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44498222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys%20Fairbanks | Gladys Fairbanks | Gladys Fairbanks (April 15, 1892 in California – November 2, 1958 in Alameda, California), was an American silent film actress of the 1910s. She was best known for roles in films such as The Poor Little Rich Girl (1917), The Road Between (1917) and Shore Acres (1914).
Filmography
Shore Acres as Ann (1914)
The Poor Little Rich Girl as Jane (1917)
The Road Between as Sarah Abbott (1917)
Who's Your Neighbor? as Mrs Bowers (1917)
The Outsider as Miss Price (1917)
Our Little Wife (1917) (uncredited)
References
3.Changes made in birth and death by great-granddaughter Catherine
External links
American silent film actresses
20th-century American actresses
1892 births
1958 deaths |
17335011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino%20acid%20transport%20disorder | Amino acid transport disorder | Amino acid transport disorders are medical conditions associated with a failure of amino acids to be absorbed from the kidney or intestine.
An example is Hartnup disease.
Reference
External links |
17335012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courser%20%28disambiguation%29 | Courser (disambiguation) | Courser may refer to:
Courser – group of birds which together with the pratincoles make up the family Glareolidae
Courser (horse) – a swift and strong horse, frequently used during the Middle Ages for hunting or as a warhorse
Horse courser – early term for a horse dealer
Or to someone who engages in:
Coursing – the pursuit of game or other animals by dogs
Hare coursing – the hunting of hares with dogs
Lure coursing – a sport for dogs that involves chasing a mechanically operated lure
Or to persons named Courser:
Todd Courser,- Michigan state representative |
6902998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho%20national%20cricket%20team | Lesotho national cricket team | The Lesotho national cricket team is the team that represents the Kingdom of Lesotho in international cricket. They became an affiliate member of the International Cricket Council (ICC) in 2001 and an associate member in 2017.
Lesotho has played international cricket since at least 1986, when they played Swaziland in Maseru. They made their official ICC debut at Division Three of the Africa Region of the ICC World Cricket League in April 2006, where they came last in the eight-team tournament.
In April 2018, the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International (T20I) status to all its members. Therefore, all Twenty20 matches played between Lesotho and other ICC members after 1 January 2019 will be a full T20I.
Records and Statistics
International Match Summary — Lesotho
Last updated 22 October 2021
Twenty20 International
T20I record versus other nations
Records complete to T20I #1340. Last updated 22 October 2021.
Other matches
For a list of selected international matches played by Lesotho, see Cricket Archive.
See also
List of Lesotho Twenty20 International cricketers
Lesotho women's national cricket team
References
Cricket in Lesotho
National cricket teams
Cricket
Lesotho in international cricket |
17335018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strule%20Arts%20Centre | Strule Arts Centre | Strule Arts Centre (; Ulster-Scots: Strule Hoose o Airts) is a multi-purpose arts venue in Omagh, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. The Omagh tourist information office is located on the ground floor. The centre is owned and run by Omagh District Council.
History
In 2003 Omagh's Town Hall was demolished to make way for the new Strule Arts Centre Arts. It cost £10.5 million and opened on 8 June 2007, overlooking the River Strule which flows through the town centre. It is part of a wider regeneration project for the High Street, George Street and Riverside area of Omagh. It was designed by architects Kennedy Fitzgerald and Associates. The centre was officially opened in January 2008 by Edwin Poots, then Minister for Culture, Arts and Leisure, and Margaret Ritchie, Minister for Social Development.
References
External links
Omagh
Arts centres in Northern Ireland
Buildings and structures in County Tyrone
Tourist attractions in County Tyrone
Art museums and galleries in Northern Ireland |
17335019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bois%20Blanc%20Lighthouse | Bois Blanc Lighthouse | Bois Blanc Lighthouse may refer to
Bois Blanc Island Lighthouse and Blockhouse, a National Historic Site of Canada, on Bois Blanc Island, Ontario
Bois Blanc Light, on Bois Blanc Island, Michigan, United States |
6903002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%20Yan | Gu Yan | Gu Yan (born 17 March 1974) is a retired Chinese race walker.
Achievements
External links
1974 births
Living people
Chinese female racewalkers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes of China
Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Asian Games silver medalists for China
Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1994 Asian Games |
44498225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokkinopilos | Kokkinopilos | Kokkinopilos (, ) is an Aromanian village and a community of the Elassona municipality. Before the 2011 local government reform it was a part of the municipality of Olympos. The 2011 census recorded 125 inhabitants in the village and 592 inhabitants in the community. The community of Kokkinopilos covers an area of 129.368 km2.
Administrative division
The community of Kokkinopilos consists of two settlements:
Kalyvia
Kokkinopilos
Population
According to the 2011 census, the population of the settlement of Kokkinopilos was 125 people, a decrease of almost 29% compared with the population of the previous census of 2001.
History
Kokkinopilos was founded in the 12th century by Aromanian farmers. It was captured by the Ottomans in 1442 was administered as a chiflik. After a failed revolt against the Turkish Ottomans during the Greek War of Independence, the village was captured and looted by Ottoman troops. On 8 October 1912 Kokkinopilos was liberated by the Greek Army. During the Axis occupation of Greece the village was burned twice: in 1943 by the Italians and in 1944 by the Germans. The latter resulted to the scattering of the population of the village, in Katerini and Thessaloniki and to the establishment of Kalyvia as a permanent settlement.
See also
List of settlements in the Larissa regional unit
References
Aromanian settlements in Greece
Populated places in Larissa (regional unit) |
17335028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay%20a%20Little%20Longer | Stay a Little Longer | "Stay a Little Longer" is a Western swing dance tune written by Bob Wills and Tommy Duncan. The title comes from a refrain in the chorus:
The song consists of a number of unrelated verses, one of which (verse three) comes from an old folk song"Shinbone Alley":
Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys recorded it in 1945 and it reached number three in 1946. Willie Nelson (number 22 in 1973) and Mel Tillis (number 17 in 1982) also charted Top 40 hits. The song has been recorded numerous times.
In The Andy Griffith Show episode "The Darling Baby", the lyrics went like this:
References
Bibliography
Cohen, Norm. Folk Music: A Regional Exploration. Greenwood Press, 2005.
Whitburn, Joel. The Billboard Book of Top 40 Country Hits. Billboard Books, 2006.
Western swing songs
1946 songs
Bob Wills songs
Mel Tillis songs
Willie Nelson songs
Songs written by Bob Wills
Songs written by Tommy Duncan |
6903004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor%20Supermind%20and%20Son | Professor Supermind and Son | "Professor Supermind and Son" was a comic book feature that appeared in issues #60–71 (February 1941 — January 1942) of Dell Comics' Popular Comics. The strip was drawn by Maurice Kashuba.
Professor Warren (Supermind) uses his energy machine to give his son, Dan, superhuman powers, including super strength, invulnerability, and the ability to fly. With these powers, and his father's other inventions, Dan Warren fought criminals and Nazis. Dan uses his father's televisioscope to find criminals to apprehend. He can communicate telepathically with his father when he's out in the field.
Supermind's son was an obvious Superman knockoff, with a name similar to Superman, the same super powers, and, on some Popular Comics covers, a very similar blue and red costume (differing from the green, yellow, and red costume depicted on the pages inside). Despite this, there is no public record of Superman publisher DC Comics having taken legal action against Dell, as they did against some other publishers of characters closely modeled after Superman.
Professor Supermind and Son had the cover spot on Popular Comics through issue #66 (Aug 1941); with #67, they were replaced by The Adventures of Smilin' Jack.
In issue #72, Professor Supermind was cancelled and replaced with The Owl, which began in Crackajack Funnies.
References
External links
Supermind's Son at InternationalHero.co.uk
Golden Age superheroes
Dell Comics characters |
44498246 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coed-y-paen | Coed-y-paen | Coed-y-paen is a village in South Wales, situated at the south-eastern end of Llandegfedd Reservoir, north-west of Llangybi. The village is home to HM Prison Prescoed, a Category D prison.
The village has one public house, the Carpenters Arms.
Christchurch
The village church, Christchurch, was designed in 1848 by architect Sir Matthew Digby-Wyatt.
The church was built as a chapel of ease to the parish church of Llangybi. It was conveyed to the Church in Wales in 1861. A fine Victorian church of the Early English style, it comprises a nave and chancel and a western tower of three floors. It has a single bell.
References
External links
Village website
Villages in Monmouthshire |
6903006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%20Irish%20Airman%20Foresees%20His%20Death | An Irish Airman Foresees His Death | "An Irish Airman Foresees His Death" is a poem by Irish poet William Butler Yeats (1865–1939), written in 1918 and first published in the Macmillan edition of The Wild Swans at Coole in 1919. The poem is a soliloquy given by an aviator in the First World War in which the narrator describes the circumstances surrounding his imminent death. The poem is a work that discusses the role of Irish soldiers fighting for the United Kingdom during a time when they were trying to establish independence for Ireland. Wishing to show restraint from publishing political poems during the height of the war, Yeats withheld publication of the poem until after the conflict had ended.
Poem
I know that I shall meet my fate
Somewhere among the clouds above;
Those that I fight I do not hate
Those that I guard I do not love;
My country is Kiltartan Cross,
My countrymen Kiltartan’s poor,
No likely end could bring them loss
Or leave them happier than before.
Nor law, nor duty bade me fight,
Nor public men, nor cheering crowds,
A lonely impulse of delight
Drove to this tumult in the clouds;
I balanced all, brought all to mind,
The years to come seemed waste of breath,
A waste of breath the years behind
In balance with this life, this death.
Background and interpretation
The airman in the poem is widely believed to be Major Robert Gregory, a friend of Yeats and the only child of Lady Augusta Gregory.
Structure
The poem contains 16 lines of text arranged in iambic tetrameter. The rhyme scheme is arranged in four quatrains of ABAB.
Allusions
The poem is featured on the Yeats tribute album Now and in Time to Be, where it is sung by Shane MacGowan of the rock group The Pogues. The British rock group Keane based their song "A Bad Dream" (featured on the album Under the Iron Sea) on it, and a recording of the poem, read by Neil Hannon of The Divine Comedy, is played before the song at live venues, explaining their reasons for the lyrics. Hannon appeared in person to read it at the Keane gig at The Point Depot in Dublin (now known as the 3Arena) on 19 July 2007 and again at The O2 on 21 July 2007, though the poem's title and author went unmentioned.
In 2011 the poem was included on the Waterboys album An Appointment with Mr Yeats, a collection of Yeats poems set to music by Mike Scott.
In popular culture
In the movie Memphis Belle, the character Sgt. Danny Daly, a crewman on a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress recites the poem, omitting the lines referring to Ireland.
In the movie Congo, Dr. Peter Elliot says that his reason for teaching the ape to talk is "a lonely impulse of delight."
The final four lines are quoted in the first episode of the second series of the BBC Three zombie drama In the Flesh by the character Simon Monroe, who is played by Irish actor Emmett J. Scanlan, to Kieren Walker, played by the English actor Luke Newberry.
The song "A Bad Dream" by the English band Keane was inspired by the poem. The song appeared on their second studio album, Under the Iron Sea.
In his LP Branduardi canta Yeats (1986), Angelo Branduardi sings an Italian version of this poem.
A line in Pat Barker's 2018 novel The Silence of the Girls alludes to the poem: "Some of the girls, mainly those who’d been slaves in their previous lives, were genuinely indifferent. No likely end would bring them loss, or leave them happier than before."
The playwright John Patrick Shanley used Yeats' phrase 'A Lonely Impulse of Delight' as the title of a humorous short play about a man who falls in love with a mermaid named Sally, who supposedly lives in a pond in New York's Central Park.
See also
List of works by William Butler Yeats
External Links
The poem, set to music
Citations
References
Cole, Sarah. "The Poetry of Pain". The Oxford Handbook of British and Irish War Poetry. Ed Tim Kendall Oxford University Press: 2007
Foster, R.F. The Irish Story: Telling Tales and Making it Up in Ireland. London: Penguin 2001
Pierce, David. Irish writing in the twentieth century: a reader. Cork University Press: 2000
Vendler, Helen. Our Secret Discipline. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 2007
Poetry by W. B. Yeats
Aviation poetry
1918 poems |
44498250 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Willy%20Foster | Little Willy Foster | Willy Foster (April 20, 1922 – November 25, 1987), known as Little Willy Foster (or Little Willie Foster), was an American Chicago blues harmonicist, singer, and songwriter.
Biography
Foster was born in Dublin, Mississippi, to Major Foster and Rosie Brown. He was raised on a plantation about ten miles south of Clarksdale. His mother died when he was aged five, and he was raised by his father, who was a local musician. Willy worked the fields from an early age and had little formal education. His father taught him to play the family's piano, and Willy later taught himself to master both the guitar and the harmonica. By 1942, he was working in Clarksdale. Around 1943, he relocated to Chicago. He played the blues around the city and teamed up with Floyd Jones, Lazy Bill Lucas, and his cousin Leroy Foster. Having befriended Big Walter Horton, Foster learned to play the harmonica in Horton's Chicago blues style. Beginning in the mid-1940s, this led to periodic work for Foster on Maxwell Street and in clubs in the city for over a decade. He also worked during this time in a band with Homesick James, Moody Jones and Floyd Jones.
In January 1955, Foster recorded two sides for Parrot Records, his own compositions "Falling Rain Blues" and "Four Day Jump", with accompaniment by Lucas, Jones and Eddie Taylor. Foster reportedly incurred the displeasure of the record label's owner, Al Benson, for reporting him to the American Federation of Musicians for underpaid dues on the recordings. In March 1957, Foster was back in a recording studio in Chicago, where he recorded two more of his songs, "Crying the Blues" and "Little Girl". Regarding the former, AllMusic noted that it "reflected both his emotional singing and his wailing, swooping harmonica".
From this point onwards, his personal life started to degenerate. Attending a house party, Foster was accidentally shot in the head by a woman playing with a handgun. The shooting caused partial paralysis and severely affected his ability to speak. He made a slow recovery but rarely played in public thereafter. In January 1974, Foster voluntarily surrendered himself to the local police after he shot and killed his roommate. Pleading self-defense and impairment of judgement due to his brain injury, he was found not guilty by reason of insanity and was sent to a state hospital in 1975.
Foster died of kidney cancer in the Illinois Insane Asylum in Chicago on November 25, 1987, aged 65.
His four released recordings are available on numerous compilation albums, issued both before and after his death.
Confusion
The variant spelling of his first name is due to the different spellings on his two singles.
He is not to be confused with another blues harmonica player, Willie James Foster (September 19, 1921 or 1922 – May 20, 2001).
Singles discography
See also
List of Chicago blues musicians
Notes
References
1922 births
1987 deaths
American blues harmonica players
American blues singers
20th-century African-American male singers
Songwriters from Mississippi
Chicago blues musicians
People from Dublin, Mississippi
Musicians from Clarksdale, Mississippi
Deaths from cancer in Illinois
20th-century American singers
Songwriters from Illinois
20th-century American male singers
Cobra Records artists
African-American songwriters
American male songwriters |
44498252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISPA%20Belgium | ISPA Belgium | The Internet Service Providers Association (ISPA) is a Belgian trade association composed of access, hosting, service, and transit providers that advocates for the Internet sector in Belgium. The association currently consists of 25 members that have a public price list in Belgium for offering Internet or other IP services.
ISPA Belgium is the Belgian member of EuroISPA, a pan-European association of ISPAs.
Statistics
Every quarter, ISPA publishes a quarterly market survey with statistics of residential and business connections in Belgium.
External links
Official site
EuroISPA
Trade associations based in Belgium |
44498264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945%20French%20constitutional%20referendum%20in%20Guinea | 1945 French constitutional referendum in Guinea | A constitutional referendum was held in Guinea on 21 October 1945 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. Both questions were approved by large margins. Voter turnout was 73.5%.
Results
Question I
Question II
References
1945 referendums
October 1945 events
1945
1945 in Guinea
Constitutional referendums in France |
44498271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real%20Colegio%20de%20Santa%20Potenciana | Real Colegio de Santa Potenciana | The Santa Potenciana College or Colegio de Santa Potenciana was the first school for girls established in 1589 in the Philippines. It was intended to provide shelter for the orphans of the military personnel. The building was ruined by the 1645 earthquake. The site was later used for the construction of the Palacio del Gobernador (which was destroyed by the 1863 earthquake). At present, the Philippine Veterans Building, Insurance Center Building, and the Philippine National Red Cross Main Office stand on its former site.
History
The Royal College of Santa Potenciana was established in 1589 by Philip II - urging the Manila bishop, Domingo de Salazar, OP and the Franciscans. In 1592, the school drew its charter, cited the main reason for its foundation; the lack of educational opportunity for girls. In 1594, the school was opened to the public. Capitán Luis de Vivanco donated the original site for the college. Although employing stone construction as anticipation for strong earthquakes, the 1645 earthquake left the College of Santa Potenciana in a ruined state. In the 17th century, the school was transferred to the corner of Calle Cabildo and Calle Santa Potenciana. By the end of the 18th century, the Palacio del Gobernador was constructed, incorporating the ruins of College of Santa Potenciana.
Government offices were moved into the new building of College of Santa Potenciana in 1866 due to the destruction of Palacio del Gobernador by the 1863 earthquake. Due to that circumstance, the enrollment rate in the College of Santa Potenciana dropped - with the remaining student boarders transfer to Colegio de Sta. Isabel. Later on, these two institutions were merged; thus, paved the way for the dissolution of the College of Santa Potenciana.
The new building of College of Santa Potenciana became the official governor-general's palace. However, the incoming governor-general decided to transfer to Malacañang Palace in San Miguel, Manila. The building was, then, turned over to the Segundo Cabo, the second-in-command of the military after the governor-general. It housed the Subinspecciones de Infantería, Caballería, Carabineros and the Guardia Civil. The building was destroyed by the 1880 earthquake.
Present condition
Philippine Veterans Bank and the Red Cross Main Building presently occupy the former site of Santa Potenciana and the National Commission for Culture and the Arts building the 19th-century site.
Marker from the Intramuros Administration
References
Education in Intramuros
Girls' schools in the Philippines
Defunct universities and colleges in the Philippines
Former buildings and structures in Manila
1589 establishments in the Spanish Empire |
20471834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Lady%20of%20Brazil | First Lady of Brazil | First Lady of Brazil (Portuguese: Primeira-dama do Brasil) is a title given to the hostess of Alvorada Palace. The position is traditionally filled by the wife of the current president of Brazil, but may apply to women who are not the president's wives, for instance, when the president is single or widowed. They do not have official functions within the government, but usually attend public ceremonies and organize social actions such as charity events. In addition, a charismatic first lady can help convey a positive image of her spouses to the population.
The role of the first lady has changed considerably. It has come to include involvement in political campaigns, social causes, and representation of the president on official and ceremonial occasions. In addition, over the years, first ladies have exerted influence in various sectors, from fashion to public opinion on politics.
To date, there have been thirty-seven first ladies, counting twice the wives of Getúlio Vargas and Ranieri Mazzilli, who served two non-consecutive terms each. President Hermes da Fonseca had two first ladies, as he became a widower and remarried while still in office. Presidents Rodrigues Alves and Castelo Branco were widowers, hence their daughters played such a role. Brazil has never had a first gentleman, as Dilma Rousseff, the first and only female president to date, had been divorced prior to taking office.
Following the inauguration of Jair Bolsonaro on 1 January 2019, his wife Michelle Bolsonaro became the thirty-seventh Brazilian first lady, succeeding Marcela Temer, wife of former president Michel Temer.
Wives who did not become first ladies
Alice Prestes, Julio Prestes's wife, did not officially become First Lady, as her husband was prevented from taking office, but he must be a former president under the Law.
Mariquita Aleixo, Pedro Aleixo's wife, did not officially become First Lady, as her husband was prevented from taking office, but he must be a former president under the Law.
Risoleta Neves, wife of Tancredo Neves, did not officially become First Lady, as her husband died before taking office, but he must be a former president under the law.
Social works
The first ladies occupy a highly visible position in Brazilian society, playing an evolutionary role over the centuries.
Assistance in the country under the command of the Brazilian first lady began in the 1940s, ahead of Darcy Vargas, with the creation of the Brazilian Legion of Assistance. Founded on 28 August 1942 to assist the families of soldiers who participated in World War II, but soon became comprehensive, with emphasis on mothers and families living in poverty. With an entirely feminine style, the LBA was governed in each state by the wives of the governors and, consequently, by the wives of the mayors. From then on, all the first ladies of the country assumed the presidency of honor of the Brazilian Legion of Assistance. But it was under Rosane Collor's management that the LBA plunged into scandals over embezzlement for the first lady's family, which resulted in her leaving the organ in 1991. The Brazilian Legion of Assistance was extinguished on 1 January 1995, under the government of Fernando Henrique Cardoso.
Sarah Kubitschek innovated with the Foundation of Social Pioneers. The organization was created when it was still first lady of Minas Gerais, offering support to children, mothers and pregnant women, extending to the poorest families. The Foundation gained independence when her husband assumed the Presidency of the Republic, acquiring larger resources, originating from the Federal Government and some sectors such as: commerce, industry and individuals.
Ruth Cardoso assumed the presidency of the Solidarity Community Program, created in 1995 by the government to combat extreme poverty. The program replaced the extinct bodies of the Brazilian Legion of Assistance and the National Food Security Council. In 2000, she created the non-governmental organization Comunitas, in which she acted until her death, having been the forerunner of one of the largest social programs in the country's history, Bolsa Família. Ruth was still noted for her intellectuality, having been the first wife of a president to earn a university degree.
Shortly after becoming first lady of Brazil, it was announced that Marcela would be the ambassador for the "Happy Child" program, and was officially launched on 5 October 2016 with the Happy Child Program, with Marcela Temer as ambassador. Created by the Federal Government for the care of children from 0 to 3 years of age, with the purpose of accompanying visits to families linked to the Bolsa Familia Program, encouraging early childhood development in education, social assistance, health, human rights and culture.
Michelle Bolsonaro is committed to advocating for visibility of rare diseases, digital inclusion, awareness of autism, inclusion of LIBRAS (Brazilian Sign Language) in schools and other social projects.
First ladies' style
Among the first thirty-seven first ladies, some draw attention for style and elegance. Sarah Kubitschek is considered to this day one of the most elegant, favoring national stylists when the country was rising in the fashion market. Classic in style, elegant and discreet, Sarah used to wear various designers, including Zuzu Angel, Dener Pamplona, Guilherme Guimarães and Mena Fiala, responsible for almost all of Sarah's wardrobe.
Considered by People Magazine the most beautiful first lady in the country and one of the 10 most beautiful first ladies in the world, Maria Thereza Goulart became an icon of Brazilian fashion in the early 60s, and used to wear clothes designed by the then nascent Brazilian haute couture. She became a client of the designer Dener Pamplona de Abreu, who was ultimately responsible for her wardrobe. Her glamorous style drew the interest of Brazilian newspapers and became a trend amongst Brazilian women, who were inspired by her clothing. Maria Thereza was the youngest first lady in the country's history, at the age of twenty-one at the time of her inauguration, having been considered by Time magazine as one of the nine Reigning Beauties in the world. She was considered an icon of Brazilian fashion in the early 60s, with the rise of haute couture in the country, attracting national and international attention, printing several covers of Brazilian magazines such as Manchete, Fatos & Fotos and O Cruzeiro; and world famous such as the French Paris Match and the German Stern.
Becoming first lady, Marcela Temer also drew national attention and became a fashion reference. At the parade on 7 September 2016, she appeared in a simple white dress with a discreet neckline. In less than 24 hours, the dress was already sold out at the online store of Brazilian designer Luisa Farani. With a classic and romantic style, the same dress she wore in her first official act as first lady, repeated in her last official act as first lady, being highly praised and associated with the British Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge.
Michelle Bolsonaro has a classic, simple and elegant style. On the day that her husband took office, Michelle was using a model considered simple, but that took 20 days to be made. The medium-length, shoulder-to-shoulder rosé model - inspired by the dresses of former United States First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy and Monaco Princess Grace Kelly generated positive comments. In her everyday life, she usually sports a casual look, mostly wearing jeans, knit shirts and comfortable wearing. She seems to take a like on classic, discreet, neckless pieces, usually wearing black, a fact that made her choose a dress in the same color with round sleeves for the cocktail party at Itamaraty on the night that her husband became president of Brazil. Her stylist is the Paulistana Marie Lafayette, who dresses the first lady at all official events. At an event held by the Planalto Palace in April 2019, Michelle wore a tube and pearl necklace, drawing comparisons to Diana, Princess of Wales.
List of first ladies of Brazil
Other spouses of Brazilian Presidents
Two presidents were widowed before their presidencies:
Rodrigues Alves was married to Ana Guilhermina Alves from 1875 until her death in 1891.
Humberto Castello Branco was married to Argentina Castello Branco from 1922 until her death in 1963.
Three presidents were widowed and remarried before their presidencies:
Epitácio Pessoa was married to Francisca Pessoa from 1894 until her death in 1895. He was later married to Mary Pessoa from 1898 until 1942.
Carlos Luz was married to Maria José da Luz from 1920 until her death in 1924. He was later married to Graciema da Luz from 1927 until 1961.
Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva was married to Maria de Lurdes da Silva from 1969 until her death in 1971. He was later married to Marisa Letícia from 1974 until her death in 2017.
Five presidents were divorced before their presidencies:
Fernando Collor was married to Lilibeth Monteiro de Carvalho from 1975 to 1981.
Itamar Franco was married to Ana Elisa Surerus from 1968 to 1978.
Dilma Rousseff was married to Claudio Linhares from 1967 to 1969 and to Carlos Araújo from 1969 to 2000.
Michel Temer was married to Maria Célia de Toledo from 1969 to 1987.
Jair Bolsonaro was married to Rogéria Nantes Braga and Ana Cristina Valle.
Three presidents remarried after their presidencies:
Fernando Collor has been married to Caroline Collor since 2006.
Fernando Henrique Cardoso has been married to Patrícia Kundrát since 2014.
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva has been married to Roseângela Silva since 2022
Wives of the military of the provisional governing boards
Josefa Tasso Fragoso, wife of Augusto Tasso Fragoso, general of the Brazilian Military Junta of 1930.
Leonor de Noronha, wife of Isaías de Noronha, admiral of the Brazilian Military Junta of 1930.
Ernestina Menna Barreto, wife of João de Deus Menna Barreto, general of the Brazilian Military Junta of 1930.
Isolina of Lyra Tavares, wife of Aurélio de Lyra Tavares, general of the Brazilian Military Junta of 1969.
Ruth Rademaker, wife of Augusto Rademaker, Admiral of the Brazilian Military Junta of 1969.
Zilda de Souza Mello, wife of Márcio de Souza Mello, Brigadier of the Brazilian Military Junta of 1969.
Living former first ladies
To date, four former first ladies are alive. In order of service are:
The most recent former first lady to die was Marisa Leticia on 3 February 2017, aged 66. The largest number of former living first ladies were twelve, between 15 April 1964 and 17 July 1965, when Nair de Teffé, Francisca Ribeiro, Clelia Bernardes, Darcy Vargas, Luzia Linhares, Jandira Café, Graciema da Luz, Beatriz Ramos, Sarah Kubitschek, Eloá Quadros, Sylvia Mazzilli, and Maria Thereza Goulart were all alive; and between 15 March 1967 and 24 June 1968, when Nair de Teffé, Clélia Bernardes, Darcy Vargas, Luzia Linhares, Jandira Café, Graciema of Light, Beatriz Ramos, Sarah Kubitschek, Eloá Quadros, Sylvia Mazzilli, Maria Thereza Goulart and Antonietta Castello Branco were all alive.
Spouses of Presidents
Brazil
Spouses of the President |
44498274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May%201946%20French%20constitutional%20referendum%20in%20Guinea | May 1946 French constitutional referendum in Guinea | A constitutional referendum was held in Guinea on 5 May 1946 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. The proposed new constitution was rejected by 51% of voters in the territory, and 53% of voters overall.
Results
References
1946 referendums
May 1946 events
1946
1946 in French Guinea
Constitutional referendums in France |
44498280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October%201946%20French%20constitutional%20referendum%20in%20Guinea | October 1946 French constitutional referendum in Guinea | A constitutional referendum was held in Guinea on 13 October 1946 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. Although the proposed new constitution was rejected by 54% of voters in the territory, it was approved 53% of voters overall.
Results
References
1946 referendums
October 1946 events
1946
1946 in French Guinea
Constitutional referendums in France |
44498282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jach%27a%20Jawira%20%28La%20Paz-Oruro%29 | Jach'a Jawira (La Paz-Oruro) | Jach'a Jawira (Aymara jach'a big, great, jawira river, "great river", hispanicized names río Jachcha Jahuira, río Jacha Jahuira Caxata, río Jachcha Jahuira de Caxata) which later is named Q'ara Qullu and Waña Jawira is a Bolivian river in the La Paz Department and in the Oruro Department. Its waters flow towards Uru Uru Lake.
The river originates near the mountain Wisk'achani in the La Paz Department, Loayza Province, Yaco Municipality. Its direction is to the south while it flows along the border of the Ichoca Municipality of the Inquisivi Province and the Yaco Municipality. Some of its affluents are Ch'iyar Jawira ("black river", Chiar Jahuira), Wari Umaña (Wari Umana) and Wich'inka Jawira ("tail river", Huichinca Jahuira) from the left and Urnuni (Hornum, Hornuni) from the right. After Qallun Uma (Callun Uma), a left tributary, reaches Jach'a Jawira in the Caracollo Municipality of the Cercado Province the river is named Q'ara Qullu ("bare mountain", Caracollo). Within the municipality it later receives the name Waña Jawira ("dry river", Huana Jahuira).
References
Rivers of La Paz Department (Bolivia)
Rivers of Oruro Department |
44498401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marino%20Di%20Teana | Marino Di Teana | Francesco Marino, better known as Marino Di Teana (August 8, 1920 – January 1, 2012) was an Italian Argentine sculptor.
History
He emigrated to Argentina, working as a bricklayer at the age of 16 and became a construction site manager at 22. At the same time, he studied at the Salguero Polytechnic at the Architectural National School. He entered the Higher National School of Fine Arts Ernesto de la Carcova in Buenos Aires via an entrance competition and graduated with the title of Higher Professor and obtained a professorship at that school. He won the Premio Mittre, equivalent to the European Grand Prix de Rome.
References
1920 births
2012 deaths
Italian emigrants to Argentina
20th-century Italian sculptors
20th-century Italian male artists
Italian male sculptors
21st-century sculptors
People from the Province of Potenza
Argentine contemporary artists
Italian contemporary artists |
44498409 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945%20French%20legislative%20election%20in%20Guinea | 1945 French legislative election in Guinea | Elections to the French National Assembly were held in Guinea on 21 October 1945, with a second round of voting on 18 November. Maurice Chevrance-Bertin and Yacine Diallo were elected.
Electoral system
The two seats allocated to the constituency were elected on two separate electoral rolls; French citizens elected one MP from the first college, whilst non-citizens elected one MP in the second college.
Campaign
The elections were effectively a contest between the Fula and Mandinka. However, two Mandinka candidates stood, splitting their vote, whilst Yacine Diallo was the only Fula to stand.
Results
First College
Second College
Aftermath
Following the elections, Senegalese MP Lamine Guèye attempted to persuade all the African MPs to form an African Bloc, which would be affiliated with the SFIO. Although, the attempt failed, Diallo did sit with the SFIO.
References
Guibea
October 1945 events
Elections in Guinea
1945 in Guinea
Guinea
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results |
17335062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Banner%20discography | David Banner discography | The following is a select discography of albums and singles released by or featuring American rapper, producer, and actor, David Banner.
Albums
Studio albums
Mixtapes
Singles
As lead artist
Guest appearances
See also
David Banner production discography
Crooked Lettaz discography
References
External links
David Banner at AllMusic
David Banner at Discogs
Banner, David
Discographies of American artists |
44498457 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges%20Schwob%20d%27H%C3%A9ricourt | Georges Schwob d'Héricourt | Georges Schwob d'Héricourt (21 January 1864 – 30 August 1942) was a French businessman who was involved in a wide range of enterprises in France and her colonies. He was also responsible for exhibits of the French colonies in various international expositions.
Early years
Georges Schwob d'Héricourt was born in Lure, Haute-Saône on 21 January 1864, son of Eugène Georges Schwob d'Héricourt (1830–1912) and Clarisse Anna Cahen (1836–1919).
His family was Jewish, had been living in Alsace since 1681, and had established a major textile enterprise.
His uncle Édouard Schwob (1844–1929) had added "d'Héricourt" to the family name after the town of Héricourt of which he was mayor from 1879 until his death.
Georges Schwob d'Héricourt graduated from the École des hautes études commerciales (HEC).
He married Emma Gradis, from an old Jewish family from Bordeaux who owned the Société française pour le commerce avec les colonies et l’étranger, a trading enterprise.
His wife was the younger sister of Raoul Gradis and aunt of Gaston Gradis.
Pre-war enterprises
Georges Schwob d'Héricourt started his career in small mining businesses.
Charbonnages de Nikitowka was absorbed in 1905 by Société des sels gemmes et houillères de la Russie méridionale.
Étains de Portugal was absorbed in 1907 by Société des Étains et wolfram de Portugal.
He was also involved in tramway companies and in the Société d’électricité et d’automobile Mors.
The automobile business of this company was taken over in 1907 by André Citroën, and Schwob became involved in the Citroen businesses.
By 1908 he was president of several mutual aid societies and treasurer of the Union des tramways de France. He was one of the heads of the Maison Gradis, which handled two thirds of the imports from Martinique, and sat on the board of several industrial companies.
Colonial exhibitions
From 1900 Schwob was involved in organizing colonial exhibitions.
He was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour for the 1903 exhibition in Hanoi.
He helped organize the French colonial exhibition at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, was in charge of the section of Commerce and Colonization at the 1905 Exposition Universelle de Liège and of the Trade and Industry section of the 1907 National Colonial Exhibition.
He was promoted to Officer of the Legion of Honour in 1908.
At this time he was a member of the supreme council of the colonies and of the administrative council of the colonial office, vice-president of the national committee of colonial exhibitions, foreign trade adviser to France. He was in charge of the French colonies section at the Franco-British Exhibition (1908), and was appointed commissioner of the French colonies section of the International Exhibition of Brussels in 1910.
Schwob was attacked by several parliamentary deputies who accused him of ignoring exhibition themes that needed special skills in favor of general themes and spectacular or decorative exhibits.
He was also accused of promoting foreign interests due to his business interests in the Société française des téléphones Berliner and the Brussels-based West African Fisheries company.
In May 1925 Schwob was responsible for the colonial pavilions at the Exposition des Arts décoratifs in Paris.
In 1928 he was named administrator of the general colonial agency, and was made president of the 1931 Vincennes Colonial Exhibition.
He was awarded the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour in 1931 for his work for the exhibition in Vincennes.
Financier and businessman
In November 1915 Schwob was reappointed to the board of the Banque de l'Afrique Occidentale (BAO).
At the end of World War I (1914–18) he introduced Adolphe Kégresse, a specialist in caterpillar tracks, to Hinstin and Citroën.
In December 1920 he became administrator of the Cie générale des colonies.
He became president of the Société française pour le Commerce avec les Colonies et l’Etranger, the new name adopted by the Maison Gradis in 1921.
In 1922 Schwob was president of the Société industrielle marocaine, involved in activities that ranged from iron foundries to lemonade manufacture.
He was involved in various other colonial enterprises including gas in Morocco, sawmills in the Côte d’Ivoire, agriculture and sugar in Madagascar and distilleries in Indochina.
In 1923 he was director of the Est-Asiatique français company, extracting lumber in Siam and Laos for a sawmill in Saigon.
In 1924 Schwob was president of the syndicate for trade in raw rubber, and in 1925 was president of the syndicate for rice trade on the commercial exchange on Paris.
He represented the Maison Gradis on the board of the Société Agricole et Industrielle de Ben-Cui, a rubber production company.
From January 1926 he represented the BAO in the new Banque de Madagascar.
In December 1932 he succeeded Auguste-Raphaël Fontaine as president of Distilleries de l’Indochine, holding this position until the start of the Japanese occupation in World War II (1939–45).
He became vice-president of BAO in 1933.
In the autumn of 1934 he was elected director of the Banque des produits alimentaires et coloniaux.
He was president of La Réunion française in 1937, an insurance company, but in conformance with the anti-Jewish law of 1940 he resigned this position, although he remained a director until early in 1941.
Schwob died in Aix-en-Provence on 30 August 1942.
References
Sources
1864 births
1942 deaths
French businesspeople |
23574418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge%20Antibody%20Technology | Cambridge Antibody Technology | Cambridge Antibody Technology (officially Cambridge Antibody Technology Group Plc, informally CAT) was a biotechnology company headquartered in Cambridge, England, United Kingdom. Its core focus was on antibody therapeutics, primarily using Phage Display and Ribosome Display technology.
Phage Display Technology was used by CAT to create adalimumab, the first fully human antibody blockbuster drug. Humira, the brand name of adalimumab, is an anti-TNF antibody discovered by CAT as D2E7, then developed in the clinic and marketed by Abbvie, formerly Abbott Laboratories. CAT was also behind belimumab, the anti-BlyS antibody drug marketed as Benlysta and the first new approved drug for systemic lupus in more than 50 years. In 2018, the Nobel Prize organisation awarded one quarter of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to a founding member of CAT, Sir Greg Winter FRS "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies.".
Founded in 1989, CAT was acquired by AstraZeneca for £702m in 2006. AstraZeneca subsequently acquired MedImmune LLC, which it combined with CAT to form a global biologics R&D division called MedImmune. CAT was often described as the 'jewel in the crown' of the British biotechnology industry and during the latter years of its existence was the subject of frequent acquisition speculation.
History
CAT was founded in 1989 by Dr. David Chiswell OBE and Sir Greg Winter, with major scientific contributions from Dr. John McCafferty and the Medical Research Council (UK) (MRC). Operations began at the MRC laboratories in Cambridge. In May 1990, operations moved to the Daly Research Laboratories at Babraham Institute, Cambridge.
