Lycoming was crucial for the success of the restoration. On June 18, 1997, after ten years of restoration, the VS-44A was transferred to the New England Air Museum. It was there that the plane was assembled and painted. In October 1998 a ceremony was held to dedicate the aircraft. The "Excambian" is the last remaining American-built commercial trans-ocean four-engine flying boat. After the project had been completed, the restoration team located in Stratford began looking at creating its own museum. With the assistance of local senator George "Doc" Gunther, the Connecticut Air & Space Center was founded in 1998. Today the museum is located in building 6, the former Chance Vought R&D Experimental hangar.
Specifications (VS-44A)
References
Notes
Bibliography
Bill Maloney's pictures of the VS44A at the New England Air Museum
Popular Science, November 1941, "New Planes For Ocean Travel" early article on VS-44 with cutaway drawing of VS-44 on page 83 of three page article.
"Sikorsky VS-44 Flying Boat" YouTube excellent photos
External links
Video slideshow of Sikorsky VS-44 Flying Boats
VS-044
1940s United States airliners
Flying boats
Four-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Four-engined piston aircraft |
4028813 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Walkers%20of%20Southgate | The Walkers of Southgate | The Walkers of Southgate were an English cricketing family who lived at Arnos Grove house in Southgate, Middlesex, England. The family fortune was partly built through the brewing company Taylor Walker, and the Walker brothers - seven of the twelve children of brewer Isaac Walker (1794-1853) and Sarah Sophia Taylor (1801-1864) - were all sent to Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge, where they became keen cricketers. The brothers were the nephews of cricketer Henry Walker and the great-grandchildren of merchant Isaac Walker.
Cricket
The three eldest brothers originally played for the Southgate Albert, the village team, on the bumpy Chapel Fields wicket until John had the ground re-turfed in the early 1850s. The brothers founded the Southgate Cricket Club in 1855, a Middlesex team in 1859, the official Middlesex County Cricket Club in 1864, and were instrumental in establishing the home of the county at Lords in 1877. In 1859, the first match played by the Middlesex team was held in Southgate against Kent, who were defeated by 78 runs.
Although Test cricket only started in 1877, four of the brothers played in the United All-England Eleven prior to that date. Both the United All-England team and the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) would visit Southgate to take on the brothers and their team, attended by crowds of up to 10,000.
Their cricket ground Chapel Fields in Waterfall Road, Southgate became the Walker Cricket Ground in 1907 and is maintained by the Walker Trust to this day.
The brothers
The seven Walker brothers were:
John Walker (1826-1885)
Alfred Walker (1827-1870)
Frederic Walker (1829-1889)
Arthur Henry Walker (1833-1878)
Vyell Edward Walker (1837-1906)
Russell Donnithorne Walker (1842-1922)
Isaac Donnithorne Walker (1844-1898)
The brothers had an uncle who also was a cricketer:
Henry Walker (1807-1872)
The entomologist Francis Walker was another uncle.
The brothers are all buried in the family vault in the churchyard of Christ Church, Southgate.
References
Further reading
The Walkers of Southgate - a Famous Brotherhood of Cricketers by W. A. Bettesworth, Methuen, 1900.
English cricketers
Middlesex cricketers
People from Southgate, London
People educated at Harrow School
Walker family of Southgate |
4028814 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Season%20in%20Hell%20%28disambiguation%29 | A Season in Hell (disambiguation) | A Season in Hell (Une Saison en Enfer) is a poetic work by Arthur Rimbaud.
