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17335484 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasile%20D%C3%AEba | Vasile Dîba | Vasile Dîba (born 24 July 1954) is a retired Romanian sprint canoeist. Competing in three Summer Olympics in 1976–1984, he won four medals with one gold (1976: K-1 500 m), one silver (1980: K-4 1000 m), and two bronzes (1976: K-1 1000 m, 1980: K-1 500 m). Dîba also won seven medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with five golds (K-1 500 m: 1974, 1977, 1978; K-1 1000 m: 1977, K-1 4×500 m: 1974) and two silvers (K-1 500 m and K-1 4×500 m: both 1975).
References
External links
1954 births
Canoeists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Living people
Olympic gold medalists for Romania
Olympic silver medalists for Romania
Olympic bronze medalists for Romania
Romanian male canoeists
Olympic medalists in canoeing
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics |
20472313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum%20of%20Art%20of%20Puerto%20Rico | Museum of Art of Puerto Rico | The Museum of Art of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Museo de Arte de Puerto Rico, abbreviated MAPR) is an art museum in Santurce, a barrio of San Juan, Puerto Rico, with 18 exhibition halls. The museum is located in a historic building, formerly occupied by the San Juan Municipal Hospital.
History
The museum building, designed by architect William H. Shimmelphening and built in 1920, is the remaining building in the former ruined complex of the San Juan Municipal Hospital. The building served as a hospital until 1966 when most of its body was moved to the newly inaugurated Centro Médico de Río Piedras (Río Piedras Medical Center). Afterwards it served as office space for the Puerto Rico Department of Transportation and Public Works until 1975.
The idea behind the Puerto Rico Museum of Art dates to 1995, when the Puerto Rico Tourism Company (Spanish: Compañía de Turismo de Puerto Rico) with funding by the Government Development Bank for Puerto Rico (Banco Gubernamental de Fomento, BGF). Instead of demolishing the building, the old structure was incorporated into the new museum building.
Gallery
See also
Graphopoli
References
Art museums and galleries in Puerto Rico
Museums in San Juan, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico
Museum of Art of Puerto Rico |
6903112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfriede%20Kaun | Elfriede Kaun | Elfriede Kaun (5 October 1914 – 5 March 2008) was a German high jumper.
Born in Büttel, Steinburg, she won the bronze medal at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. Her personal best jump was 1.63 metres.
She competed for the sports club Kieler TV, and died in 2008 in Kiel. She was the last living German athlete who won a medal at the 1936 Summer Olympics.
References
Obituary
1914 births
2008 deaths
German female high jumpers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes of Germany
Olympic bronze medalists for Germany
Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
People from Steinburg
Sportspeople from Schleswig-Holstein |
20472326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isileli%20Tupou | Isileli Tupou | Isileli Tupou also known as Kaiongo Tupou (born 26 October 1984) in Tofua, Tonga) is a rugby union player who plays at center. He currently plays with the Lille Métropole Rugby in the Federale 1 in France.
References
1984 births
Living people
Tongan rugby union players
People from Haʻapai
Rugby union centres
Tonga international rugby union players
Tongan expatriate rugby union players
Expatriate rugby union players in France
Tongan expatriate sportspeople in France |
23574854 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Sager | Bobby Sager | Robert Sager was an American philanthropist and photographer, best known for founding the Sager Family Traveling Foundation and Roadshow, a charitable organization. Sager also was a partner and the president of Gordon Brothers Group from 1985 to 2000.
Early life
Sager was raised in Malden, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston. His father owned a small jewelry business, while his mother was a homemaker who sometimes worked as a small-time activist for local African American couples having issues renting apartments. Mrs. Sager would rent the apartments on behalf of the couples and later take the landlords to court.
Despite aspiring to become an actor, Sager pursued business, graduating from Brandeis University in 1976 with a degree in economics, then going on to obtain a Masters of Management from Yale University.
In 1985, Sager joined Gordon Brothers Group as a partner and served as their president. Between 1985 and his departure from Gordon Brothers in 2000, Sager helped the company grow from a $10 million a year business to a multi-billion business with 20 offices in North America, Europe, and Asia. Sager still serves on the board of advisors for Gordon Brothers.
He's also a member of the Young Presidents' Organization. In 2013, Sager was awarded the YPO Hickok Award, its highest honor for a member. In 2002, he was awarded the YPO Global Humanitarian Award.
Philanthropy
In 1999, Sager met the musician and activist Sting at a bar in Brazil. Sager was looking for a tour of the interior of the rain forest and asked Sting for contacts. The two kept in touch after that point. In the words of Sting, Bobby's frequent travelmate, Bobby is "a big brash guy from Boston...an old Nepal hand, flamboyant eccentric, inexhaustible world traveler, and practical philanthropist."
In 2000, Sager resigned his position at Gordon Brothers and founded the Sager Family Traveling Foundation and Roadshow, a charitable organization. He, along with his wife Elaine, daughter Tess, and son Shane, packed up their things and ventured out into some of the most dangerous places on the planet to make a difference. Through the foundation, Sager and his family live in villages and cities in developing countries using hands-on perspective and eyeball to eyeball connection to conceive, develop and operate economic opportunity training and leadership programs. These programs include Teacher Training, Leadership Training, Micro Enterprise, and Peace and Reconciliation Efforts. On any given day you might find Sager living in a tent in Karachi, sharing a toilet with 40 monks in the Himalayas, working alongside President Kagame in Rwanda, or discussing science education with the Dalai Lama in India. He would later tell The Chronicle of Philanthropy, "It wasn't like I had this moment of awareness or I said, I've been fortunate and now I want to give back. It was about me in my quest for fullness in my life, looking at my situation and saying, more money isn't going to give me more return on investment because I already have all that I want that money can buy."
Sager convenes groups of international entrepreneurs from different parts of the world through Young Presidents’ Organization (YPO) so that they can use their networks to collaborate and gain insights that help them connect the dots. He is a founding chairman of the Young Presidents’ Organization (YPO) Peace Action Network, which convenes business leaders from different sides of conflicts. Together they strategize and implement innovative approaches to cross-border understanding and shared opportunity. Sager is also the founder of YPO's Presidents’ Action Net (PAN), a philanthropic search engine that connects presidents from over 100 countries in order to leverage their efforts around the world. PAN draws from a community of approximately 20,000 presidents whose businesses have aggregate sales that are the equivalent of the world's third largest GNP.
Sager is moderator of both the Indo-Pak Action Forum and the U.S. Arab Action Forum.
In addition to his philanthropic and business endeavors Bobby was an Executive Producer for “A Guide to Recognizing Your Saints,” (2006) winner of the Sundance Film Festival Special Jury Prize, inspiration for the NBC primetime show “The Philanthropist” (2009), and author of “The Power of the Invisible Sun,” released by Chronicle Books (2009), which was featured on NBC's the TODAY show and ABC World News’ “Person of the Week.” Throughout his travels Sager has been an active photographer and has had his work featured in Rolling Stone, Men's Journal and philanthropic publications. From 2007–2008, 49 of Sager's photos were featured on the reunion tour of The Police during the song, “Invisible Sun.” The photos were displayed at over 100 concerts in 40 countries to a collective audience of over 4 million people. The Power of the Invisible Sun is a collection of his photographs of children in the most desperate and worn-town places in the world and a call to action and activism. It was produced by Sager and Sting and published in August 2009. Chronicle wrote about Bobby's book: “In war-torn countries around the world, philanthropist and photographer Bobby Sager has discovered the transcendent power of hope through the eyes of children. Despite unthinkable violence and destruction, his portraits reveal joy, innocence, and strength.” Bobby has also been an active public speaker, speaking at such venues as the United Nations General Assembly Hall, Sydney Opera House, Grand Mosque in Oman, and Aiwan-e-Sadr, residence of the President of Pakistan. He was also the executive producer of “Saints” (2006) winner at Sundance and Venice Film Festivals.
The Philanthropist Television Show
The Minot's Ledge Light
In 2009 the federal government put up the Minot's Ledge Light as surplus and it was purchased and is currently maintained by Sager
References
Brandeis University alumni
American philanthropists
People from Malden, Massachusetts
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Yale School of Management alumni
20th-century American photographers
21st-century American photographers |
20472329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%20Party%20of%20Hungary | Workers Party of Hungary | The Workers Party of Hungary (, MÁMP) was a political party in Hungary, founded around the time of the 1878 election. The mainly made up by socialists from Budapest, and the party strove to create trade unions and fought for minimum wage and a 10-hour working day. The main organ of the party was Népszava. The party was in conflict with the other contemporary Hungarian socialist party, the Non-Voters Party, which it accused of being government stooges. In 1880 the two parties did however merge, forming the Hungarian General Labour Party.
References
Political parties in Austria-Hungary
Political parties established in 1878
1878 establishments in Austria-Hungary
Socialist parties in Hungary |
6903114 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Shirley | Dorothy Shirley | Dorothy Ada Emerson (nee Shirley) (born 15 May 1939 in Manchester, Great Britain) is a British athlete, who mainly competed in the women's high jump event.
Athletics career
She competed for Great Britain in the 1960 Summer Olympics held in Rome, Italy, where she won the silver medal in the high jump jointly with Jarosława Jóźwiakowska. It was the fifth straight silver medal for Britain in this event.
She represented England in the high jump at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Cardiff, Wales. Four years later she competed in the high jump again at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Perth, Western Australia and then won a silver medal at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Kingston, Jamaica. A fourth consecutive Games appearance came in 1970 during the 1970 British Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh.
Personal life
She later went into teaching and worked as a PE teacher at Bentham Grammar School in the West Riding of Yorkshire in the early 1970s.
And later continued a successful and influential teaching career as a Primary School Teacher at St. Michael's Primary School in Alkrington, Middleton.
References
External links
1939 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Manchester
British female high jumpers
English female high jumpers
Olympic athletes of Great Britain
Olympic silver medallists for Great Britain
Athletes (track and field) at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1968 Summer Olympics
European Athletics Championships medalists
Athletes (track and field) at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field) |
20472330 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank%20of%20the%20Nation%20%28Peru%29 | Bank of the Nation (Peru) | The Bank of the Nation, known in Spanish as the Banco de la Nación, is the bank which represents the Peruvian government in financial transactions in both the public and private sectors, as well as at both domestic and international levels. It is a state institution, but it should not be confused with the Central Reserve Bank of Peru, the central bank which coins money. The BN (its official Spanish initials) belongs to the Peruvian Ministry of Economy and Finance. Its headquarters is located in the San Isidro District of Lima, the capital of Peru.
History
The BN was created January 27, 1966, by Law 16000, approved by the Peruvian congress and was signed into law by the then-president Fernando Belaúnde Terry. Its predecessors date to 1905, when José Pardo created the Caja de Depósitos y Consignaciones or Bank of Deposits and Consignments.
The Bank of the Nation has function uninterrupted since its creation. Currently, it employs its own system of ATMs and provides its own credit and debit cards.
Functions
Throughout the years, the bank's functions have either been expanded or reduced according to the policies of the current government although its most basic functions usually never change. Currently, the Bank of the Nation is used to:
Provide payment services in accordance with the policies of the General Directory of the Public Treasury
Provide collection services on behalf of tax creditors
Perform operations on behalf of sub-accounts of the public treasury
Act as the primary financial agency of the state
Act on the behalf of other banks and financial institutions in the channeling of resources
Participate in the foreign commerce transactions of the state
Grant credit to the Central Government, to Regional governments, and to local governments, in cases when they have not been granted by the National Finance System
Credit granted by the bank is not subject to the limits established by the General Law of Banking, Financial, and Insurance institutions
Provide correspondence services
Provide services to accounts of entities belonging both the National public sector and state providers
Receive savings deposits in locations where private banks don't have offices
Distribution
Branch offices can be found in every Peruvian province, with a total of 403 branch offices, of which 87% are located in rural areas of the country where private banks do not operate
External links
Bank of the Nation
Ministry of Economy and Finance
Banks of Peru
Economy of Peru |
17335492 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Holm | Max Holm | Max Holm is a former American football and basketball player and coach. He is credited with building one of the strongest defensive teams for NAIA football during his day. He is one of the few "modern era" college coaches to have been both the head basketball coach and the head football coach at the same school in the same calendar year.
Playing career
A native of Pittsburgh, Holm played as an end for Westminster College for the 1960 and 1961 seasons under Hall of Fame coach Harold Burry. Holm completed his high school football play at Peabody High School in Pittsburgh.
Coaching career
Geneva basketball
Holm was the basketball coach for the Geneva College in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, for the 1971–72 season, and then resigned to take the head football coach position at the same school. Prior to being head basketball coach, he was an assistant in the program for two seasons.
Geneva football
Holm became the 26th head football for Geneva and he held that position for two seasons, from 1972 to 1973, compiling a record of 12–6.
In his first year at Geneva, Holm led the charge of an exciting season that began among concerns of relying heavily on sophomores and ended with a record of 8 wins and 1 loss, with the sole loss coming on the last and highly anticipated game of the season against Westminster College. The Golden Tornadoes were the nation's leading team against the rush while the Titans rushing attack was just average. Before the final game of 1972, Geneva's opponents could only average 48.3 yards per game on the ground.
While at Geneva, he coached future National Football League player Bruce Craft, who played offensive tackle for the Dallas Cowboys.
Holm resigned his position after the conclusion of the 1973 season.
Head coaching record
Football
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American football ends
Basketball coaches from Pennsylvania
Geneva Golden Tornadoes football coaches
Geneva Golden Tornadoes men's basketball coaches
Players of American football from Pittsburgh
Sportspeople from Pittsburgh
Westminster Titans football players |
23574857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyottoko | Hyottoko | is a comical Japanese character, portrayed through the use of a mask. His mouth is puckered and skewed to one side. Some masks have different eye sizes between the left and right eyes. He is often wearing a scarf around his head (usually white with blue dots). There is a similar character for women called or .
The origin of the name comes from and , because the character is blowing fire with a bamboo pipe, hence the shape of the mouth. Local dialects transformed it into Hyottoko (ひょっとこ), palatalizing hio to hyo and making the /t/ geminate.
History
Hyottoko seems to have been a legendary character in Japan in the past, and is now a stock character.
In Iwate Prefecture, there is a myth about the origin of Hyottoko. In the story, there was a boy with a bizarre face who could create gold out of his belly button, so when someone died in a house, you would put the mask of this boy at the top of the fireplace to bring good fortune to the house. The name of the boy was Hyoutokusu (ヒョウトクス). This is considered one of the possible names that lend plausibility to the origin of Hyottoko.
In some parts of north eastern Japan, Hyottoko is regarded as the god of fire. There is a well known folk story in the form of music, izumoyasugibushi (出雲安来節) where a fisherman dances with a bamboo basket, having the same visual expression as the mask of Hyottoko. During this dance, a person puts five yen coins on their nose. This is similar to myth of Iwate prefecture. Izumo is the old name of Iwate prefecture and Izumo was famous for its iron industry. The dance was part of a dedication for fire and steel.
Hyottoko also appears in traditional dance dengaku (田楽). He plays the role of a clown. Dancers wearing Hyottoko masks also appear in some Japanese local festivals. One of the most famous Hyottoko dances takes place in Miyazaki Prefecture - Hyuga Hyottoko Natsumatsuri (日向ひょっとこ夏祭り). The Hyotokko dance is believed to originate in the Edo period.