In 1992, CAT moved to Beech House on the Melbourn Science Park to occupy units B1 and B2. In 1993 the company expanded into unit B3, into B4 into 1995, and in 1998 into units B5, B6, B8 and B9. CAT completed the occupation of Beech House by finally occupying B7 by the late 1990s.
CAT listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1997, raising £43 million, and went through a second round of funding in 2000, raising over £90 million.
In 1999, CAT expanded into a second location in Melbourn called Cambridge House. After leaving Melbourn, CAT sold this location on to housing developers in early 2006.
In 2000, after a succession of deals that focussed on harnessing the exploitation of the human genome, CAT's share price peaked at over £50 per share.
Also in 2000, CAT decided to move out of Melbourn to a science park called Granta Park, roughly away. Of the buildings on the park, the first to be occupied was the Franklin Building followed, in late 2002, by a move to a new corporate headquarters at the Milstein Building.
The Franklin Building, named after Rosalind Franklin, was formally opened in 2001 by David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville. The Milstein Building was named after César Milstein, and had a modular design with separate laboratory (46,000 sq ft) and administration blocks (21,000 sq ft). In the same year, CAT listed on the NASDAQ.
When AstraZeneca acquired CAT in June 2006, plans were announced to occupy a new building on Granta Park, GP15, offering a further . Refurbishment of this building took approximately 18 months and the building was officially opened, in November 2008, with the name Aaron Klug Building.
Acquisitions
Aptein Inc.
On 15 July 1998, CAT completed the acquisition of Aptein Inc. This acquisition "...further strengthened its world leading position in antibody display technology...giving CAT controlling patents in the field of polysome display. Polysome display involves the use of polysomes, a type of molecule responsible for protein synthesis within the human body, to display functional antibody proteins in vitro.". Three years later David Glover, CAT's Chief Medical Officer at the time, summarised the acquisition as one which essentially acquired Aptein's patent estate
"Under the terms of the agreement CAT purchased the issued share capital and outstanding share options and warrants of Aptein for a total consideration of up to $11 million satisfied by the issue of up to 2.366 million CAT shares (an implied CAT share price of 278p.) $6 million of the consideration was satisfied by the issue of 1.290 million CAT shares on closing. The balance of the consideration of up to $5 million will be satisfied by the issue of up to 1.076 million CAT shares after Aptein's European patents have been sustained through opposition or appeal. In accordance with accounting standards the cost of acquiring this new technology has been capitalised and will be written off over the lives of the patents concerned.".
Aptein was founded by Glenn Kawasaki, who is currently, amongst other positions, CEO at Accium BioSciences.
According to an article published in Nature in 2002, that focused on the automation of proteomics,..."Normally, an mRNA molecule passes through the ribosome-like ticker-tape and is released, along with the newly synthesised protein molecule, when a sequence of three bases known as a 'stop codon' is reached. In Aptein's technology, stop codons are eliminated so that the completed antibody and its mRNA remain bound together on the ribosome. The system, which CAT is now optimising, is entirely cell-free and so is more amenable to automation. This should make it possible to construct libraries that are orders of magnitude larger than those created using phage display."
CAT published on their optimisation work with Ribosome Display, including:
The discovery of tralokinumab, a therapeutic antibody against IL-13.
An improved method for eukaryotic ribosome display
A comparison of phage and ribosome display approaches for improving antibody affinity and stability showing the advantages of ribosome display
The use of ribosome display to optimise pharmacology and "developability" of therapeutic proteins
CAT used extensive data sets from ribosome display to patent protect their anti-IL-13 monoclonal antibody, CAT-354, in a world-first of sequence-activity-relationship claims.
Drug Royalty Corporation Inc.
In 1994, CAT signed a royalty deal with Drug Royalty Corporation Inc. (DRC) such that DRC would receive future royalty revenue from CAT's products.
In January 2002, CAT made a share-based offer to buy DRC for £55 million so that it could buy out this royalty obligation. CAT valued DRC at C$3.00 a share, and this offer was initially recommended by the board of directors of DRC. On 8 March 2002 the investment company Inwest made a competing offer valuing DRC at C$3.05 per share. CAT's offer would see DRC shareholders receiving CAT shares whilst Inwest's offer would see the DRC shareholder receiving cash. DRC's board of directors changed their decision and recommended Inwest's offer. After a number of deadline extensions from CAT the offer from Inwest was accepted by the DRC shareholders. Inwest purchased DRC on 2 May 2002, and the company began operating as a private entity that continues operation today as DRI Capital.
As a result of this failure to purchase DRC, CAT's right to buy back royalty interest was triggered at a cost to CAT of C$14 million (£6.2 million) by way of 463,818 CAT shares.
Oxford Glycosciences
On 23 January 2003 CAT made a share-based offer for Oxford Glycosciences (OGS) and at an Extraordinary General Meeting shareholders voted to approve the merger. In March of this year CAT saw a decline in its share price. Discussions regarding the applicability of the royalty offset provisions for HUMIRA with Abbott Laboratories had started, and these had a negative impact on the CAT share price depressing the value of CAT's offer.
On 26 February 2003 the British-based biotechnology group Celltech subsequently made a hostile £101 million cash offer for OGS and began buying OGS shares. Some reported that this activity represented the UK biotechnology industry's first-ever bidding war. Despite this improved offer from Celltech, OGS continued to recommend the CAT offer.
Celltech continued to buy OGS shares and the OGS board pressed CAT to improve the terms of its offer as the Celltech shareholding reached 10.55%. OGS became alarmed that Celltech's share purchase would prompt CAT to walk away because, under takeover rules, it would not be able to forcibly purchase the 10.55 per cent stake Celltech owned. CAT failed to improve the terms of its bid forcing OGS to abandon the agreement.
Celltech continued buying shares and, as their stake reached 25%, so the board of OGS met to reluctantly recommend the Celltech offer. Celltech completed the purchase of OGS in April 2003. Some newspapers reported that the failure of the bid by CAT would means that CAT would have to cut some of its workforce. Celltech was itself purchased by the Belgian drugmaker UCB in mid-2004.
Genencor
On 1 November 2005 CAT announced it was acquiring two anti-CD22 immunotoxin products from Genencor, namely GCR-3888 and GCR-8015. Genencor is the biotechnology division of Danisco and the acquisition meant CAT would hire certain former Genencor key employees to be responsible for the development of the programmes.
GCR-3888 and GCR-8015 were discovered and initially developed by the National Cancer Institute, which is part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Genencor licensed the candidates for hematological malignancies and entered into a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) with the NIH, which will now be continued by CAT. Under the original
licence agreement with the NIH, CAT gained the rights to a portfolio of intellectual property associated with the programs and would pay future royalties to the NIH.
CAT intended to file an Investigational New Drug (IND) application for GCR-8015 in various CD22 positive B-cell malignancies, including Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, following a period of manufacturing development which is expected to be complete by the end of 2006 and to support the NCI's ongoing development of GCR-3888 in Hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) and paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (pALL).
CAT-8015 exhibited a greater affinity for CD22 than its predecessor, CAT-3888 and CAT's language such as "CAT will support the NCI's ongoing development of CAT-3888..." suggested at the time that their focus was on the second generation candidate.
On 16 May 2013, AstraZeneca announced that CAT-8015, now Moxetumumab, has started Phase III clinical trials.
Collaborations
CAT entered into many collaborations with technology and pharmaceutical companies, including:
Searle, 1999 – CAT signed, what was at the time, their biggest deal with Searle, the pharmaceutical arm of Monsanto. In 2000, Pharmacia & Upjohn merged with Monsanto and Searle to create Pharmacia Corporation. In 2003, Pfizer acquired Pharmacia. It is unsure as to whether the deal with Searle generated any clinical candidates.
Human Genome Sciences, 2000. GlaxoSmithKline purchased HGSI in 2012. The deal with Cambridge Antibody Technology generated, amongst others;
An anti-BLyS antibody – registered by HGSI as LymphoStat-B, also known as belimumab, and subsequently branded as Benlysta. On 16 November 2010 HGSI and GlaxoSmithKline announced the vote of the FDA advisory committee to recommend approval of belimumab for systemic lupus erythematosus. On 9 March 2011 the FDA voted 11 to 2 in favour of approving Benlysta "to treat patients with active, autoantibody-positive lupus who are receiving standard therapy, including corticosteroids, antimalarials, immunosuppressives, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs".
An anthrax therapeutic antibody – registered by HGSI as ABthrax, also known as raxibacumab. At the 2 November 2012 meeting of the Anti-Infective Drugs Advisory Committee to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) members "voted 16 to 1 in support of the clinical benefit of raxibacumab for the treatment of inhalational anthrax, with one abstention. In addition, the committee voted 18 – 0 in favour of the risk-benefit profile of raxibacumab".
Two anti-TRAIL receptor antibodies – mapatumumab (HGS-ETR1) and lexatumumab (HGS-ETR2). Early work by CAT and HGS scientists showed that HGS-ETR1 induces cell death in certain tumour types. Following this data, HGS exercised an option to enter into an exclusive development partnership for the antibody.
Genzyme, 2000. CAT held significant strength in the area of TGF beta with two products already – lerdelimumab (CAT-152) and metelimumab (CAT-192). The deal with Genzyme was "a broad strategic alliance to develop and commercialise human monoclonal antibodies directed against TGF-beta." All clinical indications, with the exception of ophthalmic uses, were covered by the agreement.
The deal resulted in fresolimumab (GC1008), a pan-neutralizing IgG4 human antibody directed against all three isoforms of TGF beta, which had the "potential for treating a variety of diseases". In particular Genzyme are currently using fresolimumab in trials involving immunogenic tumours.
The takeover of CAT by AstraZeneca initiated a change of control clause in the 2008 agreement that gives Genzyme the right to buy out rights to a jointly developed experimental lung drug.
In February 2011, Sanofi-Aventis purchased Genzyme for approximately US$20bn.
Immunex Corp, 2000. CAT's proprietary antibody phage display library for the discovery, development and potential commercialisation of human monoclonal antibodies was licensed to Immunex, in return for a licence fee. This deal was expanded in May 2001 where CAT shared more of the risk of drug development – a so-called "profit-sharing" deal. In 2002 Immunex was acquired by Amgen and in December 2003 CAT entered into a new, restructured agreement with Amgen, reportedly focussing in skin disease. It was also reported that, under the terms of the agreement, Amgen had taken responsibility for the further development and marketing of the therapeutic antibody candidates isolated by CAT against two targets on which the parties agreed to collaborate and would bear all the associated costs. In return, CAT received from Amgen an initial fee and potential milestone payments and royalties on future sales. As of February 2004, one candidate had been delivered by CAT to Amgen. A second candidate was the subject of a continuing research program funded by Amgen and conducted by CAT and was to be delivered to Amgen in due course.
Amgen acquired the transgenic mouse company Abgenix meaning that they had access to two different methods of human monoclonal antibody production. As of July 2009, it is not known from which technology any of their monoclonal antibody products in clinical trials have been derived.
AMRAD, 2001. AMRAD subsequently changed its name to Zenyth Therapeutics and, in mid-2006, Zenyth was acquired by CSL Limited. CAT and AMRAD had gone 50:50 with the original deal over the development of an anti-GMCSF-R antibody, which became CAM-3001. After all this corporate manoeuvring, "CSL decided to license its 50% share in the project to MedImmune...MedImmune commenced Phase I clinical trials in December 2007".
Products and pipeline
CAT had a number of significant products in the pipeline. These included:
Adalimumab (D2E7) – a human monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha). This drug went on to be developed and marketed by Abbott Laboratories as Humira®. The royalties payable on Adalimumab sales were subject to a dispute between the two companies. In 2013, Abbott split it business in half, whereby AbbVie became responsible for its research-based pharmaceutical business, and thus Humira. Humira went on to dominate the best-selling drugs lists. In 2016, the best selling drugs list researched by Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, published in March 2017, details that Humira occupied the number 1 position for 2015 ($14.012 billion of sales) and 2016 ($16.078 billion). Whilst for 2017, Abbvie reports that Humira achieved $18.427billion of sales in 2017
Briakinumab (ABT-874) – a human monoclonal antibody to IL-12 and IL-23. This went on to be developed by Abbott Laboratories for treatment of psoriasis and Crohn's disease. On 11 October 2010, Abbott presented positive Phase III data.
Metelimumab (CAT-192) and fresolimumab (GC1008) are human monoclonal antibodies to transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). Initial trials targeted the skin condition scleroderma but, after some unsuccessful clinical trial results, the product was dropped in favour of fresolimumab, which was initially developed by Genzyme. In February 2011, Sanofi-Aventis purchased Genzyme for approximately US$20 billion and, as of March 2013, Sanofi continue to list fresolimumab in their research and development portfolio.
Lerdelimumab is a human monoclonal antibody to TGF beta 2, initially developed to combat fibrotic scarring that results from glaucoma drainage surgery. The drug was branded Trabio, and development was stopped in late 2005 after unsuccessful trial results.
Bertilimumab (CAT-213) is a human monoclonal antibody to eotaxin 1. In January 2007, CAT licensed the drug for treatment of allergy disorders to iCo Therapeutics Inc., who renamed it from CAT-213 to iCo-008.
Mavrilimumab (CAM-3001) – a human monoclonal igG4 antibody to the alpha chain of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF Receptor). In 2007, some elements of the local press suggested this product could be the next HUMIRA. CAM-3001 is currently being developed by MedImmune in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, and mentioned in the rheumatology section of AstraZeneca's pipeline in their 2008 Annual Report. The first clinical trial was initiated by MedImmune in late 2007. In 2017, Kiniksa licensed Mavrilimumab from MedImmune and, in April 2021, Kiniksa outlined the next steps for development of Mavrilimumab - including in COVID-19–related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), giant cell arteritis (GCA), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
Tralokinumab (CAT-354, Adtralza®) – a human monoclonal antibody (IgG4) that potently and specifically neutralises interleukin 13, a T-lymphocyte-derived cytokine that plays a key role in the development and maintenance of the human asthmatic phenotype. CAT-354 was CAT's first antibody to be discovered using ribosome display, and was further developed by developed by MedImmune. Tralokinumab was licensed by AstraZeneca to LEO Pharma for skin diseases in July 2016. On 15 June 2017, Leo Pharma announced that they were starting phase 3 clinical trials with tralokinumab in atopic dermatitis. In April 2021, Leo Pharma announced that it had received positive Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) opinion of Adtralza® (tralokinumab) for the treatment of adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. On 22 June 2021, LEO Pharma announced that the European Commission had approved "Adtralza® (tralokinumab) as the first and only treatment specifically targeting IL-13 for adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis".
Moxetumomab pasudotox (CAT-3888) – CAT-3888 (formerly GCR-3888 and BL22) and CAT-8015 (formerly GCR-8015 and HA22) are both anti-CD22 immunotoxins comprising a modified Pseudomonas exotoxin and an anti-CD22 antibody fragment. CAT acquired these two oncology product candidates in November 2005 from Genencor, a subsidiary of Danisco. CAT-8015 is being developed by MedImmune. In Sept 2018 the US FDA approved it (as Lumoxiti) for some cases of relapsed or refractory hairy cell leukemia (HCL).
CAT-5001 (formerly SS1P) – a Pseudomonas exotoxin immunotoxin that targets mesothelin, which is a cell surface glycoprotein present on normal mesothelial cells that is over-expressed in numerous cancers including pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma, ovarian cancer and pancreatic cancer. CAT-5001 was acquired from Enzon Pharmaceuticals in May 2006.
CAT developed their display technologies further into several patented antibody discovery/functional genomics tools which were named Proximol and ProAb. ProAb was announced in December 1997 and involved high throughput screening of antibody libraries against diseased and non-diseased tissue, whilst Proximol used a free radical enzymatic reaction to label molecules in proximity to a given protein.
In September 1999, it was announced that CAT's Library product and ProAb would each receive Millennium Products status. Of the 4,000 products submitted to the Design Council for these awards, 1,012 were chosen and, to attain Millennium Product status, products had to: open up new opportunities, challenge existing conventions, be environmentally responsible, demonstrate the application of new or existing technology, solve a key problem and show clear user benefits.
Patents
CAT pioneered the application of Phage Display and Ribosome Display technology for the design and development of human monoclonal antibody therapeutics and which was reflected in the breadth of the company's patent portfolio. The Cambridge patent portfolio includes about 40 families of patents, covering both technologies and products.
Three main families of major patents cover Cambridge antibody library and Phage Display technology:
'Winter II' and 'Winter/Huse/Lerner' patents cover Medimmune's processes for generating the collections of human antibody genes that comprise MedImmune Cambridge libraries. MedImmune has patents issued in Europe, South Korea, Japan, Australia and the US and a patent application is pending in Canada. These patents are co-owned by the MRC, The Scripps Research Institute and Stratagene and MedImmune currently has exclusive commercial exploitation rights, subject to certain rights held by the Medical Research Council (MRC), Scripps and Stratagene and their pre-existing licensees.
'McCafferty' covers the process by which human antibodies are displayed on phage (Phage Display) and methods of selecting antibodies to desired targets from libraries. MedImmune has patents issued in Europe, Australia, South Korea and Japan and a patent application is pending in Canada. These patents are co-owned by MedImmune and the MRC.
'Griffiths' covers the use of Phage Display technology to isolate human anti-self' antibodies that specifically bind to molecules found in the human body. CAT has patents issued in Australia, Europe and the US and patent applications are pending in Canada and Japan. This patent is co-owned by MedImmune Cambridge and the MRC.
In 2011 "The High Court of England and Wales has ruled that two patents (EP 0774511 and EP 2055777) owned by MedImmune that describe methods of phage display are invalid because of obviousness."
List of Patents
Patent Dispute with MorphoSys
The German biotechnology company MorphoSys generates human antibodies using its phage display-based 'HuCal' (Human Combinatorial Antibody Library) technology. In the late 1990s both companies found themselves jockeying for strong IP position in the area of therapeutic human antibody generation by way of a specific dispute (details on MorphoSys page).
The long, and protracted, dispute resulted which was eventually settled in late 2002 when some argued the settlement was enforced by an industry cash crunch. The 'delighted' CEO at the time, Peter Chambré, reflected that the deal put an end to the distraction to both parties caused by the litigation.
Publications
Scientists at CAT pioneered the use of phage display such that variable antibody domains could be expressed on filamentous phage antibodies, as reported in a key Nature publication, "Phage antibodies: filamentous phage displaying antibody variable domains".
Other key CAT publications included:
Management and notable people
CAT was founded by David Chiswell MBE and Sir Greg Winter, with major scientific contributions from John McCafferty.
Sir Greg Winter FRS is credited with invented techniques to both humanise (1986) and, later, to fully humanise using phage display, antibodies for therapeutic uses. Previously, antibodies had been derived from mice, which made them difficult to use in human therapeutics because the human immune system had anti-mouse reactions to them. For these developments Winter was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with George Smith and Frances Arnold.
Dave Chiswell OBE was responsible for operational management of CAT from 1990 to 2002, including time as chief executive officer from 1996 to 2002. Chiswell announced he was standing down from CAT on 26 November 2001. During his time at CAT, Chiswell had established himself as a significant character in the biotechnology business. In 2003, Chiswell became chairman of the BioIndustry Association, and in June 2006 was awarded an OBE for services to the UK Bioscience Industry in the UK and Overseas.
CAT was governed by a board and, latterly, a Scientific Advisory Board. Members included:
César Milstein CH FRS, a Nobel prize-winning biochemist in the field of antibody research. Milstein shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1984 with Niels Jerne and Georges Köhler.
Sir Aaron Klug OM FRS FMedSci HonFRMS, a Nobel prize-winning laureate, was a British chemist and biophysicist, and winner of the 1982 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy. He sat on both the board and the scientific advisory board.
Professor Peter Garland – appointed as a non-executive director in 1990, then became non-executive chairman of the board in 1995. Garland has been the Chief Executive of Institute of Cancer Research, 1989–99 and was a fellow of University College London.
Dr Paul Nicholson – replaced Peter Garland as chairman in 2003. Nicholson was chairman when AstraZeneca bought CAT.
Peter Chambré replaced Dave Chiswell as CEO in early 2002. Chambré had been the CEO of Bespak PLC since May 1994 and, in July 2000, became the chief operating officer of the genomics company Celera. After CAT, Chambré went on to hold a number of positions including Chairman of ApaTech Ltd., and, in September 2006, was appointed non-executive director of BTG plc and Spectrics pls and also advisor to 3i Group plc. As of July 2019, Chambré holds seven board and advisor roles including Chairman of the Board of Directors at immatics biotechnologies, Chairman of the Board of Directors at Cancer Research Technology, and Member of the Board of Directors at Spectris plc.
John McCafferty developed much of the phage display technology used by CAT. McCafferty left CAT to start a group at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute where, as part of the ATLAS project, his group demonstrated the potential for large-scale high-throughput generation and validation of monoclonal antibodies. This work built on CAT's ProAb technology. McCafferty founded a new therapeutic antibody discovery biotechnology company, IONTAS Ltd. In 2018, McCafferty's 1990 phage research paper was cited by the Nobel committee when awarding the chemistry prize to Sir Gregory Winter, George Smith and Frances Arnold.
Kevin Johnson joined CAT in 1990, contributed to the discovery of D2E7, played a key role in CAT's initial public offering (IPO) and, by July 1997, was appointed to the Board as Research Director. In 2000, Johnson became Chief Technology Officer responsible for exploitation and development of CAT's technology platforms. In November 2002, CAT announced its intention to seek independent financing for its development of the application of antibodies on microarrays for personalised medicine, as this fell outside CAT's focus on therapeutic antibodies and Johnson positively spearheaded this push. In the event it was not possible to procure finance for this activity and, as a result, microarray activity at CAT was terminated. Johnson is currently a partner at medicxi, a venture capital firm focused on life sciences investments based on the asset-centric approach to investing. He was formerly with Index Ventures, having joined the venture capital firm in 2010.
Jane Osbourn OBE joined CAT as a senior scientist in 1993. Osbourn was a co-author of several, high-impact publications to come out of CAT. When merged with MedImmune, after the acquisition by AstraZeneca, Osbourn became the site leader of MedImmune Cambridge. Osbourn went on to chair the UK's BioIndustry Association in 2015 and, in 2019, was awarded the Order of the British Empire medal for services to "Human Monoclonal Antibody Drug Research and Development and Biotechnology".
Awards
CAT's most significant award was the Prix Galien, awarded for outstanding achievement in product and technology development, in recognition of its creativity in the development of novel human monoclonal antibody therapeutics especially in relation to its product CAT-152, which was used to treat fibrotic scarring in certain ophthalmology conditions.
See also
Pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom
References
Pharmaceutical companies disestablished in 2007
British companies established in 1989
Companies based in Cambridge
Pharmaceutical companies of England
$
AstraZeneca
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
1989 establishments in England |
44498461 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June%201946%20French%20legislative%20election%20in%20Guinea | June 1946 French legislative election in Guinea | Elections to the French National Assembly were held in Guinea on 2 June 1946.
Electoral system
The two seats allocated to the constituency were elected on two separate electoral rolls; French citizens elected one MP from the first college, whilst non-citizens elected one MP in the second college.
Results
First College
Second College
References
Guinea
1946 06
1946 in French Guinea
Guinea
1946 |
44498463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Alex%20Cabin | Mike Alex Cabin | The Mike Alex Cabin is a historic log cabin in Eklutna, Alaska. Located across from Eklutna's Russian Orthodox churches in the center of the community, it was built in 1925 for Mike Alex, the last traditional clan chieftain of the Athabaskan people in Eklutna. It consists of three sides of an originally square log structure, to which a log addition was made in the 1930s, removing one of the original four walls. The building was around that time also topped by a new gable roof. It is, along with the older church, a reminder of the people's history.
The cabin was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Anchorage, Alaska
References
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Alaska
Houses in Anchorage, Alaska
Log cabins in the United States
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Anchorage, Alaska
Log buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Alaska |
23574423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Boyer | George Boyer | George R. Boyer (born c. 1954) is Professor of Labor Economics in the School of Industrial and Labor Relations at Cornell University. He is best known for his work in the field of economic history, and in particular his research on the English poor laws of the 18th and 19th centuries.
Career
Boyer received a B.A. in economics and history from the College of William and Mary in 1976 and a Ph.D. in economics from the University of Wisconsin in 1982.
Boyer has been a faculty member in Cornell University's School of Industrial and Labor Relations since 1982. He has also been a visiting professor in the Department of Economics at the University of Essex.
Boyer is associate editor of the Industrial and Labor Relations Review and has been a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Economic History and of Social Science History.
Research on the English Poor Laws
Boyer is arguably best known for his extensive research on the English poor laws, culminating in his 1990 book, An Economic History of the English Poor Law, 1750-1850 (published by Cambridge University Press).
Using tools and concepts from economics, Boyer explores in his book the political motivation for the adoption of poor laws in 18th century England, the geographic variation in poor relief administered during that period, and the demographic impacts of these laws. The book challenges many previously held beliefs about poor laws, and argues that the adoption of such laws was a rational response to changing conditions in agricultural England at the time.
In a review of the book published in the Journal of Economic Literature, Martha Olney observes that "Boyer follows the methodological precepts of what has long since stopped being the "new" economic history: explicit theorizing subjected to empirical testing with historical data" (page 1535). While Olney cautions that "it is unclear whether his results will stand up to the poking and prodding his models' assumptions call for" (page 1535-1536), she nonetheless argues that "Boyer has written a commendable book" (page 1535) and that "any student of contemporary or historical systems of poor relief is well advised to place this book near the top of her required reading" (page 1536).
In another review of the book published in the American Journal of Legal History, James W. Ely, Jr. notes that, "In his carefully reasoned monograph, George R. Boyer provides an economic assessment of the poor laws before 1834 and offers an revisionist account of relief policy" (page 340). While Ely highlights some shortcomings in the text, he concludes that "Boyer has authored a provocative work which contributes to the rich literature on the English poor laws. His economic analysis will be helpful to the study of English poor relief policies" (page 342).
In addition to his book on the subject, Boyer has written articles on various aspects of English poor relief in economics and history journals including the Journal of Political Economy, the Journal of Economic History, and Explorations in Economic History.
In more recent work, Boyer is exploring the evolution of social welfare policies in the UK in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Works
Books
An Economic History of the English Poor Law, 1750–1850, Cambridge University Press (1990) [Held in 528 libraries according to WorldCat].
Selected peer-reviewed journal articles
"The Trade Boards Act of 1909 and the Alleviation of Household Poverty" (with Jessica S. Bean), British Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 47, no. 2 (2009): pp. 240–264.
"Poverty Among the Elderly in Late Victorian England" (with T. P. Schmidle), Economic History Review, vol. 62, no. 2 (2009): pp. 249–278.
"Unemployment and the UK Labour Market Before, During and After the Golden Age" (with Timothy J. Hatton), European Review of Economic History, vol. 9, no. 1 (2005): pp. 35–60.
"The Evolution of Unemployment Relief in Great Britain," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, vol. 34, no. 3 (2004): pp. 393–433.
"New Estimates of British Unemployment, 1870-1913" (with Timothy J. Hatton), Journal of Economic History, vol. 62, no. 3: pp. 643–675.
"The Development of the Neoclassical Tradition in Labor Economics" (with Robert S. Smith), Industrial and Labor Relations Review, vol. 54, no. 2 (2001): pp. 199–223.
"The Historical Background of the Communist Manifesto," Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 12, no. 4 (1998): pp. 151–174.
"The Influence of London on Labor Markets in Southern England, 1830-1914," Social Science History, vol. 22, no. 3, (1998): pp. 257–285.
"Migration and Labour Market Integration in Late Nineteenth-Century England and Wales" (with Timothy J. Hatton), Economic History Review, vol. 50, no. 4 (1997): pp. 697–734.
"Poor Relief, Informal Assistance, and Short Time During the Lancashire Cotton Famine," Explorations in Economic History, vol. 34, no. 1 (1997): pp. 56–76.
"Labour Migration in Southern and Eastern England, 1861-1901" European Review of Economic History, vol. 1, no. 2 (1997): pp. 191–215.
"The Union Wage Effect in Late Nineteenth Century Britain" (with Timothy J. Hatton and Roy Bailey), Economica, vol. 61, no. 4 (1994): pp. 435–446.
"Malthus Was Right After All: Poor Relief and Birth Rates in Southeastern England," Journal of Political Economy, vol. 97, no. 1 (1989): pp. 93–114.
"What Did Unions Do in Nineteenth Century Britain?," Journal of Economic History, vol. 48, no. 2 (1988): pp. 319–332.
"The Poor Law, Migration, and Economic Growth" Journal of Economic History, vol. 46, no. 2 (1986): pp. 419–430.
"An Economic Model of the English Poor Law Circa 1780-1834," Explorations in Economic History, vol. 22, no. 2 (1985): pp. 129–167.
References
Cornell University faculty
21st-century American economists
College of William & Mary alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
1950s births
Living people |
17335064 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar%20420%20and%20Daimler%20Sovereign%20%281966%E2%80%931969%29 | Jaguar 420 and Daimler Sovereign (1966–1969) | The Jaguar 420 (pronounced "four-twenty") and its Daimler Sovereign equivalent were introduced at the October 1966 London Motor Show and produced for two years as the ultimate expression of a series of "compact sporting saloons" offered by Jaguar throughout that decade, all of which shared the same wheelbase. Developed from the Jaguar S-Type, the 420 cost around £200 more than that model and effectively ended buyer interest in it, although the S-Type continued to be sold alongside the 420/Sovereign until both were supplanted by the Jaguar XJ6 late in 1968.
Pedigree
The 420/Sovereign traces its origins back to the Jaguar Mark 2, which was introduced in 1959 and sold through most of the 1960s. The Mark 2 had a live rear axle and was powered by the XK six-cylinder engine first used in the Jaguar XK120 of 1948. The Mark 2 was available in 2.4, 3.4 and 3.8-litre engine capacities.
In 1961 Jaguar launched two new models with the triple SU carburettor version of the 3.8-litre XK engine and independent rear suspension: the Mark X (pronounced "mark ten") saloon and the E-Type sports car. Both cars used versions of the Jaguar independent rear suspension system, the Mark X having a track and the E-Type a track. In 1965 the Mark X and E-Type were updated with a new 4.2-litre version of the XK engine, still using triple carburettors.
In 1963 Jaguar introduced the Jaguar S-Type as a development of the Mark 2. It used a new intermediate-width, version of the independent rear suspension in place of the live rear axle of the Mark 2. Other differences from the Mark 2 were extended rear bodywork to provide for a larger boot, a changed roofline for more rear seat passenger headroom, a slightly plusher interior and detail differences around the nose. The S-Type was available with either 3.4 or 3.8-litre XK engines (only 3.8-litre in US) but in twin-carburettor form because the triple-carburettor setup would not readily fit into what was essentially still the Mark 2 engine bay.
James Taylor suggests four reasons why Jaguar boss Sir William Lyons might have decided to add yet another model to an already extensive Jaguar range:
sales of the Mark X were disappointing; the car was widely seen as being too big and cumbersome and a smaller car with similar standards of technical sophistication and luxury he thought could be more successful
demands for more luxurious features would add weight to any future models, forcing the drive towards a 4.2-litre-engined compact saloon
a combination of the 4.2-litre engine with the compact saloon body was expected to have market appeal
aesthetic objections to the controversially styled S-Type were known to be harming its sales.
Consequently, Lyons initiated development of a new saloon based on the S-Type, retaining its 54-inch independent rear suspension but adding a twin-carburettor version of the 4.2-litre powerplant and frontal styling more akin to that of the Mark X. The new car was released in August 1966 in the form of two badge-engineered models, the Jaguar 420 and the Daimler Sovereign equivalent.
Design
Styling
The starting point for design of the 420/Sovereign was the Jaguar S-Type, which had been in production since 1963 but whose styling had never met with universal acceptance.
In styling terms, the 420/Sovereign was essentially an S-Type with that car's curvaceous nose made much more linear, the better to match its rear styling (which was not altered). Contouring around its four lamps was relatively subtle, with small peaks over each, and its flat frontage sloped forward slightly. The square grille with central divider matched that of the 420G, (which was the new name given to the Mark X at the time of the 420/Sovereign's release). The low-set fog lamps of the Mark 2 and S-Type were replaced by a pair of inner headlamps at the same level as the main headlamps. The inner lamps were lit on main beam only. Dummy horn grilles were added below each inner headlamp to break up what would otherwise have been a large expanse of flat metal on either side of the radiator grille. The tops of the front wheel arches were flattened to match the squarer lines of the nose. The slimline bumpers dispensed with the centre dip which had characterised the bumpers of the Mark 2 and S-Type. All this was done to improve the car's aesthetic balance compared with the S-Type and to create a family resemblance to the Mark X/420G, changes which Sir William could not afford (in either time or money) when the S-Type was designed. No attempt was made to give the 420/Sovereign the same front-hinged bonnet as the Mark X/420G and it retained a rear-hinged bonnet of similar dimensions to those of the S-Type and Mark 2.
Interior
Changes to the S-Type's interior to create the 420/Sovereign were driven mainly by safety considerations, with the wood cappings on the doors and dashboard replaced with padded Rexine and a wooden garnish rail on the tops of the door linings. The clock was relocated from the tachometer to the centre of the dashboard top rail, where it was powered by its own battery. The S-Type's pull out map tray below the central instrument panel was not carried over although the 420 retained the same central console and under-dash parcel tray. The seats of the 420 were of slightly different proportions from the S-Type, although they appeared very similar.
Engine
The 4.2-litre XK engine of the 420/Sovereign was fitted with the straight port cylinder head and 3/8-inch lift cams. Compression ratios of 7:1, 8:1 and 9:1 could be specified according to local fuel quality, the difference being obtained by varying the crown design of the pistons. The engine was fed by just two carburettors and developed a claimed gross at 5,500 rpm, which was less than the triple-carburettor version in the 420G and E-Type. The maximum torque of the engine at was virtually the same as that of the triple-carburettor version yet was achieved at 3,750 rpm rather than 4,000 rpm.
The factory-quoted horsepower rating of was measured using the SAE (gross) system current in the USA at the time the 420/Sovereign was sold there. The SAE (gross) system excluded many accessory drives and often used non-standard induction and exhaust systems and so was replaced by the more accurate SAE (net) system in 1972, long after the 420/Sovereign had gone out of production. Reference states that the DIN horsepower rating of the 1977 USA specification 4.2-litre Series II XJ6 was equivalent to 180 bhp. The DIN system yields horsepower ratings which, for most technical purposes, are the same as those that would be obtained using the SAE (net) system. However, the 1977 test would have included power-sapping emissions equipment not present on the 420/Sovereign. Therefore, the SAE (net) power rating of the 420/Sovereign must have lain somewhere between 180 bhp and 245 bhp.
Mechanical
A novel mechanical feature that the 420/Sovereign shared with the 420G was Marles Varamatic power steering, which was offered as an option on the 420 but was standard on the Sovereign. Built by Adwest Engineering Co Ltd of Reading, England, it was a "cam and roller" system in which the non-constant pitch of the cam resulted in a variable steering ratio, with the lowest gearing being at the straight ahead, rising rapidly to either lock. The rise in gearing (equivalent to a drop in ratio from 21.6:1 to 13:1) occurred almost entirely within the first half turn of the steering wheel from the straight-ahead position. The effect was to give very light and relaxed steering at the straight ahead, with quick reaction when cornering. There was no adjustment in the behaviour of the steering in reaction to road speed. A very few of the last S-Types were similarly equipped.
Other mechanical refinements the 420/Sovereign had over the S-Type included:
replacement of the Borg Warner Type 35 automatic transmission with the stronger Model 8
a more efficient cross-flow radiator in place of the S-Type's smaller vertical flow type
a dual-line hydraulic braking system replacing the S-Type's single line system
twin 2-inch HD8 SU carburettors (cf. the S-Type's twin 1.75-inch HD6 SUs)
brake discs featuring a peripheral cast-iron anti-squeal ring
a Holset "Torquatrol" viscous coupled engine cooling fan
negative earthing, the S-Type was positive earth
a pre-engaged starter instead of a Bendix pinion
an alternator rather than the S-Type's dynamo
Performance
Contemporary road tests indicate that the performance of the 420 and Sovereign was very highly thought of.
A Motor (UK) road test in May 1967 reported:
A North American perspective was provided by Road & Track, whose December 1967 report concluded:
A road test by Wheels (Australia) in August 1967 enthused:
In terms of performance measured under test conditions, 0–60 mph in under 10 seconds and a top speed of more than were typical. Such performance figures were superior to those of many of the 4.2-litre XJ6 models that followed. Among the few exceptions the testers took was to its 15–16 mpg average fuel consumption, which even for the late 1960s was rather high. Combined with the modest size of its two 7 Imperial gallon (31.75 litre) fuel tanks, such fuel consumption gave the model a touring range of only around 250 miles (403 km).
Daimler
Whereas the Daimler 2½-litre V8 released in 1962 differed from the Jaguar Mark 2 in having a genuine Daimler engine, only the Sovereign's badging and aspects of interior trim differentiated it from the 420.
The market perception of the two marques Daimler and Jaguar, which the material differences between them sought to foster, was that the Daimler represented luxury motoring for the discerning and more mature gentleman whereas the Jaguar was a sporting saloon aimed at a somewhat younger clientele. In the Daimler model range, the Sovereign filled a gap between the 2½-litre V8 and the larger and more conservatively styled 4½-litre Majestic Major. Prices in the UK of the basic 420 and Sovereign, as quoted in the Motor magazine of October 1966 were:
Manual o/d – Jaguar £1615, Daimler £1724Automatic – Jaguar £1678, Daimler £1787
In return for the ≈6.5 % difference in price, the Daimler purchaser obtained only a few substantive advantages but would have considered the cachet of the Daimler badge to be well worth the extra money; indeed the Daimler name attracted buyers who disliked the Jaguar's racier image. By the same token, rather than being unable to afford the difference for a Daimler, those who chose the Jaguar are unlikely to have regarded the Daimler as something they would wish to own anyway.
