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3987279	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embarras%20River%20%28Illinois%29	Embarras River (Illinois)	The Embarras River ( ) is a tributary of the Wabash River in southeastern Illinois in the United States. The waters of the Embarras reach the Gulf of Mexico via the Wabash, Ohio, and Mississippi Rivers. The river drains a watershed around in an agricultural region. The name comes from French explorers, who used the term embarras for river obstacles, blockages, and difficulties relating to logjams and the like. Course The Embarras River rises in Champaign County. The upper reaches of the Embarras include the detention ponds near the intersection of Windsor Road with U.S. Route 45 in southeastern Champaign; the southern portion of the University of Illinois campus, including the small creek near the Vet Med Building; and Meadowbrook Park in south Urbana. The Embarras flows generally southward through Douglas, Coles, Cumberland, and Jasper Counties. In Jasper County, it turns southeast for the remainder of its course through Richland, Crawford, and Lawrence Counties. In Coles County, a dam helps create Lake Charleston. Portions of the river's lower course have been straightened and channelized. It joins the Wabash River southwest of Vincennes, Indiana. Along its course, the Embarras passes the towns of Villa Grove, Camargo, Charleston, Greenup, Newton, Ste. Marie, and Lawrenceville. Tributaries In its upper course in Champaign County, the river collects the East Branch Embarras River, which rises in southwestern Vermilion County and flows generally westwardly in a channelized course, past the town of Broadlands. In Coles County, the Embarras collects the Little Embarras River, which rises in Edgar County and flows southwestwardly. In Jasper County, the Embarras collects the North Fork Embarras River, long, which rises in Edgar County and flows southwardly through Clark and Crawford Counties. Variant names The United States Board on Geographic Names settled on "Embarras River" as the stream's official name in 1964. According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been known as the "Ambraw River" and as the "Embarrass River." Ecology The only population of harlequin darters (Etheostoma histrio) in Illinois is found in the Embarras River. History In the 18th century, the Embarras River was part of the trail from Cahokia to Vincennes. The river route was used by George Rogers Clark's forces during the Illinois Campaign. See also List of Illinois rivers Watersheds of Illinois References Columbia Gazetteer of North America entry DeLorme (2003). Illinois Atlas & Gazetteer. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. . External links Embarras River - Illinois Geographic Alliance Surf the Embarras with USEPA Prairie Rivers Network Rivers of Illinois Tributaries of the Wabash River Rivers of Champaign County, Illinois Rivers of Douglas County, Illinois Rivers of Coles County, Illinois Rivers of Cumberland County, Illinois Rivers of Jasper County, Illinois Rivers of Richland County, Illinois Rivers of Crawford County, Illinois Rivers of Lawrence County, Illinois
3987282	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Cal%20Hollis	Mary Cal Hollis	Mary Cal Hollis is an American activist. She was a third-party candidate for President of the United States in the 1996 U.S. presidential election, representing the Socialist Party USA (SPUSA) with running mate Eric Chester. Hollis and Chester also received the endorsement and ballot line of Vermont's Liberty Union Party, receiving 674 votes (80.1%) in their primary. Hollis appeared on the syndicated radio program Democracy Now! with two other socialist presidential candidates for a discussion and debate. The SPUSA ticket received 4,765 votes in the general election. She returned in 2000 as the vice-presidential candidate of the SPUSA, running with David McReynolds and receiving 5,602 votes. Hollis lives in Colorado. She is a native of Pine Bluff, Arkansas. References External links Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture entry Female candidates for President of the United States Socialist Party USA presidential nominees Candidates in the 1996 United States presidential election 2000 United States vice-presidential candidates 20th-century American politicians Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Liberty Union Party politicians Socialist Party USA vice presidential nominees Female candidates for Vice President of the United States Politicians from Pine Bluff, Arkansas 20th-century American women politicians 21st-century American women
3987298	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alv%20Jakob%20Fostervoll	Alv Jakob Fostervoll	Alv Jakob Fostervoll (20 January 1932 – 15 June 2015) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party. He served as Norwegian Minister of Defence and Governor of Møre og Romsdal. Biography Fostervoll was born at Kristiansund in Møre og Romsdal, Norway. He attended the teachers college in Volda and worked as a school teacher prior to entering politics. He held various political position in Kristiansund municipality council from 1959 to 1969, serving as deputy mayor in the period 1967–1969. From 1967 to 1969 he was also a member of Møre og Romsdal county council. He was elected to the Parliament of Norway from Møre og Romsdal in 1969, and was re-elected on one occasion. He was appointed Minister of Defence in 1971–1972 during the first cabinet and in 1973–1976 during the second cabinet of Prime Minister, Trygve Bratteli. While he was appointed to the cabinet, his place in the Norwegian Parliament was taken by Oskar Edøy. He was the president of the Norwegian Defense Association (Norges Forsvarsforening) from 1981 to 1989 and of the Norwegian Atlantic Committee from 1995 to 2007. His career in politics ended with the post of County Governor of Møre og Romsdal, which he held from 1977 to 2002. Honors Commander of the Order of St. Olav, 1995 Commander of the 1st degree Order of the Dannebrog, 1993 Commander of the Order of the Crown (Belgium), 1998 King Olav Vs Jubilee Medal, 1957–1982, 1982 References Other sources 1932 births 2015 deaths Politicians from Kristiansund Volda University College alumni Government ministers of Norway Labour Party (Norway) politicians 20th-century Norwegian politicians Members of the Storting County Governors of Norway Møre og Romsdal politicians Norwegian Army personnel Norwegian schoolteachers Norwegian non-fiction writers Recipients of the St. Olav's Medal Commanders First Class of the Order of the Dannebrog Commanders of the Order of the Crown (Belgium) Defence ministers of Norway
3987299	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embarrass%20River	Embarrass River	Embarrass River may refer to: Embarrass River (Minnesota) Embarrass River (Wisconsin) See also Embarras River (disambiguation)
3987306	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsha%20Feinland	Marsha Feinland	Marsha Feinland was a third-party candidate (Peace and Freedom Party) for President of the United States in the 1996 U.S. presidential election. Her running mate was Kate McClatchy; they were only on the ballot in California and received 25,332 votes. The Peace and Freedom Party convention had actually voted to run a slate of candidates for the United States Electoral College divided proportionally between the three top candidates for president at the convention, since none had received a majority. The California Secretary of State's office refused to place the names of electors on the ballot and demanded that the party put forward a single name (even though U.S. citizens do not vote directly for president). Marsha Feinland was selected by the officers of the party to represent it in the election and Kate McClatchy of Massachusetts agreed to serve as the vice-presidential candidate. Feinland had served as state party chair for the Peace and Freedom Party from 1994–96, 1998–2000, 2002–04, and has frequently been a candidate for public office. In June 1998, she ran for governor but lost the Peace & Freedom party primary to Gloria La Riva. In September 1998, she ran for the California State Senate against Democratic candidate Don Perata in a special election. This was part of the special election musical chairs of 1998–99. In the 2004 election, Feinland ran for the United States Senate against Barbara Boxer, and received 233,000 votes. She ran again for U.S. Senator from California in 2006, receiving 117,764 votes, 1.3% of the total. She was previously elected to Berkeley's Rent Stabilization Board, and served from 1994 to 1998. References Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Female candidates for President of the United States Peace and Freedom Party presidential nominees Candidates in the 1996 United States presidential election 20th-century American politicians Women in California politics 20th-century American women politicians 21st-century American women
3987307	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaare%20Fostervoll	Kaare Fostervoll	Kaare Fostervoll (3 December 1891 – 6 July 1981) was a Norwegian educator and politician for the Labour Party. From 1949 to 1962 he was the director-general of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK). Early career He was born in Kristiansund as a son of school manager Kristen Fostervoll (1856–1920) and Anna Karoline Kvande (1863–1941). He took the examen artium in 1910, graduated from Volda Teacher's College in 1912, and worked as a teacher at various schools from 1912 to 1927. In 1927 he got the cand.philol. degree, and in the same year he became principal of Firda Upper Secondary School, a position he held until 1938 when he got the same position in Ålesund. At Firda he was Norway's youngest principal. While studying he was chairman of Studentmållaget from 1919 to 1920 and the Norwegian Students' Society in 1923. He became chairman of the Students' Society because of a coalition with Mot Dag. He later denounced Mot Dag's revolutionary tendencies, but remained an anti-militarist, opposing NATO in the 1940s. Becoming involved in politics in the 1920s, he was a secretary of the Socialist Youth League of Norway from 1923 to 1925, and vice chairman from 1925 to 1927. In the same year, this youth wing of the Social Democratic Labour Party ceased to exist because the party was incorporated into the Norwegian Labour Party. Fostervoll was later a board member of Noregs Mållag from 1931 to 1932 before returning to politics as local chapter leader of the Labour Party in Gloppen from 1934 to 1938. In the same period he was secretary for the county chapter. During the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, Fostervoll was fired as principal by Nazi authorities in 1941. His family retreated to a small farm which the family possessed, and lived here until 1945. Politics and broadcasting After the Second World War, Fostervoll was drafted into Gerhardsen's First Cabinet as Minister of Education and Church Affairs. He remained so in Gerhardsen's Second Cabinet, but left in 1948. He had been elected to the Parliament of Norway for the Market towns of Møre og Romsdal county in the 1945 election, and while Gottfred Hoem had taken his seat while he was a cabinet minister, Fostervoll now assumed his seat in Parliament and chaired the Standing Committee on Education and Church Affairs for the rest of the term. During his time as a Minister, some important reforms went through, including the foundation of the Norwegian State Educational Loan Fund and the University of Bergen. He was not re-elected, as he had been hired as Director-General of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation in competition with Toralv Øksnevad. He served in this job from 1948 to 1962, the major achievement being the introduction of television in Norway (experimental broadcasts from 1954 and full service from 1960). He was a co-founder of the European Broadcasting Union, and represented Norway in the organization. He was also a board member of Foreningen Norden from 1949 to 1962 and of the Nansen Foundation from 1930 to 1962. As a pensioner he released two books; Mot rikare mål. Den norske folkehøgskulen 1864–1964 in 1964 and Norges sosialdemokratiske Arbeiderparti 1921–1927 in 1969. In December 1928 he had married telegrapher Herbjørg Rannei Torjuul (1902–1996). They had the daughter Kari Fostervoll (1930–2006) who married sculptor Fritz Røed. Kaare Fostervoll died in July 1981 in Oslo. References 1891 births 1981 deaths Politicians from Kristiansund Volda University College alumni Heads of schools in Norway Noregs Mållag Labour Party (Norway) politicians Members of the Storting Government ministers of Norway NRK people Norwegian television executives Social Democratic Labour Party of Norway politicians 20th-century Norwegian politicians Ministers of Education of Norway
3987317	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%20Drives	Three Drives	Three Drives, also known as Three Drives on a Vinyl, are a Dutch progressive trance duo founded by Erik de Koning and Ton van Empel. In June 2014, van Empel left the group. Career Their best-known tracks are "Greece 2000" (originally released in 1997 by Massive Drive Recordings, with more mainstream releases on ZYX Music and Hooj Choons) and "Sunset on Ibiza". Discography Singles Three Drives/Three Drives on a Vinyl 1997 "Greece 2000 - EP" - UK #44 1998 "Greece 2000" (Remixes) - UK #12 1999 "EP 2000" 1999 "Turkey 2000" 1999 "Superfunk" 2000 "Sunset on Ibiza" - UK #44 2001 "Sunset on Ibiza" (Remixes) 2002 "Carrera 2" - UK #57 2003 "Greece 2000" (2003 Remixes) 2004 "Signs from the Universe" 2004 "Air Traffic" - UK #75 2005 "Evolution" 2005 "Greece 2000" (2005 Remixes) 2007 "Greece 2000" (2007 Remixes) 2008 "Greece 2000" (2008 Remixes) 2008 "Together" 2009 "Automatic City" 2008 "Together" 2012 "Letting You Go" 2012 "Deep Sea" 2014 "Summer Madness" 2015 "Back to Basic" 2015 "Icon" 2016 "Chakra" 2016 "Beneath the stars" Fate Federation 2003 "Mesmerize" / "Crime Scene" 2003 "Narcotics Guide" / "Mayhem" 2005 "Urbanoids" / "Kind Wishes" Tangled Universe 2002 "Message from the Universe" / "Cosmic Synts" 2002 "Sparkling Message" 2003 "Next Victim" / "Blind Date" 2003 "Rain & Thunder" / "Execute Mode" / "Hyper Threading" 2005 "I Miss You" / "For a Reason" Other aliases 1997 "Lovin'", as Love Foundation (with Marc van Dale) 1997 "Together", as Department 1 1997 "Trujacq/Good Food", as Positiv 1997 "Foreign Affair", as Force Full 1999 "Never Enough", as Love Foundation (with Marc van Dale) 2001 "Intensive Aqua", as Legal Traders Albums 1999: 2000 2003: Melodies from the Universe References External links Three Drives Website Dutch trance music groups
3987326	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Else%20Bugge%20Fougner	Else Bugge Fougner	Else Bugge Fougner (born 9 November 1944) is a Norwegian lawyer and a politician for the Conservative Party. She was born in Moss as a daughter of Jacob C. Bugge (1912–1993) and Bodil Bengtson (born 1919). In August 1974 she married lawyer Amund Fougner. Through her sister Kari she is a sister-in-law of Gunnar Gran. She was the Minister of Justice 1989–1990. References External links Else Bugge Fougner 1944 births Living people People from Moss, Norway Government ministers of Norway Norwegian lawyers Norwegian women lawyers Female justice ministers Ministers of Justice of Norway
3987351	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calanus%20%28disambiguation%29	Calanus (disambiguation)	Calanus is a genus of copepods. Calanus (or Kalyana) was an Indian sage who accompanied the conquests of Alexander the Great. The RV Calanus is an 18.6-metre oceanographic research vessel operated by the Scottish Association for Marine Science.
5378000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicas%20of%20the%20Statue%20of%20Liberty	Replicas of the Statue of Liberty	Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World) have been created worldwide. The original Statue of Liberty is 151 feet tall and stands on a pedestal that is 154 feet tall, making the height of the entire sculpture 305 feet. France Paris Musée d'Orsay On the occasion of the Exposition Universelle of 1900, sculptor Frédéric Bartholdi crafted a 1/16 scale, 2.743 metre (nine-foot) version of his Liberty Enlightening the World. It was cast in 1889 and he subsequently gave it to the Musée du Luxembourg. In 1905, the statue was placed outside the museum in the Jardin du Luxembourg, where it stood for over a century, until 2014. It currently stands within the entrance hall to the Musée d'Orsay, and a newly constructed bronze replica stands in its place in the Jardin du Luxembourg. Île aux Cygnes This statue was given in 1889 to France by U.S. citizens living in Paris to celebrate the French Revolution three years after the main statue in New York was inaugurated. Originally, the statue was turned towards the east in order to face the Eiffel Tower. In 1937 it was turned towards the west so that it would be facing the original statue in New York. The statue is near the Grenelle Bridge on the Île aux Cygnes, a man-made island in the Seine (). It is high and weighs 14 tons. It was inaugurated on 4 July 1889. Its tablet bears two dates: "IV JUILLET 1776" (4 July 1776: the United States Declaration of Independence) like the New York statue, and "XIV JUILLET 1789" (14 July 1789: the storming of the Bastille) associated with an equal sign. This statue is shown in the film National Treasure: Book of Secrets as a historic location. Former Musée des Arts et Métiers location The tall original plaster maquette finished in 1878 by Auguste Bartholdi that was used to make the statue in New York is in the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris. This original plaster was bequeathed by the artist's widow in 1907, together with part of the artist's estate. On the square outside the Musée des Arts et Métierss entrance was a bronze copy made from the plaster maquette, number 1 from an original edition of 12, made by the museum and cast by Susse Fondeur Paris. It was this replica that was shipped to America under a joint effort by the Embassy of France in the United States, the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers and the shipping company CMA CGM Group. After spending time on Ellis Island for Independence Day 2021, it now resides at the French ambassador's residence in Washington, D.C. Flame of Liberty A life-size copy of the torch, Flame of Liberty, can be seen above the entrance to the Pont de l'Alma tunnel near the Champs-Élysées in Paris. It was given to the city as a return gift in honour of the centennial celebration of the statue's dedication. Since it is above the Pont de l'Alma car tunnel in which Princess Diana died, the torch became an unofficial memorial to the princess. Barentin There is a 13.5 m (44 feet) polyester replica in the northwest of France, in the small town of Barentin near Rouen. It was made for a French movie, Le Cerveau ("The Brain"), directed by Gérard Oury and featuring actors Jean-Paul Belmondo and Bourvil. Bordeaux Another replica is a statue in the city of Bordeaux. The first Bordeaux statue was seized and melted down by the Nazis in World War II. The statue was replaced in 2000 and a plaque was added to commemorate the victims of the 11 September terrorist attacks. On the night of 25 March 2003, unknown vandals poured red paint and gasoline on the replica and set it on fire. The vandals also cracked the pedestal of the plaque. The mayor of Bordeaux, former prime minister Alain Juppé, condemned the attack. Colmar A replica of the Statue of Liberty in Colmar, the city of Bartholdi's birth, was dedicated on 4 July 2004, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of his death. It stands at the north entrance of the city. The Bartholdi Museum in Colmar contains numerous models of various sizes made by Bartholdi during the process of designing the statue. Saint-Cyr-sur-Mer Frédéric Bartholdi donated a copy of the Statue of Liberty to the town square of Saint-Cyr-sur-Mer. Other French cities Other Liberty Enlightening the World statues are displayed in Poitiers and Lunel. The Musée des beaux-arts de Lyon owns a terracotta version. Near Chaumont, Haute Marne, is a miniature replica in the flag plaza of the former Chaumont Air Base. This was the home of the US 48th Tactical Fighter Wing, now based at Lakenheath, England, with its own statue at the flag plaza. The 48th TFW is the only USAF wing with a name: "The Statue of Liberty Wing". Another example is of a Liberty Enlightening the World replica in Châteauneuf-la-Forêt, near the city of Limoges in the area of Haute-Vienne, Limousin. There is another "original" Bartholdi replica at Roybon (near Grenoble) There is a small replica on Promenade des Anglais in Nice. Other European countries Austria In Minimundus, a miniature park located at the Wörthersee in Carinthia, Austria, is another replica of the Statue of Liberty. In Graz, standing between the Opera House and the NextLiberty Theater, stands a steel structure built out of steel beams, that depict the original size of the statue of liberty, before the plates of the final form were being put into place. Instead of torch of flame, this depiction is holding a sword in extended left arm and a sphere in the right arm representing the world. Denmark A small replica in lego is situated in Legoland in Billund. Germany A copy is in the German Heidepark Soltau theme park, located on a lake with cruising Mississippi steamboats. It weighs 28 metric tons (31 short tons), is made of plastic foam on a steel frame with polyester cladding, and was designed by the Dutch artist Gerla Spee. Ireland A green painted replica of the Statue of Liberty can be found near Mulnamina More, County Donegal, Ireland. Kosovo A replica stands atop the Hotel Victory in Pristina, Kosovo. Netherlands A 33 ft (10 m) replica has its temporary location in the Dutch city of Assen. The statue bears characteristic features that represent the culture and landscape of the region, like a can of beans instead of the original torch. The replica, by sculptor Natasja Bennink, was on display for the duration of an exhibition on American Realism in the Drents Museum until 27 May 2018. Norway A smaller replica is in the Norwegian village of Visnes, where the copper used in the original statue was mined. A replica is also on the facade of a pub in Bleik, county of Nordland Spain In 1897 a replica in iron and bronze was erected in Cenicero, Spain, to honor local fighters during the First Carlist War. In 1936 it was removed during the dictatorship of Francisco Franco. It was restored in 1976. The in Barcelona has in its entrance a replica from 1894. She welcomes visitors to the library, which is devoted to the labour movement, anarchism, and freemasonry. Cadaqués, a small village that was residence of Salvador Dalí, has an unusual version, with both hands up. It is on top of a small tourism information office. Ukraine There is a unique "sitting" Statue of Liberty in the Ukrainian city of Lviv. It is a sculpture on a dome of the house (15, Freedom Avenue) built by architect Yuriy Zakharevych and decorated by sculptor Leandro Marconi in 1874–91. United Kingdom A , 9,200 kg (9.2 tons) replica stood atop the Liberty Shoe factory in Leicester, England, until 2002 when the building was demolished. The statue was put into storage while the building was replaced. The statue, which dates back to the 1920s, was initially going to be put back on the replacement building, but was too heavy, so in December 2008 following restoration, it was placed on a pedestal near Liberty Park Halls of Residence on a traffic island, "Liberty Circus", close to where it originally stood. A replica is in the stairwell of a bowling alley building in Warrington, England. It used to be above the entrance of a restaurant nearby. There is also a small replica located at RAF Lakenheath, England, at the base flag plaza, made from leftover copper from the original. North America Canada In Coquitlam, British Columbia a small replica stands on Delestre Avenue just east of North Road. In Steinbach, Manitoba, There will be a construction of the replica of the Statue of Liberty in Southland Park on July 4, 2020. Mexico In Campeche, Mexico, there is a small replica in the small town of Palizada. In Durango, Mexico, a small replica is in Parque Guadiana. This park also has other small reproductions such as the Eiffel Tower and Taj Mahal. United States From 1902 to 2002, visitors to midtown Manhattan were occasionally disoriented by what seemed to be an impossibly nearby view of the statue. They were seeing a replica located at 43 West 64th Street atop the Liberty Warehouse. In February 2002, the statue was removed by the building's owners to allow the building to be expanded. It was donated to the Brooklyn Museum of Art, which installed it in its sculpture garden in October 2005 with plans to restore it on site in spring of 2006. A replica that used to reside at the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris was shipped to America under a joint effort by the Embassy of France in the United States, the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers and the shipping company CMA CGM Group. After spending time on Ellis Island for Independence Day 2021, it now resides at the French ambassador's residence in Washington, D.C. A bronze sculpture of the Statue of Liberty is on display in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. Duluth, Minnesota, has a small copy on the south corner of the Duluth Entertainment Convention Center property, in the center of a clearing surrounded by pine trees where it may be passed unnoticed. It was presented to the city by some of Bartholdi's descendants residing in Duluth. The Boy Scouts of America celebrated their fortieth anniversary in 1950 with the theme of "Strengthen the Arm of Liberty". Between 1949 and 1952, approximately two hundred replicas of the statue, made of stamped copper, were purchased by Boy Scout troops and donated in 39 states in the U.S. and several of its possessions and territories. The project was the brainchild of Kansas City businessman J.P. Whitaker, who was then Scout Commissioner of the Kansas City Area Council. The copper statues were manufactured by Friedley-Voshardt Co. (Chicago, Illinois) and purchased through the Kansas City Boy Scout office by those wanting one. The statues are approximately tall without the base, are constructed of sheet copper, weigh , and originally cost $350 plus freight. The mass-produced statues are not great art nor meticulously accurate (a conservator notes that "her face isn't as mature as the real Liberty. It's rounder and more like a little girl's"), but they are cherished, particularly since 9/11. Many have been lost or destroyed, but preservationists have been able to account for about a hundred of them, and BSA Troop 101 of Cheyenne, Wyoming, has collected photographs of over 100 of them. They are commonly installed at city halls, libraries, and schools. One of these statues was sent to the Philippines. After some years at the mouth of the Pasig River, Manila, it was kept in a store room at the Scout Reservation, Makiling, Laguna, for about two decades. It is now stored at the national office of the Boy Scouts of the Philippines, Manila. A nine-foot-tall replica of the Statue, built in 1950, stands in Warner Park in Madison, Wisconsin. A replica of the original statue was unveiled on 12 October 2011, at 667 Madison Avenue in Manhattan. Its owner, billionaire Leonard N. Stern, purchased it after reading about it in the local news. The replica is one of only 12 cast from the original mold created by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi using digital surface scanning and lost-wax casting methods, and is the only one currently on public display. The statue itself is 9 feet tall and 15 feet including the pedestal on which it stands. There is a half-size replica at the New York-New York Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada. In April 2011, the U.S. Postal Service announced that three billion postage stamps mistakenly based on a photograph of this replica were produced and would be sold to the public. In November 2013, the statue's sculptor, Robert Davidson, filed a copyright infringement suit against the U.S. government. Another small replica exists in Las Vegas on Route 589 near Arville St in a plaza parking lot. The city of Sioux Falls, South Dakota, erected a replacement bronze reproduction standing tall in McKennan Park atop the original pedestal of a long-vanished wooden replica. A bronze replica, accurately based on Bartholdi's Liberty Enlightening the World, stands in Vestavia Hills, a suburb of Birmingham, Alabama. It was cast in 1956 at the Société Antoine Durenne foundry in Somerville, Haut Marne, France, for placement in 1958 atop the Liberty National Life Insurance Company building in downtown Birmingham. It was relocated and placed on a granite pedestal adjacent to Interstate 459 in 1989. Two copper replicas by sculptor Leo Lentelli stand atop the Liberty National Bank Building in Buffalo, New York, nearly above street level. A replica sits on the ruins of the late Marysville Bridge (erected on a platform (pier)) in the Dauphin Narrows of Susquehanna River north of Harrisburg. The replica was built by a local activist Gene Stilp on July 2, 1986; it was made of Venetian blinds and stood tall. Six years later, after it was destroyed in a windstorm, it was rebuilt by Stilp and other local citizens, of wood, metal, glass and fiberglass, to a height of . A Lego replica of the Statue of Liberty consisting of 2882 bricks and standing is a popular sculpture among Lego enthusiasts. The statue went out of production, but due to popular demand was returned to sale. A 1/12 replica of the Statue of Liberty made essentially out of junk stands at the intersection of US 280 and US 341 in McRae, Georgia. The head is made out of a stump from a nearby swamp, the arm holding the torch is made from styrofoam and the hand holding the book is actually an electric lineman's glove. The town's Lion's Club erected the replica in 1986 during the statue's centennial. An miniature Statue of Liberty (holding a Bible instead of a tablet) currently stands atop a pedestal outside the Liberty Recycling plant in San Marcos, California. The company was named after the statue, which has been moved throughout northern San Diego County for over 80 years, originating at the Liberty Hotel in Leucadia, in the 1920s. A replica of the statue, lofting a Christian cross, holding the Ten Commandments, and named the Statue of Liberation through Christ, was erected by a predominantly African American church in Memphis, Tennessee, on 4 July 2006. A small replica stands on the grounds of the Cherokee Capitol Building in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, a gift from the local Boy Scouts in 1950 (presumably as part of the above-mentioned national Boy Scout celebration). Fargo, North Dakota, also had a replica of the Statue of Liberty on the corner of Main Avenue and 2nd Street at the entrance of the Main Avenue bridge, which was reported stolen on July 26, 2019. There is a replica on the shoreline of Lake Chaubunagungamaug in Webster, Massachusetts. A 1/6-scale replica (≈50 feet including pedestal) stands in a parking lot of a strip mall in Milwaukie, Oregon, off McLoughlin Blvd at 4255 SE Roethe Rd. A replica stands at Statue of Liberty Plaza in West Seattle, Washington, at Alki Beach Park. A replica overlooks Interstate 5 in Everett, Washington from a private residence. A replica of the Statue of Liberty stands on Mackinac Island, Michigan. A replica of the Statue of Liberty is located in the downtown area of New Castle, Pennsylvania. A replica of the Statue of Liberty is located near the Lincoln High School in Ellwood City, Pennsylvania. A bronze replica of the Statue of Liberty resides in Neenah, Wisconsin. It was cast in California by the Great American Bronze Works. This version of the Statue of Liberty is 14 feet, 6 inches tall. It is 10 percent the size of the original. A replica approximately the same size as an adult person is located alongside Highway 80 at the west end of Forney, Texas. An earlier installation stood from 1986 until May 2016, when it was removed to make way for highway construction. As of November, 2019, it has been replaced in nearly the same spot, this time painted a darker green and with a illuminated torch. There is a statue of liberty replica in the small town of Burns, Oregon at the park called Washington park. In Lake Michigan campground in Wisconsin, There will be a new sculpture park, The first artifact will be the Statue of Liberty, It will be designed by many architects from New York, Pennsylvania, Florida, France, Minnesota, and of course, Wisconsin, It will be under construction on June 5, 2020. South America Argentina In Buenos Aires there is a small iron replica in Barrancas de Belgrano Square, cast by Bartholdi from the same mould as those cast in Paris; although it is much smaller. It was inaugurated on 3 October 1886, 25 days before the one in New York. Another replica was bought by the government and placed in a school, Colegio Nacional Sarmiento, about the same date. There is another replica in Plaza Libertad (Liberty Square) in the city of Villa Aberastain, San Juan. This one arrived at the city in 1909 due to a confusion since it had to be shipped to San Juan, Puerto Rico instead. There are also two cheaper non-metallic replicas; one is 6 m tall, located in the "New York" Casino in San Luis and the other crowns a commercial gallery, "Galería de Fabricantes", in Munro, a city in the northeast suburbs of Buenos Aires. Brazil In Bangu, Rio de Janeiro exists a nickel replica made by Bartholdi in 1899. Bartholdi was commissioned by José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco to make a replica in order to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the Republic of Brazil. Until 1940, the statue was Paranhos family property. In 1940 the statue was passed to Guanabara State. On 20 January 1964, Carlos Lacerda, governor of Guanabara State, placed the statue in Miami Square, Bangu. A small-scale cast metal replica can be found in Maceió, the capital of Alagoas State, in northeast Brazil. The replica is in front of a building constructed in 1869 as the seat of the Conselho Provincial (Provincial Council), and which today is the Museu da Imagem e do Som de Alagoas (Museum of Image and Sound of Alagoas). This replica is possibly a casting produced by the in France, as in the Praça Lavenere Machado (formerly Praça Dois Leões) on the opposite side of the museum, there are four somewhat larger-than-life size cast metal statues of wild animals, at least one of which is embossed with the name of the foundry. These castings and the replica all appear to be made of similar material and to be of similar age. It is also probable that they are near contemporaries of the actual Statue of Liberty. A large modern replica stands in front of the New York City Center, a shopping center constructed in 1999 in Barra da Tijuca in the State of Rio de Janeiro. The Havan department store chain has replicas in many of their stores. The largest one of these, 57 meters tall, is allegedly in the Barra Velha branc, in the state of Santa Catarina. There is another large replica the parking area of a Havan Department Store on the outskirts of Curitiba, in the State of Paraná, opened in 2000. Also, there is a small replica of the statue in Belém, in front of a Belém Importados store, near the city's port. Ecuador In Guayaquil, a little replica gives the name of "New York" to a neighborhood in the Valle Alto area. Peru In Lima the New York Casino in the Jesús María District has a small replica in the main entrance. The casino is a tribute to the state of New York and the USA. Asia India A small replica can be found in Vardhaman Fantasy, an amusement park in Mira Road, Mumbai along with other six wonders of the world. The 7 wonders of the world are made in Eco Park, Kolkata, West Bengal. Another small replica can be found in Seven Wonders Park, a park in Kotri, Kota, Rajasthan along with other six wonders of the world. Malaysia A large replica can be found in Genting Highlands in the state of Pahang. Singapore A small replica can be found in Haw Par Villa, a theme park. China Guangzhou Siting on top of the memorial tomb of "72 Martyrs of Huanghuagang" (see Huanghuagang Uprising). The current one was re-built in 1981. Beijing During the Tiananmen Square protest of 1989, Chinese student demonstrators in Beijing built a 10 m (33 ft) image called the Goddess of Democracy, which sculptor Tsao Tsing-yuan said was intentionally "dissimilar" to the Statue of Liberty to avoid being "too openly pro-American." (See article for a list of replicas of that statue.) Shenzhen A replica can be found in Window of the World Park. Israel A 15 foot high replica of the Statue of Liberty is at the western entrance of the village of Arraba in Israel, near a local restaurant. At a highway intersection in Jerusalem called "New York Square," there is an abstract skeletal replica of the statue. Japan The French Statue of Liberty from the Île aux Cygnes came to Odaiba, Tokyo, from April 1998 to May 1999 in commemoration of "The French year in Japan". Because of its popularity, in 2000 a replica of the French Statue of Liberty was erected at the same place. Also in Japan, a small Statue of Liberty is in the Amerika-mura (American Village) shopping district in Osaka, Japan. Another replica is in Oirase near the town of Shimoda south of Misawa in Aomori Prefecture, where the United States has an 8,000-person U.S. Air Force base. A replica of the Statue of Liberty in Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture, was damaged by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. There is also a replica in Oyabe, Toyama. Pakistan There are replicas of the Statue of Liberty in Bahria Town, Lahore, and also in Bahria Town Phase 8, Islamabad. Philippines As early as January 1945, there were already news of a campaign that would help erect a Statue of Liberty replica in the Philippines. The said monument was supposed to be sponsored by The Chicago Daily Times whose goal was "to commemorate one of the great epics in the struggle for human freedom–the liberation of the Philippines." Fast forward to 1950, the Boy Scouts of America was celebrating its 40th anniversary. Jack P. Whitaker, then Scout Commissioner of the Kansas City Area Council, had earlier suggested the creation and distribution of several Statue of Liberty replicas to all American states and territories, including the Philippines. The eight-foot statues, which were cast in bronze, were distributed all over the U.S. and the world from 1949 to 1951. Almost 200 replicas were delivered to the 39 states of the U.S. and countries such as Panama and Puerto Rico. The Boy Scouts of the Philippines, on the other hand, received its own replica in the early part of 1950. The statues were donated by the Boy Scouts of America as "an expression of scout brotherhood and goodwill." Their 40th anniversary theme was "Strengthen the Arm of Liberty." Miniature versions of the statue were also given as gifts. The Philippines became the first independent nation to receive one of the 4,000 eight-inch statues from the Boy Scouts of America. In April 1950, the said statue was officially given by Chief Scout Executive Arthur A. Shuck to Carlos P. Romulo, then chief of the Philippine Mission to the United Nations. In the Philippines, several places were suggested as the site where the eight-foot bronze replica would be erected. The task of choosing the perfect site was delegated to the National Urban Planning Commission, and among those it considered were “Engineer Island, atop the proposed reviewing stand on the Rizal Park, and on the center island rotunda between the Old Legislative building and Manila City Hall.” In the end, the Boy Scouts of the Philippines (BSP) erected the statue just outside Intramuros. As the icon of the United States, the replica of Lady Liberty would survive several attacks by student protesters in the 1960s. It remained standing until the early 1970s, when the BSP decided to transfer it to the Scout Reservation in Mt. Makiling which would serve as the statue's home for two decades or so. In a 2002 article published by the Philippine Star, then BSP PR head Nixon Canlapan revealed that the Statue of Liberty was eventually moved and stored at the BSP headquarters on Concepcion Street (now Natividad Almeda-Lopez) in Ermita, Manila. Turns out, the American-sponsored replica was not the first Lady Liberty in Manila. In the 1930s, one of Manila's biggest shopping stores at that time became the talk of the town not just for its products but also for its unique multi-story building. Located in Juan Luna Street, the L.R. Aguinaldo's Emporium had an Art Deco facade featuring two contrasting statues: Andres Bonifacio on the right and the Statue of Liberty on the left. Established by Philippine retailing pioneer Leopoldo R. Aguinaldo, the store would later become known as the Aguinaldo's Department Store. After the war, Leopoldo's son Francisco took over the business and the store was moved to Echague. The Echague branch in the 1950s was known for introducing its customers to quality products both from the Philippines and abroad. It also commissioned young interior designers to update the store's furniture section. Thus, the store catapulted the careers of famous designers like Myra Cruz, Edgar Ramirez, and Bonnie Ramos, among others. Aguinaldo's succumbed to the competition and closed in the 1960s. The original building in Juan Luna Street still stands, along with both the Bonifacio and the Liberty statues. Since the creation of the Liberty statues in Intramuros and Juan Luna Street, other Philippine provinces soon followed suit. Statue of Liberty replicas in can be found in Pangasinan and as far as Camp John Hay amphitheater in Baguio. Thailand The Mini Siam and Mini Europe model village, in Pattaya, has a miniature Statue of Liberty amongst others. Taiwan There are at least two Statue of Liberty replicas (greater than 30 feet in height) in Taiwan. These two statues are in the cities of Keelung and Taipei. Vietnam From 1887 to 1945, Hanoi was home to another copy of the statue. Measuring tall, it was erected by the French colonial government after being sent from France for an exhibition. It was known to locals unaware of its history as (Statue of the Western lady wearing dress). When the French lost control of French Indochina during World War II, the statue was toppled on 1 August 1945, after being deemed a vestige of the colonial government along with other statues erected by the French. Australia A 30-foot replica can also be seen at the Westfield Marion shopping complex in Adelaide, South Australia. References External links Statues of Liberty in the world Replica Statue of Liberty Search Quick view of Statue of Liberty Liberty symbols Lists of replicas Outdoor sculptures Scale modeling
3987352	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfback%20%28American%20football%29	Halfback (American football)	A halfback (HB) is an offensive position in American football, whose duties involve lining up in the backfield and carrying the ball on most rushing plays, i.e. a running back. When the principal ball carrier lines up deep in the backfield, and especially when that player is placed behind another player (usually a blocking back), as in the I formation, that player is instead referred to as a tailback. Sometimes the halfback can catch the ball from the backfield on short passing plays as they are an eligible receiver. Occasionally, they line up as additional wide receivers. When not running or catching the ball, the primary responsibility of a halfback is to aid the offensive linemen in blocking, either to protect the quarterback or another player carrying the football. History Overview Before the emergence of the T formation in the 1940s, all members of the offensive backfield were legitimate threats to run or pass the ball. Most teams used four offensive backs on every play: a quarterback, two halfbacks, and a fullback. The quarterback began each play a quarter of the way back, the halfbacks began each play side by side and halfway back, and the fullback began each play the farthest back. Historically, from the 1870s through the 1950s, the halfback position was both an offensive and defensive position. Now that most offensive formations have only one or two running backs, the original designations do not mean as much, as the fullback is now usually a lead blocker (technically a halfback), while the halfback or tailback (called such because he stands at the "tail" of the I) lines up behind the fullback. There has also been a shift in most offense's dependence on halfbacks, as the quarterback is now generally considered the most essential part of a team. However, the average output of the halfback has not changed. In the related sport of Canadian football, halfback is usually a defensive rather than offensive position since the 1980s, though used to also refer to an offensive position similar to a slotback that could line up off the tight end or behind the quarterback. Older systems require the halfback be proficient at throwing the ball downfield as well. Many of the "scat backs" in the modern era produce more total yards and touchdowns than their ancestor "power backs" by breaking off big plays on outside runs and receptions. The spread offense and the hurry-up offense change the halfback's role but create more opportunity for these plays. The spread, the hurry-up, and the pro-style offenses dominate American football but the "smash-mouth" style of play is far from extinct. A power-running scheme is often utilized to counter an effective Spread attack, as it allows a team to control the clock and keep the ball out of the opposing offense's control. This strategy is utilized in NFL, college, and all other forms of American football. The need for "power backs" is very prevalent, alongside the need for "scat backs", and anything in between. In the past few decades the role of the halfback has gone through a great shift as most offensive game plans are now fueled by creativity and finesse instead of raw force. Stamina and durability is more important than ever in the hurry-up offense. On the other hand, speed is often valued over strength, and pass-catching ability is sometimes valued over blocking proficiency. Power was once the most desired trait in a halfback, but has been over taken by the need for a diverse skill set. In the last few decades the running back's individual share of offensive output has declined as quarterbacks are generally treated as the cornerstone of the offense. The demands of an up-tempo offense also favor a multiple running back system. While the timeline differs for individual each player, running backs generally hit their peak between the ages of 22 and 28. A study conducted by Apex Fantasy Leagues concluded that about 84 percent of peak seasons fall within that range. Smash mouth football From the dawn of American football through the 1880s most offensive schemes focused on the running game. In a running based game plan the halfback was typically the cornerstone of the offense. This system focused on a physical run attack concentrated in the inside of the field, and therefore depended on a skilled "power back." There were no forward passes, and pure speed took a backseat to tackle-breaking and bucking ability. There was a focus on physicality over finesse, as this type of playing style earned the moniker of "smash mouth" football. Back Willie Heston of Fielding Yost's "point-a-minute" Michigan team has been acknowledged as the first to play at what later was designated as the tailback position on offense. Prior to Heston, left halfbacks ran plays in one direction, and right halfbacks ran plays in the other direction. Because of Heston's speed and agility, Yost placed Heston in the tailback position so that he could carry the ball on plays to either side of the line. Heston's charging ability and open-field running have also been credited with leading to the origin of the "seven man line and a diamond on defense." Minnesota's College Football Hall of Fame coaching staff of Henry L. Williams and Pudge Heffelfinger devised the strategy in 1903 to stop Heston. Minnesota had previously used the then-traditional nine-man line with the fullback backing up the line and a safety man down the field. Heffelfinger suggested that the halfbacks be pulled out of the line and stationed behind the tackles, thus requiring Heston to break through an initial seven-man line and a secondary line consisting of the fullback and two halfbacks. Known as the Minnesota shift, the formation became a standard practice. In 1936, Arch Ward credited Heston with leading to one of the "noteworthy transitions" in football history. The sport's first triple threat, Bradbury Robinson of St. Louis University, ran, passed, received and punted out of the halfback position. It was as a halfback that Robinson threw the first legal forward pass to teammate Jack Schneider in a game at Carroll College on September 5, 1906. Halfback Jim Thorpe rushed for some 2,000 yards in 1912 as a member of the Carlisle Indians. In 1928, Ken Strong accounted for some 3,000 yards. Don Hutson, one of the sport's first great receivers, had his passes in college tossed by halfback Dixie Howell. Characteristics of a halfback Running No position in American football can perform his duties successfully without the help of other players. Like the wide receiver, who generally cannot make big plays without the quarterback passing to him (with the exception of the end-around play), the halfback needs good blocking from the offensive line and fullback to successfully gain yardage. Also, a halfback will generally have more rushing attempts than a receiver will have receptions. This is mainly because most football teams have one primary halfback to receive most of the carries, while successful passes will generally be spread between a number of different receivers (wide receivers, tight ends, running backs). The ability to protect the football on the run is the principal skill required of a running back. For an offense to succeed the ball has to be protected, and defensive attempts at stripping the ball will largely occur during runs on the inside of the playing field. Halfbacks are expected to have good on-field "vision" in that they can identify open lanes on the field to run through. Hall-of-Famer Emmitt Smith of the Dallas Cowboys and Le'Veon Bell of the Kansas City Chiefs, for example, are renowned for their patient running styles and ability to quickly identify lanes created by blockers, despite not being known for their speed. Receiving In addition to skill at running the ball, some halfbacks in the National Football League are known for their skill at catching passes. In the 1970s, Minnesota Vikings running back Chuck Foreman was one of the first halfbacks to establish himself as an elite threat in the receiving game. Foreman caught over 50 passes in four out of five seasons from 1974 to 1978, including a league leading 73 receptions in 1975. The role of the halfback as a receiver out of the backfield has expanded greatly in the NFL over the years, and a versatile halfback who provides his team with running and pass-catching abilities is highly valued. On passing plays, a halfback will often run a safe checkdown route, such as a hook or curl route, creating a safe target for a quarterback to throw to if all other receivers are covered. The increase in demand for halfbacks with good receiving abilities can be attributed to the rise in popularity of the West Coast offense and its variants, which often requires its halfbacks to catch passes on a regular basis. A great early example of a system that combined accomplished rushing skills with receiving ability is the offense of the San Francisco 49ers of the 1980s and 1990s under Bill Walsh and George Seifert. Their teams featured two Pro Bowl running backs who also had excellent receiving skills in Roger Craig and Ricky Watters. Craig became the first player in NFL history to both rush and receive more than 1,000 yards in a season. Currently Marshall Faulk is one of the top 20 pass catchers in NFL history. A good example of a dual threat running and pass-catching halfback is LaDainian Tomlinson; in 2003, while with the San Diego Chargers, Tomlinson rushed for 1,645 yards and caught 100 passes for 725 yards, giving him 2,370 total yards from the line of scrimmage, and he became the first NFL player ever to rush for over 1,000 yards and catch 100 passes in a season. Some teams have a halfback who is more skilled at catching short passes than the starting halfback on the team, and/or is better at pass blocking or "picking up the blitz" than that of the other backs. Known as a "third down" back, he is often put in the game in third down and long situations where a pass is needed to pick up a first down. He can also be used to fool the defense by making them think he is being put into the game for a pass play, when the play is actually a run. Darren Sproles was one of the most prominent examples of a "third down" back. While never considered a workhorse back partly due to his diminutive 5'6" stature, Sproles was effective due to his elusiveness and ability to catch and block, enjoying a 14-year career with over 4,800 career receiving yards as a result. Current examples of these third down backs include Tarik Cohen of the Chicago Bears, Duke Johnson of the Houston Texans, Chris Thompson of the Washington Redskins and James White of the New England Patriots. Blocking Halfbacks are also required to help the offensive line in passing situations, and, in the case of the fullback, running plays. Halfbacks will often block blitzing linebackers or safeties on passing plays when the offensive line is occupied with the defensive linemen. On running plays, the fullback will often attempt to create a hole in the defensive line for the halfback to run through. Effective blocking backs are usually key components for a running back's success (as seen in LaDainian Tomlinson record-breaking season in 2006). Physical characteristics There is a great diversity in those who play at the running back position. At one extreme are smaller, faster players. These fast, agile, and elusive running backs are often called "scat backs" because their low center of gravity and maneuverability allow them to dodge tacklers. Hall-of-famer Barry Sanders, Chris Johnson, and LeSean McCoy exemplified this running style. "Scat backs" still active in the NFL include Saquon Barkley of the New York Giants, Tevin Coleman of the New York Jets, Christian McCaffrey of the Carolina Panthers and Alvin Kamara of the New Orleans Saints. This type of running back has grown in demand due to changes in offensive play calling, style, and tempo. The trending spread offense demands a player that can utilize open space as much as possible as run blockers are sacrificed to spread out the defense. At the other extreme are "power backs": bigger, stronger players who can break through tackles using brute strength and raw power. They are usually (but not always) slower runners compared to other backs, and typically run straight ahead (or "North-and-South" in football terminology) rather than dodging to the outside edges of the playing field (i.e. running "East-and-West") like shorter, quicker, lighter backs will often do. Power backs from previous generations such as Jim Brown and Larry Csonka were often classified as fullbacks, but halfbacks such as Jerome Bettis and Steven Jackson also exemplify the power back position. More recent examples include Marshawn Lynch, LeGarrette Blount, Frank Gore of the New York Jets, Leonard Fournette of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Derrick Henry of the Tennessee Titans. For many years the “power” running back was the central component of an offense. In that time period formations and rhythm favored this type of player. This sort of offensive scheme is now a rarity, as “power backs” take on supporting roles behind faster and more versatile running backs. In the modern age, an “every-down” halfback has to have a combination of running ability, pass-catching ability, and blocking ability. The "every-down" designation comes from a running back's ability to perform important functions beyond rushing on the ever-increasing number of passing plays such as receiving the ball and pass-blocking for their quarterback. A primary running back also needs abundant stamina to remain consistent in an up-tempo offense. Backs such as Walter Payton and Emmitt Smith were appraised for their versatile running styles and abilities. More recent examples include Adrian Peterson of the Detroit Lions, Todd Gurley of the Atlanta Falcons and Melvin Gordon of the Denver Broncos. Goal line backs Many teams also have a halfback designated as a "goal line back" or "short yardage specialist". This halfback comes into the game in short yardage situations when the offense needs only one to five yards to get a first down. They also come into the game when the offense nears the goal-line. Normally when an offense gets inside the 5-yard line they send in their goal-line formation which usually includes eight blockers, a quarterback, a halfback, and a fullback. The closer they are to the goal-line the more likely they are to use this formation. If a certain halfback is used often near the goal-line he is called the goal-line back. Short yardage and goal-line backs are usually larger power backs that are not prone to fumbling. Their job is to get the first down or touchdown by muscling through or pushing a large mass of players that are being blocked without dropping the ball. Special teams A halfback might be called upon to return punts and kickoffs on special teams. Although this is most often done by wide receivers and defensive backs, such as cornerbacks (because they are generally the fastest players on the team), some halfbacks have enough speed and talent to perform this role. The NFL's current all-time leading in kickoff return yards (14,014 yards) and punt return yards (4,999) by a halfback is Brian Mitchell. He also gained 1,967 rushing yards, 2,336 receiving yards, and 15 fumble return yards, giving him a total of 23,330 all-purpose yards, the second most in NFL history behind Jerry Rice. A halfback, typically a back-up, can also play upback, which is a blocking back who lines up approximately 1–3 yards behind the line of scrimmage in punting situations and usually receive snaps on a fake punt. Passing On rare occasions, and more often in the early days of the sport, a halfback is asked to throw the ball when running a HB option. This play is generally referred to as a half-back pass, regardless if the player throwing the football is a tailback or fullback. This play is risky because most halfbacks are inexperienced passers, and so it is often run only by certain halfbacks more skilled at passing than most. The halfback can also throw the ball while running a direct snap play where the center snaps the ball to halfback directly. This has become particular in teams that use the Wildcat formation, most prominently the Miami Dolphins, where running back Ronnie Brown would run, pass, and receive out of this set. See also Change of pace running back Halfback (Canadian football) References External links Football 101: Basic Football positions American football positions
3987357	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen%20Smith	Maureen Smith	Maureen Smith was a third-party candidate for President of the United States in the 1980 presidential election. She represented the Peace and Freedom Party (United States) and her running mate was Elizabeth Cervantes Barron. She also served as the chair of the party from 1978 to 1980, 86–88, 90–92. She was also Santa Cruz County chair of the party. Smith was a write-in running mate of former Democratic U.S. Senator from Minnesota Eugene McCarthy during his unsuccessful 1988 campaign, where she and McCarthy were on the ballot only in California and got 243 votes. Family Maureen is married to Michael J. Smith. Efforts Since 2003, Maureen and her husband Mike have worked to ensure that electronic voting machines are required to provide a "paper trail" to verify authentication. References Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Female candidates for President of the United States Female candidates for Vice President of the United States Peace and Freedom Party presidential nominees Candidates in the 1980 United States presidential election 1988 United States vice-presidential candidates 20th-century American politicians 20th-century American women politicians
3987369	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genos	Genos	In ancient Greece, a genos (Greek: γένος, "race, stock, kin", plural γένη genē) was a social group claiming common descent, referred to by a single name (see also Sanskrit "Gana"). Most gene were composed of noble families—Herodotus uses the term to denote noble families—and much of early Greek politics seems to have involved struggles between gene. Gene are best attested in Athens, where writers from Herodotus to Aristotle dealt with them. Early modern historians postulated that gene had been the basic organizational group of the Dorian and Ionian tribes that settled Greece during the Greek Dark Ages, but more recent scholarship has reached the conclusion that gene arose later as certain families staked a claim to noble lineage. In time, some, but not necessarily all, gene came to be associated with hereditary priestly functions. See also Gana Gens Phratry Phyle References Fine, John V.A. The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History. Harvard University Press, 1983. Hornblower, Simon, and Anthony Spawforth ed. The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford University Press, 2003. Society of ancient Greece Clans