Otafuku
, also known as and , is a female character associated to Hyottoko, usually portrayed as a woman ugly and rotund but good-natured and humorous. Its origin might lie in a famous Uzume miko from the Muromachi period who was nicknamed Kamejo ("Turtle Woman") for resembling a traditional turtle mask or okame. She would have received also the nickname of otakufu ("much good fortune") for her goodness and virtue. In posterior centuries, she appears in theatre and literature as Hyottoko's wife.
Over time, the character got associated to ribald humor, and by the time of Zen master Hakuin Ekaku she was identified as a prostitute, ugly but captivating at the same time. This portrayal came probably from the popular stereotype of the meshimori onna, also known as okame, and was used in Zen poetry to reflect the doctrine of nondualism.
References
External links
Netsuke: masterpieces from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains many representations of hyottoko.
Japanese legendary creatures
Japanese folk art
Masks in Asia |
23574862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Knatchbull | John Knatchbull | John Knatchbull is the name of:
Sir John Knatchbull, 2nd Baronet (c. 1630–1696), English MP for Kent and New Romney
John Knatchbull (Royal Navy captain) (died 1844), British naval captain and convict found guilty of murder
John Knatchbull, 7th Baron Brabourne (1924–2005), British peer, television producer and Academy Award nominated film producer |
20472350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowdon%20Theatre%20%28Montreal%29 | Snowdon Theatre (Montreal) | The Snowdon Theatre was a Streamline Moderne style cinema in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, located on Decarie Boulevard in the neighbourhood of Snowdon. After the theater closed, it was re-purposed as mini-shopping center with gymnastics studio, and then later demolished to build condominiums. Only its exterior facade partially survives.
History
The theater opened in February 1937 with a lavish art deco interior by designer Emmanuel Briffa, designer of the interior of the Rialto Theatre and 60 other cinemas in Canada.
In 1950 the entrance facade was modified and a new marquee was added. In 1968 it showed X-rated movies. In 1972 it screened Charlie Chaplin films for approximately an entire year. The cinema closed in May 1982 and was vacant. In 1990 it was re-purposed as a small shopping center. The 25,000 square foot interior was rebuilt by Rafid Louis and Emile Fattal, splitting the theater into two floors and sub-dividing the remaining space. The theater's original wall and ceiling art deco remained intact on the second floor, where a gymnastics center operated for a number of years. In 2013 the building was vacant again, then boarded up and left abandoned.
Demolition
The building was not a success with its retail shopping and offices and by the late 1990s was mostly vacant. Flexart Gymnastics, the last tenant, was evicted in late 2013 due to safety concerns with the building's roof.
In January 2016, the city of Montreal, who owned the building, put it up for sale. On March 26, 2016 a fire on the second floor caused heavy damage to the roof. On May 4, 2017, the city found a buyer, who planned to demolish it for either a commercial or residential building project. The sale went through on February 3, 2018 for $1.6 million, with the only condition that the building's exterior front facade and sign be preserved.
In April 2019, the building was completely demolished, with only the front façade wall left standing (the marquee added during the 1980s renovation was removed). As of April 2021, the condominiums are under construction and its remaining facade heavily modified.
References
External links
Photographs of surviving art deco elements at the Snowdon Theater
Photography Snowdon Theater 2015
Theatres in Montreal
Landmarks in Montreal
Former cinemas in Montreal
Streamline Moderne architecture in Canada
Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce
Burned buildings and structures in Canada |
20472390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFCC | CFCC | CFCC may refer to:
Education
Cape Fear Community College, in Wilmington, North Carolina, United States
College of Central Florida (formerly Central Florida Community College), in Ocala, Florida, United States |
23574863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jora%20de%20Mijloc | Jora de Mijloc | Jora de Mijloc is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of four villages: Jora de Jos, Jora de Mijloc, Jora de Sus and Lopatna.
References
Communes of Orhei District |
20472392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Voters%20Party | Non-Voters Party | The Non-Voters Party (, NVP) was a socialist political party in Hungary, founded around the time of the 1878 election. At the founding meeting of the party, 79 delegates participated. The party sought to represent the non-enfranchised population, and advocated universal suffrage and democratic reforms. The party was led by Leó Frankel. In 1880 the party merged into the Hungarian General Labour Party.
References
Political parties in Austria-Hungary
Political parties established in 1878
Socialist parties in Hungary |
6903161 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francophone%20Association%20of%20Municipalities%20of%20Ontario | Francophone Association of Municipalities of Ontario | The Francophone Association of Municipalities of Ontario (or AFMO, from its French name, Association française des municipalités d'Ontario) is a Canadian political organization of municipalities in the province of Ontario which have significant Franco-Ontarian communities. The organization oversees the maintenance and development of municipal government services in French, and works with other levels of government, as well as organizations in other Canadian provinces, on issues unique to francophone and bilingual communities.
The organization was founded in 1989, after a group of francophone mayors and councillors attending the annual conference of the Association of Municipalities of Ontario met to discuss the need for collaboration on the special issues unique to francophone and bilingual communities. Founding members included Vanier mayor Gisèle Lalonde, Russell mayor Gaston Patenaude, Rockland mayor Jean-Marc Lalonde, Hawkesbury mayor Yves Drouin, and Rayside-Balfour mayor Lionel Lalonde.
In addition to the organization's 40 member municipalities, a number of other non-municipal organizations and individuals have associate member status, including one municipal government in Quebec. Associate membership is most commonly held by organizations such as school boards in bilingual areas, provincial government agencies or non-governmental organizations that serve the francophone community; in the case of some provincial government ministries, however, it is held on an individual basis by a senior civil servant who is directly responsible for the ministry's French language programs, rather than by the ministry as a whole.
Member municipalities
The district social services boards of Algoma, Cochrane, Timiskaming and Sudbury-Manitoulin also have municipal member status.
The municipal government of Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec is also a member of the organization, but has associate member status since it is outside of Ontario.
Associate members
See also
Association of Municipalities of Ontario
Federation of Canadian Municipalities
List of micro-regional organizations
Joint Council of Municipalities
List of francophone communities in Ontario
References
External links
AFMO
Franco-Ontarian organizations
Local government in Ontario
Local government organizations |
44499113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida%20Eddies | Haida Eddies | Haida Eddies are episodic, clockwise rotating ocean eddies that form during the winter off the west coast of British Columbia’s Haida Gwaii and Alaska’s Alexander Archipelago. These eddies are notable for their large size, persistence, and frequent recurrence. Rivers flowing off the North American continent supply the continental shelf in the Hecate Strait with warmer, fresher, and nutrient-enriched water. Haida eddies are formed every winter when this rapid outflow of water through the strait wraps around Cape St. James at the southern tip of Haida Gwaii, and meets with the cooler waters of the Alaska Current. This forms a series of plumes which can merge into large eddies that are shed into the northeast Pacific Ocean by late winter, and may persist for up to two years.
Haida eddies can be more than 250 km in diameter, and transport a mass of coastal water approximately the volume of Lake Michigan over 1,000 km offshore into the lower nutrient waters of the northeast Pacific Ocean. These "warm-core rings" transport heat out to sea, supplying nutrients (particularly nitrate and iron) to nutrient depleted areas of lower productivity. Consequently, primary production in Haida eddies is up to three times higher than in ambient waters, supporting vast phytoplankton-based communities, as well as influencing zooplankton and icthyoplankton community compositions.
The Haida name is derived from the Haida people native to the region, centered on the islands of Haida Gwaii (formerly known as the Queen Charlotte Islands).
Historical observations
Due to their large size, it was not until the satellite era that scientists were able to observe the full scale and life cycles of Haida eddies. Their extent is such that an ocean liner can move through the eddy without observing its borders, so accurate records did not exist until the late 1980s.
Between 1985-1990, the first US research mission to study changes in sea surface height using radar altimetry (an instrument used to measure the ocean surface height using a radar pulse in reference to a geoid), was conducted by the US Navy using the Geodetic/Geophysical Satellite (GEOSAT). The primary focus was to study fronts, eddies, winds, waves, and tides; each of these processes produce a change in sea surface height of several meters. In 1986, researchers Gower and Tabata observed clockwise eddies in the Gulf of Alaska using GEOSAT - the first satellite observation of Haida eddies. In 1987, the Ocean Storms program deployed 50 drifters to examine intertidal oscillations and mixing during fall storms and observed eddies propagating westward. Also in 1987, researchers Richard Thomson, Paul LeBlond, and William Emery observed that ocean drifters deployed in the Gulf of Alaska at 100–120 meters below the surface had stopped their eastward motion and actually began to move westward counter to the predominant current. The researchers attributed the unexpected motion to eddies dragging the buoys westward from their path at approximately 1.5 cm/s.
In 1992, Haida eddies were observed by researchers Meyers and Basu as positive sea surface height anomalies using TOPEX-POSEIDON, an altimetry-based satellite platform (like GEOSAT). They specifically noted an increase in the number of Haida eddies during the 1997/1998 El Niño winter. Haida eddy altimetry observations were further supplemented by European Remote Sensing satellites, ERS1 and ERS2. In 1995 Richard Thomson, together with James Gower at the Institute of Ocean Sciences in British Columbia, discovered the first clear evidence of eddies along the entire continental margin using temperature maps from infrared observations using National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites. Satellite observations coupled with drifter observations have allowed scientists to resolve physical and biogeochemical structures of Haida eddies.
Formation
General circulation
Ocean circulation in the region begins with the transport of waters eastward along the North Pacific Current, also known as the "West Wind Drift", which forms the northern branch of the anticyclonic (clockwise rotation of fluids in Northern Hemisphere) North Pacific subtropical gyre. The North Pacific current approaches the continental US and bifurcates into the southward flowing California Current and the northward flowing Alaska Current. The latitude of this bifurcation is dependent on changes in the midlatitude (30-60° latitude) westerly atmospheric wind patterns, which is the primary forcing on the ocean's circulation in this region. These westerly winds oscillate around 45°N and can have variable wind speeds. Changes in these winds are based on the large-scale atmospheric circulation which has seasonal (summer/winter), interannual (ENSO), and decadal (Pacific Decadal Oscillation, or PDO) variability. The northwestward Alaska Current then feeds into the westward Alaskan Coastal Current, and eventually into the Alaskan Stream; together these make up the cyclonic (counterclockwise rotating) subpolar Alaskan gyre, where Haida eddies are found.
In winter, the location of the North Pacific Current bifurcation is approximately 45°N, which is 5° south of where it bifurcates in the summer at approximately 50°N. This has implications as to what water is moved into the Alaskan subpolar gyre. In winter, when the splitting of the current is more south, fresh, warmer waters from river input from the Columbia (47°N) and Fraser (49°N) rivers are transported north. This shift in the North Pacific current location leads to winter currents transporting relatively warmer water poleward from a lower latitude than in the summer. Although the northern branch of the subtropical gyre shifts south in the winter, the subpolar gyre does not shift location, but intensifies in its circulation. This intensification brings a greater volume of water from the south into the subpolar gyre, which again is dependent on the magnitude of atmospheric circulation. For example: the Aleutian Low is a persistent low pressure system over the Gulf of Alaska that can fluctuate on decadal timescales, producing the PDO. If this system is relatively strong during winter, there will be an increase in northward transport of waters along the Alaskan current from southerly winds. Haida eddies have been documented to form predominantly in the winter when bifurcation is south, and favorable atmospheric conditions are met to intensify the subpolar gyre. With these conditions, Haida eddy formation has also been documented to occur from baroclinic instabilities from alongshore wind reversals, equatorial Kelvin waves, and bottom topography. Baroclinic instabilities form when tilting or sloping of isopycnals (horizontal lines of constant density) form. Baroclinic instabilities from alongshore wind reversals occur when a persistent wind along the coast changes direction. For example: in the Gulf of Alaska average winds travel from the south, poleward (termed southerly winds), but during a wind reversal the winds will abruptly shift to a northwesterly wind (coming from the northwest), and the coastal current that was being pushed north will now be pushed south. This change in direction causes rotation in an originally northward flowing current, which results in tilting isopyncals. Kelvin waves that form along the equator are able to travel along the west coast of North America to the Gulf of Alaska, where their presence can cause disruptions in the poleward current and form baroclinic instabilities. Bottom topography, the third formation process of Haida eddies, can occur because the Alaska current will interact with hills or rock formations below the surface, and this can cause baroclinic instabilities.
General physical attributes
Haida eddies possess common physical characteristics that are dependent on the attributes of the water that is being transported, and how that influences the overall structure. Haida eddies are characterized as relatively long-lived, transient (departure from the average ocean current along the coast), medium-sized (mesoscale) ocean eddies that rotate clockwise (anti-cyclonic), and possess a warm, less-saline core, relative to the surrounding waters. These warm waters within the eddy are attributed to the baroclinic clockwise motion that results in a piling up of water near the center, and a downward displacement of surface water to depth (downwelling). This phenomenon is referred to as Ekman pumping, resulting from a conservation of mass, vertical velocity, and the Coriolis force. Downwelling of water from convergence produces what is called 'dynamic height anomalies' between the center and the surrounding waters. The anomaly is calculated by taking the difference between the surface of interest, for example the middle of a Haida eddy, and a reference point (in oceanography it is in reference to the geopotential surface, or the geoid). Haida eddies are capable of producing dynamic height anomalies between the center and the surrounding waters of 0.12-0.35 m.
Ekman pumping of surface waters, coupled with northward transport of warm waters (from location of bifurcation), dampens the temperature gradient from the surface down to 300 m, so that water temperature within the eddy is warmer below the surface than typical conditions. Stratification increases between these warmer, less-saline vortices and the surrounding waters by effectively depressing background lines of constant temperature (isotherms) and salinity (isohalines) (shown in figure). This makes them an ideal vehicle to transport coastal water properties into the Gulf of Alaska because of reduced mixing with surrounding waters.
As Haida eddies break away from the coast into the subpolar gyre, they transport water properties such as temperature, salinity and kinetic energy. A common water mass in the area is the Pacific Subarctic Upper Water (PSUW) mass with conservative (constant through time and space) properties of salinity (32.6-33.6 psu) and temperature (3-15 °C). PSUW moves into the Alaska Current from the North Pacific Current and may be mixed via Haida eddies into the subpolar gyre. Fresh (low salinity) water from rivers are mixed into Haida eddies. They are also able to exchange potential energy and momentum from the coastal mean current, a process that takes energy away from the coastal current and advects it toward the middle of the gyre. On average, the Gulf of Alaska experiences 5.5 Haida eddies per year, with a typical eddy characterized by a dynamical height of approximately 0.179 m, propagation speed of 2 km per day, average core diameter of 97 km, total volume of approximately 3,000 to 6,000 km3, and a duration of 30 weeks.
Biogeochemical and nutrient dynamics
Biogeochemical dynamics in Haida eddies are typically characterized by highly productive, yet relatively nutrient depleted surface waters, that may be replenished by diffusion and mixing from nutrient abundant sub-surface core waters. This nutrient exchange is also often facilitated by seasonal fluctuations in the surface mixed layer depth (~20 m in winter, up to 100 m in summer), bringing the low-nutrient surface waters in contact with the nutrient-rich core waters as the mixed layer deepens. Upon eddy formation in winter, surface water concentrations are high in nutrients including nitrate, carbon, iron, and others that are important for biological production. However, they are quickly consumed by phytoplankton through spring and summer, until fall when the now reduced nutrient concentrations can be slowly replenished by mixing with the sub-surface core waters. The net effect of Haida eddies on macronutrients and trace metal micronutrients is that of offshore transport of materials from coastal waters to open ocean, increasing offshore primary productivity inside the eddy formation site.