In total, the Daimler differed from the Jaguar in having:
a plastic insert on the rear number plate housing bearing the Daimler name. On the 420 the cast number plate housing bore the Jaguar name and on the Sovereign this remained beneath the plastic "Daimler" insert
wheel trim centres, horn button, oil filler cap and seat belt clasps carrying the stylised D rather than the title Jaguar, a Jaguar’s head ('growler') or no badging at all
ribbed camshaft covers bearing the inscription ‘Daimler’ rather than ‘Jaguar’, (although earlier versions shared the same polished alloy covers)
all of the 420 extras as standard, including a heated rear window, overdrive on manual transmission cars and power assisted steering
a flying D mascot at the forward edge of the bonnet in place of the leaping cat Jaguar mascot ('leaper') above the radiator grille
a fluted radiator grille with stylised D badge in place of the smooth crowned and Jaguar-badged grille
arguably more carefully selected and matched walnut veneer trim
higher grade Vaumol ventilated leather seat centre sections
better quality covers for the sun visors
Differentiation
Difficulty in differentiating the 420/Sovereign from other Jaguar/Daimler models has meant that they are less well known than other Browns Lane products of the era. Even some Jaguar enthusiasts are unsure exactly where and when the 420/Sovereign fitted into the Jaguar range.
At the same time as the 420 was released, Jaguar added a chrome side strip and side repeater indicator to the Mark X and a centre bar to its grille. Along with alterations to the interior, these changes were used to justify renaming it the 420G ("G" for Grand). The Motor magazine of October 1966 referred to the 420G as "still one of the best looking large cars in the world today" and commented on the similarity of its new radiator grille to that of the 420. Given the similarity between both the names and frontal styling of the 420 and 420G, the casual observer might be forgiven for mistaking one for the other.
In 1968 the Daimler DS420 limousine began to be produced, carrying a similarly styled grille to the Sovereign and using the 4.2-litre Jaguar engine in twin carburettor form, and also undergoing final assembly at Jaguar's Browns Lane factory in Coventry, England. Although this car was based on a modified 420G floorpan rather than that of the 420, the existence of a third Jaguar-manufactured model with "420" in its name provides further scope for confusion.
Similar confusion arises with regard to the Daimler Sovereign. From late 1969 its Series I Jaguar XJ6-based successor continued with the Daimler Sovereign name until 1983, when the "Sovereign" model name was instead applied to the high-specification version of the Jaguar (which by then was into its Series III XJ6 iteration).
Demise
In 1967, its first full year of production, the 420/Sovereign easily outsold the other Jaguar saloon models still in production (the 240 and 340 Jaguar Mark 2s, Daimler 250 V8, Jaguar S-Type and 420G) and effectively ended buyer interest in the S-Type. Nevertheless, relatively few were made in total due to the fact that the Coventry factory stopped making the Jaguar 420 in 1968, just over two years after production began and with just 10,236 produced. The Daimler Sovereign continued into 1969 and 5,824 were sold.
In 1968, 420/Sovereign sales were again well in excess of those of the S-Type and 420G but it was outsold by the resurgent Jaguar Mark 2/Daimler 250. By this time, many potential 420/Sovereign buyers were hanging back to wait for the new Jaguar XJ6. Introduced late in 1968, the XJ6 was slightly larger than the 420 and swept it from the Jaguar range along with the Mark 2 and S-Type, although the Daimler 250 remained in production into 1969 and the 420G lasted until 1970.
The decision by Sir William Lyons to base the Jaguar XJ6 on the engine, suspension and approximate dimensions of the 420/Sovereign showed his faith in the 420/Sovereign formula as the best way to rationalise the company's saloon car range. In that way, the 420/Sovereign became a victim of its own success.
The Jaguar 420 ceased production at Browns Lane in September 1968 and the Daimler Sovereign in July 1969, although CKD ("completely knocked down") Jaguar 420 kits were supplied as late as November 1968 for assembly by Jaguar Cars South Africa Ltd.
Scale models
As yet, no diecast model of either the 420 or Sovereign has been produced.
Airfix produced a 1/32 scale plastic kit of the 420 during the car's production run in 1968, which was reissued in 2021.
MPC models released the Airfix 1/32 scale plastic kit of the 420 during the 1960s / early 1970's, kit No. 1006-100
Neo Scale Models currently produce a 1:43 resin moulded model of the 420 and also a Sovereign version.
Specifications
External links
Further reading
Ball, Kenneth. Jaguar S Type, 420 1963–68 Autobook, Autopress
Harvey, Chris. Great Marques – Jaguar, Octopus Books
References
420
Sovereign
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Full-size vehicles
Luxury vehicles
Sports sedans
Cars introduced in 1966 |
17335075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Ford%20Bell%20Library | James Ford Bell Library | The James Ford Bell Library is a special collection of the University of Minnesota Libraries located on the University of Minnesota Minneapolis campus. It is named for its first donor and patron James Ford Bell, founder of the General Mills Corporation in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The collection consists of some 40,000 rare books, maps, manuscripts, broadsides, pamphlets and other materials documenting the history and impact of international trade and cultural exchange in the pre-modern era, before ca. 1800. Its materials range in date from 400 CE to 1825 CE, with the bulk of the collection concentrated between the years 1450 and 1790, the early modern period. The library is known for its globe gores copy of the 1507 Waldseemuller world map, and it acquired a copy of the 1602 Impossible Black Tulip Chinese world map in 2009. The scope of the collection is global and more than 15 languages are represented.
The library was founded at the University of Minnesota in 1953 and was located first in Walter Library. It moved to the newly constructed Wilson Library in 1968. In March 2018, the Bell moved again to its current location in the university's Elmer L. Andersen Library building.
The Associates of the James Ford Bell Library was established in 1963 as friends group that contributes to the support of the library and sponsors events and publications. The library has a variety of publications and since 1964 has sponsored an annual public lecture series: the James Ford Bell Lecture.
Curators
Dr. John "Jack" Parker, 1953-1991
Dr. Carol Urness, 1991-2001
Dr. Brian Fryckenberg, 2003
Dr. Marguerite Ragnow, 2005–present
References
The James Ford Bell Library: An annotated catalog of original source materials relating to the history of European expansion, 1400-1800 Minneapolis, Minn.: James Ford Bell Library, University of Minnesota, 1994.
James Ford Bell and his books: the nucleus of a library. Minneapolis, Minn. : Associates of the James Ford Bell Library, University of Minnesota, 1993.
A book for Jack: words to, by and about John Parker, curator of the James Ford Bell Library, University of Minnesota, edited by Carol Urness. Minneapolis/St. Paul: Associates of the James Ford Bell Library, 1991.
The world for a marketplace : episodes in the history of European expansion : commemorating the 25th anniversary of the James Ford Bell Library, by John Parker. Minneapolis: Associates of the James Ford Bell Library, 1978.
The Manifest : a newsletter to the Associates of the James Ford Bell Library, Wilson Library, University of Minnesota.
The merchant explorer: a commentary on selected recent acquisitions. 1961-
External links
James Ford Bell Library
1953 establishments in Minnesota
Libraries established in 1953
Libraries in Minnesota
Research libraries in the United States
Special collections libraries in the United States
University and college academic libraries in the United States
University of Minnesota |
17335086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blister%20%28disambiguation%29 | Blister (disambiguation) | A blister is a small pocket of fluid in the upper layer of the skin caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, light, radiation, or friction
Blister may also refer to:
Anti-torpedo bulge, also known as an anti-torpedo blister
Blister (TV series)
Blister (band), a Norwegian band
Blister (Portuguese band)
Blister pack, a type of packaging
Blistering, an online heavy metal and hard rock magazine
"Blister", a song by Jimmy Eat World from the album Clarity
"Blisters", a song by Neurosis from the album The Word as Law
"Blisters", a song by War from the album Deliver the Word
An asymmetrical spinnaker
Another name for a mustard plaster |
23574428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holbrook%20%28electoral%20division%29 | Holbrook (electoral division) | Holbrook is an electoral division of West Sussex in the United Kingdom and returns one member to sit on West Sussex County Council. The current County Councillor, Peter Catchpole, is also Cabinet Member for Adults' Services.
Extent
The division covers the northern part of the town of Horsham.
It comprises the following Horsham District wards: Holbrook East Ward and Holbrook West Ward; and of the following civil parishes: the western part of North Horsham and the northern part of Horsham.
Election results
2013 Election
Results of the election held on 2 May 2013:
2009 Election
Results of the election held on 4 June 2009:
2005 Election
Results of the election held on 5 May 2005:
References
Election Results - West Sussex County Council
External links
West Sussex County Council
Election Maps
Electoral Divisions of West Sussex |
44498470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Doozers | The Doozers | The Doozers is a computer animated television series created by The Jim Henson Company. It is a spin-off of Fraggle Rock.
The series originally premiered in Australia on Nick Jr. on October 7, 2013. The series began its US run as a Hulu exclusive on April 25, 2014.
On September 12, 2017, it was renewed for a second season. It premiered on May 25, 2018.
Plot
In the self-sustainable community of Doozer Creek located just beyond the view of humans, the show focuses on the Doozer Pod Squad (consisting of Daisy Wheel, Flex, Spike, and Mollybolt).
Characters
Main
TBA
Chief's family
Chief Doozer (voiced by Heather Bambrick) – The Chief of Doozer Creek who is the mother of Spike Doozer and Daisy Wheel Doozer.
Daisy Wheel Doozer (voiced by Millie Davis) – Daisy Wheel Doozer is the youngest and smallest of the Doozer Pod Squad. She is the younger sister of Spike Doozer and the daughter of Chief Doozer. She has a blue nose and blue hair and wears a purple hat, socks and shirt.
Spike Doozer (voiced by Jacob Ewaniuk) – Spike is the member of the Pod Squad who pushes the other Pod Squad members into action. He is the son of Chief Doozer and the older brother of Daisy Wheel Doozer. He has a brown nose and brown hair and wears a blue hat, socks and wristbands.
Architect's family
Chief Architect Doozer – the wife of Baker and mother of Molly.
Baker Timberbolt Doozer (voiced by David Berni) – The father of Molly Bolt Doozer and the husband of Chief Architect Doozer. He runs the bakery shop in Doozer Creek.
Molly Bolt Doozer (voiced by Jenna Warren) – Molly Bolt Doozer is a Pod Squad member who enjoys organizing events. She can also make lists, maps, and graphs. She has a purple nose and purple hair and wears a pink hat, socks and shirt.
Peg Bolt Doozer (voiced by Lisa Norton)
Others
Flex Doozer (voiced by Trek Buccino in season 1 and Tyler Barish in season 2) – Flex lives on his grandparents farm and uses his room as his workshop. Flex pilots the Pod Squad's vehicles. He has a yellow nose and yellow hair and wears an orange hat, socks and wristbands.
Doozer Doodad (voiced by David Berni) – Manager of the Doozer Creek supply depot, where the Pod Squad gets the supplies for their projects.
Pinball Gimbal (voiced by Lisa Norton) –
Professor Gimbal wears glasses and has a purplish-white color in his nose and hair, wearing a light blue helmet. He manages the Doozarium, where the Pod Squad meet. He issues challenges, and makes suggestions, for various projects for the Pod Squad to complete.
Baxter was advertised for the series but has not appeared yet. He had a brown nose and brown hair.
Voice cast
David Berni – Baker Timberbolt Doozer and Doozer Doodad
Trek Buccino – Flex Doozer
Tyler Barish - Flex Doozer
Jaxon Mercey - Spike Doozer
Millie Davis – Daisy Wheel Doozer
Jacob Ewaniuk – Spike Doozer
Lisa Norton as Peg Bolt and Pinball Gimbal
Jenna Warren – Molly Bolt Doozer
The voice director is Merle Ann Ridley.
Development
The series was produced by The Jim Henson Company with DHX Media (now WildBrain). The series was presented for sale at television industry conference MIPTV in 2009. A March 2009 press announcement stated that test animation was being made, with the series to comprise 52 eleven-minute episodes (or 26 half-hour broadcast episodes). Production was originally planned for fall of 2009 with release estimated for fall 2010; however production was delayed as the Henson Company continued to seek out broadcasters.
Episodes
Season 1
"Project Radish-A-Pult" – A gust of wind knocks a large branch onto a bridge in Doozer Creek, blocking the path and halting construction of a new wind turbine.
"Pod Squad Boogey" – The Pod Squad is performing in the Starlight Concert, but when they hear other Doozers singing, the group decides they need to do something to stand out.
"Jetpack Away" – When Daisy Wheel's jetpack goes on the fritz, Flex volunteers to fix it. But he makes it so fast that it flies out of her reach and all over Doozer Creek.
"Follow Your Nose" – After a huge order at the bakery is cancelled, Molly's Dad, Baker Timberbolt, is left with 100 extra Smackleberry muffins. The Pod Squad run all over town trying to get rid of the muffins.
"Bubbles" – The Pod Squad invents the Cleanamajigger, the ultimate cleaning machine that's a combination vacuum/floor polisher/bubble sprayer and scrubber.
"Mega Magnet Mover" – Flex is making a clock for his Grandpa's birthday. But as he goes to put the finishing touches on his design, he realizes he's lost his Doodriver.
"Zip It" – Spike is interrupted in the middle of finishing his new zip line outside the Doozerium when the Pod Squad needs to go help out at the Peach Harvest.
"Green Thumbs" – Inspired by Professor Gimbal, the Doozers learn to build a garden that goes up, instead of out, and now there's plenty of room for all the plants.
"Be Leaf It" – The Fall Foliage Festival was a success, but now the Pod Squad needs to figure out what to do with all the spare leaves they've collected.
"Spookypalooza" – It's Spookypalooza! The Pod Squad makes the spookiest pumpkin ever by stacking three pumpkins together.
"An Itch You Can't Scratch" – Professor Gimbal is getting rid of some of his old inventions, but he's bummed that he has to throw them out. That's when the Pod Squad decides to re-purpose them in a whole new way.
"Doozer Derby" – Doozer Creek is hosting the Doozer Derby, a design-your-own Doozer Derby Cart race. The Pod Squad want to enter but they can't settle on one design.
"Dancing Doodad" – There's a big dance tonight in Doozer Creek and every Doozer will be there....every Doozer but Doozer Doodad, that is.
"A Doozer of a Dippleplant" – With the help of Flex's grandpa, the Pod Squad is on track to grow the largest dippleplant in Doozer history!
"Home Tweet Home" – Molly's house has a new tenant....a bird! Working together, the Pod Squad designs the ultimate home for their new friend, but soon realize that maybe a 'Doozer' house isn't what the bird had in mind.
"Doozers Amusers" – The Pod Squad is thrilled when Professor Gimbal introduces them to his new baby nephew, Pinball. There's just one problem – the baby won't laugh or even smile!
"Safe from Sound" – At home, Spike and Daisy Wheel are startled by a horrible screeching sound – and it's coming from inside the house! It's their mom, learning a new instrument called the Doozeedoo!
"A Sticky Situation" – The Pod Squad is busy working away at a new playground in Doozer Creek when Professor Gimbal slips on the bridge and gets stuck in a termite mound fort!
"Gift for Gimbal" – The Pod Squad want to get Professor Gimbal a gift, but what do you give the Doozer that has everything? Playing detective, they follow him around Doozer Creek, collecting clues about what he might like.
"Catch a Ride" – Everyone in the Pod Squad has their own vehicle except Molly. After trying out her friends' rides, the group decide to create a custom vehicle made especially for her.
"Little Feats" – Being the smallest, Daisy Wheel has to make two trips to carry as much as the bigger kids, but she doesn't mind because that mean more time to explore the world around her.
"Flex Art" – There's an art festival in Doozer Creek and every Doozer is busy creating their own masterpiece....everyone except Flex. He's more of an inventor than an artist, and he's totally stumped. With a little help from Doozer Deidra, the town artist, Flex learns that art can be anything and gets busy building his own unique piece de resistance.
"Butterfly Away" – The monarch butterflies are making their annual migration through Doozer Creek when Daisy Wheel notices a single butterfly still lingering in town. The Pod Squad decides to help get the butterfly back to the others without scaring it away.
"The Legend of Doozer Creek" – It's a big Pod Squad sleepover at Molly's house! The gang wants to hear a spooky story! Baker Timber Bolt obliges, reading a classic: The Legend of Doozer Creek. It's how Spookypalooza came to be celebrated in Doozer Creek!
"Mystery Box" – Professor Gimbal gives the Pod Squad a curious present-a Mystery Box with a surprise inside. Now they just have to figure out how to open this strange-looking box!
"Detective Doozers" – Professor Gimbal is tired and frustrated. He can't figure out how to finish his latest invention. To make matters worse, his old inventions are going missing. The Pod Squad volunteer to figure out what happened to the missing items and become ...The Detective Squad! They soon discover Professor Gimbal has been stealing....in his sleep!
"Up, Up and Away"
"Hiccup-a-Majig"
"Cake Walk" – Molly and her Mom and Dad made a huge cake for a contest but the cake carrier is too small. So it's up to The Pod Squad to build a cake carrier that will be easy to carry to the contest.
"The Eggcellent"
"Pod Ball"
"Enter the Ditzies"
"Doozermahoozit"
"Trouble Below"
"Daisy Wheel on Ice" – Daisy Wheel is tired of falling on the ice when she's trying to learn how to skate. So The Pod Squad build Daisy a Doo-Step Skating Dress that will keep her from falling down.
"The Gingerbread House" – The Pod Squad want to build a giant gingerbread house that they can all fit inside. But how can they build it if it keeps falling to pieces?
"Mapping Quest"
"Dune Buddies"
"Big Stars"
"Light Where It's Dark"
"The Pod Squad Pavilion"
"Doozers on Parade"
"Doozers Re-Users"
"It's a Breeze"
"Three's a Team"
"Sky High Doozers"
"A Windy Wonder"
"Short Order Doozers" – After Molly's dad is having a hard time by giving every single Doozer a sandwich, She and The Pod Squad try to figure out a faster way to give everybody their sandwich.
"The Blue Beaker"
"Picture Perfect"
"In a Fog"
"Starry Night"
Season 2
"Dirty Driving Doozers"
"Gift-spiration"
"Key Ingredients"
"Doozers Unplugged"
"Blue Beaker Sneaker"
"Dandelion Dilemma"
"Get Creative"
"Crash Test Doozers"
"Danger in Doozer Creek"
"The Rainbow Connection"
"Cocoon Season"
"If It Falls"
"Stage Plight"
"Oh BeeHive"
"Doosquatch"
"Level Up"
"Holed Up"
"In a Jam"
"Doocathlon"
"Sand Sliders"
References
External links
The Doozers at Muppet Wiki
Fraggle Rock
2014 American television series debuts
2014 Canadian television series debuts
2018 American television series endings
2018 Canadian television series endings
2010s American animated television series
2010s American workplace comedy television series
2010s Canadian animated television series
2010s Canadian workplace comedy television series
American animated television spin-offs
American children's animated comedy television series
American children's animated fantasy television series
American computer-animated television series
Animated television series about children
Animated television series about families
Animated television series about siblings
Canadian animated television spin-offs
Canadian children's animated comedy television series
Canadian children's animated fantasy television series
Canadian computer-animated television series
English-language television shows
Fictional construction workers
Hulu original programming
Television series by DHX Media
Television series by The Jim Henson Company
TVOntario original programming
Hulu children's programming |
17335091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingate%20Hayes | Wingate Hayes | Wingate Hayes (1823–1877) was Speaker of the Rhode Island House of Representatives and U.S. District Attorney for the district of Rhode Island during the American Civil War.
In 1823 Wingate Hayes was born in Farmington, New Hampshire to John and Sarah Hayes. Hayes graduated from Brown University in 1844 and then studied in the office of Richard Ward Greene in Rhode Island. He was admitted to the bar in 1847. Hayes served on the Providence City Council and in the Rhode Island House of Representatives, where he was elected Speaker, serving from 1859 to 1860. Hayes also served as assistant adjutant general and division inspector, with rank of colonel. President Abraham Lincoln appointed Hayes to be the U.S. District Attorney for Rhode Island serving from 1861 to 1871. President Andrew Johnson tried unsuccessfully to replace Hayes, and Hayes eventually resigned to private practice. He mentored and later partnered with future Rhode Island Supreme Court Chief Justice Charles Matteson. Hayes was also involved in various railroads and other enterprises. He died in 1877.
References and external links
Abraham Payne Reminiscences of the Rhode Island Bar (Tibbitts & Preston: Providence, 1885), 227-232 (accessed on Google Book Search)
Rhode Island Speakers of the House of Representatives
People from Farmington, New Hampshire
Providence City Council members
Members of the Rhode Island House of Representatives
Speakers of the Rhode Island House of Representatives
Brown University alumni
Businesspeople from Rhode Island
United States Attorneys for the District of Rhode Island
1823 births
1877 deaths
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American businesspeople |
23574433 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen%20Sussman | Jen Sussman | Jen Sussman (born 8 August 1937, Nanking, China – died 8 August 2002, Vero Beach, Florida), was an artist, graphic designer and children's book illustrator.
Sussman worked as graphic designer for Time Life Books, Raymond Loewy (Paris) and George Nelson & Company (New York). She was also proprietor of her own design firm, Jen Sussman Holdings Ltd, whose clients included Gillette and Pantone.
She created the children's character Muggy based on her own pug. Muggy was briefly the Mascot of the Los Angeles Children's Museum, portrayed on the museum's official poster and other items.
In 1985 she created the artwork for a series of books for children, written by her husband Barth Jules Sussman, and initially sold through the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, and the Book of the Month Club, and in 1997, the artwork for a Muggy CD-based Coloring Book.
Books
Muggy Au Cirque: Hachette Jeunesse, Paris, 1985.
Muggy Recontre Bibi: Hachette Jeunesse, Paris, 1985.
La Journee de Muggy: Hachette Jeunesse, Paris, 1985.
Muggy: CD-ROM Coloring Book for Children – Muggy Press
EPUB picture books:
Muggy the Happy Pug – A Lovely Day
Muggy the Happy Pug – Muggy Meets Bibi
Muggy the Happy Pug – Muggy Goes to the Circus
References
1937 births
2002 deaths
American illustrators |
20471881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma%20Moodie | Alma Moodie | Alma Mary Templeton Moodie (12 September 18987 March 1943) was an Australian violinist who established an excellent reputation in Germany in the 1920s and 1930s. She was regarded as the foremost female violinist during the inter-war years, and she premiered violin concertos by Kurt Atterberg, Hans Pfitzner and Ernst Krenek. She and Max Rostal were regarded as the greatest proponents of the Carl Flesch tradition. She became a teacher at the Hoch Conservatory in Frankfurt. However, Alma Moodie made no recordings, and she appears in very few reference sources. Despite her former renown, her name became virtually unknown for many years. She appeared in earlier editions of Grove's and Baker's Dictionaries, but does not appear in the more recent editions.
Biography
Alma Mary Templeton Moodie was born on 12 September 1898 in regional Queensland, Australia, the daughter of William Templeton Moodie and his wife Susan (née McClafferty). Some sources say she was born in Mount Morgan, others in Rockhampton.
She was an only child. Her father, an ironmonger from Ayrshire, Scotland, died on 9 July 1899, when she was less than one year old. Her mother, a music teacher, was the daughter of Irish immigrants.
She studied violin at Mount Morgan, being taught initially by her widowed mother from a very young age, and from the age of 5 by Louis D’Hage in Rockhampton. She appeared in public recitals at age 6 – a performance in Rockhampton in October 1904 was described by a local reporter from The Morning Bulletin, "Her rendering of Renard's 'Berceuse,' accompanied on the piano by Herr Hage, showed the possibility of surprising musical gifts being developed at an extremely young age. The executive ability displayed in this, and an encore piece – 'Canzonetta' (Daube) – was certainly remarkable." In 1905 she passed her violin examinations with distinction achieving the maximum score.
In 1907, aged 9, she gained a scholarship to the Brussels Conservatory, where she studied with Oskar Back for three years, under the general guidance of César Thomson (later, when she had achieved fame, Back and Thomson would both claim to have been her primary teacher). She was accompanied by her mother, who remained with her until her death when Alma was aged 20. In 1913 she was recommended to Max Reger, who, after hearing her play, wrote to his patron Duke George of Sachsen-Meiningen:
In Meiningen, Eisenach and Hildburghausen Alma Moodie played concertos with Reger conducting, and she appeared in recital with him. Reger also recommended her to other concert organisers. In 1914, he dedicated to her his Präludium und Fuge for solo violin, Op. 131a, No. 4. The Regers had no children, and Max and Alma became like father and daughter for some time. Her mother had planned to return to Australia, leaving Alma in the care of Max and Elsa Reger, but the start of World War I meant she could not leave Europe. The Moodies stayed in Meiningen for the first few months of the war, and then moved to Brussels. Reger died in 1916, without ever seeing Alma again. Times were very hard in Brussels for Alma and her mother. Alma became thin and ill, and claimed she did not touch her violin for four years. Her mother died of consumption or influenza in the spring of 1918.
Alma returned to Germany in October 1918, where she lived in a 12th-century castle in the Harz mountains as ward of Fürst Christian Ernst zu Stolberg und Wernigerode. It is not known how she came to be associated with him. However, it was while here that she met her future husband. She wanted to resume her violin playing, which had badly deteriorated during the war, and made contact with Carl Flesch in November 1919, who agreed to accept her as a pupil. She continued having lessons with Flesch throughout her travelling career and after the birth of her son. Flesch had a special fondness for Alma Moodie (he wrote 'amongst all the pupils in my course I liked Alma Moodie best').
She made Germany her home, and never returned to Australia. In Berlin on 6 November 1919, with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra under Max von Schillings, she premiered the Violin Concerto in E minor, Op. 7 of Kurt Atterberg. In the 1922–23 season, she played ninety concerts, seventy of them in seven months, in a tour that took her to Switzerland, Italy, Paris, Berlin, and 'the Orient'.
From 1922 (or earlier), the Swiss businessman Werner Reinhart became a driving force in her career and she became a regular visitor to his homes in Winterthur and other places, where she came into contact with most of the prominent names in the contemporary music scene of the day. It was Reinhart who gave her a Guarnerius violin that had previously been owned by Fritz Kreisler. Through Reinhart, in 1923 she met the poet Rainer Maria Rilke, who was greatly impressed with her playing. He wrote in a letter: "What a sound, what richness, what determination. That and the "Sonnets to Orpheus", those were two strings of the same voice. And she plays mostly Bach! Muzot has received its musical christening...." And it was through Reinhart that she attended and performed at many of the International Society for Contemporary Music (ISCM)'s festivals.
She championed the music of Hans Pfitzner and he dedicated his Violin Concerto in B minor, Op. 34 (1923) to her. She premiered it in Nuremberg, on 4 June 1924, with the composer conducting. Moodie became its leading exponent, and performed it over 50 times in Germany with conductors such as Pfitzner, Wilhelm Furtwängler, Hans Knappertsbusch, Hermann Scherchen, Karl Muck, Carl Schuricht, and Fritz Busch. At that time, the Pfitzner concerto was considered the most important addition to the violin concerto repertoire since the first concerto of Max Bruch, although it has slipped from the repertoire of most violinists these days.
Between 1921 and her death in 1943, Alma Moodie often appeared with the Latvian pianist and composer Eduard Erdmann, for example in Pfitzner's Violin Sonata, which was dedicated to Moodie. Erdmann's own Sonata for Solo Violin, Op. 12 (1921) was dedicated to her, and she premiered it in Berlin in October 1921. The Australian-English critic Walter J. Turner wrote of a recital he heard them play in London in April 1934, 'it was the best violin piano duo that I have ever heard'. Their last concert together was given on 4 March 1943, three days before her death, when they were in the middle of the cycle of Beethoven sonatas.
Ernst Krenek married Anna Mahler (the daughter of Gustav Mahler) in March 1924, when Krenek was completing his Violin Concerto No. 1, Op. 29. Alma Moodie assisted Krenek, not with the scoring of the violin part, but with getting financial assistance from Werner Reinhart at a time when there was hyper-inflation in Germany. In gratitude, Krenek dedicated the concerto to Moodie, and she premiered it on 5 January 1925, in Dessau. In the meantime, Krenek's marriage to Anna Mahler had collapsed, and their divorce became final a few days after the premiere. Krenek did not attend the premiere, but he did have an affair with Moodie which has been described as "short-lived and complicated". He never managed to hear her play the concerto, but he did "immortalize some aspects of her personality in the character of Anita in his opera Jonny spielt auf". Krenek also dedicated his Sonata for Solo Violin, Op. 33 to Alma Moodie in 1924.
Igor Stravinsky arranged a suite of excerpts from Pulcinella for violin and piano, calling it "Suite from themes, fragments and pieces by Pergolesi". Alma Moodie premiered it with the composer in Frankfurt on 25 November 1925, and they played it on a number of other public occasions. They also played it at Werner Reinhart's home in Winterthur. Stravinsky described her as "excellent". He may also have intended a pair of arrangements from The Firebird with Moodie in mind.
Arthur Nikisch wrote of her to Carl Flesch from Leipzig in December 1925: "For me, this girl is a phenomenon artistically so delightful that I regard it as my natural duty to promote the interests of this blessed creature as much as I am able". Leopold Auer also heard her and held her in very high regard.
Alma Moodie was considered one of the most important interpreters of Brahms's works for violin. Hermann Reutter quotes her as saying "One must be at least forty to understand the greatness and depth of expression in Brahms' music." Reutter participated in many concerts with Alma Moodie, and dedicated his Rhapsodie for violin and piano, Op. 51 (1939), to her.
On 18 December 1927, she married Alexander Balthasar Alfred Spengler, a German lawyer, becoming the third of his six wives, and they had two children. They initially lived in Cologne. He was indifferent to her career, and she was tired from incessant travelling, so she performed less often after that. She taught violin at the Hoch Conservatory in Frankfurt, where she continued Carl Flesch's teaching tradition. Her students included Günter Kehr, Maria Thomán (daughter of István Thomán), Leah Luboschutz, May Harrison, Irma Seyde and Thelma Given.
Spengler was often travelling abroad; when he was home, he was demanding and unfaithful. Alma took to drinking and smoking, and found that she needed sleeping pills; later, her bow arm started to tremble uncontrollably, leading to more drinking and more sleeping pills.
Alma Moodie died on 7 March 1943, aged 44, during an air raid on Frankfurt, although the bombs were not the cause of her death. A doctor reported that she died accidentally of a thrombosis brought on by the mixture of alcohol and pills she had taken, but a number of her close friends believed her death to be suicide. Her obituary by the critic Karl Holl concluded: "Her violin playing has been silenced. But it leaves behind a ring of rare purity. Her name will always remain as that of a feminine personality in the history of music".
Concerto performances
In addition to the performances mentioned above, Alma Moodie's appearances included:
Bach Double Violin Concerto in D minor
with Georg Kulenkampff and the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra (BPO) (15 December 1927)
with Riele Queling and the BPO under Wilhelm Furtwängler (Berlin, December 1933)
Bach Concerto in E major
at the Musikkollegium (Winterthur, 25 October 1922)
with Furtwängler (Hamburg, 1933)
Brahms Concerto in D major:
with the Meininger Hofkapelle under Max Reger (Eisenach, 6 December 1913; Hildburghausen, 7 December; Meiningen, 9 December; at these concerts she also played Reger's Suite im alten Stil, Op. 93, with the composer at the piano)
under Volkmar Andreae (Zürich, November 1921)
with the London Symphony Orchestra under Bruno Walter (London)
Busoni concerto (London, 1934) (this is possibly the same occasion as her appearance in London on 12 April 1934 with the London Philharmonic Orchestra under Sir Thomas Beecham)
Dvořák Concerto in A minor (Duisburg, October 1921; Carl Flesch made a detour in his own touring schedule just to hear her)
Glazunov Concerto in A minor with Furtwängler (Vienna, November 1921)
Lalo Symphonie espagnole, BPO (Berlin, 12 December 1919)
Mendelssohn Concerto in E minor with Furtwängler (Leipzig, 1923)
Mozart "D major concerto" (this could refer to either No. 2 or No. 4) under Peter Hagel, BPO (Berlin, 12 December 1919)
Paganini D major concerto under Max von Schillings, BPO (Berlin, 6 November 1919)
Pfitzner Concerto in B minor (Berlin and Leipzig 1924; her 50th performance was in Flensburg, March 1929; Gewandhaus, Leipzig, January 1935)
Max von Schillings's Violin Concerto, Op. 25, composer conducting BPO (Berlin, 12 December 1919)
Posthumous recognition
In 1943, Karl Höller wrote his Violin Sonata No. 2 in G minor, Op. 33 in memory of Alma Moodie.
The Australian composer David Osborne wrote a violin concerto titled Pictures of Alma, which was premiered on 30 May 2010 by Rochelle Bryson and the Raga Dolls Salon Orchestra, at the Iwaki Auditorium, ABC Southbank Centre, Melbourne. Osborne explained in a pre-performance interview broadcast on ABC Classic FM that the work sought to depict Alma Moodie in music at various stages of her life. He named it Pictures of Alma as he understood there were no surviving pictures of her, but he has since learned there are.
References
Further reading
Dreyfus, Kay (2013). Bluebeard's Bride: Alma Moodie, violinist. Parkwood, Victoria: Lyrebird Press. .
External links
Was Alma Moodie Australia's greatest violinist? ABC Radio National interview with Michael Cathcart and Kay Dreyfus, author of Bluebeard's Bride: Alma Moodie, Violinist. Lyrebird Press (2013).
1898 births
1943 deaths
People from Rockhampton
Australian classical violinists
Australian expatriates in Germany
Royal Conservatory of Brussels alumni
Hoch Conservatory faculty
20th-century classical violinists
20th-century Australian musicians
Women classical violinists
20th-century women musicians
Drug-related deaths in Germany
Deaths from thrombosis |
23574438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical%20Statistics%20of%20the%20United%20States | Historical Statistics of the United States | Historical Statistics of the United States (HSUS) is a compendium of statistics about United States. Published by the United States Census Bureau until 1975, it is now published by Cambridge University Press.
The last free version, the Bicentennial Edition, appeared in two volumes in 1975 and is now available online.
The current commercial version deals with Population, Work and Welfare, Economic Structure and Performance, Economic Sectors and Governance & International Relations, respectively, in five volumes.
The fully searchable and downloadable electronic edition was developed by Data Software Research Company (DSRC) for Cambridge University Press.
References
External links
The last free edition, available from the US Census Bureau
Online Edition
United States Census Bureau
Cambridge University Press books |
17335101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gert%20Mittring | Gert Mittring | Gert Mittring (born May 26, 1966 in Stuttgart) is a German mental calculator. He was inspired by the late Wim Klein. He has competed in the MSO mental calculation event every year since 2004, failing to win the gold medal outright on only four occasions. He has held numerous world records for mental calculation, such as calculating the 89247th root of a 1000000 digit number. He has doctorates in statistics and mathematics education, and is a member of the Intelligence Research Committee of Intertel. Mittring is said to have been poor in math during his school years. He has written several books on mental calculation.
References
Bredenkamp, J., Klein, K.-M., von Hayn, S. & Vaterrodt, B. (1988). Gedächtnispsychologische Untersuchungen eines Rechenkünstlers. Sprache und Kognition, 7, S. 69–83.
Bredenkamp, J. (1990). Kognitionspsychologische Untersuchungen eines Rechenkünstlers. In: H. Feger (Hg.): Wissenschaft und Verantwortung. Hogrefe, Göttingen
Bredenkamp, J. & Klein, K.-M. (1996). Strategien und Arbeitsgedächtnis eines Rechenkünstlers.
External links
Gert Mittring's official site
TV Total 2014
Deutschlands Superhirn 2016
World record root extraction 2015
World record prime number extraction 2013
MSO interview 2015
Mental calculators
People from Stuttgart
1966 births
Living people
Mensans |
20471882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald%20Jones%20%28cricketer%29 | Ronald Jones (cricketer) | Ronald Jones (9 September 1938 – 30 April 2019) was an English cricketer who played a single game of first-class cricket, for Worcestershire against Cambridge University in 1955, in which he scored 2 and 23.
Notes
References
English cricketers
Worcestershire cricketers
1938 births
2019 deaths
Cricketers from Wolverhampton |
23574439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolumnia%20variegata | Tolumnia variegata | Tolumnia variegata, the harlequin dancing-lady orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to the Caribbean. It is the most widespread species of the genus, ranging from the Virgin Islands in the eastern Caribbean westward to Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Cuba and the Cayman Islands. Plants occur mostly on small branches of shrubs and small trees, often in secondary habitats, in dry to wet regions from near sea level to 800 m elevation. It is not found in Jamaica.
References
External links
variegata |
17335111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Dutil | Robert Dutil | Robert Dutil is a Canadian businessman and politician, who was a Quebec Liberal Party member of the National Assembly of Quebec from 1985 to 1994 and from 2008 to 2015.
Background
He was born in Saint-Georges, Quebec on April 16, 1950. He is the grandson of politician Édouard Lacroix and the brother of businessman Marcel Dutil.
Education
Dutil obtained a bachelor's degree in physical education in 1973 and a master's degree in business administration in 1982 both from Laval University.
Local politics
Dutil served in the Saint-Georges City Council as a city councillor from 1975 to 1979 and as mayor from 1979 to 1985. He was a prefect for the Beauce-Sartigan Regional County Municipality from 1982 to 1985.
Member of the provincial legislature
He ran as a Liberal candidate in the provincial district of Beauce-Sud in the 1985 election and won. He was appointed to Premier Robert Bourassa's cabinet in 1985 and was in charge of different portfolios, including communications and supply and services. He was re-elected in the 1989 election, but did not run for re-election in the 1994 election.
In 2008, Dutil founded the Union du centre political party; however, later that year he was elected as the Liberal candidate in the 2008 election in his old district of Beauce-Sud, and the Union du centre party later dissolved without ever running candidates for office.
Dutil became revenue minister on December 18, 2008, replacing Jean-Marc Fournier who did not seek a re-election. Following a 2010 cabinet shuffle, Dutil was named minister of public safety, replacing Jacques Dupuis.