3987379	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC%20Abdullah%20Pasha	Köprülü Abdullah Pasha	Köprülü Abdullah Pasha (; 1684 – 1735) was an Ottoman general of the first half of the 18th century and one of the commanders during the Ottoman-Hotaki War of 1722–27 as well as the Ottoman-Persian War of 1730–35. Biography He was a member of the renowned Köprülü family, originated from Albania, that had produced six Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire (four counting Kara Mustafa Pasha, who was an adopted son). After serving as nişancı circa 1702, Köprülü rose through the ranks of the Ottoman army to the rank of General during the reign of Sultan Ahmed III. In 1716, he was the first appointment at the rank of Pasha (though not yet at that of a governor), to the hitherto small but fastly growing international trade town of İzmir. From around 1703 to 1724, Köprülü was appointed to a series of provincial governorships, serving as the governor of the Sanjak of Chania (1702/03 – 1705/06, 1710–12), the Sanjak of Sakız (1705/06 – June 1707), the Sanjak of Sivas (June 1707 – 1709), the Trebizond Eyalet (1709–10), the Sanjak of Eğriboz (1710), the Mosul Eyalet (1712–15), the Aidin Eyalet (1715–16), the Sanjak of Jerusalem (1716), the Sanjak of Hamid (1716), the Damascus Eyalet (1717–18), the Diyarbekir Eyalet (1718 – January 1720), the Eyalet of Erzurum (January 1720 – August 1723), the Sanjak of Van (1723 – 1724/25), and the Van Eyalet (1724/25 – 1726/27). While he was stationed in Van, Köprülü was the commander of the Ottoman forces during parts of the campaigns of the ongoing Ottoman-Hotaki War of 1722–27. In 1723, the Safavid Shah Tahmasp II of Iran made an agreement with the Russians, ceding major parts in the Caucasus and the Caspian littoral to the latter. Since this was against Ottoman interests in the region, an army under Köprülü was dispatched and had easily taken Nahçıvan, Merend, Ardabil, Tabriz, and Karabagh. Köprülü became the governor of the new (but short-lived) eyalet of Tabriz in 1724/25. After the war, Köprülü resumed his series of provincial governorship appointments, serving as the governor of the Sidon Eyalet (1726/27 – August 1728), the Sanjak of Candia (August 1728 – July 1729; July 1731 – September 1732), the Egypt Eyalet (July 1729 – July 1731), the Sanjak of Bender (September 1732 – 1733), and the Sanjak of Konya (1733 – 1734/35). Köprülü met the Persian general Nader (soon the Shah of Persia) in the Battle of Yeghevārd in 1735, part of the renewed Ottoman-Persian War of 1730–35. Ordering his forces to entrench in preparation for the advancing Persian army, he managed to avoid an open battle against Nader. However, recognizing a perceived weakness in the Persian lines, Köprülü launched a successful attack against the Persian forces. Despite initial success as well as a numerical superiority of five to one, Köprülü's army was defeated in a brilliantly planned counter-attack and Köprülü himself was killed in battle (near present-day Kars). Family Abdullah was the son of Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha and grandson of Köprülü Mehmet Pasha. He married the daughter of Feyzullah, Zübeyde Hanım during turn of the year 1700–1701. In the course of their marriage 15 children were born, eight daughters and seven sons. Zübeyde Hanım died four years prior her husband, in 1731. See also Köprülü family List of Ottoman governors of Egypt References 1684 births 1735 deaths 18th-century Ottoman military personnel 18th-century Ottoman governors of Egypt Abdullah Pasha Pashas Ottoman military personnel killed in action Ottoman governors of Egypt Ottoman governors of Damascus Nişancı Ottoman people of the Ottoman–Persian Wars Ottoman governors of Sidon
3987380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorstein%20Fretheim	Thorstein Fretheim	Thorstein John Ohnstad Fretheim (10 May 1886 – 29 June 1971) was a Norwegian acting councillor of state in the NS government of Vidkun Quisling 1940–1941, and minister 1941–1945. Fretheim was a district veterinary by profession. In the post-war legal purges he was convicted of treason and sentenced to 20 years of forced labour, being pardoned in 1951. References 1886 births 1971 deaths Ministers of Agriculture and Food of Norway Members of Nasjonal Samling People convicted of treason for Nazi Germany against Norway
3987384	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Malcolm%20Baldrige	Howard Malcolm Baldrige	Howard Malcolm Baldrige may refer to: Howard M. Baldrige (1894–1985), Nebraska State representative and father to Secretary Howard Malcolm Baldrige Howard M. Baldrige Jr. (1922–1987), 26th United States Secretary of Commerce
5378013	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20cruiser%20Gromoboi	Russian cruiser Gromoboi	Gromoboi (, meaning: "Thunderer") was an armoured cruiser built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the late 1890s. She was designed as a long-range commerce raider and served as such during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05. When the war broke out, she was based in Vladivostok and made several sorties in search of Japanese shipping in the conflict's early months without much success. Gromoboi, with the other armoured cruisers of the Vladivostok Cruiser Squadron, attempted to rendezvous in the Strait of Tsushima with the main portion of the Russian Pacific Fleet sailing from Port Arthur in August 1904. The Fleet was delayed, and the squadron returned to port alone. On the return, the squadron encountered a Japanese squadron of four armoured cruisers blocking their passage to base. The Japanese sank the oldest Russian ship, , and damaged Gromoboi and during the subsequent Battle off Ulsan. Both Russian ships were repaired within two months. Gromoboi ran aground immediately after completing her repairs and was out of action for four months. Three months after the damage from the grounding incident was repaired, she struck a mine, but successfully returned to port. Her armament was reinforced while under repair, but she saw no further action during the war. Gromoboi was transferred to the Russian Baltic Fleet after the end of the war and began a lengthy refit that was completed in 1911. She was mostly inactive during World War I, but had her armament and protection upgraded during the war. She was placed into reserve in 1918 and sold to a German company in 1922 for scrapping. She was forced aground near Liepāja during a storm en route to Germany and was scrapped in place. Design and description Gromoboi was originally intended to be a repeat of , but a design modification for thicker armour and improved engines made that unfeasible. The use of Rossias hull design meant that the ships looked alike. Gromoboi was long overall. She had a maximum beam of and a draught of . The ship displaced , only more than designed. She was sheathed in wood and copper to reduce biofouling. As completed Gromoboi trimmed badly by the bow, which reduced her speed and made her very wet forward. Loads had to be shifted aft and ballast added to the rear of the ship to correct her trim, but she was regarded as a good sea boat afterward with an easy, although rapid, roll. Propulsion Gromoboi dispensed with Rossias cruising engine on the centre shaft. Three equally powerful vertical triple expansion steam engines were used with a designed total of , but they developed on trials and drove the ship to a maximum speed of . Thirty-two Belleville water-tube boilers provided steam for the engines. She could carry a maximum of of coal. This gave her a radius of action of at . Armament Gromobois main armament consisted of four 45-calibre Pattern 1892 guns; the forward pair was mounted in casemates above the forward main-deck gun's casemate. The two rear guns were situated in sponsons abreast the mizzenmast, protected by gun shields. The guns could be depressed to −5° and elevated to 18°. They fired projectiles at a muzzle velocity of which gave a range of at 13° elevation. Her secondary armament consisted of sixteen /45 Pattern 1892 guns. One gun was mounted under the forecastle and another in the stern; neither gun could fire to the side. Most of the remaining guns were mounted in casemates, the forward pair in front of the eight-inch guns on the upper deck and the rest on the main deck. One pair was mounted on the upper deck protected by gun shields. In their pivot mounts the guns could depress to -6° and elevate to +20°. They fired Pattern 1907 high explosive projectiles at a muzzle velocity of . This gave a range of at maximum elevation. 240 rounds per gun were carried by Gromoboi. Defence against torpedo boats was provided by a variety of light-calibre weapons. Gromoboi had 24 Canet Pattern 1892 50-caliber guns mounted in sponsons on the upper deck, protected by gun shields. The gun fired shells to a range of about at its maximum elevation of 21° with a muzzle velocity of . The rate of fire was between twelve and fifteen rounds per minute. The ship carried twelve Hotchkiss guns. They fired a shell at a muzzle velocity of at a rate of 20 rounds per minute to a range of . The ship also carried 18 Hotchkiss guns. These fired a shell at a muzzle velocity of at a rate of 20 rounds per minute to a range of . Gromoboi also had four submerged torpedo tubes, with two mounted on each broadside. Armour The Naval Ministry had hoped to increase the Gromobois armour thickness and increase the armour protection of the armament, but still use Rossia hull design. The Ministry also hoped to use the new, more resistant Krupp armour, but Russian plants had proven unable to manufacture it when it was ordered and Harvey armour was used instead. In fact, for Gromoboi, the waterline belt was reduced in thickness by from the older ship to six inches to better protect her guns. The belt was shortened by in length to only . It was reduced in height by as well to a total of ; it extended above the waterline and below the waterline. The belt was closed off by six-inch bulkheads fore and aft. Gromobois casemates were thick, with two-inch backs and roofs. The two-inch thick transverse bulkhead fore and aft protected them from raking fire. The armour deck was 1.5 inches thick on the flat and thick where it sloped down to meet the belt. The protective deck extended fore and aft of the armour deck and ranged from in thickness. The change in the machinery allowed Gromoboi to dispense with Rossias glacis armour that had been necessary to protect the tops of the engine cylinders. The conning tower had walls thick, made of Krupp armour. The funnel uptakes and ammunition hoists were protected by 1.5 inches of armour between the lower and middle decks. Service Gromoboi was built by the Baltic Works in Saint Petersburg. Construction began on 14 June 1897, although she was not formally laid down until 7 May 1898, and the ship was launched on 8 May 1899. She was transferred to Kronstadt on 24 November 1899 to finish fitting out, but was forced aground by sea ice. She was freed three days later, but needed repairs to her sheathing. She left Liepāja on 10 December 1900 en route to the Far East and stopped briefly at Kiel, where she was inspected by Prince Henry of Prussia, and at Plymouth where the officers visited the Devonport naval base. She represented Russia at the granting of the constitution to Australia, visiting Sydney and Melbourne in April–May 1901, before visiting Nagasaki in July. Gromoboi finally reached Port Arthur on 29 July 1901. She remained in the Pacific until the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904. During this voyage she was commanded by Karl Petrovich Jessen. Russo-Japanese War By this time, Gromoboi was assigned of the Vladivostok Cruiser Squadron under the command of Rear Admiral Karl Jessen. The other ships were the armoured cruisers Rossia and as well as the protected cruiser . The squadron made a number of sorties against Japanese shipping early in the war. Only one was reasonably successful: in June 1904 the squadron sank Hitachi Maru, which was carrying eighteen siege howitzers and over 1000 troops intended for the siege of Port Arthur. Battle off Ulsan During the war the bulk of the Russian Pacific Fleet was located in Port Arthur where it was blockaded by the Japanese. On 10 August, the ships at Port Arthur attempted breakout to Vladivostok, but were turned back in the Battle of the Yellow Sea. Admiral Jessen was ordered to rendezvous with them, but the order was delayed. His ships had to raise steam, so he did not sortie until the evening of 13 August. Bogatyr had been damaged earlier when she grounded and did not sail with the squadron. By dawn he had reached the island of Tsushima in the Tsushima Strait between Korea and Japan. He turned back for Vladivostok when he failed to see any ships from the Port Arthur squadron. north of the island he encountered the Japanese squadron commanded by Vice Admiral Kamimura Hikonojō tasked to patrol the Tsushima Strait. The Japanese force had four modern armoured cruisers, , , , and . The two squadrons had passed during the night without spotting one another and each had reversed course around first light. This put the Japanese ships astride the Russian route to Vladivostok. Jessen turned to the northeast when he spotted the Japanese at 05:00 and they followed suit, albeit on a slightly converging course. Both sides opened fire around 05:23 at a range of . The Japanese ships concentrated their fire on Rurik, the rear ship of the Russian formation. She was hit fairly quickly and began to fall astern of the other two ships. Jessen turned southeast in an attempt to open the range, but this blinded the Russian gunners with the rising sun and prevented any of their broadside guns from bearing on the Japanese. About 06:00, Jessen turned 180° to starboard in an attempt to reach the Korean coast and to allow Rurik to rejoin the squadron. Kamimura followed suit around 06:10, but turned to port, which opened the range between the squadrons. Azuma then developed engine problems and the Japanese squadron slowed to conform with her best speed. Firing recommenced at 06:24 and Rurik was hit three times in the stern, flooding her steering compartment; she had to be steered with her engines. Her speed continued to decrease, further exposing her to Japanese fire, and her steering jammed to port around 06:40. Jessen made another 180° turn in an attempt to interpose his two ships between the Japanese and Rurik, but the latter ship suddenly turn to starboard and increased speed and passed between Jessen's ships and the Japanese. Kamimura turned 180° as well so that both squadrons were heading southeast on parallel courses, but Jessen quickly made another 180° turn so that they headed on opposing courses. Iwate was hit around this time, which knocked out three 6-inch and one 12-pounder guns, killing 32 and wounding 43. The Japanese squadron opened the range again when it made a 180° another turn to port. The Russians reversed course for the third time around 07:45 in another attempt to support Rurik although Rossia was on fire herself; her fires were extinguished about twenty minutes later. Kamimura circled Rurik to the south at 08:00 and allowed the other two Russian ships to get to his north and gave them an uncontested route to Vladivostok. Despite this, Jessen turned back once more at 08:15 and ordered Rurik to make her own way back to Vladivostok before turning north at his maximum speed, about . About this time Kamimura's two elderly protected cruisers, and , were approaching from the south. Their arrival allowed Kamimura to pursue Jessen with all of his armoured cruisers while the two new arrivals dealt with Rurik. They fought a running battle with the Russians for the next hour and a half; scoring enough hits on them to force their speed down to . Azumas engines again broke down during this chase and she was replaced in the line by Tokiwa. The Japanese closed to a minimum of about , but Kamimura then opened the range up to . About 10:00, Kamimura's gunnery officer erroneously informed him that Izumo had expended three-quarters of her ammunition and he turned back after a five-minute rapid-fire barrage. He did not wish to leave the Tsushima Strait unguarded and thought that he could use his remaining ammunition on Rurik. By this time she had been sunk by Naniwa and Takachiho which had closed to of Rurik in order to finish her off. They had radioed Kamimura that she was sunk, but he did not receive the message. Shortly after the Japanese turned back, Gromoboi and Rossia were forced to heave-to to make repairs. Gromoboi suffered 87 dead and 170 wounded; far more than Rossias 44 dead and 156 wounded. This was attributable to Rossias captain's policy of ordering the gun crews for his quick-firing guns on the engaged side to lie down and those on the unengaged side to go below, in contrast to the Gromoboi keeping her light guns manned at all times. Gromoboi was hit fifteen times on the starboard side of her hull and seven times on her port side, plus other hits in her funnels, boats and decks. She also suffered a fire caused by the ignition of excess propellant charges. Despite this number of hits, she was not badly damaged because her waterline belt was not penetrated. She was repaired within two months by the rudimentary facilities available at Vladivostok. Immediately following her repairs she ran aground outside Vladivostok on 13 October and was not ready for sea until February 1905. The Russians took this opportunity to reinforce her armament with six more 6-inch guns mounted on her upper deck, protected by lightly armoured casemates. Her armament was rearranged as well with her foremost six-inch guns moved from their casemates to the forecastle and the rearmost six-inch guns moved forward. Room for these changes was made by removing many of her lighter guns; she retained only nineteen 75 mm and two 37 mm guns. She also received several Barr and Stroud rangefinders at this time. While testing her new Telefunken radio equipment on 24 May she struck a mine near her forward boiler room. She was able to return to Vladivostok for repairs, but took no further part in the war. Interwar period Gromoboi returned to the Baltic Fleet after the war. There she was given a lengthy refit that was finished in 1911. Her engines and boilers were reconditioned, and her rear torpedo tubes were removed. The forward 15-inch torpedo tubes were replaced by tubes. Her foremast was removed and replaced by her mizzenmast; her mainmast was moved aft in place of the mizzenmast and searchlights were installed on a platform on each mast. A casemate with 3-inch sides and a 1-inch roof was built around the rear eight-inch guns and the rear six-inch guns were moved aft and protected by a casemate with two-inch sides and a roof. The thickness of the upper-deck casemates was increased to two inches. Armoured towers fore and aft were built for her rangefinders. Her light armament was reduced to four 75 mm and four 47 mm guns. Engine trials were conducted in late 1910 and were unsatisfactory as they were overheating while delivering only . The trials were run again on 27 July 1911 and were more satisfactory as they developed while Gromoboi reached . World War I Gromoboi served in the 2nd Cruiser Brigade of the Baltic Fleet during World War I. She was modified to serve as a fast minelayer with a capacity of two hundred mines. She engaged the German battlecruiser at the entrance to the Gulf of Finland on August 10, 1915. Her armament was changed in 1916–1917 as well; she exchanged the six-inch guns on the bow and stern for eight-inch guns. These additions increased her broadside to four eight-inch and eleven six-inch guns. All of her remaining light guns were removed and she received two 2.5-inch and two 47 mm anti-aircraft guns. All of these additions raised her displacement to about . Gromoboi came under control of the Soviet Red Fleet in September 1917. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk required the Soviets to evacuate their base at Helsinki in March 1918 or have them interned by newly independent Finland even though the Gulf of Finland was still frozen over. Gromoboi sailed to Kronstadt in what became known as the 'Ice Voyage' and was placed into reserve shortly after her arrival. Post-World War I In late October 1920, Gromobois crew mutinied and took control of the ship off Kronstadt. They killed Gromobois commisars and officers and scuttled the ship. Gromoboi was refloated and was sold to a German company for scrapping on 1 July 1922; she ran aground in a storm near Liepāja while under tow to Germany on 30 October and was scrapped in place. Notes Footnotes References External links Site with photographs Specifications page Russo-Japanese War cruisers of Russia World War I cruisers of Russia Naval ships of Russia 1899 ships Cruisers of the Imperial Russian Navy Maritime incidents in 1899 Maritime incidents in 1904 Maritime incidents in 1920 Maritime incidents in 1922 Ships built at the Baltic Shipyard
5378045	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Hartley%20%28DE-1029%29	USS Hartley (DE-1029)	USS Hartley (DE-1029) was a in the United States Navy. DE-1029 was the second ship to bear the name Hartley; she was named for Admiral Henry Hartley. USS Hartley was laid down by the New York Shipbuilding Company, Camden, New Jersey, 31 October 1955; launched 24 November 1956; sponsored by Mrs. Henry Hartley, widow of Admiral Hartley; and commissioned 26 June 1957 at Philadelphia, Lt. Comdr. C. N. Crandall, Jr., in command. Service history 1950s After shakedown in the Caribbean to test her antisubmarine equipment, Hartley joined Escort Squadron 14 in Newport, Rhode Island, for a series of ASW and convoy tactics exercises on 28 January 1958. Departing Newport on 12 May in company with CortRon 14, CortRon 10, and the aircraft carrier , Hartley deployed to the Mediterranean for operations with the 6th Fleet. During the Lebanese crisis in July she patrolled off the coast of Lebanon. For the next 2 months she continued peace-keeping patrols and ranged the Mediterranean from Turkey to France. She returned to Newport on 7 October. After a series of ASW exercises out of her home port, Hartley sailed with CortRon 14 for an extended South American cruise 6 February 1959. United States Navy units joined ships from the Brazilian, Argentine, Uruguayan, and Venezuelan navies for intensive ASW training exercises. Hartley returned to Newport 5 May 1959 and engaged in further escort and ASW exercises until June 1960, when she entered Monroe Shipyard, Chelsea, Massachusetts, for installation of a new high-speed sonar dome. Hartley then served as Fleet Sonar School training ship at Key West, Florida, until November 1960. Cuban Missile Crisis Antisubmarine exercises out of Newport filled Hartleys schedule for the following 4 years, punctuated by occasional special operations. In October 1961, Hartley sailed to Norfolk to work with NASA research teams in improving shipboard recovery and space capsule egress procedures for American astronauts. After another tour with the Sonar School at Key West, Hartley prepared for BEAGLE II, a joint Canadian-American exercise which was cancelled because of the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. In response to the Russian attempt to establish offensive missile bases in Cuba the United States established a naval blockade off Cuba. 1960s From 1962 on, Hartley continued operating in the Atlantic and the Caribbean. In March 1963, she conducted surveillance patrols off Cuba, and during the next 5 months she participated in extensive ASW exercises out of Key West and Newport. Early in September she entered the Boston Naval Shipyard where she underwent overhaul and modification. Equipped with the latest advances in sonar equipment and DASH, Hartley resumed duty 27 January 1964. During February and March she trained out of Guantánamo Bay and served at the Sonar School at Key West. Returning to Newport 8 April, she spent the remainder of the year participating in antisubmarine exercises which sent her from the Gulf of Maine to the Straits of Florida. After conducting surveillance patrols and sonar training out of Key West during the early part of 1965, she was heavily damaged by the Norwegian freighter Blue Master 16 June. As Hartley entered Chesapeake Bay in heavy weather, the merchantman hit the destroyer escort broadside, and her bow almost cut Hartley in half. She suffered no casualties but was extensively damaged in the engineering spaces. Rescue and salvage operations kept her from grounding; 19 hours after the collision, she reached Norfolk under tow. After extensive repairs at Norfolk Navy Yard, Hartley returned to Newport early in October. There she resumed antisubmarine operations. Hartley operated out of Newport along the New England coast and in the Caribbean until she sailed for Northern Europe late in May 1967. After cruising along the Scandinavian coast, she arrived at Copenhagen on 23 June. She next visited Holy Loch, Scotland, before getting underway 17 July for the Mediterranean. Transfer to Colombian Navy and fate She was sold on 8 July 1972 to Colombia and renamed Boyaca, bearing the hull designation DE-16. She was stricken from the Colombian record in 1992 and was intended to be preserved as a museum ship at Guatape. The ship was dismantled and trucked to a mountain location on the shores of Lake Guatape in anticipation of being reassembled as a land ship. Due to funding limitations, the project has been on hold since. As of 28, Sept. 2015, the remains of the Boyaca have been removed and there are houses being constructed on the site. References External links navsource.org: USS Hartley hazegray.org: USS Hartley Dealey-class destroyer escorts Ships built by New York Shipbuilding Corporation 1956 ships Cold War frigates and destroyer escorts of the United States Ships transferred from the United States Navy to the Colombian Navy Frigates of the Colombian Navy Museum ships in Colombia
5378046	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer%20Park%20Spring%20Water	Deer Park Spring Water	Deer Park is an American brand of bottled water of natural spring origin from BlueTriton Brands, produced and marketed primarily across the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. History Following the American Civil War, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) created a casino near Pennsylvania where the spring water was founded and found by a man named Troy Gibson in Deer Park Maryland. While the Deer Park Hotel [in Deer Park Maryland] and its spa were built to attract passengers to ride the railroad to this vacation spot, the spring water near the site also became a major attraction. Among the many tourists who made the journey to enjoy the benefits of the spring water were four American Presidents, from James Garfield to William Taft. Known locally as the "Boiling Spring", the source of the spring water derived its name from the action of the water bubbling up through white sand on its way to the surface. The B&O Railroad quickly recognized the value of the spring and began bottling the water in 1873. In 1966 the Boiling Spring Holding Corporation purchased the spring and its surrounding woodlands from the B&O Railroad and incorporated as Deer Park Spring Water, Inc., named for the nearby town of Deer Park, Maryland. This company bottled the spring water primarily for the metropolitan New York market. Deer Park Water Company was then purchased by The Clorox Company. and continued to sell the spring water under the Deer Park name along most of the East Coast. Perrier Group of America Inc., the bottled water company which is a subsidiary of Nestle S.A., the giant Swiss food producer, bought Deer Park Spring Water, Inc in 1993. As a division of Nestlé Waters, the water now comes from additional sources in Florida, Pennsylvania, Maryland, New York, Michigan, and South Carolina. Once known for the famous 1980's catchphrase, "Deer PARK, that's good water!". In 2006, the uniquely designed Aquapod bottle was released under this brand.. References External links Official Deer Park Water Web Site Bottled water brands BlueTriton brands 1873 introductions
3987386	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramipexole	Pramipexole	Pramipexole, sold under the brand Mirapex among others, is medication used to treat Parkinson's disease (PD) and restless legs syndrome (RLS). In Parkinson's disease it may be used alone or together with levodopa. It is taken by mouth. Pramipexole is a dopamine agonist of the non-ergoline class. Pramipexole was approved for medical use in the United States in 1997. Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is of unclear safety. It is available as a generic medication. In 2019, it was the 166th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 3million prescriptions. Medical uses Pramipexole is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) and restless legs syndrome (RLS). Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is of unclear safety. Side effects Common side effects of pramipexole may include: Headache Peripheral edema Hyperalgesia (body aches and pains) Nausea and vomiting Sedation and somnolence Decreased appetite and subsequent weight loss Orthostatic hypotension (resulting in dizziness, lightheadedness, and possibly fainting, especially when standing up) Insomnia Hallucinations (seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting or feeling things that are not there), amnesia and confusion Twitching, twisting, or other unusual body movements Unusual tiredness or weakness Impulsive-compulsive behaviors: Pramipexole (and related D3-preferring dopamine agonist medications such as ropinirole) can induce "impulsive-compulsive spectrum disorders" such as compulsive gambling, punding, hypersexuality, and overeating, even in people without any prior history of these behaviours. Augmentation: Especially when used to treat restless legs syndrome, long-term pramipexole treatment may exhibit drug augmentation, which is "an iatrogenic worsening of RLS symptoms following treatment with dopaminergic agents" and may include an earlier onset of symptoms during the day or a generalized increase in symptoms. Pharmacology The activity profile of pramipexole at various sites has been characterized as follows: While pramipexole is used clinically (see below), its D3-preferring receptor binding profile has made it a popular tool compound for preclinical research. For example, pramipexole has been used (in combination with D2- and or D3-preferring antagonists) to discover the role of D3 receptor function in rodent models and tasks for neuropsychiatric disorders. Of note, it appears that pramipexole, in addition to having effects on dopamine D3 receptors, may also affect mitochondrial function via a mechanism that remains less understood. A pharmacological approach to separate dopaminergic from non-dopaminergic (e.g. mitochondrial) effects of pramipexole has been to study the effects of the R-stereoisomer of pramipexole (which has much lower affinity to the dopamine receptors when compared to the S-isomer) side by side with the effects of the S-isomer. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease affecting the substantia nigra, a component of the basal ganglia. The substantia nigra has a high quantity of dopaminergic neurons, which are nerve cells that release the neurotransmitter known as dopamine. When dopamine is released, it may activate dopamine receptors in the striatum, which is another component of the basal ganglia. When neurons of the substantia nigra deteriorate in Parkinson's disease, the striatum no longer properly receives dopamine signals. As a result, the basal ganglia can no longer regulate body movement effectively and motor function becomes impaired. By acting as an agonist for the D2, D3, and D4 dopamine receptors, pramipexole may directly stimulate the underfunctioning dopamine receptors in the striatum, thereby restoring the dopamine signals needed for proper functioning of the basal ganglia. Society and culture Brand names Brand names include Mirapex, Mirapex ER, Mirapexin, Sifrol, Glepark, and Oprymea. Research Pramipexole has been evaluated for the treatment of sexual dysfunction experienced by some users of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants. Pramipexole has shown effects on pilot studies in a placebo-controlled proof of concept study in bipolar disorder. It is also being investigated for the treatment of clinical depression and fibromyalgia. Notes References External links Aphrodisiacs Dopamine agonists Thiazoles Pfizer brands Boehringer Ingelheim Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
5378052	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterburn	Winterburn	Winterburn is a village in the Craven district of North Yorkshire, England. It is about south west of Grassington. Winterburn Reservoir is located about a mile from the village, which is situated on Winterburn Beck, the reservoir's outlet. External links Winterburn history pages Villages in North Yorkshire Craven District
5378056	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutlery%20and%20Allied%20Trades%20Research%20Association	Cutlery and Allied Trades Research Association	Cutlery and Allied Trades Research Association (CATRA) is an internationally known research and technology organisation in Sheffield, England which specialises in knives, cutlery, tableware, metallic holloware (such as pans), shaving razors, industrial knives, blades and garden tools. History CATRA was originally set up by the British Government in 1952 to carry out developments for the UK's cutlery and knife industries, for which the area of Sheffield in Yorkshire is world-famous. CATRA has developed a range of unique machines for measuring the cutting performance of all types of cutting edges from razor blades to large knives used in machinery and for testing of blade performance in general. Since the 1980s CATRA has become an internationally recognised (60% export, CATRA published accounts 2013) cutting technology organisation, supplying consultancy, testing services and knife/blade making and testing equipment to manufacturers, developers, designers, users and retailers. Their particular expertise is unusual and important to the knife history and culture of Sheffield. Aims CATRA's aim is to provide manufacturers, retailers and users of all types of cutting implements with independent technical experts that can advise, carry out product comparisons/tests and develop blade, knife and cutting technologies. Services The association has a wealth of knowledge which is available to everyone on a competitive fee paying basis, however CATRA will enter into dialogue with consumers and users of cutlery, knives and tools where their expertise may be of help, on a free of charge basis. Petersen's Bowhunting magazine uses CATRA to measure sharpness of arrowheads. Products CATRA manufactures a wide range of special purpose equipment including knife and cutlery testing machines and knife sharpening systems including the CATRAHONE and CATRASHARP machines References External links 1952 establishments in the United Kingdom British research associations Economy of Sheffield Industry trade groups based in England Knife manufacturing companies Metallurgical industry of the United Kingdom Organisations based in Sheffield Organizations established in 1952 Science and technology in South Yorkshire Trade associations based in the United Kingdom
3987399	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitamun	Sitamun	Sitamun, also Sitamen, Satamun; , "daughter of Amun" (c. 1370 BCE–unknown) was an ancient Egyptian princess and queen consort during the 18th Dynasty. Family Sitamun is considered to be the eldest daughter of Pharaoh Amenhotep III and his Great Royal Wife Tiye. She was later married to her father around Year 30 of Amenhotep III's reign. The belief that Sitamun was a daughter of Amenhotep and Tiye is based on the presence of objects found in the tomb of Yuya and Thuya, Queen Tiye's parents, especially a chair bearing her title as the king's daughter. Biography Sitamun is very well attested, most notably in the tomb of Yuya and Thuya where three finely made chairs were discovered. As these chairs were used, and are of progressively larger size, it is assumed they belonged to Sitamun as she was growing up. They were then placed in her grandparents' tomb in the tradition of placing objects which had meaning in the deceased person's life. She is also depicted on the stele of her nurse Nebetkabeny. Almost nothing is known of her life beyond being the oldest daughter of a powerful (and long-lived) queen. In the last decade of her father's reign, she was promoted to the status of Great Royal Wife. The evidence for this marriage consists of a blue-faience kohl-tube with the cartouches of Amenhotep III and Sitamun, an alabaster bowl found at Amarna with the same cartouches and jar-label inscriptions from Malkata palace. Sitamun's elevation to her role as Great Royal Wife of her father, Amenhotep III, is attested as early as Year 30 of his reign from jar label inscription No.95 which was discovered in the royal palace. She maintained her own rooms in the Malkata palace complex, and Amenhotep, son of Hapu was appointed as the steward of her properties here. She is attested on a Karnak statue of Amenhotep, son of Hapu (now in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo) where she is mentioned as the king's Great Royal Wife. She also appears on a relief from Amenhotep III's mortuary temple, found by William Matthew Flinders Petrie, (now in the Petrie Museum). Sitamun is among a handful of figures that appear near the end of the reign of Amenhotep III. This was an era of Egyptian history in which women assumed far more prominent and powerful roles with Amenhotep III's wife Tiye, Sitamun's mother, being a particular example. Prior to Tiye's reign, "no previous queen ever figured so prominently in her husband's lifetime". Tiye regularly appeared besides Amenhotep III in statuary, tomb and temple reliefs and stelae, while her name is paired with his on numerous small objects, such as vessels and jewellery, as well as their large commemorative scarabs. As the eldest daughter of a powerful queen, Sitamun would have been groomed for a political role but never fulfilled this potential, despite having her own property at Malkata and her high position at court. One possibility is that she was married to an heir who never assumed the throne. Another possibility is that she died prematurely or went into seclusion after her brother Akhenaten became king. She was an aunt of Tutankhamun. She vanishes at the end of Amenhotep III's reign and is not mentioned during Akhenaten's reign. A separate chamber was carved for her in Amenhotep III's tomb in the Valley of the Kings, but there is no evidence that she was ever buried there. Titles Singer of the Lord of the Two Lands King’s Wife King’s Great Wife King’s Daughter King’s Daughter Whom He Loves Eldest Daughter of the King Great Daughter of the King Whom He Loves References Significant books on Sitamun: H. Schäfer's "Amarna in Religion und Kunst", Leipzig 1931. E. Riefstahl "Thebes in the Time of Amenhotep III", NY 1964. 14th-century BC Egyptian women Princesses of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Queens consort of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Children of Amenhotep III Wives of Amenhotep III
3987417	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders%20Frihagen	Anders Frihagen	Anders Rasmus Frihagen (28 January 1892 - 5 April 1979) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party. He was Minister of Trade 1939–1940, government representative in Stockholm 1940–1942, Minister of Trade again in 1942 and Minister of Provisioning 1942–1945. Frihagen was a bank director by profession. References 1892 births 1979 deaths Government ministers of Norway Norwegian people of World War II Labour Party (Norway) politicians
3987433	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar%20Frogner	Einar Frogner	Einar Frogner (19 May 1893 – 10 July 1955) was the leader of the Norwegian Agrarian Party 1948–1954, and Minister of Agriculture in 1945 in the Unification Cabinet of Einar Gerhardsen. Frogner was a farmer by profession. References 1893 births 1955 deaths Ministers of Agriculture and Food of Norway Members of the Storting Centre Party (Norway) politicians 20th-century Norwegian politicians
5378058	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Outlaws%20Is%20Coming	The Outlaws Is Coming	The Outlaws Is Coming (stylized as The Outlaws IS Coming!) is the sixth and final theatrical comedy starring The Three Stooges after their 1959 resurgence in popularity. By this time, the trio consisted of Moe Howard, Larry Fine, and Joe DeRita (dubbed "Curly Joe"). Like its predecessor, The Three Stooges Go Around the World in a Daze, the film was co-written, produced and directed by Moe's son-in-law, Norman Maurer. The supporting cast features Adam West, Nancy Kovack, and Emil Sitka, the latter in three roles. Plot In 1871, Rance Roden (Don Lamond) plans to kill off all the buffalo and thus cause the Indians to riot. After they destroy the U.S. Cavalry (his real enemy), Rance and his gang will take over the West. Meanwhile, a Boston magazine gets wind of the buffalo slaughter and sends editor Kenneth Cabot (Adam West) and his associates (Moe, Larry and Curly Joe) to Casper, Wyoming to investigate. Once there, Ken's shooting skills—secretly aided by sharp shooter Annie Oakley (Nancy Kovack)—earn him the job of town sheriff. Rance has his band of bad guys called in to have the lawmen wiped out, but the Stooges sneak into the gang's hideout while the gang is asleep and glue their firearms to their holsters. When Ken confronts the bad guys, the bad guys decide that a life of justice is better than crime. Meanwhile, Rance and Trigger attempt to sell firearms to the Indians, including an armored wagon containing a Gatling Gun and cannon in a turret, but the Stooges foil this plan by snapping a picture of them making the sale. Production notes Upon release of The Outlaws IS Coming, a number of English teachers expressed displeasure over the movie's grammatically incorrect title. The title itself was a satire of Alfred Hitchcock's 1963 film The Birds, which featured the tagline "The Birds is Coming". The film satirises many 1960's fads, films and television commercials as well as the Western. In a nod to television's key role in the resurgence of the Stooges' popularity, the outlaw characters featured in the film were played by local TV hosts from across the U.S. whose shows featured the trio's old Columbia shorts. On A&E's Biography, Adam West spoke about his involvement with the film and with the Stooges: Primary cast and crew Moe Howard as Moe Larry Fine as Larry Joe DeRita as Curly-Joe Adam West as Kenneth Cabot Nancy Kovack as Annie Oakley Mort Mills as Trigger Mortis Don Lamond as Rance Roden Rex Holman as Sunstroke Kid Emil Sitka as Mr. Abernathy/Medicine man/Cavalry colonel Henry Gibson as Charlie Horse Murray Alper as Chief Crazy Horse Tiny Brauer as Bartender The Outlaws Joe Bolton as Rob Dalton Bill Camfield as Wyatt Earp Hal Fryar as Johnny Ringo Johnny Ginger as Billy the Kid Wayne Mack as Jesse James Ed T. McDonnell as Bat Masterson Bruce Sedley as Cole Younger Paul Shannon as Wild Bill Hickok Sally Starr as Belle Starr See also List of American films of 1965 References External links The Outlaws IS Coming! at threestooges.net On the Set of The Outlaws Is Coming (1965), The Bill Camfield Collection, Texas Archive of the Moving Image. 1965 films American Western (genre) comedy films Films set in 1871 Columbia Pictures films The Three Stooges films 1960s English-language films American black-and-white films Films scored by Paul Dunlap Cultural depictions of Annie Oakley Cultural depictions of Crazy Horse Cultural depictions of Wyatt Earp Cultural depictions of Billy the Kid Cultural depictions of Jesse James Cultural depictions of Belle Starr Cultural depictions of Bat Masterson Cultural depictions of Wild Bill Hickok Cultural depictions of Johnny Ringo 1960s Western (genre) comedy films 1965 comedy films Films set in Wyoming Films shot in Wyoming
5378070	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Bayswater	Electoral district of Bayswater	The electoral district of Bayswater is one of the electoral districts of Victoria, Australia, for the Victorian Legislative Assembly. It covers an area of in outer eastern Melbourne, and includes the suburbs of Bayswater, Heathmont, Kilsyth South and The Basin, and parts of Bayswater North, Boronia, Ringwood and Wantirna. It lies within the Eastern Metropolitan Region of the upper house, the Legislative Council. Bayswater was created as a notionally marginal Labor seat in a redistribution for the 1992 state election. It replaced the abolished electorate of Ringwood, which had been held by Labor MP and Kirner government Minister for Community Services Kay Setches since 1982. The area had been traditionally Liberal prior to Setches' election; she had been the first Labor member to hold Ringwood. Setches contested Bayswater at the election, but was resoundingly defeated by Liberal candidate and personnel consultant Gordon Ashley in the Liberal landslide victory that year, one of several ministers to lose their seats. Ashley was easily re-elected at the 1996 election and 1999 election, but was unexpectedly defeated by Labor candidate Peter Lockwood in the Labor landslide victory at the 2002 election. Lockwood only lasted one term before being defeated by Liberal Heidi Victoria in 2006. Victoria served as Minister for the Arts, Minister for Women's Affairs and Minister for Consumer Affairs in the Napthine Ministry from 2013 to 2014. The seat was won back by Labor somewhat unexpectedly in the 2018 Victorian state election, with Jackson Taylor serving as the current Labor MP for the district. Members for Bayswater Election results External links Electorate profile: Bayswater District, Victorian Electoral Commission References 1992 establishments in Australia Electoral districts of Victoria (Australia)
3987443	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria%20La%20Riva	Gloria La Riva	Gloria Estela La Riva (born August 13, 1954) is an American perennial political candidate, and communist activist with the Party for Socialism and Liberation (PSL) and the Peace and Freedom Party. She was the PSL's nominee and the Peace and Freedom's nominee in the 2020 presidential election, her tenth consecutive candidacy as either a presidential or vice presidential candidate. She was previously a member of the Workers World Party. She ran as the PSL's and the Peace and Freedom Party's presidential candidate in the 2016 presidential election, with Eugene Puryear and Dennis J. Banks as her running mates respectively. She was the PSL's presidential nominee in the 2008 presidential election. For the 2020 election, Sunil Freeman was her running mate. Life and career La Riva was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, on August 13, 1954. She graduated from high school and began attending Brandeis University in 1972. She was a third-party candidate for President of the United States in the 1992 presidential election, representing the Workers World Party. She had also been the Workers World Party vice-presidential candidate in the elections of 1984, 1988, 1996, and 2000. La Riva is a founding member of the Party for Socialism and Liberation. La Riva was also the Peace and Freedom Party candidate for Governor of California in 1994, receiving 72,774 votes (0.9%). She ran again in the 1998 gubernatorial election, capturing 59,218 votes (0.71%). She also ran for San Francisco Mayor in 1983 (7,328 votes – 5.4%), coming in third overall, and second in the working class wards of the city, and 1991 (2,552 votes – 1.4%), and for Congress in 2010 (3rd place – 3%). In the 2008 Presidential election, La Riva received 6,821 votes, the 10th highest vote total. La Riva has also been the director of the National Committee to Free the Cuban Five, and president of the typographical sector of the Northern California Media Workers Union. In 2010, La Riva was the Peace and Freedom Party's candidate for U.S. Congress in California's 8th Congressional District. Running against Democratic House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, she came in third, receiving 5,161 votes, 3% of the overall vote. Also in 2010, La Riva was awarded the Friendship Medal by the Cuban Council of State. In the 2012 presidential election, La Riva was a presidential stand-in for Peta Lindsay, the PSL nominee for president who was not allowed on the ballot in some states due to her age. La Riva was on the ballot in Colorado, Iowa, Utah, and Wisconsin, and she received 1,608 votes, or less than 0.01% of the total votes. In July 2015, she was announced as the PSL's 2016 presidential nominee, with Eugene Puryear as her running mate. She attained ballot access in eight states: Vermont, New Mexico, Iowa, Louisiana, Colorado, Washington, New Jersey, and California. She received 74,401 votes in the election, or 0.05% of the total votes. La Riva was a candidate for the Peace and Freedom Party nomination for Governor of California in 2018. She received 19,075 votes in the nonpartisan blanket primary, or 0.3% of the total votes. She received the Party of Socialism and Liberation nomination for the 2020 presidential election, with Leonard Peltier as her running mate. Peltier later stepped down from the ticket due to his deteriorating health and was replaced by Sunil Freeman. Additionally, she won the Peace & Freedom Party primary in California for the 2020 United States presidential election, beating Green Party candidate Howie Hawkins. She won the nomination of the Liberty Union Party in Vermont. She obtained no electoral votes in the election, and a total of 85,623 nationally, or about 0.05% of the total, being sixth most voted candidate, after Rocky de la Fuente, and ahead of Kanye West. Other activities La Riva has translated Fidel Castro's book Cuba at the Crossroads (1997) , and produced the documentary videos NATO Targets, Workers' Democracy in Cuba (1996), Genocide by Sanctions: The Case of Iraq (1998) and Let Iraq Live! References External links 2020 campaign website 2020 campaign Twitter profile 2016 campaign website "Standing for Castro at the US election", a brief report on Gloria La Riva by France 24, October 29, 2008 "Meet Gloria", profile on Votepsl.org 1954 births Living people 1984 United States vice-presidential candidates 1988 United States vice-presidential candidates 1996 United States vice-presidential candidates 2000 United States vice-presidential candidates 20th-century American politicians 21st-century American politicians 21st-century American women politicians American anti-poverty advocates American anti–Iraq War activists American communists American documentary filmmakers Brandeis University alumni Candidates in the 1992 United States presidential election Candidates in the 2008 United States presidential election Candidates in the 2012 United States presidential election Candidates in the 2016 United States presidential election Candidates in the 2018 United States elections Candidates in the 2020 United States presidential election Female candidates for President of the United States Female candidates for Vice President of the United States Hispanic and Latino American candidates for President of the United States Hispanic and Latino American women in politics Mexican-American people in California politics Party for Socialism and Liberation politicians Peace and Freedom Party presidential nominees Politicians from Albuquerque, New Mexico American women documentary filmmakers Women in California politics Workers World Party presidential nominees Workers World Party vice presidential nominees
3987453	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabella%20Mansfield	Arabella Mansfield	Arabella Mansfield (May 23, 1846 – August 1, 1911), born Belle Aurelia Babb, became the first female lawyer in the United States in 1869, admitted to the Iowa bar; she made her career as a college educator and administrator. Despite an Iowa state law restricting the bar exam to males, Mansfield had taken it and earned high scores. Shortly after her court challenge, Iowa amended its licensing statute and became the first state to accept women and minorities into its bar. During her career, Mansfield worked primarily as an educator and activist, teaching at Iowa Wesleyan College and DePauw University. At the latter, she also became a university administrator, serving successively as dean in the 1890s of two different schools. Early life and education Belle Aurelia Babb (known as Belle) was born in 1846 on a family farm in Benton Township, Des Moines County, Iowa, as the second child to Mary (Moyer) (1820-1895) and Miles Babb. Her older brother, Washington Irving Babb, born in 1844 and named after the prominent New York author, was her lifelong friend. While Belle was young, her father left for California April 10, 1850 on the Flint River Company wagon train. Prior to his departure he signed a will making provisions for the educations of his children. Miles became superintendent of the Bay State Mining Company and was killed in the collapse of a mining tunnel at the Mameluke Hill mine in El Dorado County, California Dec. 23, 1852. Mary Babb moved with their two children to Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, where they attended local schools. (Clara Foltz, the first woman lawyer to be accepted to the bar on the West Coast, also grew up in Mount Pleasant around this time.) In 1862, Babb started her studies at Iowa Wesleyan College in Mount Pleasant. There she began using the name Arabella (previously, she had gone by her given name of Belle). As many men were leaving to fight in the American Civil War, universities were admitting more women students and hiring them as teachers. Arabella Babb graduated in three years as valedictorian; her brother Washington Babb was salutatorian in the same class. Career Babb taught at Des Moines Conference Seminary (now Simpson College) in Indianola, Iowa for a year. She returned to Mount Pleasant to marry her college sweetheart, John Melvin Mansfield, a young professor at Iowa Wesleyan. He encouraged her in her ambition to study law. Arabella Mansfield "read the law" as an apprentice in her brother Washington's law office, after he had passed the bar and established his practice. Although by Iowa law the bar exam was restricted to "males over 21," Arabella Mansfield took the exam in 1869, passing it with high scores. In 1869, Iowa became the first state in the union to admit women to the practice of law after Mansfield challenged the state law excluding her. The Court ruled that women may not be denied the right to practice law in Iowa, admitting Mansfield to the bar. Mansfield was sworn in at the Union Block building in Mount Pleasant that year. Although admitted to the bar, Mansfield did not practice law, concentrating on college teaching and activist work. She taught at Iowa Wesleyan College, followed by DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana. In 1893 she was selected as Dean of the School of Art at DePauw, and in 1894 as Dean of the School of Music. In 1893, Mansfield joined the National League of Women Lawyers. Mansfield was also active in the women's suffrage movement, chairing the Iowa Women’s Suffrage Convention in 1870, and working with Susan B. Anthony. Mansfield died Aug. 1, 1911 at the home of her brother, Washington I. Babb, in Aurora, Illinois, before getting to see the suffrage movement’s ultimate achievement: passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, effective in 1920. Legacy and honors In 1980, Arabella Mansfield was inducted into the Iowa Women's Hall of Fame. In 2002 the Iowa Organization of Women Attorneys established the Arabella Mansfield Award to recognize outstanding women lawyers in the state. A commemorative sculpture of her was commissioned by Iowa Wesleyan College and installed at the campus; it was created by Benjamin Victor. The National Association of Women Lawyers named its most prestigious award after Arabella Babb Mansfield. Past winners include all three sitting female U.S. Supreme Court Justices, Judge Ann Claire Williams (7th Circuit), Anita Hill, and Marcia Greenberger. In 2017, Diversity Lab established the Mansfield Rule to hold big law firms accountable for their diversity goals. Named for Arabella Mansfield, the rule is modeled after the National Football League’s Rooney Rule, which requires teams to interview a minority candidate for head coach or general manager vacancies. The idea, first proposed by Mark Helm, a partner at Munger, Tolles & Olson, was to create a system to circumvent implicit biases and encourage big law firms to consider women or minority candidates for leadership roles at the firm. To be considered “Mansfield Certified” by Diversity Lab, a firm needs to show that 30 percent of the candidate pool for these positions were underrepresented lawyers. See also Carrie Chapman Catt, contemporaneous Iowa leader of women's suffrage movement List of first women lawyers and judges in the United States First women lawyers around the world List of suffragists and suffragettes Gertrude Rush, Iowa's first African-American lawyer Feminism History of feminism References External links Biography: "Arabella Mansfield", Iowa Women Attorneys "Arabella Mansfield", American Law & Legal Information, JRank "Arabella Mansfield", Encyclopædia Britannica Iowa lawyers American feminists American suffragists 19th-century American women lawyers People from Burlington, Iowa People from Mount Pleasant, Iowa 1846 births 1911 deaths Iowa Wesleyan University alumni Iowa Wesleyan University faculty Simpson College faculty DePauw University faculty American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law 19th-century American lawyers American women academics
3987460	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Prueher	Joseph Prueher	Joseph Wilson Prueher (born November 25, 1942) is a former admiral of the United States Navy who was United States Ambassador to the People's Republic of China from 1999 to 2001. He was succeeded as ambassador by Clark T. Randt Jr. Early life A native of Tennessee where he was born in 1942, Prueher attended Montgomery Bell Academy in Nashville and graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy. He also obtained a master's degree in international affairs from George Washington University's Elliott School of International Affairs. Career Prueher started his career in the United States Navy as Midshipman at the U.S. Naval Academy in 1960. He flew as an A-6 Intruder in the Vietnam War. In the later part of his career, he was the seventy-third Commandant of Midshipmen at the U.S. Naval Academy. Prueher attained the rank of admiral as Commander Carrier Group One in 1991. He was appointed Commander of the U.S. Sixth Fleet from 1993 to 1995. He was Vice Chief of Naval Operations from 1995 to 1996, and Commander-in-Chief of the United States Pacific Command from 1996 to 1999. He was posted as ambassador to China from November 1999 to May 2001. Prueher negotiated the settlement and delivered the "letter of the two sorries" which defused the Hainan Island incident in 2001. He then joined Stanford University's Institute of International Studies as Consulting Professor in 2001. Prueher is currently the James R. Schlesinger Distinguished Professor at the Miller Center of the University of Virginia, as well as Senior Advisor to the Stanford-Harvard Preventive Defense Project, working on dialogue for US-China security matters. Awards and decorations In December 1998 he was appointed an Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia, "for distinguished service in the promotion of Australian and United States of America Defence relations". In 1997, he was honored with the Naval War College Distinguished Graduate Leadership Award and, in 2001, Distinguished Alumni Achievement Award by George Washington University. Post-government career Prueher is a director of Fluor Corporation, Irving, Texas; Emerson Electric Co., St. Louis, Missouri; and AMERIGROUP Corporation, Virginia Beach, Virginia. References External links Joseph W. Prueher profile at Forbes.com Joseph Prueher profile at CISAC/Stanford Living people Ambassadors of the United States to China United States Naval Academy alumni United States Naval Aviators United States Navy admirals Recipients of the Legion of Merit Elliott School of International Affairs alumni Honorary Officers of the Order of Australia 1942 births Clinton administration cabinet members 20th-century American politicians Recipients of the Air Medal Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States) Vice Chiefs of Naval Operations Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal 20th-century American naval officers