Dissolved iron
The southeast and central Gulf of Alaska tends to be iron-limited, and Haida eddies deliver large quantities of iron-rich coastal waters into these regions. In High-Nutrient, Low-Chlorophyll (HNLC) areas, iron tends to limit phytoplankton growth more than macronutrients, so the delivery of iron plays an important role in stimulating biological activity. While surface waters within the eddy are similar to that of ambient HNLC waters, waters in the eddy core are highly iron-enriched. Iron is delivered upward to the surface from the eddy core as a result of physical transport properties as the eddy decays or interacts with other eddies. This iron flux into the photic zone (where light is abundant to support growth), is associated with an increase in spring and summer primary production, and drawdown of macronutrients as they are consumed by phytoplankton. Increased iron concentrations have been observed to persist in the core of the eddy up to 16 months after eddy formation. Physical transport properties retain a supply of iron to the surface from the still iron-rich eddy core for the lifetime of the eddy. Because of the large vertical iron transport, Haida eddies contribute a significant portion of the total iron available for biological use.
Total dissolved iron concentrations in Haida eddies are approximately 28 times higher than open ocean waters of the Alaska gyre. The daily average supply of iron upwelled from the eddy core is 39 times higher than the iron introduced by average daily dust deposition in the northeast Pacific. Despite the fact that seasonal shallowing and strengthening of the thermocline may inhibit mixing between the surface layer and enriched waters below (reducing iron exchange between the two by as much as 73%), concentrations are still an order of magnitude higher than ambient waters, delivering an estimated 4.6 x 106 moles of iron annually to the Gulf of Alaska. This loading is comparable to the total iron delivery from atmospheric dust or major volcanic eruptions. Thus, the arrival of Haida eddies may introduce anywhere from 5–50% of the annual dissolved iron supply in the upper 1,000 m of the Gulf of Alaska.
In the summer of 2012, an iron fertilization experiment deposited 100 tons of finely-ground iron oxides into a Haida eddy in an effort to increase salmon returns through an attempt to increase primary production. This resulted in the highest chlorophyll concentrations measured within an eddy, and the most intense phytoplankton bloom in the last ten years in the northeast Pacific. However, the impact of this bloom on higher trophic organisms such as zooplankton and fish is not known.
Carbon
Concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and nitrate (NO3−), which are important macronutrients for photosynthesis, are quickly depleted in Haida eddy surface waters through most of their first year due to uptake by biological primary production. This uptake of nutrients, which is largely carried out by phytoplankton, leads to observable increases in chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations. In summer, a large portion of the DIC pool is consumed due to increased production of coccolithophores, which are phytoplankton that use bicarbonate ion to build their calcium carbonate (CaCO3) shells, releasing carbon dioxide (CO2) in the process. This process also leads to a summertime reduction in total alkalinity, which is a measure of the capacity of seawater to neutralize acids, and is largely determined by bicarbonate and carbonate ion concentrations. Surrounding surface waters show similar, or even slightly higher concentrations of DIC, total alkalinity, and nitrates, and may at times exchange surface waters with Haida eddies, as witnessed when Haida-2000 merged with Haida-2001. Although some nutrient exchange takes place at the surface, export of organic carbon out of the eddy is not enhanced, and there is little change in organic carbon concentrations at depth, suggesting that the organic carbon formed through primary production is largely being recycled within the eddies.
In February, surface concentrations of CO2 (as quantified by ƒCO2), in the eddy center and edges start out relatively oversaturated relative to atmospheric CO2 concentrations, but quickly drop, partially due to biological production. By June, ƒCO2 becomes undersaturated relative to atmospheric concentrations, but increases slightly again through summer, aided by warming temperatures. In the eddy center, ƒCO2 usually reaches near equilibrium with the atmosphere by fall (depending on timing of the mixed layer deepening), when vertical entrainment and mixing from below can replenish ƒCO2, as well as the now-depleted DIC and nitrate concentrations. Lower ƒCO2 tends to persist through summer in edge waters however, most likely due to the presence of enhanced biological production, as suggested by the presence of higher Chl-a concentrations. Ambient waters typically reach parity with atmospheric CO2 by spring, after a smaller initial decrease early in the year. Net atmospheric CO2 removal by Haida eddies is estimated to be 0.8-1.2 x 106 tons per year, underscoring the important role they play in the Gulf of Alaska.
Other trace metals
Transport and delivery of other trace metals in the Gulf of Alaska are also enhanced by Haida eddies and may result in increased burial of trace metals in marine sediments where they can no longer be used to support biological growth. Evidence suggests Haida eddies may be an important source of dissolved silver ions, with eddy surface water concentrations three to four times higher compared to ambient waters. Silicate uptake rates by marine diatoms in Haida eddies are three times that observed in ambient waters, suggesting strong diatom population growth. Haida eddies are important sources of silver for diatom production, as silver is incorporated into the silicate shells of diatoms and the transport of silver associated with Haida eddies promotes diatom growth. Silver is sequestered by this production and eventually transported to depth by sinking particles of organic matter, linking silver to the marine silicate cycle.
Large quantities of dissolved aluminum and manganese ions are also supplied to the Gulf of Alaska via eddy transport of coastal waters enriched from riverine inputs. The quantity transported is also comparable to that deposited by atmospheric dust. This supply of trace metals impacts the rate of dissolved iron removal because the particles tend to aggregate together and sink to the seafloor, a process which may account for 50-60% of dissolved aluminum and manganese removal. Additionally, there is evidence for enhanced delivery of cadmium and copper to the Gulf of Alaska by Haida eddies.
Macronutrients
Haida eddies can produce low silicate and high nitrate, chlorophyll, and sedimentation events offshore.
Eddies that form nearshore in the Gulf of Alaska carry shelf nutrients west into the High-Nutrient, Low-Chlorophyll (HNLC) and oligotrophic (low-nutrient) waters of the northeast Pacific, or south into seasonally nitrate-depleted waters. If eddies head southward from the Gulf of Alaska toward British Columbia, waters in the eddy become enriched in nutrients at the expense of the seawater they are capturing nutrients from, leaving coastal waters relatively nutrient poor. If eddies head west into the HNLC waters of the central Gulf of Alaska basin, they transport particulate matter and supply the photic zone with nitrate that is up to three times greater than typical seasonal transport, increasing spring productivity.
The timing of advection from the eddy has important seasonal implications on the delivery of nutrients. The high-nutrient and high-iron coastal water is carried into the Gulf of Alaska from either the core of the eddy or the outer ring. The core of the eddy contains warm, fresh, nutrient-rich waters formed in winter, and with the addition of sunlight, produces strong spring blooms of primary productivity offshore. As the eddy drifts westward in late spring and summer, the outer ring mixes coastal and deep ocean waters in large arcs around the eddy edge. This process has an effect hundreds of kilometers offshore, and facilitates the exchange of nutrients between shelf to deep ocean from late winter to the following autumn.
Biology
Nutrients trapped and transported by Haida eddies support more biological growth compared to surrounding, low-nutrient ocean water.
Elevated measurements of chlorophyll in eddy centers, as compared to surrounding water, indicate that eddies increase primary production, and can support multiple phytoplankton blooms within a single year. These blooms are not only caused by increased nutrients, but also the eddy's ability to transport biota from the coast into the eddy. Spring blooms are caused by sufficient light reaching the warm, nutrient-rich water contained in the middle of the eddy, due to anticyclonic rotation. A second bloom can occur once the eddy has moved closer to the deep ocean, when the outer reaches of the eddy can gather nutrient-rich water from either the coast or from an adjacent eddy. Coastal water transported by this outer ring advection can move from the coast into the eddy in six days which also allows for the rapid transport of coastal algae into the nutrient-rich eddy waters. A late summer bloom can occur if storms produce vertical convection of the mixed layer, causing it to deepen and trap nutrients from below into the region of primary production.
High eddy kinetic energy (EKE) may also increase chlorophyll concentration in eddies. Northern Gulf of Alaska and Haida eddy regions have more chlorophyll when EKE was higher, which can be caused by storms, producing higher mixing of the mixed layer and introducing nutrients from below. Because of the correlation, research suggests that EKE could be used to predict chlorophyll blooms.
Haida eddies affect zooplankton distribution by transporting nearshore species into the deep ocean. During the first summer that an eddy moves offshore, nearshore species often dominate zooplankton communities, but decline after one or two years as the eddy dissipates. Species that perform diel vertical migration can remain in the eddy core for longer periods of time.
The influence of Haida eddies on larger organisms remains poorly understood. They are thought to influence winter feeding habits of northern fur seals by providing food at a low energy expense. Ichthyoplankton composition within eddies is significantly different than that of surrounding ocean water. The species composition is based on where an eddy forms, and thus what coastal species it acquired. Fish larval species richness correlates with distance from an eddy center, with higher richness closer to the core. The icthyoplankton communities also change depending on the age of the eddy.
See also
Mesoscale ocean eddies
Baroclinity
Ekman transport
Aleutian Low
References
Bodies of water of Alaska
Bodies of water of British Columbia |
23574865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajja%20Khurd | Jajja Khurd | Jajja Khurd is a village (Pind) 2 km from the market town of Apra and within close proximity of Phagwara, Phillaur, Goraya and Banga. Kalan is Persian language word which means Big and Khurd is Persian word which means small when two villages have same name then it is distinguished with Kalan means Big and Khurd means Small used with Village Name.
It is within the Doaba region of Punjab in India in the Jalandhar district, close to the boundary of Nawanshahr district. There is a majority of Garcha/Maan Jats residing in the village.
A large Gurudwara (Sikh Temple) is present as you enter Jajja from Apra.
The closest train station is situated 8 km away in the town of Goraya.
People of Jajja Khurd
The people of Jajja Khurd are considered by many as traditional Punjabis, they are known to be very conservative in their values and although a large percentage of the population has emigrated to Europe and North America; they tend not adopt western culture fully i.e. continue the tradition of arranged marriage, females tend not consume alcohol as per traditional Punjabi values.
References
Villages in Jalandhar district
Villages in Phillaur tehsil |
20472445 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megali%20Mantineia | Megali Mantineia | Megali Mantineia () is a mountain settlement in the municipal unit of Avia, Messenia, Greece. In 2011, it had a population of 191. It sits at 200 m above sea level, 2 km southeast of Avia, 3 km south of Mikri Mantineia and 10 km southeast of Kalamata. Many of its residents only stay there during the summer months.
Population
History
Ano Mantineia ("Upper Mantineia") or Ano Chora was first mentioned in 1463, as opposed to the older Mantineia on the coast. In the mid 18th century, it was an important settlement in the area of Zarnata (Ζαρνάτα). It had 59 families (around 277 people) in 1704. In the late 18th century the smaller settlement Mikri Mantineia was founded, and the older Ano Mantineia was renamed to Megali Mantineia ("Great Mantineia").
The village joined the municipality of Avia in 1835. From the mid 19th century, a part of the population moved into the seaside areas including Palaiochora (now Avia), Archontiko and Akrogiali. Still Megali Mantineia kept a large population: 413 in 1851, 469 in 1879 and 424 in 1907. In 1914 Megali Mantineia became an independent community which included the new settlements. In 1924 the seat of the community moved to the seaside village Palaiochora. In 1926 both the settlement Palaiochora and the community were renamed to Avia.
Points of interests
Koskaras/Sandava cave
Katafygi, an inaccessible cave
The deserted settlement Koka
The old school, built in 1743-53
Sources
Theodoros Belitsos Ta Altomira tis Exo Manis (Τα Αλτομιρά της Έξω Μάνης (Ιστορία-Οικογένειες-Τοπωνύμια) = Altomira in Outer Mani (History-Family-Toponyms), 1999
See also
List of settlements in Messenia
Mikri Mantineia
References
External links
Megali Madinia at the GTP Travel Pages
Populated places in Messenia |
23574875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvoare | Izvoare | Izvoare may refer to the following places:
Moldova
Izvoare, Fălești, a commune
Izvoare, Florești, a commune
, a village in Pohrebeni Commune
Izvoare, Sîngerei, a commune
Romania
Izvoare, a village in Bahna commune, Neamț County
Izvoare, Dolj, a commune
Izvoare, a village in Dumbrava Roșie commune, Neamț County
Izvoare, a village in Suharău commune, Botoșani County
Izvoare, a village in Zetea commune, Harghita County
Izvoare, a tributary of the Neamț in Neamț County
Izvoare, another name for the river Pârâul Băutor, Harghita County |
44499135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20K.%20Stuller | Jennifer K. Stuller | Jennifer K. Stuller (born July 14, 1975 in Marin County, California) is an American writer, editor, popular culture critic, and historian best known for her work on female representation in comic books, TV, and movies. She is the author of Ink-Stained Amazons and Cinematic Warriors: Superwomen in Modern Mythology and a frequent contributor to Bitch Magazine as well as Co-Founder and Director Emeritus of Programming and Events for GeekGirlCon.
Stuller received her bachelor's degree, magna cum laude, from the University of Washington in the Program in the Comparative History of Ideas where she later offered a survey course on the history of comic books.
References
1975 births
American editors
21st-century American historians
University of Washington alumni
Living people |
20472452 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Leura | Mount Leura | Mount Leura is a 313-metre scoria cone surrounding a dry crater 100 m deep and is the central and most obvious component of a larger volcanic complex southeast of the town of Camperdown located in western Victoria, Australia, 194 kilometres (121 mi) south west of the state capital, Melbourne. The inactive volcano is thought to have last erupted between 5,000 and 20,000 years ago. The name means "big nose" in local aboriginal dialect.
Leura Maar
Mount Leura, together with nearby Mount Sugarloaf, forms part of a large extinct volcanic complex known as the "Leura Maar". The complex includes a broad shallow maar crater measuring 2.5 km by 1.7 km surrounded by a low tuff ring, inside which are the secondary eruption points of Mount Leura and several smaller unnamed mounds and cones of scoria. These may represent eruptions along a north–south fissure. The walls of the cone are alternating layers of tuff and scoria with numerous blocks and volcanic bombs. Mount Sugarloaf is a perfect conical mound on the southwestern flank of Mount Leura and represents a final stage of activity of the Leura volcano, when a small vent ejected a large volume of lava fragments in a short time, without a change in the direction of the eruption column. This produced a steep, symmetrical, conical mound of volcanic ash, scoria and larger blocks and bombs.
Mining
Numerous quarries operated within the "Leura Maar". Quarries also provide significant exposures of bedding in tuff and scoria and many xenoliths are obtained from these. The scoria at Mount Leura is notable for the inclusions of high temperature megacrusts and xenoliths (fragments of the lower crust and mantle of the earth) which occur here in unusually high concentrations. Most of the quarries now are closed and some are used for dumping landfill.
Tourism
The volcano lies within the 'Lakes and Craters' region, an access road was built in 1932. It allows vehicles the size of buses to access the lookout on top of Mount Leura. On a clear day you can see the Grampians and Mount Buninyong to the north, Mount Porndon to the east and Lavers Hill to the south. To the immediate west are the deep volcanic crater lakes Bullen-Merri and Gnotuk while to the east is the crater Lake Purrumbete popular for its Trout and Chinook Salmon fishing.