A Season in Hell may also refer to:
A Season in Hell (1971 film), a 1971 drama film starring Terence Stamp
A Season in Hell (1964 film), a 1964 Australian TV film
Une saison en enfer (album) (translated as A Season in Hell), a 1991 album by singer-songwriter Léo Ferré, who set the whole eponymous poetic work of Rimbaud into music
A Season in Hell (album), a 2006 album by Chicago pop-punk band October Fall
A Season in Hell, a 1989 novel by Jack Higgins
A Season in Hell, an album from film Eddie and the Cruisers |
4028819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komsomolsky | Komsomolsky | Komsomolsky (masculine), Komsomolskoye (neuter), or Komsomolskaya (feminine) may refer to:
Divisions
Komsomolsky District, several districts in the countries of the former Soviet Union
Komsomolskoye Urban Settlement, several municipal urban settlements in Russia
Komsomolskoye Microdistrict, a part of the city of Kaliningrad, Russia
Populated places
Komsomolsky, Russia (Komsomolskaya, Komsomolskoye), several inhabited localities in Russia
Komsomolskyi (Komsomolsky), an urban-type settlement in Ukraine
Komsomolske, Donetsk Oblast (Komsomolskoye), a town in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine
Metro stations
Komsomolskaya (Koltsevaya Line), a station of the Moscow Metro, Moscow, Russia
Komsomolskaya (Sokolnicheskaya Line), a station of the Moscow Metro, Moscow, Russia
Komsomolskaya (Nizhny Novgorod Metro), a station of the Nizhny Novgorod Metro, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
Komsomolskaya (Volgograd Metrotram), a station of the Volgograd Metrotram, Volgograd, Russia
Komsomolskaya, former name of Devyatkino, a station of the St. Petersburg Metro, Russia
Komsomolska (Komsomolskaya), former name of Palats Sportu, a station of the Kharkiv Metro, Kharkiv, Ukraine
Komsomolska (Komsomolskaya), former name of Chernihivska, a station of the Kyiv Metro, Kyiv, Ukraine
Komsomolskaya, former name of Milliy Bog, a station of the Tashkent Metro, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Other
Komsomolskaya Square (Moscow), a square in central Moscow, Russia
Komsomolskaya (Antarctic research station), a former Soviet research station in the Australian Antarctic Territory
See also
Komsomol (disambiguation)
Komsomolets (disambiguation)
Komsomolsk (disambiguation) |
4028822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth%20Lochhead | Kenneth Lochhead | Kenneth Campbell Lochhead, (May 22, 1926 – July 15, 2006) was a Canadian professor and painter. He was the brother of poet Douglas Lochhead.
Born in Ottawa, Ontario, he attended the Summer Art School at Queen's University in 1944. From 1945 to 1948, he attended the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia. From 1946 to 1948, he studied at the Barnes Foundation near Philadelphia.
From 1950 to 1964, he was the director of the School of Art at the University of Saskatchewan – Regina Campus. Among his pupils there was Joan Rankin. From 1964 to 1973, he was an associate professor in the School of Fine Arts at the University of Manitoba. From 1973 to 1975, he was a professor in the Department of Visual Arts, Faculty of Fine Arts at York University. From 1975 to 1989, he was a professor in the Department of Visual Arts at the University of Ottawa.
In 1961, he exhibited his paintings as part of the Regina Five at the National Gallery of Canada with Art McKay, Ron Bloore, Ted Godwin, and Doug Morton. Along with McKay, ne was included in Clement Greenberg'S 1964 Post-Painterly Abstraction exhibition.
In 1970, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada "for his contribution to the development of painting, especially in Western Canada, as an artist and teacher". In 2006, he was awarded the Governor General’s Awards in Visual and Media Arts. He was made a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
He died of colorectal cancer in Ottawa in 2006.
Books illustrated
Looking into Trees (Sackville NB: Sybertooth, 2009)
References
External links
Kenneth Lochhead's official website
University of Regina Archives and Special Collections. Ken Lochhead Fonds. https://www.uregina.ca/library/services/archives/collections/art-architecture/lockhhead.html
1926 births
2006 deaths
Deaths from colorectal cancer
20th-century Canadian painters
Canadian male painters
21st-century Canadian painters
Officers of the Order of Canada
Artists from Ottawa
University of Manitoba faculty
University of Ottawa faculty
University of Saskatchewan faculty
York University faculty
Deaths from cancer in Ontario
Artists from Saskatchewan
Members of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts winners
20th-century Canadian male artists
21st-century Canadian male artists |
4028827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph%20Hall | Rudolph Hall | Rudolph Hall, also known as the Yale Art and Architecture Building or the A & A Building, is one of the earliest and best known examples of Brutalist architecture in the United States. The building houses Yale University's School of Architecture (it once also housed the School of Art) and is located in New Haven, Connecticut.