5378096	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayan-class%20cruiser	Bayan-class cruiser	The Bayan class was a group of four armored cruisers built for the Imperial Russian Navy around the beginning of the 20th century. Two of the ships were built in France, as Russian shipyards had no spare capacity. The lead ship, , was built several years earlier than the later three. The ship participated in several of the early naval battles of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05, and provided naval gunfire support for the Imperial Russian Army until she struck a mine. Bayan was trapped in harbor during the subsequent Siege of Port Arthur, and was sunk by Japanese artillery. She was salvaged and put into service with the Imperial Japanese Navy with the name of Aso. She mostly served as a training ship before she was converted into a minelayer in 1920. The ship was sunk as a target in 1932. Her three sisters were all assigned to the Baltic Fleet. was the first ship lost by the Russians during World War I when she was sunk by a German submarine in October 1914. The two surviving ships were modified to lay mines, and participated in the Battle of Åland Islands in 1915 and the German invasion of the Estonian islands in 1917. They were decommissioned in 1918 and sold for scrap in 1922. Background The Bayan class marked a departure from the previous Russian armored cruisers, as they were smaller ships designed to serve as scouts for the fleet rather than as commerce raiders. Authorized in the 1896–1902 building program, the design was outsourced to a French shipyard, Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée, because Russian shipyards were already at full capacity. Negotiations began in March 1897, and a contract was signed in May 1898 for one ship with delivery in 36 months. The Navy was reasonably pleased with the first ship, Bayan, and decided to order another cruiser after the start of the Russo-Japanese War in February 1904. Russian shipyards were still unavailable, so the Navy decided to simply order a repeat with minor modifications based on war experience. This was an attempt to minimize the work load on the Naval Technical Committee (Morskoi tekhnicheskii komitet), but they proved to require more attention than planned and a contract was not signed until 20 April 1905. The contract specified that all drawings would be turned over to allow for the construction of two identical ships in St. Petersburg, using newly available slipways. These changes generally added weight and the armor was reduced in thickness to compensate, although the change from Harvey armor to more resistant Krupp armor meant that there was little actual loss in protection. Description The Bayan-class ships were long overall and between perpendiculars. They had a maximum beam of , a draft of and displaced . The ships had a crew of 573 officers and men. They had two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving a single propeller shaft, using steam provided by 26 Belleville boilers. Designed for a total of intended to propel the cruisers at , the engines actually developed during their sea trials and drove the ships to maximum speeds of . They could carry a maximum of of coal, which gave the first Bayan a range of at . Armament The main armament of the Bayan-class ships consisted of two 45-caliber guns in single-gun turrets fore and aft of the superstructure. The guns fired a shell at a muzzle velocity of . At an elevation of +15°, they had a range of . The ships' eight 45-caliber Canet Model 1891 quick-firing (QF) guns were mounted in casemates on the sides of the ship's hull. They fired shells that weighed with a muzzle velocity of . They had a range of when fired at an elevation of +20°. A number of smaller guns were carried for close-range defense against torpedo boats. These included twenty 50-caliber Canet Model 1891 QF guns. Eight of these were mounted in casemates in the side of the hull and in the superstructure. The remaining guns were located above the 6-inch gun casemates in pivot mounts with gun shields. The gun fired shells to a range of about , at an elevation of +20° degrees with a muzzle velocity of . The Bayan class also mounted eight (Bayan) or four Hotchkiss guns in the three later ships. They fired a shell. In addition, Bayan was fitted with two Hotchkiss guns that fired a shell at a muzzle velocity of . Bayan was equipped with two submerged torpedo tubes, one on each broadside, while those of the three later ships were in size. Protection The waterline belt of the Bayan-class ships was thick over her machinery spaces. Fore and aft, it reduced to . The upper armor strake and the armor protecting the casemates was thick. The thickness of the armored deck was ; over the central battery it was a single plate, but elsewhere it consisted of a plate over two plates. The gun turret sides were protected by of armor and their roofs were 1.2 inches thick. The barbettes were protected by armor plates thick. The sides of the conning tower were thick. Ships Service Bayan was assigned to the First Pacific Squadron after completion, and based at Port Arthur from the end of 1903. She suffered minor damage during the Battle of Port Arthur at the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War and participated in the action of 13 April 1904, when Vice Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō successfully lured out a portion of the Pacific Squadron, including Vice Admiral Stepan Makarov's flagship, the battleship . When Makarov spotted the five Japanese battleships, he turned back for Port Arthur, and Petropavlovsk struck a minefield and quickly sank after a mine detonated one of her magazines. After bombarding Imperial Japanese Army positions on 27 July, Bayan struck a mine and was under repair for the next month or so. She was subsequently trapped in Port Arthur and sunk at her mooring by Japanese howitzer shells on 8 December. The ship was refloated by Japanese engineers the following year; repairs, re-boilering, and the replacement of her armament with Japanese weapons took until 1908 to complete. Renamed Aso in Japanese service, she initially served as a training ship before she was converted into a minelayer in 1920. Aso was decommissioned on 1 April 1930 and renamed Hai Kan No. 4. She was sunk as a target on 4 August 1932 by two submarine torpedoes. All three of the later ships were assigned to the Baltic Fleet upon completion, although Admiral Makarov was detached to the Mediterranean several times before the start of World War I in 1914. During the first month of the war, Pallada captured codebooks from the German cruiser that had run aground. She was torpedoed by the German submarine on 11 October 1914 and was lost with all hands. Her wreck was discovered in 2000. The surviving sisters were modified to lay mines shortly after the war began. They laid mines themselves during the war and provided cover for other ships laying minefields. Admiral Makarov and Bayan fought several inconclusive battles with German ships during the war, including the Battle of Åland Islands in mid–1915, and they also defended Moon Sound during the German invasion of the Estonian islands in late 1917, where Bayan was badly damaged. Their 75 mm guns were removed in 1916–1917 and replaced by one 8-inch and four 6-inch guns. A pair of anti-aircraft guns were also added. Admiral Makarov was in Helsingfors when Finland declared independence in March 1918, and was forced to evacuate even though the Gulf of Finland was still frozen over. She reached Kronstadt after what became known as the "Ice Voyage". The sisters were decommissioned in 1918 and sold for scrap in 1922. Notes Footnotes References External links WWI Naval Operations in the Baltic Theater Site in English with photographs Cruiser classes
5378098	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0th	0th	0th or zeroth may refer to: Mathematics, science and technology 0th or zeroth, an ordinal for the number 0 0th dimension, a topological space 0th element, of a data structure in computer science Zeroth (software), deep learning software for mobile devices Other uses 0th grade, another name for kindergarten January 0 or , an alternate name for December 31 0 Avenue, a road in British Columbia straddling the Canada-US border See also OTH (disambiguation) (with a letter O) Zeroth law (disambiguation) Zeroth-order (disambiguation)
5378106	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wismer	Wismer	Wismer is a toponymic surname derived from the German town of Wismar. In English, the name of the city is pronounced w'iz mer. An alternative derivation for some people with the surname is drift from the Anglo-Saxon name Wiseman (Ƿyseman, Ƿysman, Ƿisman), which derived from the Old English words ƿis, meaning wise or knowledgeable, and man, meaning man. The Wiseman family in England is first found in Essex where they were anciently seated. Some of the first settlers of this name or some of its variants were: Henry and Catherine Wiseman, who settled in Maryland in 1634; John Wiseman, who settled in Virginia in 1652; Henry Wiseman, who settled in Maryland in 1719. People named Wismer Donald Wismer, a science fiction novelist Harry Wismer, a broadcaster Susan Wismer, a politician Surnames Surnames of Anglo-Saxon origin
5378115	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nea%20Krini	Nea Krini	Nea Krini (Greek: Νέα Κρήνη, literally New Fountain) is a district of the municipality of Kalamaria, Thessaloniki regional unit, Greece. It was originally founded by Greek refugees from the city of Çeşme in Asia Minor. Historically, most of its residents were practising commercial fishing, although the importance of fishing in the area has been diminished. Sport Clubs In Nea Krini there are two major neighbouring football clubs, AE Nea Krini (Greek: Αθλητική Ένωση Νέας Κρήνης, ) and Agios Georgios (Greek: Αθλητική Ένωση Αγίου Γεωργίου Κρήνης, ). External links Official website Populated places in Thessaloniki (regional unit)
5378116	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9s	Tés	Tés is a village in Veszprém County, Hungary. History Tés is one of the most commanding settlements of the Bakony mountain, it can be found on the largest plateau of the East-Bakony at the height of 465 m. The number of residents has been about 900 for ages. According to a legend, the village got its name from King Matthias who spent a lot of time in Várpalota. On one of these occasions, he located prisoners onto the hill that was supposedly the habitat of bears in those days. While selecting the prisoners, he kept repeating 'You too, you too' that is in Hungarian 'Te is mész, te is mész, te is, te is, te is.' The name of the village, Tés was born from the contraction of 'te is'. Of course this is just a folktale, in point of fact the origin of the name of the village is unknown. The first written document, which mentions the village under the name of Tehes, is from 1086. The settlement didn't have a constant landowner. It was the property of the Benedictine Bakonybél Abbey, it also belonged to the Bakonyi Erdőispánság and paid taxes to almost everybody who had ever been the master of the land. During the Turkish occupation the number of residents decreased incredibly, what's more, at the time of Rákóczi's War for Independence it also fell, hence, hardly any residents remained alive in the village. In the 18th century there were resettlements in several cases from the Princedom of Baden, Saxony and different parts of Hungary. It was primarily the difficult traffic that prevented Tés from improvement. It was burdensome to get to the commanding plateau by animal-drawn vehicles. The construction of the Hungarian-Western railway line was finished in 1872. Thanks to this railway, whose distance was 15 km from the village, people could reach the other parts of the country. At that time, the nearest villages could be approached on foot or by horse only. The first public transport vehicles started to operate in 1956, which meant two buses a day. It was just the beginning of the development of the infrastructure of the village. First the open wire telephone line system was set up in 1886, then in 1996–1997 it was changed to optical cables. Postal services are available for the residents since the end of the 19th century. At the same time the first shop was also opened. Shopkeepers transported the goods on foot, later by horse. The 'Hangya' co-op store was opened in 1925. The education in the settlement has a 250-year-old history. The village had an own primary school from 1737 to 2005. The local government decided to close it due to the low number of students. Sights The Windmills The six-shoveled windmills are the main attractions of Tés. Once there were 4 windmills, but today there is no trace of the Rotter and Vaszlav windmills. Only one of the remaining two windmills is in operational status. The windmills are in the gardens of Táncsics street. The Helt windmill was built in 1840 by János Pircher. This is a round-shaped, three-storey building, made of rock. It has tapered, shingle roof, which can be rotated, nice, small windows and it is pushed by a six-sailed pinwheel. There are two pairs of millstones in the windmill and they can mill 4 quintals a day. The windmill, which was built in 1924 by János Ozi, is 200 m away from the Helt windmill. The structure of the windmill is the same, the only difference is that in the Ozi windmill there is only one pair of millstones. The windmills are protected national monuments, and they can be visited all year long. Churches The first church of the village was built before 1276 in pursuance of King István's command, which said: Every ten villages must have a church built by rock. Tés was a churched settlement, it had a church and also a priest, therefore it was called Egyházastés until 1566. The village has a Catholic and an Evangelical church today. The Catholic church The middle part of the present catholic church was renovated in 1725 by Earl Ferenc Bertram Nesszelrode. He was the provost of Székesfehérvár. The church proved close, so János Horváth, bishop of Székesfehérvár, like a patron, started to expand it in 1834. After his dead, the bedchamber continued the construction. It was finished in 1837. In that year the church was re-sanctified, and St. István became its patron saint. The original vestry converted to a chapel, in which an altar was set up. Above the altar there was made an oratorio. Its furnishing consist of baroque altar-piece, plait pulpit, baroque crucifix, and a plait christening fount. Its oldest picture is in the right side of the nave. It shows Jesus hanging on the cross and it is from the 16th century. The Evangelical church The construction of the Evangelical church begun in 1785 and it was finished in 1786. The organ was bought in 1806 and the bells in 1808. In 1864 the church was fully renovated, and it was also at that time when the tower was built. Its furnishing consists of a baroque altarpiece and a marble-adorned pulpit. György Tarlósi was the first known evangelical clergyman of Tés. The Alba Regia cave The Alba Regia cave is the third deepest cave in the country. Its exploration was begun in 1975 and due to the hostile environment it took for quite a long time. In October, the entrance test hole, which depth is almost five meters, was dug. Exploratories went along the next 30 metres through strait routes full of scree. Then, beyond some crannies, they reached the so-called "Explorer branch" of the cave in which the first stalagmites could be seen. At the bottom of the test hole, sunk in extremely difficult circumstances, the channel was opened on 24 October. The air temperature of the inner passages of Cave Alba Regia is about 7 degrees lower than the Hungarian average 8,1-8,5 °C. During the exploration, the strong enrichment of carbon dioxide in some passages became apparent. It is Istvan Eszterhas who collects and converses the wildlife of the cave that was wholly closed until its discovery. He started trapping in 1976, and even in that year he could differentiate between 21 species. In 1977, the number of cave creatures increased to 56, and in 1979, it was as high as 70. The cave can be visited only with a permission and a professional guide. 'Római fürdő' The Gaja runnel cut the limestone face deep and created the breakthrough called 'Római fürdő', which like the other breakthroughs around here is very spectacular and romantic. The runnel running through the canyon is the most spectacular at the time of snowbreak with the small riffles and falls. This beautiful place is a bit farer from the village, in the middle of the forest. A resting place belongs to the excursion place and you can fry bacon here. 'Római fürdő' is a perfect destination of a family trip on a Sunday afternoon. You can get there easily on foot from Tés or Bakonynána. References Populated places in Veszprém County
5378117	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession%20to%20the%20Tongan%20throne	Succession to the Tongan throne	The order of succession to the throne of Tonga is laid down in the 1875 constitution. The crown descends according to male-preference cognatic primogeniture. Only legitimate descendants through legitimate line of King George Tupou I's son and grandson, Crown Prince Tēvita ʻUnga and Prince ʻUelingatoni Ngū, are entitled to succeed. A person loses their right of succession and deprives their descendants of their right of succession if he or she marries without the monarch's permission. Line of succession The current line of succession is as follows: King Tupou IV (1918–2006) Prince Fatafehi 'Alaivahamama'o Tuku'aho (1954–2004), removed from the line of succession in 1980 after marrying a commoner HSH Prince Tungi (b. 1990) Salote Maumautaimi Haim Hadessah Ber Yardena ‘Alanuanua Tuku’aho (b. 1991) Fatafehi Sione Ikamafana Ta’anekinga ‘o Tonga Tuku'aho (b. 1994) ‘Etani Ha’amea Tupoulahi Tu’uakitau Ui Tu’alangi Tuku’aho (b. 1995) King Tupou VI (born 1959) (1) The Crown Prince, Tupoutoʻa ʻUlukalala (b. 1985) (2) Prince Taufaʻahau Manumataongo (b. 2013) (3) Princess Halaevalu Mataʻaho (b. 2014) (4) Princess Nanasipau’u (b. 2018) (5) Princess Salote Mafile'o Pilolevu (b. 2021) (6) The Prince Ata (b. 1988) (7) Princess Angelika Lātūfuipeka Tukuʻaho (b. 1983) (8) Princess Salote Mafile'o Pilolevu Tuita, Lady Tuita (b. 1951) (9) Sālote Lupepau'u Salamasina Purea Vahine Arii 'Oe Hau Tuita (b. 1977) (10) Phaedra Anaseini Tupouveihola Ikaleti Olo-'i-Fangatapu Fusituʻa (b. 2003) (11) Titilupe Fanetupouvava'u Tuita Tu'ivakano (b. 1978) (12) Simon Tu'iha'atu'unga George Ma'ulupekotofa Tu'ivakano (b. 2011) (13) Michaela Tu'ivakano (b. 2012) (14) Fatafehi Tu'ivakano (b. 2013) (15) Frederica Lupe'uluiva Fatafehi 'o Lapaha Tuita Filipe (b. 1983) (16) Latu'alaifotu'aika Fahina e Paepae Tian Tian Filipe (b. 2014) (17) Lupeolo Halaevalu Moheofo Virginia Rose Tuita (b. 1986) References Tonga Tongan monarchs Line of succession
5378127	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolomna%20Municipal%20Okrug	Kolomna Municipal Okrug	Kolomna Municipal Okrug () is a municipal okrug of Admiralteysky District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia. Population: History Scope It borders the Neva River, New Admiralty Canal, and the Moyka River in the northwest, the Fontanka River in the south, and Kryukov Canal in the east. Origin The settlement areas of future Kolomna (the name is believed to have originated from Russified names of survey pillars - columns) was carried out after the fires in 1736 and 1737 devastated the Maritime and Admiralty settlement. Resettlement of people from these settlements gave rise to another version of the name. Perhaps, in the reign of Anna Ioannovna the formation of the names could influence the German language, in translation, from which the settler were called colonists, and the place they inhabited - a colony that Russian remade in its own way - Kolomna. Occupation The first inhabitants of Kolomna were mariners - artisans, pilots. Later there settled merchants, soldiers, tradesmen and, with few exceptions-poor gentry. The number of inhabitants in Kolomna continuously increased. In the middle of the 19th century, there lived about 50 thousand people in the mid-1890s - more than 70 thousand, and the census of 1910 indicates the number of inhabitants of Kolomna - more than 85 thousand. Notable residents On the waterfront of Kryukov Canal there is a two-storey house #23. This house belonged to Dmitri Ivanovich Khvostov, the nephew of the great Russian military commander Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov. Alexander V. settled in this house. May 17 Suvorov died in this house. At home, where he died in 1950, found a marble slab with a bas-relief of Suvorov and text: "In this house 6 May 1800 died the great Russian military leader Generalissimo Alexander Suvorov. Pushkin lived in Kolomna for three years in a house number 185, until he was exiled in 1820. In 1830 he wrote a poem "Domik v Kolomne" (in Cyrillic "Домик в Коломне"; known in English as "The Little House at Kolomna"). In the same house lived the brilliant architect Carlo Rossi, who died there in 1849. At Shopping street, in the fall of 1824 lived Alexander Griboyedov. Architecture Typical buildings The typical house of the Old Kolomna would be a moderate wooden house with a carved ridge under the roof and wood carvings under the windows, the perron with steps and the stairs with two flight of steps leading to the second floor. Well-known buildings Garden Street Turgenev Square English Embankment the Saint Petersburg Synagogue New Holland References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20100221033206/http://mihgri.by.ru/Kolomna.html https://web.archive.org/web/20070520070628/http://www.encspb.ru/article.php?kod=2803999803 https://web.archive.org/web/20120301205921/http://www.peterlife.ru/travel/saint-petersburg/petersburg-0901.html Admiralteysky District, Saint Petersburg Historical areas of Saint Petersburg
3987467	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Laos%20%281945%E2%80%93present%29	History of Laos (1945–present)	This article details the history of Laos from 1945 to the present. Note: this article follows the system for transliterating Lao names used in Martin Stuart-Fox's History of Laos. It may differ from systems used in other articles. Kingdom of Laos On 27 August 1945 Prince Phetxarāt took charge of Viang Chan from the Japanese, although as Prime Minister of Luang Phrabāng he had no authority outside the Kingdom's borders. The French were already in control of Luang Phrabāng, and with the support of the Prince of Champāsak they were also regaining control in the south. When it became clear that the King would not budge from his loyalty to France, Phetxarāt (who had no fondness for the King and the Crown Prince) unilaterally declared the unification of the country, nominally under the crown of Luang Phrabāng, and then declared Lao independence. In September the Chinese Army arrived to find that a Lao government of sorts was in command of Viang Chan. Uncertain what to do, the Chinese commander recognised Phetxarāt, and in Luang Phrabāng the Chinese disarmed the French forces. But the Allied governments refused to recognise Phetxarāt's government, and in October de Gaulle advised the King by telegram to dismiss him as Prime Minister of Luang Phrabāng. In retaliation, Phetxarāt declared the King deposed. Phetxarāt put his younger half-brother Suphānuvong in charge of organising the defence of the new independent Laos with the titles Minister of Defence and Interior. Suphānuvong was married to a Vietnamese and had spent most of the war in Vietnam, where he had become a close supporter and ally of Ho Chi Minh. On his advice Ho's forces supported Phetxarāt's government, but they could spare few forces from the struggle against the French in Vietnam, which was always their first priority. Phetxarāt's brother Suvannaphūmā became Minister for Public Works. Among those who came from Vietnam with Suphānuvong was Kaisôn Phomvihān, half-Vietnamese and a dedicated communist, who in time became the leader of the Lao communists and Vietnam's principal agent in Laos. Thus by the end of 1945 all the leaders of the next 30 years of political conflict were in place. But the pretensions of the Lao Issara government were largely illusory. Only the presence of the Chinese army in occupation of the northern half of the country was preventing the French from attacking Viang Chan from their base in the south of the country. Thailand and the Allies were suspicious of the apparent role of communists in the government, although in reality this was very slight. In March 1946 the Chinese were finally persuaded to stop plundering the country and go home, and this was the signal for the French to advance to Savannakhēt. Suphānuvong led his motley forces to meet the French before they got to Viang Chan, but at Thākhaek they were routed, and Suphānuvong himself badly wounded. The Lao Issara government fled to Thailand and set up a government in exile in Bangkok. On 24 April the French occupied Viang Chan, and in mid May they arrived in Luang Phrabāng to rescue the grateful King. As a reward for his loyalty, in August the French proclaimed him King of Laos. The Principality of Champāsak was abolished, and Prince Bunūm na Champāsak compensated with the title Inspector-General of the Kingdom. French make a late effort to upgrade Laos The French now made a belated effort to give Laos the institutions of a modern state. The Garde Indigène was replaced by a Lao National Guard, and a Lao police force established. Elections for a Constituent Assembly, on the basis of universal male suffrage, were held in December 1946, and in 1947 the Assembly adopted a constitution confirming the status of Laos as a constitutional monarchy and an "autonomous state" within the French Union. A senior high school was opened in Viang Chan, and new schools opened in Pākxē, Savannakhēt and Luang Phrabāng. New hospitals and clinics were also established, although there was an acute shortage of qualified staff for them. A crash program to train more Lao civil servants was also instituted. In August 1947 elections were held for the National Assembly, and 35 deputies were elected. A royal relative, Prince Suvannarāt, became Prime Minister of Laos at the head of a cabinet composed entirely of members of influential Lao-Lum families. This was to remain a characteristic of Lao politics. Various transient political parties came and went, but the same 20-odd families alternated in office, feuding with each other over the spoils of office. Laos gains independence (1950) In 1949, as the French position in Vietnam worsened and the continuing goodwill of the Lao became more important, further concessions were made. Lao ministers took control of all government functions except foreign affairs and defence, although the almost total dependence of the economy on French aid made this new independence more apparent than real. In February 1950, Laos was formally declared an independent state, and was recognised as such by the United States and Great Britain. Laos applied to join the United Nations, but its application was vetoed by the Soviet Union. None of these measures disguised the fact that France remained in essential control of the country. Foreign affairs, defence and finance remained under de facto French control, and justice was only slowly devolved to Lao ministers. Most importantly, the French Army retained the right to operate freely in Laos, and to issue orders to Lao forces without reference to Lao ministers. Meanwhile, the Lao Issara government-in-exile planned a nationalist revolt against the French and what they saw as their Lao puppets in Viang Chan. For a time the Lao Issara forces, under the command of Suphānuvong, were able to operate from bases in Thailand, and achieved some successes, particularly around Savannakhēt. But in November 1947 a military coup in Bangkok brought Marshall Phibun back to power. Encouraged by the Americans, he sought to repair Thailand's relations with France, and shut down the Lao Issara bases. The Lao Issara could now only mount operations into Laos from territory controlled by the Vietnamese Communists, but this came at a political price which the non-communist Lao Issara leaders, Phetxarāt and Suvannaphūmā, were not prepared to pay. In January 1949 Lao Communists led by Kaisôn established a new Communist-controlled Lao military force in Vietnam, nominally loyal to the Lao Issara government but in fact answerable to the Indochinese Communist Party. Suphānuvong sided with the Communists over control of this new force, and this led rapidly to a split in the Lao Issara. In July 1949 the non-communist leaders of the Lao Issara declared the government-in-exile dissolved, and most of its members, led by Suvannaphūmā, returned to Laos under an amnesty. Only Phetxarāt remained in exile, but by now he had lost his previous influence. In August 1951, Suvannaphūmā became Prime Minister for the first time, confirming his status as the new leader of the non-communist Lao. Communism in Laos The Indochinese Communist Party (ICP) was founded by Ho Chi Minh and others in Hong Kong in 1930. Its membership was at first entirely Vietnamese, but, as its name indicates, it was given responsibility by the Communist International in Moscow for the whole of French Indochina. During the 1930s it recruited a handful of Lao members, mainly teachers and other middle-ranking civil servants with some western education. In terms of social structure, Laos offered few opportunities for orthodox communist agitation theory. It had few wage labourers apart from some in the tin-mining industry. There was no "agrarian question" in Laos: more than 90 percent of Lao were rice-farmers who owned their own land. There were no landlords as in China and no landless rural proletariat. The only leadership positions in the Free Laos Front. These included Faidāng Lôbliayao, a leader of the Hmong people of the north, and Sīthon Kommadam, son of the southern rebel Ong Kommadam and a leader of the southern Lao-Thoeng. Nevertheless, by the late 1940s the ICP had recruited a core of activists, some of them part-Vietnamese, such as Kaisôn, others married to Vietnamese, such as Nūhak Phumsavan. The discrediting of the French and the failure of the Lao Issara government gave them their opportunity, because after 1949 the struggle against colonial rule could only be carried on from bases in Vietnam and with the support of the Vietnamese communists. In August 1950 the communists established a "front" organisation, the Free Laos Front (Naeo Lao Issara), under the presidency of Suphānuvong. This in turn formed a "Resistance Government of the Lao Homeland." The phrase Pathēt Lao ("Lao Homeland") thus became established as the general name of the Lao communist movement until 1975. The communists shrewdly promoted representatives of the upland ethnic minorities to leadership positions in the Free Laos Front. These included Faidāng Lôbliayao, a leader of the Hmong people of the north, and Sīthon Kommadam, son of the southern rebel Ong Kommadam and a leader of the southern Lao-Thoeng. Since the communist base areas were mainly inhabited by ethnic minority peoples, this helped consolidate support in these areas. But the communist leadership remained firmly in Lao-Lum hands. When in 1955 a separate Lao communist party was created (the Lao People's Revolutionary Party or Phak Paxāxon Lao), with Kaisôn as General Secretary and Nūhak as his deputy, all the members of the Politburo were Lao-Lum. The Lao communist party remained under the supervision of the Vietnamese party, and throughout the following twenty years of warfare the Pathēt Lao was dependent on Vietnam for arms, money and training. A large number of Vietnamese forces fought alongside the Pathēt Lao, and Vietnamese "advisers" usually accompanied Pathēt Lao military commanders. The anti-communist Lao government always accused the Pathēt Lao of being Vietnamese puppets, but this was an over-simplification. The Lao and Vietnamese communists were fighting for the same goals - first the eviction of the French, then the establishment of socialism, and the Lao knew they could not achieve either of these objectives on their own. Communist ideology taught that "proletarian internationalism" was a duty of all communists. The Lao communists freely accepted Vietnamese leadership as the quickest and indeed only way to achieve their aims. Even after they had overthrown the government, the Pathēt Lao depended on Vietnamese soldiers and political advisers to keep control of the country. Their government had a relationship with Vietnam similar to that of the Eastern European Communist governments to the Soviet Union. The price they paid for Vietnamese support was the hostility of the majority of the Lao-Lum, who disliked the Vietnamese more than they did the French. It was not until the later 1960s that the Pathēt Lao began to gain support in the Lao-Lum areas. Geneva and the first coalition (1954) The early 1950s saw continuing instability in the Lao government in Viang Chan. The influx of French forces, accompanied by much French and American aid money, fuelled an economic boom, accompanied by high inflation, in the towns, but this did little to benefit the peasant majority. The diversion of funds to military purposes retarded development of fields like health and education. The government remained weak and faction-ridden, and also increasingly corrupt as leading politicians found ways for themselves and their relatives to profit from the foreign money pouring into the country. Suvannaphūmā remained the leading non-communist politician and retained the confidence of the King, but right-wingers, led by Bunūm na Champāsak, opposed his policy of coalition and reconciliation with the Pathēt Lao. Nevertheless, Lao independence, at first a facade for continued French rule, gradually became a reality. In 1953 the country obtained full independence from France, but the Pathēt Lao, with Vietnamese aid, had gained control over a large area of territory, albeit thinly populated, in the mountainous areas along the Vietnamese border, and also over some areas in the south, where rule from Viang Chan had never been popular. The decline of French power left the Royal Lao government vulnerable, and Pathēt Lao and Vietnamese forces advanced to within 30 km of Luang Phrabāng. As the French became increasingly bogged down in Vietnam, political opposition in France to the Indochina war grew stronger. In May 1954 the French suffered a defeat at Dien Bien Phu in northern Vietnam which, while of no great consequence militarily, was a political disaster. The French government resigned and Pierre Mendès-France became Prime Minister on a policy of getting out of Indochina. An international conference on Indochina had already been convened in Geneva, and as it met it was confronted with the new situation following Dien Bien Phu. Laos was a secondary issue at Geneva, and the decisions made about Laos were dictated by the settlement in Vietnam. Foreign Minister Phuy Xananikôn represented the Lao government and Nūhak represented the Pathēt Lao (as part of the Vietnamese communist delegation), but they were little more than observers of decisions made by the great powers. It was agreed to make Laos an independent, neutral country with a coalition government representing all parties including the Pathēt Lao. A ceasefire was to be concluded, and this was to be followed by the withdrawal of all foreign forces, the disbanding of the Pathēt Lao army, the formation of a coalition government, and free elections. When news of this agreement reached Laos, there was violent anger among anti-communist politicians, which focused on Phuy for having agreed to these terms. In September a gang funded by right-wing elements attempted to assassinate Phuy. He was slightly wounded, but Defence Minister Ku Vôravong was killed. The resultant crisis forced Suvannaphūmā to resign, and Katay Don Sasorith formed a new government. After the Geneva conference Two months after the Geneva conference, North Vietnam began plotting against the government of Laos. A military organisation was created called Group 100. Its headquarters was established at Ban Namèo. Its purpose was to organise, train, direct and supply the army of the Pathēt Lao. North Vietnam had no particular interest in the Geneva Conference or in the creating a neutral Laos other than in their use in strengthening their grip on the eastern portions of the country. According to the Geneva Accords in article 13, the cessation of hostile outsiders granted for the withdrawal of the foreign forces - the French and Vietnamese volunteer units - from Laos. This part of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4a were to be completed within 120 days. Katāy was a much less subtle figure than Suvannaphūmā, and he found the task of implementing the Geneva agreements beyond him. The essential problem was that although the French forces departed on schedule, the Vietnamese forces supporting the Pathēt Lao in their upland base areas did not, and the Lao government had no means of forcing them to do so. Under the agreements, the Pathēt Lao forces were supposed to assemble in Houaphan and Phongsālī provinces before disbanding. Instead the Pathēt Lao and the Vietnamese continued to treat these provinces as their own "liberated areas," refusing to allow government officials to exercise authority, and also evicting the local Hmong forces which had supported the French and were now loyal to the Lao government. They also maintained their underground forces in the south. After a year of stalemate, the government went ahead with elections in the rest of the country in December 1955. After the elections Katāy's government was defeated in the new National Assembly, and Suvannaphūmā returned to office, still determined to create a neutralist coalition government. Suvannaphūmā always believed that the Lao, if left alone, could settle their own differences, and that he could come to an agreement with his half-brother Suphānuvong. The United States did not ratify the Geneva agreements, and the Eisenhower administration, particularly the militantly anti-communist Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles, shared the views of the right-wing Lao politicians. Under Dulles's influence the US had backed the French war in Vietnam, and now that the French were leaving he was determined that the US would take over France's role of supporting anti-communist forces in Vietnam and preventing Ho Chi Minh's forces taking over southern Vietnam. This, he believed, necessitated maintaining an anti-communist government in Laos and preventing Vietnam using Laos as a transport route to south Vietnam. To get around the prohibitions of the Geneva agreements – which the United States had pledged to honour – the US Department of Defense in December 1955 established a disguised military mission in Vientiane called the Programs Evaluation Office (PEO). The PEO became operational on 13 December 1955 and worked under the cover of the civilian aid mission and was staffed by military personnel and headed by a general officer, all of whom wore civilian clothes and had been removed from Department of Defense rosters of active service personnel. Over the 1955-61 period, the PEO gradually supplanted the French military mission in providing equipment and training to the Royal Lao Army and the anti-communist Hmong Tribe. In this way, the US was footing the entire cost of keeping the Royal Lao Army in the field in the same way that the Soviets and Vietnamese footed the entire cost of the Pathēt Lao, and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was providing intelligence and political direction. The US therefore strongly opposed Suvannaphūmā's efforts to bring the Pathēt Lao into the government and to make Laos a "neutral" country. What neutrality meant in practice was allowing permanent Vietnamese occupation of the east of the country and allowing the Pathēt Lao to keep their army in the field. Suvannaphūmā's efforts to settle the conflict in Laos always failed due to the refusal of the Vietnamese to leave and the refusal of the Pathēt Lao to disarm. In August 1956 Suvannaphūmā reached an agreement with Suphānuvong. He was helped by his elder brother Prince Phetxarāt, who returned to Laos in 1956 after ten years in exile, and played the role of mediator and elder statesman until his death in 1959. A coalition government was formed in which Suphānuvong became Minister for Planning and Reconstruction, and another Pathēt Lao leader, Phūmī Vongvichit (1909–94) was Minister for Religion and Fine Arts. The Pathēt Lao agreed to allow the reintegration of Houaphan and Phongsālī provinces, and to integrate the Pathēt Lao army into the Royal Lao Army. Guarantees were given that Laos would be a neutral country and would not allow its territory to be used as a base for aggression against any of its neighbours. The coalition government formally took office in November, and in May 1958 reasonably free elections were held, at which the Pathēt Lao won nine seats in the National Assembly out of 21 contested. Suphānuvong won the Viang Chan seat with the highest vote of any candidate in the country. The 1956 agreement was welcomed by France, Britain, the Soviet Union, China and both Vietnamese governments. The US was muted in its opposition, and did not carry out previous threats to cut off aid if the Pathēt Lao joined the government. But behind the scenes the US embassy continued to encourage anti-communist Lao politicians to question the agreement. The Vietnamese and Lao communists also had no intention of honouring the spirit of the 1956 agreement, which they saw in purely tactical terms. Some Pathēt Lao weapons were handed over, and two battalions of Pathēt Lao troops were nominally designated as units of the Royal Lao Army. The bulk of the Pathēt Lao forces, led by Kaisôn, withdrew to bases on the Vietnamese border to await developments. The Vietnamese also continued to use the mountains of the frontier zone as a safe haven and transport route (later known as the Ho Chi Minh trail). Suvannaphūmā turned a blind eye to this rather than risk the unity of his government, but the CIA was fully aware of these facts. US aid, directed by the US Agency for International Aid (USAID), continued at the rate of US$40 million a year (in a country of 3 million people), but deliberately bypassed Suphānuvong's Ministry for Planning and Reconstruction and was channelled to the Army and friendly politicians. North Vietnamese invasion (1958–1959) In December 1958, North Vietnamese Army units crossed into Laos and took by force several villages in Xépôn District. As contrasted to their other occupations, in this instance North Vietnam began flying their flag over the territory and officially announced it was part of Vietnam. Though the government was granted extraordinary powers to deal with the crisis by the National Assembly, it did nothing. And in doing nothing, it lost much of its credibility with the patriotic parties. In July 1959, the North Vietnamese army increased its participation in attacks on government forces. The attacks usually took the form of North Vietnamese regulars attacking a defended position, overcoming most of the resistance and then letting their Pathēt Lao allies claim the victory by occupying the position. Two months later, North Vietnam created a new organisation known as Group 959 located inside Laos at Na Kai. Group 959 became in effect the Vietnamese supreme command controlling, organising and equipping the Pathet Lao. The group would continue to exist until 1968 when it was rendered redundant through the takeover by North Vietnam's army of the war inside Laos. Partly as a result of corruption in the distribution of international aid, and partly because of the venal and unreliable character of many Lao politicians, Suvannaphūmā's government soon ran into difficulties. The US and other aid donors insisted on currency reform to stem the runaway inflation which they themselves had caused by pumping money into such an underdeveloped economy. Suvannaphūmā resisted, fearing the effect that devaluation would have on the Lao people. In August 1958 the US suspended aid payments, which the anti-coalition and opportunist forces in the Assembly took as a signal to bring down Suvannaphūmā. Following his resignation Phuy Xananikôn, who now had the support of the US Embassy, again became Prime Minister, and the Pathēt Lao ministers were not re-appointed. The new Defence Minister was Phūmī Nôsavan, a right-winger closely aligned with the Americans. Under his command the army once again became an anti-communist force. The two ex-Pathēt Lao battalions immediately reverted to the Pathēt Lao. In December Phuy partly suspended the constitution and began to rule under emergency powers, which he used to purge Pathēt Lao supporters from the civil service, and to arrest Suphānuvong and the other Pathēt Lao leaders in Viang Chan. In July 1959 fighting soon broke out all over the country. At this juncture the elderly King Sīsavāngvong died and was succeeded by his son Savāngvatthanā, who was as pro-American as his father had been pro-French, and well known for his prophecy that he would be the last King of Laos. The occupation by North Vietnamese security forces in December 1958 of several villages in Xépôn District near the Demilitarised Zone (DMZ) between North Vietnam and South Vietnam was an ominous development. The Laos Government immediately protested the flying of the North Vietnamese flag on Laotian territory. Hanoi claimed the villages had historically been part of Vietnam. With regard to precedent, this was a decidedly modest claim - nonetheless, it represented a unilateral reinterpretation of the French map used by the Truong Gia Armistice Commission in the summer of 1954 to draw the DMZ, and, backed by force of arms, constituted nothing less than aggression. Phoui received extraordinary powers from the National Assembly to deal with the crisis. But the failure to regain their lost territory rankled the Laotian nationalists, who were hoping for a greater degree of United States support. Fighting broke out all along the border with North Vietnam. North Vietnamese regular army units participated in attacks on 28–31 July 1959. These operations established a pattern of North Vietnamese forces leading the attack on a strong point, then falling back and letting the Pathet Lao remain in place once resistance to the advance had been broken. The tactic had the advantage of concealing from view the North Vietnamese presence. Rumors of North Vietnamese in the vicinity often had a terrifying effect, however. Among the men who heard such rumours in the mountains of Houaphan Province that summer was a young Royal Lao Army captain named Kong Le. Kong Le had two companies of the Second Paratroop Battalion out on patrol almost on the North Vietnamese border. When they returned to Xam Nua without encountering the enemy, they found that the garrison had decamped, leaving the town undefended. The Vietnamese party's strategy was by now decided with regard to South Vietnam. At the same time, the party outlined a role for the LPP that was supportive of North Vietnam, in addition to the LPP's role as leader of the revolution in Laos. Hanoi's southern strategy opened the first tracks through the extremely rugged terrain of Xépôn district in mid-1959 of what was to become the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Failure of neutralism (1960-1964) Despite its repression of the Pathēt Lao, Phuy's government did not give the right-wingers the sort of power they wanted, and in December Phūmī Nôsavan staged Laos's first military coup. Viang Chan was occupied and Phuy arrested, but Phūmī was forced to back down when the King, at the urging of western ambassadors, refused to appoint him Prime Minister. A compromise was reached whereby a royal relative, Prince Somsanit Vongkotrattana, became nominal Prime Minister while Phūmī remained Defence Minister and became the real power in the government. The new government was at once embarrassed by the dramatic escape of Suphānuvong and the other Pathēt Lao leaders from prison - they had converted their guards, who fled with them to Vietnam. The government was also opposed by elements of the army which continued to support Suvannaphūmā and his neutralist policies. On 9 August 1960, led by Captain Kông Lae, they staged a lightning coup, demanding that the National Assembly meet and reinstate Suvannaphūmā. Faced with an angry mob supporting the coup, the Assembly complied, and Suvannaphūmā formed his third government. The PEO was immediately evacuated by Air America. In an attempt to neutralise right-wing opposition, Suvannaphūmā offered to include Phūmī Nôsavan in the new government, but instead Phūmī went south to join Bunūm na Champāsak in forming an anti-communist "Revolutionary Committee" with US backing. Kông's coup split the army, with some garrisons supporting him and some supporting Phūmī. Since the Americans were paying the army's bills, however, Kông's units could not sustain themselves for long, and had no choice but to seek an alliance with the Pathēt Lao, a move which Suvannaphūmā supported in dramatic fashion by flying to the Pathēt Lao headquarters at Xam Neua in the mountains to issue a joint appeal with Suphānuvong for Lao unity and neutralism. This was a great propaganda coup for the Pathēt Lao, and led to a renewed Pathēt Lao - Vietnamese advance which soon occupied most of the north and east of the country. For the first time the Pathēt Lao began receiving substantial Soviet military and financial aid, and Soviet advisors appeared in Laos. For the US, this was a signal for all-out war. Massive aid was sent to Phūmī and Bunūm in the south, and in October they advanced towards Viang Chan. A quorum of the National Assembly met at Savnannakhēt and declared Suvannaphūmā deposed and replaced by Bunūm. In December the rightist army reached Viang Chan and after three days heavy fighting, in which about 500 people were killed, took the city. Suvannaphūmā fled to Cambodia, while Kông's forces withdrew to the Pathēt Lao areas, which now took in a large portion of the country. At this point the international political climate changed with the end of the Eisenhower Administration and the inauguration of John F. Kennedy. The Kennedy Administration took the view that American interests were best served by ending the Lao conflict through the enforcement of the Geneva agreements of 1956, a policy Kennedy agreed on at his summit with Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna in June 1961. As a result, the Geneva conference reconvened, but both the Americans and the Soviets had some trouble getting their "puppets" to agree to compromise. Phūmī and Bunūm rightly feared that any agreement would rob them of their military victory and bring the despised Suvannaphūmā back to power. It took serious threats from the US Embassy and the Thai military to force their compliance. The Pathēt Lao believed they were on the verge of conquering the whole country, and late 1961 they began an offensive in Luang Namthā province which soon routed Phūmī's forces. Communist discipline held and they agreed to a compromise in which they had no real faith. In June Suvannaphūmā, Suphānuvong and Bunūm met in the Plain of Jars and agreed to a government of eleven neutralists, four rightists and four Pathēt Lao. Bunūm retired from politics, and Suphānuvong and Phūmī became deputy prime ministers in Suvannaphūmā's fourth government, which took office in June 1962 with the support of all the powers. Even before the Second Coalition government took office, however, its principal sponsors in the US were losing faith in its value. As the Vietnam War began to escalate, the use of the Ho Chi Minh trail as a supply route from North Vietnam to the communist forces in the south increased, and it became obvious that the Vietnamese had no intention of withdrawing their forces from Laos as they had twice agreed at Geneva to do. For North Vietnam, the use of Lao territory was a strategic necessity, and not something on which they would compromise. Agreements meant nothing to them. Further, they had no particular respect for the idea of an independent Laos. By late 1962 it was therefore also becoming a necessity for the US to prevent this. The Soviets and Vietnamese continued to openly aid to the Pathēt Lao, while the US continued to arm and train Hmong irregular forces under Vang Pao in the Plain of Jars. There was no attempt to reintegrate the Pathēt Lao areas with the rest of Laos, and the Pathēt Lao did not even pretend to disarm their forces. The neutralist forces, commanded by Kông, agreed to accept US aid, which caused a split within the neutralist ranks, with some going over to the Pathēt Lao. By April 1963 fighting had broken out again in the Plain of Jars. By the end of the year fighting was widespread, the Pathēt Lao was again advancing, and the neutralists were being squeezed out as a political and military force. In April 1964 there was another attempt at a rightist coup, led by General Kupasit Athai, commander of the Viang Chan garrison and an ally of Phūmī. Suvannaphūmā was briefly arrested, but when the Americans refused support to the coup it collapsed, but the Pathēt Lao ministers left the capital and did not return, effectively ending the Coalition government. Conflict The conflict was divided into five military regions: Military Region I at Luang Prabang was dominated by the royal family and the former commander in Chief of the Royal Laos Army, General Oune Rathikul. The region commander was Brigadier General Tiao Say~vong, a half brother of the king. The region was located in northwest Laos and covered four provinces: Phong Saly, Houa Khong, Sayaboury and Luang Prabang. Military Region II, in the northeastern section of Laos, was under Major General Vang P.ao, the Hmong guerilla war hero of Laos. It covered two provinces: Houa Phan (Samneua), and Xieng Khouang. The headquarters was at Long Cheng, northwest of the Plain of Jars. Military Region III in central Laos was headquartered at Savannakhet and covered two provinces; Khammouane (Thakitek) and Savannakhet. This region was commanded by General Bounpon and later by Brigadier General Nouphet Dao Heuang, in July 1971. The real power in this region was the Insixiengmay family led by Minister Leuam Insixiengmay, Vice Premier and Minister of Education. (His wife is elder sister of mother bouanphan who is a wife of Chao Boun oum na champasack). Military Region IV, with headquarters at Pakse, included the six provinces of southern Laos: Saravane, Attopeu, Champassak, Sedone, Khong Sedone, and Sithandone (Khong Island). It was dominated by the Nachampassak family led by Prince Boun Oum Nachampassak. The commander of Military Region IV was Major General Phasouk S. Rassaphak, a member of the Champassak family. He commanded this area for almost a decade and a half until finally replaced by the author, Brigadier General Soutchay Vongsavanh, in July 1971. Military Region V contained Borikhane and Vientiane Provinces, the capital province of Laos, was headquartered at Chinaimo Army Camp and was led by Major General Kouprasith Abhay until he was replaced by Brigadier General Thongligh Chokbeng Boun in July 1971. Laotian Civil War (1953–75) Between 1964 and 1968 the conflict in Laos was essentially between the US-supported government forces and the Pathēt Lao, backed by North Vietnam. The Pathēt Lao in these years was not a real threat to the government. The real problem for the government was corruption and warlordism within the national army. Regional army commanders did not co-operate with each other effectively and spent more time on political manoeuvres than on fighting the Pathēt Lao. Suvannaphūmā continued to argue for a neutralised Laos, and both sides paid lip-service to this ideal, but neither was prepared to yield any part of its strategic position to achieve it. In particular, the North Vietnamese had no intention of withdrawing any part of their army from the areas of the country it occupied. Suvannaphūmā remained in office despite frequent threats to resign. The US no longer bothered opposing his neutralist views because, as the paymasters of the Lao army, they could ignore him. The North Vietnamese on the other hand consider Laos an underdeveloped neighbour that needed their guidance and continued in their attempts to topple the government. In 1968 the North Vietnamese army moved the Pathēt Lao forces aside and took over the fighting of the war. In January North Vietnam sent its 316th Division forward toward the Nambac Valley, where seven of the government's best military units were located. The valley was surrounded and pounded with artillery until the base eventually fell. The battle effectively ended the role of the Royal Lao Army for the next several years. While the Pathēt Lao were an ineffective force, the North Vietnamese army with its Soviet-provided field artillery and tanks was beyond anything that the Lao Army could deal with. The government disbanded all its forces greater than the size of a battalion and disengaged from the conflict. Between 1968 and 1973 the war in Laos escalated. It became a battlefield in the war between the United States and North Vietnam. The CIA trained Hmong militias and Thai Army forces, on the government side, and the North Vietnamese Army with the assistance of the Pathēt Lao, on the communist side. The country was divided into two zones: one - comprising about two-thirds of Laos but containing only about a quarter of its population - effectively controlled by North Vietnam and its allies, and the other - consisting of little more than the Mekong Valley but containing most of the Lao population - effectively controlled by the government backed by the US. The Pathēt Lao, for reasons discussed earlier, were willing collaborators in the Vietnamese control of their zone of operations. They knew that the only way they could hope to take power in Laos was via the power of the North Vietnamese. While it is often said that Laos was a vital supply route for North Vietnam, the reality was not quite so tidy. Portions of Southern Laos were useful to North Vietnam, but North Vietnam occupied large sections of the country that had nothing to do with supply routes. US objectives The US objective in Laos was to push government control as far eastward as practical. It sought to prevent the North Vietnamese and Pathēt Lao forces holding the Plain of Jars. After 1968, the US accomplished this mainly through Vang Pao's Hmong militia and massive bombing of communist positions. The other US objectives were intelligence gathering and interruption of North Vietnam's use of the Ho Chi Minh trail, and for this it relied on air power. During this period Laos was bombed more heavily than any other country ever has been in history: much infrastructure in the Pathēt Lao zone was destroyed and many were made refugees. The North Vietnamese objectives were more complicated. Their primary goal was to keep the Ho Chi Minh trail in the south open, and to prevent the US using Laos as a base for raids into North Vietnam. The war degenerated into the two sides pushing each other into or out of the Plain of Jars. In 1969 Richard Nixon became President of the US and began the long process of winding down the Vietnam War and finding a political settlement. But this brought no immediate draw-down in Laos. The new administration pursued the same goals by the same means, and in fact during 1969 and 1970 the bombing campaign against the North Vietnamese and Pathet Lao increased in intensity. In the spring of 1969 the North Vietnamese attempted to hold the Plain of Jars through the rainy season. This led to a coordinated campaign that lead to a disastrous defeat of the North Vietnamese. Under constant pressure, their resistance collapsed in the Plain of Jars. They abandoned millions of dollars worth of military equipment and were chased almost to the North Vietnamese border. The success however was short-lived. The North Vietnamese launched a two-division counteroffensive led by a large tank force. All the gains of that year were lost back to the North Vietnamese. In March 1970 the Cambodian government of Lon Nol ended the policy of ignoring the Vietnamese presence in the country. The port of Sihanoukville in Cambodia, which had effectively been a North Vietnamese Army supply terminal for years, was closed by the government. Cambodia soon collapsed into war. This had the effect of making the supply routes from North Vietnam through Laos even more important to the North Vietnamese. In the spring of 1970 the North Vietnamese Army began advancing westward deeper into Laos than ever before. During the same year, units of the Thai Army entered the conflict. These so-called Unity Battalions were in theory volunteers, but were effectively Thai regulars. In 1971 the Royal Lao Army came back into the conflict. The North Vietnamese advance deep into the country destroyed the status quo and prompted the Army back into action. In July the Thai and irregular forces attempted a repeat of the successful 1969 offensive into the Plain of Jars. But the North Vietnamese had learned from their previous mistakes and withdrew in good order ahead of the offensive. While much territory was captured, no serious damage was done to the North Vietnamese Army. The Thai and irregular forces built a chain of fortifications down the middle of the Plain of Jars. In 1971 the US sponsored an incursion into southern Laos by the South Vietnamese army, with the aim of severing the trail and shoring up the South Vietnamese government as the US withdrew its combat troops. The invasion was bitterly resisted by North Vietnamese and was decisively defeated. The North Vietnamese also retaliated by capturing several provincial capitals which it had previously surrounded but not tried to take. About 50,000 people were killed in Laos in the course of the war, many of them Lao civilians. While the ethnic minorities who mainly populated the mountains of the Pathēt Lao areas suffered terribly as a result of the war, the majority of the Lao-Lum people in the Mekong Valley towns were little effected in a military sense. The influx of US personnel and money (an estimated $US500 million in US aid alone) produced an economic boom in the towns as service industries grew to meet the demands of the war and the large resident American civilian population. Lao generals and politicians, led by Phūmī Nôsavan until his fall from power in 1965, grew rich on corruption, drug dealing, prostitution and smuggling, and large numbers of ordinary Lao moved into the cash economy for the first time, particularly in Viang Chan, which grew rapidly. The war also exposed the Lao to the full force of western popular culture for the first time, with an effect that both the Pathēt Lao and conservative Buddhists regarded as deeply corrupting of Lao tradition and culture. During these years the Pathēt Lao sought to project an image of moderation both domestically and internationally. Suphānuvong, as head of the Lao Patriotic Front, was the public face of the Pathēt Lao, while the Communist Party and its leader Kaisôn remained in the background. At its 1968 congress, the Front issued a 12-point program which made no mention of socialism, but called for a Government of National Union and free elections, and promised respect for Buddhism and the monarchy. The fact that Suphānuvong was a royal prince as well as a communist seemed to many Lao a reassurance that the Pathēt Lao in power would pursue a moderate path. In the Pathēt Lao zone, the communists followed conspicuously moderate policies, although there were some attempts at collectivising agriculture where this was possible. The Pathēt Lao were effective providers of basic services, despite the difficulties created by the endless bombing, and also effective at mobilising the upland minorities. Most notably, the Pathēt Lao were largely free from corruption. On the negative side, as most Lao knew, their policies were largely controlled by the North Vietnamese. Peace agreement (1973) In January 1973, following Nixon's re-election, a peace agreement was announced between North Vietnam and the US Following the pattern which had been established in Geneva in 1954, a peace settlement in Laos was agreed on as a side issue to the Vietnam question. The two sides in Laos had been in informal discussions since the previous July, and once their respective patrons had consented, they quickly signed a ceasefire and announced an Agreement on the Restoration of Peace and National Reconciliation. The main provisions were the formation of a Third Coalition government, with Suvannaphūmā as prime minister and 12 ministers from each side. The National Assembly, which had long lost its political legitimacy, was to be replaced by a Consultative Council of 42 members - 16 from each side plus ten agreed nominees. This body, to be chaired by Suphānuvong, was given equal status with the government, making Suphānuvong in effect co-ruler of the country. There was no mention of the Pathēt Lao giving up de facto control of its zone. Its armed forces were to be integrated into the national army in theory, but the timetable was never really certain. While the agreement required the North Vietnamese Army to leave Laos, the Vietnamese never left. The arrangements reflected the vastly strengthened position of the Pathēt Lao since the Second Coalition government. In recognition of this, the rightists attempted a last-gasp coup in Viang Chan in August, but it quickly collapsed, since by then many Lao recognised that it was only a matter of time before the Pathēt Lao took power. During 1974 and 1975 the balance of power in Laos shifted steadily in favour of the Pathēt Lao as the US disengaged itself from Indochina. Suvannaphūmā was tired and demoralised, and following a heart attack in mid-1974 he spent some months recuperating in France, after which he announced that he would retire from politics following the elections scheduled for early 1976. The anti-communist forces were thus leaderless, and also divided and deeply mired in corruption. Suphānuvong, by contrast, was confident and a master political tactician, and had behind him the disciplined cadres of the communist party and the Pathēt Lao forces and the North Vietnamese