Hillclimb
Mount Leura has hosted the Australian Hillclimb Championship twice, 1985 and 1997. The access road to the summit is closed for the competition.
The Australian Hillclimb Championship has been sanctioned by the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport since 1954. Prior to this it was sanctioned by the Australian Automobile Association, with two events having national championship status in 1949.
See also
Australian Hillclimb Championship
List of mountains in Victoria
List of volcanoes in Australia
References
Cinder cones
Mountains of Victoria (Australia)
Volcanoes of Victoria (Australia)
Inactive volcanoes
Maars of Australia |
20472459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelmur%20Castle | Castelmur Castle | Castelmur Castle may refer to:
Castelmur Castle (Stampa) or Palazzo Castelmur in the Swiss village of Stampa in the Bregaglia municipality
Castelmur Castle (Bondo) an earlier castle in the Swiss village of Bondo in the Bregaglia municipality |
23574882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul%20Express%20Bus%20Terminal | Seoul Express Bus Terminal | The Seoul Express Bus Terminal is the key bus terminal located in Seocho-gu, Seoul.
It is connected underground to both the gangnam branch of the Shinsaegae department store and the banpo underground market, as well as containing its own share of stores.
as of September 2021, the third floor is abandoned spare a single sewing shop.
Routes
Express Bus
Transportation
Subway
Express Bus Terminal Station (, and )
City Bus
Local Bus: Seocho 01, Seocho 10, Seocho 13, Seocho 14, Seocho 21
Branch Bus: 3012, 3414, 4212, 4318, 5413, 6411, 8541
Trunk Bus: 142, 143, 148, 351, 360, 362, 401, 406, 462, 540, 640, 642, 643, 740
Rapid Bus: 9408
Airport Bus: 6000, 6020
Incheon Rapid Bus: 9500, 9501, 9502, 9510, 9800, 9802
See also
Central City
External links
https://moovitapp.com/index/en/public_transit-line-148-%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EC%8B%9CSeoul-1802-853691-247332-0
Bus stations in South Korea
Transport in Seoul |
44499150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.%20A.%20Reinhold | H. A. Reinhold | Hans Ansgar Reinhold (1897–1968) was a Roman Catholic priest born in Hamburg, Germany. Reinhold took part in the Roman Catholic resistance to the Nazi regime until taking refuge in the United States. He was a prominent liturgical reformer whose work was influential in shaping the changes to the Mass made at the Second Vatican Council. Reinhold was also a prominent advocate for the introduction of modernist architectural ideas to the construction of Catholic churches in the United States.
Books
The American Parish and the Roman Liturgy: An Essay in seven chapters (Macmillan, 1958),
Bringing the Mass to the people (Helicon Press, 1960),
The dynamics of liturgy (Macmillan, 1961),
Speaking of liturgical architecture (Daughters of St. Paul, 1961),
H.A.R.: The Autobiography of Father Reinhold (Herder and Herder, 1968)
[Edited compilation]The Soul Afire: Revelations of the Mystics (Image Books, 1973),
Literatur: Gerhard Besier, Peter Schmidt-Eppendorf (Hrsg,) Hans Ansgar Reinhold, Schriften und Briefwechsel, 588 S.,Aschendorf Münster 2011
References
Liturgists
1897 births
1968 deaths |
6903165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20municipalities%20of%20the%20Province%20of%20Isernia | List of municipalities of the Province of Isernia | The following is a list of the 52 municipalities (comuni) of the Province of Isernia, Molise, Italy.
List
See also
List of municipalities of Italy
References
Isernia |
20472462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihei%20Sano | Rihei Sano | was a Japanese football player. He played for Japan national team.
Club career
Sano was born in Shizuoka Prefecture on September 21, 1912. He played for Waseda WMW was consisted of his alma mater Waseda University players and graduates.
National team career
In 1936, when Sano was a Waseda University student, he was selected Japan national team for 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. At this competition, on August 4, he debuted against Sweden. Japan completed a come-from-behind victory against Sweden. The first victory in Olympics for the Japan and the historic victory over one of the powerhouses became later known as "Miracle of Berlin" (ベルリンの奇跡) in Japan. In 2016, this team was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame. On August 7, he also played against Italy. He played 2 games for Japan in 1936.
Sano died on March 26, 1992 at the age of 79.
National team statistics
References
External links
Japan National Football Team Database
Japan Football Hall of Fame (Japan team at 1936 Olympics) at Japan Football Association
Rihei Sano's profile at Sports Reference.com
1912 births
1992 deaths
Waseda University alumni
Association football people from Shizuoka Prefecture
Japanese footballers
Japan international footballers
Olympic footballers of Japan
Footballers at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Association football goalkeepers |
44499154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadfields%20United%20F.C. | Broadfields United F.C. | Broadfields United Football Club is a football club based in Harrow, Greater London, England. They are currently members of the and play at Rayners Lane's Tithe Farm Sports & Social Club.
History
The club was established in 1993, and joined the Southern Olympian League. They were Division Four champions in 1994–95, after which they joined Division One of the Middlesex County League. The following season it was renamed the Senior Division, and Broadfields were champions, earning promotion to the Premier Division. Despite finishing bottom of the Premier Division in 1998–99, they were not relegated.
However, in 2003–04 the club finished bottom of the Premier Division again and subsequently left the league. They returned in 2007, joining Division One West. Despite finishing second-from-bottom of the division, they were promoted to the Premier Division for the 2008–09 season. They withdrew from the league towards the end of the 2009–10 season, resulting in their record being expunged, but returned to the Premier Division for the 2010–11 season.
In 2011–12 Broadfields won the Premier Division Cup, retaining it the following season. In 2014–15 they finished fourth in the Premier Division, allowing the club to be promoted to Division One of the Spartan South Midlands League. The club were Division One runners-up in 2018–19, earning promotion to the Premier Division.
Honours
Spartan South Midlands League Challenge Trophy
Winners: 2017-18
Middlesex Premier Cup
Winners: 2016–17, 2017–18
Middlesex County League
Senior Division Champions 1996–97
Alec Smith Premier Division Cup Winners 2011–12, 2012–13
Southern Olympian League
Division Four Champions 1994–95
Records
Best FA Cup performance: Second qualifying round, 2021–22
Best FA Vase performance: Second round, 2016–17
See also
Broadfields United F.C. players
References
External links
Football clubs in England
Football clubs in London
Sport in the London Borough of Harrow
Association football clubs established in 1993
1993 establishments in England
Middlesex County Football League
Spartan South Midlands Football League |
44499167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston%20F.C. | Aston F.C. | Aston Football Club is a football club based in England. The club are currently members of the .
History
The club was established in 2006 and joined Division Three of the Midland Combination from the Birmingham AFA. They were promoted to Division Two at the end of their first season after finishing as runners-up. Another runners-up finish in 2011–12 led to the club being promoted to Division One. When the Midland Combination merged with the Midland Alliance in 2014, Aston were placed in Division Two of the new league. They made their FA Vase début in 2014 and were briefly confused for Premier League team Aston Villa by Soccerbase.
Aston left the league after the 2014–15 season and dropped back into the renamed Birmingham & District League. The club were champions of Division Six in 2016–17, after which they were promoted to Division Four.
Honours
Birmingham & District League
Division Six champions 2017–18
Records
Best FA Vase performance: First Round 2014–15
References
External links
Football clubs in England
Football clubs in Birmingham, West Midlands
Football clubs in the West Midlands (county)
2006 establishments in England
Association football clubs established in 2006
Midland Football Combination
Midland Football League
Birmingham & District Football League |
23574888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride%20Through%20the%20Country | Ride Through the Country | Ride Through the Country is the debut album released by country rap artist Colt Ford. It was released on December 2, 2008 on the independent Average Joe's label. It features guest appearances by John Michael Montgomery on the title track (which was released as the album lead-off single) as well as an appearance from Jamey Johnson on "Cold Beer".
"Dirt Road Anthem" was later covered by co-writer Brantley Gilbert on his album Halfway to Heaven, and once again by Jason Aldean for his album My Kinda Party, both from 2010.
As of August 6, 2014, the album has sold over 1,000,000 copies in the United States without the benefit of a major radio single.
Critical reception
Matt Bjorke of Roughstock compared the album to a Cowboy Troy album. Bjorke stated "Cowboy Troy's fun music often felt like a novelty, Colt Ford's Ride Through The Country is an underground, indie rap album that recalls southern rapper Bubba Sparxxx."
Track listing
Revisited album
The album was re-released on five years later as Ride Through the Country (Revisited) in September 30, 2013, with new versions as well the original versions of the hit songs.
Personnel
Kelly Back- electric guitar
Bone Crusher- vocals on "Gangsta of Love"
Gary Burnette- electric guitar
Carmelita Diane Davis- background vocals
Tiffany Davis- background vocals
David Warner Ellis- dobro, fiddle
Colt Ford- lead vocals
Brantley Gilbert- acoustic guitar and vocals on "Dirt Road Anthem"
Kevin "Swine" Grantt- bass guitar
Lindsey Hager- vocals on "Never Thought"
Rob Hajacos- fiddle
Jamey Johnson- vocals on "Cold Beer" and "Saddle Up"
Wayne Killius- drums
Sunny Ledford- vocals on "Waffle House"
Catherine Styron Marx- keyboards, piano
John Michael Montgomery- electric guitar and vocals on "Ride Through the Country"
Anthony Randolph- piano
Scotty Sanders- steel guitar
Paul Scholton- drums
Cory Sellers- background vocals
Michael Spriggs- acoustic guitar
Jason Sylvain- background vocals
Adrian Young- drums
Chart performance
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Singles
References
2009 debut albums
Colt Ford albums
Average Joes Entertainment albums |
6903175 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capas%20National%20Shrine | Capas National Shrine | The Capas National Shrine () in Barangay Aranguren, Capas, Tarlac, Philippines was built by the Philippine government as a memorial to Allied soldiers who died at Camp O'Donnell at the end of the Bataan Death March during the Second World War.
The site, which was the former concentration camp, is a focus for commemorations on Araw ng Kagitingan (Valour Day), an annual observance held on 9 April—the anniversary of the surrender of US and Philippine forces to the Imperial Japan in 1942. There is also a memorial to the Czechs who died fighting alongside the Filipinos and US soldiers.
Description
The area where the Bataan Death March ended was proclaimed as "Capas National Shrine" by President Corazon Aquino on 7 December 1991. The shrine encompasses of parkland, of which have been planted with rows of trees to represent each of the dead, at the former location of the camp. Prior to the construction, the location was under the control of the US Navy as U.S. Naval Radio Station, Tarlac until 1989.
On 9 April 2003, a obelisk symbolizing peace and new memorial wall were unveiled on the grounds of the former internment camp. The obelisk is surrounded by a three-segmented, black marble wall engraved with the names of more than 30,000 Filipinos who were incarcerated in the camp. There are also statistics about the total numbers of prisoners and deaths, together with poems for peace.
Nearby, on the western side of the shrine, there are three smaller memorials to the countries whose nationals died at the camp: the Philippines, the United States, and the Czech Republic (then Czechoslovakia). A small museum and monument is also on the site, built by an American group called the "Battling Bastards of Bataan". Included here are also the roster of Filipino officers who were appointed by the Camp Commandant to manage the POWs. It also memorializes the daily sufferings of the POWs under the hands of the Imperial Japanese Army camp wards. Records have indicated that around 400 Filipino POWs died daily until August 1942.
A few hundred meters from the Obelisk is a garden separated from the rest of the shrine by a creek that can be crossed via a hanging bridge. The relics of an old livestock wagon or Boxcar of the Philippine National Railway and railings are also located in the shrine complex. This display would be similar to the SNCF wagon displayed at the Auschwitz concentration camp, giving visitors an idea the difficulties faced by POWs - who were hearded 80 in a wagon during the hot summer conditions without food, water, or facilities for sanitation.
The Shrine will be a part of the New Clark City, according to the master plan.
Gallery
References
External links
Capas page of the Pacific Wreck database, which has information relating to the Capas National Shrine (with pictures).
Battling Bastards of Bataan
Military history of the Philippines
World War II memorials in the Philippines
Buildings and structures in Tarlac
World War II sites in the Philippines
Tourist attractions in Tarlac
Monuments and memorials in the Philippines
Military and war museums in the Philippines
National Shrines of the Philippines |
44499171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suillellus%20comptus | Suillellus comptus | Suillellus comptus is a species of bolete fungus found in Europe. Originally described as a species of Boletus in 1993, it was transferred to Suillellus in 2014.
References
External links
comptus
Fungi described in 1993
Fungi of Europe |
44499175 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline%20Playne | Caroline Playne | Caroline Elizabeth Playne (2 May 1857 – 27 January 1948) was an English pacifist, humanitarian, novelist, and historian of the First World War.
Early life
Very little is known about the personal details of Playne's life, as she left little of her own documentary evidence. She was born in Avening, Gloucestershire, one of two daughters of Margarettia Sara, a Dutchwoman, and her English husband, George Frederick Playne, a cloth manufacturer. Caroline was multilingual from childhood, speaking English and Dutch, while her later historical work suggests she also was familiar with French and German. Some time after her father's death in 1879, Playne moved with her mother to Hampstead, London, where she lived for the rest of her life. Margarettia died in 1905.
Playne's first foray into writing was as a romantic novelist. In 1904 she published The Romance of a Lonely Woman closely followed byThe Terror of the Macdurghotts in 1907, both novels published by T. Fisher Unwin under the name C.E. Playne. In 1908, Playne was elected an associate member of the University Women's Club.
Peace and humanitarian work
Caroline Playne formally approached pacifist work some time around 1905, and quickly became a committed activist and member of a wide range of organisations. She was a representative of the National Peace Council (NPC), created to support the action of the international court in The Hague, and in 1910 was a founder member of the Church of England Peace League, a member organisation of the NPC dedicated to "keep[ing] before members of the Church of England 'the duty of combating the war spirit. Over the following years she also became a member of the Hampstead Peace Society, the League of Peace and Freedom, and the Peace Society. Playne became a regular attendee and speaker at national and international peace conferences. In 1908 she took part in the International Congress for Peace in London, and on this occasion she met the Austrian pacifist Bertha von Suttner, of whom she later wrote a biography. Playne was present at an NPC meeting on 4 August 1914, which condemned the secret diplomacy of the British government in the years before the war.
At the outbreak of the First World War, Playne immediately became a committee member of the Society of Friends' Emergency Committee for the Assistance of Germans, Austrians and Hungarians in Distress, an organisation set up to assist citizens of those countries in Britain, including prisoners of war. She became heavily involved in this work, helping with accommodation and other needs for the thousands of "enemy aliens" who appealed to the Committee for help, while also taking up detailed committee tasks and financial scrutiny.
Alongside this humanitarian work, Playne joined the Union of Democratic Control when it was formed in 1914, hosting events for the organisation at her London home. She was also involved in encouraging personal correspondence between the belligerent countries; the tracing of missing persons; and translating German newspaper articles for British audiences.