Construction
Designed by architect Paul Rudolph and completed in 1963, the complex building contains over thirty floor levels in its seven stories. The building is made of ribbed, bush-hammered concrete. The design was influenced by Frank Lloyd Wright's Larkin Administration Building, in Buffalo, NY and the later buildings of Le Corbusier.
When the building first opened, it was praised widely by critics and academics, and received several prestigious awards, including the Award of Honor by the American Institute of Architects. New York Times architecture critic, Ada Louise Huxtable, called it "a spectacular tour de force." As time went by, however, the critical reaction to the building became more negative. Architecture historian Nikolaus Pevsner bemoaned the structure's oppressive monumentality.
Fire
A large fire on the night of June 14, 1969 caused extensive damage and during the repairs, many changes were made to Rudolph's original design. Some have claimed that the fire was the result of arson committed by a disgruntled student, but this charge has remained unproven.
Renovation
Appreciation of the structure has increased in recent years, with Yale investing $126 million for the building's renovation.
The School of Art moved out to its own building and the edifice is undergoing an addition and renovation with the intent of restoring it to the design originally envisioned by Rudolph. The renewed structure will restore the rooftop penthouse, a dismantled student lounge, and previously destroyed bridges and will be adjoined to a new Art History department.
The commission for the renovation went to Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects, of which Charles Gwathmey was a Yale Architecture alumnus and former Rudolph student. Previous renovation schemes by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, Richard Meier, and Beyer Blinder Belle have been commissioned.
See also
Yale School of Architecture
Yale School of Art
References
External links
"The Building That Won't Go Away," article in Yale alumni magazine
Gwathmey Siegel Yale University School of Art and Architecture Renovation and new History of Art Building and Arts Library project page
Flickr photoset (152 photos)
photo page at Bluffton College
Article on building renovation from Yale Daily News (February 2008)
AIArchitect article
University and college buildings completed in 1963
University and college academic buildings in the United States
Art and Architecture Building
Paul Rudolph buildings
Brutalist architecture in Connecticut
Yale School of Art
Yale School of Architecture |
4028835 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sis%20Ram%20Ola | Sis Ram Ola | Sis Ram Ola (30 July 1927 – 15 December 2013) was a member of the 15th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Jhunjhunu constituency of Rajasthan and was a member of the Indian National Congress.
He was a member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from 1957 to 1990, and from 1980 to 1990 he was a cabinet minister in the Government of Rajasthan. From 1993 to 1996, he was again a Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly. In 1996, he was elected to the 11th Lok Sabha; he was Union Minister of State for Chemicals and Fertilizers (Independent Charge) from 1996 to 1997 and Union Minister of State for Water Resources (Independent Charge) from 1997 to 1998. He was re-elected to the 12th Lok Sabha in 1998, the 13th Lok Sabha in 1999, the 14th Lok Sabha in 2004, and the 15th Lok Sabha in 2009. He was Union Cabinet Minister of Labour and Employment from 23 May 2004 to 27 November 2004 and was Union Cabinet Minister of Mines in Dr. Manmohan Singh's government. He was also jila pramukh of Jhujhunu and his son Bijender Ola is a MLA from Jhunjhunu and was a former minister in the Rajasthan government.
Sis Ram Ola was the recipient of the Padma Shri award in 1968 for social work. Started girls education in a remote area in rural Rajasthan with three girls in the school known as Indira Gandhi Balika Niketan Ardawata in 1952; as a result of his efforts since 1952, brought Jhunjhunu district to third place in literacy (in Rajasthan) according to 2011 census.
Sis Ram Ola died in Medanta Hospital, Gurgoan on 15 December 2013 because of cardiac arrest. He had been admitted in a Gurgaon hospital with a cardiac complaint. Positions Held
1957-1990 and 1993-96 Member, Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
1980-1990 Cabinet Minister, Government of Rajasthan for ten years (incharge of Panchayati Raj, Rural Development, Forest and Environment, Public Health, Engineering Department, Irrigation, Transport, Co-operatives, Excise, Under-ground Water and Soldiers` Welfare)
1960-77 Zila Pramukh, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan
1960-95 Member, Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee (P.C.C.),
Member, Executive Committee, R.P.C.C.,
Chairman, Kisan Cell, R.P.C.C., Rajasthan
Treasurer, P.C.C., Rajasthan
Member, Pradesh Congress Election Committee
Member, Executive, Congress Legislative Party, Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
1972 onwards Member, All India Congress Committee (A.I.C.C.)