army. The end of American aid also meant the mass demobilisation of most of the non-Pathēt Lao military forces in the country. The Pathēt Lao on the other hand continued to be both funded and equipped by North Vietnam. In May 1974 Suphānuvong put forward an 18-point plan for "National Reconstruction," which was unanimously adopted - a sign of his increasing dominance. The plan was mostly uncontroversial, with renewed promises of free elections, democratic rights and respect for religion, as well as constructive economic policies. But press censorship was introduced in the name of "national unity," making it more difficult for non-communist forces to organise politically in response to the creeping Pathēt Lao takeover. In January 1975 all public meetings and demonstrations were banned. Recognising the trend of events, influential business and political figures began to move their assets, and in some cases themselves, to Thailand, France or the US In 1975, the Pathēt Lao forces on the Plain of Jars supported by North Vietnamese heavy artillery and other units began advancing westward. In late April, the Pathēt Lao took the government outpost at Sala Phou Khoum crossroads which opened up Route 13 to a Pathēt Lao advance toward Muang Kassy. For the non-Pathēt Lao elements in the government, compromise seemed better than allowing what had happened in Cambodia and South Vietnam to happen in Laos. A surrender was thought to be better than a change of power by force. Communist Laos (1975–1991) In March 1975, confident that the US no longer had the wherewithal to intervene militarily in Indochina, the North Vietnamese began their final military offensive in South Vietnam, which by the end of April carried them to victory with the fall of Saigon. A few days earlier the Khmer Rouge army had entered Phnom Penh. The Pathēt Lao now knew that victory was within reach, and with the Vietnam war over the North Vietnamese authorized the seizure of power in Laos. Demonstrations broke out in Viang Chan, denouncing the rightists and demanding political change. Rightist ministers resigned from the government and fled the country, followed by senior Royal Lao Army commanders. A Pathēt Lao minister took over the defence portfolio, removing any chance of the Army resisting the Pathēt Lao takeover. Suvannaphūmā, dreading further conflict and apparently trusting Suphānuvong's promises of a moderate policy, gave instructions that the Pathēt Lao were not to be resisted, and the US began to withdraw its diplomatic personnel. The Pathēt Lao army entered the major towns of southern Laos during May, and in early June occupied Luang Phrabāng. Panic broke out in Viang Chan as most of the business class and many officials, officers and others who had collaborated with the US scrambled to get their families and property across the Mekong to Thailand. Recognising that the cause was lost, Vang Pao led thousands of his Hmong fighters and their families into exile - eventually about a third of all the Lao Hmong left the country. Pathēt Lao forces entered an almost deserted Viang Chan in August. For a few months the Pathēt Lao appeared to honour their promises of moderation. The shell of the coalition government was preserved, there were no arrests or show-trials, and private property was respected. Diplomatic relations with the US were maintained, despite an immediate cut-off of all US aid. Other western countries continued to offer aid, and Soviet and eastern European technicians began to arrive to replace the departed Americans. Start of totalitarianism In December 1975, there was a sharp change in policy. A joint meeting of the government and the Consultative Council was held, at which Suphānuvong demanded immediate change. There was no resistance. On 2 December the King agreed to abdicate, and Suvannaphūmā resigned. The Lao People's Democratic Republic was proclaimed with Suphānuvong as President. Kaisôn Phomvihān emerged from the shadows to become Prime Minister and the real ruler of the country. Kaisôn immediately began the process of establishing the new republic as a one-party communist state. No more was heard of elections or political freedoms: non-communist newspapers were closed, and a large-scale purge of the civil service, army and police was launched. Thousands were dispatched for "re-education" in remote parts of the country, where many died and many more were kept for up to ten years. This prompted a renewed flight from the country. Many of the professional and intellectual class, who had initially been willing to work for the new regime, changed their minds and left - a much easier thing to do from Laos than from either Vietnam or Cambodia. By 1977, 10 percent of the population had left the country, including most of the business and educated classes. The leadership group of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party had hardly changed since the party's foundation, and did not change significantly during its first decade in power. Real power in the party rested with four men: General Secretary Kaisôn, his trusted deputy and economics chief Nuhak Phumsavan (both from humble origins in Savannakhet), planning minister Sālī Vongkhamxao (who died in 1991) and the Army commander and security chief Khamtai Siphandôn. The party's French-educated intellectuals - President Souphanavong and education and propaganda minister Phumi Vongvichit - were more widely seen in public and were Politburo members, but not part of the inner group. All these leaders were Lao-Lum: while the ethnic minorities had provided most of the troops for the Pathēt Lao army, their leaders were confined to symbolic roles in front organisations rather than admitted to the inner core of party leadership. In 1975 the party had only 30,000 members in a country of 3.5 million people. Of these, a substantial number were members of ethnic minorities from the former Pathēt Lao zone, who had joined the party for pragmatic or patriotic reasons rather than through a real understanding of communism. The number of committed communists among the Lao-Lum majority of the Lao population was very small. The public policy of the party was to "advance, step by step, to socialism, without going through the stage of capitalist development." This objective made a virtue of necessity: there was no chance of Laos having a "stage of capitalist development" while 90 percent of its population were subsistence farmers, and no chance of an orthodox Marxist path to socialism via a working class revolution in a country which had no industrial working class. The party leaders, having fought for 30 years to achieve power, now had to confront the question of what "socialism" meant in a country such as Laos, and how it was to be achieved in circumstances of poverty and isolation, when most administrative and professional personnel had fled the country. Out of public sight, the policy of the party was generally determined by Vietnam. The policies of Vietnam led to the economic isolation of Laos from all its neighbours which in turn led to its total dependence on Vietnam. Agricultural collectivisation For Kaisôn the path to socialism lay in emulating first the Vietnamese and then the Soviet models. "Socialist relations of production" must be introduced, and this, in an agricultural country, meant primarily the collectivisation of agriculture. All land was declared to be state property, and individual farms were merged into large-scale "co-operatives." The means of production - which in Laos meant buffalo and wooden ploughs - were to be owned collectively. By the end of 1978 most of the lowland Lao rice-growers had been subjected to collectivisation. The program was deeply unpopular. The Pathēt Lao had never had much active support in these areas, and the peasants felt no sense of gratitude to the communists for having freed them from oppressive landlords, since there had been few in Laos. The peasants engaged in passive resistance, including the slaughter of livestock, and many emigrated to Thailand. The impossibility of controlling the long Lao-Thai border meant that farmers could easily sell their crops on the free market in Thailand. As a result, state food procurements fell sharply, and this, coupled with the cutoff of American aid, postwar cutback of Vietnamese/Soviet aid and the virtual disappearance of imported goods, produced shortages, unemployment and economic hardship in the towns. Matters were made worse in 1979 when the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, and subsequent Sino-Vietnamese War, resulted in the Lao government being ordered by Vietnam to break off relations with China, ending another source of foreign assistance and trade. Economic deterioration The deteriorating economic situation soon led to active resistance to the communist regime. Incidents of sabotage escalated, particularly in the south, and a shadowy Lao National Revolutionary Front began guerilla operations from bases in Thailand, just as the communists themselves had done in the 1940s. In 1976 the army seized power again in Thailand, and the anti-communist military regime closed off all exports to Laos, making economic conditions even worse, and actively supported the Lao opposition: shortly afterwards a plot to assassinate Kaisôn, engineered by exiles with Thai support, was exposed. As well as economic grievances, the resistance was fuelled by resentment in urban areas over the government's restrictions on freedom of movement, tight censorship and curtailment of "decadent" western cultural activities such as cinema and nightclubs°. The exodus of educated people to Thailand led to a partial collapse of the education system, leaving large numbers of idle young people as a ready source of discontent. The Vietnamese, Soviet and eastern European technicians and advisors had little interest in developing the country other than as a source of resources to be extracted, and infrastructure and plants soon deteriorated. Lack of money and skilled personnel, plus an anti-Chinese political line directed by Vietnam, plus the Thai trade embargo, caused interruptions to vital services such as electricity. Ruptured relations with China and Thailand made Laos totally dependent on Vietnam. In 1977 a 25-year treaty of friendship was signed, providing for large numbers of Vietnamese advisors and for 30,000 Vietnamese troops to stay in the country. The Vietnamese were as unpopular as ever with the majority of the Lao people, despite a barrage of propaganda designed to encourage "solidarity" between the two countries, and the belief that the communists were allowing the Vietnamese to take over Laos fuelled opposition. During 1978 and 1979 the government became increasingly alarmed about the security situation. Both China and Thailand were supporting insurgencies in different parts of the country, and the resistance of the Hmong in central Laos revived with covert assistance from the exiled Hmong leaders in Thailand and the Laotian government reaction was to arrest the elderly King, his Queen and the Crown Prince, and deport them to a remote location near the Vietnamese border, where they died of neglect and lack of medical attention. For many years the fate of the Lao royal family remained unknown, but in the 1990s the truth leaked out and caused wide resentment in Laos. Pull-back from Marxist orthodoxy In mid-1979 the government, apparently at the urging of Soviet advisors who feared that the communist regime was on the point of collapse, announced a sudden reversal of policy. Kaisôn, a lifelong communist, showed himself to be a more flexible leader than many had expected. In a major speech in December, he admitted that Laos was not ready for socialism. "This policy cannot be successfully implemented in the economic field, and it is suicidal because any party which tries to implement such a policy will only meet with bankruptcy." Citing Lenin's "New Economic Policy" of the 1920s, he conceded that capitalist relations of production would have to be restored if the economic decline of the country was not to continue and be exploited by "enemies" of the regime. Kaisôn's model was not Lenin, however, but China's Deng Xiaoping, who at this time was starting the free-market reforms that laid the foundation for China's subsequent economic growth. Collectivisation was abandoned, and farmers were told that they were free to leave the "co-operative" farms, which virtually all of them promptly did, and to sell their surplus grain on the free market. Other liberalisations followed. Restrictions on internal movement were lifted, and cultural policy relaxed. As in China, however, there was no relaxation of the party's grip on political power. Insurgency in Laos The conflict between Hmong militias and the Pathet Lao continued in isolated pockets following the end of the Civil War. The government of Laos has been accused of committing genocide against the Hmong in collaboration with the Vietnamese army, with up to 100,000 killed out of a population of 400,000. From 1975 to 1996, the United States resettled some 250,000 Lao refugees from Thailand, including 130,000 Hmong. In 1990, deputy minister of science and technology Thongsouk Saysangkhi resigned from the Government and Party, calling for political and economic reform. He was arrested and died in captivity in 1998. Relations with Vietnam Relations with Vietnam had secretly set the strategy for the LPRP during the struggle to achieve full power, and the "sudden" opportunity to establish the LPDR in 1975 left no leeway to consider foreign policy alignments other than a continuation of the "special relations" with Vietnam. The relationship cultivated in the revolutionary stage predisposed Laos to Indochinese solidarity in the reconstruction and "socialist construction" phases and all but ensured that relations or alignments with China and Thailand would be wary and potentially unfriendly. Further, the LPRP, unlike the Cambodian communists under Pol Pot, was far too accustomed to accepting Vietnamese advice to consider striking out on its own. The final seizure of power by the hitherto secret LPRP in 1975 brought both a public acknowledgment of the previously hidden North Vietnamese guidance of the party and genuine expressions of gratitude by the LPRP to its Vietnamese partners. The challenge facing the ruling group—the construction of a socialist society—was seen as a natural extension of past collaboration with North Vietnam. The revolution was simply entering a new phase in 1975, and the LPRP leaders congratulated themselves upon ousting the imperialists and looked forward to advice and economic as well as military support, which was not available from any neighbour or counterrevolutionary state. LPRP leaders were accustomed to discussing policies as well as studying doctrine in Hanoi. They formalised governmental contacts with their mentors at biannual meetings of the foreign ministers of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam starting in 1980 and through the joint Vietnam-Laos Cooperative Commission, which met annually to review progress of various projects. Other levels of co-operation between Laos and Vietnam existed, for example, party-to-party meetings and province-to-province exchanges, as well as mass organisations for youths and women. Meetings of the commission were held regularly. The primary channels for Vietnam's influence in Laos, however, were the LPRP and the LPA. In the LPRP, long-standing collaboration and consultation at the very top made special committees unnecessary, whereas in the LPA, the Vietnamese advisers, instructors, and troops on station constituted a pervasive, inescapable influence, even though they scrupulously avoided public exposure by sticking to their designated base areas. Cooperation in the military field was probably the most extensive, with logistics, training, and communications largely supplied by Vietnam throughout the 1970s and 1980s (heavy ordnance and aircraft were provided by the Soviet Union). The phrase "special relations" came into general use by both parties after 1976, and in July 1977, the signing of the 25-year Lao-Vietnamese Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation legitimised the stationing of Vietnamese army troops in Laos for its protection against hostile or counterrevolutionary neighbours. Another element of co-operation involved hundreds of Vietnamese advisers who mentored their Laotian counterparts in virtually all the ministries in Vientiane. Hundreds of LPRP stalwarts and technicians studied in institutes of Marxism-Leninism or technical schools in Hanoi. The resources that Vietnam was able to bestow upon its revolutionary partner, however, were severely limited by the physical destruction of war and the deadening orthodoxy of its economic structures and policies. However, it could put in a good word for its Laotian apprentices with the Soviet Union, which in turn could recommend economic assistance projects to its East European satellite states. Yet, Vietnam's influence on Laos was determined by economic assistance and ideology as well as by geographical and historical proximity. The two nations fit together, as the leaders liked to say, "like lips and teeth". Vietnam provided landlocked Laos a route to the sea, and the mountainous region of eastern Laos provided Vietnam a forward strategic position for challenging Thai hegemony in the Mekong Valley. Despite the political and military alliance between Vietnam and the Soviet Union, the Vietnamese Communist leadership saw to it that Soviet influence be remain limited in the LPDR. In the mid-1980s, the Vietnamese leaders, unnerved by the efforts of Mikhail Gorbachev to reach reconciliation with China, decided to reinforce their grip over Laos, even at the expense of their Soviet allies. In May–June 1985, Truong Chinh, Vietnam's head of state, paid his first official visits to Laos and the People's Republic of Kampuchea, during which decisions were made to reduce Laotian imports from Thailand, and further redirect Laotian foreign trade toward the Vietnamese ports of Da Nang and Ho Chi Minh City. In late 1985, the Laotian government, probably due to Vietnamese pressure, asked the USSR to withdraw all Soviet civilian advisers from the LPDR, whereas the number of Vietnamese advisers underwent a simultaneous increase. During the 1980s, Vietnam's regional opponents attributed to it a neocolonial ambition to create an "Indochina Federation". This phrase can be found in early pronouncements of the ICP in its struggle against the French colonial structures in Indochina. The charge, exaggerated as it was, lost its currency once Vietnam withdrew its troops from Cambodia in 1989 and subsequently from Laos. Laos's dependence on Vietnam since 1975 could then be perceived as a natural extension of their collaboration and solidarity in revolution rather than as domination by Vietnam. With the departure of Vietnamese military forces—except for some construction engineers—and the passing of most senior Vietnamese revolutionary partners, the magnetism of the special relationship lost its grip. Further, Vietnam was never able to muster large-scale economic aid programs. It launched only 200 assistance projects between 1975 and 1985, whereas the Soviet Union generated considerably more in the way of contributions. In 1992 the long-standing Vietnamese ambassador to Laos, a veteran of fourteen years' service, characterised the relationship as composed "d'amitié et de coopération multiforme entre les pays" (of friendship and diverse co-operation between the two countries). This pronouncement was far less compelling than the "objective law of existence and development" formulation sometimes expressed in the past. Although Vietnam's historical record of leadership in the revolution and its military power and proximity will not cease to exist, Laos struck out ahead of Vietnam with its New Economic Mechanism to introduce market mechanisms into its economy. In so doing, Laos has opened the door to rapprochement with Thailand and Russia at some expense to its special dependence on Vietnam. Laos might have reached the same point of normalisation in following Vietnam's economic and diplomatic change, but by moving ahead resolutely and responding to Thai and Russian gestures, Laos has broadened its range of donors, trading partners, and investors independent of Vietnam's attempts to accomplish the same goal. Thus, Vietnam remains in the shadows as a mentor and emergency ally, and the tutelage of Laos has shifted dramatically to development banks and international entrepreneurs. Contemporary Laos (1991–present) The abandonment of agricultural collectivization and the end of totalitarianism brought with them new problems, which grew worse the longer the communist party enjoyed a monopoly of power. These included increasing corruption and nepotism (a traditional feature of Lao political life), as ideological commitment faded and self-interest arose to replace it as the major motivation for seeking and holding office. The economic benefits of economic liberalisation were also slow to emerge. Unlike China, Laos did not have the potential for rapid economic growth through free market mechanisms in agriculture and the fostering of export-driven low-wage manufacturing. This was partly because Laos was a small, poor, landlocked country while China had the advantage of decades more communist development. As a result, the Lao farmers, most living at little more than subsistence level, could not generate the surpluses, even given economic incentives, that the Chinese peasants could and did after Deng's decollectivisation of agriculture. Cut off from educational opportunities in the west, many young Lao were dispatched for higher education in Vietnam, the Soviet Union or eastern Europe, but even crash education courses took time to produce trained teachers, engineers and doctors. In any case, the standard of training in some cases was not high, and many of the Lao students lacked the language skills to understand what they were being taught. Today many of these Lao regard themselves as a "lost generation" and have had to gain new qualifications at western standards to be able to find employment. In 1985, recognising the disappointing results of the party's first decade in power, Kaisôn introduced the New Economic Mechanism. Although justified with appropriate socialist phraseology, this policy amounted in effect to abandoning state ownership and control of the economy. The state bureaucracy was reduced in size and its role in economic management reduced, subsidies to state industries were abolished, managers were told that they should aim to make their enterprises profitable (which inevitably meant shedding employees), and retail prices were deregulated. While long-term benefits were expected from these reforms, in the short term they produced inflation, unemployment among workers from the loss-making state sector, and served mainly to increase resentment and insecurity among the urban population. The reforms thus did little to bolster the standing of the communist regime, particularly since its concessions to capitalism had cost it much of its ideological legitimacy. Fortunately for the party, the opposition forces were too weak and disorganised to take advantage of the party's vulnerable position. The international position of Laos also remained precarious. Deference to Vietnam had resulted in the political and economic isolation of Laos. Its other borders with China and Thailand were hostile and closed. The policies of the government had left it dependent on Vietnam as its only ally and source of assistance. By the mid-1980s relations with China had begun to thaw as Chinese anger at Lao support for Vietnam in 1979 faded and Vietnamese power within Laos diminished. By 1986 official ties had been restored, although relations remained cool. Ambassadors were exchanged in 1988, the same year the Vietnam officially withdrew its troops from both Laos and Cambodia (in fact some troops remained in Laos). At the same time, Laos made the first steps to repairing relations with the US, co-operating with US efforts to find the remains of American air-crew shot down over Laos during the Indochina war. This restoration of ties was seen as necessary both to enable American aid and investment to resume, and to end covert US support for the low-level anti-communist insurgency which continued to flicker in the south. The government also hoped that the US would use its influence to urge Thailand to ease its economic and political pressure on Laos. In 1984 and again in 1987 there were border clashes between Thai and Lao forces in a disputed territory in Xainyaburī province, and Thai restrictions on trade continued to hurt Laos. The collapse of communism in eastern Europe which began in 1989 and ended with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 came a profound shock to the Lao communist leaders. Ideologically, it did not suggest to the Lao leaders that there was anything fundamentally wrong with socialism as an idea, but it confirmed for them the wisdom of the concessions in economic policy they had made since 1979. More practically, the Soviet Union had been the largest contributor of foreign aid to Laos, but in 1989 Mikhail Gorbachev told Kaisôn that aid would have to be sharply reduced. Aid was cut off completely in 1990, creating a renewed economic crisis. Laos was forced to ask France and Japan for emergency assistance, and also to ask the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank for aid. This had further consequences. The international agencies required further economic liberalisation and reform as a precondition for large-scale aid. Laos was also forced to mend its fences with the non-communist countries if it wanted their assistance. Laos was helped in this by the restoration of civilian government in Thailand after 1992, which ended the confrontationist policies of the previous military regimes. Finally, in 1989, Kaisôn visited Beijing to confirm the restoration of friendly relations, and to secure Chinese aid. In the 1990s the old guard of Lao communism passed from the scene. Suphānuvong retired in 1991 and died in 1995. He was succeeded as President by Kaisôn, while Khamtai Siphandôn became Prime Minister, but Kaisôn in turn died in November 1992, and was succeeded as President by Nuhak Phumsavan and as party leader by Khamtai, who thus emerged as the effective ruler of the country. In 1998 Nuhak retired and Khamtai succeeded him as President, a post he continued to hold until 2006, at 81 the last of the generation of leaders who waged the "thirty-year struggle" for power. General Sisavath Keobounphanh became Prime Minister in 1998, and was succeeded in 2001 by Boungnang Vorachith. Since the 1990s the dominant factor in the Lao economy has been the spectacular growth in the South-East Asian region, and particularly in Thailand. In 1994 an Australian-funded bridge was opened linking Viang Chan with the Thai city of Nong Khai: this has become the country's most important piece of infrastructure, because it has linked Laos to the booming Thai economy. (Since then another bridge has been built crossing the Mekong river at Pākxē linking the Lao areas west of the Mekong and the Lao-Thai border and Ubon Ratchathani further west in Thailand. A third bridge, called the Second Thai-Lao Friendship Bridge has been built connecting Savannakhet to Mukdahan in Thailand, opened on 9 January 2007. Also see Third Thai-Lao Friendship Bridge and Fourth Thai-Lao Friendship Bridge.) To take advantage of this, the Lao government lifted virtually all restrictions on foreign trade and investment, allowing Thai and other foreign firms to set up and trade freely in the country. Lao and Chinese exiles were also encouraged to return to Laos, and to bring their money with them. Many did so - today a member of the former Lao royal family, Princess Manilai, owns a hotel and health resort in Luang Phrabāng, while some of the old Lao elite families, such as the Inthavongs, again operate (if not live) in the country. Of equal benefit to Laos was the rapid expansion of tourism in South-East Asia, in which again Thailand was a leading participant. The Lao government saw the possibilities of income from tourism in the 1990s, but the almost total lack of tourist infrastructure, the poor transport system, the non-convertibility of the Lao currency and fears by some communist officials of political dangers and "cultural pollution" from an influx of foreigners all acted as barriers. The American writer Brett Dakin, who worked as an adviser to the Lao National Tourism Authority, has written an amusing account of the struggles of the Lao bureaucracy to adapt to the demands of the tourism industry. Among his projects was "Visit Laos Year" in 1999–2000, which began the current boom in tourism to Laos. Today Laos is a popular tourist destination, with the cultural and religious glories of Luang Phrabāng (now a UNESCO World Heritage Site) being particularly popular. A host of small businesses have grown up to serve the tourist trade, providing welcome employment to thousands of people, while foreign (mainly Thai) airlines, bus companies and hotels have moved in to fill the infrastructure gaps that the Lao government lacks the funds or expertise to provide. Since the reforms of the 1980s, Laos has achieved sustained growth, averaging six percent a year since 1988, except during the Asian financial crisis of 1997. But subsistence agriculture still accounts for half of GDP and provides 80 percent of total employment. Much of the private sector is controlled by Thai and Chinese companies, and indeed Laos has to some extent become an economic and cultural colony of Thailand, a source of some resentment among Lao. Laos is still heavily dependent on foreign aid, but Thailand's ongoing expansion has increased demand for timber and hydroelectricity, Laos's only major export commodities. Recently Laos has normalised its trade relations with the US, but this has yet to produce any major benefits. The European Union has provided funds to enable Laos to meet membership requirements for the World Trade Organization. A major hurdle is the Lao kip, which is still not an officially convertible currency. The communist party retains a monopoly of political power, but leaves the operation of the economy to market forces, and does not interfere in the daily lives of the Lao people provided they do not challenge its rule. Attempts to police the religious, cultural, economic and sexual activities of the people have been largely abandoned, although Christian evangelism is officially discouraged. The media is state controlled, but most Lao have free access to Thai radio and television (Thai and Lao are mutually comprehensible languages), which gives them news from the outside world. Modestly censored Internet access is available in most towns. Lao are also fairly free to travel to Thailand, and indeed illegal Lao immigration to Thailand is a problem for the Thai government. Those who challenge the communist regime, however, receive harsh treatment. Amnesty International has continued to document illegal detention and torture of political detainees. Various opposition groups operate in Thailand and the US, but there seems little evidence of active opposition inside Laos. For the time being most Lao seem content with the personal freedom and modest prosperity they have enjoyed over the past decade. In March 2006 Khamtai stepped down as Party leader and President, and was succeeded in both posts by Choummaly Sayasone, aged a relatively youthful 70. Like Khamtai, Choummaly had a military background, and was generally seen as unlikely to initiate major reforms. In january 2016, Bounnhang Vorachit succeeded Choummaly Sayasone as president and leader of the ruling Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP). In January 2021, Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith became new secretary general of the ruling Lao People’s Revolutionary Party replacing retiring Bounnhang Vorachit. Leader of the ruling party is the most powerful post in the country. In March 2021, Thongloun Sisoulith was also elected as the new President of Laos. See also CIA activities in Laos North Vietnamese invasion of Laos Laotian Rebellion (1826-1828) References Sources (The link is to the complete text of the book.) Martin Stuart-Fox, A History of Laos, Cambridge University Press 1997 Kenneth Conboy, War in Laos 1954-1975, Squadron/Signal publications 1994 Jean Deuve, "Le royaume du Laos, 1949-1965", Paris, L'Harmattan, 2003, 387 p. 20th century in Laos 21st century in Laos Laos fr:Histoire du Laos it:Storia del Laos pt:História do Laos ru:История Лаоса
3987468	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranveig%20Fr%C3%B8iland	Ranveig Frøiland	Ranveig Hjørdis Frøiland (15 September 1945 – 16 March 2020) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party. She was Minister of Industry and Energy (energy affairs) in 1996, and Minister of Petroleum and Energy in 1997. Later she served as Chairman of the Board of the Bergen Health Trust. References 1945 births 2020 deaths Petroleum and energy ministers of Norway Members of the Storting Labour Party (Norway) politicians 21st-century Norwegian politicians 20th-century Norwegian politicians
5378130	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac%20Wellman	Mac Wellman	Mac Wellman, born John McDowell Wellman on March 7, 1945 in Cleveland, Ohio, is an American playwright, author, and poet. He is best known for his experimental work in the theater which rebels against theatrical conventions, often abandoning such traditional elements as plot and character altogether. In 1990, he received an Obie Award for Best New American Play (for Bad Penny, Terminal Hip, and Crowbar). In 1991, he received another Obie Award for Sincerity Forever. He has received a Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Writers Award, and the 2003 Obie Award for Lifetime Achievement, as well as the Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists award (2003). Personal development In 1967 Wellman earned a baccalaureat International Relations at the American University, marrying his first wife, Nancy Roesch, the same year. Moving to the University of Wisconsin, he earned a master's degree in English focusing on poetry. After teaching several years, he sought professional renewal by touring Europe. In The Netherlands, Wellman began a collaboration with Annemarie Prins, a Dutch theatrical director/producer whom he had first met during his junior year in college, creating radio plays. In 1975 they directed a stage production, Fama Combinatoria, at Theatre de Brakke Grand in Amsterdam. During the late seventies Wellman moved to New York City and married a Dutch journalist, Yolanda Gerritsen. Wellman continued writing poetry and plays, and in 1977 published a collection of poetry, In Praise of Secrecy, while in 1979 his play, Starluster was produced in New York. Writings Wellman's plays frequently resemble a moving collage of events which has more in common with an avant-garde dance production than Broadway-style theater. Wellman has stated, "More and more I think all theater is site-specific. When plays work, they work in the space." Helen Shaw wrote, "Since a 1984 essay, 'The Theatre of Good Intentions', [Wellman] has been the cynosure in a heaven full of experimental playwrights who rail against what Jonathan Lear, in his book Open Minded, called a 'tyranny' of 'the already known'." Discussing his style with BOMB Magazine, Wellman said that he uses words as objects in his writing. "I found if you try to write totally in cliches and things that don't sound right," Wellman clarified, "you deal with a language that frankly is 98% of what people speak, think, and hear. So it's enormously enjoyable." This type of language has been positively characterized as "an untrammeled flow of logorrhea: plain words, fancy words, space-age words, Victorian words and words that defy the dictionary" by The New York Times reviewer Ben Brantley. In terms of production, Wellman experiments with stage direction. Some directions are spoken and others are not, blurring the line between action and direction. Wellman notes, "That's something I'm really interested in. I like it when people talk about what's going on in a play. Sometimes it's more interesting than trying to enact everything." Professional credits Wellman is the I. Fine Professor of Play Writing at Brooklyn College, New York City, and in 2010 he became a CUNY Distinguished Professor. Wellman is author of more than forty plays, including: Harm's Way (1978) The Self-Begotten (1982) The Bad Infinity (1983) Terminal Hip (1984) Dracula (1987) Whirligig (1988) Crowbar (1989) 7 Blowjobs (1991) Murder of Crows (1992) Second-Hand Smoke (1997) Description Beggared or the Allegory of WHITENESS (2000) Jennie Richee (2001) In addition to several collaborations with composer/percussionist David Van Tieghem in the 1990s, he collaborated with Bang on a Can composer David Lang in 2006 on the opera The Difficulty of Crossing a Field, adapted from a very short story by Ambrose Bierce. He has received grants from the National Endowment for the Arts, New York Foundation for the Arts, the Rockefeller Foundation, the McKnight Foundation and a Guggenheim Fellowship. In 1990, he received an Obie Award for Best New American Play (for Bad Penny, Terminal Hip, and Crowbar). In 1991, he received another Obie Award for Sincerity Forever. He has received a Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Writers Award, and most recently the 2003 Obie Award for Lifetime Achievement, as well as the Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists award (2003). He is a co-founder of The Flea Theater in New York City. Bibliography Munk, Erika. "The Difficulty of Defending a Form: David Lang and Mac Wellman, Interviewed by Erika Munk." Theater 32.2 (Summer 2002), 56-61. Shaw, Helen. "Mac Wellman and Things of the Devil." The Difficulty of Crossing a Field. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008. vii-xii. Simpson, Jim, artistic dir. Mac Wellman, co-founder. The Flea Theater. Wellman, Mac. "A Chrestomathy of 22 Answers to 22 Wholly Unaskable and Unrelated Questions Concerning Political and Poetic Theater." Cellophane: Plays by Mac Wellman. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001. 1-16. Speculations: An Essay on the Theater. January 20, 2009. Speculations: An Essay on the Theater (abridged version). The Difficulty of Crossing a Field. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008. 293-342. The Bad Infinity: Eight Plays by Mac Wellman. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994. The Difficulty of Crossing a Field: Nine New Plays. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008. "The Theatre of Good Intentions." Performing Arts Journal 8.3 (1984), 59-70. See also Speculations: An Essay on the Theater The Flea Theater Performance art Performing Garage Elizabeth LeCompte The Wooster Group Ontological-Hysteric Theater Richard Foreman Richard Schechner Happenings Allan Kaprow Fluxus Intermedia Dick Higgins Marina Abramović Experimental theatre Avant-garde References External links MacWellman.com – Official website The Flea Theater Mac Wellman papers, 1959-1999, and Mac Wellman papers, additions, 1979-2008 (bulk 2000-2008) held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts 1945 births Living people 20th-century American dramatists and playwrights Brooklyn College faculty Place of birth missing (living people) Obie Award recipients Postmodern theatre
5378134	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1sd	Jásd	Jásd is a village in Veszprém county, Hungary. External links Street map (Hungarian) Populated places in Veszprém County
5378137	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Team	River Team	The River Team is a tributary of the River Tyne in Gateshead, England. Etymology The name Team may have a Brittonic origin. The name may be from the Brittonic root tā-, with a sense of "melting, thawing, dissolving", plus a nasal root determinative, giving a form of tā-m- or tā-n-. However, Team has also been associated with the Indo-European temhx-, "dark" and tṃh-, "cut" or "be cut". Course Its source is near Annfield Plain, where it is known as Kyo Burn. Then changing its name again to Causey Burn as it flows underneath the famous Causey Arch. It then flows past Beamish Museum in County Durham (where it is known as Beamish Burn) then crosses the border into Gateshead flowing through Lamesley. Continuing on into the Team Valley, the river flows through a culvert in the middle of the roundabout underneath the A1 road, it then continues through the Team Valley Trading Estate through a covered culvert, before emerging to the surface halfway along. It then flows through the site of the 1990 National Garden Festival, before finally discharging into the River Tyne in Dunston. This area is known as Teams, after the river. Pollution The River Team has long been regarded as one of the most polluted rivers in the area due to the discharges from Sewage works near Lamesley and heavy industry in the Team Valley. It is called "The Gut" by the residents of Dunston. However considerable improvements have now been made and the river is relatively clean. Water quality The Environment Agency measure water quality of the river systems in England. Each is given an overall ecological status, which may be one of five levels: high, good, moderate, poor and bad. There are several components that are used to determine this, including biological status, which looks at the quantity and varieties of invertebrates, angiosperms and fish. Chemical status, which compares the concentrations of various chemicals against known safe concentrations, is rated good or fail. Water quality of the River Team in 2019: Geology Prior to the last ice age, the lower part of the River Team actually formed the lower part of the River Wear, with a combined Tyne-Wear river continuing to the coast from Dunston. The ice diverted the River Wear to its current course towards the coast at Sunderland, with the smaller River Team flowing along its former course towards the River Tyne. References The River Team Corridor Project Reviving the River Team Team Team River 1Team
5378144	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool%20Hospital	Liverpool Hospital	Liverpool Hospital is located in the South Western Sydney suburb of Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia and is a 50-minute drive from the Sydney CBD. It is the second largest hospital in New South Wales (behind Westmead Hospital) and one of the leading trauma centres in Australia. It has a maximum capacity of 960 beds, 23 operating rooms and 60 critical care beds, diagnostic and imaging services, emergency and trauma care, maternity, paediatric, cancer care, mental health, ambulatory care, allied health and medical and surgical services from birth to aged care. The hospital is the major health service for South Western Sydney, providing services to the local government area of Liverpool City Council as well as district services to residents and visitors in the area. It also provides a range of statewide services in areas such as critical care and trauma, neonatal intensive care and brain injury rehabilitation. Liverpool Hospital sits within an education and health precinct which includes the Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Clinical Schools of the University of New South Wales and Western Sydney University, South West Private Hospital and South Western Sydney TAFE. It is a principal teaching hospital of the University of New South Wales and the Western Sydney University and continues to have an active education programme for medical practitioners, nurses and health professionals, with a range of clinical placements available for students from universities around Australia. See also Health care in Australia Lists of hospitals List of hospitals in Australia References External links Liverpool Hospital Liverpool Hospital 200 year anniversary South Western Sydney Local Health District Hospitals in Sydney Hospital buildings completed in 1813 Teaching hospitals in Australia Hospitals established in the 1790s
3987474	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20protectorate%20of%20Laos	French protectorate of Laos	The French protectorate of Laos () was a French protectorate in Southeast Asia of what is today Laos between 1893 and 1953—with a brief interregnum as a Japanese puppet state in 1945—which constituted part of French Indochina. It was established over the Siamese vassal, the Kingdom of Luang Prabang, following the Franco-Siamese War in 1893. It was integrated into French Indochina and in the following years further Siamese vassals, the Principality of Phuan and Kingdom of Champasak, were annexed into it in 1899 and 1904, respectively. The protectorate of Luang Prabang was nominally under the rule of its King, but actual power lay with a local French Governor-General, who in turn reported to the Governor-General of French Indochina. The later annexed regions of Laos were however under pure French rule. During World War II, the protectorate briefly proclaimed independence under Japanese occupation in 1945. After the surrender of Japan shortly thereafter, the restoration of French control over the country was opposed by the newly established Lao Issara government, who ultimately failed by April 1946. The protectorate was reestablished, but not too long after the kingdom was expanded to encompass all Laotian regions and given self-rule within the French Union as the Kingdom of Laos. It achieved full independence after the Franco-Lao Treaty in 1953, during the final stages of the First Indochina War. The final dissolution of French Indochina came with the 1954 Geneva Conference. Establishment of a protectorate After the acquisition of Cambodia in 1863, French explorers led by Ernest Doudart de Lagrée went on several expeditions along the Mekong River to find possible trade relations for the territories of French Cambodia and Cochinchina (modern-day Southern Vietnam) to the south. In 1885, a French consulate was established in the Kingdom of Luang Prabang, which was a vassal kingdom to Siam (modern-day Thailand). Siam, led by king Chulalongkorn, soon feared that France was planning to annex Luang Prabang and signed a treaty with the French on 7 May 1886 which recognised Siam's suzerainty over the Lao kingdoms. By the end of 1886, Auguste Pavie was named vice-consul to Luang Prabang and was in charge of expeditions occurring in Laotian territory, with the possibility of turning Laos into a French territory. In 1888, Chinese forces known as the Black Flag Army declared war on Siam and its vassal state of Luang Prabang by sacking its capital. Pavie and French forces later intervened and evacuated the Lao royal family to safety. Additional French troops from Hanoi later arrived to expel the Black Flags from Luang Prabang. Following his return to the city, King Oun Kham requested a French protectorate over his kingdom. Pavie later sent Oun Kham's request to the French government in Paris. The bill designating Luang Prabang a protectorate of France was signed on 27 March 1889 between both sides despite a Siamese protest. After an ultimatum was given by Pavie, now resident minister to Siam in Bangkok, in August 1892 to the Siamese government, both countries went to war in 1893, culminating in the Paknam incident when France, contrary to promises it had made to Great Britain, entered Bangkok with warships. The kingdom was forced to recognise French control over the eastern side of the Mekong River. Pavie continued to support French expeditions in Laotian territory and gave the territory its modern-day name of Laos. Following Siam's acceptance of the ultimatum, to cede the lands east of the Mekong including its islands, the Protectorate of Laos was officially established and the administrative capital moved from Luang Prabang to Vientiane. However, Luang Prabang remained the seat of the royal family, whose power was reduced to figureheads while the actual power was transferred over to French officials including the vice consulate and Resident-General. In January 1896, France and the United Kingdom signed an accord recognising the border between French Laos and British Burma. Administrative reorganisation In 1898, Laos was fully integrated into the French Indochina union that was created in 1887 by unifying French possessions in Vietnam and Cambodia. A colonial governor was later installed in Vientiane and Laos was reorganised from two provinces (Haut-Laos and Bas-Laos) to ten provinces. The royal seat at Luang Prabang was still seen as the official ruler of the province and a royal court still remained, but it was later to be consisted of French appointed officials. The remaining nine provinces were directly ruled under the French government in Vientiane, with each province having a resident governor and military post. To financially support the colonial government, taxes were introduced and imposed on the population. In 1902, a treaty with Siam forced the kingdom to also surrender lands on the western side of the Mekong River. These lands now form the province of Sainyabuli and the western half of Champasak Province. In 1904, the present border between Laos and Cambodia was established after Siam ceded Meluprey (Preah Vihear Province) and the Kingdom of Champasak to the French. Unlike in the annexation of the Kingdom of Luang Prabang, which had become an official French protectorate at least nominally under the rule of the royal house, the French administration saw no benefit in a protectorate treaty with Champasak. For this reason, Champasak was declared dissolved on 22 November 1904; the area was then managed directly by the colonial administration. By internal reclassification of the provinces and by giving some of the southern areas to French Cambodia, the former Kingdom of Champasak disappeared from the map, leaving only the Champasak Province. The last King of Champasak, Ratsadanay, was however allowed to keep his title for life and became governor of Champasak province, whose administrative center was relocated to Pakse in 1908. In 1934 he was deposed by the French due to his age. French plans to expand the territory of Laos ended in 1907, after Siam began co-operating with the British to control French expansion in Indochina, which the British Empire feared would have eventually led to a French annexation of Siam, upsetting the region's balance of power. Within French Administration in 1904, despite Cambodia's historical claim, Laos ceded Stung Treng Province in exchange of the royal capital of Champassak which was temporally under Cambodia's Administration. In addition, prior to the Holy Man's Rebellion, the province of Kontum and Pleiku was placed under the French Protectorate of Annam. Colonialism in Laos Having been unsuccessful in their grand plan to annex Siam and with Laos being the least populated of its Indochinese possessions (the population was estimated to be 470,000 in 1900) and lacking seaports for trade, the French lost much interest in Laos, and for the next fifty years it remained a backwater of the French empire in Indochina. Officially, the Kingdom of Luang Prabang remained a protectorate with internal autonomy, but in practice it was controlled by French residents while the rest of Laos was governed as a colony. King Sisavang Vong, who became King of Luang Prabang in 1904, remained conspicuously loyal to the French through his 55-year reign. Economically, the French did not develop Laos to the scale that it had in Vietnam and many Vietnamese were recruited to work in the government in Laos instead of the Laotian people, causing some conflicts between locals and the government. Economic development occurred very slowly in Laos and was initially fuelled primarily by rice cultivation and distilleries producing rice alcohol. Nevertheless, the French did not plan to expand the Laotian economy and left commercial activity to the local populations. Geographic isolation also led to Laos being less influenced from France compared to other French colonies and in a 1937 estimate, only 574 French civilians along with a smaller number of government workers lived in Laos, a figure significantly smaller than in Vietnam and Cambodia. Under the French rule, the Vietnamese were encouraged to migrate to Laos, which was seen by the French colonists as a rational solution to a practical problem within the confines of an Indochina-wide colonial space. By 1943, the Vietnamese population stood at nearly 40,000, forming the majority in the largest cities of Laos and enjoying the right to elect their own leaders. As a result, 53% of the population of Vientiane, 85% of Thakhek and 62% of Pakse were Vietnamese, with only an exception of Luang Prabang where the population was predominantly Lao. As late as 1945, the French even drew up an ambitious plan to move massive Vietnamese population to three key areas, i.e. the Vientiane Plain, Savannakhet region, Bolaven Plateau, which was only discarded by Japanese invasion of Indochina. Otherwise, according to Martin Stuart-Fox, the Lao might well have lost control over their own country. Social reforms also occurred under French administration, such as the suppression of banditry, abolishment of slavery, and ending the legal discrimination of the Lao Theung and Lao Soung people by the Lao Loum majority. Vietnamese and Chinese merchants also later arrived to repopulate the towns (particularly Vientiane) and revive trade and some Lao Loum were later allowed to participate in local government. Despite these social reforms, many minority groups, especially the hill tribes of the Lao Soung, did not benefit from French rule and were not, if at all, influenced by French culture. Revolts In 1901, a revolt broke out in the south of Laos in the Bolaven Plateau among groups of Lao Theung led by Ong Keo, who was a self-proclaimed phū mī bun (holy man) who led a messianic cult. The revolt challenged French control over Laos and was not fully suppressed until 1910, when Ong Keo was killed. However, his successor and lieutenant, Ong Kommandam would become an early leader in the Lao nationalist movement. Between 1899 and 1910, political unrest in the northern Phôngsali Province occurred as local hill tribe chiefs challenged French rule and assimilation policies being carried out in the highlands. At the height of the revolt, the unrest spread to the highlands of Tonkin (northern Vietnam) and was largely concentrated among the minority groups of the Khmu and Hmong. Although the revolt initially started as a resistance against French influence and tightening of administration, it later changed objective into stopping the French suppression of the opium trade. Instability continued in the north of Laos in 1919 when Hmong groups, who were the chief opium producers in Indochina, revolted against French taxation and special status given to the Lao Loum, who were minorities in the highlands, in a conflict known as the War of the Insane. Hmong rebels claimed that both Lao and French officials were treating them as subordinate and uncivilised groups and were later defeated in March 1921. After the revolt, the French government granted Hmongs partial autonomy in the Xiangkhouang Province. Despite the unrest among minority hill tribes in the north, the central and southern portions of Laos saw a more favourable comparison under French rule versus Siamese rule and a considerable re-migration of Lao from the Isan area of northeastern Siam to Laos boosted the population and revived trade. Mekong valley cities such as Vientiane and Savannakhet grew considerably and the founding of Pakse fully asserted French rule over southern Laos, although cities still largely contained significant Vietnamese and Chinese minorities. To compete with Siamese trade, the French proposed a railway linking Hanoi with Vientiane but the plans were never approved. Nevertheless, infrastructure did improve for the first time in Laos as French colonists constructed Route nationale 13, linking Vientiane with Pakse and the road continues to remain the most important highway in Laos today. In 1923, a law school opened in Vientiane to train local Laotians interested in participating in the government, however a large portion of students at the school were Vietnamese, who continued to dominate political offices. Although tin mining and coffee cultivation began in the 1920s, the country's isolation and difficult terrain meant that Laos largely remained economically unviable to the French. More than 90% of the Lao remained subsistence farmers, growing just enough surplus produce to sell for cash to pay their taxes. Although the French did impose an assimilation program in Laos as in Vietnam, they were slow to fully enforce it due to the isolation and lack of economic importance in the colony. Schools were found primarily in major cities and it was not until the 1920s that rural areas began to be exposed to French education. By the 1930s, literacy rates among the Lao Loum and populations in the lowlands had increased considerably and Laotian students began to receive higher education in Hanoi or Paris. However, progress was stagnant in the highlands, where hill tribes were either too isolated to reach or refused to adopt the education system that was based on the foreign French language. Most of the French who came to Laos as officials, settlers or missionaries developed a strong affection for the country and its people, and many devoted decades to what they saw as bettering the lives of the Lao. Some took Lao wives, learned the language, became Buddhists and "went native"—something more acceptable in the French Empire than in the British. With the racial attitudes typical of Europeans at this time, however, they tended to classify the Lao as gentle, amiable, childlike, naïve and lazy, regarding them with what one writer called "a mixture of affection and exasperation". French contribution to Lao nationalism, apart from the creation of the Lao state itself, was made by the oriental specialists of the French School of the Far East (École Française d'Extrême-Orient), who undertook major archaeological works, found and published Lao historical texts, standardised the written Lao language, renovated neglected temples and tombs and in 1931, founded the Independent Lao Buddhist Institute in Vientiane, where Pali was taught so that the Lao could either study their own ancient history or Buddhist texts. Laos during World War II Laos might have drifted along as a backwater of the French Empire indefinitely had it not been for dramatic outside events that heavily impacted the nation from 1940 onwards. On 22 September 1940 Japanese forces entered French Indochina. This was done with reluctant cooperation from the Vichy French authorities, who had been put into position following the French defeat to Germany a few months earlier. The subsequent occupation then occurred gradually, with Japanese garrisons being stationed across Indochina which was still administered by the French. Earlier, in 1932, Plaek Phibunsongkhram, prime minister of Siam, overthrew the king and established his own military dictatorship in the country. He later renamed the country to Thailand, with plans to unify all Tai peoples, including the Lao, under one nation. Around October 1940 Thailand, sensing French weakness from the years previous events, began attacking the eastern banks of the Mekong between Vientiane and Champassak Province. This would erupt into a full Thai invasion in January 1941. After initial Thai victories their offensive stalled, and the French scored a great naval victory at Ko Chang, leading to a stalemate. The Japanese mediated a ceasefire and compelled the French colonial government to cede Champassak and Xaignabouli Province in Laos and Battambang Province in Cambodia to Thailand, ending the war. The loss of the territories was a massive blow to French prestige in Indochina. The dominant Laotian province of Luang Prabang (the previous, and now mostly formal, Kingdom of Luang Prabang) demanded sovereignty over all of Laos as compensation, a proposition headed by French-educated Crown Prince Savang Vatthana. A secret French report from March 1941 recognized nationalistic aspirations among the people of Laos, but feared the royal house of Champasak might chose to align themselves with Thailand should they become subordinate to another royal house. The territorial loss had already weakened French hold in the region. Savang Vatthana and Resident-Superior Maurice Roques signed an agreement on 21 August 1941 which attached the provinces of Xiangkhouang and Vientiane to the Kingdom of Luang Prabang, and placed the protectorate on the same footing as Cambodia and Annam. The renewed focus on Laos also brought significant modernization of the kingdoms administration and the French also said they would not object should the kingdom further extend itself southwards. Prince Phetsarath became the first prime minister while a new advisory council for King Sisavang Vong was headed by Savang Vatthana. To maintain support and expel Thai influence Governor-General of Indochina Jean Decoux encouraged the rise of a Lao nationalist movement, the Movement for National Renovation, which sought to defend Lao territory from Thai expansion. A French report stated "If the protectorate government does not succeed in creating an autonomous Laotian individuality—at least among those who have received education—then they will feel themselves increasingly attracted towards the neighboring country and this situation will create new difficulties". More schools were built in Laos during this period than in the last 40 years and the French School of the Far East was even renamed the "Temple for the National Idea of Laos". The movement also published a propaganda newspaper, Lao Nyai (Great Laos) in January 1941, slamming Thai policies over the Lao people and the ceded lands while promoting a sense of identity across Laos. It ran poetry competitions that celebrated Lao culture and history, and ran columns that propagated the ‘glorious lineage’ of the modern Lao from the time of Lan Xang. The paper, however, was not allowed to stray outside official French policy or to become explicitly nationalistic. The paper also covered the movements of King Sisavang Vong who, emboldened by the expansion of his kingdom and of secret French assurances of further expansion, made trips to several southern cities, including Champasak, on his way to Phnom Penh in 1941. In the south of the country later in the war, the Lao-Seri movement was formed in 1944 which unlike the Movement for National Renovation was not supportive of the French and declared a "Laos for Laotians" policy aimed at achieving outright independence. Japanese puppet state In 1944, France was liberated under General Charles de Gaulle. At the same time, Imperial Japanese troops were being largely defeated in the Pacific Front and in a last-minute attempt to draw support Japan dissolved French control over its Indochinese colonies in March 1945. Large numbers of French officials in Laos were then imprisoned or executed by the Japanese. The staunchly pro-French King Sisavang Vong was also imprisoned and forced by the Japanese, and at much urging from Prince Phetsarath, into declaring the French protectorate over his kingdom over while accepting the nation into the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere on 8 April 1945. Prince Phetsarath remained as Prime Minister in the newly independent puppet state. After Japan's surrender in August, Prince Phetsarath moved to unite the southern provinces with the now independent Luang Prabang. This put him at odds with King Sisavong and the royal court, the King had already agreed with the French that he intended to have the country resume its former status as a French colony. Prince Phetsarath urged the King to reconsider and sent telegrams to all Laotian provincial governors notifying them that the Japanese surrender did not affect Laos' status as independent and warned them to resist any foreign intervention. On 15 September he declared the unification of the Kingdom of Laos with the southern regions; this caused the King to dismiss him from his post as Prime Minister on 10 October. French restoration In the ensuing power vacuum of neither French or Japanese control, the dismissed Prince Phetsarath and other Lao nationalists formed the Lao Issara (Free Laos) which on 12 October 1945 took control of the government and reaffirmed the country's independence. Katay Don Sasorith, finance minister in the new government, wrote after the war that while the return of the status quo was perhaps desirable to Crown Prince Savang "who had never worked in his life and who had never been concerned with the needs and aspirations of the Lao people" it was a "total misunderstanding of the evolution of our sentiments and views since the Siamese aggression of 1940 and the Japanese action of 1945. We could not allow it". The Lao Issara government asked the King to step down and await a decision regarding the future of the monarchy and on 10 November a group of 30 armed men led by Prince Sisoumang Saleumsak and Prince Bougnavat marched on the palace and put the royal family under house arrest. The situation had become chaotic in overall Indochina, the Chinese 93rd division of General Lu Han occupied and disarmed the Japanese in the northern half of the colony while the British, under General Douglas Gracey, did the same in the south. The British facilitated the French restoration while the Chinese obstructed it. All the while, the communist Viet Minh began rising against the new occupiers and the French return in Vietnam. Sympathies to all involved factions; French, Thai, Vietnamese, Royal, Nationalist, could be found in Laos and the political situation became extremely confused. The monarchy of Luang Prabang had the promises of a united Kingdom of Laos assured by de Gaulle and continued their support for French protection. They were also worried about perceived Chinese and Vietnamese threats due to their inability to in any way defend themselves. Worries about the Viet Minh were also prevalent among the Lao Issara supporters and Prince Phetsarath; in his appeal to the alles in October 1945 he said that the Lao "had become, on their own soil, a poor and backward minority" in reference to the Vietnamese majority in all major towns in Laos (aside from Luang Prabang). The Lao Issara government started to lose control of the country by early 1946. They had fast ran out of money and could not rely on any foreign support due to Allied support for the return of the French. The main weakness of the Lao Issara has been cited to be that it always remained a small urban-based movement, failing to connect with the rural population of Laos. In a last desperate attempt to legitimize their government the Lao Issara asked King Sisavang Vong to re-ascend the throne as constitutional monarch, to which he agreed. The withdrawal of the Chinese led to the French, under Colonel Hans Imfeld of the provisional French government, entering the capital of Vientiane towards the end of April 1946, freeing French prisoners with a French-Lao force supported by Prince Boun Oum of Champasak. By May they had reached Luang Prabang and the Lao Issara fled in exile to Thailand. End of colonialism in Laos As the French administration was reestablished they found Laos had changed more than they had realized. Even the pro-French Laotians only saw the return of the French as temporary, although necessary, step on the road to full independence. On 27 August 1946 an agreement was signed that a unified Kingdom of Laos would become a constitutional monarchy within the French Union. To ensure that the royal house of Luang Prabang was to ascended to the ruling position in this agreement; a secret protocol had Prince Boun Oum renounce the claims of the house of Champasak in return for becoming Inspector-General of the new Kingdom for life. The provinces annexed by Thailand in 1941 were returned to their respective nations in November after France threatened to block Thai entry into the United Nations. Elections were held in December for a new Constituent Assembly which met in March 1947 and endorsed a new constitution, giving birth to the Kingdom of Laos on 11 May 1947, still a member of the somewhat reorganized Indochinese Federation. The constitution introduced a bicameral parliament. The exiled Lao Issara meanwhile started to fracture. They had conducted small guerrilla raids against the French with the help of the Viet Minh, but after Thailand started shifting towards a pro-French policy in 1947, Lao Issara had to cease their military activities from the country. Prince Souphanouvong, who had previously been alienated during the groups ruling period in 1945–46 due to his strong support for the Viet Minh now argued that they fully relocate to inside Viet Minh controlled territory and continue their operations there. When this was rejected he resigned from the Lao Issara and fully joined the Viet Minh. He would become the leader of the communist Pathet Lao. Meanwhile, greater autonomy for Laos was granted in July 1949 from both internal and external pressure, this satisfied the Lao Issara who dissolved the group and gradually returned to Laos under amnesty. Laos could at this point join the United Nations even though their foreign affairs and national defense was still controlled by France. Following world-wide anti-colonial sentiment and France's loss of control of Indochina during the First Indochina War against the Viet Minh, the Kingdom of Laos was granted full independence in the Franco-Lao Treaty of 1953, reaffirmed in the 1954 Geneva Conference which ended French control of all of Indochina. See also History of Laos since 1945 List of administrators of the French protectorate of Laos Lao rebellion (1826–1828) References Sources Kenneth Conboy, War in Laos 1954–1975, Squadron/Signal publications 1994 Marini, G.F. de. (1998). A New and Interesting Description of the Lao Kingdom (1642–1648). Translated by Walter E. J. Tips and Claudio Bertuccio. Bangkok, Thailand: White Lotus Press. Moppert, François. 1981. Le révolte des Bolovens (1901–1936). In Histoire de l'Asie du Sud-est: Révoltes, Réformes, Révolutions, Pierre Brocheux (ed.), pp. 47–62. Lille: Presses Universitaires de Lille. Murdoch, John (1974} "The 1901–1902 Holy Man's Rebellion", Journal of the Siam Society 62(1), pp. 47–66. Ngaosrivathana, Mayoury & Breazeale, Kenon (ed). (2002). Breaking New Ground in Lao History: Essays on the Seventh to Twentieth Centuries. Chiangmai, Thailand: Silkworm Books. Phothisane, Souneth. (1996). The Nidan Khun Borom: Annotated Translation and Analysis, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Queensland. [This is a full and literal translation of a Lān Xāng chronicle] Stuart-Fox, Martin. "The French in Laos, 1887–1945." Modern Asian Studies (1995) 29#1, pp. 111–139. Stuart-Fox, Martin. A history of Laos (Cambridge University Press, 1997) External links Jon Fernquest (2005) "The Flight of Lao War Captives From Burma Back to Laos in 1596: A Comparison of Historical Sources," SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research, Vol. 3, No. 1, Spring 2005, ISSN 1479-8484 French Indochina History of Laos Former colonies in Asia Former French colonies Laos Tai history 19th century in Laos 20th century in Laos 19th century in Vientiane 20th century in Vientiane States and territories established in 1893 States and territories disestablished in 1953 1893 establishments in French Indochina 1953 disestablishments in French Indochina 1893 establishments in Laos 1953 disestablishments in Laos France–Laos relations France–Thailand relations Axis powers Former countries of the Cold War