Historical writing
During the war, Playne assembled a large mass of research on the conflict and events in London, including some 530 books and pamphlets. With the addition of her own voluminous diary observations, and encouraged by her friend, the writer Vernon Lee, this collection provided the material for her four major studies of the war and its causes: The Neuroses of the Nations (1925); The Pre-War Mind in Britain (1928); Society at War 1914–1916 (1931); Britain Holds On 1917–1918 (1933).
Both pioneering and idiosyncratic, Playne's historical work draws heavily on the emerging methodologies of social psychology to argue that the War represented a collective "neurosis" of the European mind. Preoccupied with "the mind and the passions of the multitude", Playne deployed a vast array of sources and quotations to critique European culture before and during the War, especially its nationalism, imperialism and militarism. She argues that the technological and social developments of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries "disorientated" and "disjointed" European societies, and was especially damaging to the "mental calibre" of the cultural elite. Her work is particularly notable for emphasising the influence of mass media in shaping and directing public opinion, anticipating media studies by fifty years. Taken together, argues the historian Richard Espley, the four books can be regarded as a single "2,500 page meditation on the neurotic, militaristic failure of western culture".
Despite the originality of her approach to the study of the War, Playne has been neglected by later scholars. Where they are used, her books are largely drawn upon as sources for detail and reportage of the war years, rather than analyses in their own right.
Later life and death
In 1938, Playne deposited her research collection in the library at Senate House, London. Playne never married, and left no children. She died at Hampstead in 1948.
Works
Fiction:
The Romance of a Lonely Woman, London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1904
The Terror of the Macdurghotts, London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1907
Non-Fiction:
The Neuroses of the Nations, London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1925
The Pre-War Mind in Britain. An Historical Review, London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1928
Society at War 1914–1916, London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1931
Britain Holds On 1917, 1918, London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1933
Bertha von Suttner, and the Struggle to Avert the World War, London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1936
The four volumes on the Great War are also available in electronic edition, in a single ebook that collects them all:
Society in the First World War, GogLiB ebooks, 2018
References
External links
Caroline Playne: A Campaigning Life @ the Senate House Library, University of London
Works by Caroline E. Playne in the British Library Catalogue.
1857 births
1948 deaths
English pacifists
English non-fiction writers
20th-century British non-fiction writers
English women non-fiction writers
20th-century British historians
20th-century English women
20th-century English people |
44499197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%20Light | Liquid Light | Liquid Light is a New Jersey-based company that develops and licenses electrochemical process technology to make chemicals from carbon dioxide (CO2). The company has more than 100 patents and patent applications for the technology that can produce multiple chemicals such as ethylene glycol, propylene, isopropanol, methyl-methacrylate and acetic acid. Funding has been provided by VantagePoint Capital Partners, BP Ventures, Chrysalix Energy Venture Capital, Osage University Partners and Sustainable Conversion Ventures. Liquid Light's technology can be used to produce more than 60 chemicals, but its first targeted process is for the production of monoethylene glycol (MEG) which has a $27 billion annual market. MEG is used to make a wide range of consumer products including plastic bottles, antifreeze and polyester fiber.
Company history
Liquid Light began operations in 2009 with seed capital from Redpoint Ventures after being co-founded by Kyle Teamey, Emily Cole, Andrew Bocarsly, Fouad Elnaggar and Nety Krishna. The company licensed technology developed by Bocarsly and Cole at Princeton University for electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide to chemicals and subsequently began to develop additional technology for commercial implementation and to broaden the potential product offerings. After validating the technology at lab scale and beginning engineering scale-up, the company unveiled the first product, a process for making MEG, in March 2014 and subsequently won significant industry recognition including the CCEMC Grand Challenge, the CleanTech 100 Rising Star of the Year, and a #1 ranking in Biofuels Digest’s 40 Hottest Smaller Companies in the Advanced Bioeconomy. The company closed a $15 million series B round of investment in September 2014 from investors including VantagePoint Capital Partners, Chrysalix Energy Venture Capital, Osage University Partners, Sustainable Conversion Ventures, and BP Ventures.
Technology
Liquid Light’s core technology is based on the principles of electrochemistry and electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide. The process under development for production of MEG first converts carbon dioxide into a two carbon intermediate called oxalate or oxalic acid. Oxalate is then converted to MEG in separate process steps that have potentially lower costs of production than petroleum-based processes. Liquid Light has developed additional technology to make other products from oxalic acid including glycolic acid, glyoxylic acid, acetic acid, and ethanol.
See also
Carbon dioxide
References
External links
Company web site
Companies based in New Jersey
Chemical companies of the United States |
6903182 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary%20Radford%20Ruether | Rosemary Radford Ruether | Rosemary Radford Ruether (November 2, 1936 – May 21, 2022) was an American feminist scholar and Roman Catholic theologian known for her significant contributions to the fields of feminist theology and ecofeminist theology. Her teaching and her writings helped establish these areas of theology as distinct fields of study; she is recognized as one of the first scholars to bring women's perspectives on Christian theology into mainstream academic discourse. She was active in the civil rights movement in the 1960s, and her own work was influenced by liberation and black theologies. She taught at Howard University for ten years, and later at Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary. Over the course of her career, she wrote on a wide range of topics, including antisemitism and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.
Ruether was an advocate of women's ordination, a movement among Catholics who affirm women's capacity to serve as priests, despite official church prohibition. Since 1985 Ruether served as a board member for the pro-choice group Catholics for Choice. Her public stance on these topics was criticized by some leaders in the Roman Catholic Church.
Biography
Ruether was born Rosemary Radford on November 2, 1936, in Saint Paul, Minnesota. She was the youngest of three daughters born to her parents, Rebecca Cresap Radford (née Ord) and Robert Radford. Her father, an Episcopalian, worked as a civil engineer. Her mother worked as a secretary, and was a Roman Catholic.
Ruether's father died when she was 12 and afterwards Ruether and her mother moved to California. Ruether attended several Catholic schools staffed by the Sisters of Providence from St. Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana, who, in conjunction with her mother's friend group, offered Ruether a strong feminist and activist foundation that informed her later work. She pursued a college education at Scripps College from 1954 to 1958. She entered with an intention to study art, but one professor, Robert Palmer, influenced her decision to switch to classics. Palmer's passion for classical Greek and Roman culture introduced Ruether to the philosophies and histories of the era. She received an MA in classics and Roman history, and later a doctorate in classics and patristics at Claremont School of Theology.
Education and career
Ruether held a BA in philosophy from Scripps College (1958), an MA in ancient history (1960) and a PhD in classics and patristics (1965) from Claremont Graduate School in Claremont, California.On January 22, 2000, Ruether received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Theology at Uppsala University, Sweden. In 2012, Ruether received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters (LHD) degree from Whittier College.
She was Visiting Professor of Religion and Feminist Theology at Claremont School of Theology and Claremont Graduate University. Her first appointment was as professor at Howard University in Washington, DC, from 1965 to 1975. She was Carpenter Professor of Feminist Theology at the Pacific School of Religion and Graduate Theological Union, and retired from her long-term post as Georgia Harkness Professor of Applied Theology at the Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary. Ruether was the author of 36 books and over 600 articles on feminism, eco-feminism, the Bible, and Christianity.
In 1977, Ruether became an associate of the Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press (WIFP). WIFP is an American nonprofit publishing organization. The organization works to increase communication between women and connect the public with forms of women-based media.
Feminist theology
According to Ruether, women are excluded in academic and leadership roles within theology, which has led to the proliferation of male-centric attitudes and beliefs. Without women able to contribute to the important discussions and decisions surrounding Christian theology and practice, there will never be an equal representation of women's experience in theological beliefs and traditions. Ruether believed that classical theology and its traditions ignore the female experience, which perpetuates the idea that women are secondary in relation to men. As stated by Ruether, feminist theology can expose and work to change the inherently discriminatory system. Her belief is that anything that lessens the humanity of women must not be a reflection of divine intent. The most important principle of feminist theology, according to Ruether, is the promotion of the full humanity of women in Christian theology and traditions. To do this, not only does the female experience have to be acknowledged and codified, but the very understanding of things such as experience and humanity must be reevaluated. Ruether's work has been influential in the field of feminist theology, influencing scholars such as Beverly Wildung Harrison and Pauli Murray.
Civil rights activism
Ruether participated in civil rights activism during the 1960s in Mississippi and Washington, DC. She worked for the Delta Ministry in Mississippi where she was exposed to the struggles of African American communities and the realities of racism. She became immersed in black liberation theology literature during her time of teaching at the Howard University, School of Religion. She dedicated her time to the peace movement in Washington, DC, and she often went to jail with other radical Catholics and Protestants because of marches and demonstrations.
Despite her radicalism, Ruether remained in the Catholic Church alongside other religious activists. Her first book, The Church Against Itself (1967), criticizes the doctrine of the church and the church's views of sexuality and reproduction.
Personal life
She married Herman Ruether, a political scientist, during her last year of college. They had three children together. Ruether had a love for growing tomatoes, and was known for the small plot of land where she grew tomatoes in front of her office window at Garrett-Evangelical.
Ruether died on May 21, 2022, in Pomona, California, after suffering a long-term illness.
Selected writings
The Church Against Itself. New York: 1967, Herder and Herder, ISBN 9780722005040
Gregory of Nazianzus. Oxford: 1969, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780198266198
The Radical Kingdom, The Western Experience of Messianic Hope, New York: Paulist Press, 1970
Faith and Fratricide: The Theological Roots of Anti-Semitism. New York 1974, Seabury Press, .
"Courage as a Christian Virtue" in Cross Currents, Spring 1983, 8-16,
Sexism and God-Talk: Toward a Feminist Theology, Beacon Press (1983)
Gaia and God: An Ecofeminist Theology of Earth Healing, Harper-Collins (1994) , ASIN 0-06-066967-5
In Our Own Voices: Four Centuries of American Women's Religious Writing (ed. with Rosemary Skinner Keller), Harper-Collins (1996)
Women Healing Earth: Third World Women on Ecology, Feminism, and Religion. New York, March 1996, ISBN 978-1570750571
Introducing Redemption in Christian Feminism (editor), Continuum (1998)
Christianity and Ecology, Rosemary Radford Ruether and Dieter T Hessel, eds, Harvard University Press, 2000 ISBN 0-945454-20-1
Christianity and the Making of the Modern Family, Beacon Press (2001),
Fifth chapter of Transforming the Faiths of our Fathers: Women who Changed American Religion, edited by Ann Braude. (2004)
The Wrath of Jonah: The Crisis of Religious Nationalism in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Augsburg Fortress (2002)
Integrating Ecofeminism Globalization and World Religions, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. (2005)
Goddesses and the Divine Feminine: A Western Religious History, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2005, University of California Press.
America, Amerikkka: Elect Nation & Imperial Violence, Equinox (2007)
Women and Redemption: A Theological History. Fortress Press. Minnesota, (2012), ISBN 978-0800629458
My Quests for Hope and Meaning: An Autobiography. Wipf & Stock. Oregon (2013), ISBN 978-1620327128
Feminism and Religion in the 21st Century: Technology, Dialogue, and Expanding Borders (ed. with Gina Messina-Dysert), Routledge (2014). .
References
Further reading
Also see biographical information in Emily Leah Silverman, Whitney Bauman, and Dirk Von der Horst, ed., Voices of Feminist Liberation: Celebratory Writings in Honor of Rosemary Radford Ruether (London: Equinox Press, 2012).
External links
Sexism and God-Talk: Toward A Feminist Theology
“Firing Line with William F. Buckley Jr.; 106; The Rib Uncaged: Women and the Church,” 1968-06-24, Hoover Institution Library & Archives, Stanford University, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (GBH and the Library of Congress), Boston, MA and Washington, DC, accessed December 22, 2020, <http://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-514-2r3nv99x4j>
Firing Line with William F. Buckley, Jr., Episode # 106, "The Rib Uncaged: Women in the Church," June 24, 1969, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TxdBLDmBT6k
1936 births
2022 deaths
20th-century American philosophers
20th-century American Roman Catholic theologians
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American philosophers
21st-century American Roman Catholic theologians
American Christian socialists
American women philosophers
Catholic socialists
Christian feminist theologians
Christian socialist theologians
Ecofeminists
Ecotheology
Female Christian socialists
Feminist philosophers
Liberation theologians
Writers from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Philosophers of religion
American socialist feminists
Women Christian theologians
21st-century American women writers
Catholic feminism
Catholic feminists
20th-century American women
Scripps College alumni
Claremont Graduate University alumni
Garrett–Evangelical Theological Seminary faculty
Howard University faculty
Pacific School of Religion faculty
Graduate Theological Union |
23574889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20combinatorics%20articles | Index of combinatorics articles |
A
Abstract simplicial complex
Addition chain
Scholz conjecture
Algebraic combinatorics
Alternating sign matrix
Almost disjoint sets
Antichain
Arrangement of hyperplanes
Assignment problem
Quadratic assignment problem
Audioactive decay
B
Barcode
Matrix code
QR Code
Universal Product Code
Bell polynomials
Bertrand's ballot theorem
Binary matrix
Binomial theorem
Block design
Balanced incomplete block design(BIBD)
Symmetric balanced incomplete block design (SBIBD)
Partially balanced incomplete block designs (PBIBDs)
Block walking
Boolean satisfiability problem
2-satisfiability
3-satisfiability
Bracelet (combinatorics)
Bruck–Chowla–Ryser theorem
C
Catalan number
Cellular automaton
Collatz conjecture
Combination
Combinatorial design
Combinatorial number system
Combinatorial optimization
Combinatorial search
Constraint satisfaction problem
Conway's Game of Life
Cycles and fixed points
Cyclic order
Cyclic permutation
Cyclotomic identity
D
Data integrity
Alternating bit protocol
Checksum
Cyclic redundancy check
Luhn formula
Error detection
Error-detecting code
Error-detecting system
Message digest
Redundancy check
Summation check
De Bruijn sequence
Deadlock
Delannoy number
Dining philosophers problem
Mutual exclusion
Rendezvous problem
Derangement
Dickson's lemma
Dinitz conjecture
Discrete optimization
Dobinski's formula
E
Eight queens puzzle
Entropy coding
Enumeration
Algebraic enumeration
Combinatorial enumeration
Burnside's lemma
Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem
Euler number
F
Faà di Bruno's formula
Factorial number system
Family of sets
Faulhaber's formula
Fifteen puzzle
Finite geometry
Finite intersection property
G
Game theory
Combinatorial game theory
Combinatorial game theory (history)
Combinatorial game theory (pedagogy)
Star (game theory)
Zero game, fuzzy game
Dots and Boxes
Impartial game
Digital sum
Nim
Nimber
Sprague–Grundy theorem
Partizan game
Solved board games
Col game
Sim (pencil game)
Sprouts (game)
Surreal numbers
Transposition table
Black Path Game
Sylver coinage
Generating function
Golomb coding
Golomb ruler
Graeco-Latin square
Gray code
H
Hadamard matrices
Complex Hadamard matrices
Butson-type Hadamard matrices
Generalized Hadamard matrices
Regular Hadamard matrices
Hall's marriage theorem
Perfect matching
Hamming distance
Hash function
Hash collision
Perfect hash function
Heilbronn triangle problem
Helly family
Hypergeometric function identities
Hypergeometric series
Hypergraph
I
Incidence structure
Induction puzzles
Integer partition
Ferrers graph
K
Kakeya needle problem
Kirkman's schoolgirl problem
Knapsack problem
Kruskal–Katona theorem
L
Lagrange inversion theorem
Lagrange reversion theorem
Lah number
Large number
Latin square
Levenshtein distance
Lexicographical order
Littlewood–Offord problem
Lubell–Yamamoto–Meshalkin inequality (known as the LYM inequality)
Lucas chain
M
MacMahon Master theorem
Magic square
Matroid embedding
Monge array
Monomial order
Moreau's necklace-counting function
Motzkin number
Multiplicities of entries in Pascal's triangle
Multiset
Munkres' assignment algorithm
N
Necklace (combinatorics)
Necklace problem
Negligible set
Almost all
Almost everywhere
Null set
Newton's identities
O
Ordered partition of a set
Orthogonal design
Complex orthogonal design
Quaternion orthogonal design
P
Packing problem
Bin packing problem
Partition of a set
Noncrossing partition
Permanent
Permutation
Enumerations of specific permutation classes
Josephus permutation
Permutation matrix
Permutation pattern
Permutation (disambiguation)
Shuffling playing cards
Pochhammer symbol
Polyforms
Polycubes
Soma cube
Polyiamonds
Polyominoes
Hexominoes
Pentominoes
Tetrominoes
Polysquare puzzle
Projective plane
Property B
Prüfer sequence
Q
q-analog
q-binomial theorem—see Gaussian binomial coefficient
q-derivative
q-series
q-theta function
q-Vandermonde identity
R
Rencontres numbers
Rubik's Cube
How to solve the Rubik's Cube
Optimal solutions for Rubik's Cube
Rubik's Revenge
S
Schröder number
Search algorithm
Binary search
Interpolation search
Linear search
Local search
String searching algorithm
Aho–Corasick string matching algorithm
Fuzzy string searching
grep, agrep, wildcard character
Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm
Sequences with zero autocorrelation function
Series-parallel networks problem
Set cover problem
Shuffling puzzle
Small set (combinatorics)
Sparse matrix, Sparse array
Sperner family
Sperner's lemma
Stable marriage problem
Steiner system
Stirling number
Stirling transform
String algorithm
Straddling checkerboard
Subsequence
Longest common subsequence problem
Optimal-substructure
Subset sum problem
Symmetric functions
Szemerédi's theorem
T
Thue–Morse sequence
Tower of Hanoi
Turán number
Turing tarpit
U
Union-closed sets conjecture
Urn problems (probability)
V
Vandermonde's identity
W
Weighing matrices
Weighted round robin
Deficit round robin
Y
Young tableau
Combinatorics
+ |
20472484 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%20Buffalo%20Bills%20season | 1977 Buffalo Bills season | The 1977 Buffalo Bills season was the franchise's 18th season, and their eighth in the National Football League. The team posted a losing record for the second-consecutive season, and missed the postseason for the third season.