1996 Elected to 11th Lok Sabha
1996-97 Union Minister of State, Chemicals and Fertilizers (Independent Charge)
1997-98 Union Minister of State, Water Resources (Independent Charge)
1998 Re-elected to 12th Lok Sabha (2nd term)
1998-99 Member, Committee on Commerce and its Sub-Committee on Textiles
Member, Joint Committee on Salaries and Allowances of Members of Parliament
Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Defence
1999 Re-elected to 13th Lok Sabha (3rd term)
1999-2004 Member, Committee on Petitions
Member, Committee on Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme
Member, Committee on Food, Civil Supplies and Public Distribution
2004 Elected to 14th Lok Sabha (4th term)
2009 elected to 15th Lok Sabha (5th Term)
23 May 2004-27 Nov. 2004 Union Cabinet Minister, Labour and Employment
27 Nov. 2004 onwards Union Cabinet Minister, Mines
2009: Elected Congress MP from Jhunjhunu
June 17, 2013 : sworn as Cabinet Minister for Labour.
References
|-
1927 births
2013 deaths
Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan
15th Lok Sabha members
Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work
Rajasthani people
People from Jhunjhunu district
11th Lok Sabha members
12th Lok Sabha members
13th Lok Sabha members
14th Lok Sabha members
Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan
All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) politicians
Social workers
20th-century Indian educators
Social workers from Rajasthan
Mining ministers of India
Labour ministers of India
Members of the Cabinet of India |
4028844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn%20Phillips | Shawn Phillips | Shawn Phillips (born February 3, 1943) is an American singer-songwriter and musician, primarily influential in the 1960s and 1970s. His work is rooted in folk rock but straddles other genres, including jazz fusion and funk. Phillips has recorded twenty-six albums and worked with musicians including Donovan, Paul Buckmaster, J. Peter Robinson, Eric Clapton, Steve Winwood, Bernie Taupin, Tim Hardin, Manos Hatzidakis and many others.
Rock impresario Bill Graham described the Texas-born musician as "the best kept secret in the music business". Phillips' AllMusic biography states: "His refusal to pigeonhole his music – which seamlessly melds folk, rock, jazz, funk, progressive, pop, electro, classical, and global folk traditions – to meet anyone else's expectations allowed him to retain his cult following without ever achieving the stardom that his talent seemed to merit."
Biography
Phillips was born in Fort Worth, Texas, the son of James Atlee Phillips, writer of spy novels under the pseudonym of Philip Atlee, and nephew of CIA officer David Atlee Phillips. He grew up in various locations around the world, including Tahiti, and learned to play guitar as a child. He returned to live in Texas in the late 1950s, and, after a time in the U.S. Navy, moved to California.
He played in folk clubs in the early 1960s, alongside singer-songwriter Tim Hardin, comedian Lenny Bruce and others, and when in Saskatoon, Canada, met and taught guitar techniques to aspiring singer Joni Anderson (later Mitchell). He recorded his first single, an adaptation of Bob Gibson's version of "Frankie and Johnnie" (credited as "The New Frankie & Johnnie Song"), in 1964. While travelling to India, he stopped in London and met record producer Denis Preston, who signed him to Columbia Records. Phillips released two albums on the label, I'm a Loner (1965) and Shawn (1966), though neither was successful. During this period, Phillips also met Donovan. The pair ultimately collaborated on several songs, including "Season of the Witch", for which Phillips (though uncredited) composed the melody. Phillips also appeared on several of Donovan's albums, including Fairytale (on which Phillips is credited as co-writer of "Little Tin Soldier"), Sunshine Superman, and Mellow Yellow. Through Donovan, he met The Beatles and contributed backing vocals on "Lovely Rita".