5378148	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausam%20%281975%20film%29	Mausam (1975 film)	Mausam () is a 1975 Indian Hindi-language musical romance film starring Sanjeev Kumar and Sharmila Tagore, and directed by Gulzar. It is loosely based on the 1961 novel, The Judas Tree, by A.J. Cronin. Sharmila Tagore for her acting received The Silver Lotus Award at the 23rd National Film Festival and the film itself was awarded the Second Best Feature Film. The film was nominated in eight categories at the 24th Filmfare Awards and won in two. The film also won many other accolades as well. The film was remade in Tamil as Vasandhathil Or Naal. Plot Mausam is the dramatic love story of Dr. Amarnath Gill, who falls for Chanda, the daughter of a local healer, Harihar Thapa, when visiting Darjeeling to prepare for his medical exams. Then he has to leave back to Calcutta for his final exams. He promises Chanda to return, though he never keeps his promise. Twenty-five years later, he returns as a wealthy man and searches for Chanda and her father. He learns that Harihar has died and that Chanda was married to a crippled old man. She gave birth to a daughter, became insane and died. Finding Chanda's daughter, Kajli, he sees that she closely resembles her mother and later discovers that after having been molested by her mother's brother-in-law, she ended up at a brothel. Amarnath had no choice but to buy her from the brothel and he takes Kajli home and tries to change her into a well-refined woman to make up for what he did to Chanda. Unaware that Amarnath is indirectly responsible for her mother's death, Kajli begins to fall in love with him. One day she is reminded of who she is and where she came from. Dressed back into to her old revealing clothes as a prostitute she instigates Amarnath to throw her out, she goes back to the brothel. There the madam convinced her that Amarnath loves her and she should go back to him as he loves, giving her a respectable life. Kajli goes back to him awakening him in the night where she tries to embrace him. Amarnath always seeing her as a replica of Chanda and a daughter figure. Disgusted, Amarnath reveals to Kajli, he is the man that his mother waited all those years for and then went mad. Kajli upset runs away. The next morning Amarnath all packed up, leaving to go home, happens upon Kajli standing in the woods, with a picture of him when he was younger hidden behind her back. Kajli tells him it is his fault that her mother went mad and died and she becoming a prostitute. He tells her that yes he came back to this place to ask for her mother’s forgiveness and maybe it’s too late for Chanda but would she forgive him and be his daughter They then they drive off together, home. Cast Sharmila Tagore as Chanda Thapa/Kajli Sanjeev Kumar as Dr. Amarnath Gill Dina Pathak as Gangu Rani (Brothel madame) Om Shivpuri as Harihar Thapa Production The film was written simultaneously along with Aandhi (1975), together by Kamleshwar, Bhushan Banmali and Gulzar, and even shot together, with Sanjeev Kumar playing the lead of an old man in the films. Though Aandhi was released first, it ran into political controversy and portions of it had to be reshot, meanwhile Mausam was completed and released. While the song, "Meri Ishq Ke Lakhon Jhatke" was being shot with Sharmila Tagore, choreographer Saroj Khan was also in the studios for another film, that is when Gulzar requested her to teach a few moves to Tagore. Music The background score for the film was composed by Salil Chowdhury and the songs were composed by Madan Mohan. The film credits dedicate this movie to Madan Mohan after his death on 14 July 1975. The songs were penned by Gulzar. Mausam is one of those two movies directed by Gulzar, the songs of which were composed by Madan Mohan. The other one is Koshish. Gulzar stated that the song Dil Dhoondta Hai, "...one his most memorable songs..."(Scroll.in, Aug 18, 2016) that he wrote in the film. The song Dil Dhoondta Hai, by Lata Mangeshkar and Bhupinder Singh , featured at 12th position on the Annual list of the year-end chart toppers of Binaca Geetmala for 1976. Awards 23rd National Film Awards: Won Second Best Feature Film – Mausam Best Actress – Sharmila Tagore 24th Filmfare Awards: Won Best Film – Mausam Best Director – Gulzar Nominated Best Actor – Sanjeev Kumar Best Actress – Sharmila Tagore Best Supporting Actress – Dina Pathak Best Music Director – Madan Mohan Best Lyricist – Gulzar for "Dil Dhoondta Hai" Best Story – Kamleshwar References External links Film Synopsis 1975 films Indian drama films Indian films Films set in Darjeeling 1970s Hindi-language films Films featuring a Best Actress National Award-winning performance Films based on works by A. J. Cronin Films about prostitution in India Hindi films remade in other languages Urdu films remade in other languages Films with screenplays by Gulzar Films directed by Gulzar Films based on British novels Second Best Feature Film National Film Award winners 1975 drama films Hindi-language drama films
5378150	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A1p%C3%A1r	Szápár	Szápár (historically: Szapár) is a village in Veszprém county, Hungary in Zirc District. Populated places in Zirc District
3987498	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20House%2C%20Perth	Government House, Perth	Government House is the official residence of the governor of Western Australia, situated in the central business district of Perth, the state capital. It was built between 1859 and 1864, in the Jacobean Revival style. Government House is located on St Georges Terrace (Perth's main thoroughfare), sitting on the same block as Council House and the Supreme Court buildings. The site has been used by governors since the establishment of the Swan River Colony in 1829; the current building is the third to have served that purpose on the site. The buildings and gardens of Government House are of exceptional heritage significance, being listed on the Western Australian Register of Heritage Places and classified by the National Trust. They are regularly opened for public viewing. Description The building is a two-storey mansion designed by Edmund Henderson in the early Stuart or Jacobean Revival style, set on of English gardens in the centre of the Perth business district, between St Georges Terrace and the Swan River. The unique architectural character of the building is characterised by the use of stonework and bonded brickwork, incorporating square mullioned windows, decorated gables and ogival capped turrets. The attenuated gothic arcading at ground floor level derives from another form of Victorian Revival expression Fonthill Gothic. The building has 16 rooms on the ground floor and 25 on the first floor. According to the Western Australian Register of Heritage Places Assessment, Government House is a "unique example of a Victorian Gentleman's residence" set in landscaped gardens with mature plantings and a number of commemorative trees. History Following the establishment of the Swan River Colony in 1829, the first governor Captain James Stirling and his family were initially housed in tents on a site near the corner of Barrack Street and St Georges Terrace, known today as Stirling Gardens and Supreme Court Gardens. In 1832 a temporary wooden building was constructed on the same site and used until the so-called original Government House was built a short distance away near the present-day site between 1834 and 1835. This building served successive governors until work began on the new present-day Government House, for which the foundation stone was laid on 17 March 1859. The 1834/35 building was demolished in the 1880s. The present Government House was built at a cost of £15,000 largely by convicts. Governor John Hampton took up residence in 1863, prior to its completion in 1864. In the 1890s, a ballroom was added, designed by or under the direction of government architect, Hillson Beasley, who designed a number of other public buildings in the city. The Lodge A separate small house, known as The Lodge, was built in the north-east corner of the gardens. It provided accommodation for the Governor's police orderly, whose duties required that he live close to the governor, and his family. The Lodge was designed by William Hardwick in Federation Queen Anne style. It was converted for use as offices in the 1980s. See also Government House Government Houses of Australia Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth Notes External links Government of Western Australia Official residences in Australia Landmarks in Perth, Western Australia Perth State Register of Heritage Places in the City of Perth Jacobean architecture Victorian architecture in Western Australia 1864 establishments in Australia Ballrooms in Australia
5378154	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Killam%20Trusts	The Killam Trusts	The Killam Trusts were established in 1965 after the death of Mrs. Dorothy J. Killam, the widow of Izaak Walton Killam, a Canadian financier, for a time the wealthiest man in Canada. He died intestate in 1955, but before his death he and his wife discussed in extensive detail the scholarship plan on which the Killam Trusts were founded. Approximately one half of his estate went to the government as inheritance tax. It was used to found the Canada Council, along with similar funds from the estate of Sir James Dunn, also from Nova Scotia). The rest of Mr. Killam's estate was inherited by his widow, Dorothy J. Killam. In the ten years between his death and hers, she doubled the Killam fortune. Upon her death at Villa Leopolda, her estate in France, her lawyer Donald N. Byers, QC put into motion the plans the Killams had discussed during their lifetimes. Having no children of their own, the Killams decided to leave their fortune to further post-secondary education in Canada at the graduate studies level. The Killam benefactions went to five Canadian universities: University of British Columbia, University of Calgary, University of Alberta, The Neuro [[(Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital)]] at McGill University and Dalhousie University. The Canada Council for the Arts also received Killam funds and administered the national program consisting of the Killam Research Fellowships open to professors from all Canadian universities; and the Killam Prize, valued at $100,000 and recognizing lifetime contributions in each of the following categories: health sciences, natural sciences, engineering, social sciences and humanities. In August 2021, the Canada Council announced the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding that would transition the administration of the Killam program to the National Research Council Canada (NRC). The 2023 National Killam Program cycle was officially launched under the administration of the NRC in April 2022 and now consists of the Dorothy Killam Fellowships and the Killam Prizes. In the words of Mrs. Killam's will: "My purpose in establishing the Killam Trusts is to help in the building of Canada's future by encouraging advanced study. Thereby I hope, in some measure, to increase the scientific and scholastic attainments of Canadians, to develop and expand the work of Canadian universities, and to promote sympathetic understanding between Canadians and the peoples of other countries." Many scholars who have received Killam awards have gone on to be leaders in their fields. They are constantly developing, discovering, mapping and modelling the knowledge and solutions that will change Canada’s future. The four Trustees to the Killam Trusts meet annually with representatives from each of the Killam institutions to discuss scholarship related concerns, as well as ways to ensure the continued success of Canadian graduate studies. The current four trustees are Bernard F. Miller QC, Managing Trustee, of Halifax; Jim Dinning, C.M., F.ICD, LLD, of Calgary; Brenda Eaton, MA, ICD.D, of Victoria; and The Honourable Kevin G. Lynch, PC, OC, PhD, LLD, of Toronto. References Further reading How, Douglas. Canada's Mystery Man of High Finance, Hantsport, NS: Lancelot Press, 1986. How, Douglas. A Very Private Person: The Story of Izaak Walton Killam and his Wife Dorothy, Halifax: Dalhousie University Graphics Services, 2004. Originally published by The Trustees of the Estate of Dorothy J. Killam, 1976. Nowell, Iris. Women Who Gave Away Millions: Portraits of Canadian Philanthropists, Toronto, ON: Hounslow Press, 1996. External links Killam Trusts 1965 establishments in Canada Scholarships in Canada Foundations based in Canada
5378167	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cset%C3%A9ny	Csetény	Csetény is a village in Veszprém county, Hungary in Zirc District. External links Street map (Hungarian) Populated places in Zirc District
3987512	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len%20Morgan	Len Morgan	Albert George Leonard ("Len") Morgan (March 23, 1922 – March 11, 2005) was an American aviator, writer, publisher, entrepreneur, photogrammetrist, and investor. Early life and education Len Morgan was born in West Terre Haute, Indiana. He was the son of British immigrants, father John ("Jack") Kingsley Morgan, a Presbyterian Minister and mother Juliet ("Jill") Freda née Gardner Morgan, a homemaker. He graduated from high school in Louisville, Kentucky in Spring, 1941. Canadian and US military service Len Morgan left for Canada to volunteer for the Royal Canadian Air Force in his late teens. He, along with eleven others from the United States, earned his RCAF Wings on November 21, 1941. After the attack on Pearl Harbor and the U.S.' entry into World War II, he transferred to the United States Army Air Forces in Egypt and flew in Africa and the Middle East. He attended college at the University of Louisville, on the G.I. Bill, during the 1947 and 1948 school years, following the war. He continued flying for the Kentucky Air National Guard until 1949. Photogrammetrist From 1946 through 1949, while serving in the Kentucky Air National Guard, Morgan worked for Park Aerial Services, Inc., of Louisville, Kentucky. His position with the firm was photogrammetrist. In this position, he used photogrammetry to make maps from aerial images. Braniff International Airways One of the P-51 Mustangs he flew for the Kentucky Air National Guard was "borrowed" to travel to a short-notice job interview with Braniff International Airways in Dallas, Texas, in 1949. Morgan flew for Braniff for over 33 years, from 1949 until shortly before the airline's 1982 cessation of operations. Airman Morgan rose to the Captaincy of every aircraft type that Braniff International Airways flew during that period, from the Douglas DC-3 to the Boeing 747. Braniff pilots operated British Airways and Air France Concordes on cooperative interchange flights between Dallas and Washington, DC. The planes, owned by BA/AF and in their respective liveries, then took on BA/AF crews and continued on to London and Paris, respectively. Captain Morgan did not participate in this operation, however, preferring to remain as Captain of the Boeing 747 Jumbo Jet. Mr. Morgan possessed a Federal Aviation Administration issued Airline Transport Pilot certification with Type Ratings in the Convair 340/440, Lockheed L-188 Electra, Boeing 707 and 720, Boeing 727, and Boeing 747 aircraft. Aviation author During and after his airline career, Morgan wrote over thirty books and hundreds of magazine articles on a wide variety of aviation subjects. In 1955, he founded Morgan Aviation Books that specialized in the publication of aviation and airline related subjects. Morgan operated his publication firm until 1975. During this time and until his retirement in 1999, he continuously authored various books and articles. Morgan's best selling book that he personally authored was titled The P-51 Mustang from the Famous Aircraft Series of books. The P-51 Mustang sold over 50,000 copies. His monthly column, "Vectors", was a prominent feature of Flying magazine for over twenty years. An accomplished storyteller, he wrote not only of airplanes but also shared gentle wisdom about the people and experiences he encountered over his flying career. Richard L. Collins, former editor of Flying, eulogized, "[Morgan] was as eloquent as anything ever published in Flying. . . In his last "Vectors" column in 1999, Len closed with a reflection on his bond with the readers. 'So, good friends, it was good knowing all of you. Goodbye, wherever you are.'" Family Morgan married Margaret Clark nee May, on November 27, 1943. They have two children: son Terry Len, and daughter Juliet Kathryn. Len was the brother of David P. Morgan, editor of Trains Magazine from 1953 until 1987, who died in 1990. Publications Len Morgan authored or produced over 30 book titles on aviation related topics, including eleven authored publications: The P-51 Mustang, 1963 The P-47 Thunderbolt, 1963 The Planes The Aces Flew, 1963 The Douglas DC-3, 1964 The AT-6 Harvard, 1965 Airliners Of The World, 1967 Crackup!, 1968 Aviation Hall Of Fame, 1970 View From The Cockpit, 1985 Reflections Of A Pilot, 1987 Vectors, 1992 And two titles coauthored: 50 Famous Tanks With G. Bradford, 1967 The Boeing 727 Scrapbook with his son Terry L. Morgan,1968 As well as 26 publications that he produced between 1961 and 1986. Retirement and death After his retirement from Braniff International in 1982, Len Morgan continued writing and publishing books. After closing Morgan Aviation Books in 1975, he continued his writing and publishing as a self-employed person until his final retirement in 1999. In 1988, he was a consultant for the United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC. In 1993, he was engaged in investing in the Palm Harbor, Florida, area, where he moved his family in 1990, and continued this venture until 1999. In 1990, Morgan created a privately published DVD of the history of Braniff Airways, Inc. covering the years 1928 through 1982. He spent many hours of intensive research that resulted in a unique using of the aircraft that Braniff flew throughout its history to accurately tell the Braniff story. The long disputed painted color of Braniff's first aircraft used on a scheduled flight in 1928, a Stinson Detroiter, was determined to be burgundy in color. Captain Morgan contracted Kodak Corporation to perform an analysis of the only black and white photo known to exist of the aircraft to determine the correct fuselage color. In the January 2004, issue of Flying Magazine, Len Morgan returned to discuss his retirement, thoughts on flying, and his initial battle with cancer. Len Morgan died March 11, 2005, after a long battle with cancer. Flying Magazine Senior Editor Richard L. Collins memorialized his dear friend and colleague in the June 2005, issue of the lauded aviation magazine that Mr. Morgan had contributed to for the past two decades. Mr. Collins ended the poignant memorial by stating, after quoting Mr. Morgan crediting his wife for giving him the support to make his lifetime of accomplishments possible, "so have we, for having had this kind, gentle, talented man as a friend and a colleague over all these years." At Mr. Morgan's request, there was no funeral or memorial services. His family accompanied him on his last flight to scatter his ashes in the Gulf of Mexico. References External links "Richard Collins bids Len Morgan farewell", Flying, June 2005 Braniff Flying Colors Historical Page 1922 births 2005 deaths United States Army Air Forces officers American aviators American aviation writers United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II Braniff
5378170	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Joseph%20K.%20Taussig	USS Joseph K. Taussig	USS Joseph K. Taussig (DE-1030) was a in the United States Navy. She was named after Admiral Joseph Taussig. Joseph K. Taussig was laid down 3 January 1956 by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey; launched 9 March 1957; sponsored by Mrs. Joseph K. Taussig, widow of Vice Admiral Taussig, and commissioned 10 September 1957, Lt. Comdr. R. S. Moore in command. Service history 1950s Following a Caribbean shakedown Joseph K. Taussig reported to Newport, Rhode Island on 22 December for duty with the Atlantic Fleet. She departed Newport on 12 May 1958 for Mediterranean service with the 6th Fleet. During this tour a crisis erupted in Lebanon, and the 6th Fleet was dispatched to the area to prevent a Communist takeover. Joseph K. Taussig was at the scene, giving credibility to her namesake's words; "We are ready now." The destroyer escort remained on patrol until the crisis subsided, and then returned to Newport 7 October. She was assigned to an antisubmarine warfare group and continued these operations until 6 February 1959 when she made a goodwill cruise to South America. Upon completion of an overhaul at Boston Naval Shipyard, Joseph K. Taussig operated out of Newport prior to Caribbean exercises during January 1960. She returned to Newport 14 February and resumed operations along the Atlantic coast. 1960s The destroyer escort traveled to the North Atlantic 6 September for NATO exercises, before resuming coastal operations upon her return to Newport on 20 October. During January and February 1961, Joseph K. Taussig once again participated in annual exercises in the Caribbean and in April engaged in joint American-Canadian exercises off Nova Scotia. For the remainder of the year she operated in a state of readiness along the Atlantic coast and in mid February 1962 commenced 6 months of extensive ASW exercises. During October, intelligence reports revealed evidence of Russian missile installations in Cuba. This led to President Kennedy establishing a naval quarantine around the island. Joseph K. Taussig was ordered off Jacksonville, Fla., in November to provide a second line of defense. With the easing of tensions, she began preparations for a goodwill cruise to Africa, and departed Newport 15 February 1963. After visiting nine African and three Mediterranean ports, she returned Newport 25 May for summer convoy escort exercises and Cuban patrol duty. From August to December, Joseph K. Taussig engaged in coastal training operations. Between January and May 1965 Joseph K. Taussig received DASH installation at Boston Naval Shipyard and after completing training in the Caribbean, she participated in the massive amphibious exercise, Operation Steel Pike I, in October. During the remainder of 1965 and throughout 1966, she trained along the Atlantic Coast and in the Caribbean and, in addition, served as sonar school ship at Key West. Early in 1966 she began six months of duty as an E-4 training ship to train seamen as petty officers in response to the growing commitment of the Navy in the troubled waters of Southeast Asia. She resumed squadron training exercises in July. During the next 12 months she operated from New England waters to the Caribbean. Fate She was stricken from the Navy register on 1 July 1972, and sold for scrap 15 June 1973. References External links navsource.org: USS Joseph K. Taussig hazegray.org: USS Joseph K. Taussig Dealey-class destroyer escorts Ships built by New York Shipbuilding Corporation 1957 ships Cold War frigates and destroyer escorts of the United States
3987517	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khevi	Khevi	Khevi () is a small historical-geographic area in northeastern Georgia. It is included in the modern-day Kazbegi district, Mtskheta-Mtianeti region (mkhare). Located on the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus mountains, it comprises three gorges of the rivers Truso, Tergi (Terek) and Snostsq’ali. The landscape of Khevi is dominated by alpine meadows dotted with rhododendron, mountain passes and waterfalls, and the Mount Kazbek (locally known as Mkinvartsveri, i.e. “ice-capped”), a dormant 5047-meter high volcano. The area is a popular tourist destination. It is a part of the projected Khevi-Aragvi Biosphere Reserve. Among the important cultural sites of Khevi are the Gergeti Trinity Church (fourteenth century), Garbani Church (ninth to tenth century), Sioni Basilica (ninth century) and castle, Betlemi Monastery Complex (ninth to tenth century), and Sno fortress. The name of this province, literally meaning "a gorge", comes from the ancient and early medieval district of Tsanareti known to the Georgian annals as Tsanaretis Khevi, i.e. the Tsanar Gorge. People of Khevi are ethnic Georgians called Mokheves. History, traditions and lifestyle of the Mokheves are very similar to those of other mountaineers of eastern Georgia. Since ancient times, Khevi has been of great strategic and military importance due chiefly to its immediate neighborhood to the Darial Pass, which connects North Caucasus with Transcaucasia. Free of typical feudal relations, they lived in a patriarchal community governed by a khevisberi (i.e. "gorge elder") who functioned as a judge, priest and military leader. The Khevian mountainous communities were regarded as direct vassals of the Georgian crown except for the period from the end of the seventeenth century to 1743, when the area was placed under the control of the semi-autonomous Duchy of Aragvi. The fierce resistance offered by the Mokheves to the attempts of the Aragvian lords has been greatly reflected in local folklore as well as classical Georgian literature. The establishment of Russian rule in Georgia (1801) was met with hostility by the mountaineers who staged an uprising in 1804, which was promptly suppressed by the Tsarist military. However, the people of Khevi retained their medieval traditions and a unique form of society until the harsh Soviet rule changed their lifestyle through permanent repressions, forcibly removing several families to the lowlands. See also Tsanareti Khevsureti Pshavi Tusheti References External links Photos of Khevi Khevi-Aragvi Biosphere Reserve The Guide to Khevi khevi.ge Former provinces of Georgia (country) Historical regions of Georgia (country) Nature conservation in Georgia (country) North Caucasus
5378173	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Lorber	John Lorber	John Lorber (1915–1996) was a professor of paediatrics at the University of Sheffield from 1979 until his retirement in 1981. He worked at the Children's Hospital of Sheffield, where he specialized in work on spina bifida. He also wrote on the subject of medical ethics regarding the use of intensive medical intervention for severely handicapped infants. Medical ethics and neonatal surgical intervention In the 1970s, Lorber was one of the early advocates for neonatal surgical intervention in cases of the Myelomeningocele form of spina bifida. Lorber's published work advocating treatments, along with the opposing views of Raymond Duff and A. G. M. Campbell, became important voices in the debate about the ethics of withholding medical care. However, by the mid 1980s, Lorber's position had changed based on the unsatisfactory long term outcomes and instead he supported a treatment of normal nursing, with care to avoid pain and discomfort. This position was criticized by pro-life groups. Is Your Brain Really Necessary? In 1980, Roger Lewin published an article in Science, "Is Your Brain Really Necessary?", about Lorber studies on cerebral cortex losses. He included a report by Lorber, never published in any scientific journal, about the case of a Sheffield University student who had a measured IQ of 126 and passed a Mathematics Degree but who had hardly any discernible brain matter at all since his cortex was extremely reduced by hydrocephalus. The article led to the broadcast of a Yorkshire Television documentary of the same title, though it was about a different patient who had normal brain mass distributed strangely in a very large skull. Explanations have been proposed for the first student's situation, with reviewers noting that Lorber's scans evidenced that the subject's brain mass was not absent, but compacted into the small space available, possibly compressed to a greater density than regular brain tissue. References Lorber John 1996 deaths 1915 births
3987523	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf%20J%C3%B8rgen%20Fuglesang	Rolf Jørgen Fuglesang	Rolf Jørgen Fuglesang (31 January 1909, Fredrikstad – 25 November 1988) was a Norwegian secretary to the National Unity party government of Vidkun Quisling 1940–1941 and minister 1941–1942 and 1942–1945. He was also President of the 1943–1945. Fuglesang, educated in law, was from the very beginning, one of Quisling's most loyal followers and played an important role under the establishment of NS and the building of the Nazi administration during the German occupation. In the early stages of the occupation, he was regarded by the Germans as one of their strongholds, among others, due to his focus on Nazi race ideas. Towards the end of the war, however, he was a figurehead of the opposition to the Germans inside NS. During the legal purge in Norway after World War II, he was sentenced to lifelong imprisonment, but released in 1956. His daughter was married to art historian Per Jonas Nordhagen, a son of Rolf Nordhagen, for some time. See also The Norwegian Ministry of Culture and Enlightenment References 1909 births 1988 deaths People from Fredrikstad Members of Nasjonal Samling Government ministers of Norway People convicted of treason for Nazi Germany against Norway Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Norway Norwegian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment Fascist politicians
5378178	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadim%20Gerasimov	Vadim Gerasimov	Vadim Viktorovich Gerasimov (, born 15 June 1969) is an engineer at Google. From 1994 to 2003, Vadim worked and studied at the MIT Media Lab. Vadim earned a BS/MS in applied mathematics from Moscow State University in 1992 and a Ph.D. from MIT in 2003. At age 16 he was one of the original co-developers of the famous video game Tetris: he ported Alexey Pajitnov's original game to the IBM PC architecture and the two later added features to the game. References External links Vadim Gerasimov personal webpage Russian video game designers Video game designers Russian computer programmers Russian inventors Google employees Moscow State University alumni Living people 1969 births
3987526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fische%20Instruktionen	Preußische Instruktionen	The so called or PI (English: Prussian instructions) are a cataloging set of rules for libraries which was used in scientific libraries in German-speaking countries and beyond. First published in 1899, the PI were replaced by other sets of rules such as the (RAK) from the 1980s onwards, which in turn have been replaced by the Resource Description and Access (RDA) rules since 2015. History Already in 1874 (hectographed edition) and 1886 (printed edition), Karl Franz Otto Dziatzko of the University Library at Breslau had presented a set of cataloging rules under the title "", also known as "" (English: Wroclaw instructions). In there, the order of the titles was defined, but not the bibliographic recording. In 1890, the in Berlin created "instructions" that regulated the admission but not the order of entries. In 1899, a compromise arose from these two sets of instructions, resulting in the first uniform set of rules, the "" (PI). They were first published on 10 May 1899 under the title "". , a later employee of Friedrich Althoff, played a decisive role in the creation of the PI. The second edition appeared in 1908. The PI formed the basis for the , the later (English: German General Catalog). During their time, the PI were a major step forward in the German library landscape and they were occasionally adopted also outside of Prussia. Despite their role model, it was often not possible to achieve a uniform and fully consistent application of the guidelines in the cataloging of some important libraries in Bavaria, Hesse, Saxony and at other traditional German library locations before the introduction of digital computers. In the international network of libraries, those rules which were tied to the structure of the German language and therefore difficult to transfer into other languages, have been replaced by other sets of rules. One of the peculiarities of the PI is that multi-author writings (with four or more authors) and factual title writings were sorted according to the principle of grammatical order. This means that typically the first independent noun is relevant for the classification in the (card) catalog. Articles and prepositions are ignored. In addition, there are no entries in the PI under corporate bodies. Titles are arranged grammatically not mechanically, and literature is entered under its title. There is no difference between the letters "I" and "J" to be made, and German umlauts are sorted alongside their non-diacritical letters. Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic into Latin was first introduced in 1898 as part of the standardization process for the PI. The publications of an author are divided into groups: first, editions of works are listed, then partial collections, fragments and excerpts from works, only then followed by individual writings. The application of the rules is comparatively complex and unsuitable for online catalogs such as Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC), consequently they are rarely used today. In the case of library catalogs following keywords or correspondingly structured directories, knowledge of these rules is still helpful, however. Also, historical holdings still exist in libraries which are organized in catalogs based on the PI system. See also DIN 1505 Paris Principles (PP) (BA) (RAK) Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic References Further reading External links Library history Library cataloging and classification Science and technology in Prussia
5378182	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20riots%20in%20Sri%20Lanka	List of riots in Sri Lanka	Following is a list of riots and protests in Sri Lanka, an island nation situated in South Asia. Throughout its history, Sri Lanka has experienced a number of riots. Since 1915, many of them have stemmed from ethnic tensions between the Sinhalese majority and minority Tamil and Moor populations. 19th century 1850–1900 1883 - 1883 Kotahena riots, Kotahena, Western Province - Riots began once Buddhists who were proceeding in procession to Deepaduttarama Viharaya at Kotahena were attacked by a group of Roman Catholics. 20th century 1900–1950 1915 - 1915 Ceylonese riots, Kandy, Central Province - Riots between Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Moors erupted after a group of Moors attacked a Buddhist pageant with stones. Riots soon spread across the entire island. 1950s 1953 - 1953 Ceylonese Hartal, Western, Southern and Sabaragamuwa Provinces - a nationwide demonstration, a hartal which eventually led to civil unrest. It was one of the riots which did not involve ethnicity and was conducted by Leftist groups. 1956 - 1956 anti-Tamil pogrom, Eastern Province - Sinhalese-Tamil riots in Ceylon. The majority of victims were Sri Lankan Tamils in Gal Oya, a new settlement in the Eastern Province. The total number of deaths was reportedly 150. 1958 - 1958 anti-Tamil pogrom - Also known as the '58 riots. They were a watershed event for the race relationships between various ethnic communities of Sri Lanka. The total number of deaths was estimated to be 300, mostly Sri Lankan Tamils. 1960s 1966 - Demonstrations in Colombo organized by the SLFP, left-wing parties, and trade unions in protest of the Tamil Regulations Act turned into riots, forcing the Government of Ceylon to declare a state of emergency. 1969 - Ceylon Communist Party (Maoist) conducted a mass rally in 1969 which ended in bloodshed, the major cause for the riot being the banning of the May Day rally. 1970s 1970 - Ceylonese protests against the Vietnam War - began at the height of the Cold War with certain clashes between Leftists and the Sri Lankan police. 1977 - 1977 Anti-Tamil pogrom - began on 12 August 1977, less than a month after the United National Party came to power. Over 300 Tamils were killed during the riots. 1980s 1981 - Burning of the Jaffna Library, Jaffna, Northern Province - The Jaffna Public Library was burnt by a mob of Sinhalese individuals, resulting in the loss of over 100,000 books, artifacts and palm writings. Four Sri Lankan Tamils were killed. 1981 - Anti-Tamil pogroms were carried out by Sinhalese mobs predominantly against Indian Tamils in Ratnapura, Kahawatte and Balangoda. Shops were looted and set on fire and many women and girls were raped by marauding mobs. 1983 - Black July Anti-Tamil pogrom - pogrom committed against Tamils of Sri Lanka where between 400 and 3,000 Tamil civilians were killed and many more made homeless and refugees. This was believed to be the main cause of the Sri Lankan Civil War. 1987 - 1987 Trincomalee riots, Trincomalee, Eastern Province - riots against the Sinhalese carried about by Tamil mobs, backed by militant leaders in Trincomalee that later morphed into LTTE violence against the Sinhalese. Over 200 Sinhalese were killed and thousands were rendered homeless or displaced. 1990s 1997 - Kalutara prison riots, Kalutara, Western Province - Three Tamil detainees were killed at the Kalutara high security detention center on 12 December 1997. On 8 September 1998, a riot was unleashed on Plantation Tamils in Ratnapura where 200 organised Sinhalese goons with the support of local Sinhala politicians burnt down 800 houses. Several rapes of Tamil women in the area by Sinhalese thugs was also reported. The riot was sparked by the murder of two Sinhala youths, one of them in Bandusena, who had a reputation for raping women and being involved in illegal liquor sales. The Sinhala attackers were given full impunity by the local police and no one was held accountable for their crimes. 21st century 2000s 2001 - Mawanella riots, Mawanella, Central Province - Clashes that resulted in the deaths of 2 people, and left more than 15 injured and property destroyed. 2002 - Beruwala riots, Beruwala, Western Province - Sectarian clashes sparked between the Wahabbi and the Sunni sects of the Muslim community in Beruwala which left at least 3 dead and over 16 injured after police intervention in the conflict. 2010s 2012 - 2012 Welikada prison riot, Welikada, Western Province - A riot in the Welikada Prison in November 2012 resulted in death of 27 prisoners and 43 injuries. 2014 - 2014 anti-Muslim riots, Kalutara, Western Province - Clashes between Sinhalese and Muslims resulting in four dead and 80 injured. 2018 - 2018 anti-Muslim riots - Clashes between Sinhalese and Muslims, involving Sinhalese attacks on Muslims and mosques. 2019 - 2019 anti-Muslim riots - A series of attacks on Muslims, Muslim-owned property and businesses and mosques in retaliation to the 2019 Easter bombings. 2020s 2020 - Mahara prison riot, Mahara, Western Province - A riot erupted in the Mahara Prison following rumors that prisoners infected with COVID-19 from other prisons would be transferred to Mahara Prison. The riot resulted in 11 inmates dead and 117 inmates severely injured. 2022 - 2022 Sri Lankan protests - All across the island, several protests erupt against the incumbent government of president Gotabaya Rajapaksa due to poor management of the ongoing economic crisis, severe inflation and shortages of fuel and other essential items. See also Sri Lankan Civil War Human rights in Sri Lanka References Further reading External links Timeline of ethnic conflict BBC timeline of Sri Lankan conflict Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Sri Lanka and state terrorism Origins of the Sri Lankan Civil War Sri Lanka Riots
5378183	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20Polak	Graham Polak	Graham Polak (born 16 June 1984) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Fremantle Football Club and the Richmond Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). Fremantle career Polak began his AFL career with the Fremantle Football Club after being drafted from East Fremantle in the WAFL with the fourth selection in the 2001 AFL Draft (behind future stars of the game Luke Hodge, Luke Ball and Chris Judd.) He made his debut in round 1, 2002 in a Western Derby against the West Coast Eagles which Fremantle lost. In 2003 he had his best season to date, only missing one game (round 3) and playing in Fremantle's first ever finals match. He was nominated for the AFL Rising Star award in Round 9 and finished second in the end of year voting behind Sam Mitchell and ahead of Luke Ball and Daniel Wells. Polak only played 12 games in 2005 and failed to improve due to a pre-season injury. He was recalled in round 3 of 2006, and due to injuries to Aaron Sandilands and Justin Longmuir, was often played in the new role of a ruckman, but still only managed 11 games for the season, and was overlooked for the finals. Richmond career On 13 October 2006, Polak was traded to the Richmond Football Club following speculation all week that he would be the key to the mega deal involving Collingwood's Chris Tarrant being traded to the Dockers. Since being at the Tigers, Polak has mainly played at centre-half back and finished seventh in Richmond's 2007 best and fairest award after playing in all 22 games for the season. Tram collision Late on 28 June 2008, Polak was struck by a Melbourne tram, and was placed in an induced coma with bruising to the brain, putting his football career in jeopardy. Two days after being struck by the tram Polak was able to respond to commands and squeeze a family member's hand. The hospital has stated that the signs are 'encouraging'. Nearly a week after being hit by a tram Polak was moved to Epworth Rehabilitation Centre. He was then able to remember parts of the game he played against Carlton the day of his accident and was able to recognise loved ones and speak. In late 2008, Richmond applied to the AFL to transfer Polak to the rookie list, primarily to free up a position on their senior list that would enable them to recruit Ben Cousins as well as re-draft David Gourdis. The AFL rejected this request, but Richmond still managed to select both players, Cousins in the Pre-season draft and Gourdis in the rookie draft. Polak returned to training during the 2009 pre-season and was selected to play in a NAB Challenge practice match against St Kilda. Polak was named to make his return to the AFL in the Round 21 match against Hawthorn, nearly 13 months after being struck by the tram. Comeback At the end of the 2009 season Polak was de-listed by the Tigers. He was then re drafted by the Tigers in the 2009 rookie draft as a mature aged rookie. On 26 June 2010 and 31 July 2010 Polak suffered concussion while playing for Coburg in the VFL, again putting his football career in jeopardy. Retirement On 27 August 2010 Polak announced his retirement from AFL football. He returned to Perth to play in the West Australian Football League, but transferred from East Fremantle to East Perth. After suffering from further on-field head injuries, he retired from all football in June 2011. External links References 1984 births East Fremantle Football Club players Fremantle Football Club players Richmond Football Club players Coburg Football Club players East Perth Football Club players Living people Australian rules footballers from Western Australia Australian rules footballers from Geraldton Australian people of Polish descent
3987535	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myra%20Bradwell	Myra Bradwell	Myra Colby Bradwell (February 12, 1831 – February 14, 1894) was an American publisher and political activist. She attempted in 1869 to become the first woman to be admitted to the Illinois bar to practice law, but was denied admission by the Illinois Supreme Court in 1870 and the United States Supreme Court in 1873, in rulings upholding a separate women's sphere. Bradwell had founded and published Chicago Legal News from 1868, reporting on the law and continued that work. Meanwhile, influenced by her case, in 1872 the Illinois legislature passed a state law prohibiting gender discrimination in admission to any occupation or profession (with the exception of the military). Shortly before her death in 1894, the Illinois Supreme Court on its own motion, in a gesture to honor her, granted Bradwell admission to the Illinois bar in 1890, and the United States Supreme Court followed suit two years later. In 1994, Myra Bradwell was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. Early and family life Myra Colby was born on February 12, 1831 in Manchester, Vermont, to Eben Colby and Abigail Willey. She lived with her family in Vermont and Western New York during her childhood. When she was twelve, the family moved to Schaumburg, Illinois. She attended schools in Kenosha, Wisconsin, and later enrolled in Elgin Female Seminary in Illinois. In 1852, Myra Colby married James B. Bradwell. Two years later they moved to Memphis, Tennessee. James Bradwell was the head of a private school, where Myra Bradwell also became a teacher. She completed her formal education by age 24 and taught herself the practice of law. She became a school teacher after she graduated. In 1855 they moved to Chicago, where James Bradwell was admitted to the Chicago Bar. He became a successful lawyer and judge. In 1873 he was elected to the General Assembly. The couple had four children: James, Myra, Thomas, and Bessi Bradwell. James and Myra died at an early age. Career A few years after marrying James Bradwell, Myra Bradwell started her formal law training when her husband was admitted to the Illinois Bar. She was an apprentice in her husband's office and assisted him with legal research and writing. Complications arose because of coverture laws, which prohibited married women from holding property. The ability to hold property was necessary to become even a notary public. Myra Bradwell raised funds to help aid the wounded soldiers during the American Civil War. She was also a member of the Northwestern Sanitary Commission. In 1868, Bradwell founded the Chicago Legal News. With her husband's legal help, she persuaded the Illinois legislature to pass a law so that she could serve as both editor and business manager of the Chicago Legal News Company (it had other publications, and produced stationery and legal forms). Although the paper's offices were destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, it continued to publish. The widely circulated paper published information about court opinions, laws, and court ordinances, and also had a muckraking function. Its reporters criticized corruption within the local bar and judiciary and urged railroad regulation. Bradwell also was determined to improve women's status in society, so the paper included a column entitled "Law Relating to Women." To support women's suffrage and efforts to gain employment, Myra Bradwell helped write the Illinois Married Women's Property Act of 1861. With Alta M. Hulett, she wrote the Earnings Act of 1869; both bills allowed married women to control their earnings and property. In August 1869, a federal judge from the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals and state's attorney examined Bradwell's legal ability, pronounced her qualified, and suggested that the Illinois State Supreme Court Issue her a law license. But, her application was denied on the grounds that as a married woman, she could not enter into any legal contracts, as lawyers do in their profession. On February 5, 1870, the Illinois high court again denied her claim for a law license on the basis of sex. Chief Justice Charles B. Lawrence stated that "God designed the sexes to occupy different spheres of action." Bradwell appealed to the United States Supreme Court, claiming that refusing to admit her to the bar because she was female violated her constitutional rights under the Fourteenth Amendment ("No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws..."). Despite the efforts of Senator Matthew Hale Carpenter, who argued on her behalf, the Court held 8 to 1 that the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment did not include the right to practice a profession. Justice Joseph Bradley wrote, "The natural and proper timidity and delicacy which belongs to the female sex evidently unfits it for many of the occupations of civil life... [T]he paramount destiny and mission of woman are to fulfill the noble and benign offices of wife and mother. This is the law of the Creator." Bradwell v. Illinois, 83 U.S. (16 Wall.) 130 (1873). The court's holding was fourfold: Women would not be allowed to practice the law. A different result would open the flood gates and many more women would want to follow in Bradwell's footsteps. Brutal cases would not be appropriate for a woman to handle. The state was worried about the effect women would have on the administration office. Thus in 1873, the Supreme Court also denied her admission to the legal profession because of her sex. The same year, the governor of Illinois denied her an appointment as notary public. Meanwhile, in 1872, influenced by her case, the Illinois legislature passed a new law stating, "No person shall be precluded or debarred from any occupation, profession, or employment (except the military) on account of sex" and in 1875, another law was passed to allow women to become notaries. Bradwell continued her work on the Chicago Legal News where she was the journal's publisher, business manager, and editor-in-chief. She also became an active member in the women's suffrage movement, serving as Secretary of the Illinois Women Suffrage Association. Despite changing the law, Bradwell made no further proceedings to gain her license, although she assisted women in other states attempting to study law, effect legal change, and procure law licenses in their respective states. She insisted that women's equality was a non-partisan issue. In Washington, D.C. Belva Lockwood lobbied Congress to pass an anti-discrimination bill to allow women to practice in federal courts. It was finally passed in 1879 and signed into law by President Rutherford B. Hayes. In 1879, Lockwood became the first woman admitted to the U.S. Supreme Court bar and in 1880 the first woman to argue a case before that body. She was later denied admission to the Virginia bar and in 1893 the United States Supreme court refused to force Virginia to admit her, citing its decision in Bradwell's case. Meanwhile, in 1890, the Illinois Supreme Court acting on its own motion honored her by approving Bradwell's original application. On March 28, 1892, Bradwell then received her license to practice before the United States Supreme Court. The Illinois Supreme Court and the U.S. Supreme Court admitted Bradwell, nunc pro tunc, so that the year of her admittance was officially, albeit symbolically, 1869. Death and legacy Myra Bradwell died of cancer on February 14, 1894, just four years after she was admitted to the bar. She is buried in Chicago's Rosehill Cemetery. Her daughter, Bessie Bradwell Helmer, continued in her mother's footsteps, graduating from the Union College of Law in 1882 and publishing the Chicago Legal News until 1925. Her son Thomas Bradwell also became a lawyer and managed the printing company. Myra Bradwell Elementary School in Chicago, Illinois was opened and named in her honor in 1889. Her granddaughter and namesake, Myra Bradwell Helmer Pritchard, became a noted golfer. See also List of first women lawyers and judges in Illinois References Further reading "Bradwell, Myra Colby." Encyclopædia Britannica from "Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service", Accessed February 14, 2006. Mezey, Susan Gluck. "Bradwell, Myra Colby." American National Biography Online. "Myra Bradwell Award.", Minnesota Women Lawyers. Schultz, Rima Lunin, and Adele Hast, Women Building Chicago, 1790-1990: A Biographical Dictionary (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2001). 1831 births 1894 deaths 19th-century American women lawyers Illinois lawyers People from Manchester, Vermont 19th-century American lawyers Burials at Rosehill Cemetery
5378189	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudar	Dudar	Dudar is a village in Veszprém county, Hungary in Zirc District. In 1559 it was property of Mihály Cseszneky. Notes Dudar App for LIVE doubts solving for students class 6th to 12th,Dudar app launched by Dudar edtech pvt ltd Do you get frustrated or feel low when you are stuck with a doubt while studying? Did you ever wonder that why every student is treated the same while being taught in classrooms,even though, every student has a different learning Pace? If your answer is yes to any of the questions above, then dudar is for you Use Dudar FOR Exam Preparation Homework Help Revision Doubt/Concept Session Missed Classes Grade Improvement Become A Tutor Join The Most Respectable Profession Harshpal singh is co founder of Dudar [[ ]] Sources http://www.solvedudar.com/ External links Street map (Hungarian) Populated places in Zirc District
5378206	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcev%20algebra	Malcev algebra	In mathematics, a Malcev algebra (or Maltsev algebra or Moufang–Lie algebra) over a field is a nonassociative algebra that is antisymmetric, so that and satisfies the Malcev identity They were first defined by Anatoly Maltsev (1955). Malcev algebras play a role in the theory of Moufang loops that generalizes the role of Lie algebras in the theory of groups. Namely, just as the tangent space of the identity element of a Lie group forms a Lie algebra, the tangent space of the identity of a smooth Moufang loop forms a Malcev algebra. Moreover, just as a Lie group can be recovered from its Lie algebra under certain supplementary conditions, a smooth Moufang loop can be recovered from its Malcev algebra if certain supplementary conditions hold. For example, this is true for a connected, simply connected real-analytic Moufang loop. Examples Any Lie algebra is a Malcev algebra. Any alternative algebra may be made into a Malcev algebra by defining the Malcev product to be xy − yx. The 7-sphere may be given the structure of a smooth Moufang loop by identifying it with the unit octonions. The tangent space of the identity of this Moufang loop may be identified with the 7-dimensional space of imaginary octonions. The imaginary octonions form a Malcev algebra with the Malcev product xy − yx. See also Malcev-admissible algebra Notes References Non-associative algebras Lie algebras