Buffalo started the season with four consecutive losses, and failed to win consecutive games. The team was shut out two times at home. The Bills beat only one team with a winning record — the New England Patriots in an early November game in Foxboro that ultimately proved fatal to the Patriots' playoff hopes.
After drawing 76,000 to Rich Stadium on opening day against the Dolphins, Buffalo drew an average of only 35,000 for the remaining six home games.
The Bills had one of the most pass-heavy offenses in the NFL in 1977. Quarterback Joe Ferguson led the league in pass attempts (457, 32.6 per game) and passing yards (2,803, 200.2 per game). He also threw 24 interceptions, the most in the NFL.
Although the Bills passed the ball more often than any other team, they were not efficient through the air: they ranked 19th out of 28 teams in passing touchdowns, 21st in yards per attempt, and 20th in quarterback rating (a dismal 54.7). Buffalo's 160 points scored was the third-worst in the NFL.
Buffalo’s defense also gave up 313 points, the fourth-worst total in the league. Buffalo's anemic scoring and porous defense gave the team a point-differential of −153, dead-last in the league. This was the last season for O.J. Simpson as a member of the Bills, as he was traded to the 49ers the following season. Simpson would ultimately finish his last season with the Bills with 557 rushing yards on 126 attempts.
Offseason
NFL Draft
Seventh round pick Mike Nelms was cut by the Bills in the 1977 training camp, and went to play in the Canadian Football League for the next three seasons. He returned to the NFL in 1980, joining the Washington Redskins, and was voted to three consecutive NFC Pro Bowl squads from 1980–1982.
Cornerback Charles Romes played in every game for the Bills from 1977 until his final season with Buffalo in 1986. He finished his career in Buffalo with 28 interceptions, fourth in Bills’ history.
Personnel
Staff/Coaches
Roster
Schedule
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.
Season summary
Week 5
Week 11
Week 12
Week 13
Source: Pro-Football-Reference.com
Standings
Awards and honors
All-Pros
Joe DeLamielleure, Guard
Notes
References
External links
Pro-Football-Reference.com: 1977 Buffalo Bills
Video Archives
1977 NFL Week 12: Redskins at Bills at YouTube
1977 NFL Week 13: Bills at Jets at YouTube
Buffalo Bills seasons
Buffalo Bills
Buffalo |
23574902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliz%C3%A9%20%28given%20name%29 | Alizé (given name) | Alizé, or Alizée, is a female given name, taken from the word alizé, describing an intertropical trade wind. It has the variants Alysée, Alisée and Aliséa. The name is common in France, Italy and Spain. Alizay is another variation of the name, more common in South Asia.
The name gained rapid popularity in the 1980s.
People with this given name include:
Alizée (born 1984), born Alizée Jacotey, French singer
Alizé Cornet (born 1990), a French tennis player
Alizée Baron (born 1992), French skier
Alizée Brien (born 1993), Canadian racing cyclist
Alizée Costes (born 1994), a French rhythmic gymnast
Alizée Crozet (born 2000), French figure skater
Alizée Dufraisse (born 1987), a French rock climber
Alizée Gaillard (born 1985), a Swiss model
Alizé Jones (born 1997), American football tight end
Alize Lily Mounter (born 1988), Welsh journalist and beauty queen
Alizé Lim (born 1990), a French tennis player
Alizé Mack (born 1997), American football player
Alizée Poulicek (born 1987), a Belgian model
References |
23574906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith%20%26%20Hawken | Smith & Hawken | Smith & Hawken was a garden lifestyle brand that operated retail stores, direct mail and e-commerce in the United States. On July 10, 2009, it was announced that all Smith & Hawken stores would cease operation. Smith & Hawken stores were located in upscale retail locations in 22 states.
Smith & Hawken was founded by Dave Smith and Paul Hawken in 1979, originally as a garden tool supplier. Their first retail store opened in 1982 in Mill Valley, California. Smith left the business in 1988. When Hawken retired in 1993, the company was acquired by a retail conglomerate, the CML Group, which sold it to DDJ Capital Management in 1999, after going bankrupt. The company was acquired by Scotts Miracle-Gro for $72 million in 2004. At the time of its closure, Smith & Hawken had approximately 700 employees in its stores and the Novato, California, headquarters.
Scotts Miracle-Gro chairman and CEO, Jim Hagedorn, cited the continuing weak economy and "lack of scale" as the primary drivers behind Smith & Hawken's closure. According to Scotts' May 2009 quarterly report, Smith & Hawken net sales were down 22.4% for the first half of fiscal 2009.
Smith & Hawken's founders were reportedly not upset to learn the company they founded 30 years earlier was closing. The San Jose Mercury News reported that Dave Smith and Paul Hawken were relieved by the announcement, stating that "Scotts couldn't have been a worse corporate owner." Smith said he asked friends not to shop there after Scotts purchased the company in 2004.
On January 8, 2010, Target Corporation announced it acquired the Smith & Hawken brand.
References
Companies based in Marin County, California
Defunct companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Retail companies established in 1982
Retail companies disestablished in 2009
Defunct retail companies of the United States
Retail companies based in California
1982 establishments in California
2009 disestablishments in California |
23574912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moudi | Moudi | Moudi is a village situated in district Bankura, West Bengal, India under police station Onda. There is a small river to the north and a jungle to the west. The population is around 2000. Their main occupation is agriculture. There are two large ponds, Gayer band and Bilar band. In the east side of the village, there is an ancient banyan tree. The village-god Moudi-shini has resided under this tree since before known history.
References
Villages in Bankura district |
44499201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare%20nome | Hare nome | The Hare nome, also called the Hermopolite nome (Egyptian: Wenet) was one of the 42 nomoi (administrative divisions) in ancient Egypt; more precisely, it was the 15th nome of Upper Egypt.
The Hare nome's main city was Khmun (later Hermopolis Magna, and the modern el-Ashmunein) in Middle Egypt. The local main deity was Thoth, though the inscriptions on the White Chapel of Senusret I links this nome with the cult of Bes and Unut.
History
The Hare nome was already recognized during the 4th Dynasty of the Old Kingdom as shown by the triad statue of pharaoh Menkaure, Hathor, and an anthropomorphized-deified depiction of the nome. It is known that during the 6th Dynasty its nomarchs were buried in the necropolis of El-Sheikh Sa'id.
The nome kept its importance during the First Intermediate Period and the subsequent Middle Kingdom; its governors were also responsible of the alabaster quarrying at Hatnub in the Eastern Desert, they owned exclusive offices such as "director of the double throne" and great one of the five", and also were high priests of Thot. Since the First Intermediate Period they moved slightly northward their official necropolis to Deir el-Bersha, where their remarkable though poorly preserved rock-cut tombs were excavated. During the Middle Kingdom the Hare nome was ruled by a rather branched dynasty of nomarchs usually named Ahanakht, Djehutynakht or Neheri. The last known among them, Djehutihotep, was also the owner of the most elaborate and preserved tomb of the Deir el-Bersha necropolis; he ruled until the early reign of Senusret III who is known to have put into action serious steps to minimize the power held by all nomarchs.
During the Second Intermediate Period the Hare nome assimilated the neighboring Oryx nome (16th of Upper Egypt).
Nomarchs of the Hare nome
Old Kingdom
This is a list of the known nomarchs, dating to the Old Kingdom. They were buried at El-Sheikh Sa'id.
Serefka (5th Dynasty)
Werirni (5th Dynasty, son of Serefka)
Teti-ankh/Iymhotep (6th Dynasty, perhaps Pepy I)
Meru/Bebi (6th Dynasty, perhaps Pepy I)
Wiu/Iyu (6th Dynasty, perhaps Pepy I; son of Meru/Bebi)
Meru 6th Dynasty, perhaps Pepy II, son of Wiu/Iyu)
Middle Kingdom
The following is a genealogy of the nomarchs of the Hare nome during the late 11th and 12th Dynasty (the limit between the two dynasties passes approximately along the third generation). The nomarchs are underlined. They were buried at Dayr al-Barsha.
References
Further reading
Nomes of ancient Egypt |
44499221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Hamilton%20%28American%20football%29 | James Hamilton (American football) | James Hamilton is a former American football linebacker who played for the Jacksonville Jaguars. He was often injured and did not record a single start in his two-year NFL career and only played in 16 games over the two seasons.
References
1974 births
Living people
American football linebackers
North Carolina Tar Heels football players
Jacksonville Jaguars players |
23574921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripti%20Nadakar | Tripti Nadakar | Tripti Nadakar <ref>{{cite news|title=Tripti Nadakar Biography |url=http://biography.lumbinimedia.com/2017/02/tripti-nadakar-biography.html}}</ref>(; born January 2, 1969) is an Indian-Nepalese film actress. She has performed in more than a dozen Nepali films. Her hit movies were Samjhana, Kusume Rumal, Saino and Lahure''. She and Bhuwan K.C. were dubbed the first golden couple of Nepali film industry. Nadakar was paid Rs. 150,000 to act in ‘Saino’.
Filmography
Awards
2007, Best Supporting Actress, Nepali Film Award 2064, Aama Ko Kakh
See also
saino
Kusume Rumal
laure (film)
References
Living people
1969 births
People from Darjeeling
Indian Gorkhas
Indian film actresses
Nepalese film actresses
20th-century Indian actresses
21st-century Indian actresses
20th-century Nepalese actresses
21st-century Nepalese actresses |
23574924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%2C%20Ohio | California, Ohio | California, Ohio may refer to:
California, Cincinnati, a neighborhood within Cincinnati, Ohio
Big Plain, Ohio, originally named California |
44499233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuufuli%20Uperesa | Tuufuli Uperesa | Tuufuli Uperesa (January 20, 1948 – June 21, 2021) was an American football offensive lineman who played one season with the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Eagles in the sixteenth round of the 1970 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Montana and attended 'Aiea High School in Aiea, Hawaii. Uperesa was also a member of the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, Calgary Stampeders, Ottawa Rough Riders and BC Lions of the Canadian Football League.
He died of kidney failure on June 21, 2021, in American Samoa at age 73.
References
External links
Just Sports Stats
1948 births
2021 deaths
Players of American football from American Samoa
Players of American football from Hawaii
American football offensive linemen
American sportspeople of Samoan descent
Canadian football offensive linemen
Montana Grizzlies football players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players
Calgary Stampeders players
Ottawa Rough Riders players
BC Lions players
People from Oahu
Deaths from kidney failure |
23574927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil%20List%20and%20Secret%20Service%20Money%20Act%201782 | Civil List and Secret Service Money Act 1782 | The Civil List and Secret Service Money Act 1782 (22 Geo. III, c. 82) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. The power over the expenditure in the King's household was transferred to the Treasury, and branches of which were regulated. No pension over £300 was to be granted if the total pension list amounted to over £90,000. Thereafter, no pension was to be above £1,300 unless it was granted to members of the royal family or granted by Parliament. Secret service money employed domestically was similarly limited. A section of the act also abolished the existing Council of Trade and Foreign Plantations which, with the loss of the American War of Independence, had been dismissed earlier by King George III on 2 May 1782.
Notes
Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1782 |
23574939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mist%20in%20the%20Mirror | The Mist in the Mirror | The Mist in the Mirror: A Ghost Story is a novel by Susan Hill. The novel is about a traveller called Sir James Monmouth and his pursuit of an explorer called Conrad Vane.
Summary
Sir James Monmouth has spent most of his life travelling. After the death of his parents, he was raised by his guardian. Later, he arrives in England with the intention of discovering more about himself and his obsession with explorer Conrad Vane. Warned against following his trail, Sir James experiences some extraordinary happenings – who is the mysterious, sad little boy, and the old woman behind the curtain? And why is it that only he hears the chilling scream and the desperate sobbing?
Reception
A 2014 book review by Kirkus Reviews called the novel "a glacially paced adventure" and concluded; "The eponymous mist seems to cloud the writing, and the meandering tale ends quickly with a conclusion that still seems obscure."
References
Novels by Susan Hill
Ghost novels
1992 British novels
Sinclair-Stevenson books |
44499237 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%20Sharp%20Joukowsky | Martha Sharp Joukowsky | Martha Sharp Joukowsky (2 September 1936 - 7 January 2022) was a Near Eastern archaeologist and a retired member of the faculty of Brown University known for her fieldwork at the ancient site of Petra in Jordan.
Early life and education
Martha Sharp Joukowsky was the daughter of Waitstill Hastings Sharp and Martha Ingham Dickie, noted for aiding Jews escaping Nazi persecution in Czechoslovakia during World War II. Joukowsky was educated at Pembroke College (B.A. 1958) American University of Beirut (MA 1972) and Paris I-Sorbonne (Ph.D. 1982).