In 1967, he left England after his work permit expired and after a period in Paris moved to Positano in Italy, while continuing to tour. He returned to England to write and perform, with The Djinn, the music for the controversial Jane Arden play Vagina Rex and the Gas Oven at the Arts Laboratory on Drury Lane in London in February 1969. Sponsored by Dick James, he also recorded material with Steve Winwood, Jim Capaldi and Chris Wood of Traffic. This was intended to become a trilogy of albums, combining songs together with instrumental pieces and verse readings. He was signed by A&M Records, but they decided to release only one album, comprising only Phillips' songs, which was released as Contribution (1970). The album, which ranged from folk rock to "introspective quasi-classical guitar pieces" was relatively successful, and Phillips released a string of further albums on A&M through the 1970s, starting with Second Contribution (1970), and Collaboration (1971).
The song with which he is most widely associated is "She Was Waiting For Her Mother At The Station In Torino And You Know I Love You Baby But It's Getting Too Heavy To Laugh", more commonly known as "Woman", from the Second Contribution album.
Phillips continued to tour and secured a standing ovation for his impromptu solo performance at the 1970 Isle of Wight Festival. He was also approached to be the lead in the Broadway production of Jesus Christ Superstar, and started rehearsing the show, but withdrew because of contractual disagreements with the show's producer, Robert Stigwood. He recorded successfully throughout the 1970s, with four of his albums – Faces (1972; No. 57), Bright White (1973; No. 72), Furthermore (1974; No. 50), and Do You Wonder (1975; No. 101) – reaching the Billboard pop LP chart in the U.S. In addition, the singles "Lost Horizon" (No. 63) and "We" (No. 92) appeared on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1973.
According to Bruce Eder at Allmusic, his 1970s recordings "established his reputation for boundless, nearly peerless creativity and virtuosity... [as a] 12-string guitarist combined with his four-octave vocal range.....Writers lavished praise on Phillips for his unusual lyrics, haunting melodies, daunting musicianship, and the ambition of his records. He was a complete enigma, American-born but raised internationally, with a foreigner's keen appreciation for all the music of his homeland and a seasoned traveler's love of world music, with none of the usual limits on his thinking about music." Eder continued: "Phillips never achieved major stardom, despite his critical accolades. He never courted an obvious commercial sound, preferring to write songs that, as he put it, 'make you feel different from the way you felt before you started listening,' primarily love songs and sonic landscapes."
Later in the 1970s, Phillips began experimenting with jazz and funk music. using electronic keyboards. He moved to RCA Records, and released Transcendence (1978), on which he played with Herbie Hancock and a symphony orchestra. He also wrote music for movies. After moving from Italy back to Los Angeles, he recorded Beyond Here Be Dragons with musicians including Alphonso Johnson, Caleb Quaye, J. Peter Robinson, and Ralph Humphrey; the album was released in 1988.
Phillips retired from music in the mid-1990s and qualified as an emergency medical technician (EMT) and firefighter in Texas. He moved to near Port Elizabeth, South Africa in 2000 with his wife Juliette and worked as a paramedic with the National Sea Rescue Institute. His album No Category, containing a mix of new and unreleased music featuring his longtime collaborators Paul Buckmaster and Peter Robinson, was released in 2002. In 2007, his first live album, Living Contribution, was released, along with a live DVD of the same title. His early recordings were reissued on CD during the 1990s, together with several compilations of his work.
Since 2016, Phillips has resided in Louisville, Kentucky, with Juliette and their son, Liam. He now divides his time between writing, recording, touring, and his EMT work.
Of his EMT work, he says: “One of my EMT calls was an 89-year-old woman named Clara, who had fractured her pelvis from stepping out of bed too hard. I took a great deal of care to keep her from suffering before we transferred to Austin EMS. I said to her, ‘We’re gonna give you over to these guys, but you’re in very good hands.’ She was very frightened. As I left, she grabbed me by the arm, looked me in the eyes, and said, ‘Thank you so much for taking care of me.’ And the music business just disappeared into the distance. I got a double standing ovation in front of 657,000 people at the Isle of Wight in the 1970s. You can imagine the rush. But that moment with Clara was much more powerful, because that work is immediate. It’s as real as you can get.”
In an interview with Chicago music critic Scott Itter, Phillips was reminded that he had once been described as "the best kept secret in the music business" by the late rock impresario Bill Graham. Asked why he was still "a secret" to many people, Phillips replied:
Family and personal life
Before moving to Louisville, Kentucky, in 2016 with his wife, Juliette, and then-12-year-old son Liam, (named after his younger brother) Phillips lived in Italy and in South Africa.