5378221	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csesznek	Csesznek	Csesznek (; , , ) is a village in Zirc District, Veszprém county, Hungary. The village is famous for its medieval castle. Etymology The name comes from Slavic čestnik – a privileged person, an office bearer, nowadays also an elder family member at the wedding. History The medieval castle of Csesznek was built around 1263 by the Jakab Cseszneky who was the swordbearer of the King Béla IV. He and his descendants have been named after the castle Cseszneky. Between 1326 and 1392 it was a royal castle, when King Sigismund offered it to the House of Garai in lieu of the Banate of Macsó. In 1482 the male line of the Garai family died out, and King Matthias Corvinus donated the castle to the Szapolyai family. In 1527, Baron Bálint Török became its owner. During the 16th century the Csábi, Szelestey and Wathay families were in possession of Csesznek. In 1561, Lőrinc Wathay repulsed successfully the siege of the Ottomans. However, in 1594 the castle was occupied by Turkish troops, but in 1598 the Hungarians recaptured it. In 1635, Dániel Esterházy bought the castle and village and from that time on Csesznek was the property of the Esterházy family until 1945. People Cseszneky family Jakab Cseszneky Stephen II Csák Lőrinc Wathay Bálint Török Sándor Simonyi-Semadam References External links A website about the village and castle Csesznek at Irány Magyarország! A website about the village and the castle, made by local civilians. Walk in the castle virtually. Populated places in Zirc District Castles in Hungary Cseszneky Esterházy family Croatian communities in Hungary Slovak communities in Hungary
3987540	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Flying%20Deuces	The Flying Deuces	The Flying Deuces, also known as Flying Aces, is a 1939 buddy comedy film starring Laurel and Hardy, in which the duo join the French Foreign Legion. It is a partial remake of their short film Beau Hunks (1931). Plot While the boys are vacationing in Paris from working in a fish market in Des Moines, Ollie falls in love with Georgette (Jean Parker), the beautiful daughter of an innkeeper. She turns down his marriage proposal because she is married to a Foreign Legion officer named Francois (Reginald Gardiner). Heartbroken, Ollie contemplates suicide. He is joined by his friend Stan in sinking himself into a river. (In some versions this proceeding is complicated by the presence of an "escaped shark".) Stan repeatedly interrupts Ollie as he is about to throw the weight in, and asks him to consider the possibility of reincarnation. Ollie decides his preference is to be reincarnated as a horse. Francois catches sight of them and convinces them to enlist in the Foreign Legion in order to forget Ollie's failed romance (little does Francois know that his wife was the object of Ollie's obsession). When Stan asks how long it will take Ollie to forget, Francois says it will only take a matter of a few days. The commandant (Charles B. Middleton) introduces Ollie and Stan to their daily legionnaire duties, for which their daily wage is 100 centimes, which, translated into American currency amounts to only three cents. Ollie and Stan attempt to negotiate for a higher wage. For this uppity attitude they are sentenced to menial labor, washing and ironing a mountain of laundry, with legion officers constantly on their backs. Finally and 'miraculously', Ollie forgets his broken romance completely. His and Stan's purpose in joining the Foreign Legion fulfilled, they abandon their task, discarding the still hot iron, which unintentionally sets the laundry pile aflame. Angered by the hard work and low pay of the Foreign Legion, Ollie writes the commander an insulting farewell letter and signs it. After leaving the commandant's office, they meet Georgette again. Ollie, delighted that she has seemingly changed her mind and come back to him, proceeds to embrace and kiss her. Francois witnesses this and informs him that Georgette is his wife and warns him to stay away from her. After Francois leaves, the commandant appears and, having discovered their farewell note and the mountain of burning laundry, pronounces them under arrest for desertion. They are taken to the prison, locked up and sentenced to be shot at dawn. Stan amazes Ollie by playing "The World Is Waiting for the Sunrise" on the bedsprings. As he is about to play another piece, the jailor yells at them to be quiet. Later in the evening, someone throws a note that says they can escape by means of a tunnel leading from their cell to the outside wall. Stan brings on an accidental cave-in which causes the underground path to lead to Francois and Georgette's dwelling. The whole legion engages in hot pursuit of the boys, who flee to a nearby hangar and hide out in an airplane, which Stan accidentally starts up. The boys fly it until it crashes. Stan emerges unharmed from the crash, but Ollie has died, seen ascending into Heaven. However, Stan later bumps into Ollie, reincarnated as a horse in accordance with the wish he expressed during his aborted suicide attempt. Stan is elated to find his friend alive, but Ollie grumpily remarks, "Well, here's another nice mess you've gotten me into." Cast Principal credited cast members (in order of on-screen credits) and roles: Michael Visaroff appears uncredited as Georgette's father. Charles B. Middleton reprises the Legion Commandant role he played in Beau Hunks (1931), while Laurel and Hardy's frequent co-star James Finlayson also makes an appearance as a jailer. Production As Laurel and Hardy did not have an exclusive contract with Hal Roach, they were able to appear in films for other studios as they pleased. A remake of Beau Hunks, The Flying Deuces was released by RKO Radio Pictures and was made by independent producer Boris Morros. Director A. Edward Sutherland and Stan Laurel did not get along during filming, with Sutherland having reportedly commented that he "would rather eat a tarantula than work with Laurel again". At the beginning of the film, the innkeeper's daughter is seen looking at a framed photograph of Ollie. The same photograph can also be seen in the short film Our Wife (1931), where the sight of it prompts the father of Ollie's fiancé to forbid the wedding. The "laundry scene" in The Flying Deuces was filmed on the Iverson Movie Ranch in the Chatsworth section of Los Angeles, California, considered to be the most often used outdoor shooting location for films and television shows. In the scene, the characters played by Laurel and Hardy, having disrupted training camp soon after joining the Foreign Legion, are forced to do a massive amount of laundry—seemingly the laundry for the entire Foreign Legion. For the shoot, a facsimile of a huge pile of laundry was built on top of one of the giant sandstone boulders of Iverson's Garden of the Gods, which is now a park. Aerial footage of the scene, including a large spread consisting of laundry hanging on lines, was shot for the movie, and was used briefly in the final flying scene as the set-up for a gag where the pair's cockpit is pelted with laundry. The footage later turned up in a number of other productions, including the Republic serials Manhunt of Mystery Island (1945) and Radar Patrol vs. Spy King (1949), along with the Allied Artists movie The Cyclops (1957). Critical reception On Rotten Tomatoes, The Flying Deuces has a score of 83% based on six critic reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. Public domain The Flying Deuces is one of two Laurel and Hardy features in the public domain; the other is Atoll K. As such, it regularly appears as part of inexpensive DVD or video compilations. Turner/Warner Bros. currently possesses the original negative but has not released the film. When the film was originally released, it contained a scene featuring an escaped shark (a model fin being pulled back and forth) in the river into which Stan and Ollie are planning to jump. The scene was removed from some releases of the film. An uncut version, transferred from a nitrate 35mm negative discovered in France, was restored by Lobster Films and released by Kino Video in 2004. The Legend Films edition contains the edited version of the film. In the United Kingdom, the Network imprint released the film on DVD and Blu-ray in 2015. This is the uncut version, as are the 2015 DVD-R and Blu-ray releases by VCI Entertainment in America. Unlike previous home video versions that have generally used a snatch of the opening music during the end titles, these releases include the correct closing music. A German-issued Blu-ray released by Edel Germany GmbH in October 2015 includes 3D and 2D versions of the film on a single disc. Music "Shine On, Harvest Moon" "The World Is Waiting for the Sunrise" Popular culture In an episode of Doctor Who entitled "The Impossible Astronaut" (2011), Amy Pond and Rory Williams watch the film on DVD. Rory sees The Doctor in the film running toward the camera wearing his fez and waving before returning to dance with Stan and Ollie. The scene in Georgette's bedroom briefly appears on a television in the 1985 film Cocoon. The image of Stan and Ollie dancing to "Shine on Harvest Moon" appeared in a 1985 Hershey commercial. The "Shine On, Harvest Moon" sequence appears early in the 1987 film Dot Goes to Hollywood, with Dot dancing with Stan. See also List of films in the public domain in the United States References Notes Bibliography Everson, William K. The Complete Films of Laurel and Hardy. New York: Citadel, 2000, (first edition 1967). . Louvish, Simon. Stan and Ollie: The Roots of Comedy. London: Faber & Faber, 2001. . McCabe, John. Babe: The Life of Oliver Hardy. London: Robson Books Ltd., 2004. . McCabe, John with Al Kilgore and Richard W. Bann. Laurel & Hardy. New York: Bonanza Books, 1983, first edition 1975, E.P. Dutton. . McGarry, Annie. Laurel & Hardy. London: Bison Group, 1992. . External links The shoot for the laundry scene in The Flying Deuces at the Iverson Movie Ranch 1939 films 1939 comedy films American aviation films American black-and-white films Films directed by A. Edward Sutherland Films set in deserts Films set in Paris Films about the French Foreign Legion Laurel and Hardy (film series) Military humor in film RKO Pictures films 1930s buddy comedy films American buddy comedy films Films with screenplays by Charley Rogers Films with screenplays by Harry Langdon 1930s English-language films
5378244	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakonyoszlop	Bakonyoszlop	Bakonyoszlop () is a village in the Bakony Mountains of Veszprém county, Hungary in Zirc District. External links Street map (Hungarian) Populated places in Zirc District
5378256	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astilleros%20y%20Talleres%20del%20Noroeste	Astilleros y Talleres del Noroeste	ASTANO or Astilleros y Talleres del Noroeste (English: Shipyards and Workshops of the Northwest) is a shipbuilding company based in Fene, Ferrolterra, Spain, near the city of Ferrol, which flourished during the 1960s and the early 1970s coinciding with the end of the Francisco Franco era and the arrival of democracy. From the late 1980s and early 1990s the possibility of joining the other shipyards of Ferrolterra and from the year 2000 forms an integral part of NAVANTIA formerly IZAR. See also Discoverer Enterprise drillship, utilised in rectifying the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Castillo de Salas, a bulk carrier that wrecked by Gijón loaded with coal in 1986. References External links Navantia, Ria de Ferrol http://www.astano-curso65.es/ Shipyards of Spain
5378258	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrekenton	Wrekenton	Wrekenton is a residential area in Gateshead, located around from Newcastle upon Tyne, from Sunderland, and from Durham. In 2011, Census data for the Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council ward of High Fell recorded a total population of 6,110. Wrekenton is bordered by Beacon Lough to the north, Harlow Green to the west, and Eighton Banks to the south. A large part of Wrekenton consists of a council estate, known as Springwell Estate. This is distinct from Springwell Village, which is located a short distance across the border, within the City of Sunderland. History The antiquarian John Hodgson claimed to have named the village. He wrote, "After the enclosure of the common (in 1822), Mr. Watson, of Warburton Place, Carrhill, founded a considerable village at this place, which, at my suggestion, he called Wrekenton." This name was chosen because Wrekenton and Eighton Banks were divided by the remains of the Wrekendyke Roman road. Wrekenton is believed to have been the meeting point of two Roman roads, Cade's Road and the Wrekendyke Road. Cade's Road ran from the Humber to York and Newcastle, with the Wrekendyke Road branching away to the north east passing close to Jarrow, and ending at the Roman fort and harbour of Arbeia, at South Shields. It has even been conjectured that a Roman fort existed at the site now occupied by the Ravensworth Golf Club, but no evidence for this has been found. In the 1860s, Wrekenton was still a very small village with about two hundred dwellings. It remained so for a further seventy years until slum clearance in Gateshead resulted in many new houses being built in Wrekenton, in order to accommodate the previous slum-dwellers. The main industries of the area surrounding the village during the nineteenth century were coal mining, quarrying, brickmaking and agriculture. The spelling of the town's name is recorded, in the mid 1890s, as "Wreckenton", which survived as the name of the local council ward serving the area until 1981. Old Durham Road was the main route between Durham and Newcastle until 1827, when a new road was built to the west of it on lower ground and called Durham Road. Old Durham Road climbed the steep bank, known as Long Bank to Wrekenton and from there headed north to Beacon Lough before dropping down the steep bank into Gateshead. The mail coach used to pass along this road and one of the stopping places for the coach was The Coach and Horses, an inn that still exists today. Other equally old public houses in Wrekenton, dating from the nineteenth century, are The Seven Stars and The Ship. Demography According to the 2011 Census, the High Fell ward has a population of 6,110. 51.7% of the population are female, while 48.3% are male. Only 3.4% of the population were from a black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) group, as opposed to 14.6% of the national population, and 3.7% of the population in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead. Data from the 2011 Census found that the average life expectancy in High Fell is 75.0 years for men, and 78.7 years for women. These statistics compare less than favourable, when compared to the average life expectancy in the North East of England, of 77.4 and 81.4 years, respectively. Car ownership is significantly lower than the average in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead (63.5%), and the national average of 74.2% – with 51.5% of households in the High Fell ward owning at least one car. Education Wrekenton is served by two primary schools: Fell Dyke Community Primary School, which was rated "requires improvement" by Ofsted in March 2019, and St. Oswald's Catholic Primary School, which was rated "good" in May 2013. In terms of secondary education, Wrekenton is located within the catchment area for Cardinal Hume Catholic School, rated "outstanding" by Ofsted in January 2014, as well as Lord Lawson of Beamish Academy in Birtley, which was rated "requires improvement" by Ofsted in June 2019. Students also attend the nearby Grace College (formerly known as Joseph Swan Academy). Governance High Fell is a local council ward in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead. This ward covers an area of around , and has a population of 6,110. As of April 2020, the ward is served by three councillors: Judith Gibson, Jean Lee and Jennifer Reay. Wrekenton is located within the parliamentary constituency of Gateshead. As of April 2020, the constituency is served by MP Ian Mearns. Transport Air The nearest airport to Wrekenton is Newcastle International Airport, which is located around away by road. Teesside International Airport and Carlisle Lake District Airport are located around away by road, respectively. Bus Wrekenton is served by Go North East's local bus services, with frequent routes serving Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead, Sunderland and Washington and County Durham. Rail The nearest Tyne and Wear Metro station is located at Gateshead. The Tyne and Wear Metro provides a regular service to Newcastle, with trains running up to every 6 minutes (7–8 minutes during the evening and Sunday) between Pelaw and South Gosforth, increasing to up to every 3 minutes at peak times. Heworth is nearest rail station, with Northern Trains providing an hourly service along the Durham Coast Line. Road Wrekenton is served by the B1296 – a part of the former route of the Great North Road. By road, Gateshead can be reached in under 10 minutes, Newcastle in 15 minutes, and Newcastle International Airport in 30 minutes. References External links A Short History of Gateshead Populated places in Tyne and Wear Gateshead
5378267	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakonyszentkir%C3%A1ly	Bakonyszentkirály	Bakonyszentkirály is a village in Veszprém county, Hungary in Zirc District. It is a small village with a population of 826. The village is situated in the Bakony mountains, some 40 km south of Győr and 50 km north of Lake Balaton. The quiet, forested area surrounding Bakonyszentkirály, with its fresh air, is ideal for tourism. Neighboring villages Csesznek Bakonyoszlop Bakonyszentlászló Veszprémvarsány Gallery Notes External links Village Website (Hungarian) Hostel site with pictures Populated places in Zirc District
5378274	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%20You%20Do%20Me%20Good%3F	Can You Do Me Good?	Can You Do Me Good? is the sixth studio album by Del Amitri, released on 8 April 2002 by Mercury / A&M. The album showcased a radically different sound from which Del Amitri fans had become used to. With five years having elapsed since Some Other Sucker's Parade (1997), Can You Do Me Good? featured a new approach: drum loops, samples and synthesisers were the band's new tools. Though the songs retained their usual melodic characteristics, the overall impression was a very different one. Theme Guitarist and songwriter Iain Harvie admitted in the run-up to the album's release that the band's record company considered Can You Do Me Good? to be Del Amitri's last chance. "It's a pretty straightforward equation. If we don't sell 300,000 copies of the new album, we're out. It's that simple." With this in mind, many of the album's lyrics seem to convey a tone of finality; the feeling that this is a band's last stand. Song titles like "One More Last Hurrah" and "Last Cheap Shot at the Dream" contribute to this, and "Just Getting By" seems almost to lament a career spent as rock's nearly-men: Look at me I'm the one who got away The one who could've shone I tried to do my best But I guess your best don't last for long Look at me Standing with my tattered pride Of toothless little lions We tried to make a difference Do something no one else had tried Even for a lyricist like Justin Currie, whose songs have often dealt with missed opportunities and failure, Can You Do Me Good? is significantly more concerned with these concepts than previous albums. Track listing All songs written by Justin Currie, except as noted. "Just Before You Leave" (Currie, Iain Harvie) – 5:14 "Cash & Prizes" – 4:38 "Drunk in a Band" – 2:44 "One More Last Hurrah" (Currie, Harvie) – 4:52 "Buttons on My Clothes" – 4:05 "Baby, It's Me" – 3:34 "Wash Her Away" (Currie, Harvie) – 3:07 "Last Cheap Shot at the Dream" – 4:12 "Out Falls The Past" – 3:13 "She's Passing This Way" – 2:44 "Jesus Saves" – 3:39 "Just Getting By" – 7:35 "Just Getting By" is followed by a hidden track: an instrumental excerpt from "The Septic Jubilee" (a song released as a B-side on the "Just Before You Leave" single) which lasts for roughly 2:20. Personnel Credits adapted from the album liner notes. Del Amitri Justin Currie – vocals, bass, acoustic guitar Iain Harvie – guitar, acoustic guitar, programming, backing vocals Kris Dollimore – guitar, acoustic guitar, backing vocals Andy Alston – piano, organ, synthesiser Mark Price – drums, drum loops Additional musicians Matthew Rubano – bass (2, 11) Kevin Bacon (credited as "Big Kev") – bass (5, 6, 8) Rudy Bird – percussion (1, 4, 9) Jonathan Quarmby (credited as "Jonathan") – "tingly things" (5, 6) Joe Tomino – drum loop (4) Chris Komer – French horn (9) Chris Elliot – cello sample and trombone (12) Chris Cameron – string arrangements (1, 12) Gavyn Wright – orchestra leader Technical Gordon "Commissioner Gordon" Williams – producer (tracks 2-4, 7, 9-11), additional producer (tracks 1, 12), mixing (tracks 1, 2, 4-9, 11, 12) (at The Headquarters, Teaneck, New Jersey) Pete Smith – producer (tracks 1, 3, 10, 12), mixing (tracks 3, 10) (at Livingston Studios, London) Kevin Bacon – producer (tracks 5, 6, 8) Jonathan Quarmby – producer (tracks 5, 6, 8) Jamie Siegel – engineer (tracks 2-4, 7, 9-11) Ben Darlow – mixing (tracks 3, 10) (at Livingston Studios, Wood Green), additional mixing (track 7) (at Westside Studios, London) Dave Bascombe – mixing (track 5) (at Whitfield Street Studios, London) Stylorouge – design, art direction Jeff Cottenden – photography Kevin Westenberg – photography (Del Amitri portrait) Notes External links Official Del Amitri homepage Del Amitri albums 2002 albums A&M Records albums Mercury Records albums
5378287	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9canosph%C3%A8re	Mécanosphère	Mécanosphère is a trans-national music/performance art group rooted in Portugal. Formed in 2003 by French drummer and DIY electronic musician Benjamin Brejon (an ex-student of free jazz percussionist Sunny Murray ) and polyglot Portuguese vocalist Adolfo Luxúria Canibal, frontman of cult Portuguese rockers Mão Morta, the morphing line-up of Mecanosphere also congregates members of the American Radon Collective, such as tribal percussionist Scott Nydegger and saxophonist Steve Mackay (of The Stooges) as well as bassist Henrique Fernandes and drummer Gustavo Costa, all from the experimental scene of Oporto. Since 2005 the electronic multi-instrumentalist Jonathan Saldanha become an active part along with Benjamin Brejon. Mécanosphère combines elements of sonic hip hop, bass-heavy dub, violent noise, collage art, chaos rock and industrial free jazz with a strong textual and old school sound poetry component, claiming authors such as J. G. Ballard, Gilles Deleuze, Peter Sloterdijk, Bernard Stiegler or Velimir Khlebnikov as influences on both the method and the issues of their work. Mécanosphère's battering rhythmic chaos music is something difficult to define. The polyglot text (a constant permutation of French, Portuguese and English) as well as the texture of their sound (several drum kits, electric double bass, electronic percussions, vintage synthesizers, tapes, live loop recorders, dysfunctional sound generators of varying kind) demonstrate the originality of Mécanosphère. Mécanosphère is not a touring band. Each of their rather rare public appearances is a creation of its own and they made clear they consider the live performances unfit for a repetitive touring format. In comparison, Mécanosphère is a rather generous recording factory. Their 2003 self-titled debut album (released on Portuguese Hip Hop label Loop:Recordings) is a straightforward rhythms-bass-voice record. Loosely in the line of early Scorn or Muslimgauze’s interpretations of dub and industrial music "mecanosphere" acts. The 2004 "Bailarina" album (Independent Records), explores a more labyrinth-like territory, where heavy bass down tempo breaks, electro-acoustic sounds, hardcore, tribalism, apocalyptic drum and bass and abstract jazz scapes fusion with the deep throat, menacing narrative of Adolfo Luxúria Cannibal. Their third album, "Limb Shop" (released on Raging Planet, Base records, Soopa and Radon in 2006), was produced by Jonathan Uliel Saldanha, moving the sound of the group a step deeper into an abstract landscape of field recordings, brute noise and crepuscular heavy funk and dub. Finally freed from the "track" shape which prevailed on the previous albums, Limb Shop is a 60 minute piece on disfiguration, real and fictional amputation vs. prosthesis and inner-space science fiction turned into sound. References External links Portuguese musical groups Raging Planet artists
5378293	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springwell%20Estate	Springwell Estate	Springwell Estate is a council estate located in the eastern part of Wrekenton in Gateshead, England. The area is near the local shops and transport links for easy access to Gateshead and Newcastle. The area is mainly ex-council houses of two and three bedrooms. The estate has large parks and a nature reserve nearby, as well as being near the ground of a local football team. Gateshead Housing estates in England
3987543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific%20transliteration%20of%20Cyrillic	Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic	Scientific transliteration, variously called academic, linguistic, international, or scholarly transliteration, is an international system for transliteration of text from the Cyrillic script to the Latin script (romanization). This system is most often seen in linguistics publications on Slavic languages. Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic into Latin was first introduced in 1898 as part of the standardization process for the (PI) in 1899. Details The scientific transliteration system is roughly as phonemic as is the orthography of the language transliterated. The deviations are with щ, where the transliteration makes clear that two phonemes are involved, and џ, where it fails to represent the (monophonemic) affricate with a single letter. The transliteration system is based on the Gaj's Latin alphabet used in Serbo-Croatian, in which each letter corresponds directly to a Cyrillic letter in Bosnian, Montenegrin and Serbian official standards, and was heavily based on the earlier Czech alphabet. The Cyrillic letter х, representing the sound [χ] as in Bach, was romanized h in Serbo-Croatian, but in German-speaking countries the native digraph ch was used instead. It was codified in the 1898 Prussian Instructions for libraries, or Preußische Instruktionen (PI), which were adopted in Central Europe and Scandinavia. Scientific transliteration can also be used to romanize the early Glagolitic alphabet, which has a close correspondence to Cyrillic. Scientific transliteration is often adapted to serve as a phonetic alphabet. Scientific transliteration was the basis for the ISO 9 transliteration standard. While linguistic transliteration tries to preserve the original language's pronunciation to a certain degree, the latest version of the ISO standard (ISO 9:1995) has abandoned this concept, which was still found in ISO/R 9:1968 and is now restricted to a one-to-one mapping of letters. It thus allows for unambiguous reverse transliteration into the original Cyrillic text and is language-independent. The previous official Soviet romanization system, GOST 16876-71, is also based on scientific transliteration but used Latin h for Cyrillic х instead of Latin x or ssh and sth for Cyrillic Щ, and had a number of other differences. Most countries using Cyrillic script now have adopted GOST 7.79 instead, which is not the same as ISO 9 but close to it. Representing all of the necessary diacritics on computers requires Unicode, Latin-2, Latin-4, or Latin-7 encoding. Table ( ) Letters in parentheses are older or alternative transliterations. Ukrainian and Belarusian apostrophe are not transcribed. The early Cyrillic letter koppa (Ҁ, ҁ) was used only for transliterating Greek and its numeric value and was thus omitted. Prussian Instructions and ISO 9:1995 are provided for comparison. Unicode encoding is: for the Cyrillic apostrophe to transliterate the soft sign to transliterate the hard sign See also Romanization of Belarusian Romanization of Bulgarian Romanization of Greek Romanization of Macedonian Romanization of Russian Romanization of Serbian Romanization of Ukrainian (PI) ALA-LC romanization for Russian Notes References (Winter 2003) "Transliteration", in Slavic and East European Journal, 47 (4):backmatter—every issue of this journal has a transliteration reference in the back, including a table labelled “ISO Transliteration System”, although it is different from the latest version of ISO 9:1995. IDS (Informationsverbund Deutschschweiz, 2001) Katalogisierungsregeln IDS (KIDS), Anhänge, “IDS G.4: Transliteration der slavischen kyrillischen Alphabete” (Archive). Universität Zürich. URL accessed on 2009-05-27 (PDF format, in German)—ISO/R 9 1968 standardization of scientific transliteration Timberlake, Alan (2004), A Reference Grammar of Russian, Cambridge University Press, . External links Transliteration history—history of the transliteration of Slavic languages into Latin alphabets Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts CyrAcademisator Bi-directional online transliteration of Russian for ALA-LC (diacritics), scientific, ISO/R 9, ISO 9, GOST 7.79B and others. Supports Old Slavonic characters Ukrainian Transliteration — online service of scientific transliteration to and from Ukrainian. Also supports ISO 9, BGN/PCGN, ALA-LC and other standards of Ukrainian transliteration. (in Ukrainian) Slavic languages
5378297	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20of%20European%20Airlines	Association of European Airlines	The Association of European Airlines (AEA) was a trade body that brought together 22 major airlines, and was the voice of the European airline industry for over 60 years. It shut down in the end of 2016. AEA worked in partnership with the institutions of the European Union and other stakeholders in the value chain, to ensure the sustainable growth of the European airline industry in a global context. Upon its demise in 2016, AEA Member Airlines carried over 300 million passengers and 4.5 million tonnes of cargo and provided direct employment to 270,000 people. They operated over 8,000 flights a day, serving 530 destinations in 140 countries, with a global turnover of €100 billion. History AEA traces its history back to 1952, when the Presidents of Air France, KLM, Sabena and Swissair formed a joint study group, shortly afterwards expanded with the addition of BEA (a forerunner of British Airways) and SAS. In February 1954, the Air Research Bureau was established on a permanent basis, in Brussels. The name was subsequently changed to the European Airlines Research Bureau and - in 1973 - the AEA. Shortly after the ARB was established, the 1954 Strasbourg Conference on the Coordination of Transport in Europe led to the foundation of ECAC and recommended that participating states encourage air carriers to undertake cooperative studies aimed at promoting an orderly development of air transport in Europe. Evidently, the AEA was well placed to be the industry's representative in dialogue with ECAC. By the time the AEA name was adopted, membership had grown to 19. There were three standing committees: Research and Planning, Airline Industry Affairs, and Technical Affairs, which was formed when a pre-existing industry body (the ’Montparnasse Committee’) was absorbed into AEA. The next major change took place in 1983 when the (then) Commercial and Aeropolitical Committee was divided, in recognition of the growing involvement of the EU in air transport matters. This involvement was formalised in 1986 when air transport was confirmed as being subject to the single-market process. In the mid-1980s, the Association acquired permanent groups in the fiscal, security and in-flight services fields. To these was added, in 1991, an Infrastructure Group. Another overhaul occurred in 1994, with the establishment of five standing committees, including Infrastructure & Environment and Social Affairs. Research & Information and legal matters acquired the status of support functions. In 2002, the AEA Presidents determined that the AEA should become an organisation which provides an industry platform for its members in the EU policy-making environment. To achieve this end, the statutes were amended. One major change was that the Presidents would set annual objectives for the Association. The Presidents’ Committee, enlarged by two additional members to twelve, was given the additional task of monitoring the progress of the association in achieving the set objectives. Furthermore, the Presidents modified the criteria for entry and exit into the association to reflect recent market developments. These far-reaching amendments to the statutes were formally approved in May 2003. At its shutdown in 2016, AEA had 22 members, the Presidents' Committee was presided by Temel Kotil PhD, CEO of Turkish Airlines. CEO of the Association of European Airlines was Mr Athar Husain Khan. International Airlines Group companies British Airways and Iberia, as well as Air Berlin announced their departure from the group in April 2015. While Air Berlin has already been a member there, British Airways and Iberia shortly later joined the ELFAA, more inline with its view of the liberalisation of the air transport, notably towards gulf carriers. Alitalia also left the AEA in May 2015 for the same reason. All of these airlines already maintain notable partnerships with gulf carriers. Former members As of January 2016, members of the AEA were: (OW: Oneworld member; ST: SkyTeam member; SA: Star Alliance member.) References External links Official website Airline trade associations
5378312	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porva	Porva	Porva is a village in Veszprém county, Hungary in Zirc District. Located in the High Bakony Mountains, 6 km (3.75 mi) from the city of Zirc and it is around 400 m (1313 ft) above sea level. From the village and the surrounding country side the twin caps of the Koris-hill (709 m or 2326 ft) and the Kék-hill (661 m or 2168 ft) creates a panoramic view. By car 5 minutes from Zirc with its historical abbey, about 30 minutes from the city of Veszprém, 40 minutes from lake Lake Balaton, 45 minutes from Győr, the city of three streams, 1.5 hours from Budapest and Bratislava and 2 hours from Vienna. History Porva has an ancient history and is mentioned among about 40 other villages and cities in the founding document of Hungary. This document can still be seen in the library of the Pannonhalma Archabbey. Between 1782 and 1784 the current church was erected over the ruins of the palos monastery. The building was built in a gothic baroque style. There is very little left from its rich history. The ruins were buried and the cultural treasures were stolen or moved to other places. The old palos monastery was already deserted during the beginning of the Turkish occupation. On the ruins stand the numerous time renovated church guarding the past centuries spirit. The descendant of the Szapolyai family Perenszy Pálné born Zápolya Orsolya was buried in 1520 in a red marble mausoleum that is still visible today. The churches main altar was built by Roskovitz Ignác the floor is covered with kelheim stones. The building is in gothic style with baroque sections outside and inside. On the face of the church two marble memorials were erected for the memory of the first and Second World War’s casualties from the village. On the north wall of the church the original monasteries base walls are still there. The rich history of the town and place names are evident. The church and the vicarage of Porva used to belong to the Archabbey of Pannonhalma. After World War II however the Russian invaders took possession of the vicarage to establish their regional headquarters. The Facade of the vicarage was destroyed as a Russian repercussion for the Hungarian revolution of 1956 Surroundings Köris-hill (Hungarian: Köris-hegy), the Bakony hills highest point, forms together with the neighbouring Kék-hill (Hungarian: Kék-hegy) the most beautiful part of the area. It is used as a compass by the travelers of the Bakony hills especially because of the lookout tower on the top of Köris-hegy named after Péter Vajda(1808–1846) a naturalist and poet-writer. First of Porva and its neighbor Borzavár, further away the Vértes hills the shimmering Balaton, the Badacsony hills to the north Pannonhalma on the broad horizon. And with a particular clear sky even the white tops of the Alps in Austria. From Porva it is a 2 kilometers walk through the surrounding forests to The High Bakony Park on the slopes of the Kék-hill and the Köris-hill and about 5 kilometers to the top of Köris-hegy. The region is known for outdoor activities like hiking, horse riding, swimming and ballooning. The Csárda-teto (441 m or 1312 ft) is mentioned in several local legends. This was a meeting place for the local bandits (betyár) Rózsa Sándor, Zsubri, Panduri and Savanyu Jóska. Even today there are traces and stone ruins of the inn (csárda). Because of the prevalent highwayman activities many of the local caves are named after its old occupants. These caves are found along the valley of the Cuha-patak (Cuha-stream): Savanyú Jóska cave, (Kopince-barlang) Betyár-pamlag, Remete-barlang, Zsivány-barlang. The closest springs include Bön-kút, Zsellér-ko kút, Csörgo-kút, Néma-kút etc. Of all the numerous springs the most notable water of Porva is the Hódos-ér (Hódos-creek) flowing into the Cuha about 10 km (6.25 mi) from the village. The valley of the Cuha-patak is a tourist destination. The valley is known for the blooming wild-cyclamen flowers. The surrounding forests are full of many different flowers and vegetation. Deer, wild boar, stag deer, fox and sometime a herd of wild sheep (muflon) are to be seen in the area. From early spring to October the tourist traffic is heavy at the porva-csesznek rail station. Most favor this section of the valley. Gallery Populated places in Zirc District
5378319	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyton	Wyton	Wyton may refer to the following places in England: Wyton, Cambridgeshire Wyton, East Riding of Yorkshire Wyton may also refer to: RAF Wyton, an RAF airbase near Wyton, Cambridgeshire See also Witton (disambiguation)
5378322	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchist%20Alliance	Monarchist Alliance	Monarchist Alliance (Alleanza Monarchica) is a minor Italian political party dedicated to the restoration of the monarchy in Italy, which was abolished in a 1946 referendum. The party seeks to increase debate amongst the public about the monarchy, and seeks to re-establish a constitutional monarchy through political means. It has never won any seats in Parliament. Like its predecessors, it has been hampered by provisions in the Italian Constitution that effectively foreclose any attempt to restore the monarchy short of a new constitution. The current Constitution explicitly forbids any attempt to change the republican form of government by constitutional amendment. Until 2002, it also forbade the male members of the former royal house, the House of Savoy, from setting foot on Italian soil. That provision was rescinded in 2002, but as part of the deal, presumptive heir Vittorio Emanuele gave up all claims to the throne. Election results Italian Parliament References External links Official website Monarchist parties in Italy Political parties established in 1972 1972 establishments in Italy
5378329	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish%20Linen%20Guild	Irish Linen Guild	Irish Linen Guild is a promotional organization of the Irish linen industry that was founded in 1928. The Guild's main role is to promote Irish linen in national and international markets, through its website. The guild's brand's trademark is the focus of all promotional activities. This mark is often colloquially referred to as the, 'carpet beater symbol'. It can only be used to mark genuine Irish linen products such as linen yarn spun in Ireland and linen fabrics woven in Ireland by members of the Guild. Products made from genuine Irish linen fabric, such as garments or table linens can be labelled Irish linen although the made up item may have been assembled elsewhere. References External links Guild homepage Irish Linen industry Irish Linen - The Fabric of Ireland - History of Irish Linen Woven fabrics Irish textile organizations Business organisations based in the Republic of Ireland Linen industry in Ireland 1928 establishments in Ireland
5378333	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borzav%C3%A1r	Borzavár	Borzavár is a village in Veszprém county in Hungary in Zirc District near the town of Zirc (5 km west) in the High Bakony Mountains. From the village and the surrounding countryside the twin caps of the Koris-hill (709 m or 2326 ft) and the Kék-hill (661 m or 2168 ft) create a beautiful panoramic view. Distances: by 30 minutes from the beautiful city of Veszprém, 40 minutes from lake Lake Balaton, 45 minutes from Győr, the city of three streams, 1,5 hours from Budapest and Bratislava and 2 hours from Vienna. History The village has got 743 inhabitants (2008 census), nearly all of them are Hungarian. Neighbouring settlements are Csesznek and Porva villages, and Zirc town. The territory of the settlement is inhabited from the stone age. The village has been found by Daniel Esterházy in 1761. The village was settled by Slovaks, Hungarians and Germans. In 1910 Borzavár was a village in the Zirc district of Veszprém County. Number of its inhabitants in 1910: 1120; 1118 (99,8%) Hungarian and 2 (0,2%) other by mother tongue, 1097 (97,9%) Roman Catholic, 12 (1,1%) Calvinist, 6 (0,5%) Jew and 5 (0,5%) Lutheran by religion. External links Street map (Hungarian) Borzavar.hu (Hungarian) Populated places in Zirc District
5378403	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Green%20%28game%20developer%29	Brian Green (game developer)	Brian "Psychochild" Green (1973 – 6 August 2020) was an American software engineer, game developer and game designer known for his work on one of the first 3D, MMORPG's in existence, Meridian 59 (released 1996). Operated now by Open Source volunteers, the Meridian 59 servers continue operation after more than nearly twenty-five years. Youth Culture and education He first used the pseudonym Psychochild (sometimes shortened to just "PC") on a MUD called Genocide. But among his most favorite MUD's was Kerovnia, which he played avidly in college (as well as others, such as Highlands, Farside, and Astaria). As he describes... His interest in online game development grew out of his experience as a "wizard" working on a MUD. A "wizard", in this context, was someone who played the game and was also actively allowed to edit the game, using the game's source code, which is what Psychochild was doing with this game. Origins of the name "Psychochild" In an interview, he was asked the origin of his name, and said, "Back in the dorms, one guy I played Street Fighter with called me 'you psycho child' when I'd give a victory whoop, so I used that. The name stuck." Gaming development career Beginning of Meridian 59 He worked on the game for 3DO. After 3DO swapped interests to single-payment games, instead of subscription games, 3DO sold Meridian 59 to Brian Green, who then co-founded Near Death Studios in 2001. In 2003, Green gave an interview about his newest developments in Meridian 59: "The biggest thing it allows us to do is show off the great artwork in Meridian 59," while detailing the active, hardware acceleration options in the new engine. Psychochild's contribution to Meridian 59 is cited to span the period of 2001 to 2010. Transition of Meridian 59 to open source In the early 2000s, 3DO suffered massive failures after their releases of Army Men (1998) and a poorly-received Jurassic Park release; 3DO immediately went out of business. After thinking that buy-to-play was the future and that subscription payments were the past, 3DO considered offloading Meridian 59 to its original developers. Psychochild and Q (another iconic, developer personality associated with Meridian 59's perseverance) persisted in getting 3DO to sell them the rights to Meridian 59, which was licensed to their new company, Near Death Studios (a pun on the phrase "your opponent is weak, and near death", that appeared, briefly, before winning a battle in the game itself, in pure MUD-style). The transition occurred officially in 2001. Before this transition, Psychochild said that the Meridian 59 division of 3DO was "on life support" for the previous five years. Near Death Studios remained intact for another ten years until a volunteer team of open source developers took over maintaining and administering the servers for Meridian 59 (). This open source development team holds steady until the present, with currently-maintained servers, active development on GitHub, free support, free service, and regularly-organized events (auctions, quests, parties, etc.). After Meridian 59 In a 2016 interview with Massively OP, Green was said to have been "one of the creators of Meridian 59," but that now he has been "since, having worked on Storybricks, EverQuest Next, and Camelot Unchained." Storybricks Brian was a key part of the team behind Storybricks, a "toolset that allows users to tell stories in a computer RPG and share them with friends". Although a Kickstarter to raise funds for the Storybricks system was unsuccessful, the team worked with Sony Online Entertainment to integrate the system into their forthcoming game EverQuest Next. Brian parted ways with Storybricks in early 2014. Camelot Unchained In May 2014 Brian joined City State Entertainment on the Camelot Unchained team. Brian left City State Entertainment in April 2016. Gaming development social activity Social networking He was a frequent gaming conference speaker and wrote for a number of game design websites, including GamersInfo.net. In early 2020, he did consulting and legal expert work, and co-hosted a weekly podcast called "Grim Talk" about game development. According to Gamasutra's obituary for the late Psychochild, after Meridian 59, he "took to sharing his knowledge, thoughts, and reflections on MMOs and beyond with other members of the game industry though his own blog posts while, recently, working on an unannounced online game." To quote The Ancient Gaming Noob, "He was as involved in that [MMORPG] community as anybody and often made time to read and comment on blogs large and small that were interested in the genre." In 2012, he began contributing to StoryBricks, a story-building system for video games. Publishing Green was also co-editor with S. Gregory Boyd of the book Business & Legal Primer for Game Development, published by Charles River Media (2007) , and was a contributor to the webzine Imaginary Realities. Legacy Remembrances He died of natural causes on August 6, 2020, at the age of 46. According to the MMORPG magazine Massively Overpowered, "It's with a very heavy heart today that we report that Brian 'Psychochild' Green has passed away at a relatively young age...." noting his contributions in blogging, Storybricks, and EverQuest after leaving Meridian 59. Green was remembered by the JeuxOnline.com French MMORPG community, which stated in an obituary, "If the MMO industry is still relatively young, it is nevertheless already losing some of its main pioneers." In-game memorial His digital memorial was held on Sunday, August 16, 2020, 2pm EDT, at the Vale of Sorrows, Server 101, ingame. The event was entirely recorded by numerous viewers. A temporary portal was set up in Fams, Tos; users could immediately teleport to the event without any travel, and after the service, users were presented with a portal to teleport back. The memorial lasted approximately one and a half hours, spanning about six speakers, each sitting on the center irrigation panel, which is the epicenter of the map. The server reached 85 active users during this period. Active users at the ceremony were awarded masks of the xeochicatl creature, which were one of the creatures that Green had actively developed. Among the remembrances of the speakers, he was highly acclaimed for his contributions to podcasts, blogs, and other grassroots communication with the gaming community. A guestbook was allowed for users to write final condolences to deceased, which has been established as a permanent, unalterable book-item within the game, permanently fixed to the Vale of Sorrows. Other permanent book-items became available, as well, such as the book at the Duke Arkadius Feast Hall, written by Psychochild, detailing the game development of Meridian 59 and 3DO studios in the late 1990s. Credits Crusaders of Might and Magic (1999) Meridian 59: Evolution (2004) (Near Death Studios) The Saga of Ryzom (2004) March of the Living (2016) References External links Psychochild's Blog Meridian 59 Near Death Studios Stratics interview with Green, discussing Meridan 59: Resurrection RPGVault article "Taking Games Seriously" about legitimacy for game development. Twitter post revealing death American video game designers MUD developers Video game designers Video game programmers Place of birth missing 1973 births 2020 deaths
3987560	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Wynorski	Jim Wynorski	Jim Wynorski (born August 14, 1950) is an American screenwriter, director, and producer. Wynorski has been making B-movies and exploitation movies since the early 1980s, and has directed over 150 feature films. His earliest films were released to movie theaters, but his later works have predominantly been released to cable or the straight-to-video market. He often works under pseudonyms such as "Jay Andrews," "Arch Stanton," "H.R. Blueberry," "Tom Popatopolis," and "Noble Henry." His movies often spoof horror films: Cleavagefield, for example, parodies Cloverfield, The Bare Wench Project parodies The Blair Witch Project, and Para-Knockers Activity parodies Paranormal Activity. A character in the film The Final Destination is named after him. In 2009, the documentary Popatopolis, directed by Clay Westervelt and named for one of Wynorski 's pseudonyms, chronicled Wynorski during the making of his soft-core horror film, The Witches of Breastwick. The film serves as a partial biography, with clips from many of his previous films and includes interviews with Wynorski, his contemporaries, cast, and crew. In 2016, he directed Nessie & Me, the character Jack O’Grady directly references Wynorski earlier films Dinocroc vs. Supergator and Piranhaconda when he encounters Nessie at the start of the film, hinting that Nessie & Me is canon to those film series, as well as Monster Cruise, with many characters from it appearing in Nessie & Me as well. Career Wynorski grew up in Long Island. He flunked out of film school and went to work at the fiction department of DoubleDay Publishing from 1972 to 1977. He wanted to work in movies, so quit his job and moved to Los Angeles. He got a job as location manager on the TV show Breaking Away, but was fired during production. Flying back to Los Angeles, he met a fellow passenger who knew Roger Corman and arranged an introduction. Wynorski went to work for Corman. He did publicity and began writing screenplays. Wynorski 's first produced screenplay was Forbidden World (1982). He also wrote Sorceress for $1,000 and wrote and produced Screwballs (1983), a Porky's style comedy. Directorial debut and Roger Corman Wynorski made his directing debut with The Lost Empire. His second film, Chopping Mall (1986), was made for Julie Corman, which Wynorski also produced and co-wrote. Julie's husband Corman liked it, and hired Wynorski to make Deathstalker 2 in Argentina, then Big Bad Mama II (1987) with Angie Dickinson, and a remake of Not of this Earth (1988) with Traci Lords. He was creative consultant on Purple People Eater (1988). Wynorski was given a $7 million budget to make The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) with Louis Jourdan. He then made Transylvania Twist and The Haunting of Morella back to back for Roger Corman. He also made Sorority House Massacre II (1990) for Julie Corman, on sets left over from existing films. Roger Corman was impressed and got Wynorski to remake it as Sorority House Massacre III: Hard to Die. Corman "taught me all the lessons on how to make a film and how to make it look expensive when you don't have a lot of money," Wynorski says. He worked on the scripts for Beastmaster 2: Through the Portal of Time (1991), House IV (1992) and Final Embrace (1992) but did not direct them. He directed 976-Evil II (1992), which was produced by Paul Hertzberg, with whom Wynorski would frequently collaborate. Fred Olen Ray With his friend Fred Olen Ray he directed, wrote and produced Scream Queen Hot Tub Party (1991), shot in one day. The two friends later collaborated on Dinosaur Island (1994) and co-executive produced Dark Universe (1993) and Biohazard: The Alien Force (1994) together. Ray produced Sorceress (1995) which Wynorski directed, and Wynorski helped produce Bikini Drive-In (1995), Fugitive Rage (1996), Friend of the Family II (1996) and Hybrid (1997) which Ray directed. Family films Wynorski made Munchie (1992), marking the film debut of Jennifer Love Hewitt; and its sequel, Munchie Strikes Back (1993). Hewitt was not part of the cast in the sequel, but he later directed Little Miss Millions (1993), which starred her. He also executive produced The Skateboard Kid 2. Erotic thrillers In the early 1990s he specialised in erotic thrillers, starting with Sins of Desire (1993). "I was good and I was fast,” Wynorski said. “They knew the product would be solid... They were easy to make. It didn’t require any action. You could get them done well in 12 days. The trick was making them for low money. There was plenty of competition, so you had to be good and you had to get those big stars naked. Shannon Tweed, Andrew Stevens, Shannon Whirry, Tanya Roberts all started working double time.” Wynorski 's other erotic thrillers included Point of Seduction: Body Chemistry III (1994), Victim of Desire (1995), Body Chemistry IV: Full Exposure (1995) and Virtual Desire (1995). He later directed The Escort III (1999). In 1998 Wynorski appeared in a documentary Some Nudity Required where he said he got into film "for the money and the chicks" and said "breasts are the cheapest special effect in the business". Roger Corman Presents Wynorski made two films for Corman's Showtime series, Roger Corman Presents: a remake of The Wasp Woman (1995) and Vampirella (1996). Vampirella was an unhappy experience for him - in 2013 he said that film and Victim of Desire were the only films he regretted making in his career. Sunset Films Wynorski established his own production company, Sunset Films, which he ran with Andrew Stevens. It was a division of Cinetel Films. Sunset's films included Midnight Tease and its sequel; Vice Girls (1997); Sorceress II: The Temptress (1997). He directed some of Sunset's films including Hard Bounty (1995), Demolition High (1996), Against the Law (1997), Storm Trooper (1998), Desert Thunder (1999). He did not direct the sequel to Demolition High, Demolition University (1997), but produced and co-wrote it. Action movies These were action movies, as were The Pandora Project (1998), Stealth Fighter (1999), Final Voyage (1999), Militia (2000), Rangers (2000), Extreme Limits (2000) and Ablaze (2001). He produced some films he did not direct such as Fugitive Mind (1999); Sonic Impact (2000); Active Stealth (2000), Submerged (2000), Kept (2001), Air Rage (2001), Critical Mass (2001), Venomous (2001), all directed by Ray; Storm Catcher (2000); Jill Rips (2000) with Dolph Lundgren; Intrepid (2000), with James Coburn. He often worked with producer and actor Andrew Stevens, who called in Wynorski to shoot additional scenes for Agent Red (2000). Thy Neighbor's Wife (2001) was a thriller. Gale Force (2002), Lost Treasure (2003, with Stephen Baldwin) and Treasure Hunt (2003) were action films. Bad Bizness (2003) was Wynorski 's first film with a predominantly black cast. Later action films he helped produce included Blue Demon (2004) and Sub Zero. The Bare Wench Project and parody films In 2000 Wynorski made The Bare Wench Project, a sex parody of The Blair Witch Project. It was popular and led to several sequels. Wynorski made several other erotic parody movies, including Busty Cops (2004) and its several sequels, The Witches of Breastwick (2005) and its sequel, Alabama Jones and the Busty Crusade (2005), The Da Vinci Coed (2007), The Breastford Wives (2007), House on Hooter Hill (2007), The Devil Wears Nada (2009), Cleavagefield (2009), Para-Knockers Activity (2009), and The Hills Have Thighs (2010). Creature films In 2001 Wynorski returned to Roger Corman with Raptor (2001). He later made a series of "creature" films. For Corman he did some uncredited work on Wolfhound (2002). He made Project Viper (2002) for the Sci Fi Channel. He later made Curse of the Komodo (2004) and its sequel, Komodo vs. Cobra (2005), Gargoyle: Wings of Darkness (2004), Cry of the Winged Serpent (2007), Dinocroc vs. Supergator (2010), Camel Spiders (2010), and CobraGator (2016). Horror films He returned to slasher movies with Cheerleader Massacre (2003). The Thing Below (2003) was horror. Lust Connection (2005) was a return to erotic thrillers. Return to family films In recent years, Wynorski has returned to the family film genre, making Nessie & Me (2016), which is in a shared universe with DinoCroc, Supergator, Dinocroc vs. Supergator, and Piranhaconda, due to the lead character referencing said films' title monsters, and Monster Cruise, from which many characters returned for Nessie & Me. He also directed A Doggone Christmas (2016), which spawned a sequel A Doggone Hollywood (2017). Filmography Forbidden World (1982) - writer Sorceress (1982) - writer Screwballs (1983) - writer The Lost Empire (1984) - director, writer, producer Loose Screws (1985) a.k.a. Screwballs II - writer Chopping Mall (1986) - director, writer Deathstalker II (1987) - director, writer Big Bad Mama II (1987) - director, writer Not of This Earth (1988) - director, writer, producer The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) - director Think Big (1989) - story Transylvania Twist (1989) - director, writer The Haunting of Morella (1990) - director, writer (uncredited) Sorority House Massacre II (1990) - director (as "Arch Stanton") Hard to Die (1990) - director (as "Arch Stanton"), producer Beastmaster 2: Through the Portal of Time (1991) - writer 976-Evil 2: The Astral Factor (1991) - director Scream Queen Hot Tub Party (1991) - director, writer, producer (as "Arch Stanton") Munchie (1992) - director, writer Final Embrace (1992) - writer House IV (1992) - story Sins of Desire (1993) - director, story Little Miss Millions (1993) a.k.a. Home for Christmas - director, writer Dark Universe (1993) - co executive producer Biohazard: The Alien Force (1994) - executive producer Munchie Strikes Back (1994) - director, writer Dinosaur Island (1994) - director, producer Point of Seduction: Body Chemistry III (1994) - director Ghoulies IV (1994) - director The Skateboard Kid 2 (1995) - executive producer Sorceress (1995) - director Victim of Desire (1995) - director Midnight Tease II (1995) - executive producer Bikini Drive-In (1995) - executive producer Body Chemistry IV: Full Exposure (1995) - director The Wasp Woman (1995) - director Hard Bounty (1995) - director, producer Virtual Desire (1995) - director, producer Demolition High (1996) - director Friend of the Family II (1996) - producer The Assault (1996) - director, producer Fugitive Rage (1996) - writer Vampirella (1996) - director, producer Hybrid (1997) - producer Vice Girls (1997) - producer Sorceress II: The Temptress (1997) - executive producer Demolition University (1997) - producer Against the Law (1997) - director The Pandora Project (1998) - director, writer Storm Trooper (1998) - director Desert Thunder (1999) - director, producer Final Voyage (1999) - director (as Jay Andrews), producer, writer (as Noble Henry) The Escort III (1999) - director (as Tom Popatopolous) Sonic Impact (1999) - producer Storm Catcher (1999) - producer Active Stealth (1999) - producer Fugitive Mind (1999) - executive producer Agent Red (2000) - director (uncredited reshoots), producer Rangers (2000) - director, producer The Bare Wench Project (2000) - director, writer, producer Extreme Limits (2000) a.k.a. Crash Point Zero - director Jill Rips (2000) - producer Intrepid (2000) - producer Submerged (2000) - producer Ablaze (2001) - director Kept (2001) - producer Air Rage (2001) - producer Thy Neighbor's Wife (2001) a.k.a. Poison - director, story The Bare Wench Project 2: Scared Topless (2001) - director, writer, producer Raptor (2001) - director, writer Critical Mass (2001) - producer Venomous (2001) - producer Gale Force (2002) - director, producer Wolfhound (2002) - director (some scenes, uncredited) The Bare Wench Project 3: Nymphs of Mystery Mountain (2002) - director, writer, producer Lost Treasure (2003) - director Bare Wench Project: Uncensored (2003) - director Bad Bizness (2003) - director Treasure Hunt (2003) - director, writer Project Viper (2002) - director Cheerleader Massacre (2003) - director The Thing Below (2004) - director, producer Curse of the Komodo (2004) - director Gargoyle: Wings of Darkness (2004) - director, writer, producer Blue Demon (2004) - producer Deep Evil (2004) - producer Alabama Jones and the Busty Crusade (2005) - director Lust Connection (2005) - director, writer, producer Crash Landing (2005) - director, writer Busty Cops (2005) - director, producer Sub Zero (2005) - director The Witches of Breastwick (2005) - director, writer, producer The Witches of Breastwick 2 (2005) - director, producer Komodo vs. Cobra (2005) - director, writer Bare Wench: The Final Chapter (2005) - director, writer, producer Busty Cops 2 (2006) - director A.I. Assault (2006) - director, writer The Da Vinci Coed (2007) - director, writer, producer Cry of the Winged Serpent (2007) - director The Breastford Wives (2007) - director, writer House on Hooter Hill (2007) - director, writer Bone Eater (2008) - director, writer The Lusty Busty Babe-a-que (2008) - director The Devil Wears Nada (2009) - director, writer Cleavagefield (2009) - director, producer Strip for Action (2009) - director (uncredited) Vampire in Vegas (2009) - director Fire from Below (2009) - director, writer, producer Lost in the Woods (2009) - director, producer Para-Knockers Activity (2009) - director Dinocroc vs. Supergator (2010) - director, writer Monster Cruise (2010) - director, writer The Hills Have Thighs (2010) - director, writer (as Salvadore Ross) Busty Cops and the Jewel of Denial (2010) - director, writer (Harold Blueberry) Busty Cops Go Hawaiian (2010) - director, writer (Harold Blueberry) Camel Spiders (2011) - director, writer, producer (as Jay Andrews) Busty Coeds vs. Lusty Cheerleaders (2010) - director (as Sam Pepperman) Piranhaconda (2012) - director Gila! (2012) - director Sexy Wives Sindrome (2013) - director, writer Pleasure Spa (2013) - director Hypnotika (2013) - director Lucky Bastard (2014) - producer Sexipede! (2014) - director (as Sam Pepperman), writer Sexually Bugged! (2014) - director Water Wars (2014) - director Shark Babes (2015) - director Sharkansas Women's Prison Massacre (2015) - director, writer Scared Topless (2015) - director, writer Nessie & Me (2016) - director, writer A Doggone Christmas (2016) - director, writer Legend of the Naked Ghost (2017) - director, writer A Doggone Hollywood (2017) - director, writer CobraGator (2018) - director References External links Interview with Jim Wynorski on (re)Search my Trash 1950 births American male screenwriters Living people Writers from Glen Cove, New York Horror film directors Film directors from New York (state) Screenwriters from New York (state) People from Long Island