Academic career
From 1982 to 2002 Joukowsky was Professor in the Center for Old World Archaeology and Art and the Department of Anthropology at Brown University. Her archaeological fieldwork has included work in Lebanon (1967-1972), Hong Kong (1972-1973), Turkey (1975-1986), Italy (1982-1985), and Greece (1987-1990). Joukowsky conducted archaeological fieldwork at Petra in Jordan for more than ten years, beginning in 1992. Her work, and that of Brown University, focused on Petra's so-called "Great Temple" during that time.
Martha Sharp Joukowsky was also elected as President (1989-1993) of the Archaeological Institute of America and was Trustee for the American University of Beirut, Lebanon. She also serves as Trustee Emerita of Brown University.
Personal life
Artemis A. W. Joukowsky, her husband, was chancellor of Brown University (1997–98) and together they created the Artemis A.W. and Martha Sharp Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World at Brown University in 2004; the institute was first directed by Susan Alcock, who was succeeded in the post by Peter van Dommelen.
Honours
In 1993 Joukowsky endowed an annual lecture series in her own name for the Archaeological Institute of America.
She accepted the Yad Vashem award on behalf of her parents in 2006.
Selected publications
1980. A complete manual of field archaeology: tools and techniques of field work for archaeologists. Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice-Hall.
1988. The young archaeologist in the oldest port city in the world. Beirut: Dar el-Machreq.
1996a. Early Turkey: an introduction to the archaeology of Anatolia from prehistory through the Lydian period. Dubuque (IA): Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co.
1996b. Prehistoric Aphrodisias: an account of the excavations and artifact studies. Providence (RI): Brown University, Center for Old World Archaeology and Art.
1998. Petra Great Temple: Brown University excavations, 1993-1997. Providence (RI): Brown University Petra Exploration Fund.
Cohen, G. & M.S. Joukowsky. (ed.) 2004. Breaking ground: pioneering women archaeologists. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
2007. Petra Great Temple, Volume II: archaeological contexts of the remains and excavations. Providence (RI): Brown University Petra Exploration Fund.
References
External links
Petra Great Temple Excavations
Joukowsky Family Foundation
1936 births
Living people
People from Montague, Massachusetts
Archaeologists of the Near East
Brown University faculty
20th-century American archaeologists
American women archaeologists
20th-century women writers
20th-century American women
American women academics
21st-century American women
Pembroke College in Brown University alumni |
23574940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy%20%28given%20name%29 | Joy (given name) | Joy is a common unisex given name meaning joy, happiness, joyful. A common variant of the name is the female given name Joyce (name).
People with the given name Joy
Joy (singer) (born 1996), South Korean singer and member of Red Velvet (group)
Joy Adamson (1910–1980), wildlife rehabilitator and author
Joy Banerjee (born 1963), Bengali cinema actor
Joy Behar (born 1942), American comedian and actress
Joy Bokiri (born 1998), Nigerian women's footballer
Joy Bryant (born 1974), American actress
Joy Browne (born 1944), American radio psychologist
Joy Burke (born 1990), Taiwanese-American women's basketball player
Joy Carroll Vicar who inspired The Vicar of Dibley
Joy Crookes (born 1998), British singer-songwriter
Joy Davidman (1915–1960), American writer and wife of C. S. Lewis
Joy Destiny Tobing (born 1980), Indonesian gospel singer
Joy Enriquez (born 1978), American singer and actress
Joy Fawcett (born 1968), American soccer player
Joy Fleming (1944–2017), German singer
Defne Joy Foster (1975–2011), Turkish actress, presenter, VJ
Joy Garnett (born 1965) Canadian-American artist
Joy Giovanni (born 1978), American actress, model, wrestler, and WWE Diva
Joy Grieveson (born 1941), British track and field athlete
Joy Paul Guilford (1897-1987), American psychologist
Joy Harjo (born 1951), American poet
Joy Kere diplomat from the Solomon Islands
Joy Kogawa (born 1935), Canadian poet and novelist
Joy Lauren (born 1989), American actress
Joy Lofthouse (1923–2017), British WW2 pilot
Joy Mangano (born 1956), American inventor, and businesswoman
Joy Marshall (1867–1903), New Zealand clergyman, teacher, tennis player, cricketer, and rugby footballer
Joy Morris (born 1970), Canadian mathematician
Joy Morton (1855–1934), American businessman and conservationist
Joy Mukherjee (1939–2012), Indian film actor and director
Joy Ogwu (born 1946), Nigerian diplomat
Joy Oladokun, American singer-songwriter
Joy Padgett (born 1947), American politician
Joy Powell (born 1962),American activist
Joy Quigley (born 1948), New Zealand politician
Joy Reid (born 1968), American cable television host with the full name Joy-Ann M. Lomena-Reid
Joy San Buenaventura (born 1959), Filipino-born American politician
Joy Sarkar, Bengali music director
Joy A. Thomas (1963-2020), American Indian-born informational theorist and scientist
Joy Smith (born 1947), Canadian politician
Joy Williams (singer) (born 1982), American pop singer
Joy Williams (Australian writer) (1942–2006), Australian poet
Joy Williams (American writer) (born 1944), American author
Joy Wolfram (born 1989), Finnish nanoscientist.
Joy Cherian (born 1944), Commissioner at the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Joy Sengupta (born 1968), Indian film and stage actor
Fictional characters
Joy, one of Riley Andersen's emotions and the main protagonist of Disney Pixar's Inside Out.
Nurse Joy, a nurse from the Pokémon TV series.
See also
Gioia (disambiguation), the Italian version of the name
Joie, the French version of the name
English feminine given names
Feminine given names
Virtue names |
44499282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsten%20Nielsen | Torsten Nielsen | Torsten Nielsen (born 5 March 1967) is a Danish politician and mayor of Viborg Municipality for the Conservative People's Party. Nielsen is state authorized Estate agent since 1992, and he was elected to the City Council of Viborg Municipality in 2009, and re-elected in 2013. Nielsen succeeded the former mayor, Søren Pape Poulsen, when he was appointed as the new leader of the Conservative People's Party.
References
1967 births
Living people
Conservative People's Party (Denmark) politicians
People from Viborg Municipality |
23574953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20Massinga | Francisco Massinga | Francisco Massinga (born 6 May 1986), better known as Whiskey, is a Mozambican football defender.
International career
International goals
Scores and results list Mozambique's goal tally first.
References
External links
1986 births
Living people
Mozambican footballers
Mozambique international footballers
Association football defenders
C.D. Maxaquene players
Clube Ferroviário de Maputo footballers
2010 Africa Cup of Nations players |
20472519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Yong-sik | Kim Yong-sik | Kim Yong-sik (; Hanja: 金容植; 25 July 1910 – 8 March 1985) was a South Korean football player and manager. He is esteemed as the godfather of the South Korean football.
International career
Kim played international football for both Japan and South Korea. When Korea was ruled by Japan, Kim was the only Korean footballer to be selected for the Japanese national team for the Summer Olympics. In the first round of the 1936 Summer Olympics against Sweden, he contributed to Japan's victory by assisting the winning goal in the tournament. After the Olympics, Kim joined Waseda University which had many Japan's national players, but he went back to Korea because of the discrimination about Koreans.
Kim could participate in the Olympics as a Korean player after the end of the Japanese forced occupation. He achieved the first-ever victory of South Korean football against Mexico as a player-coach in the 1948 Summer Olympics. After his retirement, he managed South Korea in the 1954 FIFA World Cup and the 1960 AFC Asian Cup.
Style of play
Kim had fast pace, elaborate techniques, and high workrate which most footballers need. Japan also couldn't ignore his abilities, selecting him for the Japanese national team. He played as a centre-half, but he was a playmaker who took part in the attack.
Personal life
Kim was diligent and only absorbed in the football. He extremely avoided harmful things to human body, and had ardor for training. His healthy habit made him continue his playing career until the age of forty.
Career statistics
International
Source:
Managerial statistics
Honours
Player
Soongsil College
All Joseon Football Tournament: 1931
Kyungsung FC
All Joseon Football Tournament: 1936
Emperor's Cup: 1935
Chōsen Shrine Games: 1935
Meiji Shrine Games: 1935
Joseon Electrical Industry
Korean National Championship: 1949
Individual
Korean FA Hall of Fame: 2005
Manager
South Korea
AFC Asian Cup: 1960
Yangzee
Korean National Championship: 1968
Asian Champion Club Tournament runner-up: 1969
References
External links
Japan National Football Team Database
1910 births
1985 deaths
Japanese footballers
South Korean footballers
Japan international footballers
South Korea international footballers
Kyungsung FC players
Pyongyang FC players
Olympic footballers of Japan
Footballers at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers of South Korea
Footballers at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Dual internationalists (football)
South Korean football managers
South Korea national football team managers
1954 FIFA World Cup managers
South Korean football referees
Zainichi Korean people
Association football midfielders |
44499302 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapagala%20fortress | Mapagala fortress | Mapagala fortress was an ancient fortified complex of the Anuradhapura Kingdom long before Kasyapa I built his city, Sigiriya. It is located to the South of Sigiriya and closer to Sigiriya tank.
It was built by using unshaped boulders to about 20 ft high. Each stone is broad and thick and some of them are about 10 ft high and about 4 ft long. It is believed that it was built before the time of usage of metal tools. Arthur Maurice Hocart noted that cyclopean style stone walls were used for the fortress, and square hammered stones were used for the ramparts of the citadel. However, his note suggests metal (iron) tools were used for construction. Excavations work in this areas found a few stone forges, which proved Hocart's claim on the usage of metal tools.
References
Further reading
Forts in Central Province, Sri Lanka
Kingdom of Anuradhapura
Buildings and structures in Matale District |
20472525 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reorganized%20Social%20Democratic%20Party%20of%20Hungary | Reorganized Social Democratic Party of Hungary | The Reorganized Social Democratic Party of Hungary () was a political party in Hungary. It was founded in 1900 by Vilmos Mezőfi. Mezőfi, a journalist by profession, had been expelled from the Social Democratic Party of Hungary for being outspoken on agrarian issues. Mezőfi's party advocated land reforms, and forced sales of large estates of land.
References
Political parties in Austria-Hungary
Political parties established in 1900
1900 establishments in Hungary
Social democratic parties in Hungary |
23574969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin%20Research%20and%20Human%20Genetics | Twin Research and Human Genetics | Twin Research and Human Genetics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published bimonthly by the Cambridge University Press. It is the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies (ISTS) and the Human Genetics Society of Australasia. The journal covers research on the biology and epidemiology of twinning as well as biomedical and behavioral twin- and molecular-genetic research. According to the Journal Citation Reports, it has a 2018 impact factor of 1.159. The journal was established in 1998 and has been edited by Robert Derom (1998–1999), and Nick Martin (2000–present). The title is a translation of Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae, from 1952 until 1978 the official organ of the Permanent Committee for the International Congresses of Human Genetics and Società italiana di genetica medica, the original title of the first journal of the ISTS.
References
External links
Behavioural genetics journals
Bimonthly journals
Cambridge University Press academic journals
Delayed open access journals
English-language journals
Genetics in the United Kingdom
Psychiatry journals
Publications established in 1998
Twin studies |
44499307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%20United%20States%20Senate%20election%20in%20Tennessee | 1978 United States Senate election in Tennessee | The 1978 United States Senate election in Tennessee took place on November 7, as a part of the Senate class 2 election.
Situation
Two-term popular incumbent Howard Baker, who had served as United States Senate Minority Leader since 1977, ran for reelection against first-time candidate and Democratic Party activist Jane Eskind.
Democratic nomination
Candidates:
Jame Boyd
Walter Bradley
Former State Senate Majority Leader Bill Bruce
Jane Eskind
James Foster
Douglas L. Heinsohn
J. D. Lee
Virginia Nyabongo
Charles Gordon Vick
In the primary, held on August 3, Eskind won in an open primary against eight other candidates:
Eskind – 196,156 (34.52%)
Bruce – 170,795 (30.06%)
Lee – 89,939 (15.83%)
Boyd – 48,458 (8.53%)
Bradley – 22,130 (3.90%)
Heinsohn – 17,787 (3.13%)
Foster – 10,671 (1.88%)
Nyabongo – 7,682 (1.35%)
Vick – 4,414 (0.78%)
Write-in – 147 (0.03%)
Republican nomination
Candidates:
Incumbent United States Senator and Senate Minority Leader Howard Baker
J. Durelle Boles
Harvey Howard
Hubert David Patty
Dayton Seiler
Francis Trapp
In the primary, held on August 3, Baker easily emerged as the winner:
Baker – 205,680 (83.44%)
Howard – 21,154 (8.58%)
Boles – 8,899 (3.61%)
Patty – 3,941 (1.60%)
Seiler – 3,831 (1.55%)
Trapp – 2,994 (1.22%)
General election
Baker won with a 15-point margin in the general election, held on November 7:
See also
1978 United States Senate elections
References
1978
Tennessee
United States Senate |
44499347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri%20Gradis | Henri Gradis | Moïse Henri Gradis (30 July 1823 – 23 January 1905) was a French businessman and historian.
Life
Moïse Henri Gradis was born on 30 July 1823 in Bordeaux.
He came from a family of prominent Bordeaux merchants who had flourished in the 18th century but were ruined by the French Revolution and the insurrections in Santo Domingo and Martinique.
His parents were Benjamin Gradis (1789–1858) and Laure Sarah Rodrigues Henriquès (1803–46).
In 1853 he married Claire Brandame (1835–1925).
Their son was Raoul Gradis (1861–1943).
Their daughter Emma Gradis married Georges Schwob d'Héricourt in 1889.
The Maison Gradis recovered, and by 1892 was selling sugar from several producers in Bordeaux, Nantes and Marseille.
Henri Gradis was deputy mayor of Bordeaux in 1864 and 1876.
He was also author of a history of Bordeaux and several other literary works.
His history of the 1848 revolution won praise for its accuracy and lack of bias.
Moïse Henri Gradis died in Paris in 1905.
He was succeeded at the Maison Gradis by his son Raoul.
Publications
Measure for Measure, by William Shakespeare (translation, 1847)
Réflexions sur le christianisme, suivies d’une lettre à un jeune Israélite (1847-1850)
Histoire de la guerre de 1870 (1870)
Notes sur la guerre de 1870 et sur la Commune (1872)
Histoire de la révolution de 1848
Judaïsme et christianisme (1874)
Notice sur la Famille Gradis et sur la Maison Gradis et Fils de Bordeaux (1875)
Introduction à l'histoire du peuple d'Israël ; judaïsme et christianisme (1876)
Polyxène, drame antique en 4 actes et en vers (1881)
Jérusalem, drame en 5 actes et en vers (1883)
Le peuple d'Israël (Paris, 1891)
References
Sources
1823 births
1905 deaths
Businesspeople from Bordeaux
19th-century French Sephardi Jews
Gradis family |
20472527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Walters | Michael Walters | Michael Walters (born 7 January 1991) is an Australian rules footballer who plays for the Fremantle Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). Originally playing mainly as a small forward, Walters has recently spent more time in the midfield. In 2019 he was rewarded with his debut selection in the All-Australian team. He has been a member of Fremantle's leadership group since 2017.