He announced his resignation from the legislature in September 2015.
Business interests
Since 2002, Dutil has been vice-president of Structal-ponts, a division of Canam Manac Group. He was also in the 1970s and 1980s co-owner of several businesses mostly in the Saint-Georges area. He was also president or vice-president for several other small businesses from 1996 to 2008.
Footnotes
External links
1950 births
Living people
Mayors of places in Quebec
Members of the Executive Council of Quebec
People from Saint-Georges, Quebec
Quebec Liberal Party MNAs
Université Laval alumni
21st-century Canadian politicians |
17335115 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanagan%20High%20School | Flanagan High School | Flanagan High School may mean:
Charles W. Flanagan High School, a school in Pembroke Pines, Broward County, Florida
Flanagan-Cornell High School, the high school of Flanagan-Cornell Unit 74 in Flanagan, Livingston County, Illinois, and named Flanagan High School before 2008 |
23574442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyantonde%20District | Lyantonde District | Lyantonde District is a district in southern Central Uganda. It is named after the 'chief town' of the district, Lyantonde, where the district headquarters are located.
Location
Lyantonde District is bordered by Sembabule District to the north and northeast, Lwengo District to the east, Rakai District to the south, and Kiruhura District to the west. The 'chief town' of the district, Lyantonde, is located approximately , by road, west of the city of Masaka, the largest metropolitan area in the sub-region. The coordinates of the district are: 00 25S, 31 10E.
History
The district is composed on one county, Kabula County. Prior to 2007, Kabula County was part of Rakai District. In 2007, the county was split off of Rakai District and given autonomous district status.
Population
In 1991, the national population census estimated the population of the district at about 53,100. During the next census in 2002, the population of Lyantonde District was estimated at about 66,000 with an annual population growth rate of 1.9%. In 2012 the district population was estimated at about 80,200.
Economic activities
Agriculture being the major source of livelihood for the population in Lyantonde District. A variety of crops are grown in the district, both for subsistence and economic purposes. The crops grown include:
Cattle are the main livestock kept by farmers in Lyantonde. It is estimated that there are 83,700 of cattle in the District. Other animals that are raised include goats, sheep, pigs and poultry.
Community health
The district has a heavy disease burden. The most prevalent challenges include:
See also
Lyantonde
Central Region, Uganda
Districts of Uganda
References
External links
Lyantonde District Has One Hospital
Districts of Uganda
Central Region, Uganda |
17335172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerplus | Enerplus | Enerplus Corporation is one of Canada’s largest independent oil and gas producers. The company holds oil and natural gas property interest in the United States and in western Canada, in the provinces of Alberta, British Columbia and Saskatchewan. The company is based out of Calgary, Alberta and trades on both the Toronto Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange. It was Canada's first income trust.
History
Enerplus was established in 1986 by Marcel Tremblay, a pension fund manager and John Brussa, a lawyer. It was originally called Enerplus Resources Fund, and it was Canada's first income trust. Its original purpose was to provide income from mature, aging oil and gas assets to retail investors, taking advantage of the tax advantages of the income trust structure. It started trading on the Toronto Stock Exchange in 1986 with a $10 million IPO.
In 1996, Mark Resources renamed itself Enermark, became an income trust, and joined the Enerplus group of companies. This was at the behest of Enerplus's then-CEO, Marcel Tremblay, in response to a hostile take-over attempt. In 2000, Enerplus merged with the Westrock Funds. In 2001, Enermark was merged into Enerplus. In 2004, it bought some of ChevronTexaco's western Canadian assets for $467 million. In 2005, Enerplus acquired American energy company Lyco Energy for $500 million, as part of an expansion strategy into the United States. Lyco held assets in South Dakota and Montana. This was the largest American acquisition by a Canadian oil and gas income trust to that time.
In 2008, Enerplus acquired Focus Energy Trust for $1.4 billion in stock. Focus unit-holders ended up owning 20% of the merged entity. Focus primarily specialized in natural gas production. In 2010, Enerplus sold their Kirby oilsands leases for $400 million, as a move of the company away from the oilsands. Around the same time, the company bought several properties in the Bakken formation in North Dakota for US$456 million.
Enerplus Corporation converted from an income trust to a corporate entity on January 1, 2011, after receiving approval by 98.5% of unitholders. This was done because of changes in the taxation rules for income trusts.
In 2016, Enerplus sold its Alberta natural gas properties for $193 million.
Operations
As of 2015, Enerplus produced 110,800 barrels per day, 55% from natural gas, and 45% from crude oil and other liquids. 75% of production in the United States, and 25% is in Canada. It has three main areas of operation:
The Williston basin: The company produces crude oil from properties in the Fort Berthold area of North Dakota. As of 2017, production was 30,000 barrels per day.
The Marcellus region in Pennsylvania, where the company has shale gas assets, with a 2017 production of around per day
Southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, with 2016 crude oil production of 10,000 barrels per day
See also
Petroleum industry in Canada
Canadian petroleum companies
References
External links
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange
Energy companies of Canada
Companies based in Calgary
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1986
Oil companies of Canada
1986 establishments in Canada |
44498481 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Grand%20Prix%20SAR%20La%20Princesse%20Lalla%20Meryem | 2015 Grand Prix SAR La Princesse Lalla Meryem | The 2015 Grand Prix SAR La Princesse Lalla Meryem was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the 15th edition of the tournament and part of the WTA International tournaments category of the 2015 WTA Tour. It took place at the Royal Tennis Club de Marrakech in Marrakesh, Morocco, between 26 April and 2 May 2015.
Points and prize money
Point distribution
Prize money
Singles main draw entrants
Seeds
1 Rankings as of April 20, 2015
Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
Rita Atik
Daria Kasatkina
Garbiñe Muguruza
The following players received entry as qualifiers:
María Irigoyen
Teliana Pereira
Laura Siegemund
Alison Van Uytvanck
The following player received entry as a lucky loser:
Urszula Radwańska
Withdrawals
Before the tournament
Kiki Bertens → replaced by Lara Arruabarrena
Zarina Diyas → replaced by Tímea Babos
Alexandra Dulgheru → replaced by Donna Vekić
Kirsten Flipkens → replaced by Evgeniya Rodina
Johanna Larsson → replaced by Tatjana Maria
Francesca Schiavone (illness) → replaced by Urszula Radwańska
Peng Shuai → replaced by Marina Erakovic
Doubles main draw entrants
Seeds
1 Rankings as of April 20, 2015
Other entrants
The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:
Rita Atik / Zaineb El Houari
Ghita Benhadi / Ilze Hattingh
Champions
Singles
Elina Svitolina def. Tímea Babos, 7–5, 7–6(7–3)
Doubles
Tímea Babos / Kristina Mladenovic def. Laura Siegemund / Maryna Zanevska, 6–1, 7–6(7–5)
References
External links
Grand Prix SAR La Princesse Lalla Meryem
Morocco Open
2015 in Moroccan tennis |
23574463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show%20Your%20Colors | Show Your Colors | Show Your Colors is the fourth studio album by Finnish metal band Amoral.
Background
Amoral's fourth studio album was announced in November 2008 when the band announced Ari Koivunen as their new front man. On January 21, their first single was put up the band's MySpace account. The first single is entitled Year of the Suckerpunch and the song is clearly distinctive from any of Amoral's previous material, and is built around Ari's higher pitched, clean, melodic voice, as opposed to former vocalist Niko Kalliojärvi's growling death metal vocals. The album was released May 6, 2009.
Track listing
Personnel
Amoral
Ari Koivunen - vocals, backing vocals
Ben Varon - guitar
Silver Ots - guitar
Juhana Karlsson - drums
Pekka Johansson - bass
Additional
Janne Saksa - recording, producing, backing vocals
Svante Forsbäck- mastering
Mika Latvala - piano (10)
Release history
References
External links
Amoral's official website
Spinefarm Records website
Amoral´s MySpace Page
Amoral Street Teams´s MySpace Page
Amoral´s Youtube videos
2009 albums
Amoral (band) albums |
23574464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbana%2C%20Italy | Barbana, Italy | Barbana is a small island located at the northern end of the Grado Lagoon, near Trieste in north-east Italy. It is the site of the Santuario di Barbana, an ancient Marian shrine, whose origins date back to 582 when Elia, the Patriarch of Aquileia, built a church near the hut of a hermit from Treviso named Barbanus. The island, which can be easily reached by ferry from nearby Grado, is populated by a small community of Franciscan friars.
History of the shrine
The foundation of the shrine originates from an image of the Virgin Mary carried in by the sea and found at the foot of an elm after a fierce storm. At that time the site was part of the mainland; the Grado Lagoon was formed between the 5th and 7th centuries.
From the foundation to around 1000, Barbana became an island and the shrine was served by a community of monks unique to the island, called the Barbitani. The original church was destroyed by floods and rebuilt. The image of Mary, too, was lost and in the 11th century was replaced by a wooden statue known as the Madonna mora. This Black Madonna is now housed in the Domus Mariae (House of Mary), a chapel near the main church.
In the 11th century, the care of the shrine was entrusted to Benedictine monks, who served there until the 15th century. They were succeeded by a Franciscan community who built a new church in the 18th century.
Art and architecture
The modern church was built in the Romanesque style at the beginning of the 20th century. Ancient remains include two Roman columns from the first church, and a 10th-century relief portraying Jesus. The crowned statue of Mary dates from the 15th century, while the 17th century is represented by several altars and paintings, including one from the school of Tintoretto.
In the wood near the church a small chapel (the Cappella dell'apparizione) was built in 1854 in the place where the original image of Mary was found.
The baptismal font of the church is supported by a figure of the Devil, sculpted in red marble. It is the work of Claudio Granzotto, a Franciscan friar and noted religious artist of the mid-20th century. He has been beatified by the Catholic Church and is being considered for canonization.
Pilgrimages
Barbana is the destination of many pilgrimages, the most famous being the Perdon de Barbana which is held each July to celebrate the end of a visitation of the plague in Grado in 1237.
See also
List of islands of Italy
Grado
Shrines to the Virgin Mary
References
‘Barbana’, Frati Minori del Veneto e Friuli.
Islands of the Adriatic Sea
Catholic pilgrimage sites
Shrines to the Virgin Mary
Churches in the province of Gorizia
Islands of Friuli-Venezia Giulia |
23574472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Atlantic%20%26%20Pacific%20Tea%20Co.%20v.%20Supermarket%20Equipment%20Corp. | Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp. | Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp., 340 U.S. 147 (1950), is a patent case decided by the United States Supreme Court. The Court held that a patent for a cashier's counter and movable frame for grocery stores was invalid because it was a combination of known elements that added nothing new to the total stock of knowledge.
Background
Patent number 2,242,408 ("the Turnham patent") claimed the invention of a cashier's counter equipped with a three-sided frame with no top or bottom which, when pushed or pulled, moved groceries deposited in it by a customer to the clerk and left them there when pushed back to repeat the operation.
The district court found that, although each element of the device was known to prior art, a counter with an extension to receive a self-unloading tray with which to push the contents of the tray in front of the cashier was a novel feature and constituted a new and useful combination. The Court of Appeals affirmed the district court's decision. Both courts found that every element claimed in the Turnham patent was known to prior art, except the extension of the counter.
Supreme Court decision
The Supreme Court disagreed with the lower courts' conclusion that the extension of the counter constituted an invention because (1) the extension was not mentioned in the claim, (2) an invention cannot be found in a mere elongation of a merchant's counter, and (3) the Turnham patent overclaimed the invention by including old elements, unless together with its other old elements, the extension made up a new patentable combination. The Court explained that the key to the patentability of a mechanical device that brings old factors into cooperation is the presence or lack of invention: "[O]nly when the whole in some way exceeds the sum of its parts is the accumulation of old devices patentable." The Court concluded that the invention claimed by the Turnham patent lacked any "unusual or surprising consequences" from the combination of old elements.
The Court added that patents are intended to add to the sum of useful knowledge, and they cannot be sustained when their effect is to subtract from resources freely available. The Court also emphasized that commercial success without invention is not sufficient for purposes of patentability.
Concurrence
In his concurrence, Justice Douglas stated that to be patentable, an invention must push back the frontiers of science. In his view, the Patent Office took advantage of the opportunity to expand its own jurisdiction and granted patents to inventions that had no place in the constitutional scheme of advancing scientific knowledge.
References
External links
1950 in United States case law
The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company
United States patent case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Vinson Court
Retail point of sale systems |
44498512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adria%20Arjona | Adria Arjona | Adria Arjona Torres (born April 25, 1992) is an actress based in the United States. She played the role of Dorothy Gale in the Oz book adaptation Emerald City (2017) and the role of Anathema Device in the TV adaptation of Good Omens (2019). She has played supporting roles in the films Pacific Rim: Uprising (2018), Life of the Party (2018), Triple Frontier (2019) and a starring role in 6 Underground (2019) and in Morbius (2022).
Early life
Arjona was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and lived in Mexico City until she was twelve. Her mother, Leslie Torres, is Puerto Rican, and her father, Ricardo Arjona, is a Guatemalan singer-songwriter. As a child, her father took her along on his tours, and she traveled often. At age 12, she moved to Miami and lived there until she was 18, when she moved to New York City on her own. There she worked as a waitress and a hostess while studying acting at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute.
Career
Arjona's early TV roles include Emily in season two of the anthology television series True Detective (2015) and Dani Silva in two episodes of the television series Person of Interest (in 2014 and 2015). She later starred in Emerald City as Dorothy Gale and played Anathema Device in the mini-series Good Omens.
Arjona appeared as a minor character in the film Triple Frontier released in March 2019 and later a starring role in the movie 6 Underground, released in December 2019.
In 2021 Arjona starred in Netflix's Sweet Girl alongside Jason Momoa.
In December 2018, Arjona entered negotiations in the Sony spinoff Morbius to portray the film's female lead Martine Bancroft; her involvement was confirmed at the end of January.
In April 2021, Arjona was confirmed to star as the lead with Andy Garcia in the Warner Bros. remake of Father of the Bride. The latest take is told through the relationships in a big, sprawling Cuban American family.
Upcoming projects
In August 2020, Variety confirmed that Arjona has been cast in the upcoming Star Wars series Andor at Disney+. She joins previously announced series lead Diego Luna and Alan Tudyk, both of whom will reprise their roles from the 2016 film Rogue One: A Star Wars Story.
In October 2021, she was set to star in and be the executive producer on drama film Los Firkis written and directed by Tyler Nilson and Michael Schwartz.
Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
References
External links
1992 births
Living people
Actresses from Mexico City
Actresses from Miami
Actresses from New York City
Actresses from San Juan, Puerto Rico
American people of Guatemalan descent
Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute alumni
Puerto Rican film actresses
Puerto Rican television actresses
21st-century American actresses |
44498525 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyvia%2C%20Larissa | Kalyvia, Larissa | Kalyvia (, ) is an Aromanian (Vlach) village of the Elassona municipality. Before the 2011 local government reform it was part of the municipality of Olympos. The 2011 census recorded 467 inhabitants in the village. Kalyvia is a part of the community of Kokkinopilos. Kalyvia is a village in Elassona, in Larissa, in the Central Greece Region of Greece.
Population
According to the 2011 census, the population of the settlement of Kalyvia was 467 people, a decrease of almost 4% compared with the population of the previous census of 2001.
History
Kalyvia was founded during the Ottoman rule of Greece by Vlachs from Kokkinopilos. After World War II and the burning of Kokkinopilos Kalyvia was made a permanent settlement in 1950's.
See also
List of settlements in the Larissa regional unit
References
Aromanian settlements in Greece
Populated places in Larissa (regional unit) |
23574473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive%20Wheeler | Olive Wheeler | Dame Olive Annie Wheeler, DBE (4 May 1886 – 26 September 1963) was a Welsh educationist and psychologist, and Professor of Education at University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, now Cardiff University.
Early life
Born at the High Street in Brecon, Olive Wheeler was the younger daughter of Annie Wheeler, Poole, and her husband, Henry Burford Wheeler. Henry Wheeler was a master printer and publisher. She attended Brecon County School for Girls. She received an Honours Central Welsh Board Certificate in 1904. She attended University College of Wales, Aberystwyth and graduated with a BSc in Chemistry in 1907, and a MSc in 1911. At Aberystwyth she was elected president of the Students' Representative Council. In 1908 she was awarded a double first in a Secondary Teachers Certificate, University of Wales.
Wheeler completed a DSc (Doctor of Science) in Psychology at Bedford College, London (now part of Royal Holloway, University of London) in 1916. She enrolled for the DSc in the Michaelmas term of 1911 at the age of twenty five. Her mother, Annie Wheeler, was a signatory on the form (her father was already dead), along with A. H. Lewis, a Baptist Minister in Brecon, and Uma Wright, Secretary to Brecon Gas Company.
Career
Her first teaching appointment was as lecturer in mental and moral science at Cheltenham Ladies College. She was later appointed to a lectureship in education at the University of Manchester, and served as Dean of the Faculty of Education. In 1921 she applied for the Chair in Education at Swansea University College. Wheeler stood as the Labour candidate for the University of Wales parliamentary constituency in the 1922 general election against Thomas Arthur Lewis. She was President of the Aberystwyth Old Students' Association in 1923–24.
Wheeler was appointed as Professor of Education (Women) at University College at Cardiff in 1925, as well as (temporarily) the Dean of the Faculty of Education. She was the first female head of department in the University of Wales. Her title was officially changed to Professor of Education in 1933. In 1947 she became chairperson of the Welsh Advisory Council on Youth Employment and chairman of the South Wales District of the Workers Education Association.
Wheeler was a fellow of the British Psychological Society. Three years after her retirement in 1951 she went to Canada on a lecture tour.
Damehood
She was created a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1950 New Year Honours for education and social work in Wales, particularly for her work with the University of Wales, the Workers’ Educational Association and the Welsh Joint Education Committee.
Death
She died suddenly in the Kardomah Café in Queen Street, Cardiff on 26 September 1963. In her will she left £27,434. She bequeathed her library of educational materials to Cardiff University, as well as funds to create an annual prize of £500 () to be awarded to the university's top student in the department of education. She left £250 to the South Wales District of the Workers' Educational Association and Park End Presbyterian Church, Cardiff.
Affiliations
Fellow, University of Wales
Bibliography
second edition, 1937.
References
1886 births
1963 deaths
Academics of the University of Manchester
British women academics
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Academics of Cardiff University
People from Brecon
Labour Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
Welsh educational theorists
British psychologists
Alumni of Aberystwyth University
Aberystwyth Old Students' Association
20th-century psychologists |
23574478 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis%20Perrey | Alexis Perrey | Alexis Perrey (1807–1882) was a historical French seismologist and compiler of earthquake catalogs. He is considered a pioneer in this area, having published a paper on earthquakes in Algeria as early as 1848, in the journal Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Dijon. He continued to post annual observations on Algerian earthquakes until 1871.
He suspected a correlation between the moon and seismic activity on earth, and developed his theory with the use of statistics. He found that earth tremors occurred most frequently during full and new moons, when the earth is between the sun and moon, when the moon is between the earth and sun, and when the moon is closest in its orbit to the earth. He also found indications in some cases that the moon had crossed the meridian of affected locales at the time of the earthquake.
References
Further reading
Seismologists
French geologists
1807 births
1882 deaths |
23574485 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83l%C4%83ie%C8%99ti%2C%20Orhei | Mălăiești, Orhei | Mălăiești is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Mălăiești and Tîrzieni.
References
Communes of Orhei District |
44498549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukhraj%20Bafna | Pukhraj Bafna | Pukhraj Bafna is an Indian pediatrician and adolescent health consultant, known for his contributions towards tribal child and adolescent health. The Government of India honored Bafna in 2011, with the fourth highest civilian award of Padma Shri.
Biography
Pukhraj Bafna was born on 14 November 1946 at Rajnandgaon, in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. He graduated in medicine (MBBS) in 1969 from Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College, Jabalpur and continued his studies there to obtain the medical degrees of DCh (1972) and MD (1973) in pediatrics. He has also obtained a doctoral degree from Jain Vishva Bharati University, Ladnun.
Bafna is credited with a book, Status of Tribal Child Health in India. He has also been writing health column for over 40 years (since 1973) in Sabera Sanket, a Hindi language newspaper. He has also attended several seminars and has chaired many conferences.
Pukhraj Bafna has conducted over 500 child health camps and has supported 149 orphaned children in Bastar whose parents lost their lives due to militancy in the area. He lives in Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh.
Awards and recognitions
Pukhraj Bafna is a recipient of the National C. T. Thakkar Award of the Indian Medical Association in 1978 and the Becon International Award in 1986. He has also received the Mahaveer Mahatma Award from the Times of India group and the Academic Excellence Award from the Indian Academy of Pediatrics, both in 2004. Jain Vishva Bharati University Rajasthan and the Government of Kerala have honored Bafna with citations. In 2011, The Government of India included him in the list of Republic day honours for the award of Padma Shri.
See also
References
External links
1946 births
Living people
Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine
People from Rajnandgaon
Indian paediatricians
20th-century Indian medical doctors
Medical doctors from Chhattisgarh |
23574505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piatra%2C%20Orhei | Piatra, Orhei | Piatra is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Jeloboc and Piatra.
References
Communes of Orhei District |
44498620 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moacyrz%C3%A3o | Moacyrzão | Estádio Cláudio Moacir de Azevedo, also known as Moacyrzão, is a stadium in Macaé. It has a maximum capacity of 16,000 spectators. belonging to Macae Prefecture. It is the home of Macaé Esporte Futebol Clube and Serra Macaense FC.
References
Football venues in Rio de Janeiro (state)
Sports venues in Rio de Janeiro (state) |
17335178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfuel | Pfuel | The German ancient noble family of Pfuel (also Pfuhl or Phull) arrived in Brandenburg in the year 926 and later widened their influence to Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Mecklenburg, Pomerania, Württemberg, Westphalia, Eastern Europe and Sweden.
Its members today bear the name "Grafen Bruges-von Pfuel".
Family line
Ancestors' list for direct paternal main line:
Henricus de Puele, c. 1215
Heino de Puele (1282–1307)
Heino von Pule (1306–1349)
Strassen von Pfuel (died 1375)
Otto von Pfuel (1375–1420)
Bertram von Pfuel (born. c. 1405–1410, died 1482), 1440 to 1477 documented
Friedrich von Pfuel (1460–1527)
Bertram von Pfuel (born 1510/1515, died 1574), 1531 to 1574 documented
Friedrich von Pfuel (1545–1594), 1577 to 1587 documented
Bertram von Pfuel (1577–1639), 1597 to 1638 documented
Friedrich Heino von Pfuel (1620–1661)
Christian Friedrich von Pfuel (1653–1702 near Kaiserswerth), Killed in action
Hempo Ludwig von Pfuel (1690–1770 in Gielsdorf)
Ludwig von Pfuel (1718 in Gielsdorf – 1789 in Berlin)
Friedrich von Pfuel (1781 in Jahnsfelde – 1846 in Karlsbad)
Alexander von Pfuel (1825 in Berlin – 1898 in Jahnsfelde)
Heino von Pfuel (1871 in Jahnsfelde – 1916 in Berlin), DOW)
Curt Christoph Graf Bruges-von Pfuel (1907 in Berlin – 2000 in Bonn)
Christian Friedrich Graf Bruges-von Pfuel (born 1942 in Jahnsfelde)
Frederic Alexander Graf Bruges-von Pfuel (born 1978 in Munich)
Estates
Brandenburg
1367 Falkenberg
1375 Werftpfuhl, Altranft
pre-1413 Frankenfelde, Bliesdorf, Reichenow, Möglin, Wollenberg, Schönfeld, Reichenberg, Biesow
1445 Wriezen
1449 Jahnsfelde
1450 Gielsdorf, Grünthal, Leuenberg, Schulzendorf
1472 Trebnitz
1480 Quilitz (Neuhardenberg)
pre-1500 Tempelfelde, Torgelow, Tiefensee, Steinbeck, Quappendorf, Ruhlsdorf, Garzau, Garzin
1529 Friedersdorf
1536 Wilkendorf
pre-1663 Buckow, Hohenfinow, Prötzel, Hasenholz, Dahmsdorf, Obersdorf, Kienitz, Münchehofe
Berlin
Strausberg
1472 Biesdorf
1609 Marzahn
1655 Dahlem
Saxony-Anhalt
1641 Helfta
1654 Polleben
1664 Eisleben, Wimmelburg
1668 Seeben, Muldenstein
1680 Nedlitz
Baden-Württemberg
1787 Obermönsheim
Pomerania
1827 Schwerin
1838 Elmershagen
Bavaria
1991 Tüßling
1991 Gut Mamhofen (Starnberg)
Members
Notable members of the family include:
Adam von Pfuel (1604–1659), Swedish General, later Privy Councillor and General-War commissar in Danish service; son of Adam I. (1562–1626)
Adam Dietrich von Pfuhl, electoral Colonel, Domherr to the Prince-elector of Brandenburg (until 1671), member of the Fruitbearing Society.
Adam Friedrich von Pfuhl (1643–c. 1707), electoral Colonel, owner of the Salt evaporation pond in Kötzschau.
Adam Heinrich Christoph, electoral Colonel, as well as service at the court of the Duke of Saxe-Gotha; hereditary lord of Polleben and Stedern.
Alexander Friedrich von Pfuel (1825–1898), royal Prussian Ritterschaftsrat, Knight of Justice of the Order of Saint John, Lord of Jahnsfelde; married to Anna (1835–1918), daughter of Carl Graf von Brühl, the Superintendent general of the Prussian royal theatres; son of Lieutenant General Friedrich Heinrich Ludwig von Pfuel, as well as father of dragoon officer Heino Friedrich (1871–1916), Lord of Jahnsfelde, DOW in World War I (1916).
Anna-Elisabeth von Pfuel (1909–2005), aunt of Prince Claus of the Netherlands, great-aunt of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands; wife of Julius Freiherr von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen (1906–1977), who was the brother of Baroness Gösta von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen (1902–1996); sister of Curt-Christoph von Pfuel.
Anna Katharine von Pfuel († 1657), daughter of Adam I. (1562–1626); mother of Georg Friedrich von Creytzen; great-grandmother of Countess Katharina Dorothea Finck of Finckenstein (1700–1728), progenitrix of several European imperial and royal families; great-great-grandmother of Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, father of King Christian IX of Denmark.
Anna Maria von Phul (1786–1823), American artist
Arndt Friedrich von Pfuel (1603–1673), Prussian lieutenant colonel; Lord of Schulzendorf, Schmöckwitz and Jahnsfelde.
August Karl von Pfuhl (1794–1874), royal Prussian major general; father of Lieutenant General Emil von Pfuhl
August von Phull (* 1769), royal Wurttembergian Chamberlain, Premier Captain of the Palace Guard (Ober-Schloßhauptmann); son of General of the Artillery (Generalfeldzeugmeister) Friedrich August Heinrich Leberecht von Pfuhl (1735–1818)
August Christoph Adolf von Pfuhl (* 1768), royal treasurer, later senior forestry official (Oberforstmeister) near Trier; son of General Ernst Ludwig von Pfuhl (1716–1798)
Barbara von Pfuel († 1637), mother of Field Marshal Heino Heinrich Graf von Flemming who was married to Dorothea Elisabeth von Pfuel († 1740), daughter of General Georg Adam von Pfuel (1618–1672); grandmother of Adam Friedrich von Flemming, Chamberlain to Augustus II the Strong, and General Johann Georg von Flemming, Saxon electoral Chamberlain.
Carl Ludwig von Pfuel (1725−1804), royal Prussian major general.
Carl Ludwig Wilhelm August von Phull (1723–1793), general of the infantry, Kingdom of Württemberg; father of Lieutenant General Karl Ludwig von Phull (1757–1826)
Catharina Elisabeth von Pfuel (1598–1636), Lady-in-waiting of Maria Eleonora of Sweden; wife of Johan Banér (1596–1641), Swedish Field Marshal in the Thirty Years' War. (see Friedrich Schiller: Wallenstein's Death); sister of Adam von Pfuel (1604–1659)
Christian Friedrich von Pfuel (1653–1702), royal Prussian colonel, Lord of Gielsdorf, Wilkendorf and Jahnsfelde. Killed in action near Kaiserswerth during the War of the Spanish Succession.
Christian-Friedrich von Pfuel, (born 1942), lawyer, protagonist in Sky du Monts 2003 novel Prinz und Paparazzi; grandson of Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg, General der Panzertruppe, Commander-in-chief of Panzer Group West, as well as Inspector General of the Armoured Forces during World War II.
Christian Ludwig von Pfuel (1696–1756), royal Prussian major general of the Infantry.
Curt Christoph von Pfuel (died 1781), High Treasurer (Oberkämmerer) to the Elector of Saxony, highest Privy Councillor and General-War commissar.
Curt-Christoph von Pfuel (1907–2000), Dr.jur., Prussian assessor, member of the Council of Europe, last Fideikommiss, Lord of Jahnsfelde. Married to Blanche Freiin Geyr von Schweppenburg; daughter of Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg. Character in Marie Vassiltchikov's Berlin Diaries, 1940-1945.
Curt Wolf von Pfuel (1849–1936), royal Prussian general of the cavalry, first aide-de-camp to Wilhelm II, German Emperor, Military attaché to Spain, Inspector-General of Military education and training, Chairman of the Central Committee of the German National Red Cross during World War I.
Emil Karl von Pfuel (1821–1894), royal Prussian lieutenant general.
Ernst von Pfuel (1609/10–1659), Doctor of Law, Imperial Count Palatine of Berlin, Advocate at the Kammergericht.
Ernst von Pfuel (1779–1866), royal Prussian general of the infantry, governor of the Canton of Neuchâtel, Governor of Berlin, Cologne and the Prussian sector of Paris, member of the Prussian National Assembly, Prussian Minister of War as well as Prime Minister of Prussia.
Ernst von Pfuhl (1768–1828), Minister of State of the Kingdom of Württemberg.
Ernst Ludwig von Pfuhl (1716−1798), royal Prussian General of the Infantry, Governor of Spandau Citadel, Inspector-General of the Brandenburg Infantry.
Frank (Francis) von Phul (1835–1922), captain of the Confederate States Army serving as a staff officer to the generals Lewis Henry Little, Daniel M. Frost, John Bullock Clark and John S. Marmaduke, as well as Aide-de-camp of general Braxton Bragg.
Franz Wilhelm von Pfuel (1733−1808), royal Prussian major general and Commander of Danzig, later General in russian service.
Friedrich von Pfuel (1462–1527), knight and electoral state-captain, as well as Privy Councillor to the Dukes of Mecklenburg.
Friedrich August Heinrich Leberecht von Pfuhl (died 1818), royal Wurttembergian General of the Artillery (Generalfeldzeugmeister), Governor of Stuttgart.
Friedrich Heino von Pfuel (1620–1661), Rittmeister, service at the royal Court of Christina, Queen of Sweden.
Friedrich Heinrich Ludwig von Pfuel (1781–1846), royal Prussian lieutenant general, Commanding officer of Saarlouis, as well as Commanding officer of Spandau.
Friedrich von Phull (Karl August Friedrich Freiherr von Phull; 1767–1840), general of the infantry, Commander-in-chief of the Kingdom of Württemberg during the French Revolutionary Wars.
Georg Adam von Pfuel (1618–1672), royal Prussian General of the Cavalry, Governor of Spandau Citadel, Lord of Groß- und Klein-Buckow (Märkische Schweiz).
Georg Dietrich von Pfuhl (1723–1782), Royal Prussian Colonel, Commanding officer of the 13. Infantry Regiment, Knight of the Order of the Pour le Mérite (1762); married to Leopoldine Anne of Anhalt-Dessau (1738–1808), daughter of Prince William Gustav of Anhalt-Dessau, heir to the principality of Anhalt-Dessau and eldest son of Leopold I.
George Ehrenreich von Pfuhl (born 1646), Landdrost of the Principality of Lippe, Lord of Helfta and Polleben.
George von Phul Jones (1872–1968), American politician (Republican Party), Representative from Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Gustav von Pfuel (1829–1897), Prussian Junker and politician, member of the Prussian House of Lords, father-in-law of Reichskanzler Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg. Senior civil servant of the Kingdom of Hanover; from 1868–1872 district president (Kreishauptmann) and Chief Constable of the district of Celle; Prefect of the department Seine-Maritime in Rouen, as well as Civil Commissioner (Zivilkommissar) of the departments Aisne and Ardennes during the Franco-Prussian War.
Gustav Adolf von Pfuhl, member of the Fruitbearing Society.
Gustav Adolph von Pfuel (1632–1683), Valet de chambre of William III of England; judge of Nödlitz
Hans Emil Reinhold von Pfuel (* 1819), royal Prussian Chamberlain.
Heino de Pule (1282–1307), hereditary Knight and Vogt in service to the Margraves of Brandenburg.
Heino von Pfuel, in the year 1440 electoral Chancellor in service to Frederick of Altmark, Margrave of the Brandenburg, as well as to Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg; Captain of Oderberg.
Heino von Pfuel (1550–1602), electoral Colonel appointed by John George, Prince-elector of Brandenburg.
Hempo Ludwig von Pfuel (1690–1770), royal Prussian Privy Councillor and Major, President of the Kriegs- u. Domänenkammer Halberstadt, Lord of Jahnsfelde.
Henne de Pul, in the year 1337 Knight in the retinue of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
Henne wan den Pule, in the year 1343 Dengesmann Advocatus.
Henning von Pfuhl, Privy Councillor of Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg(1505–1571) and "known as a well-deserved hero".
Henry von Phul (1784–1874), American pioneer businessmen in St. Louis' early history; son of Johann Wilhelm von Phull (Phul) (1739–1793), Brother of Anna Maria von Phul (1786–1823), father of Frank (Francis) von Phul (1835–1922); von Phul married in 1816 Rosalie Saugrain (1797–1787), daughter of Antoine Saugrain (1763–1820)
Heyno Dietloff von Pfuel (1652–1734), Dike-reeve of the Oderbruch.
Hildbrandt von Pfuel, in the year 1260 mayor of Wismar.
Johanna Christina von Pfuel (1675–1735), great-great-grandmother of Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden; great-grandmother of Louise Caroline of Hochberg, second wife of Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden (see: Kaspar Hauser)
Johann Ernst von Pfuel (1640–1705), Lutheran Doctor Theologiae, Prof. eloquentiae et poeseos in Greifswald, Rector of the "Fürstliche Pädagogium" Stettin, court chaplain to the Duke of Mecklenburg, member of the ecclesiastical council of Mecklenburg-Güstrow.
Johann Gottlieb von Pfuel (1653–1681) Lieutenant colonel; Sohn des Adam von Pfuel (1604–1659)
Juliane Sophie von Pfuel (1688–1749), great-grandmother of Reichskanzler Otto von Bismarck; married to Jobst Ernst von Schönfeld (1680–1725)
Johann Wilhelm von Phull (1739-1793), Captain in general George Washington's staff, emigrated to America in 1764; father of the American artist Anna Maria von Phul (1786-1823) and Henry von Phul (1784-1974); son of Johann Phillip von Pfuel (1713-1748) and Wilhelmina Louisa von Hoff (1705-1780).
Karl Ludwig von Phull (1757–1826), Prussian general who served as chief of the General Staff of King Frederick William III of Prussia in the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt. In Russian service, Phull successfully advocated for a scorched earth policy during Napoleon's invasion of Russia. Character in Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace.
Kurt Bertram von Pfuel (1590–1658), statesman and politician. Valet de chambre to George William, Prince-elector of Brandenburg, General-War commissar and highest Privy Councillor to Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg – Duke of Prussia.
Ludwig von Pfuel (1718−1789), royal Prussian major general und Hofmarschall to Frederick William I of Prussia.
Ludwig Dietrich von Pfuhl (1669–1745), field marshal and commander of Kehl Fortress during the War of the Polish Succession; grandson of Adam von Pfuel (1604–1659).
Martha von Pfuel (1865–1914), wife of Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg (1856–1921), German politician and statesman who served as Chancellor of the German Empire from 1909 to 1917.
Maximilian von Pfuel (1854–1930), royal Prussian lieutenant general.
Melchior von Pfuel (died 1548), "the Alchemist and Necromancer", Doctor of Law, electoral Captain at Zossen, Chancellor and Privy Councillor to the Prince-elector of Brandenburg.
Nickel von Pfuel (died 1492), Dr. iuris utriusque, Schloßhauptmann and Privy Councillor to the Prince-elector of Brandenburg, Knight and military commander, Vogt of Wriezen, judge at the Kammergericht, owner of Berlin castle.
Otto-Friedrich von Pfuel (1731–1811), royal Prussian Haupt-Ritterschaftsdirektor.
Richard Balduin Ernst von Pfuel (1827–1900), royal Prussian legation councilor, German Consul-General and Ambassador; 1872–1876 German Consul-General in Bucharest, 1876–1888 Imperial Ambassador at the Swedish royal court; Lord of Gielsdorf.
Stephanie von Pfuel, née Michel von Tüßling (born 1961), mayor of Tüßling (CSU); daughter of Karl Freiherr Michel von Tüßling, Schutzstaffel (SS) officer who served in the Nazi government of German dictator Adolf Hitler, in the staff of Heinrich Himmler and the SS Main Office; ex-wife of Christian-Friedrich von Pfuel, (born 1942).
Valtin von Pfuel (1587–1661), General-War commissar to the Prince-elector of Brandenburg, as well as High-Commissioner of the Barnim.
Werner von Pfuel (died 1482), Hofmarschall to the princely court, later Vogt of Küstrin and Privy Councillor (Geheimrat) to the Prince-elector of Brandenburg, judge at the Royal Courts, Knight of the Dominican Order.
Wolf Kurt von Pfuel (1809–1866), royal Prussian major general.
Literature
Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Adelslexikon Band X, pp. 336f., Band 119, C. A. Starke, Limburg (Lahn) 1999,
Bernhard von Gersdorff: Preußische Köpfe – Ernst von Pfuel. Stappverlag, 1981,
Stephanie von Pfuel: Wenn schon, denn schon. LangenMüller, 2007,
Marco Schulz: Jahnsfelde Schlösser und Gärten der Mark. Freundeskreis Schlösser und Gärten der Mark, Sibylle Badstübner-Gröger (Publisher).