3987565	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinbyu	Shinbyu	Shinbyu (; , also spelt shinpyu) is the Burmese term for a novitiation ceremony (pabbajja) in the tradition of Theravada Buddhism, referring to the celebrations marking the sāmaṇera (novitiate) monastic ordination of a boy under the age of 20. Shinbyu is considered one of the Twelve Auspicious Rites in Burmese culture. It is deemed the most important duty that parents owe to their son by letting him go forth and embrace the legacy of Gautama Buddha, join the sangha and become immersed in the teachings of the Buddha, the Dhamma, at least for a short while, perhaps longer if not for the rest of his life. A boy may become a novice on more than one occasion, but by the age of twenty there will be another great occasion, the upasampada ordination, in which the boy becomes a fully ordained bhikkhu ( bazin). Those who are not blessed with a male child will seek for an orphan boy or a boy from very poor families in order to receive this special dispensation by the Buddha and hence gain great merit by the act. Shinbyu may well be regarded as a rite of passage or coming of age ceremony as in other religions. Allowing a son to spend some time however short it may be, in a kyaung (Burmese Buddhist monastery) is regarded by most Burmese Buddhists as the best religious gift that his parents can give him and it is believed to have a lasting effect on his life. History The first shinbyu in history is believed to have taken place in the Buddha's lifetime two and a half millennia ago. It was his own son Rāhula who approached the prodigal father, at his mother Yasodharā's bidding, to ask for his inheritance. "Very well", said the Buddha, "here then is my legacy for you", beckoning one of his disciples to shave the head of the young prince and adorn him with the robe of an ascetic in exchange for his princely dress, and Rahula was then bidden to follow the Buddha to his forest monastery. Prelude The abbot ( Sayadaw, lit. royal teacher) of the village monastery will choose an auspicious day for the novitiation; the New Year festival period, Thingyan or a-hka dwin (), is a favourite time of the year. There may be boys from an extended family or families from the same neighbourhood or village being prepared for it. This usually includes learning how to recite the request for robes called thingan daung () and the Ten Precepts ( seba thila) - they are already familiar with the basic Five Precepts ( ngaba thila) - as well as some monastic rules. Parents will chide them if they are caught climbing trees or swimming in the river for fear of accidents or catching a bad cold in the run-up to this great event. Their sisters and older members of the family will call at every house in the village with a lacquerware dish of pickled tea leaves called lahpet () and invite entire households to the shinbyu a-hlu (). And acceptance is indicated by the partaking of the lahpet. Printed invitations however are more common in towns and cities today. Ceremony Festivals start on the eve of shinbyu called a-hlu win () with a pwè () an orchestra and dance/drama/comedy ensemble) and tea for the guests. In the middle of a street, a pandal or mandat () constructed from bamboo and papier-mâché with ornately painted gold and silver columns, pediments and finials has sprung up overnight. Sweets such as jaggery or cane sugar bars and a-hlu lahpet (), pickled tea laced with sesame oil encircled by small heaps of fried peas, peanuts and garlic, toasted sesame, crushed dried shrimps and shredded preserved ginger) are served with green tea. In towns and cities, assorted cakes, ice cream and coffee have superseded the traditional sweets but lahpet still holds centre stage. The big day starts early with a procession called the shinlaung hlè pwe () to the monastery, the young boy dressed in resplendent silks embroidered with gold as a royal prince or king, shielded from the sun by a gold umbrella and led on horseback by an orchestral band headed by a clown with a moustache called U Shwe Yoe holding a parasol and dancing merrily. This ritual symbolises Prince Siddhartha's departure from the royal palace with its sensuous pleasures and luxuries at the age of twenty nine, leaving his wife and newborn son in search of the Four Noble Truths. Behind his horse follows the family, his proud parents carrying the monastic robes and other eight requisites, called pareihkara shippa () and his sisters or young village maidens carrying ceremonial boxes of paan ( kundaung gaing) and lotus blossoms ( pandaung gaing) all in their best silks with the rest of the joyous party completing the procession. The Shwedagon Pagoda is invariably a shinbyu procession's first port of call in Yangon. The novice-to-be ( shinlaung) may be the centre of attention, but his sister may at the same ceremony have an ear-piercing ( na htwin) with a gold needle, dressed up as a royal princess herself. At the monastery, the monks are assembled to preside over the ceremony and to receive their young charge as well as various alms and offerings. A feast has been prepared for all with low round tables set on fine bamboo mats and rugs or in a marquee with long bamboo tables and benches. It will have been declared a "smokeless day" ( migo deik) for the village as no cooking fires will be lit and everyone including their dogs are welcome to the feast which includes meat and poultry dishes, soup or broth, curried salted fish with vegetables on the side, fermented green mango or bean sprouts followed by dessert, again with lahpet. A brahmin may be specially hired to act as master of ceremonies especially for a na htwin, but it is the monks who will supervise and perform the shaving of the head, called hsan cha (). The hair is received in a white cloth by the parents who kneeling together with the young shinlaung (), while the boy recites reflects on bodily defilements in Pali, to increase self-detachment from his hair. The boy, now having exchanged his princely garb with white robes, kneels before the Sayadaw and recites the Ten Precepts followed by the thingan daung (). He receives the saffron robe and is helped into this by a monk. Next he is given his alms bowl ( thabeik) and palm-leaf fan ( yat) from his parents with smiles of joy and tears of sorrow, his mother at the thought of parting with her dear son for the first time. New novice Even the mightiest of Buddhist kings in history would kneel before a young sāmaṇera because he wore the Buddha's mantle, so the parents pay obeisance ( shihko) to their young son, now held on a higher echelon, as well as to the venerable monks. No physical display of affection can now be considered appropriate until he leaves the monastery. He gains a new Dharma name ( bwe) in Pali, traditionally based on an astrology-based naming system, such as Shin Ponnya if Thursday-born or Shin Tayza for a Saturday-born. A special form of language for monks will be used by the layfolk when they talk to him. He will be addressed as koyin () by everyone including his parents and they in turn addressed by him as daga gyi () and dagama gyi (). Back in the village, celebrations can resume with the promise of a good pwè for the evening, another free show for the entire neighbourhood or village called aung bwè (a show to celebrate success). See also Poy Sang Long References External links Nibanna Myanmar Monk and Monastery A Grandscale Shinbyu in Yangon inc. video Rakhine Shinbyu and Nahtwin inc. video Old Shinbyu photo,Burmese not Shan U Shwe Yoe with his parasol Shan Shinbyu in Northern Thailand Sai Silp, The Irrawaddy, April 2007 Burmese culture Buddhism in Myanmar Rites of passage
3987569	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jai%20Prakash%20Yadav%20%28cricketer%29	Jai Prakash Yadav (cricketer)	Jai Prakash Yadav (born 7 August 1974) is an Indian cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-pace bowler. External links 1974 births Living people India One Day International cricketers Madhya Pradesh cricketers Railways cricketers Central Zone cricketers Cricketers from Bhopal Delhi Giants cricketers
3987590	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar%20F%C3%B8rde	Einar Førde	Einar Førde (20 January 1943 in Høyanger – 26 September 2004) was a Norwegian journalist and politician of the Labour Party. He served as Minister of Education and Church Affairs from 1979 to 1981, and director-general of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) from 1989 to 2001. He was also vice-chairman of the Norwegian Labour Party 1981–1989. As director of the NRK Førde became a prominent public figure, often known for fearlessly speaking his mind as a knowledgeable political analyst and public debater. After his death Kåre Willoch, former prime minister from the Conservative Party, called him a ground-breaker in society, combining great force of mind with warmth and humour. Førde was also known for appearing in TV-shows on NRK, lampooning his own character. Førde died of cancer in 2004, at the age of 61. In his youth, Førde was a middle-distance runner. Representing IK Tjalve, he ran the 800 metres in 1:52.6 minutes, at Bislett stadion in September 1964. He ran the 1500 metres in 3:50.3 minutes at Leangen stadion in August 1963. References 1943 births 2004 deaths People from Høyanger Government ministers of Norway Political commentators NRK people Norwegian television executives Deaths from cancer in Norway Members of the Storting Labour Party (Norway) politicians Norwegian male middle-distance runners 20th-century Norwegian politicians Ministers of Education of Norway
3987592	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%20history%20of%20Denmark	Military history of Denmark	The Military history of Denmark is centered around an involvement in wars in Northern Europe since 793 and, recently, elsewhere. In the early Middle Ages, Danish Vikings invaded and conquered parts of the British Isles and Normandy. Later in the Middle Ages, Denmark was repeatedly in combat with Scandinavian neighbours and in the Baltic area. The "Union Wars" of the 15th and early 16th centuries took place between Denmark and Sweden, then united in the Kalmar Union. After Sweden broke away, Denmarkuntil 1814 remaining united with Norwayagain confronted Sweden in the Northern Seven Years' War (1563–70) and the Kalmar War (1611–13). Denmark was heavily involved in the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) on the side of the Protestants of the German lands. During the 16th to 18th centuries, Danish military involvement was also directed against Russia and other Eastern European nations in the series of Northern Wars and subsequent campaigns. Denmark was brought into the Napoleonic Wars on the French side when attacked by Britain at the Battles of Copenhagen in 1801 and 1807. The eventual defeat of Napoleon led to the break-up of the Denmark-Norway union. The next major combats were over control of Schleswig, in the First and Second Schleswig Wars. The result hereof being that Denmark lost Schleswig, of which the northern part returned in 1920. Denmark remained neutral in World War I, but in World War II the country was occupied, with little fighting, by Nazi Germany in 1940. As a member of the United Nations and NATO, Denmark has participated in military operations since 1992: in Bosnia, Afghanistan, Iraq and Libya. The Viking Age (793–1050) 793 – Vikings raid Lindisfarne monastery on Holy Island in the North Sea. This is considered the start of the Viking Raids 810 – Frisia is attacked by Danish Vikings 855 – Danish Viking army besieges Paris, though never capturing the city 866 – Large Danish Viking army arrives in England 876 – King Alfred cedes East and North England to the Danes thus establishing the Danelaw 911 – Emperor of Western Francia Charles the Simple surrenders what will later be known as Normandy to Viking chief Rollo. 920 – The Danelaw is reconquered by England 982 – London is sacked by Vikings 1013 – "Svend Tveskæg" attacks England and is recognised as the new King of England 1014 - The Battle of Clontarf is fought in the region of Howth, near Dublin between the Irish and Viking forces of Brian Boruma and his Viking and Irish opponents. The battle results in an Irish victory on the side of king Brian. 1016 – Viking army meets an English army at Ashdon. The battle ends in an English defeat Early period 1043 – Magnus I of Norway defeats the Wends at Lyrskov Hede 1069 – Sweyn II of Denmark sponsored a successful Danish attack on England in 1069, aiding Anglo-Saxon rebels against William the Conqueror 1157 – 23 October Valdemar I defeats Sven on Grate Hede ending the Danish Civil War 1184 – 21 May A Danish fleet of 125 ships under Absalon defeats a Vendish fleet 1191 – Danish crusade to Finland 1202 – Danish crusade to Finland led by the Archbishop of Lund Anders Sunesen and his brother 1219 – 15 June In the Battle of Lindanise in Estonia (what would later be Livonia), the Danish flag falls down from the sky, at least according to legend (see Dannebrog) 1362 – Valdemar Atterdag defeats a Hanseatic fleet (see Hanseatic League) that was besieging Helsingborg, and forces Lübeck to conclude peace Union Wars (1434–1523) 1434 – A Swedish peasant rebellion breaks out against the Danes 1448 – Disagreements over who should be the new King after Christoffer the Third's death, leads to war between Denmark and Sweden 1455 – After 7 years of war Danish King Christian the First is recognised as King over the Union 1463 – Another outbreak of rebellion against the Danes in Sweden 1471 – In the Battle of Brunkeberg, the Danes suffer complete defeat at the hands of the Swedish 1472 – Peace is concluded 1497 – 29 September King Hans attempts to grab power in Sweden after internal disturbances. His army of German mercenaries defeats a Swedish army in the Battle of Rotebro and he is recognised as King of Sweden 1500 – 17 February King Hans is defeated in the battle of Dithmarschen 1501 – A Swedish rebellion breaks out and King Hans loses most of Sweden 1501 – The Swedes attack Norway but are forced back. Stockholm surrenders to the Swedes 1510 – Lübeck declares war on Denmark and Sweden joins Lübeck 1511 – 9 August A Danish fleet forces the Lübeck fleet to fall back at Bornholm, and the rest of the war they remain in port 1512 – April Denmark concludes peace with Sweden and Lübeck 1517 – A rebellion in Sweden flares up again. In August a Danish army is deployed at Stockholm, but is defeated at Vedla 1518 – Another Danish army is deployed at Stockholm, but is not capable of forcing a decisive battle 1520 – 6 April A Danish army defeats a Swedish peasant army at Uppsala and occupies Stockholm 1520 – 8 November The Swedish army is defeated. King Christian the Second acquires the title of King of Sweden, and orders all the Swedish nobility executed. This day is known as the bloodbath in Stockholm 1521 – Swedish Gustav Vasa reconquers all of Sweden and the Union is dissolved. Gustav is declared King of Sweden War with Lübeck and "The Counts Feud" (1534–1537) 1534 – A Civil War named the Count's Feud breaks out. Captain Clement raises a Juttish peasant army 1535 – 9 June A Danish and Swedish fleet fights a naval battle against Lübeck. The battle ends in a draw but in the coming days the Lübeck fleet is destroyed 1536 – 11 June In the Danish Civil War a Danish peasant army is massacred in the battle of Oxnebjerg 1537 – 16 January Lübeck concludes peace with Christian the Third. The Civil War ends when Copenhagen surrenders to Christian the Third War against The Netherlands (1542–1543) 1542 – War breaks out between France and the German Emperor. Emperor Charles V supports Frederick II, Elector Palatine for the Danish crown, and Denmark participates in the war on the side of France 1543 – Denmark declares war on Netherlands, that are under the rule of Charles 1544 – Denmark concludes the Treaty of Speyer with the German Emperor Seven Years' War (1563–1570) 1563 – 31 July Ambition and a fight over the right to each other's national weapons, war breaks out between Denmark and Sweden 1563 – 15 September A Danish army moves into Sweden and occupies Älvsborg 1564 – 30 May A Danish fleet under the command of Herluf Trolle, defeats a Swedish fleet between Öland and Gotland 1565 – 9 October The war's only big battle stands at Axtorna. Rantzau defeats a numerically superior Swedish army 1570 – 13 December A peace treaty (Treaty of Stettin) is concluded and terminates the war between Denmark and Sweden. Denmark gives back Älvsborg in return for 150.000 daler (Danish coin) Kalmar War (1611–1613) 1611 – 4 April War between Denmark and Sweden breaks out when Sweden attempts to break the Danish monopoly on trade with Russia 1611 – 11 June The Swedish Army is defeated at Kalmar 1613 – 20 January Denmark and Sweden sign a peace treaty. Denmark becomes an uncontested power nation in Scandinavia Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) 1618 – Denmark enters the war between Catholics and Protestants 1626 – The Danish Army under Christian the Fourth is defeated by a Catholic army in the Battle of Lutter am Barenberge 1628 – In the battle of Wolgast, Christian the Fourth is crushed by a German army and forced to conclude peace Thorsteinson War (1643–1645) 1643 – December: War with Sweden breaks out because of a long dispute over the dominance of the Øresund, and dissent over the Øresund toll. 1643 – 12 December: The Swedish Field Marshal Thorsteinson crosses the border to Holstein from Swedish territory in North Germany. 1644 – January: Jutland is occupied by Swedish troops. 1644 – February: Swedish troops under Gustav Horn advance into Skåne and are stopped at Malmö. 1644 – 16 May: A Danish fleet defeats a Dutch fleet at Lister Dyb, which was sent to reinforce the Swedes. 1644 – 1 July: The Danish Fleet meets the Swedish Fleet at Koldberg Heide. The battle ends in a decisive Danish victory, and the Swedish withdraw to the Kiel Bay. 1644 – 12 October: A combined Swedish and Dutch fleet defeats a Danish fleet at Fehmarn. This effectively decides the outcome of the war. 1645 – February: Peace negotiations are started in Brømsebro. 1645 – 13 August: Denmark and Sweden conclude peace in Brømsebro. Denmark is forced to hand over Gotland, Øsel and Halland (South Sweden) as well as the Norwegian province Jemtland. Northern Wars (Carl Gustav Krigene) (1657–1660) Scanian War (Skånske Krig) (1675–1679) Great Northern War (Store Nordiske Krig) (1700–1720) Rákóczi's War of Independence (1703-1711) Russo-Swedish War (1788) Napoleonic Wars (Napeoleonskrigene) (1800–1813) Gunboat War (Kanonbådskrigen) (1807–1814) First War of Schleswig (Treårskrigen / Første Slesvigske Krig) (1848–1850) Second War of Schleswig (Krigen i 1864 / Anden Slesvigske Krig) (1864) German Occupation (Den tyske besættelse) (1940–1945) Operations in Bosnia (1994) War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Invasion of Iraq (2003) Military intervention in Libya (2011) See also History of Denmark Danish Defence References Specific History Military
3987595	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis%20Daugaard	Dennis Daugaard	Dennis Martin Daugaard (born June 11, 1953) is an American attorney and politician who served as the 32nd governor of South Dakota from 2011 to 2019. A member of the Republican Party, he was the first chief executive of a U.S. state to be the child of deaf parents. Before being elected governor, he was a lawyer, banker, development director for a nonprofit organization; he also served as a state senator from 1997 to 2003 and the 37th lieutenant governor of South Dakota from 2003 to 2011. Background, education and family Dennis Martin Daugaard was born in 1953 and raised on a family farm near Garretson, South Dakota, the son of Florence Margaret (Kennedy) and Raymond Victor Daugaard. Both his parents were deaf. His paternal grandparents were immigrants from Denmark. While Dennis Daugaard was growing up, his family's primary language at home was American Sign Language. Daugaard went to a local one-room country school as a child. For high school, he had to go to the city of Dell Rapids; there he played the French horn. He graduated in 1971. Daugaard attended the University of South Dakota in Vermillion where he was advised by William O. Farber. He graduated from USD in 1975 with a Bachelor of Science in government and from Northwestern University School of Law in 1978. Daugaard worked to pay his way through law school as an ASL interpreter, a bus driver, a law clerk and a security guard. Early career Daugaard worked as an attorney in Chicago from 1978 to 1981 before returning to South Dakota. He married Linda that year and they have three children: Laura, who is married to Jay Mitchell; Sara, who is married to Tony Venhuizen; and Christopher, who is married to Emily Conway. Daugaard worked as an executive banker in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, from 1981 to 1990. He then worked for the Children's Home Society of South Dakota, as Development Director from 1990 to 2002 and Executive Director from 2002 to 2009. Daugaard's first entry into electoral politics came in 1996, when he was elected to the South Dakota State Senate as a Republican. He remained a state senator until he was elected the 37th Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota in 2002 as the running mate of Governor Mike Rounds, a position he held for eight years. Service as state senator While serving in the state legislature, Daugaard said his priorities were helping children and the disabled, as well as reducing crime. South Dakota lieutenant governor Daugaard was elected lieutenant governor in 2002 and reelected in 2006. As a lieutenant governor, he served as the President of the South Dakota Senate. In addition, he served as the chair of the Workers' Compensation Advisory Council, which reviews and makes recommendations regarding South Dakota's worker compensation program. While lieutenant governor, Daugaard also fulfilled other duties assigned by the governor and delegated by the state constitution. He served as a member of a commission that dealt with state constitutional amendments and was chairman of a task force that considered options to reduce the number of South Dakotans lacking health insurance. In 2009, Daugaard promoted legislation to establish the South Dakota Ellsworth Development Authority to promote and manage economic development in Rapid City and other areas surrounding Ellsworth Air Force Base in western South Dakota. He has also promoted the Honor Flight program, which honors World War II veterans. 2010 and 2014 gubernatorial campaigns In 2010 Daugaard ran for the Republican nomination for governor. He won the primary election against several other candidates. Daugaard chose Matt Michels as his running mate. His campaign was led by his son-in-law Tony Venhuizen. The Daugaard/Michels ticket beat Democratic nominees Scott Heidepriem and Ben Arndt by 61.5% to 38.5% in the November general election. Daugaard was the first child of deaf adults to be elected governor of any state. During his campaign, he stressed that he has often promoted issues affecting the deaf and hard of hearing, and is sympathetic to their children, most of whom are hearing, as he is. Daugaard and Michels were reelected in 2014. Daugaard administrations In 2011, Daugaard established the first Office of Tribal Relations in his cabinet, appointing J.R. LaPlante (Cheyenne River Sioux) as its secretary. No other state government has such an office. LaPlante had a law practice in Vermillion, and had served as the "chief judge and court administrator for the Crow Creek Sioux Tribe in Fort Thompson. In addition, he had served as an administrative officer for the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe." He worked with Daugaard to build government-to-government working relationships on issues such as "housing, economic development, public safety, and human services." He used mediation to resolve conflicts, for instance reaching agreement among state, county and tribal officials in Charles Mix County to recognize the Yankton Sioux's historical presence in highway signage. In 2011, Daugaard appointed Dusty Johnson as his chief of staff. In 2014, he appointed his son-in-law and former campaign director Tony Venhuizen as his chief of staff. According to a Morning Consult poll conducted from May through September 2016, Daugaard was the most popular governor of any U.S. state, with a 74% statewide approval rating. In rankings published in July 2018, he was 5th most popular, with an approval rating of 61%. On October 23, 2018, Daugaard endorsed Kristi Noem for governor in the imminent election. Electoral history References External links \|- \|- \|- \|- 1953 births 2004 United States presidential electors 2008 United States presidential electors 2012 United States presidential electors 2016 United States presidential electors 20th-century American lawyers 20th-century American politicians 21st-century American politicians American people of Danish descent American people of Norwegian descent American people of Swedish descent American Lutherans Businesspeople from South Dakota Governors of South Dakota Illinois lawyers Lieutenant Governors of South Dakota Living people Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law alumni People from Minnehaha County, South Dakota Republican Party state governors of the United States South Dakota lawyers South Dakota Republicans South Dakota state senators University of South Dakota alumni American Sign Language interpreters
5378410	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only%20Built%204%20Cuban%20Linx...%20Pt.%20II	Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... Pt. II	Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... Pt. II is the fourth studio album by American hip hop recording artist and Wu-Tang Clan-member Raekwon, released September 8, 2009, on Ice H2O/EMI Records in the United States. The album experienced numerous delays to its release due to Raekwon's approach of continual re-writing, as well as distribution issues with his record labels. Serving as the sequel to his critically acclaimed debut album Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... (1995), Pt. II maintains many of the themes covered on its predecessor, and features guest appearances from several Wu-Tang members, as well as Busta Rhymes, Jadakiss and Beanie Sigel. The album debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 and at number two on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, while selling near 68,000 copies in its first week. Upon its release, Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... Pt. II received widespread acclaim from music critics, based on an aggregate score of 88/100 from Metacritic, indicating "universal acclaim", and was ranked number 45 on the site's list of best-reviewed albums. Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Pt. II was included on several publications' year-end album lists, including Rolling Stone, which ranked it the twenty-fifth best album of 2009, and Time, which named it seventh-best. Background Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Pt. II was originally announced in late 2005, when it was stated that Busta Rhymes would be executive producer on the album. Although Raekwon would spend several years re-working and writing the album, it was announced in January 2006 that it was finished, with production being largely credited to RZA, with RZA and Busta Rhymes as executive producers. Later in 2006, it was revealed that Wu-Tang Clan members GZA and Inspectah Deck would be featured, returning with their Wu-Gambino personas. Busta Rhymes' influence on the project became more solidified when it was announced that Raekwon had signed a contract with Dr. Dre's label Aftermath Entertainment, to which Busta was signed. The deal was structured so that the release would be a joint venture between Wu-Tang Records and Aftermath Entertainment. After a period of time and reported delays in the recording process, the two parties eventually separated from the original agreement. The decision came after it was revealed that Dr. Dre had reportedly become creatively tied up with his personal Detox record. Raekwon revealed in an interview that Cuban Linx Pt. II would not be released on Aftermath, stating "Dr. Dre is a busy man and may not have the time to give the album his full attention." An insider from Aftermath spoke on this matter, stating "The Raekwon album came in done. It’s finished! It’s a finished record. Dre did two records. We were doing the deal, and during the deal the Christmas break came. We took a break for two weeks—came back—Dre acted like we never spoke! I was like, ‘All right, this Raekwon thing,’ and he's like, 'Nah, I ain’t fuckin’ with that no more.' In a Complex track interview, Raekwon revealed that a third Dr. Dre track was made for the album that did not make the final cut, but wishes to possibly put it on one of his future albums. By 2007, Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Pt. II had still not been released, and was ranked the sixth most anticipated album of 2007 by XXL magazine. The album would be pushed back several more times, and numerous changes would be made to its release date. By mid-2007, the songs "Baggage Handlers" (produced by J Dilla) and "State of Grace" (produced by RZA) were leaked on the internet. Although they were originally intended to be included on Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Pt. II, they were cut from the final version. Near the end of 2007, the Wu-Tang Clan began writing and recording their fifth studio album 8 Diagrams, which slowed the recording process even further for Cuban Linx II. Wu-Tang group leader RZA came under attack from members Ghostface Killah and Raekwon over 8 Diagrams production, with Raekwon going as far as to say that he would not include any of RZA's production on the album. In an interview with AllHipHop, Raekwon commented "(On 8 Diagrams), whatever else he wanted to grow on, we weren’t crazy over it. And that’s the whole thing people took out of context. No one tried to take anything away from RZA as a producer. It was more or less you can’t be selfish, and have to work with everybody’s ears and eyes on something. Him being the dude that he is with mad platinum albums, some niggas be super cocky. ‘I don’t wanna hear nothing, I got this.’ That's what happened in that situation." By early 2008, Raekwon and RZA settled their creative differences, with Raekwon choosing to work with RZA again. While the album was not talked about much in 2008, Raekwon stated in an interview with DJ Semtex that it was set for release in February 2009, as he claimed it could be ready at that point. This release date, however, would prove to be once again postponed as he would continue to fine-tune the album and add more material. The album's first single, originally entitled "Wu Ooh" and later retitled "New Wu", was released for playback on various radio mixshows, including New York's Hot 97, with an official video being released on the internet in May 2009. The video features Ghostface Killah and Method Man, who rap their verses respectively, as well as guest appearances from The Alchemist, RZA, Cappadonna, Inspectah Deck and other Wu-Tang affiliates such as Popa Wu. Around this time, Raekwon announced that the album would be released through his own label, Icewater Records, with him later confirming EMI as another label that the album would be released on. According to an April 2009 report by XXL on Busta Rhymes leaving Aftermath and the album project, Busta Rhymes "was originally slated to executive produce the project, although he no longer holds the position". Raekwon said in an interview for XXL, "Busta left after our situation was already not gonna happen. Busta might have felt like he was getting the proper energy he needed to get, so really one ain’t have nothing to do with two, but you never know at the end of the day, you know what I mean. I don’t know, I can’t call that". However, Busta Rhymes received credit for executive producer on the album. In the same interview, it was stated that the album would be released on August 11, 2009. Raekwon later announced that due to a leak of the song "Surgical Gloves," as well as sample clearance issues, Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... Pt. II would be pushed back once again to September 8, 2009. Expectations grew high for the album as music writers reported various guests and producers to the project. An all-star cast of rappers and producers appeared on the record, but several of these reported collaborations did not come to fruition or did not make the final cut. Among these are the Bun B collaboration "Never Used to Matter," the Nas collaboration to commemorate his appearance on the first Only Built 4 Cuban Linx..., and also, guest appearances from The Game and Travis Barker. Music Structure and lyricism Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Pt. II follows a similar crime laced cinematic approach as the original Cuban Linx. In maintaining the structure and concept of its predecessor, Pt. II contains a loose storyline of a mafioso crime boss, as told mainly from the first person point of view. This is combined with carefully placed skits weaved into the beginnings and ends of songs. In contrast to the first album/story where the main character is attempting to leave behind a criminal life, here, he has seemingly embraced this life. The narrative has these older characters taking a look back at their pitfalls and spoils as they have finally risen to the top. In his review for Los Angeles Times, Jeff Weiss wrote "While many of their '90s peers recycle toothless tautologies about bringing New York back or vainly wrestle with advanced age by collaborating with flavor-of-the-minute flotsam and jetsam, Raekwon and Ghostface Killah refuse to stay forever young. Proudly profane, the two come off as salty mafia dons with long memories, too old to change their ways but with the narrative skill and eye for detail of master storytellers in their prime." The album's final track, "Kiss The Ring" has Wu-Tang member Masta Killa summarizing the loose concept of the story and closing the album in a film-like fashion. Production Announced producers were confirmed to include RZA, J Dilla, Dr. Dre, Erick Sermon, Mathematics; Marley Marl, Scram Jones, Pete Rock and The Alchemist. Initially, there was speculation as to what RZA's role would be on Pt. II, being that he was the only producer and executive producer on the first Cuban Linx album. Raekwon had commented early on that the sequel would be different in this light, stating "(RZA) definitely put his two cents in and made his elements, and that’s what it’s about. But I can’t allow one man to lead my destiny no more." Raekwon spoke on the difficulties of working on the project with the legendary producer: During the 2009 Rock the Bells festival, Raekwon discussed the importance of getting the right producers on board with the project, "I allowed myself to track down some of the finest niggas in the game that done it and basically get them involved with the project. RZA was always there to do whatever, whatever... but at the same token I wanted more. You know what I mean, I wanted to go out and challenge myself even more with different production and different producers." Raekwon spoke on what it was like getting the opportunity to rhyme over the late J Dilla's production, commenting "He's like a Dre and a RZA, like a combo. You know what I mean and I think that he didn't really get the full fledged support that he's supposed to get. But, in my book, he's that Nigga. And he came with the flamers!" He also stated in an interview with Okayplayer "Dilla, he’s a musical maestro, a Quincy Jones in his own world. I did not know his power until I listened to his catalog. He played his part in hip-hop. I’m glad to be involved with him. It was a blessing. He stepped his grizzly up for me. He gave the tracks that special blend. Thanks to Busta for making it happen. I got this while Dilla was still alive. I worked with the best, it was bound to happen. I really appreciated his energy." Release On July 22, 2009, a report was published which claimed numerous collaborations, final track names, and producers. A month later on August 27, another report was published featuring the final track listing. The two reports listed most of the same tracks, but with slight differences in names, producers, and featured guests. The change lead to the perception that there were many tracks cut from the final listing, however it is more likely that the details were transcribed incorrectly as most of the tracks listed were released in some form. The final album differed from the initial report as follows: "Godfather" was retitled "Black Mozart" (was previously a solo track called "Secret Indictment"). "40 Deuce" was retitled "Broken Safety". "Wu Ooh" was retitled "New Wu". "Nigga Me" was retitled "About Me". "Catalina" was originally "Congo". "Kareem Khan" was retitled "We Will Rob You". "Walk Wit Me" was changed to a European/iTunes Bonus track. "Sonny’s Missing” was originally the Pete Rock track “Questions,” which featured vocals by Royal Flush, from the album NY's Finest. "10 Bricks" instrumental was originally used for the J Dilla remix track to Jaylib's "The Red", released on the 2007 reissue of Champion Sound. "Criminology 09" featuring Ghostface Killah, and "Rock Stars" featuring Inspectah Deck and GZA were the only songs listed in the report that did not make the final line-up. "Criminology 09" had been earlier leaked and discussed by Raekwon as being included on the album. It would, however, be included on the Method Man, Ghostface Killah and Raekwon collaboration album Wu-Massacre, with Raekwon's verse cut in place of a new verse by Method Man. An additional song was added to the August report and remained on the final line-up, titled "Baggin Crack," which was produced by Erick Sermon. It is only available on the explicit version of the album. Video A music video was released of "New Wu" months before the release of the album. Two different versions of the video were made, both of a similar style. The first official video has Raekwon and several Wu-Tang members interrogating a suspicious man thought to be an undercover cop. As the supporting single for the album, an animated video for "House of Flying Daggers" was released. The video was illustrated by 1000styles, animated by Ryan Johnson and Drew Taylor and directed by "The Chain Gang" (Erick Sasso and Brian Wendelken). The video is based on the 1978 cult classic film Five Deadly Venoms. In the video, RZA and J Dilla (portrayed as monks) are given word of a massacre at Shaolin. They tell the messenger that it was not the work of thousands of warriors or The Hunter; it was only five. The song then starts, depicting Raekwon, Inspectah Deck, GZA, Ghostface Killah and Method Man destroying evil warriors. They then defeat the hunter, who is killed by RZA. The "House Of Flying Daggers" video was ranked #1 in TIME Magazine's "Best Videos of 2009." A week before the album's release, the video for "Walk Wit Me" was released. Several other music videos have been made since, such as "Catalina," "Have Mercy," "Surgical Gloves", "Pyrex Vision", "Canal Street", and "Ason Jones." Gold Edition A bonus version entitled "Gold Edition" was released on August 17, 2010 as an iTunes exclusive. It includes the original album, plus remixes of "Broken Safety", "New Wu", "Penitentiary" — titled "Penitentiary (Travis Barker Mix)" — and "About Me" featuring The Game. As bonus tracks, it includes the Scram Jones-produced "Never Used to Matter" featuring Bun B and the RZA-produced "Rock Stars" with GZA and Inspectah Deck. Reception Commercial performance Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Pt. II was released on September 8, 2009 and was ranked the number one downloaded album available on iTunes for the first three days of its release. It debuted at number 4 on the Billboard 200 and at number 2 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, the same positioning as the original Only Built 4 Cuban Linx..., while selling near 68,000 copies in its first week. Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Pt. II has sold 132,000 copies in the United States as of November 12, 2009, according to SoundScan. Critical response Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Pt. II received widespread acclaim from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 88, based on 19 reviews, which indicates "universal acclaim". According to the site, it was the fourth-best reviewed album of 2009, and it is listed as the forty-sixth best reviewed album on the site. David Jeffries of AllMusic lauded Raekwon's lyrical ability, writing that he is "in top form, spitting out rhymes worthy of the Wu logo", while calling its production "equally magnificent". The A.V. Clubs Nathan Rabin praised the album's "vivid crime-world narratives rich in pulpy detail". Tiny Mix Tapes wrote that the album meets the "charged" expectations of a sequel to the original and called it "dense, dignified" and "flat-out SOLID". The New York Timess Jon Caramanica called the album "impressive" and stated "That it’s inconsistent with everything in hip-hop that surrounds it only adds to the album’s charm". Michael Saba of Paste called it "a classic, and one of the best albums to come out of the New York rap scene in the last decade". Toronto Star writer Corey Mintz commended Raekwon for his ability as an emcee, writing "Raekwon still simmers with the same confident tempo, as if never breathing in or out". Sobhi Abdul-Rakhman of Sputnikmusic gave the album a rave review and found it accomplished in all its aspects, stating: Los Angeles Times writer Jeff Weiss commended the album's incorporation of various producers, noting its effect as "analogous to the hip-hop version of The Departed: filled with virtuosic star-studded performances, heavily indebted to Asian cinema, and tweaking rather than transforming a timeless aesthetic". Steve Jones of USA Today called its cinematic crime narratives "riveting". Henry Adaso of About.com commended Ghostface Killah for his contributions to the album and gave it 4 out of 5 stars. Chris Ryan of Spin gave the album 3½ out of 5 stars and praised Raekwon's lyricism, writing that the album's songs "contain some of his most rewind-worthy bars in years". The University of California, Berkeley's student publication, The Daily Californian, complimented the album's production as diverse but seamless, writing that "Pt. II displays a dizzying roster of 13 producers ... each with well-established and distinct takes on their craft. Rather than playing out as some sort of haphazard compilation, the album flows seamlessly. The myriad of producers didn't work together, but somehow they all managed to end up on the same page. If anything, this is what makes Only Built 4 Cuban Linx ... Pt. II so fantastic". Rob Browning of PopMatters praised its cohesive structure and wrote that it "is intended to be listened to as a single entity". Pitchforks Nate Patrin called Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Pt. II "as good as fans have been hoping for" and compared it to Ghostface Killah's Fishscale (2006), writing that "Like Ghostface's modern classic, this album defies hip-hop's current atmosphere of youthful cockiness and aging complacency". Accolades The album was named one of the top-ten best albums of the year by several publications. It was ranked number five on Pitchforks list of Top 50 Albums of 2009. Slant Magazine and The New York Times both named it the eighth-best album of the year. In December 2009, Pt. II was chosen as 'Album of the Year' in the Hip Hop DX countdown, and was described as "...the Hip Hop equivalent to The Godfather 2, with Rae as revitalized as Marlon was." Raekwon himself was selected as Best Emcee of 2009 (fellow New Yorker Nas won in 2008.) The DX staff justified this pick with this description of Raekwon's career in 2009. PopMatters ranked Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Pt. II at number seven on their 60 Best Albums of 2009 (making it the highest ranked Hip hop album on the list), and commented; "Everyone here is at the top of their game, leading by example and calling out to the rest of mainstream hip-hop. Really no other hip-hop album stood a chance up against Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Part II." The popular Norwegian news-paper Dagbladet named it the ninth international album of 2009. Also, the music retail company Platekompaniet ranked the album sixteenth album of 2009. Track listing Samples "Return of the North Star" contains samples from "North Star" by Raekwon, "Have Mercy" by Raekwon and "Mellow Mood Part I" by Barry White. "House of Flying Daggers" contains a sample from "Eleanor Rigby" by Four Tops and dialogue from the film Shaolin Vs Lama. "Sonny's Missing" contains a sample from "Exercise Run" by Coleridge-Taylor Perkinson and dialogue from the film The Killer. "Pyrex Vision" contains a sample from "Changing Face" by J.J. Band. "Black Mozart" contains a sample from "Theme from The Godfather" by The Professionals. "New Wu" contains a sample from "I've Changed" by The Magictones. "Penitentiary" contains a sample from "Hit or Miss" by Odetta. "Surgical Gloves" contains a sample from "Castle Walls" by Styx. "Canal Street" contains a sample from "Stop! in the Name of Love" by Margie Joseph. "Ason Jones" contains a sample from "You Are Just A Living Doll" by J.J. Barnes. "Have Mercy" contains a sample from "Have Mercy On Me" by The East St. Louis Gospelettes. "10 Bricks" contains samples from "War of the Gods" by Billy Paul and "You Got the Love I Need" by Smokey Robinson & The Miracles. "Fat Lady Sings" contains a sample from "If This World Were Mine" by Zulema. "Catalina" contains a sample of "Rainy Dayz" by Raekwon and dialogue and score from the film The Killer. "We Will Rob You" contains samples from "Across 110th Street" by Bobby Womack, "Hard Times" by Baby Huey and "Children's Story" by Slick Rick. "Mean Streets" contains a sample from "The Door to Your Heart" by The Dramatics. "Kiss the Ring" contains a sample from "New Wu" by Raekwon and "Goodbye Yellow Brick Road" by Elton John. "Walk Wit Me" contains a sample from "Guillotine (Swordz)" by Raekwon. "New Wu (Remix)" contains a sample from "Daytona 500" by Ghostface Killah. "Rockstars" contains a sample from "The Woman Don't Live Here No More" by Otis Clay. Personnel Credits for Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... Pt. II adapted from liner notes. Raekwon as Lex Diamonds - performer, executive producer Ghostface Killah as Tony Starks - performer RZA as Bobby Steels - performer, producer, executive producer Inspectah Deck as Rollie Fingers - performer Masta Killa as Noodles - performer Method Man as Johnny Blaze - performer GZA as Maximillion - performer Cappadonna as Cappachino - performer Jadakiss as Montega Jada - performer Beanie Sigel as Mack Mittens - performer Styles P as Styles Pinero - performer Busta Rhymes - performer Blue Raspberry - vocals Popa Wu - vocals Slick Rick - vocals Suga Bang Bang - vocals Tash Mahogany - vocals Lyfe Jennings - vocals Sean Cruse - bass Dawaun Parker - keyboards Che Pope - keyboards J Dilla - producer Icewater Productions - producer Dr. Dre - producer Mark Batson - producer, keyboards BT - producer, engineer Scram Jones - producer, engineer True Master - producer Mathematics - producer Pete Rock - producer Marley Marl - producer Erick Sermon - producer The Alchemist - producer MoSS - producer Allah Justice - producer Necro - producer Travis Barker - producer Glen Marchese - mixing Kareem Woods - co executive producer Mel Carter - co executive producer Mark B. Christensen - master Ted Michaels - A&R Jon Prince - A&R Stan Beatty - A&R Danny Hastings - photography Tom Medevich - photography Sean Frigot - design Metro Ink - album layout Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References External links Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Pt. II at Discogs Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Pt. II at Metacritic 2009 albums Albums produced by the Alchemist (musician) Albums produced by Dr. Dre Albums produced by Erick Sermon Albums produced by J Dilla Albums produced by Mark Batson Albums produced by Marley Marl Albums produced by Mathematics Albums produced by Pete Rock Albums produced by RZA Albums produced by Scram Jones Sequel albums EMI Records albums Concept albums Raekwon albums
5378422	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce	Ponce	Ponce may refer to: Ponce (surname) Ponce, Puerto Rico, a city in Puerto Rico Ponce High School Ponce massacre, 1937 USS Ponce, several ships of the US Navy Manuel Ponce, a Mexican composer active in the 20th century British slang for a procurer of prostitutes, also used figuratively to refer to an effeminate man. See also Ponce Inlet, Florida, a town in Florida, US Ponce de León (disambiguation) Ponce de Leon, Florida, a town in Florida, US Ponce de Leon, Missouri, an unincorporated community in Missouri, US Ponce de Leon Avenue, Atlanta, Georgia, US Ponce de Leon Bay, a bay in Florida, US Ponce de Leon Springs State Recreation Area, Holmes County, Florida, US
5378434	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliezer%20Halfin	Eliezer Halfin	Eliezer Halfin (18 June 1948 – 6 September 1972) was a Latvian-born wrestler with the Israeli Olympic team at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany. Along with 10 other athletes and coaches he was taken hostage and later murdered by Palestinian Black September terrorists on 5 September 1972. Eventually they were brought to a German airport and during an attempted rescue mission staged by the German police, all nine hostages were killed on 6 September. Five of the terrorists and one German policeman were also killed. The subsequent autopsy, carried out by the Forensic Institute of the University of Munich, concluded that Halfin had died from a bullet to the heart and noted that Vivil mints were found in both trouser pockets of his corpse. Eliezer was a mechanic by profession and was born in Riga, Latvia. He came to Israel in 1969 and officially became an Israeli citizen seven months prior to his death. He was survived by his parents and a sister. He was a lightweight wrestler and was active for 11 years. In Israel he was a member of Hapoel Tel Aviv club. He won 12th place in the world championships. During 1971 he placed second place in the international competition in Bucharest, Romania. In 1972 in Greece he placed 3rd. Participating in the 20th Olympic Games was the highlight of his career and his dream. Eliezer is buried in Kiryat Shaul cemetery in Tel Aviv. See also Munich Olympics massacre References External links 1948 births 1972 deaths Israeli Jews Jewish wrestlers Wrestlers at the 1972 Summer Olympics Israeli male sport wrestlers Latvian Jews Olympic wrestlers of Israel Victims of the Munich massacre Deaths by firearm in Germany Sportspeople from Riga Soviet male sport wrestlers Soviet emigrants to Israel Burials at Kiryat Shaul Cemetery
5378438	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Jewish%20Cemetery%2C%20Prague	Old Jewish Cemetery, Prague	The Old Jewish Cemetery is a Jewish cemetery in Prague, Czech Republic, which is one of the largest of its kind in Europe and one of the most important Jewish historical monuments in Prague. It served its purpose from the first half of 15th century until 1786. Renowned personalities of the local Jewish community were buried here; among them rabbi Jehuda Liva ben Becalel – Maharal (ca. 1526–1609), businessman Mordecai Meisel (1528–1601), historian David Gans (ca. 1541–1613) and rabbi David Oppenheim (1664–1736). Today the cemetery is administered by the Jewish Museum in Prague. The cemetery is mentioned in Umberto Eco's The Prague Cemetery, the novel which was named after it. History Predecessor The Old Jewish Cemetery is not the first Jewish cemetery in Prague – its predecessor was so-called "Jewish Garden“ located in the area of present New Town of Prague. This cemetery was closed by order of King Vladislaus II in 1478 because of complaints of Prague citizens. Later it disappeared under the streets of New Town. Evolution We know that the history of the Old Cemetery started before the old one being closed, but the exact date when it was founded is unknown. The only clue is the oldest gravestone in the cemetery from 1439 which belongs to rabbi and poet Avigdor Kara. Starting at the middle of the 15th century, the gravestones record is a continual time line of burials. The final gravestone is dated 1787; three years earlier, the enlightened sovereign Emperor Josef II had banned burials inside the city walls for hygienic reasons. Later Prague Jews used a cemetery in Žižkov, founded in the 17th century because of plague epidemic. Space and burial in layers During the more than three centuries in which it was in active use, the cemetery continually struggled with the lack of space. Piety and respect for the deceased ancestors does not allow the Jews to abolish old graves. Only occasionally the Jewish Community was allowed to purchase grounds to expand the cemetery and so many times it had to gain space in other ways; if necessary, a new layer of soil was heaped up on the available area. For this reason, there are places where as many as twelve layers now exist. Thanks to this solution the older graves themselves remained intact. However, as new levels were added it was necessary either to lay over the gravestones associated with the older (and lower) graves to protect them, or else to elevate the stones to the new, higher surface. This explains the dense forest of gravestones that one sees today; many of them commemorate an individual who is buried several layers further down. This also explains why the surface of the cemetery is raised several meters higher than the surrounding streets; retaining walls are necessary to hold the soil and the graves in place. Gravestones There are two kinds of Jewish burial monuments (in Hebrew matzevot) – the older is a slab of wood or stone, basically rectangular, but with various endings at the top. Tumba (in Hebrew ohel – tent) appears later, in baroque times. It is generally more representative than the first mentioned kind and resembles a little house. Such tumbas commemorate on the cemetery for example Maharal or Mordecai Maisel. Tumbas do not contain the remains; they are buried underneath in ground. The oldest gravestones on Old Jewish cemetery are plain, yet very soon the number of ornaments (pilasters, volutes, false portals, etc.) began to increase. Most decorated gravestones are 17th century. However, on every gravestone there are Hebrew letters that inform about the name of the deceased person and the date of his or her death or burial. Copious praise of deceased' virtues appears beside brief eulogy ("of blessed memory") in Renaissance time. From 16th century the gravestones characterize the deceased also through various symbols, hinting at the life, character, name or profession of the people (see the tables below for details). Notable people This list follows the numbering of the plan on the right. A small gravestone with triangular ending and engraved symbols of Magen David and a goose (gans means goose in German) belongs to David Gans (1541–1613), a contemporary of Maharal and other significant Jewish figures of the 16th century, a mathematician, astronomer, geographer and historian, whose chronicle Cemah David includes also Czech history. A gravestone of Gersonides – Mordecai Katz ben Gershom (died 1592) and his son Betzalel (d. 1589) – marks the place of eternal rest of important Prague Jewish printers. One of their works, Prague hagadah, was known throughout Europe. A tumba with a hexagram on the top of the front wall, which refers to name David, belongs to rabbi David Oppenheim (1664–1736). His book collection constitutes an important part of the Hebrew section of Bodleian Library in Oxford. A plain rectangular gravestone of rabbi and poet Avigdor Kara (died 1439) is the oldest on the cemetery. His elegy which describes a great pogrom of the Prague Ghetto in 1389 is still recited on Yom Kippur in Old-New Synagogue. A high rectangular gravestone commemorates Aharon Meshulam Horowitz (d. ca. 1545), the richest Jew of his time, who initiated building Pinkas Synagogue. On the hill Nephele (nephele is a miscarriage in Hebrew) were buried children who died before the age of one month. Remains and gravestones found during construction of modern Prague were transferred to this place, too. The oldest tumba on the cemetery belongs to a businessman, benefactor and renowned public person of the ghetto Mordecai Maisel (1528–1601). He built a synagogue in the Jewish quarter which is named after him. Rabbi Judah Löw ben Betzalel (1512–1609) and his wife rest under another tumba, decorated with symbols of a lion and wine grapes. Rabbi Judah, also called Maharal, wrote numerous religious and philosophical treatises. His name is also connected with legends; a legend about Golem is the most famous. A tumba belonging to Hendl Bassevi (died 1628) is probably the most representative on the cemetery. The lions seated on the gables of the tumba do not symbolize the name Judah; they carry the coat of arms of Hendl's husband Jacob Bassevi. He was the first Jew in Habsburg Empire to receive a title of nobility. A grave of this successful businessman cannot, however, be found on Prague Cemetery, because he died and was buried in Mladá Boleslav. The last tumba to be mentioned covers the grave of Joseph Solomon Delmedigo (1591–1655), a physician and a remarkable scholar born in Crete, who worked in many scientific fields and lived in many places in Europe, Asia and Africa. References PAŘÍK, Arno a Vlastimila HAMÁČKOVÁ, Pražské židovské hřbitovy = Prague Jewish Cemeteries = Prager jüdische Friedhöfe, Praha: Židovské muzeum v Praze, 2008. 15th-century establishments in Bohemia Jewish cemeteries in the Czech Republic Jews and Judaism in Prague Cemeteries in Prague Tourist attractions in Prague National Cultural Monuments of the Czech Republic
5378444	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethtown%20Area%20School%20District	Elizabethtown Area School District	The Elizabethtown Area School District is a school district in the Northwest corner of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States that serves Elizabethown Borough and the townships of Conoy, and West Donegal, as well as the North and West part of Mount Joy Township. It is a member of Lancaster-Lebanon Intermediate Unit (IU) 13. Schools Schools in the Elizabethtown Area School District include: Elizabethtown Area High School Elizabethtown Middle School Bainbridge Elementary East High Elementary Mill Road Elementary Rheems Elementary Bear Creek Intermediate School National/State Recognition The high school has won state championships in field hockey in 1974, baseball in 1993. The district's Quiz Bowl Team was national runner up at the 2004 National Academic Championship. In November 2015, Mill Road Elementary School was honored as a National Blue Ribbon School. In that same year, East High Elementary School was honored as a "High Achievement Reward School". District profile As of the census of 2000 District Population: 27,485 people District Area: School Colors - Blue and White District Mascot - Elizabethtown Bears School Nickname - "E-Town" Member of the Lancaster-Lebanon 2 Sports League Notable Graduates Nelson Chittum, former MLB pitcher Gene Garber, former major league baseball pitcher with the Pittsburgh Pirates, Kansas City Royals, Philadelphia Phillies, and Atlanta Braves. References External links Elizabethtown Area School District Elizabethtown Area High School Elizabethtown Middle School Bainbridge Elementary School East High Elementary School Fairview Elementary School Mill Road Elementary School Rheems Elementary School Lancaster-Lebanon Intermediate Unit 13 Lancaster-Lebanon Sports League School districts in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
5378449	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrado%20Gabriele	Corrado Gabriele	Corrado Gabriele (born November 1966, Napoli) is an Italian politician. He was a member of the European Parliament from May 8, 2006, when he took up a seat vacated after the 2006 Italian general election, until June 19 in the same year. He represented the Communist Refoundation Party within the European United Left–Nordic Green Left parliamentary group. External links Personal website 1966 births Living people Communist Refoundation Party MEPs MEPs for Italy 1994–1999 Communist Refoundation Party politicians