Phillips's uncle, David Atlee Phillips, was a top CIA officer who was associated with the alleged assassin Lee Harvey Oswald.
Discography
Studio albums
I'm a Loner (1965) [re-issued in Canada as Favourite Things]
Shawn (1966) Columbia Records [re-issued in Canada as First Impressions]
Contribution (1970)
Second Contribution (1970) US No. 208, Canada No. 68
Collaboration (1971)
Faces (1972) US No. 57, Canada No. 38
Bright White (1973) US No. 72, Canada No. 50
Furthermore (1974), A&M Records US No. 50, Canada No. 56
Do You Wonder (1974) US No. 101, Canada No. 42
Rumplestiltskin's Resolve (1975) US No. 201
Spaced (1977)
Transcendence (1978) RCA Records
Favourite Things (1987) Capitol Records
Beyond Here Be Dragons (1983) Wounded Bird Records
The Truth If It Kills (1994)
No Category (2002) Universal Records / Fat Jack Records
Reflections (2012)
Perspective (2013)
Infinity (2014)
Continuance (2017)
Live albums
Living Contribution: Both Sides (2007) Sheer Sound
At the BBC (2009) Hux Records
Greatest hits
Best of Shawn Phillips (1990)
The Best of Shawn Phillips: The A&M Years (1992)
Another Contribution: Anthology (1995)
Contribution/Second Contribution (2004)
Singles
"A Christmas Song" (1970, A&M AMS-819)
"We" (US #89, 1972, A&M 1402)
"Lost Horizon" (US #63, 1973, A&M 1405)
"Anello (Where Are You)" (1973, A&M 1435)
"Bright White" (1973, A&M 1482) (#62 Canada)
"Do You Wonder" (1974, A&M 1750) (#89 Canada)
Collaborations
1965 – Fairytale by Donovan: 12 string guitar on "Summer Day Reflection Song" & "Jersey Thursday", wrote "The Little Tin Soldier"
1966 – Sunshine Superman by Donovan: sitar on 6 songs and co-wrote "Season Of The Witch" but was not credited
1967 – Mellow Yellow by Donovan: sitar on "Sunny South Kensington"
1969 – If Only For A Moment by Blossom Toes: guitar and sitar
1970 – Into The Fire by Wynder K. Frog: co-wrote, played guitar and sang on "Eddie's Tune"
1971 – Taupin by Bernie Taupin: co-wrote "To a Grandfather", "Today's Hero", "Ratcatcher" & "The Visitor"; played sitar, acoustic and electric 6 & 12 string guitars, koto and vocals
1971 – Say No More by Linda Lewis: guitar
1971 – Gilbert Montagné by Gilbert Montagné: guitar
1973 – New York Rock by Michael Kamen: co-wrote "Hot as the Sun" & "Indian Summer"
1980 – Cosmic Debris by Cosmic Debris: guitar, synthesizer and engineering
1981 – Keys by Light: vocals on "It's For You Part I" & "It's For You Part II"
References
External links
Official website
Official ReverbNation channel
Walking Through the Fields: The Shawn Phillips interview
Shawn Phillips at discogs.com
1943 births
Living people
People from Fort Worth, Texas
American expatriates in South Africa
American rock songwriters
American rock guitarists
Fingerstyle guitarists
American male guitarists
American folk singers
American rock singers
American male singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Winners of Yamaha Music Festival
Guitarists from Texas
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians |
4028847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare%20Award%20for%20Best%20Choreography | Filmfare Award for Best Choreography | The Filmfare Best Choreography Award is given by the Filmfare magazine as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi films.
Although the awards started in 1954, the best choreography category did not start until 1989.
Saroj Khan with 8 wins holds the record of most awards in this category, followed by Farah Khan with 7 wins. Saroj Khan holds the record of being the first recipient of this award in 1989, when the Filmfare Best Choreography Award was started.
Saroj Khan also holds the record of winning the award consecutively for 3 years making a hat trick at the Filmfare Awards in 1989,1990,1991.
Awards
Here is a list of the award winners and the films for which they won.
See also
Filmfare Awards
Bollywood
Cinema of India
References
Choreography
Indian choreography awards |
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