References
External links
German noble families |
44498696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315%20ISU%20Speed%20Skating%20World%20Cup%20%E2%80%93%20World%20Cup%202%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20500%20metres | 2014–15 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – World Cup 2 – Men's 500 metres | The men's 500 metres races of the 2014–15 ISU Speed Skating World Cup 2, arranged in the Taereung International Ice Rink, in Seoul, South Korea, were held on the weekend of 21–23 November 2014.
Race one was won by Pavel Kulizhnikov of Russia, while Mo Tae-bum of South Korea came second, and Ruslan Murashov of Russia came third. Dai Dai Ntab of the Netherlands won Division B of race one, and was thus, under the rules, automatically promoted to Division A for race two.
In race two, the top two were the same as in race one, Kulizhnikov and Mo, while Laurent Dubreuil of Canada took the bronze. Pim Schipper of the Netherlands won Division B of race two.
Race 1
Race one took place on Friday, 21 November, with Division B scheduled in the morning session, at 12:09, and Division A scheduled in the afternoon session, at 16:35.
Division A
Division B
Race 2
Race two took place on Sunday, 23 November, with Division B scheduled in the morning session, at 10:58, and Division A scheduled in the afternoon session, at 13:45.
Division A
Division B
References
Men 00500
2 |
44498701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachikapalam | Pachikapalam | Pachikapalam or Pachikapallam is a village and a Subdivisions of India in Chittoor district in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India.
Geography
Pachikapalam is located at . It has an average elevation of 266 meters (875 feet).
References
Villages in Chittoor district |
44498707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iam%20lucis%20orto%20sidere%2C%20WAB%2018 | Iam lucis orto sidere, WAB 18 | (Now that the daylight fills the sky), WAB 18, is a motet composed by Anton Bruckner in 1868. The work is also known as In S. Angelum custodem (In the custody of the holy angel). Bruckner revised the composition in 1886.
History
Bruckner composed this motet in the summer of 1868 for the ("Guardian angel confraternity") of Wilhering Abbey. Bruckner dedicated it to Adolf Dorfer, the abbot of the abbey. Bruckner set the music on the text written by Robert Riepl, one of the priests working at the abbey. The motet was performed in the same year in the abbey.
Riepl's text is an adaptation of the text used by Orlande de Lassus. Bruckner's original manuscript, which was stored in the abbey, is lost. A copy of it is stored in the archive of the Kremsmünster Abbey and two other copies are found in the Austrian National Library. The motet was published in 1868 by the Wilhering Abbey.
In 1886, Bruckner made a new version of the motet for men's choir, which was published in the journal , volume 1, no. 8, p. 240, F. Mamroth, Vienna.
The includes two settings of the 1868 version in volume XXI/24, and the 1886 setting in volume XXI/35.
Music
The first version in Phrygian mode, which Bruckner composed in 1868, is 24-bar long. Two settings are extant: a first with all eight verses of Riepl's text for choir a cappella, and a second with only one verse of a different text for choir and organ. The motet is a simple, modally inspired piece and homophonic throughout.
A new version of the motet in G minor, which Bruckner composed in 1886, is one bar shorter (23-bar long). It uses verses 1, 2, 7 and 8 of Riepl's text and is set for choir a cappella.
Text of the first setting (Robert Riepl)
{|
|
|style="padding-left:2em;"|Now that daylight fills the sky,
Let it, O Guardian Angel,
Banish unclear minds
And bring the nourishing light!
Teach me prudently the correct order
And admonish me to reach it!
Reliably you come from Heaven
And return as a messenger to it.
Bring the offers, pains and tears
To the King's court;
Provide the Giver of talents
With a small gift from the servant!
Foster me, the unfortunate, embracing
With the sweetest consolation!
Prompt me, the dormant,
To the works of salvation!
Blame me, when I hesitate,
Give me the strength, when I fall!
Radiant of the pure light,
Which floods out from God,
I am in search of holiness.
Deliver me from stain,
So that the white lilies of chastity
Be not sullied.
By your powerful right repel
The powers of the Devil to Hell;
Destroy the pleasure of the flesh,
Which arises from pride,
So that, protected by your arms,
I may be victorious.
Break the inflexible obstinacy
Of the merciless heart;
I am oppressed by the burden of sin,
Relieve it by your powerful hand
And spare me the punishment of the guilty
By your prayers.
In storms let hurry the times
The temporal life will assault!
Let me disdain the ephemeral
And always seek the eternal,
So that my noble soul
Would remain in Heaven.
When mortal struggle is imminent,
Assist me, quavering, firmly!
Guide me through the shades of death,
Advocate me in front of the Judge
And on grounds of the acquittal
Might I enjoy the eternal splendour! Amen.
|}
Text of the second setting
{|
|
|style="padding-left:2em;"|Now that the daylight fills the sky,
My holy angel,
By your brightness
Draw the darkness from my soul;
Teach me the right way
And advise me to follow it.
|}
Selected discography
The first recording occurred in 1976:
Mathias Breitschaft, Limburger Domsingknaben, Bruckner: 9 Motets/Palestrina: 8 Motets – LP: Carus FSM 53118 (1st verse of the 1st setting)
1868 version
First setting
A few other recordings, all with deviations from the score:
Balduin Sulzer, Chor des Musikgymnasiums Linz, Musik aus der Stifterstraße – LP: Extempore AD-80.01/2, 1980 (verses 1, 2 & 3)
Robert Jones, Choir of St. Bride's Church, Bruckner: Motets – CD: Naxos 8.550956, 1994 (all 8 verses)
Lionel Sow, Choeur de Filles Caecilia & Maîtrise des Petits Chanteurs de Saint-Christophe de Javel, Johannes Brahms – Anton Bruckner Jardins secrets – CD: Studio SM Collection Blanche D3029, 2004 (verses 1, 2 & 3)
Second setting
Only one recording :
Balduin Sulzer, Mozart Chor Linz, Bruckner – CD: AtemMusik Records ATMU 97001, 1997 (with brass accompaniment)
1886 version
There are two recordings of this version:
Duncan Ferguson, Choir of St. Mary's Cathedral of Edinburgh, Bruckner: Motets – CD: Delphian Records DCD34071, 2010
Matthias Giesen, Schola Floriana, Kirchenmusik im Bruckner-Ort Ansfelden – CD: Weinberg Records SW 010497-2, 2016 (strophes 1 & 2)
References
Sources
Anton Bruckner – Sämtliche Werke, Band XXI: Kleine Kirchenmusikwerke, Musikwissenschaftlicher Verlag der Internationalen Bruckner-Gesellschaft, Hans Bauernfeind and Leopold Nowak (Editor), Vienna, 1984/2001
Cornelis van Zwol, Anton Bruckner 1824–1896 – Leven en werken, uitg. Thoth, Bussum, Netherlands, 2012.
Crawford Howie, Anton Bruckner – A documentary biography, online revised edition
External links
- 2nd setting
In S. Angelum custodem, WAB 18 Critical discography by Hans Roelofs
Iam lucis, a live performance of the third setting of the motet by Der junge Chor der Liederblüte of Oberweyer (2015), on YouTube
Motets by Anton Bruckner
1868 compositions
1886 compositions
Compositions in G minor |
17335185 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%20Major%20League%20Baseball%20All-Star%20Game | 1978 Major League Baseball All-Star Game | The 1978 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 49th midseason exhibition between the all-stars of the American League (AL) and the National League (NL), the two leagues comprising Major League Baseball. The game was played on July 11, 1978, at San Diego Stadium in San Diego, home of the San Diego Padres of the National League. The game resulted in a 7–3 victory for the NL.
This was the first All-Star Game to be played in San Diego. It would return in 1992 to be played in the same stadium, though it was renamed Jack Murphy Stadium by that time.
The honorary captains were Brooks Robinson (for the AL) and Eddie Mathews (for the NL).
American League roster
The American League roster included 9 future Hall of Fame players, denoted by italics.
Elected starters
Pitchers
Reserve position players
Coaching staff
National League roster
The National League roster included 8 future Hall of Fame players, denoted by italics.
Elected starters
Pitchers
Reserve position players
Coaching staff
Game
Umpires
Starting lineups
While the starters were elected by the fans, the batting orders and starting pitchers were selected by the managers.
Game summary
The American League opened the scoring immediately off of NL starter Vida Blue. Rod Carew tripled, and scored when George Brett doubled. Brett advanced to third base on a Jim Rice ground out. Richie Zisk walked. Fisk hit a sacrifice fly to Joe Morgan, permitting Brett to score.
The AL added another run in the top of the third inning, again started by a Rod Carew lead off triple. George Brett followed up with a sacrifice fly to George Foster that allowed Carew to score and extend the AL lead to 3–0.
The lead was very short lived as the NL tied the game in the bottom of the third inning. Larry Bowa singled. With Reggie Smith pinch hitting for Vida Blue, Bowa stole second base. Smith struck out. Pete Rose grounded out, moving Bowa to third base. Joe Morgan walked. George Foster walked, pushing Morgan to second base; loading the bases. Greg Luzinski walked sending Foster to second base, Morgan to third base, and scoring Bowa. Steve Garvey singled, scoring Morgan and Foster, and sending Luzinski to second base. AL manager Billy Martin replaced starting pitcher Jim Palmer with relief pitcher Matt Keough, though no further scoring occurred.
The score remained tied at three until the bottom of the eighth inning, when Goose Gossage came in to pitch for the AL. Steve Garvey led off the inning with a triple, and scored when Gossage threw a wild pitch with Dave Concepción batting. Concepción walked. Dave Winfield singled sending Concepción to third, with Winfield advancing to second on an error by Chet Lemon. Bob Boone singled, scoring Concepción and Winfield. Boone advanced to second when Ron Cey grounded out. Davey Lopes singled, scoring Boone and ending the scoring for a 7–3 NL victory.
Game notes and records
Bruce Sutter was credited with the win. Goose Gossage was charged with the loss.
The two triples hit by Rod Carew, and the one hit by Steve Garvey marked the first time that three triples had been hit in a single All-Star Game.
References
External links
1978 All-Star Game summary @baseball-reference.com
1978 All-Star Game summary @baseball almanac.com
1978 All-Star Game box score @baseball almanac.com
1978 All-Star Game play by play @baseball almanac.com
Major League Baseball All-Star Game
Major League Baseball All-Star Game
Baseball in San Diego
Major League Baseball All Star Game
Sports competitions in San Diego
July 1978 sports events in the United States |
44498753 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornabuoni%20Art | Tornabuoni Art | Tornabuoni Art is an art gallery specializing in Italian art from the second half of the 20th century.
Historic
Founded in 1981 in Florence by Roberto Casamonti, Tornabuoni Art is specialised in Italian art of the second half of the 20th century. It established exhibition spaces in Crans Montana in 1993, Milan in 1995, Forte Dei Marmi in 2004, Paris in 2009 and London in 2015. The Casamonti family owns the world's largest collection of works by Lucio Fontana.
Tornabuoni Art Paris presents the work of artists such as Fontana, Burri, Castellani, Manzoni, Dorazio, Bonalumi, Dadamaino and Boetti, as well as those of major protagonists of the Italian Novecento, such as De Chirico, Morandi, Balla, Severeni and Sironi. The gallery also proposes works of essential artists of the 20th century, such as Picasso, Mirò, Kandinsky, Hartung, Poliakoff, Dubuffet, Lam, Matta, Christo, Wesselmann, Warhol and Basquiat.
Paris
Since inaugurating its Parisian space in 2009, with an exhibition dedicated to Lucio Fontana, Tornabuoni Art has organized numerous monographic exhibitions, showing the works of Alighiero Boetti (2010), Arnaldo Pomodoro (2011), Enrico Castellani (2011), Mimmo Rotella (2012), Giuseppe Capogrossi (2013), Dadamaino (2013) and in 2014 presented an exceptional exhibition "Lucio Fontana, rediscovery of a masterpiece" in parallel with the retrospective at the Musée d’Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, the first exhibition in France of Turi Simeti and most recently retrospectives of Alberto Biasi (2015), Giuseppe Chiari (2015), Paolo Scheggi (2015) and Piero Dorazio (2016).
In February 2017, the gallery inaugurated its new space in the Marais (9, Rue Charlot), with an exhibition dedicated to Alighiero Boetti, and organised the first solo exhibitions in France of Emilio Isgrò and Francesca Pasquali. These solo-shows were followed by an exhibition on avant-garde artists in Post-War Rome "La Dolce Vita", a personal exhibition on the iconic 20th-century Italian artist Giorgio de Chirico, and those of Afro (2018) and Alberto Burri (2018). Each solo show is put together through close collaboration with the artist, or the artist's foundation, and is accompanied by an exhibition catalogue.
These solo shows are accompanied by collective exhibitions, realised in close collaboration with external curators, to whom complete freedom is given. As a result, the exhibitions "Monochrome sous tension" (2011), "Tout feu tout flamme" (2012), "Bianco Italia" (2013), "Entre signe et écriture : parcours dans l’art italien" (2014), "Ceci n'est pas une idée" (2015) and “Roma Pop” (2016) were organised.
Tornabuoni Art participates in major international art fairs and events such as the FIAC in Paris, TEFAF in Maastricht and New York, Art Basel, Art Basel Miami Beach, Art Basel Hong Kong, Art Genève and Art Monte Carlo, Artefiera in Bologna, Frieze New York, Frieze Masters and Masterpiece in London.
Solo exhibitions
2018: Giorgio de Chirico, Afro, Alberto Burri
2017: Alighiero Boetti, Emilio Isgro, Francesca Pasquali
2016: Piero Dorazio
2015: Giuseppe Chiari, Paolo Scheggi
2014: Lucio Fontana, Turi Simeti
2013: Soly Cissé, Giuseppe Capogrossi, Dadamaino
2012: Mimmo Rotella
2011: Arnaldo Pomodoro, Louis Boudreault, Enrico Castellani
2010: Nakis Panayotidis, Giorgio de Chirico, Alighiero e Boetti, Mario Ceroli
2009: Lucio Fontana
Group exhibitions
2016: Roma Pop
2014: Between Sign and Writing – a path through Italian Art
2013: Bianco Italia
2012: Figure et Myth, in the Postwar Italian creative process, Conceptual Spaces, Tout feu tout flamme
2011: Monochrome sous pression
2009: Figures, Gestures and Materials
References
External links
Paris gallery website
Italy gallery website
Italian art dealers
Contemporary art galleries in Italy
Contemporary art galleries in London
Contemporary art galleries in France |
44498769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidya%20Sagar%20Pandya | Vidya Sagar Pandya | Vidya Sagar Pandya was an Indian banker and politician.
Personal life
He was born at Multan in 1876. His father was Pandit Basant Ram, an auditor. His ancestors included Accountants, Dealers and Bankers financing Governments and the aristocracy. He was educated at Hindu College, Vizagapatam, Christian College, Lahore and Government College, Lahore.
Career
He began working at his father's firm 'Basant Ram and Sons'.
In 1903 he joined the Peoples' Bank of India at Karachi as a Manager. In 1905 he became Manager of the Banks Head Office at Lahore. In 1907 he joined the Indian Bank, Madras as Secretary. He was one of the founders of the Southern India Chamber of Commerce, Madras.
In 1930 he became a member of the Central Legislative Assembly, nominated by Madras Indian Commerce.
References
Politicians from Lahore
1876 births
Year of death missing |
17335195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore%20Chamber%20of%20Commerce%20%26%20Industry | Lahore Chamber of Commerce & Industry | The Lahore Chamber of Commerce & Industry (LCCI) was established in 1923. It was established to serve and represent the interests of the business community in Lahore, Pakistan.
History
The Lahore Chamber of Commerce and Industry was established by the businessmen and industrialists of Northern India in 1923 under the name of "Northern India Chamber of Commerce and Industry". In 1947 on creation of "The Islamic Republic of Pakistan", its name was changed to "West Pakistan Chamber of Commerce and Industry". In 1960, the present name, "The Lahore Chamber of Commerce and Industry", was adopted. Today, the chamber is the first ISO-Certified Chamber of Pakistan.
Aims and objectives
LCCI aims to represent its members and contribute to the nation's economic development through the promotion of trade and industry. LCCI acts as a bridge between the government and the business community. It plays an important role in policy formulation by maintaining a constant interaction with the relevant authorities.
Composition
LCCI is affiliated with the Federation of Pakistan Chamber of Commerce & Industry. It has two classes of membership, namely, Corporate and Associate. This Chamber has currently more than 22,000 members and LCCI claims to be the biggest chamber in Pakistan.
Management
The organization's policies and programs are determined by the 30 members of Executive Committee who are elected by the members, out of which one-third retire every year and in their place, new members are inducted through election. The office bearers are elected by the members of the Executive Committee every year. The President controls the working of the office and staff and directs all matters of the Chamber, with the assistance of Senior Vice-President and Vice-President.
Research and Development Department
In 1985, Research and Development Department was established at LCCI to act as the Think Tank and Advocacy Arm. The department is active to help business community is meeting their day to day need through providing updated information regarding business and economy and macro and micro business and economic policies of the government. The department is in contact with various government and international agencies in order to get consultation regarding important national and international policy matters which could affect directly or indirectly business, trade and industry.
Past Presidents
Ch. Nazer Muhammad (Late) 1967
Mian Rafique Saigol (Late) 1968
Mr. Naseer A.Sheikh (late) 1969
Mr. Majeed Mufti (Late) 1970
Ch. Muhammad Saeed (Late) 1971
Mian Tajammal Hussain 1972
Mr. Mumtaz A. Sheikh (Late) 1973
Mr. M. Amin Agha 1974
Mr. Abdullah Sheikh (Late) 1975
Mr. A. Aziz Zulfiqar 1976
Mr. M. Ijaz Butt 1977
Mr. Maqbool Sadiq 1978
Mr. Arshad Saeed 1979
Sheikh Iqbal (Late) 1980
Mr. Shahzada Alam Monnoo 1981
Mr. Abdul Qayyam (Late) 1982
Mr. Mohsin Raza Bukhari 1983
Mr. Mushtaq Ahmad 1984
Mr.Shahbaz Sharif 1985
Mr. Mohammad Arshad Naeem 1986
Mr. Mumtaz Hameed (Late) 1987
Mir Salah ud Din (Late) 1988
Mr. Tariq Hameed 1989
Mr. Iftikhar Ali Malik 1990
Mian Mohammad Ashraf 1991
Mr. Salahuddin Ahmad Sahaf 1992
Mr. Ishaq Dar 1993
Mr. Bashir Ahmed Buksh 1994
Mr. Tariq Sayeed Saigol 1995-96
Sheikh Waheed Ud Din (Late) 1997
Sheikh Saleem Ali (Late) 1998
Mr. Pervez Hanif 1999
Mr. Ilyas M. Chaudhry 2000
Sheikh M. Asif 2001
Dr. Khalid J. Chowdhry 2002
Muhammad Yawar Irfan Khan 2003
Mian Anjum Nasir 2004
Mian Misbah ur Rehman 2005
Mian Shafqat Ali 2006
Mr. Shahid Hassan Sheikh 2007
Mohammad Ali Mian 2008
Mian Muzaffar Ali 2009
Mr. Mr.Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry 2010
Mr. Shahzad Ali Malik 2011
Mr. Irfan Qaiser Sheikh (Late) 2012
Mr. Farooq Iftikhar 2013
Engr. Sohail Lashari 2014
Mr. Ijaz Ahmad Mumtaz 2015
Sheikh Muhammad Arshad (Late) 2016
Mr. Abdul Basit 2017
Mr. Malik Tahir Javed 2018
Mr. Almas Hyder 2019
Mr. Irfan Iqbal Sheikh 2020
Mian Tariq Misbah 2021
See also
Economy of Pakistan
Lahore
References
Infrastructure facilities at Wagah demanded - The News
LCCI felicitates new PCB chief - Business Recorder
Better Pak-India ties to strengthen their economies - Aaj TV
Lahore chamber for boosting trade ties - The Tribune, India
Chambers of commerce in Pakistan
Economy of Lahore |
17335199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan%20Vandewalle | Johan Vandewalle | Johan Vandewalle (born 15 February 1960) is a Belgian linguist. He teaches at Ghent University and specializes in Turkic languages.
Life
Vandewalle first became interested in Turkish at the age of thirteen, during a family holiday to Turkey.
He initially studied civil engineering and architecture, before deciding to focus on languages.
In 1987, at the age of twenty-six, he won the Polyglot of Flanders/Babel Prize, after demonstrating communicative competence in nineteen languages (Arabic, Azerbaijani, Bashkir, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Kyrgyz, Persian, Russian, Swahili, Tajik, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Tuvan, Uyghur, and Uzbek). Seven old languages that he had studied (such as Latin and Old Church Slavonic) were not tested, and he has since gone on to study many more languages.
In 1993, together with his wife, Linda Gezels, he founded Orientaal vzw, a centre dedicated to the teaching of Oriental languages and cultures.
He has been awarded several prizes for his work in relation to the Turkish language, including the Türkçe Öğretiminde Başarı Ödülü in 1990 and the Ali Şir Nevai Türk Diline Hizmet Ödülü in 2005.
References
External links
"Turkic Languages, Multilingualism and Polyglottery", a talk given by Vandewalle at the Polyglot Conference 2017
"Creating and Using Bilingual Texts for Learning a Diversity of Languages", a talk given by Vandewalle at the Polyglot Conference 2018
1960 births
Belgian Arabists
Belgian orientalists
Belgian philologists
Linguists from Belgium
Linguists of Turkic languages
Linguists of Turkish
Living people
Writers from Bruges
Turkologists |
23574524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of%20Human%20Feelings | Of Human Feelings | Of Human Feelings is an album by American jazz saxophonist, composer, and bandleader Ornette Coleman. It was recorded on April 25, 1979, at CBS Studios in New York City with his band Prime Time, which featured guitarists Charlie Ellerbee and Bern Nix, bassist Jamaaladeen Tacuma, and drummers Calvin Weston and Coleman's son Denardo. It followed the saxophonist's failed attempt to record a direct-to-disc session earlier in March of the same year and was the first jazz album to be recorded digitally in the United States.
The album's jazz-funk music continued Coleman's harmolodic approach to improvisation with Prime Time, whom he had introduced on his 1975 album Dancing in Your Head. This approach emphasized natural rhythmic and emotional responses in a way that Coleman compared to a spirit of collective consciousness. He also drew on rhythm and blues influences from early in his career for Of Human Feelings, which had shorter and more distinct compositions than Dancing in Your Head, while applying free jazz principles from his music during the 1960s to elements of funk.
Following a change in his management, Coleman signed with Island Records, and Of Human Feelings was released in 1982 by its subsidiary label Antilles Records. Critics generally praised the album's expressive music and harmolodic approach, but it made little commercial impact and went out of print. Coleman enlisted his son Denardo as manager after a dispute with his former managers over the album's royalties, a change that inspired him to perform publicly again during the 1980s.
Background
By the end of the 1960s, Ornette Coleman had become one of the most influential musicians in jazz after pioneering its most controversial subgenre, free jazz, which jazz critics and musicians initially derided for its deviation from conventional structures of harmony and tonality. In the mid-1970s, he stopped recording free jazz, recruited electric instrumentalists, and pursued a new creative theory he called harmolodics. According to Coleman's theory, all the musicians are able to play individual melodies in any key, and still sound coherent as a group. He taught his young sidemen this new improvisational and ensemble approach, based on their individual tendencies, and discouraged them from being influenced by conventional styles. Coleman likened this group ethic to a spirit of "collective consciousness" that stresses "human feelings" and "biological rhythms", and said that he wanted the music, rather than himself, to be successful. He also started to incorporate elements from other styles into his music, including rock influences such as the electric guitar and non-Western rhythms played by Moroccan and Nigerian musicians.
Of Human Feelings was a continuation of the harmolodics approach Coleman had applied with Prime Time, an electric quartet introduced on his 1975 album Dancing in Your Head. The group comprised guitarists Charlie Ellerbee and Bern Nix, bassist Jamaaladeen Tacuma, and drummers Ronald Shannon Jackson and Denardo Coleman, Ornette Coleman's son. Tacuma was still in high school when Coleman enlisted him, and first recorded with Prime Time in 1975 for the album Body Meta, which was released in 1978. Tacuma had played in an ensemble for jazz organist Charles Earland, but Earland dismissed him as he felt audiences gave excessive attention to his playing. Coleman found Tacuma's playing ideal for harmolodics and encouraged him not to change. Although Coleman's theory initially challenged his knowledge and perception of music, Tacuma came to like the unconventional role each band member was given as a soloist and melodist: "When we read Ornette's music we have his notes, but we listen for his phrases and phrase the way he wants to. I can take the same melody, then, and phrase it like I want to, and those notes will determine the phrasing, the rhythm, the harmony – all of that."
Recording and production
In March 1979, Coleman went to RCA Records' New York studio to produce an album with Prime Time by direct-to-disc recording. They had mechanical problems with the studio equipment and the recording was rejected. The failed session was a project under Phrase Text, Coleman's music publishing company. He wanted to set up his own record company with the same name, and chose his old friend Kunle Mwanga as his manager. In April, Mwanga arranged another session at CBS Studios in New York City, and Coleman recorded Of Human Feelings there on April 25; the session was originally titled Fashion Faces. Jackson did not record with the band; instead, Calvin Weston was hired in his place to play simultaneously with Denardo Coleman. They recorded all the album's songs on the first take without any equipment problems.
The album's recording session was captured using a Sony PCM-1600 two-track digital recorder, a rare item at the time. According to journalist Howard Mandel, the passages played by the band sounded neither very soft or loud on the album, because it had been mixed with a middle-frequency range and compressed dynamics. Because of the equipment used, Coleman did not embellish the album with added effects and avoided overdubbing, multi-tracking, and remixing. According to him, Of Human Feelings was the first jazz album to be digitally recorded in the United States.
Composition and performance
According to The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music (2004), Of Human Feelings features jazz-funk, a type of music that developed at the turn of the 1970s and was characterized by intricate rhythmic patterns, a recurrent bass line, and Latin rhythmic elements. Lloyd Sachs of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote that, although Coleman was not viewed as a jazz fusion artist, the album can be described as such because of its combination of free jazz and funk. Glenn Kenny disagreed and felt its boisterous style had more in common with the no wave genre and the artists of New York City's downtown music scene such as John Zorn. Jazz writer Stuart Nicholson viewed it as the culmination of Coleman's musical principles that dated back to his free jazz music in 1960, but reappropriated with a funk-oriented backbeat. According to jazz critic Barry McRae, "it was as if Coleman was translating the concept of the famous double quartet" from his 1961 album Free Jazz to what was required to perform jazz-funk.
Coleman incorporated traditional structures and rhythms, and other elements from the rhythm and blues music he had played early his career. According to Mandel, the album's simple, brisk music was more comparable to a coherent R&B band than jazz fusion. Although Coleman still performed the melodies on a song, he employed two guitarists for contrast to make each pair of guitarist and drummer responsible for either the rhythm or melody. Ellerbee provided accented linear counterpoint and Nix played variations of the song's melody, while Denardo Coleman and Weston played both polyrhythms and backbeats. On songs such as "Jump Street" and "Love Words", Ellerbee incorporated distortion into his guitar playing, which gave the songs a thicker texture. Tacuma and Ornette Coleman's instrumental responses were played as the foreground to the less prominent guitars. McRae remarked that Coleman and Prime Time exchanged "directional hints" throughout the songs, as one player changed key and the others modulated accordingly. The band made no attempt to harmonize their radically different parts while playing.
Of Human Feelings features shorter and more distinct compositions than Dancing in Your Head. "Sleep Talk", "Air Ship", and "Times Square" were originally performed by Coleman during his concerts in 1978 under the names "Dream Talking", "Meta", and "Writing in the Streets", respectively. "What Is the Name of That Song?" was titled as a sly reference to two of his older compositions, "Love Eyes" and "Forgotten Songs" (also known as "Holiday for Heroes"), whose themes were played concurrently and transfigured by Prime Time. The theme from "Forgotten Songs", originally from Coleman's 1972 album Skies of America, was used as a refrain. "Jump Street" is a blues piece, "Air Ship" comprises a six-bar riff, and the atonal "Times Square" has futuristic dance themes. "Love Words" heavily uses polymodality, a central feature of harmolodics, and juxtaposes Coleman's extended solo against a dense, rhythmically complex backdrop. Nicholson observed West African rhythms and collective improvisation rooted in New Orleans jazz on "Love Words", and suggested that "Sleep Talk" was derived from the opening bassoon solo in Igor Stravinsky's 1913 orchestral work The Rite of Spring. The latter track is led off by Tacuma's bass playing and, according to Premier Guitar journalist Nick Millevoi, is an ideal example of Prime Time's aesthetic and sound.
Marketing and sales
A few weeks after Of Human Feelings was recorded, Mwanga went to Japan to negotiate a deal with Trio Records to have the album released on Phrase Text. Trio, who had previously released a compilation of Coleman's 1966 to 1971 live performances in Paris, prepared to press the album once Mwanga provided the label with the record stamper. Coleman was also set to perform his song "Skies of America" with the NHK Symphony Orchestra, but cancelled both deals upon Mwanga's return from Japan. Mwanga immediately quit after less than four months as Coleman's manager. In 1981, Coleman hired Stan and Sid Bernstein as his managers, who sold the album's recording tapes to Island Records. He signed with the record label that year, and Of Human Feelings was released in 1982 on Island's subsidiary jazz label Antilles Records. Billboard magazine published a front-page story at the time about its distinction as both the first digital album recorded in New York City and the first digital jazz album recorded by an American label.
According to jazz writer Francis Davis, "a modest commercial breakthrough seemed imminent" for Coleman, who appeared to be regaining his celebrity. German musicologist Peter Niklas Wilson said the album may have been the most tuneful and commercial-sounding of his career at that point. The album's clean mix and relatively short tracks were interpreted as an attempt for radio airplay by Mandel, who described its production as "the surface consistency that would put it in the pop sphere". Of Human Feelings had no success on the American pop charts, however, only charting on the Top Jazz Albums, where it spent 26 weeks and peaked at number 15. Because the record offered a middle ground between funk and jazz, McRae argued that it consequently appealed to neither demographic of listeners. Sound & Vision critic Brent Butterworth speculated that it was overlooked because it had electric instruments, rock and funk drumming, and did not conform to what he felt was the hokey image of jazz that many of the genre's fans preferred. The album later went out of print.
Critical reception
Of Human Feelings received considerable acclaim from contemporary critics. Reviewing the album for Esquire in 1982, Gary Giddins hailed it as another landmark recording from Coleman and his most accomplished work of harmolodics, partly because of compositions which he found clearly expressed and occasionally timeless. In his opinion, the discordant keys radically transmute conventional polyphony and may be the most challenging part for listeners, who he said should concentrate on Coleman's playing and "let the maelstrom resolve itself around his center". Giddins also highlighted the melody of "Sleep Talk", deeming it among the best of the saxophonist's career. Kofi Natambu from the Detroit Metro Times wrote that Coleman's synergetic approach displays expressive immediacy rather than superficial technical flair while calling the record "a multi-tonal mosaic of great power, humor, color, wit, sensuality, compassion and tenderness". He found the songs inspirational, danceable, and encompassing developments in African-American music over the previous century. Robert Christgau called its "warm, listenable harmolodic funk" an artistic "breakthrough if not a miracle". He found its exchange of rhythms and simple melodies heartfelt and sophisticated, writing in The Village Voice, "the way the players break into ripples of song only to ebb back into the tideway is participatory democracy at its most practical and utopian."
Purist critics in jazz complained about the music's incorporation of danceable beats and electric guitar. In Stereo Review, Chris Albertson deemed the combination of saxophone and bizarre funk occasionally captivating but ultimately unfocused. Dan Sullivan of the Los Angeles Times believed the album's supporters in "hip rock circles" had overlooked flaws, arguing that Tacuma and Coleman's playing sound like a unique "beacon of clarity" amid an incessant background. Leonard Feather wrote in the Toledo Blade that the music is stylistically ambiguous, potentially controversial, and difficult to assess but interesting enough to warrant a listen.
At the end of 1982, Of Human Feelings the year's best album by Billboard editor Peter Keepnews, who viewed it as a prime example of fusing free jazz with modern funk. In year-end lists for The Boston Phoenix, James Hunter and Howard Hampton ranked the album number one and number four, respectively. It was voted 13th best in the Pazz & Jop, an annual poll of American critics nationwide, published in The Village Voice. Christgau, the poll's supervisor, ranked it number one in an accompanying list, and in 1990 he named it the second-best album of the 1980s.
Legacy
Coleman received $25,000 for the publishing rights to Of Human Feelings but said his managers sold it for less than the recording costs and that he did not receive any of its royalties. According to Stan Bernstein, Coleman had financial expectations that were "unrealistic in this business unless you're Michael Jackson". Antilles label executive Ron Goldstein felt the $25,000 Coleman received was neither a great nor a fair amount for someone in jazz. After he had gone over budget to record a follow-up album, Island did not release it nor pick up their option on him, and in 1983, he left the Bernstein Agency. He chose Denardo Coleman to manage his career while overcoming his reticence of public performance, which had been rooted in his distrust of doing business with a predominantly White music industry. According to Nicholson, "the man once accused of standing on the throat of jazz was welcomed back to the touring circuits with both curiosity and affection" during the 1980s. Coleman did not record another album for six years and instead performed internationally with Prime Time.
Retrospective appraisals have been favorable to Of Human Feelings. In a 1986 article for The New York Times on Coleman's work with Prime Time, Robert Palmer said the album was still innovative and radical by the standards of other music in 1982, three years after it was recorded. Because writers and musicians had heard its test pressing in 1979, the album's mix of jazz improvisation and gritty, punk and funk-derived energy sounded "prophetic" when it was released, Palmer explained. "The album is clearly the progenitor of much that has sounded radically new in the ongoing fusion of punk rock, black dance rhythms, and free jazz." AllMusic critic Scott Yanow said although Coleman's compositions never achieved popularity, they succeeded within the context of an album that showcased his distinctive saxophone style, which was high-brow yet catchy. Joshua Klein from The A.V. Club recommended Of Human Feelings as the best album for new listeners of Coleman's harmolodics-based music, while Chicago Tribune rock critic Greg Kot included it in his guide for novice jazz listeners; he named it one of the few albums that helped him both become a better listener of rock music and learn how to enjoy jazz. In 2008, New York magazine's Martin Johnson included it in his list of canonical albums from what he felt had been New York's sceneless yet vital jazz of the previous 40 years; Of Human Feelings exuded what he described as a spirit of sophistication with elements of funk, Latin, and African music, all of which were encapsulated by music that retained a jazz identity.
Track listing
All compositions were written by Ornette Coleman.
Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.
Musicians
Denardo Coleman – drums
Ornette Coleman – alto saxophone, production
Charlie Ellerbee – guitar
Bern Nix – guitar
Jamaaladeen Tacuma – bass guitar
Calvin Weston – drums
Additional personnel
Susan Bernstein – cover painting
Peter Corriston – cover design
Joe Gastwirt – mastering
Ron Saint Germain – engineering
Ron Goldstein – executive direction
Harold Jarowsky – second engineering
Steven Mark Needham – photography
Ken Robertson – tape operation
See also
Loft jazz
Punk jazz
References
Bibliography
External links
1982 albums
Antilles Records albums
Ornette Coleman albums
Jazz-funk albums
Funk albums by American artists
Jazz fusion albums by American artists
Instrumental albums
Albums recorded at CBS 30th Street Studio |
44498778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951%20UCLA%20Bruins%20football%20team | 1951 UCLA Bruins football team | The 1951 UCLA Bruins football team represented the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) during the 1951 college football season.
Schedule
Game summaries
USC
For the first time, the Bruins defeated the Trojans in consecutive seasons. UCLA won the previous season's game 39–0. Scoring for the Bruins were Don Stalwick, Ike Jones, and Donn Moomaw. Late in the fourth quarter, Jim Sears scored for USC to avoid another shutout.
References
UCLA
UCLA Bruins football seasons
UCLA Bruins football
UCLA Bruins football |
23574542 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri%20Bondarev | Yuri Bondarev | Yuri Vasilyevich Bondarev (, 15 March 1924 — 29 March 2020) was a Soviet and Russian writer and screenwriter. He was best known for co-authoring the script for the serial film franchise Liberation (1968–71).
Biography
Bondarev took part in World War II as an artillery officer and became a member of the CPSU in 1944. He graduated in 1951 from the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute. His first collection of stories entitled On a Large River was published in 1953.
His first successes in literature, the novels The Battalions Request Fire (1957) and The Last Salvoes (1959) were part of a new trend of war fiction which dispensed with pure heroes and vile villains in favor of emphasizing the true human cost of war. The Last Salvos was adapted for the cinema in 1961. His next novels Silence (1962), The Two (1964) and Relatives (1969) established him as a leading Soviet writer. His novel Silence became a landmark as the first work to depict a citizen who had been wrongly sentenced to the Gulag. His novels generally cover topics of ethics and personal choices.
In the novel The Hot Snow (1969) he again used the theme of war, creating an epic canvas dealing with the Battle of Stalingrad from the viewpoint of its many participants including common soldiers and military commanders. In his novel The Shore (1975), a Soviet writer learns that a German woman, with whom he had a passionate love affair as a young officer, still loves him. He dies before reaching the promised "shore" of his youthful dream. In The Choice (1980) a terminally ill expatriate kills himself on a visit to Moscow so that he can be buried in the city of his youth. His fate causes an old Soviet friend of his to engage in a painful exploration of existential questions.
Bondarev did also much work for the cinema. Besides adapting his own novels for the screen, he co-authored the script for the serial film Liberation.
In political life during the early 1990s, Bondarev participated in Russia's national-communist opposition politics, belonging to the National Salvation Front leadership. Bondarev was a member of the central committee of the hardline Communist Party of the RSFSR at the end of the Mikhail Gorbachev era; in July 1991 he signed the anti-Perestroika declaration "A Word to the People".