5378460	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibat	Sibat	Sibat is the Filipino word for spear, used as a weapon or tool by natives of the Philippines. The term is used in Tagalog and Kinaray-a. It also called bangkaw, sumbling or palupad in the islands of Visayas and Mindanao; and budjak (also spelled bodjak or budiak) among Muslim Filipinos in western Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago. Sibat are typically made with rattan, bamboo, bahi or other hardwood, either with a sharpened tip or a head made from metal. These heads may either be single-edged, double-edged or barbed. Styles vary according to function and origin. For example, a sibat designed for fishing may not be the same as those used for hunting wild game such as boar. According to Kalis Ilustrisimo archivist Romeo Macapagal, in Kapampangan, it is known as tandos or tandus and a fishing harpoon with 3 or more prongs is a salapang in both Tagalog and Kapampangan. According to Filipino martial arts researcher & author Celestino Macachor, a shorter version of the Visayan bangkaw in Cebu is the sapang, around in length and a thrusting weapon, and a budiak or bodjak is a Moro weapon that is about the same length as the bangkaw, but heavier. In the Mountain Province of Luzon, the Igorot people have different versions of them such as the fan′-kao and kay-yan′, and the fal-fĕg′ war spear of the Bontoc people. The sibat/bangkaw is widely used in Arnis systems such as San Miguel Eskrima, Modern Arnis, Kombatan, Inayan Eskrima and Pekiti-Tirsia Kali. Techniques Sibat can either be used hand-to-hand or thrown from a distance. Blunt portions of the weapon could be used to incapacitate at closer ranges. These attacks can be used in conjunction; the shaft can be used to block an enemy's weapon and then followed with a thrust into the throat or stomach. In the Ilocano fighting arts of Kabaroan learned by Grandmaster Ramiro Estalilla, 2 spears () can be used at the same time, with the second spear held with a grip in the middle and used as a shield. When one spear is thrown, the practitioner can then draw his blade and dual wield with a blade and spear. The Igorot and Aeta people in Luzon also have a spears with a detachable heads. The Aeta remove the heads when entering Christian towns to trade (during which the shaft can still be used as a staff weapon) and in the Igorot spear's case, the detachable head can be used as a dagger. Traditionally, Philippine spears were not used with the "helicopter" twirling motions found in Chinese arts such as Wushu and Indian Silambam. According to FMA instructor and journalist Daniel Foronda who hails from the Mountain Province region, such twirling techniques cannot be used amongst dense pine trees, and basic utilization with the Igorot spear is more akin to rifle bayonet training. See also Sumpit References Mark V. Wiley (1997). Filipino Martial Culture, Tuttle Publishing. External links Eskrima Digest Filipino melee weapons Spears
5378468	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Ajvide%20Lindqvist	John Ajvide Lindqvist	John Ajvide Lindqvist (; born 2 December 1968) is a Swedish writer of horror novels and short stories. Early life Lindqvist was born and raised in the Stockholm suburb of Blackeberg. Before becoming a published writer, Lindqvist worked for 12 years as a stand-up comedian, and also worked for a time as a magician. Career Lindqvist's debut novel, Let the Right One In (Låt den rätte komma in), a romantic vampire horror story published in 2004, enjoyed great success in Sweden and abroad. Handling the Undead (Hanteringen av odöda) was published in 2005 and involved the rising of the dead as zombies, referred to as the "re-living", in the Stockholm area. In 2006, he released his third book, Pappersväggar (Paper Walls, published in English as Let the Old Dreams Die), a collection of short stories. In 2007, his story "Tindalos" was published as a serial in the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter and as a free audiobook available through the newspaper's website, read by the author himself. His works are published in Sweden by Ordfront and have been translated into many languages, including English, Bulgarian, German, Italian, Spanish, Chinese, Hindi, Norwegian, Danish, French, Polish, Czech, Dutch and Russian. Lindqvist was also a writer for the television series (1999) and wrote the screenplays for Sveriges Television's drama series Kommissionen (2005) and the film Let the Right One In, based on his novel. The production company Tre Vänner bought the film rights to Handling the Undead and were planning a future production. However, heavy interest in an American version led to the request to sell the rights to an American company. Lindqvist refused and the film went unmade. Tre Vänner's rights for an adaptation expired in 2012. Inspirations Lindqvist is a Morrissey fan. The name of his debut novel was inspired by the Morrissey song "Let the Right One Slip In" and one of the short stories in Pappersväggar was named after the song "Shoplifters of the World Unite". The influence of Morrissey's music became involved in the actual plot of Harbour, where two of the main characters are devoted Morrissey fans who live out much of their lives by speaking in quotes from Morrissey's songs. Lindqvist's father drowned , and the sea has appeared in several of his works as a dark and sinister force, such as in Handling the Undead and a short story in Pappersväggar. In Harbour the sea has a prominent role as a menacing presence and could be considered the villain of the novel. Furthermore, Let the Right One In features a pivotal near-drowning scene in a gym swimming pool. Bibliography 2004 – Låt den rätte komma in (Let the Right One In, 2007) 2005 – Hanteringen av odöda (Handling the Undead, 2009) 2006 – Pappersväggar (Paper Walls) 2008 – Människohamn (Harbour, 2010) 2010 – Lilla stjärna (Little Star, 2011) 2011 – Låt de gamla drömmarna dö (Let the Old Dreams Die) 2011 – Tjärven (name of a lighthouse island, see separate article) 2011 - The Music of Bengt Karlsson, Murderer 2011 - "Itsy Bitsy" (short story) 2012 - Sulky och Bebbe regerar okej (Sulky and Bebbe Rule Okay; with Mia Ajvide) 2013 - Fem kända musiker döda i seriekrock (Five Famous Musicians Dead in Pile-Up) 2013 - Come Unto Me 2014 - Himmelstrand (I Am Behind You(: The First Place)) 2014 - "Speciella omständigheter" ("Special Circumstances"; short story) 2015 - Rörelsen: Den andra platsen (The Movement: The Second Place) 2016 - Våran hud, vårat blod, våra ben (Our Skin, Our Blood, Our Bones) 2017 - X: Den sista platsen (X: The Last Place) (I Am the Tiger) 2017 - The Keeper's Companion (novel i anthology Varsel i Mörkret) 2018 - Gräns (Border) 2021 - Vänligheten (The Kindness) Plays 2012 - Fem kända musiker döda i seriekrock 2012 - Ett informellt samtal om den nuvarande situationen 2014 - Storstugan - En pyromans berättelse Film and TV adaptions Let the Right One In (film) Let Me In (film) Let the Right One In (TV series) Border (film) Notes References External links John Ajvide Lindqvist: Stand Up, 1995 on YouTube Living people Swedish horror writers Writers from Stockholm Swedish comedians Sommar (radio program) hosts 1968 births Selma Lagerlöf Prize winners Best Screenplay Guldbagge Award winners Swedish male novelists
5378472	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralteysky%20Municipal%20Okrug	Admiralteysky Municipal Okrug	Admiralteysky Municipal Okrug () is a municipal okrug of Admiralteysky District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia. Population: It borders the Neva River in the north, New Admiralty Canal and Kryukov Canal in the west, Fontanka in the south, and Voznesensky Avenue and the Moyka River in the east. Places of interest include the Admiralty building, Saint Isaac's Cathedral, Mariinsky Palace, Decembrists Square, and Mariinsky Theatre. References Admiralteysky District, Saint Petersburg
5378474	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giselle%20Khoury	Giselle Khoury	Gisele Khoury (; born 1961) is a Lebanese-French journalist and talk show host on BBC Arabic. Her show is called Al Mashhad where she interviews prominent figures and high-profile guests from the Arab World. She is the widow of Samir Kassir. Early life Gisele Azzi () was born in Beirut, originally from Okaibe, Keserwan District. She studied History at the Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, and Media at the Lebanese University. Career She started her career in late 1985 on LBC Channel as a presenter of cultural talk shows. She joined the pan-Arab media group MBC in 2002 and contributed to the launch of the 24-hour Al-Arabiya news channel. She hosted a weekly political talk show on Al-Arabiya from the 2003–2013 duration. During the time Khoury worked on the political show Bil Arabi, part of Al Arabiya news channel, she hosted political decision makers, heads of states, prime ministers and ministers of foreign affairs. The show covered current events and the latest political developments from the Arab world and beyond. In 2009, Gisèle co-founded “Al Rawi” production company whose first project was a four-episode biography of the Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat. BBC Arabic In 2013, Gisele Khoury has been hired by BBC Arabic and to present the programme, "The Scene" (Al Mash’had), that part of new programmes scheduled by BBC Arabic. It began its launch in early 2014. Produced by Mona Hamdan in Lebanon, (Al MaMsh’had) brings into focus some of the most compelling eyewitness accounts of recent history in the Middle East. Khoury travels to different countries to meet with predominant Arab and international figures and hear their accounts of events that have shaped history. Personal life Gisele was married at age 20 to doctor Elie Khoury, whom she kept his last name. Later on, Khoury was married to journalist, writer and historian Samir Kassir until his assassination on June 2, 2005. Since her husband's death, Gisele Khoury has been active in promoting Kassir's thoughts and with the help of friends and family, she founded the Samir Kassir foundation and the SKeyes centre for media and cultural freedom. She has a son, Marwan, and a daughter, Rana, from her first marriage. Honours French Order of Chevalier of Legion of Honour. Footnotes 1961 births Living people Lebanese television presenters Lebanese women television presenters Eastern Orthodox Christians from Lebanon People from Beirut Lebanese journalists Lebanese women journalists Holy Spirit University of Kaslik alumni Lebanese University alumni
5378477	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%C3%ABl%20L%C3%B4	Ismaël Lô	Ismaël Lô (also Ismaël Lo) is a Senegalese musician and actor. Life Lô was born in Dogondoutchi, Niger on 30 August 1956, to a Senegalese father and a Nigerien mother. Shortly after Lo's birth the family returned to Senegal where they settled in the town of Rufisque, near the capital Dakar. He plays guitar and harmonica, and has been called "the Bob Dylan of Africa". In the 1970s, Lo studied at the School of Art in Dakar. He later joined the popular group Super Diamono, but left in 1984 to start a solo career. Over the next four years Lo recorded five popular solo albums. In 1988, he composes the soundtrack for Ousmane Sembene's Camp de Thiaroye and plays in it. He would also star in Moussa Sene Absa's film Tableau Ferraille (Iron Landscape), in 1996, and compose more soundtracks. In 1990, Lo signed a recording deal with Barclay and recorded in France his seventh solo album, Ismael Lo. Thanks to the success of the single "Tajabone" the album became a hit in the European charts. The album launched Lo's international career. Iso was recorded and released in 1994, and also became a success. The album contains soft guitar melodies and traditional Senegalese mbalax. The following year Lo toured in Africa. The compilation album Jammu Africa was released in 1996. The song "Without Blame" is a duet with Marianne Faithfull. Lo's song "Tajabone" was featured in Pedro Almodóvar's film All About My Mother. In 2002, he was made a Knight of the Legion of Honor. His 2006 album Sénégal was recorded in Dakar, Paris and London. Lo says of it, "Giving this album the title Sénégal was my way of paying tribute to my own country, in recognition of all its gifts to me". The film Shake Hands with the Devil (2007), about the Rwandan genocide, starts with Lo's song "Jammu Africa". Discography Albums Gor Sayina (1981) [A] Yaye Boye Balalma / Gor Saay Na / Ale Lo/ Woudje Yaye – [B] Tiedo / N'daxami / Sey / Adou Calpe Xalat (1984) [A] Xalat / Tali Be (Talibe) / Lote Lo – [B] Xamul Dara / Mariama / Fa Diallo Xiif (1986) [A] Alal / Bode Gor / Xiif (Ethiopie Sahel) – [B] Tiedo / Diouma / Marie Lo Natt (1986) [A] Ataya / Natt / Djola Kele – [B] Samag La / Mougneul / Tadieu Bone Diawar (1988) [A] Jele Bi/ Sophia / Taar Dousey – [B] Diawar / Jalia / Adou Calpe Wadiour (1990) [A] Wadiour / Diabar / Souleymane – [B] Mbarawath / Nene / Tariha Ismael Lo (1990) Tajabone / Raciste / Ale Lo / Jiggeny Ndakaru / Fa Diallo / Souleymane / M'barawath / Nene Iso (1994) Dibi Dibi Rek / Nafantav / La Femme sans haine / Rero / Senegambie / Baol Baol / Naboou / Nassarane / Wassalia / Setsinala / Khar / Samayaye Jammu Africa (compilation, 1996) Jammu Africa / Nafantav / Sofia / Tajabone / Raciste / Nabou / Without Blame / Dibi Dibi Rek / Lotte Lo / Souleymane / Samba Et Leuk / Takou Deneu / Khar Dabah (2001) Aiwa / L'amour a tous les droits / Biguisse / Amoul Solo / Dabah / Boulfale / Faut qu'on s'aime / Africa Democratie / Diour Sani / Badara / Ma dame / N'Dally / Xalas / Mam Sénégal (2 October 2006) "Baykat" "Incha Allah" "Tass Yakar" "Jola" "Taar Dusey" "Manko" "Yaye Boye" "Plus je fais ci, plus je fais ça" "Mbindane" "Wakhal" "Ouvriers" "Jiguen" "Ma fille" "Tajabone" Singles Rero (1994) Guest singles Africa Nossa (2006) (with Cesaria Evora) Music videos References External links RFI Musique biography Official page French bio [ Allmusic link] Lo discography 1956 births Living people 21st-century Senegalese male singers Wrasse Records artists Senegalese guitarists Senegalese people of Nigerien descent Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur Chewa 20th-century Senegalese male singers
3987597	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laidley%2C%20Queensland	Laidley, Queensland	Laidley is a rural town and locality in the Lockyer Valley Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , the locality of Laidley had a population of 3,808 people. Geography Laidley is situated within the Lockyer Valley of South East Queensland east of the Great Dividing Range and close to the northern foothills of the Main Range. The town is located west of Brisbane, the state capital, and east of Toowoomba. The Warrego Highway (A2) is around 10 km to the north, and the town sits on the Brisbane–Charleville railway line. Laidley lies within the Lockyer Creek catchment, with the creek rising at the eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range and flowing east. The catchment has an area of approximately 3,000 km² and elevations range from 1,100m AHD on the Great Dividing Range to 24m AHD at the confluence with the Brisbane River. The relatively flat topography of the valley, its rich alluvial soils and warm climate are the basis for the Lockyer Valley to have become a major supplier of vegetables, horticulture and grains. The local industry has been dominated by agriculture since the end of the 19th century, producing 35% of Queensland’s vegetable supply, and Laidley has long regarded itself as "Queensland's Country Garden". Fruit and vegetable production features prominently, the most commonly grown vegetable crops being carrots, potatoes, the brassica vegetables (e.g. cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower), pumpkins, corns and beans. Much of the beetroot grown in Australia comes from the Laidley district. History The Laidley region was once home to the "Kitabul People" before the arrival of Europeans in the early 19th century. Today, the Ugarapul People are the traditional owners of the Lockyer Valley region. In 1829, Allan Cunningham explored the area and named it Laidley Plains on 22 June 1829, after James Laidley, the Deputy Commissary General of the colony of New South Wales. The town developed around a wagon stop on the main road route between Ipswich and Toowoomba. A stop was needed after the climb over the small Little Liverpool Range west of Marburg. By the 1850s, the area was being cleared for sheep grazing. A survey for the growing village was conducted in 1858. Laidley Post Office opened on 1 February 1861. Laidley Creek West Receiving Office operated from 1899 to 1927, Laidley Creek West Post Office was open from 1927 to 1953, and a telephone office from 1953 to 1956. Laidley Rail Post Office opened in 1915 and closed in 1925. A Travelling Post Office service ran on the Main Line between Brisbane and Toowoomba between 1877 and 1932. Since 1863, police officers have been stationed in Laidley. The first two police officers who served at Laidley are believed to have been Acting Sergeant William Gunn from 1863 to 1868 and Constable Thomas Raleigh from 1863 to 1865. Since 2015, the Police Station is housed in a refurbished building on Spicer Street. The building was originally the Laidley Courthouse and Public Offices, opened in 1964, housing the Courthouse, State Government offices and the Police. The first Presbyterian service were held in Laidley in 1864 by William Lambie Nelson. In the mid-1860s, the railway line from Grandchester stopped at a railway station north of the town. Between 1911 and 1955, a branch railway line ran from Laidley along the Laidley Creek to the settlement at Mulgowie. On 28 April 1886 St Saviour's Anglican church was opened in Laidley. It was designed by architect FDG Stanley. By 1888 there were a number of additions including a parsonage, a tower and a bell. In May 1909 it was announced that a new church would be built from reinforced concrete at an estimated cost of £800 and would be designed by Messers James Marks and Co, architects in Toowoomba. A call for tenders to construct the church was made in September 1909. The foundation stone was laid on 15 November 1909 by Archdeacon Arthur Rivers. The new St Saviour's Anglican church was consecrated by Archbishop St Clair Donaldson on 21 June 1910. The centenary of the church was celebrated in 2010. Laidley Old Township Provisional School opened on 9 March 1908. On 1 January 1909, it became Laidley Central State School. The school closed on 12 December 1998, when it was replaced by Laidley District State School at a new location. It was at 21-23 Hope Street (). The school buildings are now used as a childcare centre, while the school grounds are now Narda Cricket Oval operated by the Lockyer Valley Regional Council. St Mary's Catholic Primary School was established by the Sisters of Mercy and was officially opened on 14 July 1912 by Archbishop James Duhig. The Sisters operated the school until 1988, when the first lay principal was appointed. On March 6, 1915, the hospital officially opened in Laidley, known as "Lockyer General Hospital". It was moved in 1922 to its current site between Spicer Street and William Street where it reopened on 23rd June, 1923. Old meeting minutes tell that a committee had started talks for a local hospital in 1898. An official book of minutes had been kept since June 1912. In 2001, certain parts of the building complex were listed by Council in the EPA’s Research Inventory of Historical Places (QCHIP). In 1930, the Redeemer Lutheran Church was established at 7 MacGregor Street. In 1938, the Lutheran church at Blenheim was relocated to Laidley to be the Laidley Lutheran church hall. Initially, Laidley was served by the Blenheim Baptist Church. In July 1949, land was purchased near the Laidley Hospital for use by the Baptist church. In June 1952 the Blenheim Baptist Church was given permission to erect a Sunday School hall. The stump-capping ceremony for the hall was held on 5 July 1952, officiated by the President of the Queensland Baptist Union, Reverend R.O. Lockhart. On 7 September 1952, the hall (a combined church and hall) was officially opened. It was erected in 23 days using only volunteer labour. In February 1954, the hall was decided to be too small and that a separate church should be erected beside it, by demolishing the Blenheim Baptist Church, re-using the timber and relocating the church residence to Laidley. On 4 September 1954, the Laidley Baptist Church was officially opened by the President of the Queensand Baptist Union, Reverend F.T. Smith. The church building was at 25 Samuel Street and the hall at 27 Samuel Street. Both were sold into private ownership in August 2015 and March 2016 respectively. As at 2021, both buildings were still existing. Laidley Pioneer Village and Museum was established in 1972 by the Laidley District Historical Society on the site of the original resting paddock used by horses of the Cobb & Co stagecoaches. It was the first heritage village developed in Queensland. Laidley State High School opened on 29 January 1985; this effectively replaced the secondary department that operated at Laidley North State School from 1864 to 1984. In 1998, Das Neumann Haus Museum opened to the public as an historic house museum. A visitor information centre, a cafe and a gift shop are also operated within the building. The town was the centre of the Shire of Laidley until 2008, when the shire was incorporated into the new Lockyer Valley Region local government area. In the , the locality of Laidley had a population of 3,808 people i (3,518 in 2011), of which 47.1% identified as male and 52.9% as female. The median age was 42. 4.8% identified as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander (184 people). 79.6% were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 3.2% and New Zealand 1.5%. 87.3% spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Japanese 0.4%, German 0.3% and Mandarin 0.3%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 26.5%, Catholic 20.8% and Anglican 15.3%. 49% were full-time employed, with 47.9% of employees working either as labourers, technicians and trades workers or community and personal service workers. Median rent paid for any type of dwelling was $270 per week, while median mortgage payments were $1,300 per month. The Laidley public library opened in 2017. Heritage listings Laidley has a number of heritage-listed sites, including: Toowoomba-Ipswich Road: Corduroy Road Remains 91 Patrick Street: Whitehouse's Bakery 134 - 138 Patrick Street: Exchange Hotel 140 - 142 Patrick Street: G Wyman Building Attractions Laidley Pioneer Village and Museum, 92 Drayton Street (). Das Neumann Haus Museum, corner William Street and Patrick Street. Climate The Lockyer Valley is the driest part of the South East Queensland region. The area has a humid subtropical climate, with relatively long, hot and rainy summers and mild, sunny winters. Although rainfall is variable, thunderstorms are a frequent occurrence during summer, while winter brings the occasional frost. Sport and recreation The Laidley Sports and Recreation Reserve is located between Ambrose Street (north) and Edward Street (south). It is the main sporting precinct in Laidley and sports homed at the facility include netball, soccer, rugby league, touch football, little athletics, a gymnasium and walking. Swimming facilities: Dal Ryan War Memorial Pool, 44 John Street, Laidley. One pool is 25m long with six lanes, the other pool is for children. Barbecue facilities and a kiosk are on-site. Laidley Bowling Club, 73 John Street. Coaching is available and the clubhouse can be booked for functions. The Laidley Golf Club is a public twelve hole course adjacent to Lake Dyer, two kilometres from the township of Laidley on Wehlow Road off Gatton-Laidley Road. Established in 1951 at its present site, the original nine holes were designed by Ross Watson. A further three holes were designed by David Burrup in 2003. The competition course has thirteen different tees for the eighteen holes while the Social Course has fifteen different tees for the eighteen holes. Lake Dyer Caravan & Camping Ground is situated on the shore of Lake Dyer between the villages of Laidley and Forest Hill. The lake is directly accessible from the caravan park and open to the public for recreational use. Education Laidley District State School is a government primary (Early Childhood-6) school for boys and girls at 230-232 Patrick Street (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 375 students with 27 teachers and 20 non-teaching staff (14 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program. Laidley State High School is a government secondary (7-12) school for boys and girls at 98 Alfred Street (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 694 students with 65 teachers (63 full-time equivalent) and 33 non-teaching staff (23 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program. St Mary's School is a Catholic primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at John Street (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 267 students with 23 teachers (20 full-time equivalent) and 15 non-teaching staff (10 full-time equivalent). Amenities The Lockyer Valley Regional Council operates a customer service centre and a public library in Spicer Street. Laidley Hospital and Community Health Services, located at 75 William Street, provides for a range of general care and emergency services as well as allied health, clinics and community health, and is part of the West Moreton Health network. The office of the Meals on Wheels services is also housed on the premises. The Laidley show grounds are run by the Laidley Show Society (Laidley Agricultural and Industrial Society). The annual show is held there over two days in July. The grounds are available for hire and are open for camping. The Society also organises several events throughout the year, including the Laidley Christmas Street Carnival and the annual Show Ball. There area a number of churches in Laidley: St Saviour's Anglican Church, 28 Ambrose Street (). St Patrick's Catholic Church, 1-3 John Street South (). Laidley Uniting Church, 45 Patrick Street (). Redeemer Lutheran Church Laidley, 21 Patrick St () Gallery References External links Lockyer Valley Regional Council Visit the Lockyer Valley Town map of Laidley, 1978, sheet 1 map of Laidley, 1978, sheet 2 Laidley Golf Club Towns in Queensland 1858 establishments in Australia Populated places established in 1858 Localities in Queensland Lockyer Valley Region
3987612	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20M.%20Fitch	Walter M. Fitch	Walter Monroe Fitch (May 21, 1929 – March 10, 2011) was a pioneering American researcher in molecular evolution. Biography Fitch spent 24 years at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, followed by three years at the University of Southern California and then was professor of molecular evolution at the University of California, Irvine, until his death. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and was a Foreign Member of the London Linnean Society. He co-founded the journal Molecular Biology and Evolution, with Masatoshi Nei, and was the first president of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. Fitch is noted for his pioneering work on reconstruction of phylogenies (evolutionary trees) from protein and DNA sequences. Among his achievements are the first major paper on distance matrix methods, which introduced the Fitch–Margoliash method (with Emanuel Margoliash) which seeks the tree that best predicts a set of pairwise distances among species. He also developed the Fitch maximum parsimony algorithm, which evaluates rapidly and exactly the minimum number of changes of state of a sequence on a given phylogeny. His definition of orthologous sequences has been frequently cited and is used as a reference in many research publications. Selected publications Fitch, W. M. and E. Margoliash. (1967). Construction of phylogenetic trees. Science 155: 279–284. Fitch, W. M. (1970). Distinguishing homologous from analogous proteins. Systematic Biology 19 (2): 99-113. Fitch, W. M. (1971). Toward defining the course of evolution: minimum change for a specified tree topology. Systematic Zoology 20 (4): 406-416 Fitch, W. M. (2012). The Three Failures of Creationism: Logic, Rhetoric, and Science. University of California Press. References External links Obituary at the National Center for Science Education Retrospective in Science National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir My memory of Walter Fitch and starting Molecular Biology and Evolution American biologists Influenza researchers Fellows of the Linnean Society of London University of California, Irvine faculty 1929 births 2011 deaths Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences Evolutionary biologists Members of the American Philosophical Society
5378489	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Cowboy%20Bebop%20characters	List of Cowboy Bebop characters	The following is a list of major and minor characters from the anime series Cowboy Bebop, directed by Shinichiro Watanabe and written by Keiko Nobumoto, its manga series adaptation, written by Kuga Cain and Yutaka Nanten, and its live-action adaptation, developed by André Nemec and written by Christopher Yost. Bebop crew Spike Spiegel Portrayed by: John Cho is a tall, lean, and slightly muscular 27-year-old bounty hunter born on Mars. Spike has a history of violent activity, seen through flashbacks and dialogue with the Red Dragon Syndicate. He is often depicted with a cavalier attitude, but occasionally shows signs of compassion when dealing with strangers. The inspiration for Spike's martial arts is found in Bruce Lee, who uses the style of Jeet Kune Do as depicted in Session 8, "Waltz for Venus". He has fluffy, blackish green hair (inspired by Yūsaku Matsuda's role as Shunsaku Kudō in Tantei Monogatari) and reddish brown eyes, one of which is artificial and lighter than the other. He is usually dressed in a blue lounge suit, black skinny tie, with a yellow shirt and Lupin III-inspired boots. A flashback in Session 6 revealed that his apparently fully functioning right eye was surgically replaced by a cybernetic one (although Spike himself may not have conscious recollection of the procedure since he claims to have lost his natural eye in an "accident"). A recurring device throughout the entire show is a closeup on Spike's fully natural left eye before dissolving to a flashback of his life as part of the syndicate. As said by Spike himself in the last episode, his right eye "only sees the present" and his left eye "only sees the past". The purpose of this cybernetic eye is never explicitly stated, though it apparently gives him exceptional hand–eye coordination – particularly with firearms (Spike's gun of choice is a Jericho 941, as seen throughout the series). He is also a talented pilot in his personal fighter, the Swordfish II, a modified racer. In the final episode, Spike kills Vicious and collapses afterward, but his fate after the battle has never been officially confirmed. Spike does go from seeing his beloved and recently departed Julia with his left eye, the eye that sees his past to seeing her with his right eye, the eye that sees his present. In a May 2013 interview, director Shinichiro Watanabe stated "I want the audience to interpret it however they want to. I want them to interpret it themselves. Just because I put something there does not mean they have to believe it. If I say something in an interview that tends to make it official so I try to avoid a definite answer. In the past, people watching my shows have come up with better ideas than my original intention for the story. So I think it's good to let people use their imaginations." Jet Black Portrayed by: Mustafa Shakir Known on his home satellite as the "Black Dog" for his tenacity, is a 36-year-old former cop from Ganymede (a Jovian satellite) and acts as Spike's foil during the series. Physically, Jet is very tall with a muscular build. He wears a beard with no mustache, and is completely bald save for the back of his head. Spike acts lazy and uninterested, whereas Jet is hard working and a jack-of-all-trades. Jet was once an investigator in the Intra Solar System Police (ISSP) for many years until he lost his arm in an investigation that went awry when his corrupt partner betrayed him. His arm was replaced with a cybernetic limb—an operation later revealed to be by choice as biological replacements were possible. He wanted the fake arm as a reminder of the consequences of his actions. His loss of one of his limbs coupled with the general corruption of the police force prompted Jet to quit the ISSP in disgust and become a freelance bounty hunter. Jet also considers himself something of a renaissance man: he cultivates bonsai trees, cooks, enjoys jazz/blues music (he named his ship the Bebop, referring to a type of jazz), especially Charlie Parker, and even has interest in Goethe. As a character, Jet is the quintessential "dad" even though he often wishes people would view him as a more brotherly figure (so as not to seem old). Of the crew he shows the most obvious affection when dealing with Edward, most obviously shown when he tells her a story in Session 18; he is also shown attempting to (perhaps falsely) reassure himself after she and Faye leave the crew of the Bebop. Jet is skilled with handguns, typically carrying a pre-2004 Walther P99, and also uses the netgun. He is proficient in hand-to-hand combat as well. Compared to Spike, Jet tends to use more raw muscle than technique. He is also a skilled mechanic and pilot. Aside from the converted interplanetary fishing trawler vessel Bebop, Jet flies a smaller ship called Hammerhead. The Hammerhead appears to be a modified salvage-craft, to which Jet has added larger engines and fuel tanks. It features a mechanical arm equipped with a harpoon as its main weapon, which is somewhat analogous to Jet's own mechanical arm. Both the Hammerhead and the Bebop are able to land on water, and have a fishing theme. It is later revealed that the Bebop was originally a fishing ship that Jet "customized" with larger engines. He is very protective of the Bebop, often being reluctant to bring it into situations where it could be damaged, and taking great offense when someone insults it. Jet once lived with a woman named Alisa, who left him, claiming that he was overprotective towards her. They meet when the Bebop stops on Ganymede, Jet's homeworld and Jet goes to find her. He talks to her and then leaves, but later he finds out that Alisa's new boyfriend, Rhint, is wanted for murder. Jet detains Rhint and later hands him over to police. Faye Valentine Portrayed by: Daniella Pineda is one of the members of the bounty hunting crew in the anime series Cowboy Bebop. She is often seen with a cigarette and in a revealing outfit complete with bright yellow hot pants and a matching, revealing top (and, on occasion, a bikini). She sports violet hair and green eyes. Although appearing to be no more than 23 years old, Faye is actually around 77 years old, having been put into cryogenic freeze after a space shuttle accident, wherein she spent fifty-four years in suspended animation. During the course of the series (set in 2071), Faye crosses paths with Spike and Jet twice and makes herself at home aboard their ship the second time around, much to the consternation and disapproval of the two men, both of whom have their own reservations about women in general. Seemingly little more than a thorn in her partners' sides, Faye is actually a well-rounded member of the team. She can handle herself exceptionally well in spite of her slight appearance, displaying at least once in the series (in "Cowboy Funk") that she has a powerful punch. Adept at flying, Faye has stood her ground just as well as Spike has in an aerial dogfight in her ship Red Tail, and at times even against Spike in an aerial dogfight (though Spike eventually proved the better pilot). She also excels with guns, and is first seen in the series completely destroying a shop with a Heckler & Koch MP5K, though she is immediately apprehended afterward. In the movie, she is seen with the same gun, in addition to her normal companion: a Glock 30. Faye has an almost unstoppable attitude, and even her sometimes innocent smile can be seen as dangerous. She has many bad habits, such as drinking, habitual gambling, smoking cigarettes and occasionally cigars, becoming unnecessarily violent, and turning on partners when the profits seem too skimpy. Sarcastic and presumptuous, she rarely appears weak or in need of support. She brags and takes care of herself, never trusting others, cheating and lying her way from one day to the next. She also shows herself capable of unpredictable behavior, as when she kissed Ed on the mouth to snap Ed from one of her rambling moments. She is a woman who is skilled at getting what she wants; her indomitable exterior hides a more delicate interior. Upon awakening from her 54-year cryogenic sleep, not only was she saddled with a massive amount of debt that she had no means to pay, but she was also diagnosed with total amnesia, a stranger in a mysterious world that she was not a part of and did not understand, surrounded by people who claimed to be helping her but were only there to take advantage of her naiveté. The surname "Valentine" was merely a name given to her by the doctor who woke her; the circumstances of her accident, her previous life, and even her real name all remain a mystery, and are only gradually revealed as the series progresses. It has been hinted that she came from Singapore on Earth, and was the daughter of a very wealthy family, as the city's famous Merlion statue features prominently in scenes of her childhood, and that memories and a film from her childhood showed her living in a large mansion. Faye is supposedly her real name, as a high school classmate (by now an old disabled woman) recognises her and calls her by that name. In her debut episode, she claims to be descended from Romani people, but it later becomes apparent that that was likely a lie. Utterly betrayed by someone she thought she could trust after waking, Faye found herself burdened with even more money to pay, and the situation resulted in the hardening of her personality to an extreme degree. She even says in Session 11: "we deceive or we are deceived", and that "nothing good ever happened to me when I trusted others". By the end of the series she learns to value her comrades, coming back to the Bebop when she realizes that it is the only home that she has left, naming it as the "only place I could return to". She grows to understand the disadvantages of being a loner, and that even though her "family" is somewhat dysfunctional it is still a place where she will always belong. Throughout the series, though she grows to care for Jet and even Edward in her own way, it is her relationship with Spike that remains a cause for consideration by most. In one episode Spike teases her and asks if she will come to help him if he gets into trouble, and though she scoffs at his remark, she eventually does. Faye even points her gun at him in a threatening gesture in the last episode, as Spike is walking away to what she and Jet both realize is his possible death. After he leaves, Faye cries. When asked, Watanabe stated in an interview: "Sometimes I'm asked the question, 'What does Spike think of Faye?' I think that actually he likes her quite a bit. But he's not a very straightforward person so he makes sure he doesn't show it." Ed Portrayed by: Eden Perkins is an elite hacker prodigy from Earth. "Radical Edward" is a very strange and extremely intelligent teenage girl of around thirteen years of age. "Radical Ed" could be considered a "free spirit"; she is fond of silly exclamations and childish rhymes, is easily distracted, has the habit of "drifting off" from reality sometimes in mid-sentence. Ed's generally carefree attitude and energy act as a counterpoint to the more solemn and dark aspects of the show. Ed remains a part of the Bebop crew until the twenty-fourth episode, when she, along with Ein, leaves the crew. In the English dub, she almost always refers to herself in the third person. Not much is known about her origins, only that she spent some of her earlier childhood in an orphanage after being left there by her father, who appears in episode twenty-four. Her father, Appeldelhi Siniz Hesap Lutfen, recognizes her immediately by her birth name of "Françoise Lütfen" and while initially unsure of her sex, leaves shortly after to continue his unending quest to document every asteroid that falls to Earth from the wreckage of the Moon. In the manga, she was a friend of a timid young boy in the orphanage known simply as "Tomato" (the name given to her PC in the anime), who, like Ed, knew a great deal about computers and the net. Ed's primary use to the Bebop crew is as a hacker; she is widely known to be a whiz kid behind the computer. Ed's computer of choice is a carry-along desktop, and when traveling by foot she will balance it on her head. Her goggles can interact with it to give her a virtual reality environment in which she can browse an entire network at once. Originally, Ed's character was inspired by the "inner behavior" of the shows' music composer, Yoko Kanno ("a little weird, catlike, but a genius at creating music"), and was first developed as a dark-skinned boy. It was changed to even the gender ratio on the Bebop, which was, with Ed as a boy, three males and one female. The original character design appears in session 5 as a young boy that steals an adult magazine from Annie's bookstore by smuggling it under his shirt which eventually he takes out and reads. Regarding Ed, the director mentioned in a 2017 interview with IGN that gender is meaningless and not necessary. As for the reason why Ed's gender was ambiguous, he said wanted to create a character that surpasses humanity. Ein is a Pembroke Welsh Corgi brought aboard the Bebop by Spike after a failed attempt to capture a bounty. He often shows heightened awareness of events going on around him. Over the course of the series, Ein answers the telephone, steers a car, uses the SSW, plays shogi, operates the "Brain Dream" gaming device (to hack a supercomputer in a few seconds), and generally performs tasks that an average canine would not be able to accomplish. While the televised series only briefly hints that Ein's brain was somehow enhanced, the manga shows Ed accessing data stored in Ein's brain via a virtual reality-type interface with which she has a conversation with a human proprietor. Ein is able to "speak" to other species, as demonstrated in Session 17: "Mushroom Samba" (he speaks to a cow with a subtitled bark of "Thanks", to which the cow has a subtitled moo back of "Oh, it's no problem"). Ein initially takes a shine to Jet, but when Ed joins the crew he comes around to her as well. He follows Ed when she leaves the crew. Red Dragon Crime Syndicate An East Asian triad organization led by a group called The Van. The Van are usually seen wearing imperial Manchurian-Chinese clothing of the Qing dynasty. The syndicate specializes in assassinations, but are also involved in the trafficking of narcotics, Red Eye in particular. The rules of the syndicate states that members who attempt to leave, or fail to complete tasks, are punished by death. Mao Yenrai served as a captain or Capo to the Elders and was a mentor to both Vicious and Spike. After leaving the Syndicate, Spike considers himself in Mao's "debt", and is motivated to confront Vicious for the first time when Mao is killed by two men in Vicious' employ. It takes place immediately after Mao signs a peace treaty with a rival crime syndicate, the White Tiger, expressing a desire for relief from the hypervigilance of gang warfare. The Van later refers to Mao's death as "bad luck" and decline to pursue the issue when confronting Vicious. The Van is also shown to be indulgent toward Vicious initially, which eventually creates their demise. Vicious kills the Van and becomes the head of the Syndicate. Vicious Portrayed by: Alex Hassell is Spike's archenemy. He is a ruthless, cunning, and power-hungry member of the Red Dragon Crime Syndicate in Tharsis, and is often referred to or depicted as a venomous snake (as opposed to Spike who is referred to as a swimming bird and the Syndicate Elders who see themselves as a dragon). His weapon of choice is a katana which he wields skillfully, even against gun-wielders. He was an infantry rifleman during the Titan War and is shown firing a semi-automatic pistol in a Session 5 flashback, as well as in the Session 26 flashback of him and Spike fighting back-to-back. Vicious is usually seen accompanied by a black cormorant-like bird. He eventually hides explosives in its stomach and detonates them as a distraction during an escape. Vicious was Spike's partner in the Red Dragon crime syndicate until they fell into conflict over Julia. After Spike's supposed death, Vicious left the Red Dragons briefly to fight in the Titan War of 2068. Although his precise motivations for enlisting are debated, his testimony helped frame Gren, his squadmate in the war, for spying, which raises the possibility that he himself might have been involved in military espionage on behalf of the Syndicate and chose to pin it on his admirer. However, in the Titan flashbacks he is also seen to be remembering Julia. Vicious believes that he is the only one who can kill, or "awaken" Spike, as Spike is the only one who can do the same for Vicious. Vicious's real age is revealed in the official guidebook The After: at 27, he is the same age as Spike. The age 27 is significant in the series because of the connotations it has to some legendary musicians passing away at that age, who are called the 27 Club. He appears much older due to his gray hair and the heavy, ever-present bags under his eyes. Julia Portrayed by: Elena Satine is a beautiful and mysterious woman from Spike's past. Initially Vicious' girlfriend and a Syndicate member herself, she and Spike started an affair that led to Spike offering to abandon the Syndicate and elope with her, despite the fact that the Syndicate punishes desertion with death. Arranging to meet at a graveyard, Spike goes to confront the Syndicate with his resignation, resulting in a violent gun battle where he is presumed to have died. Vicious discovers the affair, however, and confronts Julia, telling her that she would have to kill Spike at the graveyard, or else they would both be killed. To protect not only herself but also the man she loved, Julia goes into hiding, never meeting Spike as both of them had planned; Spike is never aware of Vicious' threats until the very end of the series. Despite being among the main driving points for the series, Julia only appears in flashbacks until the final two episodes. After meeting Faye Valentine by coincidence, Julia is reunited with Spike. However, their reunion coincides with Vicious' first attempt to stage a coup on the Red Dragon Syndicate. When he fails and is imprisoned, the Syndicate's Old Guard launches a campaign to find and kill anyone who was or had ever been loyal to Vicious' group. This includes Spike, Julia and their friend Annie, who distributes munitions under cover of a convenience store. The store is ambushed by the Syndicate while Spike and Julia are there, and Julia is shot and killed as she and Spike try to escape across the rooftops. Her last words to Spike are "It's all a dream...". Lin Portrayed by: Hoa Xuande is a young and loyal member of the Red Dragon Crime Syndicate who is asked by Wang Long to accompany Vicious on a drug deal to the moon Callisto. When Spike Spiegel confronts Vicious in a back alleyway at night, Lin steps in and shoots Spike with a tranquilizer bullet. Lin used to work under Spike, but since Spike left the Red Dragons, he works under Vicious. Lin accompanies Vicious to the Red Eye deal atop a roof, where they encounter Gren. When fighting between the two starts, Lin throws himself in front of a bullet meant for Vicious. Lin dies, but is mentioned in "The Real Folk Blues Part I" when his brother, Shin, shows up. Shin Portrayed by: Ann Truong is the younger brother of Lin. He appears in "The Real Folk Blues Part I" to rescue Spike and Jet from Syndicate assassins, which leads to him revealing Vicious's coup against the Red Dragon leaders. He appears in "The Real Folk Blues, Part II" during Spike's attack on the Red Dragon headquarters, aiding him in the running gunfight against the Syndicate minions. Shin is killed shortly before Spike reaches Vicious. With his last words he asks Spike to kill Vicious and tells him that he had been hoping for him to return. Annie is the owner of a convenience store on Mars, and an old friend of Spike, Julia and Mao Yenrai. Her name is short for "Anastasia". First introduced in "Ballad of Fallen Angels", Annie informs Spike of Mao's assassination by Vicious. She carries a variety of small arms and supplies Spike with a Beretta pistol and a large carton of ammunition. She also chides Spike for seeking to avenge his mentor by picking a fight with Vicious. Annie is fatally wounded prior to Spike and Julia's arrival in "The Real Folk Blues, Part II". Recurring characters Gren Eckener Portrayed by: Mason Alexander Park , also simply referred to as , was a soldier for the war on Titan, and appears in the two-part episode "Jupiter Jazz". On Titan he fought beside Vicious, whom he admired and found encouragement in. After the war, Gren came back hoping to be a jazz musician, but he was arrested as a spy. In prison, Gren heard that Vicious testified against him; this and the isolation drove him mad. The prison conducted drug experiments on him. In some translations, he suffered from insomnia while in prison and started using drugs to deal with it. In either case, the drugs severely imbalanced his hormones, causing him to develop a feminine figure, including breasts. After escaping from jail, Gren worked as a saxophone player at Rester House, a bar in a sector called "The Blue Crow", which is located on one of Jupiter's moons, Callisto. He met Julia there and found out from her how Vicious betrayed him. Two years later, Gren rescues Faye from a street fight and takes her to his apartment. While Faye is there, Vicious calls, raising suspicions about Gren. Intruding on him while showering, Faye discovers Gren's secret. Gren explains his background, and tells her that he is going to see if Vicious really framed him. Disguising himself as a woman, Gren meets Vicious and Lin. Exchanging Red Eye for Titan Opal, Gren suspects a trap. He shoots it open, setting off the explosive, and then reveals who he is. In the ensuing battle, Lin dies to protect Vicious. Spike arrives and attacks Vicious. Gren had planted an explosive in the bag of Red Eye, which damages Vicious' ship. In the 4-way dogfight with Vicious and Spike, Gren's ship is severely damaged, forcing him to land. Spike lands next to Gren's ship to find Gren lying in the snow, badly wounded. Gren guesses who Spike is by his eyes; "Julia was always talking about you; your eyes are different colors. I remember her saying that". Gren requests that Spike help him back into his ship and tow it out into space, allowing him to die on a final voyage to Titan. Punch and Judy Punch – Judy – Portrayed by: Ira Munn (Punch); Lucy Carrey (Judy) and are the hosts of the TV show Big Shot. They are named after the traditional English puppet show. The show provides information on various bounty heads, but is often unreliable. The Bebop crew often has the show playing in the background, but seldom pays close attention (they usually get their information from close contacts). Punch and Judy play the "cowboy" persona in a characteristic, over the top fashion. Punch adopts a mid-western drawl mixed with a Mexican accent (both faked), and uses random old-West sayings. Judy plays the stereotypical dumb blonde, and always appears in an open bolero jacket with nothing underneath, frequently wiggling her hips with excitement. Big Shot is canceled towards the end of the series. Punch, lacking accent and costume, makes a cameo revealing his and Judy's fates: Punch, whose real name is Alfredo, moves to Mars to take care of his mother, and Judy is engaged to her agent, Cameron Wilson. Punch and Judy's appearances had no specific model; the characters had the style of typical television hosts. Antônio, Carlos and Jobim Antônio – Carlos – Jobim – Throughout the series and the movie, three rude, foul-mouthed, crotchety old men make frequent appearances, as speaking characters, or in the background during scenes. They make various claims about what they did before becoming old-timers, including bounty hunting, building the stargates, farming, piloting planes in a war, sinking the , digging ditches, and crop-dusting. They seem on speaking terms with many supporting characters, and though they run into the main characters often there is not much attention paid to them (or even mention that the main characters have seen them before). They do the preview of the episode "Mushroom Samba". According to the movie credits, they are called , , and . This is in reference to famed Brazilian musician Antônio Carlos Jobim. In the film, they help Jet and Faye distribute the antidote for a deadly, hallucinogenic nanovirus by flying 20th-century era antique planes over Alba City. Cowboy Bebop Anime Guide Volume 4 states that since the names of the three old men appear once, it is not certain whether the names Antônio, Carlos, and Jobim are their real names. In episode 22, Cowboy Funk, Antônio is briefly seen walking past a water fountain without Carlos and Jobim. All three make a cameo appearance in episode 11 of Blood Blockade Battlefront, another series by the same animation studio as Cowboy Bebop. Laughing Bull A kind old shaman, apparently of Native American descent, lives on Mars. Spike goes to Laughing Bull for advice in Session 1 while looking for bounty head Asimov. He appears briefly at the beginning of "Jupiter Jazz, Part I" and at the end of "Jupiter Jazz, Part II". In "The Real Folk Blues, Part II", Jet goes to him for information on Spike's whereabouts. Laughing Bull is seen with a small child in "Jupiter Jazz" and with a young man in the movie; their identities have never been revealed. As a shaman, he dresses in classic Native American wear and lives in a teepee-like tent surrounded by relics of old, discarded technology. Laughing Bull refers to Spike as "Swimming Bird", and calls Jet "Running Rock". Bob is an ISSP, mustache-wearing policeman based on Ganymede to whom Jet frequently goes to for inside information when looking for bounty heads. Throughout the series, and especially in the film, Bob provides (sometimes reluctantly) crucial information. Other characters Victoria "V.T." Terpsichore Victoria "V.T." Terpsichore is a tough-talking space trucker whose deceased husband, Ural Terpsichore, is a legendary bounty hunter. Always with her cat, Zeros, she appears in the episode "Heavy Metal Queen". Spike meets her in a bar while on hunt for an explosive-smuggling criminal named Decker. After having a bar brawl with several stooges, Spike and V.T. seem to become fast friends until she learns Spike is a bounty hunter. Although she regards Spike as "lowlife bounty hunter scum", she puts their differences aside and reluctantly works with him when their paths cross again as V.T. begins searching for Decker, who has performed a ship hit and run on one of her fellow truck drivers. Her full name is largely a secret, which has prompted many to bet money and guess what her initials stand for. She is also known as the "Heavy Metal Queen", for her love of heavy metal music, which she considers "very soothing". Able to adapt to various situations, her philosophy is "When in Rome, do as the Romans do". Considering her disdain for bounty hunters, it is believed that her husband was killed while pursuing a bountyhead. Rocco Bonnaro is a member of Piccaro Calvino's gang. He is involved in organized crime in order to support his blind younger sister, . Rocco sees Spike effortlessly take out several hijackers on a spaceliner and begs Spike to teach him how to fight. He befriends Spike although he does not tell him about the bounty on his head. Rocco gives Spike a package to hold onto, which contains a plant called "Grey Ash" that he stole from Calvino. This plant, worth millions of woolongs, is capable of curing "Venus Sickness", the disease which has blinded Stella. Rocco has a rendezvous with Spike and they fight Calvino's gang. Rocco pulls off one of Spike's Jeet Kune Do maneuvers and topples one of the gangsters, but is gunned down. Later, Spike pays his respects and visits Stella in the hospital where she is receiving treatment to tell her that Rocco has died. Before he leaves, Stella asks Spike about the type of person her brother really was. Spike responds, "You know better than anyone, without looking. He was a terrific guy – exactly the person you thought he was." Chessmaster Hex Hex is a talented programmer widely considered to be a genius due to his long-standing hold of the Champion Seat of the CosmoNet Chess tournament series. At the age of 30 he joined the Hyperspace Gate Project and, ultimately, played a key role in the development of the central control system used in all gates. However, Hex soon began to have doubts about the functionality of the control system, believing it to have defects. Upon discovering that these defects were intentionally added by the Gate Corporation to ensure further revenue, Hex developed a plan to be executed 50 years in the future that would allow criminals to hijack the Astral Gate toll booths. In the episode "Bohemian Rhapsody", Spike, Jet and Faye track down Hex following the failed toll booth hijackings. Hex, now old and senile, is living peacefully inside of a bohemian junk heap floating in outer space. Given that he had completely forgotten about his prearranged sting, the crew strikes a deal with the Gate Corporation to ensure his safety. Andy von de Oniyate Andy von de Oniyate is a rich, egotistical bounty hunter who completely embraces the cowboy aspect of his job; he dresses like a cowboy, rides a horse named Onyx, uses six-shooters as his primary weapons and a cowboy whip to capture his bounties. The Bebop crew insists that Spike and Andy act exactly the same as each other, to Spike's increasing consternation. Despite his bumbling behavior, he is quite resourceful and intelligent, as well as being on par with Spike in fighting ability. Andy eventually gives up the cowboy persona, choosing instead to take up a samurai persona and call himself Musashi and Onyx "Jiroumaru". Vincent Volaju Vincent Volaju is the main antagonist of Cowboy Bebop: The Movie, is the only survivor of a series of experiments conducted during the Titan War to build immunity to the lethal nanomachines that were secretly developed by the military. His plan is to release the nanomachines throughout the world, leaving only a handful of survivors. He holds the rare distinction of being one of a select few characters in Cowboy Bebop who has been able to match Spike in close combat. Watanabe said that he believes that many people would say that they empathize with Vincent and that "I even understand him". The interviewer, describing Vincent as the "most evil character in the Bebop series", asked Watanabe if Vincent was his opportunity to "show something you couldn't get away with on TV". Watanabe responded by saying that such a thing was not the case, and that Vincent is "nothing more than my dark side". Watanabe added that he does not see this as a "particularly unique feature" of Cowboy Bebop: The Movie, and that all people have moments when they "lose our temper and want to destroy everything". Elektra Ovilo is a veteran of the Titan War who first appears in Cowboy Bebop: The Movie. Her love for Vincent caused them to have a short-term relationship, during which Vincent transferred the vaccine to Elektra. She is unaware of this until Vincent sets free the Nanomachines on the Monorail and she survives. She meets Spike by chance when he infiltrates a bio-weapon lab fronting as a pharmaceutical company where she works. After a few more chance meetings, and witnessing his being shot and thrown from a monorail by Vincent, she teams up with the crew of the Bebop to put an end to Vincent's intent to destroy the population of Mars. The samples of her blood are used to make the vaccine that is spread over Alba City. In the end, it is she who shoots Vincent and kills him. She cries for him when he admits he remembers her and their love for one another as he is dying. Rashid appears during Cowboy Bebop: The Movie. An ethnic Arab with a considerable amount of knowledge of "beans", he is really Doctor Mendelo al-Hedia, the man who developed the nano-machinery that was to be used as a virus for the military and vaccinated Vincent in attempt to keep it under control. He then apparently escaped from the medical facility and took refuge in Mars' Moroccan street, assuming a new identity. He provides Spike with a sample of the nano-machine virus in an attempt to atone for his creating it. After revealing to Spike, in a later scene, the nature of the nanomachine virus and the vaccine given to Vincent, armed men show up and Rashid runs off, followed by the sounds of gunfire. His fate is unclear, though a scene played during the credits of the movie seems to show him alive and well in Moroccan street. Lee Sampson A teenage hacker and Vincent's accomplice, is very interested in video games from the 20th century (as shown by him playing an alternate version of Pac-Man in a car while talking to Vincent). He's later betrayed by Vincent and is killed with the nanoweapons Vincent was using in his plot to eliminate mankind. In an interview with Watanabe, the interviewer referred to Lee Sampson, a character in the film who "unable to distinguish" death in real life and death in a video game, responding to the death of a video game avatar and the death of a security guard in an equally-detached manner; when the interviewer asked Watanabe whether he wanted to "question society's desensitization to violence" with a character who "truly feels the pain of death", Watanabe responded by saying that he did not intend to "make it a 'statement', as such". Watanabe added that he does not create films to "particular message" and that films "naturally reflect the way we feel at the time". Mad Pierrot Tongpu Portrayed by: Josh Randall Mad Pierrot Tongpu (real name unknown) was part of an experiment to create the perfect assassin by a secret organization referred to only as Section 13. While Tongpu was made into a rotund and virtually indestructible living weapon, the procedures caused him to begin regressing mentally, ruining his capacity as a weapon. While being transported to a secure facility for observation, Tongpu escaped with the intention of exacting revenge, but eventually came to enjoy the act of killing. Spike happens to witness Tongpu killing someone, making him the target of Tongpu as well. Spike escapes when a cat distracts Tongpu and gives him time to blow up a gas canister. Spike is sent a personal invitation to Spaceland, a theme park, by Tongpu. In the ensuing fight, Spike throws a knife into Tongpu's leg. Tongpu is then crushed underfoot by a giant robot in an animatronic parade. References External links Official website Cowboy Bebop characters Lists of anime and manga characters
5378492	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelitas	Fidelitas	Fidelitas (Latin, 'fidelity, faithfulness') may refer to: Fidelitas (Hungary), the youth organization of the conservative Fidesz party Fidélitas University, a private university in Costa Rica FC Fidelitas Karlsruhe, an early German football club , an Italian World War II steamer See also
5378498	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennoy%20Municipal%20Okrug	Sennoy Municipal Okrug	Sennoy Municipal Okrug () is a municipal okrug of Admiralteysky District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia. Population: It borders the Fontanka River in the south, Kryukov Canal in the west, Sadovaya Street and Voznesensky Avenue in the northwest, the Moyka River in the north, and Gorokhovaya Street in the east. Places of interest include Hay Square, Garden Street, Griboyedov Canal, and the Yusupov Palace. References Admiralteysky District, Saint Petersburg

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