Bondarev died on 29 March 2020 in Moscow at the age of 96.
Awards
Hero of Socialist Labour
Order of Lenin, twice
Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Order of the October Revolution
Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd class
Order of the Badge of Honour
Medal For Courage, twice (14 October 1943, 21 June 1944)
Honorary Citizen of the Hero City of Volgograd
Alexander Fadeyev Medal for Military Literature
State Prize of the USSR, 1977, for his novel The Shore
State Prize of the USSR, 1983, for his novel The Choice
State Prize of the RSFSR Vasiliev brothers (1975) – a script for the movie "Hot Snow" (1972)
Alexander Dovzhenko Gold Medal for the screenplay of The Hot Snow (1972)
Leo Tolstoy Award for Literature
Mikhail Sholokov Award for Literature
Medal "For the Defence of Stalingrad"
Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
Lenin Prize (1972) – script for epic Liberation
National Award "Stalingrad".
Medal of the CPRF Central Committee, 90 years of the Great October Socialist Revolution.
Award CCF (1984) – a script for the film The Coast (1983)
In 1994 he refused to accept the award of Order of Friendship of Peoples from Boris Yeltsin.
English translations
Silence, Houghton Mifflin, 1966.
The Last Shots, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1970.
The Hot Snow, Progress Publishers, 1976.
The Vigil, from Anthology of Soviet Short Stories, Vol 2, Progress Publishers, 1976.
The Shore, Raduga Publishers, 1984.
The Choice, Raduga Publishers, 1984.
On Craftsmanship, Raduga Publishers, 1984.
Filmography (writer)
The Last Salvos (1961)
Silence (1963)
Liberation (1968–71)
References
1924 births
2020 deaths
20th-century Russian male writers
20th-century Russian short story writers
People from Orsk
Eleventh convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities
Maxim Gorky Literature Institute alumni
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Lenin Prize winners
Recipients of the Medal "For Courage" (Russia)
Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
Recipients of the Vasilyev Brothers State Prize of the RSFSR
Russian male novelists
Russian male short story writers
Russian male writers
Russian non-fiction writers
Russian screenwriters
Socialist realism writers
Soviet male writers
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Soviet non-fiction writers
Soviet novelists
Soviet screenwriters
Soviet short story writers
Burials in Troyekurovskoye Cemetery |
23574550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonstorf%20Barrows | Bonstorf Barrows | The Bonstorf Barrows () are the remains of a much larger barrow cemetery on the Lüneburg Heath in north Germany dating to the late Neolithic or early Bronze Age. They are located east of the village of Bonstorf, part of the municipality of Hermannsburg in the Lower Saxon district of Celle. The site comprises six, closely packed burial mounds or barrows.
The largest barrow was located originally in a field, but due to its vulnerable location it was dug out in 1973 and reconstructed nearby. Of interest are the internal stones which were found in the burial mound. The barrow was surrounded by a stone circle.
Under the earth mound was a wooden chamber, in which a man had been buried in an east–west orientation. Grave items included an earthenware jar, a palstave, a sword and bronze dagger.
On the northern perimeter of the mound a woman was interred on a stone bed. She wore two, seven-ribbed bangles and a headdress made of clusters of small, sheet bronze pipes. Furthermore, a round bronze needle (Radnadel) lay on her chest. It is very likely that the woman had a personal relationship to the interred man.
The grave finds are characteristic of the old Bronze Age (i.e. from about 1500 to 1200 B.C.) in the Lüneburg Heath.
Photos
Sources
E. L.Voss: Ein reichhaltiger Grabhügel der älteren Bronzezeit von Bonstorf, Kr. Celle 1975 S. 59-83
GDMP: Bonstorf Barrows - Relax And Be Free, ambient video, amazon 2017
Prehistoric sites in Germany
Archaeological sites in Germany
Tumuli in Germany
Neolithic Germany
Indo-European archaeological sites
Bronze Age sites in Europe
Lüneburg Heath
Celle (district)
Bronze Age Germany
Archaeology of Lower Saxony |
23574556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemble%20Head%20in%20Sunburst%20Sound | Assemble Head in Sunburst Sound | Assemble Head in Sunburst Sound is a psychedelic rock band formed in San Francisco, California, in the early 2000s. Originally consisting of a trio – Michael Lardas, Jefferson Marshall, and Charlie Saufley – Assemble Head in Sunburst Sound grew to a five-piece by 2009 with the additions of multi-instrumentalists Anderson Landbridge and Camilla Saufley
Following the band's self-released 2005 debut, which was limited to 500 copies, they signed to Tee Pee Records and have since released three studio albums: Ekranoplan (2007), When Sweet Sleep Returned (2009), and Manzanita (2012).
Discography
Assemble Head in Sunburst Sound (2005)
Ekranoplan (2007)
When Sweet Sleep Returned (2009)
Manzanita (2012)
References
Musical groups from San Francisco
Psychedelic rock music groups from California |
23574564 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj%20Attari | Burj Attari | Burj Attari is a town located only 14 km from Lahore at Lahore-Jaranwala Road, Pakistan and 12 km from Shahdara, but it is in the Sheikhupura District, Punjab (Pakistan).
Burj Attari is famous for agriculture products and fruits like guavas, leechee and strawberries. It is a very ancient village from since 1400 A.D.
Noorewala Road a 6 km long sub-road leads to a small village Noor-e-wala and Khanpur Canal (Bann), further goes village Bansi-Nagar and Battiyanwala (located at Lahore-Shekhupura road) making a total length of 13.2 km. Burj road connects village Burj with the M-2 motorway. Noorewala Road also goes to Nankana Sahib.
Education
Burj Attari has a number of government and private schools but no any colleges.
Government institutes
Vocational Training Institute, Noorewala Road, Burj Attari
Govt. High School for Boys, Burj Attari
Govt. High School for Girls, Burj Attari
Well-known historical figures
The history of Burj-Attari is filled with tales of people who had a great influence and effect in their times and are still recalled to this day. Worth mentioning are people like:
Malik Maula Baksh Chohan (marhoom)
Malik Shah Muhammad Chohan (marhoom)
Zail Dar
Ch. Feroz-ul-Din'''(marhoom)(ex-member dist. board Skp.) son of Ch. Allah Bakhsh (marhoom)
Malik Zakir Khan Chohan (marhoom)
Ch. Muhammad Ismail Dohta (marhoom)
Malik Muhammad Afzal Chohan (marhoom)(ex-chairman UC Burj Attari)
Malik Mehmood Ahmed Khan Chohan (marhoom)(ex-chairman UC Burj Attari)
Ch. Barkat Ali Dohta (marhoom)(ex-chairman UC Burj Attari, ex_chairman Markaz Council Sharaqpur Sharif) son of Ch. Muhammad Ismail Dohta (marhoom)
Ch. Asghar Ali Dhota son of Ch. Muhammad Ismail Dhota (ex-chairman U.C Burj Attari)
Ch. Riaz Ahmed Sapal (marhoom)(ex-chairman UC Burj Attari)
Baba Nazeer Ahmed (marhoom)(ex-member UC Burj Attari)
Ch. Jalil Ahmed adv.(marhoom) grandson of Ch. Allah Bakhsh (Arrayin Saghi)(marhoom)
Malik Ahmad Khan Chohan
Localities
Chohana pher (Main Bazar)
Noorywala Road
Madina Block
Hassan Pora
Shaik Colony
Quarter
chabil
Populated places in Sheikhupura District |
23574574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandele%20Omoniyi | Bandele Omoniyi | Bandele Omoniyi (6 November 1884 – 1913) was a Nigerian nationalist who is best known for his book A Defence of the Ethiopian Movement (1908), which urged for political reforms in the colonies, warning that otherwise a revolution in Africa might end British rule. According to Hakim Adi, he is one of the earliest examples of the politically active West African student in Britain.
Biography
Bandele Omoniyi was born in Lagos, in present-day Nigeria, and his parents sold their land to finance his studies in Britain, where Omoniyi first went in 1905. Enrolling at Edinburgh University in 1906 to study law, he eventually gave up his studies as he became increasingly involved in political activities, taking up anti-imperial journalism in socialist, Scottish and Nigerian publications. He wrote to various British politicians, including the Prime Minister, Henry Campbell-Bannerman, and the future Labour Party leader Ramsay MacDonald, demanding representation for Africans in the colonies. In 1907 Omoniyi criticised colonial rule in a series of letters to the Edinburgh Magazine. He also wrote articles for the West African press, and in 1908 published his major work, A Defence of the Ethiopian Movement, in Edinburgh, dedicating it "to The Right Honourable and Honourable Members of the British Parliament".
Omoniyi later moved to Brazil around 1910, where he was subsequently arrested for his political activities. He refused assistance from the British Consul. Imprisoned, he contracted beriberi and died, aged 28.
References
1884 births
1913 deaths
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
19th-century Nigerian people
20th-century Nigerian writers
Nigerian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Writers from Lagos
Yoruba writers
Prisoners and detainees of Brazil
Nigerian expatriates in Brazil
English-language writers from Nigeria
Nigerian critics
Anti-imperialism in Africa
Nigerian nationalists
People of colonial Nigeria
Black British history
Prisoners who died in Brazilian detention |
23574581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S33%20%28ZVV%29 | S33 (ZVV) | The S33 is a regional railway line of the S-Bahn Zürich on the Zürcher Verkehrsverbund (ZVV), Zürich transportation network, and is one of the network's lines connecting the cantons of Zürich and Schaffhausen.
Route
The line runs from the northwest of the canton of Zürich from Winterthur and heads for Schaffhausen.
Stations
Winterthur Hauptbahnhof
Hettlingen
Henggart
Andelfingen
Marthalen
Dachsen
Schloss Laufen am Rheinfall
Neuhausen
Schaffhausen
Rolling stock
All services are operated by THURBO rolling stock.
Scheduling
The train frequency is usually 30 minutes and the trip takes 33 minutes.
See also
Rail transport in Switzerland
Trams in Zürich
References
ZVV official website: Routes & zones
Zürich S-Bahn lines
Canton of Schaffhausen
Transport in the canton of Zürich |
20471890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per-%20and%20polyfluoroalkyl%20substances | Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances | Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are synthetic organofluorine chemical compounds that have multiple fluorine atoms attached to an alkyl chain. As such, they contain at least one perfluoroalkyl moiety, –CnF2n–.
According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD):
PFASs are defined as fluorinated substances that contain at least one fully fluorinated methyl or methylene carbon atom (without any H/Cl/Br/I atom attached to it), i.e. with a few noted exceptions, any chemical with at least a perfluorinated methyl group (–CF3) or a perfluorinated methylene group (–CF2–) is a PFAS.
According to the OECD, there are at least 4730 different PFASs with at least three perfluorinated carbon atoms. A U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) toxicity database, DSSTox, lists 10776 PFASs. A subgroup, the fluorosurfactants or fluorinated surfactants, have a fluorinated "tail" and a hydrophilic "head" and are thus surfactants. They are more effective at reducing the surface tension of water than comparable hydrocarbon surfactants. They include the perfluorosulfonic acids such as the perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and the perfluorocarboxylic acids such as the perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA).
PFOS, PFOA and other PFASs are known to persist in the environment and are commonly described as persistent organic pollutants, also known as "forever chemicals". Residues have been detected in humans and wildlife, with health concerns resulting in litigation. In 2021, Maine became the first US state to ban these compounds in all products by 2030, except in instances deemed "currently unavoidable".
Physical and chemical properties of fluorosurfactants
Fluorosurfactants can reduce the surface tension of water down to a value half of what is attainable by using hydrocarbon surfactants. This ability is due to the lipophobic nature of fluorocarbons, as fluorosurfactants tend to concentrate at the liquid-air interface. They are not as susceptible to the London dispersion force, a factor contributing to lipophilicity, because the electronegativity of fluorine reduces the polarizability of the surfactants' fluorinated molecular surface. Therefore, the attractive interactions resulting from the "fleeting dipoles" are reduced, in comparison to hydrocarbon surfactants. Fluorosurfactants are more stable and fit for harsh conditions than hydrocarbon surfactants because of the stability of the carbon–fluorine bond. Likewise, perfluorinated surfactants persist in the environment for that reason.
Economic role
PFASs play a key economic role for companies such as DuPont, 3M, and W. L. Gore & Associates because they are used in emulsion polymerization to produce fluoropolymers. They have two main markets: a $1 billion annual market for use in stain repellents, and a $100 million annual market for use in polishes, paints, and coatings.
Health and environmental concerns
Human health concerns associated with PFASs
On their introduction in the 1940s, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were considered inert molecules since they lacked a chemically active group. In fact, early occupational studies revealed elevated levels of fluorochemicals, including PFOS and PFOA, in the blood of exposed industrial workers, but cited no ill health effects. These results were consistent with the measured serum concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in 3M plant workers ranging from 0.04 to 10.06 ppm and 0.01–12.70 ppm respectively, well below toxic and carcinogenic levels cited in animal studies. However, given the "forever chemical" property of PFASs (serum elimination half-life 4–5 years) and widespread environmental contamination, molecules have been shown to accumulate in humans to such a degree that adverse health outcomes have resulted.
In 2021, research by epidemiologists Shanna Swan, and Stacey Colino, Icahn School of Medicine, linked hormone-disrupting chemicals, including PFAS, with rapid declines in human fertility. In a metanalysis for associations between PFAS and human clinical biomarkers for liver injury, authors considered both PFAS effects on liver biomarkers and histological data from rodent experimental studies and concluded that evidence exists showing that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFOS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) are hepatotoxic to humans.
Immunotoxicity
PFAS and The Immune System—Research Timeline
2008: Research suggested that PFOS in mice could suppress the immune system.
2012: Scientists observed a correlation between the level of PFAS in the blood and a diminished immune response to vaccines in children.
2015: Researchers discovered that different types of PFAS were detected in the blood of nearly all the people tested, and their exposure to PFAS was related to changes in thyroid function.
2016: Researchers looked at the antibody response to a diphtheria and tetanus booster vaccination correlated with PFAS levels in the blood. The results suggests that higher blood PFAS levels may suppress the immune response from the vaccine.
2019: In a Norwegian study published in 2019, PFAS levels were measured in the blood of pregnant mothers. They monitored the children’s health after birth to determine whether there was a correlation between maternal PFAS levels during pregnancy and an increase in the incidence of the children contracting common infectious diseases. By age 3, children with higher exposure to 4 different types of PFAS (PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS and PFNA) had higher rates of bronchitis or pneumonia. Nearly 1000 of the children in this study continued to be monitored at age 7, and the researchers observed that exposure to PFOA and another PFAS called perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) was associated with higher rates of diarrhea or gastric flu.
PFAS and COVID-19
Dr. Phillipe Grandjean, of the Harvard School of Public Health, together with his colleagues, conducted a study in 2020 to determine whether PFAS chemicals correlated to COVID-19 outcomes. The researchers studied 323 COVID patients, and tested blood samples for 5 different types of PFAS compounds.
They observed the following:
PFBA accumulates in the lungs.
Patients with higher blood levels of PFBA (perfluorobutanoic acid) were associated with more severe COVID-19 infections.
Patients with high PFBA levels in the blood were significantly more likely to be hospitalized, enter intensive care, and dying from COVID-19 than people with low PFBA levels.
Dr. Grandjean said that PFAS chemicals are immunotoxic and therefore can ‘very likely interfere with the Covid-19 infection’, and that studies involving the mechanism of PFAS affecting the immune system are ongoing. He also cautions that PFAS levels in the blood may affect the effectiveness of coronavirus vaccines, but studies have not been conducted yet.
The CDC and the ATSDR are currently assessing the relationship between PFAS exposure and COVID-19. Studies are ongoing, but in the meantime, measures to minimize exposure to PFAS would be advised.
Many comprehensive epidemiological studies linking adverse human health effects to PFASs, particularly PFOA, come from the C8 Science Panel. The panel was formed as part of a contingency to a class action lawsuit brought by communities in the Ohio River Valley against DuPont in response to landfill and wastewater dumping of PFAS-laden material from DuPont's West Virginia Washington Works Plant. The panel measured PFOA (also known as C8) serum concentrations in 69,000 individuals from around DuPont's Washington Works Plant and found a mean concentration of 83.0 ng/mL, compared to 4 ng/mL in a standard population of Americans. From this panel, 35 studies investigating probable links between elevated C8 blood concentration and specific health outcomes were determined by measures of association:
Proposed mechanisms of PFAS-related adverse health outcomes
Hypercholesterolemia
Animal studies in the 1990s and early 2000s primarily aimed to investigate the effect of two widely used long-chain PFASs, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, C8) and perfluorooctane sulphonic acid (PFOS, C8), on peroxisome proliferation in rat livers. These studies determined that PFOA and PFOS acted as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists, increasing lipid metabolism. A paradoxical response is observed in humans where elevated PFOS levels were significantly associated with elevated total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, highlighting significantly reduced PPAR expression and alluding to PPAR independent pathways predominating over lipid metabolism in humans compared to rodents.
Ulcerative colitis
PFOA and PFOS have been shown to significantly alter immune and inflammatory responses in human and animal species. In particular, IgA, IgE (in females only) and C-reactive protein have been shown to decrease whereas antinuclear antibodies increase as PFOA serum concentrations increase. These cytokine variations allude to immune response aberrations resulting in autoimmunity. One proposed mechanism is a shift towards anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages and/or T-helper (TH2) response in intestinal epithelial tissue which allows sulfate-reducing bacteria to flourish. Elevated levels of hydrogen sulfide result which reduce beta-oxidation and thus nutrient production leading to a breakdown of the colonic epithelial barrier.
Thyroid disease
Hypothyroidism is the most common thyroid abnormality associated with PFAS exposure. PFASs have been shown to decrease thyroid peroxidase, resulting in decreased production and activation of thyroid hormones in vivo. Other proposed mechanisms include alterations in thyroid hormone signaling, metabolism and excretion as well as function of nuclear hormone receptor.
Cancer
Rat studies investigating the carcinogenicity of PFASs reported significant correlation with liver adenomas, Leydig cell tumors of the testis and pancreatic acinar cell tumors and dietary PFOA consumption. The C8 Science Panel investigated the potential relationship between PFAS exposure and these three cancer types as well as 18 other cancer types in their epidemiological studies. Contrary to the animal studies, the C8 studies did not find a probable link between elevated C8 exposure and liver adenomas or pancreatic acinar cell tumors; however, a probable link was found with regards to testis and kidney cancer. Two mechanisms have been proposed by which PFOA could cause Leydig cell tumors. Both mechanisms start by proposing that PROA exposure results in increased PPAR alpha activation in the liver which increases hepatic aromatase concentration and subsequent serum estrogen levels. The mechanisms now diverge, with one pathway suggesting elevated estradiol levels increase Tissue Growth Factor alpha (TGF alpha) which prompts Leydig cell proliferation. The other pathway suggests that aromatization of testosterone to estradiol reduces serum testosterone levels resulting in increased release of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland which directly results in Leydig Cell tumorgenesis. A mechanism has not yet been proposed to explain how kidney cancer could be caused by C8 exposure as no in vivo animal studies have been able to model this epidemiological outcome.
Pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia
Pregnancy-induced hypertension is diagnosed when maternal systolic blood pressure (SBP) exceeds 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) exceeds 90mmHg after 20 weeks gestation. Diagnostic criteria are the same for pre-eclampsia as pregnancy-induced hypertension; however, it also confers proteinuria. Mechanisms by which pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia could be caused by PFAS exposure have remained elusive and are largely speculative to date. One proposed mechanism highlights alterations in immune function leading to disruption of placentation, specifically as it pertains to natural killer (NK) cell infiltration of the placenta to facilitate trophoblastic integration with placental blood supply. Another mechanism refers to agonism of PPARs contributing to alterations in cholesterol, triglyceride and uric acid levels which may lead to vascular inflammation and elevated blood pressure.
Other adverse health outcomes that have been attributed to elevated PFAS exposure but were not found to be probable links in the C8 studies are decreased antibody response to vaccines, asthma, decreased mammary gland development, low birth weight (-0.7oz per 1 ng/mL increase in blood PFOA or PFOS level), decreased bone mineral density and neurodevelopmental abnormalities.
The total annual health-related costs associated with human exposure to PFASs was found to be at least €52-€84 billion in the EEA countries. Aggregated annual costs covering environmental screening, monitoring where contamination is found, water treatment, soil remediation and health assessment are totalling to €821 million-€170 billion in the EEA plus Switzerland.
Environmental concerns
Forever chemicals
Fluorosurfactants such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) have caught the attention of regulatory agencies because of their persistence, toxicity, and widespread occurrence in the blood of general populations and wildlife. In 2009, PFOS, its salts and perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride were listed as persistent organic pollutants under the Stockholm Convention, due to their ubiquitous, persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic nature. PFAS chemicals were dubbed the "Forever Chemicals" following a 2018 op-ed. The nickname was derived by combining the two dominant attributes of this class of chemicals: 1) PFAS chemicals are characterized by a carbon-fluorine (C-F) backbone (the "F-C" in "Forever Chemicals"); and 2) the carbon fluorine bond is one of the strongest bonds in organic chemistry, which gives these chemicals an extremely long environmental half-life (the "Forever" in "Forever Chemicals"). The Forever Chemicals name is now commonly used in media outlets in addition to the more technical name of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances, or PFASs. Their production has been regulated or phased out by manufacturers, such as 3M, DuPont, Daikin, and Miteni in the US, Japan, and Europe. In 2006 3M replaced PFOS and PFOA with short-chain PFASs, such as perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorobutanesulfonic acid and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS). Shorter fluorosurfactants may be less prone to accumulating in mammals; there is still concern that they may be harmful to both humans, and the environment at large. A majority of PFASs are either not covered by European legislation or are excluded from registration obligations under REACH (which is the European flagship chemical legislation). Several PFASs have been detected in drinking water, municipal wastewater and landfill leachates, worldwide.
It had been thought that perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) would eventually end up in the oceans, where they would be diluted over decades, but a field study published in 2021 by researchers at Stockholm University found that they are significantly transferred from water to air when waves break on land, and are a significant source of air pollution, and eventually get into rain. The researchers concluded that pollution "may impact large areas of inland Europe and other continents, in addition to coastal areas".
Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
Bioaccumulation is the process by which PFASs are transferred into tissue of any exposed organisms where PFASs accumulate over time since organisms lack natural excretion mechanisms. There are a variety of pathways by which PFASs can accumulate in a marine species. They can be absorbed from the environment, such as contaminated sediments or PFAS dissolved in water. PFASs can partition into the organs and tissues of marine organisms from these environmental compartments. They have been shown to bind to blood proteins and accumulate in the livers of marine animals. Another pathway for bioaccumulation is predation. As larger marine animals feed on smaller organisms which have been exposed to PFAS, the larger animals absorb the PFAS contained in their prey.
Biomagnification is the process by which the amount of PFAS contamination increases with increasing trophic level, due to predation by the species at the higher trophic level. Top predators have higher levels of PFAS than species lower down the food chain. Seabirds that feed on fish have among the highest levels of PFAS contamination. Perfluorosulfonic acids, which have a sulfonic acid functional group attached to the fluorinated "tail", have a greater tendency to bioaccumulate than perfluorocarboxylic acids, which contain a carboxylic acid function group. Longer chain PFAS compounds, which have 6, 7, or more fluorinated carbons, bioaccumulate in greater quantities than shorter chain PFASs. The concentration of PFOS, a long chain sulfonic acid, was found at the highest concentrations relative to other PFAS compounds measured in fish and birds in Northern seas such as the Barents Sea and the Canadian Arctic.
Australia
In 2017, the ABC's current affairs programme Four Corners reported that the storage and use of firefighting foams containing perfluorinated surfactants at Australian Defence Force facilities around Australia had contaminated nearby water resources. In 2019, remediation efforts at RAAF Base Tindal and the adjacent town of Katherine were ongoing. In the 2022 Australian federal budget $428million was allocated for works at HMAS Albatross, RAAF Base Amberley, RAAF Base Pearce and RAAF Base Richmond including funding to remediate PFAS contamination.
Canada
Although PFASs are not manufactured in Canada, they may be present in imported goods and products. In 2008, Canada prohibited the import, sale, or use of PFOS or PFOS-containing products, with some exceptions for products used in firefighting, in the military, and in some forms of ink and photo media.
Health Canada has published drinking water guidelines for maximum concentrations of PFOS and PFOA. The guidelines were established to protect the health of Canadians, including children, over a lifetime's exposure to these substances. The maximum allowable concentration for PFOS under the guidelines is 0.0002 milligrams per litre. The maximum allowable concentration for PFOA is 0.0006 milligrams per litre.
United Kingdom
Although it is recognized that they may also cause disease, for example through absorption via drinking water, water companies in the United Kingdom do not test for PFASs.
Italy
Over 350,000 residents in Veneto are estimated to have been exposed to contamination through tap water, it is Europe's biggest PFAS-related environmental disaster.
While Italy's National Health Institute (ISS, Istituto Superiore di Sanità) set the threshold limit of PFOA in the bloodstream at 8 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL), some residents had reached 262 and some industrial employees reach 91,900 ng/mL.
In 2021 some data has been disclosed by Greenpeace and other local citizens after a long legal battle against the Veneto Region and ISS, which for years has denied access to data that despite the alarming values known since or even before 2017 the Veneto Region has not carried out further monitoring or taken resolutive actions to eliminate pollution and reduce, at least gradually, the contamination of water not intended for drinking.
Furthermore, as far as is known, it appears that the Region has so far ignored the risk for the entire national community and beyond, given that some of these foods could also be sold abroad. These are intolerable shortcomings: whoever is responsible for public health has the duty to do everything possible to concretely tackle such a significant health problem.
Despite the fact that in 2020 the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) has reduced by more than four times the maximum tolerable limit of PSAS that can be taken through the diet, the Region has not carried out new assessments or implemented concrete actions to protect the population and the agri-food and livestock sectors. To this are added some limits on the monitoring of the monitored geographical area, which does not include the orange zone and other areas affected by contamination, as well as the insufficiency of analysis on important productions widespread in the areas concerned: eggs (up to 37600 ng\kg), fish (18600 ng\kg) spinach and radicchio (only one sampling carried out) , kiwis, melons, watermelons, cereals (only one spelled sample was analyzed), soy, wines (very famous from the region) and apples.
The most polluted area is near the confinating region Lombardia that has no data public for this kind of pollutant.
United States
In products
Certain PFASs are no longer manufactured in the United States, as a result of phase-outs including the PFOA Stewardship Program (2010-2015), in which eight major chemical manufacturers agreed to eliminate the use of PFOA and PFOA-related chemicals in their products and as emissions from their facilities. Although PFOA and PFOS are no longer manufactured in the United States, they are still produced internationally and are imported into the US in consumer goods such as carpet, leather and apparel, textiles, paper and packaging, coatings, rubber and plastics.
In 2020, manufacturers and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced an agreement to phase out some types of PFAS which are used in food packaging by 2024.
PFAS are also used by major companies of the cosmetics industry in a wide range of cosmetics, including lipstick, eye liner, mascara, foundation, concealer, lip balm, blush, nail polish and other such products. A 2021 study tested 231 makeup and personal care products and found organic fluorine, an indicator of PFAS, in more than half of the samples. High levels of fluorine were most commonly identified in waterproof mascara (82% of brands tested), foundations (63%), and liquid lipstick (62%). As many as 13 types of individual PFAS compounds were found in each product. Since PFAS compounds are highly mobile, they are readily absorbed through human skin and through tear ducts, and such products on lips are often unwittingly ingested. Manufacturers often fail to label their products as containing PFAS, which makes it difficult for cosmetics consumers to avoid products containing PFAS. In response, Senators Susan Collins of Maine and Richard Blumenthal of Connecticut proposed the No PFAS in Cosmetics Act in the United States Senate. It was also introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Michigan Representative Debbie Dingell.
Contaminated sites, drinking water and wastewater
There are an estimated 26,000 PFAS-contaminated sites across the United States, and scientists have estimated that at least six million Americans have PFAS-contaminated drinking water above the existing safe limits recommended by EPA.
EPA published non-enforceable drinking water health advisories for PFOA and PFOS in 2016. In March 2021 EPA announced that it will develop national drinking water standards for PFOA and PFOS. On December 27, 2021, EPA published a regulation requiring drinking water utilities to conduct monitoring for 29 PFAS compounds. The data are to be collected during 2023 to 2025. EPA will pay for the monitoring costs for small drinking water systems (those serving a population of 10,000 or fewer). The agency may use the monitoring data to develop additional regulations.
In mid-2021 EPA announced plans to revise federal wastewater regulations (effluent guidelines) for several industries that manufacture PFAS or use PFAS in fabricating various products.
In October 2021 EPA announced the PFAS Strategic Roadmap. This initiative is a "whole-of-EPA" strategy and considers the full lifecycle of PFAS—including drinking water monitoring and risk assessment for PFOA and PFOS in biosolids (processed wastewater sludge used as fertilizer).
The EPA issued health advisories for four specific PFAS in June 2022, significantly lowering their safe threshold levels for drinking water. PFOA was reduced from 70 ppt to 0.004 ppt, while PFOS was reduced from 70 ppt to 0.02 ppt. GenX's safe levels were set at 10 ppt, while PFBS were set to 2000 ppt. While not enforceable, these health advisories are intended to be acted on by states in setting their own drinking water standards.
California
In 2021 California banned PFAS for use in food packaging and from infant and children's products and also required PFAS cookware in the state to carry a warning label.
Maine
A program licensed and promoted by the Maine Department of Environmental Protection that provided free municipal wastewater sludge (biosolids) to farmers as fertilizer has resulted in PFAS contamination of local drinking water and farm-grown produce.
Michigan
Launched in 2017, the Michigan PFAS Action Response Team (MPART) is the first multi-agency action team of its kind in the nation. Agencies representing health, environment and other branches of state government have joined together to investigate sources and locations of PFAS contamination in the state, take action to protect people's drinking water, and keep the public informed.
Groundwater is tested at locations throughout the state by various parties to ensure safety, compliance with regulations, and to proactively detect and remedy potential problems. In 2010, the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ) discovered levels of PFASs in groundwater monitoring wells at the former Wurtsmith Air Force Base. As additional information became available from other national testing, Michigan expanded its investigations into other locations where PFAS compounds were potentially used.
In 2018, the MDEQ's Remediation and Redevelopment Division (RRD) established cleanup criteria for groundwater used as drinking water of 70 ppt of PFOA and PFOS, individually or combined. The RRD staff are responsible for implementing these criteria as part of their ongoing efforts to clean-up sites of environmental contamination. The RRD staff are the lead investigators at most of the PFAS sites on the MPART website and also conduct interim response activities, such as coordinating bottled water or filter installations with local health departments at sites under investigation or with known PFAS concerns. Most of the groundwater sampling at PFAS sites under RRD's lead is conducted by contractors familiar with PFAS sampling techniques. The RRD also has a Geologic Services Unit, with staff who install monitoring wells and are also well versed with PFAS sampling techniques.
The MDEQ has been conducting environmental clean-up of regulated contaminants for decades. Due to the evolving nature of PFAS regulations as new science becomes available, the RRD is evaluating the need for regular PFAS sampling at Superfund sites and is including an evaluation of PFAS sampling needs as part of a Baseline Environmental Assessment review.
Earlier in 2018, the RRD purchased lab equipment that will allow the MDEQ Environmental Lab to conduct analyses of certain PFAS samples. (Currently, most samples are shipped to one of the few labs in the country that conduct PFAS analysis, in California, although private labs in other parts of the country, including Michigan, are starting to offer these services.) As of August 2018, RRD has hired additional staff to work on developing the methodology and conducting PFAS analyses.
In 2020 Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel filed a lawsuit against 17 companies, including 3M, Chemours, and DuPont, for hiding known health and environmental risks from the state and it's residents. Nessel's complaint identifies 37 sites with known contamination.
In 2020 the Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE) introduced some of the strictest drinking water standards in the country for PFAS, setting maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for PFOA and PFOS to 8 and 16 ppt respectively (down from previous existing groundwater cleanup standards of 70 ppt for both), and introducing MCLs for 5 other previously unregulated PFAS compounds, limiting PFNA to 6 ppt, PFHxA to 400,000 ppt, PFHxS to 51 ppt, PFBS to 420 ppt and HFPO-DA to 370 ppt. The change adds 38 additional sites to the state's list of known PFAS contaminated areas, bringing the total number of known sites to 137. About half of these sites are landfills and 13 are former plating facilities.
In 2022 PFOS was found in beef produced at a Michigan farm. The cattle had been fed crops fertilized with contaminated biosolids. State agencies issued a consumption advisory, but did not order a recall, because there currently are no PFOS contamination in beef government standards.
Minnesota
In February 2018, 3M settled a lawsuit for $850 million related to contaminated drinking water in Minnesota.
New Jersey
In 2018 the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) published a drinking water standard for PFNA. Public water systems in New Jersey are required to meet a maximum contaminant level (MCL) standard of 13 ppt. In 2020 the state set a PFOA standard at 14 ppt and a PFOS standard at 13 ppt.
In 2019 NJDEP filed lawsuits against the owners of two plants that had manufactured PFASs, and two plants that were cited for water pollution from other chemicals. The companies cited are DuPont, Chemours and 3M. NJDEP also declared five companies to be financially responsible for statewide remediation of the chemicals. Among the companies accused were Arkema and Solvay in regard to a West Deptford Facility in Gloucester County, where Arkema manufactured PFASs, but Solvay claims to have never manufactured but only handled PFASs. The companies denied liability, and contested the directive. In June 2020, the US Environmental Protection Agency and NJ Department of Environmental Protection published a paper reporting that a unique family of PFAS used by Solvay, chloroperfluoropolyether carboxylates (ClPFPECAs), were contaminating the soils of New Jersey as far from the Solvay facility as 150 km and the ClPFPECAs were found in water as well. Later in 2020, the New Jersey state attorney general filed suit in the New Jersey Superior Court against Solvey regarding PFAS contamination of the state's environment. In May 2021, Solvay issued a press release that the company is "discontinuing the use of fluorosurfactants in the U.S.".
Class action lawsuits
In February 2017, DuPont and Chemours (a DuPont spin-off) agreed to pay $671 million to settle lawsuits arising from 3,550 personal injury claims related to releasing of PFASs from their Parkersburg, West Virginia plant, into the drinking water of several thousand residents. This was after a court-created independent scientific panel, "The C8 Science Panel", found a 'probable link' between C8 exposure and six illnesses: kidney and testicular cancer, ulcerative colitis, thyroid disease, pregnancy-induced hypertension and high cholesterol.
In October 2018, a class action suit was filed by an Ohio firefighter against several producers of fluorosurfactants, including the 3M and DuPont corporations, on behalf of all US residents who may have adverse health effects from exposure to PFASs. Five New Jersey companies were declared to be financially responsible for statewide remediation of the chemicals in a directive from the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection in March 2019.
This story is told in the film Dark Waters, released in November 2019, produced by the actor Mark Ruffalo and directed by Todd Haynes.
Corporate and federal government suppression of information
Starting in the 1970s, 3M scientists learned that PFOS and PFOA were toxic to humans, documenting damage to the human immune system. Also in the 1970s, 3M scientists found that these substances accumulate over time in the human body. However, 3M suppressed revelation of these facts to the public or to regulators.
In 2018 White House staff and EPA pressured the U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry to suppress a study that showed PFASs to be even more dangerous than previously thought.
Water contamination by U.S. military bases
The water in and around at least 126 U.S. military bases has been contaminated by high levels of PFASs, according to a study by the U.S. Department of Defense. Of these, 90 bases reported PFAS contamination that had spread to drinking water or ground water off the base. The chemical is correlated with cancer and birth defects.
Occupational exposure
Occupational exposure to PFASs occurs in numerous industries due to the widespread use of PFASs in products and as an element of industrial process streams. PFASs are used in more than 200 different ways in industries as diverse as electronics and equipment manufacturing, plastic and rubber production, food and textile production, and building and construction. Occupational exposure to PFASs can occur at fluorochemical facilities that produce PFASs and other manufacturing facilities that use PFASs for industrial processing like the chrome plating industry. Workers who handle PFAS-containing products can also be exposed during their work. Examples include people who install PFAS-containing carpets and leather furniture with PFAS coatings, professional ski-waxers using PFAS-based waxes, and fire-fighters who use PFAS-containing foam and wear flame-resistant protective gear impregnated with PFASs.
People who are exposed to PFASs through their jobs typically have higher levels of PFASs in their blood than the general population. Additionally, while the general population is exposed to PFASs through ingested food and water, occupational exposure includes both accidental ingestion and inhalation exposure in settings where a PFAS becomes volatilized. There has been increased attention to the health risks associated with exposure to PFASs, which can affect the immune system, increase cholesterol, and increase the risk of cancer. The severity of PFAS-associated health effects can vary based on the length of exposure, level of exposure, and health status. In 2009, under decision SC-4/17, certain PFASs (perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, its salts and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride) were listed in Annex B of the 2009 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, dictating acceptable purposes and specific exemptions to the chemical usage. Among these exemptions are numerous uses in manufacturing as well as firefighting foams.
Professional ski wax technicians
Professional ski wax technicians are disproportionately exposed to PFASs from the glide wax used to coat the bottom of skis to reduce the friction between the skis and snow. During this process, the wax is heated to 130-220 °C, which releases fumes and airborne fluorinated compounds. Exposure to aerosolized PFASs is associated with alveolic edema, polymer fume fever, severe dyspnea, decreased pulmonary function, and respiratory distress syndrome in those chronically exposed. In a 2010 study, blood serum levels of PFOA were significantly higher in ski wax technicians compared to levels of the general Swedish population. Serum levels of PFOA in ski wax technicians was positively correlated with years spent working, suggesting bioaccumulation of PFOA over time.
Manufacturing workers
People who work at fluorochemical production plants and in manufacturing industries that use PFASs in the industrial process can be exposed to PFASs in the workplace. Much of what we know about PFASs exposure and health effects began with medical surveillance studies of workers exposed to PFASs at fluorochemical production facilities. These studies began in the 1940s and were conducted primarily at U.S. and European manufacturing sites. Between the 1940s and 2000s, thousands of workers exposed to PFASs participated in research studies that advanced scientific understanding of exposure pathways, toxicokinetic properties, and adverse health effects associated with exposure.
The first research study to report elevated organic fluorine levels in the blood of fluorochemical workers was published in 1980. This study established inhalation as a potential route of occupational PFAS exposure by reporting measurable levels of organic fluorine in air samples at the facility. Workers at fluorochemical production facilities have higher levels of PFOA and PFOS in their blood than the general population. Serum PFOA levels in fluorochemical workers are generally below 20,000 ng/mL but have been reported as high as 100,000 ng/mL whereas the mean PFOA concentration among non-occupationally exposed cohorts in the same time frame was 4.9 ng/mL. Among fluorochemical workers, those with direct contact with PFASs have higher PFASs concentrations in their blood than those with intermittent contact and those with no direct PFAS contact. Further, blood PFAS levels decline when direct contact ceases. Levels of PFOA and PFOS have declined in US and European fluorochemical workers due to improved facilities, increased usage of personal protective equipment, and the phase out of these chemicals from production. However, occupational exposure to PFASs in manufacturing continues to be an active area of study in China with numerous investigations linking worker exposure to various PFASs.
Firefighters
PFASs are commonly used in Class B firefighting foams due to their hydrophobic and lipophobic properties as well as the stability of the chemicals when exposed to high heat. Due to firefighters' potential for exposure to PFASs through these aqueous film forming foams (AFFF), studies raise concerns that there are high levels of bioaccumulation of PFASs in firefighters who work and train with these substances.
Research into occupational exposure for firefighters is emergent, though frequently limited by underpowered study designs. A 2011 cross-sectional analysis of the C8 Health Studies found higher levels of PFHxS in firefighters compared to the sample group of the region, with other PFASs at elevated levels, without reaching statistical significance. A 2014 study in Finland studying eight firefighters over three training sessions observed select PFASs (PFHxS and PFNA) increase in blood samples following each training event. Due to this small sample size, a test of significance was not conducted. A 2015 cross-sectional study conducted in Australia found that accumulation of PFOS and PFHxS was positively associated with years of occupational AFFF exposure through firefighting.
Due to their use in training and testing, recent studies indicate occupational risk for military members and firefighters, as higher levels of PFASs in exposure were indicated in military members and firefighters when compared to the general population. Further, exposure to PFASs is prevalent among firefighters not only due to its use in emergencies but because it is also used in personal protective equipment. In support of these findings, states like Washington and Colorado have moved to restrict and penalize the use of Class B firefighting foam which contains PFAS for firefighter training and testing.
Exposure after World Trade Center terrorist attacks
The September 11, 2001 collapse of the World Trade Center buildings in New York City resulted in the release of chemicals from the destruction of construction and electrical material and long-term chemical fires. This collapse caused the release of several toxic chemicals, including fluorinated surfactants used as soil- and stain-resistant coatings on various materials. First responders to this incident were exposed to PFOA, PFNA, and PFHxS, through inhalation of dust and smoke released during and after the collapse of the World Trade Center.
Fire responders who were working at or near ground zero were assessed for respiratory and other health effects from exposure to emissions at the World Trade Center. Early clinical testing showed high prevalence of respiratory health effects. Early symptoms of exposure often presented with persistent coughing and wheezing. PFOA and PFHxS levels were present in both smoke and dust exposure. Yet, first responders with smoke exposures had higher concentrations of PFOA and PFHxS than those with dust exposures.
Remediation solutions
Liquids treatment
Several technologies are currently available for remediating PFASs in liquids. These technologies can be applied to drinking water supplies, groundwater, industrial wastewater, surface water, and other miscellaneous applications (such as landfill leachate). Influent concentrations of PFASs can vary by orders of magnitude for specific media or applications. These influent values, along with other general water quality parameters (for example, pH) can influence the performance and operating costs for the treatment technologies. The technologies are:
Sorption
Granular activated carbon
Biochar
Ion exchange
Precipitation/flocculation/coagulation
Redox manipulation (chemical oxidation and reduction technologies)
Membrane filtration
Reverse osmosis
Nanofiltration
Supercritical water oxidation
Private and public sector applications of one or more of these methodologies above is being applied to remediation sites throughout the United States and other international locations. Most solutions involve on-site treatment systems, while others are leveraging off-site infrastructure and facilities, such as a centralized waste treatment facility, to treat and dispose of the PFAS pool of compounds.
Most recently, a 2022 study published in the Journal of Environmental Engineering found that a heat-and pressure-based technique known as supercritical water oxidation destroyed 99% of the PFASs present in a water sample. During this process, oxidizing substances are added to PFAS-contaminated water and then the liquid is heated above its critical temperature of 374 degrees Celsius at a pressure of more than 220 bars. The water becomes supercritical (being neither gas nor liquid), and, in this state, water-repellent substances such as PFASs dissolve much more readily.
Theoretical and early-stage solutions
The Michigan State University-Fraunhofer team has a viable solution to treat PFAS-contaminated wastewater that, in 2018, was reported to be ready for a pilot-scale investigation. The electrochemical oxidation system used boron-doped diamond electrodes, in a process breaking down the contaminants' formidable molecular bonds and cleaning the water while systematically destroying the hazardous compounds.
"EO, or electrochemical oxidation, is a simple, clean and effective method for destruction of PFAS and other co-contaminants as a complementary procedure to other wastewater treatment processes," said Cory Rusinek, electrochemist at MSU-Fraunhofer. "If we can remove it from wastewater, we can reduce its occurrence in surface waters."
In September 2019, it was reported Acidimicrobium sp. strain A6 could be a potential remediator.
Blood Donation
A study published in JAMA Network Open tracked PFAS levels in a clinical trial and showed that regular blood or plasma donations resulted in a significant reduction in PFAS levels for the participants.
Example chemicals
Some common per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances:
Perfluorinated carboxylic acids
Fluorotelomers
Perfluorosulfonic acids
Others:
Films
The Devil We Know (2018)
Dark Waters (2019)
See also
Timeline of events related to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)
Entegris, formerly Fluoroware, of Chaska, MN, manufacturer of teflon components for health and semiconductor Fabs.
FSI International, now TEL FSI
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Fluoropolymer - another class of polyfluoroalkyl substances
References
Further reading
OECD: Reconciling Terminology of the Universe of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Recommendations and Practical Guidance , OECD Series on Risk Management, No. 61, OECD Publishing, Paris, 2021.
External links
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) at the National Toxicology Program
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Your Health at the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) at the United States Environmental Protection Agency
Perfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFAS) at the European Chemicals Agency
PFAS Contamination [map] in the U.S. by the Environmental Working Group
Organofluorides
Pollutants
Surfactants
Environment and health
Occupational safety and health
Hazardous air pollutants |
23574582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekranoplan%20%28album%29 | Ekranoplan (album) | Ekranoplan is the second studio album by American psychedelic rock band Assemble Head in Sunburst Sound, released in March 2007 on Tee Pee Records.
Track list
"Ekranoplan" – 3:17
"Mosquito Lantern" – 3:51
"Rudy on the Corner" – 3:44
"Summon the Vardig" – 6:09
"Occult Roots" – 4:15
"Message by Mistral and Thunderclap" – 3:45
"D. Brown" – 5:36
"The Chocolate Maiden's Misty Summer Morning" – 4:15
"Gemini 9" – 3:29
References
2007 albums
Assemble Head in Sunburst Sound albums
Tee Pee Records albums |
23574584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalia | Zalia | Zalia may refer to:
Zalia, West Virginia
Manuel Zelaya (born 1952), Honduran businessman & politician
See also
Zulia (disambiguation) |
23574587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Costain | Richard Costain | Richard Costain (1839–1902) was the founder of Costain Group, one of the United Kingdom's largest, oldest and best-known construction businesses.
Career
Born and raised in the Isle of Man, Richard Costain moved to Crosby, Merseyside where, in 1865, he founded a small but well-equipped construction business. In the early days of the business, he worked in partnership with his brother-in-law William Kneen and together they expanded the business until it was operating both in Lancashire and on the Isle of Man. Kneen and Costain purchased tracts of land, then built many houses on them. Masons and joiners were recruited from Arbory on the Isle of Man.
Richard Costain later lived at Blundellsands, located near Crosby.
He died in West Derby in 1902 leaving the business, by then known as Richard Costain Limited, to his son William Percy Costain.
Family
In 1866, Costain married Margaret Kneen.
References
1839 births
1902 deaths
19th-century English businesspeople
People from Crosby, Merseyside
20th-century English businesspeople
Businesspeople in construction |
23574596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20the%20Springtime%20of%20the%20Year | In the Springtime of the Year | In the Springtime of the Year is a 1973 novel by Susan Hill. Hill has stated that the book was inspired by the sudden death of a man to whom she had been close for eight years.
Reception
A 1974 book review by Kirkus Reviews concluded; "Susan Hill is the most uncompromising of writers and this is a monochrome of rural England where lives proceed in synergistic harmony with the natural world around them were it not for that whim of fate... Once again Miss Hill's novel achieves a consummate simplicity—we cannot fault its deliberate tonelessness without acknowledging its universality."
References
Novels by Susan Hill
1973 British novels
Hamish Hamilton books |
23574602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When%20Sweet%20Sleep%20Returned | When Sweet Sleep Returned | When Sweet Sleep Returned is the third studio album by American psychedelic rock band Assemble Head in Sunburst Sound, released in April 2009 on Tee Pee Records.
Track listing
"Two Stage Rocket" – 3:27
"Two Birds" – 7:37
"Drunken Leaves" – 4:18
"The Slumbering Ones" – 4:50
"Kolob Canyon" – 5:55
"By the Ripping Green" – 5:07
"Clive and the Lyre" – 3:51
"End Under Down" – 5:36
References
2009 albums
Assemble Head in Sunburst Sound albums
Tee Pee Records albums |
6903024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.%20Liga | 3. Liga | The 3. Liga is a professional association football league and the third division in Germany. In the German football league system, it is positioned between the 2. Bundesliga and the fourth-tier Regionalliga.
The modern 3. Liga was formed for the 2008–09 season, replacing the Regionalliga, which had previously served as the third-tier in the country. In Germany, the 3. Liga is also the highest division that a club's reserve team can play in.
History
In January 2006, the discussion was made about a reorganization of the amateur leagues and the establishment of a single-track "3. Bundesliga". The aim of the reform was to create a great performance density for the substructure of the 2. Bundesliga with better support and development opportunities for talented players. In addition, better marketing of the third division should be achieved. A violent dispute broke out in the run-up to the decision scheduled for September 2006 at the DFB-Bundestag about the participation of second teams in the first and second division. After the U23 teams of the professional clubs were initially not supposed to take part in the newly created league for reasons of distortion of competition and low attendance, several Bundesliga clubs demanded, an unrestricted right to participate. Ultimately, a compromise was worked out that initially only allowed four-second substitutes to play in the premier season of the third division.
On 8 September 2006, the introduction of the single-track 3. Liga was finally decided at an extraordinary DFB Bundestag. Half of the clubs from the existing Regionalliga North and South were able to qualify for the premiere season, plus four relegated teams from the 2. Bundesliga. The German Football Association, the DFB, announced the formation of the 3. Liga. It was originally anticipated that the league's name would be 3. Bundesliga, but the DFB chose 3. Liga instead, as the league will be directly administered by the DFB, not by the German Football League DFL (Deutsche Fußball Liga) who runs both Bundesliga and 2. Bundesliga. On 10 April 2008, the DFB presented the logo for the new division to the public.
In contrast to the introduction of the 2. Liga in 1974 or the merging of the north and south seasons to form the single-track 2. Bundesliga for the 1981–82 season, there was no multi-year rating when determining the participants for the first season of the new 3. Liga. It was only the performance of the teams in the qualifying period of the Regionalliga relays were athletically qualified for the 3. Liga. In addition, there were four 2. Liga relegated teams in the 2007–08 season. The Regionalliga players who were not qualified for the new division after completing the admission process competed in the new three-pronged fourth division Regionalliga, provided they were granted a license for this.
The first match of the 3. Liga was played on 25 July 2008 between Rot-Weiß Erfurt and Dynamo Dresden at the Steigerwaldstadion in Erfurt. Dynamo Dresden won the match 1–0, with Halil Savran scoring the only goal in the closing stages of the first half. The first goal scorer in the 3. Liga was Halil Savran and the first table leader was SC Paderborn 07. The first champions of the 3. Liga were 1. FC Union Berlin on 9 May 2009, who received the eight-and-a-half-kilogram silver championship trophy.
In the 2018–19 season, four relegated teams were determined for the first time in the history of the 3. Liga, and for the first-time regular Monday games took place. Furthermore, for the first time no U23 team from a higher-class club was able to qualify for the league. With the relegation of the last founding member of the 3. Liga, FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt, in the preseason, for the first time, no team that been part of the league without interruption took part in the game. In addition, at the beginning of the 2018–19 season, the DFB and Adidas signed a partner contract that would run until the end of the 2021–22 season, according to which the company provides a uniform match ball; in all previous seasons each club had its own ball sponsor. The first ball provided by Adidas for all the clubs was the Telstar 18, which was also used at the 2018 FIFA World Cup.
For the 2019–20 season, as in the two national leagues, warnings for club officials were introduced in the form of cards. On the 13th match day, the DFB expanded the regulation by an addition – as with players, club officials are threatened with suspension of more than one game and yellow card suspensions after being sent off after being checked by the competent authority. In view of the global COVID-19 pandemic, gaming operations had to be temporarily suspended after 27 match days on 11 March 2020 and finally completely ceased on 16 March; the measure was initially valid until 30 April 2020. On 3 April, the DFB announced extensive changes to the game rules as a result. Among other things, it was possible to carry out seasonal operations beyond 30 June 2020, so the following season was opened later than the planned time. Ultimately, the final game day took place on 4 July 2020. In addition, a possible application to open insolvency proceedings within the 2019–20 season would no longer have resulted in a point deduction, in the following season only three points would be deducted instead of the usual nine; from the 2021–22 season onwards, the usual regulation should apply again. On 21 May, it was decided to resume game operations on 30 May, and the DFB and DFL had worked out a hygiene concept for all three leagues with the help of the "Task Force Sports Medicine/Special Game Operations". In parallel to the two national leagues, the DFB increased the substitutions quota per team from three to five player for the 3. Liga until the end of the season, and the third-highest German division was not allowed be played in front of spectators.
While small numbers of spectators are allowed from the start of the 2020–21 season under certain conditions, it was decided in an internal league survey to limit the substitution contingent to three players again.
Financial situation
From its foundation in 2008 to 2013, the league operated at a financial loss, with a record deficit of €20.9 million in 2012–13. The 2013–14 season saw the league make a profit for the first time, of €4.9 million. The league earned €164.5 million, well behind the two Bundesligas above it, but also well ahead of other professional sports leagues in Germany. The Deutsche Eishockey Liga followed with €106.1 million and the Basketball Bundesliga and Handball-Bundesliga were each around the €90 million mark. This makes it the third-most economically successful professional league in all German sports.
Clubs
Since the establishment of the 3. Liga in 2008, a total of 63 clubs have played in this division. In the 2021–22 season, SC Freiburg II, Viktoria Berlin and TSV Havelse were represented in the league for the first time. The last club that has been in the 3. Liga without interruption since it was founded in 2008 is FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt, which was relegated in 2018. The longest uninterrupted club playing in the league is SV Wehen Wiesbaden, which from 2009 until its promotion to the 2. Liga in 2019, played in the 3. Liga for 10 years and also leads the all-time table. The club that has remained the longest at the moment is Hallescher FC, which has remained in the division since 2012. The clubs with the currently most – 12 – seasons in the 2. Liga is also SV Wehen Wiesbaden.
Members of and stadiums in the 2021–22 3. Liga
Structure
Since the first season in 2008–09, 20 teams have been playing for promotion to the 2. Bundesliga. The first two teams are promoted directly, the third in the table has to play for promotion in two playoffs in the relegation against the third from the bottom of the 2. Bundesliga. The three (from the 2018–19 season four) last-placed teams will be relegated to the fourth-class Regionalliga and will be replaced by four (until 2018–19 three) promoted teams from the Regionalligas. The four best teams in the league qualify for the DFB-Pokal.
The teams which are not reserve teams of Bundesliga teams among the 20 teams in the league compete for promotion to the 2. Bundesliga, while the four bottom teams are relegated to one of the five Regionalligen: Regionalliga Nord, Regionalliga Nordost, Regionalliga West, Regionalliga Südwest, and Regionalliga Bayern. Until 2018, three were relegated. If, however, a reserve team is playing in the 3. Liga and the respective first team is relegated to the 3. Liga, the reserve team will be demoted to the fifth-level Oberliga regardless of its league position, because reserve teams of 3. Liga clubs are ineligible to play in the Regionalliga.
Qualifying for the 3. Liga
At the end of the 2007–08 season, the two best non-reserve teams from each of the two divisions of the Regionalliga were promoted to the 2. Bundesliga. The teams ranked third to tenth in both Regionalliga entered the new 3. Liga, joining the four teams relegated from the 2. Bundesliga to form the new 20-team league. Teams finishing 11th or lower in their Regionalliga remained where they were.
On 18 May 2008, at the end of the 2007–08 2. Bundesliga season, four clubs were relegated from the 2. Bundesliga and became charter members of the 3. Liga: Kickers Offenbach, Erzgebirge Aue, SC Paderborn and FC Carl Zeiss Jena.
On 31 May 2008, at the end of the 2007–08 Regionalliga seasons, clubs placing third through tenth in the Regionalliga Nord and the Regionalliga Süd also qualified for the new 3. Liga.
U23 Regulation
The teams of the 3. Liga are obliged to list at least 4 players in the match report sheet (game day squad) for each game who are eligible to play for a DFB selection team and who are not older than 23 years for the entire season (1 July to 30 June), i.e. were born on or after 1 July 1998 (U23 players) for the 2021–22 season.
Eligibility to play in the second teams of licensed clubs (Bundesliga and 2. Bundesliga) is based on the regulation that applies from the Regionalliga downwards. According to this, only U23 players (see above) may be used, with 3 older players being allowed to be in the game at the same time.
From the Regionalliga Nord:
Fortuna Düsseldorf
Union Berlin
Werder Bremen II
Borussia Wuppertal
Rot-Weiß Erfurt
Dynamo Dresden
Kickers Emden
Eintracht Braunschweig
From the Regionalliga Süd:
VfB Stuttgart II
VfR Aalen
SV Sandhausen
SpVgg Unterhaching
Wacker Burghausen
Bayern Munich II
Jahn Regensburg
Stuttgarter Kickers
Promotion and relegation
The winner and runner-up in a given season are automatically promoted to the 2. Bundesliga. The third place team enters a home/away playoff against the 16th placed team of the 2. Bundesliga for the right to enter/stay in the 2. Bundesliga. Teams placing in the bottom four (three prior to 2019) are automatically sent to the Regionalliga.
Bold denotes team earned promotion.
Economy
With an annual turnover of €186 million (as of 2017–18), the 3. Liga was ahead of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga, the Handball-Bundesliga and Basketball Bundesliga (see: List of professional sports leagues by revenue).
License terms
In addition to sporting qualifications, the clubs concerned must also meet the economic and technical- organizational requirements that are mandatory by the DFB Presidium. These include that the capacity the stadiums in the 3. Liga must be more than 10,000 seats (of which 2000 seats); in turn, at least one third of these spaces must be covered. A stadium capacity of 5000 seats is sufficient for second teams. The coaches must have completed the football teacher training.
In particular, the conditions relating to the arcade infrastructure repeatedly prompt potential climbers from the subordinate regional leagues not to submit any licensing documents; for example SV Rödinghausen or Berliner AK 07, both of which play in stadiums that are clearly too small. On the other hand, cases such as that of KFC Uerdingen 05, 1. FC Saarbrücken or Türkgücü München show that even a temporary game operation in alternative venues is just as problematic as the search for one.
Broadcast rights
The media rights contract with SportA, the sports rights agency of the German public broadcasters ARD and ZDF, ran until the end of the 2017–18 season. Under this contract, the ARD and its third programs broadcast at least 100, a maximum of 120 games as well as the promotion games to the 3. Liga live. The third programs broadcast further games via live stream on the internet. This reached an average of around four million viewers. in addition, the ARD Sportschau showed summaries of selected games on Saturday from 6 pm to 6:30 pm.
Since the start of the 2017–18 season, Deutsche Telekom has been broadcasting all games for customers and subscribers as internet live streams. From the 2018–19 season to the 2020–21 season, a new contract came into force, with which SportA and Telekom jointly held the media rights to the 3. Liga. The ARD and its state broadcasters will then show 86 games from the 3. Liga as well as the promotion games to the 3. Liga live.
The clubs in the 3. Liga have each received well over a million euros for television rights since the 2018–19 season, around 40 percent more than before. When the 3. Liga was introduced, the clubs received a total of €10 million. Since the 2009–10 season, the annual payout has been €12,8 million. The second teams of the professional clubs do not participate in the television money.
Approximately 1–2 matches per week are broadcast with English commentary on the German Football Association YouTube channel.
Spectators
The number of spectators in the 3. Liga varies greatly. Big city traditional clubs like Dynamo Dresden, 1. FC Kaiserslautern, 1. FC Magdeburg, FC Hansa Rostock, MSV Duisburg, Arminia Bielefeld, Karlsruher SC, Alemannia Aachen, Eintracht Braunschweig, TSV 1860 Munich and Fortuna Düsseldorf, but also the ambitious newcomer RB Leipzig often had an average attendance of well over 10,000 viewers per game. Dynamo Dresden achieved the highest amount with an average of 27,500 spectators in the 2015–16 season. For the 2. Bundesliga teams, the average attendance is often less than 1,500 spectators per game. Werder Bremen II had the lowest value in the 2011–12 season with an average of 626. In the 2018–19 season, more than 3 million spectators were registered for the first time with an average of over 8,000, and six clubs achieved a five-digit average attendance.
Overall the 3. Liga has audience numbers that are comparable to the second soccer leagues in Italy (Serie B), France (Ligue 2) and Spain (Segunda División). Only the third-rate English football league One has similarly high or higher attendance numbers.
(1) Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, spectators were no longer allowed in the stadiums from the 28th matchday onwards, which resulted in reduced attendances. In addition, the values are based on data from the DFB.
(2) Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, spectators were not allowed in the stadiums for the majority of the season.
(3) Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, not all spectators were not allowed in the stadiums for the first half of the season.
Economic situation of the clubs
Since its first season, the 3. Liga has had a higher turnover than the first-class German Leagues in all other sports. For a number of clubs their participation in the 3. Liga ended with major financial problems. In 2009, the Stuttgarter Kickers got down after the DFB had imposed a three-point deduction for a loan that was not repaid on time. In addition, Kickers Emden had to withdraw its application for a license for the 3. Liga for economic reasons. In 2010–11, the opening of insolvency proceeding resulted in the forced regulation of Rot Weiss Ahlen. In the same season, TuS Koblenz waived their right to start the following third division season due to financial bottlenecks. In 2013, after the opening of insolvency proceedings, Alemannia Aachen was determined to be relegated early on and Kickers Offenbach's third division license was revoked. In 2016–17, VfR Aalen and FSV Frankfurt. In March 2018, FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt filed for bankruptcy, followed by Chemnitzer FC in April. Both clubs were relegated after deducting ten or nine points. Several other clubs are constantly threatened with bankruptcy.
At a press conference in mid-October 2019, the DFB published the balance sheet report for the 2018–19 season. A record turnover of €185 million was offset by an average loss of €1.5 million, which meant a new negative record. It was also the ninth of eleven years in which the clubs showed a total deficit, while seven clubs were still able to generate a profit. One of the main drivers of this situation, according to the report, was increased spending on human resources, particularly on player transfers and salaries. The average earnings of a 3. Liga player for 2018–19 was given as around €7,000 per month. In addition, the number of spectators in the stadiums continued to rise, but in return it fell significantly on television.
Financial fair play and the promotion of young talent
In order to counteract the problem, the DFB decided in September 2018 to introduce so-called financial fair play in the 3. Liga as well as a youth development fund to improve the economic situation of the clubs and strengthen their talent development. A total of around €3.5 million is to be distributed to the clubs. Up to €550,000 is to be distributed equally among clubs with a "positive seasonal result" and clubs that "have achieved or even exceeded their target season goal". A further €2.95 million is to flow into the youth development of the participants, whereby the use of U21 players with German nationality should have a positive effect on the distribution rate per club.
The pots are distributed in September at the end of a season. With the first distribution, Hansa Rostock received the highest amount for the top position in the categories "positive annual result" and "planned quiality" after a record turnover of €19 million in the 2018–19 season.
League statistics
Up to and including the 2021–22 season the top goal scorers, attendance statistics and records for the league are:
Attendance
Top scorers
Records
As of 22 May 2021
Placings in the 3. Liga
The following clubs have played in the league and achieved the following final positions:
Notes
1 Kickers Offenbach were refused a 3. Liga licence at the end of the 2012–13 season and relegated to the Regionalliga. SV Darmstadt 98, placed 18th originally, were instead placed in 17th position and were not relegated.
2 TSV 1860 Munich were unable to obtain a 3. Liga licence at the end of the 2016–17 season and relegated to the Regionalliga. SC Paderborn 07, placed 18th originally and who submitted a 3. Liga licence application, remained in the league for the 2017–18 season.
3 TuS Koblenz withdrew from the league after the 2011–12 season; Bremen II, placed 18th originally, were instead placed in 17th position and were not relegated.
4 RW Ahlen did not receive a licence for the 2011–12 season, originally finishing 17th after 2010–11. The club was placed in 20th position and relegated. Burghausen, placed 18th originally, were instead placed in 17th position and were not relegated. Ahlen did not request a licence in the Regionalliga and started the new season in the Oberliga.
5 Kickers Emden withdrew from the league after the 2008–09 season; Burghausen, placed 18th originally, were instead placed in 17th position and were not relegated. Emden became insolvent in 2012.
Promotion rounds
To the 2. Bundesliga
At the end of the regular season the third placed team in the 3. Liga play the 16th placed team in the 2. Bundesliga over two matches. The overall winner plays in the 2. Bundesliga in the following season, and the loser in the 3. Liga.
2008–09
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2009–10
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2010–11
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2011–12
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2012–13
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2013–14
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2014–15
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2015–16
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2016–17
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2017–18
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2018–19
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2019–20
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2020–21
2021–22
To the 3. Liga
From the 2012–13 to 2017–18 seasons, the champions of the five Regionalligas and the runners-up of the Regionalliga Südwest entered an end-of-the season play-off to determine the three teams promoted to the 3. Liga. From the 2018–19 season, three out of those five champions take direct promotion, leaving the remaining two to contest the play-off for the fourth promotion.
Key
Winner in bold.
In popular media
The German 3. Liga was licensed in 2017 for EA SPORTS FIFA 18 video-game for the first time by the result of a voting poll from the FIFA community FIFPlay for FIFA 18 new leagues. The voting has received over 2 million votes from the community with more than 230,000 votes for the German 3rd League (3. Liga).
Notes
References
External links
Deutscher Fußball-Bund (DFB)
kicker.de
3. Liga at Weltfussball.de
German 3.Liga (www.3-liga.com)
3. Liga at Soccerway.com
League321.com – German football league tables, records & statistics database
3
2008 establishments in Germany
3
Germany
Professional sports leagues in Germany |
23574603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bie%C8%99ti | Biești | Biești is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of three villages: Biești, Cihoreni and Slobozia-Hodorogea.
Notable people
Andrei Hodorogea (1878 in Slobozia-Hodorogea – 1917 in Chișinău) was a politician from Bessarabia
Protosinghelul Dosoftei Vîrlan (?–1933)
Gheorghe Andronache (1883–?)
Teodor Vicol (1888–?)
Nicanor Crocos (1890–1977)
Stela Popescu (1935–2017), actress
Andrei Munteanu (born 1939)
References
Communes of Orhei District |
17335204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torneo%20Apertura%202008%20%28Paraguay%29 | Torneo Apertura 2008 (Paraguay) | The Torneo Apertura 2008 (official name: Copa Tigo 2008) was the football (soccer) tournament that opened the season in the Paraguayan first division.
The tournament began on February 15 and ended on June 29 with the participation of 12 teams, playing a two-legged all play all system. Club Libertad accumulated the most points and became the champions, securing a spot for the Copa Libertadores 2009.
Standings
Results
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-right:1em;"
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!colspan=3 |Matchday 1
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!width="150"|Home Team
!width="75"|Result
!width="150"|Away Team
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-right:1em;"
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!colspan=3 |Matchday 2
|-
!width="150"|Home Team
!width="75"|Result
!width="150"|Away Team
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-right:1em;"
|-
!colspan=3 |Matchday 3
|-
!width="150"|Home Team
!width="75"|Result
!width="150"|Away Team
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-right:1em;"
|-
!colspan=3 |Matchday 4
|-
!width="150"|Home Team
!width="75"|Result
!width="150"|Away Team
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-right:1em;"
|-
!colspan=3 |Matchday 5
|-
!width="150"|Home Team
!width="75"|Result
!width="150"|Away Team
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-right:1em;"
|-
!colspan=3 |Matchday 6
|-
!width="150"|Home Team
!width="75"|Result
!width="150"|Away Team
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-right:1em;"
|-
!colspan=3 |Matchday 7
|-
!width="150"|Home Team
!width="75"|Result
!width="150"|Away Team
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-right:1em;"
|-
!colspan=3 |Matchday 8
|-
!width="150"|Home Team
!width="75"|Result
!width="150"|Away Team
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-right:1em;"
|-
!colspan=3 |Matchday 9
|-
!width="150"|Home Team
!width="75"|Result
!width="150"|Away Team
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-right:1em;"
|-
!colspan=3 |Matchday 10
|-
!width="150"|Home Team
!width="75"|Result
!width="150"|Away Team
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-right:1em;"
|-
!colspan=3 |Matchday 11
|-
!width="150"|Home Team
!width="75"|Result
!width="150"|Away Team
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-right:1em;"
|-
!colspan=3 |Matchday 12
|-
!width="150"|Home Team
!width="75"|Result
!width="150"|Away Team
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-right:1em;"
|-
!colspan=3 |Matchday 13
|-
!width="150"|Home Team
!width="75"|Result
!width="150"|Away Team
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-right:1em;"
|-
!colspan=3 |Matchday 14
|-
!width="150"|Home Team
!width="75"|Result
!width="150"|Away Team
|-
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-right:1em;"
|-
!colspan=3 |Matchday 15
|-
!width="150"|Home Team
!width="75"|Result
!width="150"|Away Team
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-right:1em;"
|-
!colspan=3 |Matchday 16
|-
!width="150"|Home Team
!width="75"|Result
!width="150"|Away Team
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-right:1em;"
|-
!colspan=3 |Matchday 17
|-
!width="150"|Home Team
!width="75"|Result
!width="150"|Away Team
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-right:1em;"
|-
!colspan=3 |Matchday 18
|-
!width="150"|Home Team
!width="75"|Result
!width="150"|Away Team
|-
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-right:1em;"
|-
!colspan=3 |Matchday 19
|-
!width="150"|Home Team
!width="75"|Result
!width="150"|Away Team
|-
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-right:1em;"
|-
!colspan=3 |Matchday 20
|-
!width="150"|Home Team
!width="75"|Result
!width="150"|Away Team
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-right:1em;"
|-
!colspan=3 |Matchday 21
|-
!width="150"|Home Team
!width="75"|Result
!width="150"|Away Team
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-right:1em;"
|-
!colspan=3 |Matchday 22
|-
!width="150"|Home Team
!width="75"|Result
!width="150"|Away Team
Top scorers
References
Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol Website
Paraguay 2008 by Eli Schmerler and Juan Pablo Andrés at RSSSF
Apertura |
17335208 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20Heinrich%20von%20Grolman | Wilhelm Heinrich von Grolman | Wilhelm Heinrich von Grolman(n) (28 February 1781 – 1 January 1856) was a German jurist, president of the Prussian Kammergericht (Court of Appeals), and Wirklicher Geheimer Rat (Real Privy Councilor).
Born in Berlin, Brandenburg, Grolman was the brother of the general Karl von Grolman. After studying law in Göttingen and Halle, he became an Auskultator at the city court of Berlin in 1801, Referendar at the district or provincial court in 1802, and Assessor at Marienwerder in 1804. Grolman was appointed government councilor in 1806, councilor of the Berlin Kammergericht in 1808, and member of the Brandenburg Pupillenkollegium in 1810.
When Prussia entered the Sixth Coalition in 1813, Grolman served as a Major and commanded a Brandenburg Landwehr battalion. He participated in the Battle of Hagelberg and the blockades of Magdeburg and Wesel. In July 1814 Grolman returned to his magistracy, but took command of his Landwehr battalion the following year during the Hundred Days. For his leadership at Fleurus and Wavre he was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class.
Grolman returned to his legal career in 1816 and was named vice president of the Kleve Oberlandesgericht. In 1819 he participated in a Berlin ministry to reform the Prussian legislature, and, after its dissolution, was appointed vice president of the Oberlandesgericht of Magdeburg in 1821. Grolman became vice president of the Berlin Kammergericht in 1827, president of the Justruktionssenat in 1831 and the Oberappellationssenat in 1836, and a member of the privy council in 1840. He resigned in 1845.
Grolman was awarded with the Order of the Red Eagle. His first marriage was to a daughter of the Berlin doctor Ernst Ludwig Heim. His descendants include General Helmuth von Grolman, the first Wehrbeauftragter des Deutschen Bundestages (Ombudsman for the Military) of West Germany.
His grave is preserved in the Protestant Friedhof II der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde (Cemetery No. II of the congregations of Jerusalem's Church and New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, south of Hallesches Tor.
1781 births
1856 deaths
Jurists from Berlin
People from the Margraviate of Brandenburg
German untitled nobility
Von Grolman family
Prussian Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Politicians from Berlin
Prussian politicians
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1813)
Recipients of the Iron Cross, 1st class
University of Göttingen alumni
University of Halle alumni |
23574604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Returns%20%28album%29 | Returns (album) | Returns is a live album by the fusion band Return to Forever. Released in 2009 by Eagle Records, it is the first recording by the band after a hiatus of 32 years. Also in 2009 a video recording of the band's live performances from the "Returns" tour at Montreux, Switzerland and (bonus material) Clearwater, Florida was released by Eagle Rock Entertainment as Return to Forever – Returns: Live at Montreux 2008.
CD track listing
Disc one
"Opening Prayer" (Chick Corea) – 2:03
"Hymn of the Seventh Galaxy" (Corea) – 3:43
"Vulcan Worlds" (Stanley Clarke) – 13:45
"Sorceress" (Lenny White) – 11:22
"Song to the Pharaoh Kings" (Corea) – 27:13
Al's Solo, including – 8:54
"Children's Song #3" (Corea) duet with Chick Corea
"Passion Grace & Fire" (di Meola)
"Mediterranean Sundance" (di Meola)
"Café 1930"(Astor Piazzolla)
"Spain"(Corea, Joaquín Rodrigo) duet with Chick Corea
"No Mystery" (Corea) – 8:52
Disc two
"Friendship" (Corea) Chick's Solo, including "Solar" (Miles Davis) – 8:52
"Romantic Warrior" (Corea) – 7:19
"El Bayo de Negro" Stanley's Solo (Clarke) – 11:25
"Lineage" Lenny's Solo (White) – 7:39
"Romantic Warrior" (continued) (Corea) – 3:03
"Duel of the Jester and the Tyrant" (Corea) – 14:03
Bonus tracks
"500 Miles High" (Corea) – 12:48
BBC Lifetime Achievement Award to RTF as presented by Sir George Martin, including a performance of "Romantic Warrior" – 8:20
Recorded at the:
Ruth Eckerd Hall, Clearwater, Florida, US, 31 July 2008 (tracks 1.1–2.5)
Bank of America Pavilion, Boston, Massachusetts, US, 6 August 2008 (track 2.6)
Stravinski Auditorium, Montreux Jazz Festival, Switzerland, 18 July 2008 (track 2.7)
Video track listing
Main show – Stravinski Auditorium, Montreux Jazz Festival, Switzerland, 18 July 2008
Introduction
"Hymn of the Seventh Galaxy" (Chick Corea)
"Vulcan Worlds" (Stanley Clarke)
"Sorceress" (Lenny White)
"Song to the Pharaoh Kings" (Corea)
Al's solo
"No Mystery" (Corea)
"Chick's Solo
"Romantic Warrior" (Corea)
"El Bayo de Negro" (Stanley's solo)
"Lineage" (Lenny's solo)
"Romantic Warrior" (conclusion) (Corea)
Bonus tracks – Ruth Eckerd Hall, Clearwater, Florida, 31 July 2008
"Lineage" (Lenny's solo)
Al's solo
"Friendship" (Chick's solo)
"El Bayo de Negro" (Stanley's solo)
"Duel of the Jester and the Tyrant" (Corea)
Personnel
Chick Corea – Yamaha grand piano C3MP, Rhodes Midi Piano Mark V, synthesizers (Minimoog Voyager, Sequential Circuits Prophet-5, Yamaha Motif)
Al Di Meola – acoustic and electric guitar
Stanley Clarke – electric and acoustic bass
Lenny White – drums
CD recording credits
Artist coordination: Julie Rooney
Consultant: Bob Belden
Cover design: Marc Bessant
Drum technician: Gary Grimm
Engineer: Bernie Kirsh
Executive producer: Terry Shand, Claude Nobs
Guitar technician: Andy Brauer
Keyboard technician: Brian Alexander
Liner notes: Russell Davis
Management: Bill Rooney
Poetry: Neville Potter
Production coordination: Terry Cooley
Wardrobe design: Claudio Lugli
Chart performance
References
Review of video at Jazztimes.com by Meredith, Bill
External links
Return to Forever - Returns (2009) album review by Hal Horowitz, credits & releases at AllMusic
Return to Forever - Returns (2009) album releases & credits at Discogs
Return to Forever - Returns (2009) album to be listened as stream on Spotify
Return to Forever - Returns: Live at Montreux 2008 (2009) Blu-ray/DVD releases & credits at Discogs
Return to Forever albums
2009 live albums
Live jazz fusion albums |
17335234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidi%20Victoria | Heidi Victoria | Heidi Victoria (born Heidi Mitterlehner on 12 October 1967) is an Australian politician. She was a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly, representing Bayswater for the Liberal Party from 2006 to 2018.
Early life
Victoria was born in Melbourne to an Austrian father and a New Zealand mother. She completed her HSC in 1984, and went on to complete her BA in Fine Art Photography in 1988 at the Phillip Institute of Technology (now part of RMIT University). Prior to her election, Victoria owned and operated her own photography business, specialising in portraits and event photography.
Political career
Within the Liberal Party, Victoria has served as branch president, vice-president and secretary; state and federal electorate council delegate; fundraiser; branch development officer; and State council and Federal conference delegate. She was elected to the seat of Bayswater at the November 2006 election. In November 2009, she was named Shadow Parliamentary Secretary for Arts, following her strong involvement in the campaign to prevent the proposed changes to the Victorian College of the Arts.
After Ted Baillieu resigned as Premier in March 2013, Victoria was given the ministerial portfolios of Arts, Women's Affairs and Consumer Affairs within the Denis Napthine cabinet.
Controversies
In July 2009, Victoria was forced to apologise for using unparliamentary language during a late night parliamentary debate.
In early November 2014, multiple election campaign signs for Heidi Victoria were defaced with swastikas and offensive language throughout the Heathmont and Bayswater area. Victoria was quoted saying “The other reason this is really disappointing is that we pride ourselves in Australia as being a free country and democratic society"
References
External links
Parliamentary voting record of Heidi Victoria at Victorian Parliament Tracker
Heidi Victoria on parliament.vic.gov.au
1967 births
Living people
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria
Politicians from Melbourne
RMIT University alumni
Australian people of Austrian descent
Australian people of New Zealand descent
21st-century Australian politicians
21st-century Australian women politicians
Women members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly |
17335241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Pride%20of%20Bear%20Creek | The Pride of Bear Creek | The Pride of Bear Creek is a collection of Western short stories by Robert E. Howard. It was first published in 1966 by Donald M. Grant, Publisher, Inc. Grant also published an edition in 1977 with illustrations by Tim Kirk.
Contents
"The Riot at Cougar Paw"
"Pilgrims to the Pecos"
"High Horse Rampage"
"The Apache Mountain War"
"Pistol Polities"
"The Conquerin' Hero of the Humbolts"
"A Ringtailed Tornado"
References
1966 short story collections
Short story collections by Robert E. Howard
Western (genre) short stories
Donald M. Grant, Publisher books |
23574608 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsham%20Hurst%20%28electoral%20division%29 | Horsham Hurst (electoral division) | Horsham Hurst is an electoral division of West Sussex in the United Kingdom and returns one member to sit on West Sussex County Council.
Extent
The division covers the western part of the town of Horsham.
It comprises the following Horsham District wards: the western part of Horsham Park Ward and Trafalgar Ward.
Election results
2013 Election
Results of the election held on 2 May 2013:
2009 Election
Results of the election held on 4 June 2009:
This division as it came into existence as the result of a boundary review recommended by the Boundary Committee for England, the results of which were accepted by the Electoral Commission in March 2009.
References
Election Results - West Sussex County Council
External links
West Sussex County Council
Election Maps
Electoral Divisions of West Sussex |
23574612 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakkattoor | Lakkattoor | Lakkattoor is a small village in Kooroppada panchayat, about 17 km east of Kottayam, Kerala located between Kottayam, Ettumanoor, Pala & Ponkunnam. Surrounded by small hills, valleys, streams and rubber trees. Lakkattoor is a unique name. It is believed that the name might have changed from 'Plakkattoor', because the area has lot of jack fruit trees known as 'Plavu' (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam). Jack fruit is also known as 'Plakka'.
Schools/colleges in this village: MGM NSS College, MGM NSS Higher Secondary School, Cluny public school cheppumpara (CBSE)
KR Narayanan National film institute Kanjiranamattam is located few kilometers from the heart of Lakkattoor.
References
Villages in Kottayam district |
17335261 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Karrillon | Adam Karrillon | Adam Karrillon (12 May 1853 – 14 September 1938) was a German writer and physician. In 1923 he won the Georg Büchner Prize.
Bibliography
Eine moderne Kreuzfahrt (1898)
Michael Hely (1900/1904)
Die Mühle zu Husterloh (1906)
O domina mea (1908)
Im Lande unserer Urenkel (1912)
Bauerngeselchtes: Sechzehn Novellen aus dem Chattenlande (1914)
Adams Großvater (1917)
Sechs Schwaben und ein halber (1919)
Am Stammtisch zum faulen Hobel (1922)
Erlebnisse eines Erdenbummlers (1923)
Viljo Ronimus: Das Schicksal eines Kassenarztes (1925)
Windschiefe Gestalten (1927)
Meine Argonautenfahrt (1929)
Es waren einmal drei Gesellen (1933)
Zwei die nicht zusammen sollten, Zwei die sich auseinandergrollten, Zwei die nicht ohne Grund sich hassten, Endlich zwei, die z'sammen passten (1933)
Der Rosenstock (1935)
Balthasar Ibn Knierem (1936)
Der erste Flug vom Nest (1937)
1853 births
1938 deaths
19th-century German physicians
German medical writers
Georg Büchner Prize winners
German male non-fiction writers
20th-century German physicians |
23574616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiperceni | Chiperceni | Chiperceni is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of three villages: Andreevca, Chiperceni and Voroteț.
Notable people
Ilarion Buiuc
References
Communes of Orhei District
Orgeyevsky Uyezd |
17335265 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%20and%20a%20Half%20Deaths | Two and a Half Deaths | "Two and a Half Deaths" is the sixteenth episode of the eighth season of the American crime drama CSI: Crime Scene Investigation which is set in Las Vegas. It was written by Chuck Lorre and Lee Aronsohn in a crossover between CSI and Two and a Half Men. The character of Annabelle is based on Roseanne Barr, who Lorre believed behaved poorly while he was running her eponymous blockbuster TV show; the title font for the show-within-a-show "Annabelle" is even identical to the one used for Roseanne. Lorre was the original producer for that show until he was pushed out.
Plot
When the death of a well-known TV star, Annabelle (Katey Sagal), is reported, the CSI team is sent to investigate. Annabelle's co-star, Megan, is interviewed, saying what a tragedy it was. Warrick points out to Grissom and Catherine that a woman's high heel print can clearly be seen in the blood from Annabelle's room. When Grissom gets a phone call that something has turned up on the television set, he heads to Los Angeles.
When Grissom arrives, he finds Natasha (Annabelle's stand-in/double), dead from a car accident. Minutes later, Megan screams out as her dog lies dead in front of her. Back in Vegas, Hodges shows Catherine footage of Bud Parker (Annabelle's driver and now the show's "executive producer") marrying Annabelle, that is actually Natasha. Grissom and Brass search Bud's office and find alcohol, which he has been giving to Annabelle. They also let him know that semen was found on Natasha before she died, trying to pin her murder on him. Bud does not answer any questions, but instead is led away by police until he is ready to talk.
Catherine finds out that a writer visited Annabelle's room and had the same water bottle on him that she found at the scene of the crime. That writer has not been seen since the show filmed in Vegas. The bottle is dusted for prints and the CSI team come up with the name Richard Langford, an actor and street performer. As the team hands out pictures on the street to find him, Richard is performing on the street as a robot and tries to get away. Warrick and Nick arrest him.
Nick interviews Richard, who says that he was going to become a regular on her sitcom but was dismissed when he refused to sleep with Annabelle. He went to Vegas to get a second chance and decided to sleep with her after all. She fell backwards, hit her head, and died, which was an accident, according to him. He says that the rubber chicken stuffed down her throat was not an accident, but intentional since she was already dead.
The corpse of Annabelle tests positive for blood thinners, and the team realizes that she had been poisoned for quite some time prior to her death. The same drug is found in Natasha's blood. Grissom and Brass figure out that the only other person, besides Bud, who knew about Annabelle hiding her alcohol in mouthwash bottles was Megan. She confesses hypothetically by placing her actions on a fictional character in a script. In it, she reveals that she had had help from an Italian uncle, "Giuseppe," who taught her how to sabotage Annabelle's car in exchange for what she called "unsavory favors." She later asserts that there is only circumstantial evidence implicating her, and reveals that she has a new TV series called "Megan's Family." She then introduces her lover/executive producer, one of the show producers, who was constantly humiliated by Annabelle and Bud, who appears on cue. So with no proof, they do not arrest her. While shaving, Bud cuts himself and bleeds profusely from the neck as the screen cuts to black.
Connections with Two and a Half Men
As Grissom and Brass are driven through a studio backlot to a crime scene, they spot Charlie Sheen (smoking a cigarette), Jon Cryer (smoking a tobacco pipe) and Angus T. Jones (biting the end off a cigar) outside a trailer wearing the same clothes from "Fish in a Drawer". All were stars of the CBS series Two and a Half Men at the time of the episode's production, making uncredited cameo appearances.
The character of Don (one of the writers of the "Annabelle" show) is played by Kevin Sussman who plays the character of Stuart, owner of the comic book store frequently featured on The Big Bang Theory, another Chuck Lorre show. In a discussion about writing he asks the other writers if any of them has ever contacted Two and a Half Men. Another writer answers "Ecch! I'd rather sleep with Annabelle than write that crap!"
The title of this episode is a parody of the Two and a Half Men name whose creators, Chuck Lorre and Lee Aronsohn, wrote this episode.
To reciprocate, the writers of CSI wrote a Two and a Half Men episode, "Fish in a Drawer", which aired on CBS on May 5, 2008.
J. D. Walsh also appears as another of the writers of the "Annabelle" show. In Two and a Half Men he stars as Gordon, a pizza delivery guy who appears in seasons 1–3 and season 6 onwards.
References
External links
2008 American television episodes
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation episodes |
17335269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi%20H.%20Gale%20House | Levi H. Gale House | The Levi H. Gale House is a historic house at 85 Touro Street in Newport, Rhode Island, United States.
Russell Warren designed the house, which was built in 1835 for attorney Levi Gale. In 1925-26 the building was moved from its original location on Washington Square because of the erection of the Courthouse. The Jewish congregation of nearby Touro Synagogue paid to move the building and preserve it for use as a Jewish Community Center. The house is now located at the corner of Touro and Division Street. The Levi Gale House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 and continues to be used as a Jewish community center.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island.
References
External links
Houses completed in 1835
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Russell Warren buildings
Houses in Newport, Rhode Island
Jewish Community Centers in the United States
Jews and Judaism in Rhode Island
Historic American Buildings Survey in Rhode Island
Sephardi Jewish culture in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Newport, Rhode Island
Historic district contributing properties in Rhode Island |
23574620 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed%20Idris%20Wase | Ahmed Idris Wase | Ahmed Idris (known as Ahmed Idris Wase; born 1 June 1964) is a Nigerian politician who serves as the Deputy Speaker of the 9th Nigerian House of Representatives. He is a member of All Progressive Congress
Education and personal life
Idris attended LSB Primary School Bashar in Wase, Plateau, Government Secondary school Mbar, Government Secondary school Dengi, Plateau Polytechnic, Kaduna Polytechnic and Harvard Kennedy School of Government United States.
Non-political offices
Civil & Maintenance, Works Dept. C.O.E., Gindiri Member.
Sub-Establishment Committee, C.O.E., Gindiri.
Chairman, Non-Academic Staff Union, C.O.E., Gindiri (1989–1994).
Chairman, Senior Staff Welfare Committee (1990–1993).
Chairman, Joint Academic & Non-Academic Staff Union of Plateau State Tertiary Institutions (1992–1994).
President, Civil Eng. Students Asso., Kaduna Poly Branch (1994–1995).
Dir. Of organization, Gamji Memorial Club, KadPoly Branch (1994–1995).
Chairman, Non-Academic Staff Union, Plateau State Council (1999–2002).
Political career
Deputy House Leader of the Federal House of Representatives, 2018–2019.
Member of the Federal Government Delegation to the 89th Session of the United Nations General Assembly held in New York, United States, 2016.
Governing Council Member of the National Institute of Legislative and Democratic Studies (NILDS), 2015.
Member into the Federal House of Representatives in Nigeria, 2007-
Executive Secretary of State Pilgrims Board, Plateau State, 2005–2006
Ahmed Wase was elected into the lower Chamber of the National Assembly in 2007 and is currently serving his fourth term as a member of House of Representatives, Wase Federal Constituency. He worked in the following committees as Member House Of Representatives: Federal Character, Environment, Emergency & Disaster, Public Account, Area Council, Housing and Habitat, Capital Market, Poverty Alleviation, Petroleum (Upstream), Justice, Public Petitions and Labour, and Youth and Employment Head of Section.
His political priorities are education, health, good roads and water. Also accredited to him are the following; sponsorship of students scholarships, infrastructural development which includes: solar street lights, hand pump and motorized boreholes, renovation of primary healthcare centres, the building of skills acquisition centres, lobbying for the construction of roads and renovation of secondary and primary schools.
He is an advocate for Youth Empowerment and poverty alleviation. He has achieved these through: issuing of grants to the Youths and providing welfare packages to the less privileged.
He was elected Deputy speaker in 9th National Assembly, House of Representative, with 358 votes unopposed.
Hon. Ahmed Wase came under fire after an incident that unfolded itself on 10 March where the Deputy Speaker of the House refused to consider a petition being put on the table by the Mutual Union of Tiv in America (MUTA) through Mark Gbillah, the representative for Gwer East Federal Constituency of Benue State. The petition was regarding the dispossession of the Tiv people off their ancestral lands due to the herdsmen crisis. Hon. Wase responded "If they are in America could they really be an interested party here? Do they really know what is exactly going on?". Hon. Wase spokesperson concluded he was only questioning the legitimacy of the organization.
Awards
Best Legislator in Plateau State- Plateau State Award Committee
Award for Excellence by Centre for Values and Ethics
Leadership Excellence Award by University of Jos
References
External links
http://ahmedidriswase4speaker.com.ng/about-us/ personal website.
https://www.nassnig.org/mps/single/360#
https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/ahmed-idris-maje/
Living people
Members of the House of Representatives (Nigeria)
1964 births |
23574632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreevca | Andreevca | Andreevca (, Andriyivka, , Andreyevka) is a commune in Transnistria, Moldova. It is composed of three villages: Andreevca, Pîcalova (Пикалово, Пыкалово) and Șmalena (Шмалена). It has since 1990 been administered as a part of the breakaway Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR).
References
Communes of Transnistria
Rîbnița District |
23574642 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20Meta | Body Meta | Body Meta is an album by Ornette Coleman and Prime Time.
Reception
In a review for AllMusic, Michael G. Nastos wrote that the musicians on Body Meta are "loud, boisterous, imaginative, unfettered by conventional devices, and wail beyond compare with Coleman within relatively funky, straight beats." Regarding the album, he stated: "As every track is different, Coleman's vision has a diffuse focus, but it's clear that things have changed. Even his personal sound is more pronounced, unleashed from shackles, and more difficult to pin down." Robert Christgau awarded the album an "A minus", and wrote: "Hidden in Coleman's dense electric music are angles deep enough to dive into and sharp enough to cut your throat. This isn't quite as dense or consistent as Dancing in Your Head -- 'Fou Amour' does wander. But 'Voice Poetry' is as funky as James Chance if not James Brown. And 'Home Grown' is as funky as Robert Johnson."
Writing for Fact Magazine, Frank Schindelbeck stated: "While many regard Dancing [In Your Head] to be the key Prime Time document, in my opinion it's Body Meta that first showed the full depth of Ornette's new band. The inaugural release on Coleman's own Artists House label, Body Meta touches on juke joint blues vamps, cubist refractions of James Brown's 'on the one' style, and even militaristic waltzes. It is perhaps the most loose-limbed and deceptively relaxed of any release featuring the Prime Time band, who were known for their taut intensity. The album is also hugely important in that by setting up the Artists House label, Coleman showed that an artist of his stature and reputation could operate outside of the confines of major label hierarchy, ushering in a new era of independent and underground jazz distribution."
Track listing
All tracks composed by Ornette Coleman
Side A
"Voice Poetry" – 8:00
"Home Grown" – 7:36
Side B
"Macho Woman" – 7:35
"Fou Amor" – 8:01
"European Echoes" – 7:40
Personnel
Ornette Coleman - Saxophone, Alto Saxophone
Charlie Ellerbie - Guitar
Ronald Shannon Jackson - Drums
Bern Nix - Guitar
Jamaaladeen Tacuma - Bass
Elisabeth Atnafu - Artwork
References
1978 albums
Ornette Coleman albums
Artists House albums |
23574657 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cioc%C3%AElteni | Ciocîlteni | Ciocîlteni is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of three villages: Ciocîlteni, Clișova Nouă and Fedoreuca.
References
Communes of Orhei District
Orgeyevsky Uyezd |
20471895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%20Dallas%20Cowboys%20season | 1979 Dallas Cowboys season | The 1979 Dallas Cowboys season was their 20th in the league. The team was unable to improve on their previous output of 12–4, winning only eleven games. They qualified for the playoffs, but lost in the Divisional round.
The Cowboys still possessed a great offense, but suffered defensive losses as defensive tackle Jethro Pugh retired, safety Charlie Waters missed the season with injury, Ed "Too Tall" Jones left the team while he embarked on a professional boxing career (Jones would return in 1980), and Thomas "Hollywood" Henderson was cut in November for erratic play and behavior. The season began 8–2 before a three-game losing streak placed the season in jeopardy (one of the three being a 30–24 loss to Houston in which Oilers coach Bum Phillips declared the Oilers as "Texas's Team"). The team rallied to win their final three to finish at 11–5 and gain the number one seed in the NFC.
Playing in his final season, Roger Staubach proceeded to have the best year of his career completing 267 passes out of 461 attempts for 3,586 yards and 27 touchdowns with only 11 interceptions with a passer rating of 92.3 and a completion percentage of 57.9.
In the season's final regular season game against the Washington Redskins, with the NFC East Title at issue, Staubach rallied the Cowboys from a 34–21 deficit in the last four minutes to win, 35–34. It turned out to be Staubach's last win. The Cowboys were upset at home in the divisional playoff by the Los Angeles Rams 19–21 and Staubach retired after the season.
Offseason
NFL Draft
Schedule
Division opponents are in bold text
Season summary
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Week 7
Week 8
Week 9
Week 10
Week 11
Week 12
Week 13
Week 14
Week 15
Week 16: Washington Redskins at Dallas Cowboys
Source: Pro-Football-Reference.com
Vegas Spread
Vegas Line= Dal -8.0
Over/Under= 39.5(over)
Flashback, Cowboys vs Redskins – 1979
It was December 16, 1979, when the Washington Redskins came to Texas Stadium tied with the Cowboys for first place in the NFC East with 10-5 records. This game would turn out to be one of Roger Staubach's finest moments as well as his last great comeback in his Cowboys career.
The NFC East showdown between these heated rivals did not start out the way the Cowboys had wanted. On the Cowboys first two possessions of the game they fumbled and the Redskins took full advantage of the recoveries
It took only two plays on the Cowboys first possession before rookie Ron Springs fumbled at the Cowboys 34 yard line. The Redskins took over and drove to the Cowboys three yard line. On third and goal Larry Cole sacked Redskins quarterback Joe Theismann and forced the Redskins to kick a field goal by Mark Mosley for an early 3-0 lead.
On the Cowboys second possession they once again fumbled the ball away. This time it was Robert Newhouse who gave the ball to the Redskins on the Cowboys 45 yard line. The Redskins drove to the Cowboys one yard line, but this time Theismann made sure there would be no field goal attempt as he scored himself, giving the Redskins a 10-0 lead.
With the Redskins leading 10-0 going into the second quarter and the Cowboys offense showing no signs of life, the Redskins offense went back to work with an 80-yard, 7 play drive. They finished the drive when Theismann connected with running back Benny Malone who eluded a tackle by D.D. Lewis. Malone raced down the right sideline for a 55-yard touchdown giving the Redskins a commanding 17-0 lead.
The Cowboys offense seemed to wake up on their next possession. They put together a 13 play, 70 yard drive. From the Redskins one yard line it was Ron Springs who would make up for his earlier fumble as he scored the Cowboys first touchdown of the game. The Redskins were now leading 17-7 with a little more than four minutes left in the first half.
With only 1:48 left in the first half the Cowboys got the ball back on their own 15 yard line. Staubach went to work as he connected with Tony Hill three times and Drew Pearson once to get to the Redskins 26 yard line. With only nine seconds remaining Staubach connected with Preston Pearson for the touchdown as Pearson made a diving catch in the end zone. The Cowboys had fought their way back into the game with two second quarter touchdowns. They went into the half down 17-14.
In the third quarter the Cowboys defense shutdown the Redskins offense. The Cowboys offense took advantage and scored the only touchdown of the quarter, which gave them their first lead of the game. After a short Redskins punt the Cowboys took over at their own 48 yard line. They needed only nine plays, which included a Butch Johnson reverse that gained 13 yards. Preston Pearson took a short pass from Staubach and got the Cowboys to the two yard line. Like Ron Springs in the first half, it was now Newhouse's turn to make up for his earlier fumble. He scored from the two yard line, giving the Cowboys a 21-17 lead.
Early in the fourth quarter the Redskins drove to the Cowboys 7 yard line where they would have to settle for a Mark Mosley 24 yard field goal. That made the score 21-20 Cowboys.
Staubach threw his only interception of the game when he went deep over the middle from his own 13 yard line where there was no receiver in sight. Redskins safety Mark Murphy came down with the ball and returned it down to the Cowboys 25 yard line. On the Redskins first play Theismann threw into the end zone for receiver Ricky Thompson. Cowboys safety Cliff Harris bumped Thompson and was called for pass interference. The penalty placed the ball at the Cowboys one yard line where John Riggins scored to give the lead back to the Redskins, 27-21.
With less than seven minutes to play in the game, it was Riggins who seemed to put the game out of reach for the Cowboys. Riggins broke to the outside at his own 34 yard line as he outran Cowboys linebacker Mike Hegman and then broke a tackle by Cliff Harris. Riggins then raced away from Cowboys cornerback Dennis Thurman down the right sideline and scored from 66 yards for a 34-21 Redskins lead.
With 3:49 left in the game, Randy White recovered a Redskins fumble. Roger Staubach only needed three plays to get the Cowboys closer as he connected with Ron Springs for a 26-yard touchdown. Springs caught the pass at the five yard line and dragged Redskins cornerback Ray Waddy into the end zone. The Redskins still had a 34-28 lead with 2:20 left in the game.
With time running out and the Redskins facing a third and one, veteran Larry Cole threw Riggins for a two-yard loss and forced the Redskins to punt.
The Cowboys stood 75 yards away from an NFC Eastern Division title. Roger Staubach went back to work like he had done so many times in his career. He drove the Cowboys in only seven plays. During the drive he connected with Tony Hill for 20 yards, then to Preston Pearson for 22 yards. With 1:01 left in the game Staubach went back to Preston Pearson for a 25-yard gain to the Redskins 8 yard line. From there Staubach lofted a pass into the end zone that Tony Hill came down with.
The Cowboys won the game 35-34 over the Redskins and also won their 11th Eastern title in the teams 20-year history. The win also gave the Cowboys a week off and home field advantage in the playoffs. With the win it also knocked the Redskins out of the playoffs
Roger Staubach finished the game with 336 yards passing and three touchdown passes. It was also the 21st time he guided the Cowboys to a fourth quarter win and the 14th time he turned defeat into victory for the Cowboys in the final two minutes of a game.
Tony Hill led all receivers with eight receptions for 113 yards and the game-winning touchdown. Preston Pearson followed Hill with five receptions for 108 yards and one touchdown. Rookie Ron Springs who started in place of the injured Tony Dorsett, rushed for 79 yards and a touchdown. He also added 58 receiving yards with one touchdown.
"What can I say about him?" asked Tom Landry. "Roger is simply super in these kinds of situations. He's done it before and knows he can do it."
Playoffs
Source: Pro-Football-Reference.com
Vegas Spread
Vegas Line= Dal -8.5
Dallas Cowboys 1979 Flashback: Roger and Out!
Two weeks after beating the Redskins the Cowboys were back in Texas Stadium for the divisional round of the playoffs against the Los Angeles Rams. Way back in week 7 of the 1979 season the Rams had come to Texas Stadium and were destroyed by the Cowboys 30-6. Now it was the playoffs and the winner would advance to the NFC Championship game with hopes of making it to Super Bowl XIV.
The Cowboys first three possessions of the game ended in punts. Roger Staubach and the offense couldn't get anything going against the Rams defense to start the game, except for a 27-yard rush by tight end Billy Joe Dupree. The same could be said for the Rams offense who punted on their first two possessions.
The Rams started their third possession from their own 12 yard line and then a five-yard penalty pushed them back to the 7 yard line. On second down Rams quarterback Vince Ferragamo dropped back into the end zone. While trying to avoid the rush from Harvey Martin, Ferragamo stepped up in the pocket and then tried to avoid Randy White. He tried to spin and then slipped and fell in the end zone where White sacked him for a safety. The Cowboys took a 2-0 lead on the Rams.
On the Rams free kick after the safety the Cowboys took over at their 46-yard line. On third down Staubach was rushed, but was never hit. His pass seemed to slip out of his hands and floated high like it was tipped. The Rams came down with an easy interception and returned it to the Cowboys 32 yard line. Once again the Rams could not put a drive together and lined up for a Frank Corral field goal attempt that he missed from 44 yards.
The second quarter started with more punts from both teams. One of Danny White's punts went out of bounds at the Rams 7 yard line. The Cowboys defense figured they had the Rams in trouble again so close to their goal line. But behind the running of Wendell Tyler and Cullen Bryant the Rams quickly were able to drive to the Cowboys 36 yard line where they faced a 4th and 1. The Rams decided to go for it instead and attempting another field goal. They were successful on fourth down and then made the Cowboys pay on the next play. From the 32 yard line Ferragamo threw over Cowboys linebacker DD Lewis who was covering Tyler. Tyler caught the pass at the 15 yard line and outraced the Cowboys defense to the end zone for the score. The Rams took the lead 7-2.
The Cowboys offense had been shut down by the Rams defense for just about the entire first half. They couldn't run the ball and Staubach seemed out of rhythm with his receivers. But like so many times before, Staubach could not be counted out for long. As the first half was coming to a close it was Staubach who connected with Drew Pearson for 17 yards and then with Dupree for 16 yards as the Cowboys drove to the Rams 19 yard line. The drive stalled at the 16 yard line and Rafael Septién connected on a 33-yard field goal to get the Cowboys closer, 7-5.
On two straight kickoffs by Septién he kicked both out of bounds. Back in 1979 this was a five-yard penalty and a re kick. With two penalties it pushed the Cowboys kickoff back to the 25 yard line. The Rams returned Septién's third kickoff to the 31 yard line with time winding down in the first half. Ferragamo quickly completed two straight passes and the Rams found themselves at the Cowboys 43 yard line with 17 seconds left. Then with only 11 seconds left Ferragamo was able to get a pass off as Randy White hit him hard and took him down. The pass made its way into the end zone where Rams wide receiver Ron Smith came down with the ball while covered by two Cowboys defenders. The Rams went into halftime leading the Cowboys 14-5.
The Rams defense in the first half was able to control the Cowboys running game and was able to limit any big plays from Staubach. The Cowboys defense played well, but the Rams offense was able to make a few more plays then the Cowboys and that led to their nine-point lead going into the third quarter. But this was the Cowboys who were America's team. They had Roger Staubach and the Doomsday defense and were known for exciting games and great comebacks. As the second half got started it seemed as though everyone was waiting for that moment that the Cowboys would come alive and make their move.
It didn't take the Cowboys defense very long to make a play as the third quarter got under way. Dennis Thurman intercepted Ferragamo at the Cowboys 46 yard line and returned it to the Rams 34 yard line. But once again the Cowboys offense could not put a drive together and could not take advantage of the turnover and had to punt.
The Cowboys defense was able to force the Rams to punt and the Cowboys offense took over with great field position at their 46-yard line. Staubach connected with Drew Pearson for 29 yards and got to the Rams 25 yard line. On the next play Tom Landry went to his bag of tricks and ran a halfback option with Ron Springs. Springs threw into the end zone and found Tony Hill for a touchdown, but one official over ruled the one who signaled touchdown, saying that Hill didn't have both feet in bounds before stepping out the back of the end zone. Then Staubach threw into the end zone for Tony Dorsett and was intercepted, but the Rams were called for pass interference and that put the Cowboys at the one yard line. From there Ron Springs scored on the next play and the Cowboys closed to within 14-12.
On the Rams next possession they drove to the Cowboys 43 yard line. Then the Cowboys defense came up with another turnover as Cliff Harris intercepted Ferragamo. The Cowboys offense took over at the 43 yard line as the third quarter came to an end.
The Cowboys offense in the third quarter was playing much better than they were in the first half. They were able to gain yards in the running game and Staubach was now able to find open receivers, but it just didn't seem like the Cowboys that everyone was used to seeing. As the fourth quarter started the Cowboys offense quickly drove inside the Rams 10 yard line off the Harris interception. Then, from the 2 yard line, Staubach found tight end Jay Saldi wide open for the go ahead score with 12:46 left in the game. Staubach was hit hard on the play and was shaken up, but was able to walk to the sideline. From that point on Danny White was seen warming up just in case he was needed. The Cowboys now led the Rams 19-14.
The Rams once again were able to drive the ball on the Cowboys defense. They reached the Cowboys 32 yard line where they faced a 4th and 8. Instead of attempting a field goal they decided to go for the first down. Ferragamo threw to wide receiver Drew Hill and the pass fell incomplete. A flag was thrown for pass interference, but after a discussion between the officials it was ruled that there was no interference and the flag was picked up.
The Cowboys offense took over at the 32 yard line with 6:59 left. On the first play Dorsett hit a hole and raced up the middle for a 26-yard gain to the Rams 42 yard line. From there the Cowboys could not go any further and had to punt.
The Rams got the ball with 4:22 left and Ferragamo connected with wide receiver Billy Waddy for a 36-yard gain to the Cowboys 44 yard line. A holding penalty on the Rams pushed them back to the 46 yard line and they ended up punting back to the Cowboys.
With only 2:45 left and the Cowboys sitting at their 21-yard line all they needed to do was get a first down to seal the game, but they were not able to move the ball like they had done during the third quarter and the beginning of the fourth quarter. On first down, Robert Newhouse lost a yard. On second down, a screen pass to Tony Hill only gained a yard. On third down Staubach was rushed and he rolled out to his right and was tackled for no gain. In the process of stopping the Cowboys from getting a first down the Rams also used their last two timeouts and the Cowboys were forced to punt for the eighth time in the game.
The Rams got the ball back at midfield with 2:16 left and no timeouts. On the first play Ferragamo fired a pass over the middle to Billy Waddy who caught it on the run at the Cowboys 28 yard line. Waddy then out raced the Cowboys defense and scored easily to take the lead 21-19.
After the kickoff the Cowboys took over at the 21 yard line. The Cowboys and their fans had seen this type of situation countless times in Cowboys history. There was only 1:57 remaining, the Cowboys had two timeouts, any kind of score wins the game and the great Roger Staubach was under center to work his magic that he had done so many times before in his career. The script couldn't have been written any better for the Cowboys. But there was something was different about this game. The moment where the Cowboys took control of the game never seemed to come even after they took a 19-14 lead. If that moment was ever going to come it had to be this moment with 1:57 left in the game.
On first down, Dorsett gained 12 yard to the 33 yard line. On the next play, Staubach over threw Tony Hill. Then, on second down, Staubach once again over threw Hill. Everyone seemed to be waiting for that one play that got the Cowboys rolling towards victory. What happened on third down has become Dallas Cowboys trivia for years. Staubach dropped back and threw a pass directly at offensive lineman Herbert Scott, who caught the ball. A flag was thrown for ineligible receiver and the Cowboys now faced a 4th and 20. It was the last chance for that Staubach magic to come through so that the Cowboys could advance to the NFC Championship game. Staubach dropped back and threw for Drew Pearson. The pass sailed high on Pearson and fell incomplete.
The Rams offense took over with 1:07 left. They played it safe and on fourth down they lined up for a field goal attempt with 13 seconds remaining. The Rams faked the field goal as holder Nolan Cromwell kept the ball and ran for the first down. The Rams won the game 21-19 and shattered the Cowboys hopes of a 6th Super Bowl in the 1970s.
The loss to the Rams in 1979 was one of the worst playoff defeats in Cowboys history. Some say the loss had to do with the dramatic game against the Redskins that put the Cowboys in the playoffs. Others believe that the Cowboys just overlooked the Rams. Whatever the reasons were, the Cowboys season ended that Sunday in Texas Stadium. The Staubach magic also ended that day and on March 31, 1980, he announced his retirement from the Cowboys and the NFL after 11 seasons and two Super Bowl Championships.
Standings
Roster
Statistics
Passing
Rushing
Receiving
References
Dallas Cowboys seasons
NFC East championship seasons
Dallas Cowboys
Dallas Cowboys |
20471935 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamaksan%20%28Gangwon%29 | Gamaksan (Gangwon) | Gamaksan is a South Korean mountain that extends across the city of Wonju, Gangwon-do, and Jecheon, Chungcheongbuk-do. It has an elevation of .
See also
List of mountains in Korea
Notes
References
Mountains of Gangwon Province, South Korea
Wonju
Jecheon
Mountains of North Chungcheong Province
Mountains of South Korea |
23574660 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Fletcher%20%28rower%29 | William Fletcher (rower) | William Alfred Littledale Fletcher, DSO (25 August 1869 – 14 February 1919) was both a successful English oarsman and coach, and soldier.
Fletcher was born at Holly Bank, Green Lane, Wavertree, near Liverpool, the eldest son of Alfred Fletcher, a Director of the London and North-Western Railway. He was educated at Cheam School and Eton. He went up to Christ Church, Oxford where he rowed to win the Ladies' Challenge Plate and the Thames Cup at Henley Royal Regatta in 1889. In 1890 he stroked the Oxford Eight in the Boat Race to end a Cambridge run of four victories. He rowed in the 1891, 1892 and 1893 Boat Races. With Vivian Nickalls he won the Silver Goblets at Henley in 1892 and 1893 and both the Pairs and the Fours at Oxford. He rowed in winning Leander Club crews at Henley. He was a member of the Oxford Varsity Water Polo team and was on the Committee of Vincent's Club.
Having access to considerable private wealth, Fletcher became a rowing coach. He had learned a technique at Oxford comprising a combination of swing and slide, together with a lightning entry, and he taught it to the Cambridge crews in 1898 and 1899, which led to the creation of a magnificent Cambridge crew in 1900. He missed coaching for the 1901 Boat Race as he was serving in the South African War. On return from South Africa he coached both the Oxford varsity crew and that of his old college, Christ Church, to great success and acclaim, reaching the peak of his fame as a coach. He afterwards coached many Oxford and House crews.
Fletcher was also a big game hunter and explorer. He went hunting and exploring in Siberia, Kenya, and Tibet.
He became part of the patriotic volunteer movement at the beginning of 1900, joining the 32nd Company Imperial Yeomanry on 7 February 1900. The Company was raised in Lancashire by the Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry Cavalry and The Lancashire Hussars. He was appointed Lieutenant and served with the 2nd Battalion Imperial Yeomanry in South Africa. On return home he relinquished his commission and was granted the honorary rank of lieutenant in the Army from 10 July 1901. He had proved to be a very successful officer and was Mentioned in Despatches (MID) twice. First on 7 May 1901 for valuable services rendered in connection with operations, and second on 10 September 1901 for special and meritorious service in South Africa. He was made a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) on 27 September 1901.
He enlisted again on the outbreak of the Great War, joining the Territorial Force Reserve as a captain on 23 September 1914. He was appointed adjutant of the 6th (Rifle) Battalion The King's (Liverpool Regiment) on 10 November 1914; a position he held until 27 April 1915. On 6 August 1915 he was promoted temporary lieutenant-colonel and appointed commanding officer of the 2nd/6th Battalion, which was in training. It deployed to France on 14 February 1917, and he was one of the 457 casualties suffered by the battalion during the second mustard gas attack of the war, at Armentières on 29 July 1917. He had recovered sufficiently to return to duty on 11 September 1917. His successful command was recognized on 1 January 1918 when, as a captain (temporary lieutenant-colonel) he was appointed brevet major for distinguished service in the field. On 2 May 1918 the French honoured his service by the award of the Légion d'honneur, Croix de Chevalier.
"On the 23rd of July [1918], to everyone's regret, Lieutenant-Colonel W A L Fletcher proceeded to England, broken in health."
He became acting chairman of the Henley Regatta, putting forward a motion which was carried unanimously, to hold a scaled-down Regatta in the following summer. However, he never saw it to fruition, dying in the 1918 flu pandemic from broncho-pneumonia which caught hold in his gas-weakened lungs. He is buried in a family grave in St Nicholas Church-yard Halewood.
See also
List of Oxford University Boat Race crews
References
1869 births
1919 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
English male rowers
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
British Army personnel of World War I
People educated at Cheam School
British military personnel killed in World War I
Deaths from the Spanish flu pandemic in England
Deaths from pneumonia in England
Deaths from bronchopneumonia |
20471947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant%20Secretary%20of%20State%20for%20Democracy%2C%20Human%20Rights%2C%20and%20Labor | Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor | The Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor is the head of the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor within the United States Department of State. The Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor reports to the Under Secretary of State for Civilian Security, Democracy, and Human Rights.
List of Assistant Secretaries of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs, 1976—1993
While Ernest W. Lefever was nominated for the office by Reagan in 1981, his nomination was rejected by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and he withdrew from consideration.
List of Assistant Secretaries of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 1993—Present
References
External links
History of Assistant Secretaries of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor from the State Department Historian
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor Website
Human rights in the United States |
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