Junior career
A highly skilled player who mainly plays as a midfielder or forward, Walters was selected by Fremantle with the 53rd pick in the 2008 AFL Draft. He had made his senior debut for Swan Districts in the West Australian Football League in 2008, playing 2 matches. Nicknamed Son-son, he lived on the same street in Midvale as his former Swan Districts teammates and fellow 2008 AFL draftees Nic Naitanui and Chris Yarran. Walters' father Mike played for Central District in the South Australian National Football League.
In 2007 he represented Western Australia at the Under 16 Championships and won the Kevin Sheehan Medal (shared with Tom Scully) as the best player in the championships, after kicking 10 goals in his three games. He was a member of the 2007-08 AIS/AFL Academy squad and in 2008 represented Western Australia at the 2008 AFL Under 18 Championships and was named in the All-Australian Team.
AFL career
Walters made his AFL debut for Fremantle in Round 11 of the 2009 AFL season at Football Park against Port Adelaide, after Hayden Ballantyne was a late withdrawal due to injury. He kicked a goal in debut match, minutes before fellow debutant and Swan Districts teammate Clancee Pearce also kicked a goal.
Prior to the start of the 2012 AFL season, Walters was suspended from training with Fremantle and sent back to train and play for Swan Districts due to a poor fitness level and being overweight. He improved his fitness and performed well for Swans, and was accepted back at Fremantle in April. Walters returned to the AFL in July, in round 16 against Melbourne. He played in every game after returning, kicking 22 goals from 10 games. In late September 2012 Walters was re-signed for a further two years, until the end of the 2014 season.
In 2013 Walters had his best season to date, kicking 46 goals From 21 games, was named in the initial All Australian 40-man squad and won his first Fremantle leading goal-kicker award.
In 2015, he had another consistent goal-kicking season, which saw him kick 44 goals across 22 games, winning his second Fremantle leading goal-kicker award.
In the 2017 season, his standout performance came in Round 15, at Domain stadium against St Kilda, where he collected a team-high 32 disposals and kicked 6 goals. He was ruled out for the remainder of the season after injuring his Posterior Cruciate Ligament in his left knee, in Fremantle's loss to Hawthorn in Round 18. Despite being moved into the midfield towards the middle of the season, he finished the season with 22 goals from 17 games.
In 2018, especially after the suspension and subsequent injury to Nat Fyfe, Walters spent increasing amounts of time in the midfield, where he finished the season averaging 19.8 disposals per game, his highest average in his career so far.
He won Fremantle's leading goal-kicker award, his 4th for the club, kicking 22 goals from 18 games.
He was a finalist for Mark of the Year, where he was nominated for his high-flying mark on Jeremy McGovern, against the West Coast Eagles in Round 20.
Walters started 2019 in blazing fashion, averaging career-high figures. In Round 10, he kicked a behind after the siren to give the Dockers a 1-point win over the Brisbane Lions at Optus stadium. The following week in the Round 11 clash with Collingwood at the MCG, Walters kicked a goal with 30 seconds remaining to give the Dockers a 4-point lead which ultimately won them the game. Arguably, his best performance came in Round 13 when Fremantle played Port Adelaide at Optus stadium. He kicked 6.1 and picked up 25 disposals in the 21-point victory, and was awarded the maximum 10 in the AFLCA votes for his performance.
Statistics
Statistics are correct to the end of round 10, 2022
|-
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2009
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 38 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 21 || 11 || 32 || 14 || 5 || 0.7 || 0.3 || 7.0 || 3.7 || 10.7 || 4.7 || 1.7 || 0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2010
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 38 || 5 || 8 || 1 || 52 || 17 || 69 || 15 || 12 || 1.6 || 0.2 || 10.4 || 3.4 || 13.8 || 3.0 || 2.4 || 0
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2011
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 38 || 3 || 4 || 3 || 19 || 5 || 24 || 3 || 8 || 1.3 || 1.0 || 6.3 || 1.7 || 8.0 || 1.0 || 2.7 || 0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 38 || 10 || 22 || 11 || 83 || 36 || 119 || 40 || 29 || 2.2 || 1.1 || 8.3 || 3.6 || 11.9 || 4.0 || 2.9 || 0
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2013
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 10 || 21 || 46 || 23 || 231 || 93 || 324 || 108 || 52 || 2.2 || 1.1 || 11.0 || 4.4 || 15.4 || 5.1 || 2.5 || 6
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2014
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 10 || 8 || 15 || 13 || 79 || 28 || 107 || 29 || 20 || 1.9 || 1.6 || 9.9 || 3.5 || 13.4 || 3.6 || 2.5 || 0
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2015
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 10 || 22 || 44 || 19 || 225 || 107 || 332 || 77 || 54 || 2.0 || 0.9 || 10.2 || 4.9 || 15.1 || 3.5 || 2.4 || 3
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2016
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 10 || 22 || 36 || 21 || 244 || 157 || 401 || 91 || 66 || 1.6 || 1.0 || 11.1 || 7.1 || 18.2 || 4.1 || 3.0 || 3
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2017
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 10 || 17 || 22 || 14 || 197 || 130 || 327 || 74 || 45 || 1.3 || 0.8 || 11.6 || 7.6 || 19.2 || 4.4 || 2.6 || 10
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2018
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 10 || 18 || 22 || 14 || 206 || 150 || 356 || 65 || 59 || 1.2 || 0.8 || 11.4 || 8.3 || 19.8 || 3.6 || 3.3 || 8
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2019
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 10 || 22 || 40 || 17 || 303 || 176 || 479 || 83 || 78 || 1.8 || 0.8 || 13.8 || 8.0 || 21.8 || 3.8 || 3.5 || 11
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2020
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 10 || 14 || 15 || 7 || 145 || 102 || 247 || 44 || 40 || 1.1 || 0.5 || 10.4 || 7.3 || 17.6 || 3.1 || 2.9 || 8
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2021
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 10 || 16 || 14 || 11 || 147 || 76 || 223 || 63 || 33 || 0.9 || 0.7 || 9.2 || 4.8 || 13.9 || 3.9 || 2.1 || 0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2022
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 10 || 9 || 7 || 8 || 72 || 53 || 125 || 30 || 24 || 0.8 || 0.9 || 8.0 || 5.9 || 13.9 || 3.3 || 2.7 || 0
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 190
! 297
! 163
! 2024
! 1141
! 3165
! 736
! 525
! 1.6
! 0.9
! 10.7
! 6.0
! 16.7
! 3.9
! 2.8
! 49
|}
Notes
References
External links
WAFL Footy Facts playing statistics
Fremantle Football Club players
Living people
1991 births
Indigenous Australian players of Australian rules football
Swan Districts Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia
People educated at Governor Stirling Senior High School
All-Australians (AFL)
Peel Thunder Football Club players |
23574984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%20pacification%20campaign%20on%20Formosa | Dutch pacification campaign on Formosa | The Dutch pacification campaign on Formosa was a series of military actions and diplomatic moves undertaken in 1635 and 1636 by Dutch East India Company (VOC) in Dutch-era Taiwan (Formosa) aimed at subduing hostile aboriginal villages in the southwestern region of the island. Prior to the campaign the Dutch had been in Formosa for eleven years, but did not control much of the island beyond their principal fortress at Tayouan (present-day Anping, Tainan), and an alliance with the town of Sinkan. The other aboriginal villages in the area conducted numerous attacks on the Dutch and their allies, with the chief belligerents being the village of Mattau, who in 1629 ambushed and slaughtered a group of sixty Dutch soldiers.
After receiving reinforcements from the colonial headquarters at Batavia, the Dutch launched an attack in 1635 and were able to crush opposition and bring the area around present-day Tainan fully under their control. After seeing Mattau and Soulang, the most powerful villages in the area, were overpowered by Dutch force overwhelmingly, many other villages in the surrounding area came to the Dutch to seek peace and surrender sovereignty. Thus the Dutch were able to dramatically expand the extent of their territorial control in a short time, and avoid the need for further fighting. The campaign ended in February 1636, when representatives from twenty-eight villages attended a ceremony in Tayouan to cement Dutch sovereignty.
Solidifying the southwest under their rule, the Dutch were able to expand their operations from the limited entrepôt trading carried out by the colony prior to 1635. The expanded territory allowed access to the deer trade, which later became very lucrative, and guaranteed security in food supplies. The new territorial acquisitions provided fertile land, which the Dutch began to import mass Chinese labours to farm. The aboriginal villages also provided warriors to aid the Dutch in times of trouble, notably in the Lamey Island Massacre of 1636, the Dutch defeat of the Spanish in 1642 and the Guo Huaiyi Rebellion in 1652. The allied villages also provided opportunities for Dutch missionaries to spread their faith. The pacification campaign is considered the foundation stone on which the later success of the colony was built.
Background
The Dutch East India Company (VOC) arrived in southern Formosa in 1624 and, after building their stronghold of Fort Zeelandia on the peninsula of Tayouan, began to sound out local villages as to the possibility of forming alliances. Although initially the intention was to run the colony solely as an entrepôt (a trading port), the Dutch later decided that they needed control over the hinterland to provide some security. Additionally, a large percentage of supplies for the Dutch colonists had to be shipped from Batavia at great expense and irregular intervals, and the government of the fledgling colony was keen to source foodstuffs and other supplies locally. The Company decided to ally with the closest village, the relatively small Sinkan, who were able to supply them firewood, venison and fish. However, relations with the other villages were not so friendly. The aboriginal settlements of the area were involved in more or less constant low-level warfare with each other (head-hunting raids and looting of property), and an alliance with Sinkan put the Dutch at odds with the foes of that village. In 1625 the Dutch bought a piece of land from the Sinkaners for the sum of fifteen cangans (a kind of cloth), where they then built the town of Sakam for Dutch and Chinese merchants.
Initially other villages in the area, chiefly Mattau, Soulang and Bakloan, also professed their desire to live in peace with the Dutch. The villages saw that it was in their interest to maintain good relations with the newcomers, but this belief was weakened by a series of incidents between 1625 and 1629. The earliest of these was a Dutch attack on Chinese pirates in the bay of Wancan, not far from Mattau, in 1625. The pirates were able to drive off the Dutch soldiers, causing the Dutch to lose face among the Formosan villages. Encouraged by this Dutch failure, warriors from Mattau raided Sinkan, believing the Dutch too weak to defend their Formosan friends. At this point, the Dutch returned to Wancan and this time were able to rout the pirates, restoring their reputation. Mattau was then forced by the colonials to return the property stolen from Sinkan and make reparations in the form of two pigs. The peace was short-lived, however, because in November 1626 the villagers of Sinkan attacked Mattau and Bakloan, before going to the Dutch to ask for protection from retribution. Although the Dutch were able to force Sinkan's enemies to back down in this case, in later incidents they proved incapable of fully protecting their Formosan allies.
Frustrated by the inability of the Dutch to protect them, the Sinkan villagers turned to Japanese traders, who were not on friendly terms with the VOC. In 1627 a delegation from the village visited Japan in order to ask for Japanese protection and to offer sovereignty to the Japanese Shōgun Tokugawa Iemitsu. The Shōgun refused them an audience, but on their return to Formosa the Sinkan villagers, along with their erstwhile foes from Mattau, Bakloan and Soulang, went to Governor Nuyts to demand that the company pay an annual tribute to the villages for operating on their land. The Governor refused. Soon after, the Japanese isolationist policy of sakoku removed Japanese support for the Formosans, leaving Sinkan once more at the mercy of its rivals, prompting missionary George Candidius to write that "this village Sinkan has been until now under Dutch protection, and without this protection it would not stand for even a month." In 1629 however the Dutch were unable to defend either themselves or their allies. Governor Nuyts went to Mattau on an official (friendly) visit with a guard of sixty musketeers, who were fêted on their arrival. After leaving the village the next morning, the musketeers were ambushed while crossing a stream and slaughtered to a man, by warriors of both Mattau and Soulang. The Governor had a lucky escape as he had returned to Fort Zeelandia the previous evening.
Shortly after the massacre Governor Nuyts was recalled by the VOC governor-general in Batavia for various offences, including responsibility for the souring of relations with the Japanese. Hans Putmans replaced Nuyts as governor, and immediately wanted to attack the ringleaders in Mattau, but the village was judged too strong to assault directly. Therefore, the Dutch moved against the weaker Bakloan, who they believed sheltered proponents of the massacre, setting out on 23 November 1629, and returning later that day "having killed many people and burned most of the village." The Bakloan villagers sued for peace, and Mattau too signed a nine-month peace accord with the company. However, in the years that followed, the Mattau, Bakloan and Soulang villagers continued a concerted campaign to harass employees of the company, particularly those who were rebuilding structures destroyed by the Mattauers in Sakam. The situation showed no signs of improvement for the Dutch, until relations between Mattau and Soulang soured in late 1633 and early 1634. The two villages went to war in May 1634, and although Mattau won the fight, the company was happy to see divisions among the villages which it felt it could exploit.
Dutch retaliation
Although both Governor Nuyts and subsequently Governor Putmans wanted to move against Mattau, the garrison at Fort Zeelandia numbered only 400, of which 210 were soldiers – not enough to undertake a major campaign without leaving the Dutch fortress guard under-strength. After persistent unheeded requests from the two governors, in 1635 Batavia finally sent a force of 475 soldiers to Taiwan, to "avenge the murder of the expeditionary force against Mattau in 1629, to increase the prestige of the Company, and to obtain the respect and authority, necessary for the protection of the Chinese who had come all the way from China, to cultivate the land."
By this stage, relations with the other villages had also deteriorated to the extent that even Sinkan, previously thought to be tightly bound to the Dutch, was plotting rebellion. The missionary Robert Junius, who lived among the natives, wrote that "rebels in Sinkan have conspired against our state . . . and [are planning] to murder and beat to death the missionaries and soldiers in Sinkan." The governor in Tayouan moved quickly to quell the uprising, sending eighty soldiers to the village and arresting some of the key conspirators. With potential disaster averted in Sinkan, the Dutch were further encouraged by the news that Mattau and Soulang, their principal enemies, were being ravaged by smallpox, whereas Sinkan, now back under Dutch control, was spared the disease – this being viewed as a divine sign that the Dutch were righteous.
On 22 November 1635, the newly arrived forces set out for Bakloan, headed by Governor Putmans. Junius joined him with a group of native warriors from Sinkan, who had been persuaded to take part by the clergyman in order to further good relations between themselves and the VOC. The plan was initially to rest there for the night, before attacking Mattau the next morning, but the Dutch forces received word that the Mattau villagers had learned of their approach and planned to flee. They therefore decided to press on and attack that evening, succeeding in surprising the Mattau warriors and subduing the village without a fight. The Dutch summarily executed 26 men of the village, before setting fire to the houses and returning to Bakloan.
On the way back to Fort Zeelandia, the troops stopped in Bakloan, Sinkan and Sakam, at each step warning the chiefs of the village of the price of angering the VOC, and obtaining guarantees of friendly conduct in the future. The village of Soulang sent two representatives to the Dutch while they were resting in Sinkan, offering a spear and a hatchet as a symbol that they would ally their forces to the Dutch. Also present with offers of friendship were men from (modern-day Yujing District), a collection of three villages in the hills previously outside Dutch influence. Finally two chiefs from Mattau arrived, kow-towing to the Dutch officials and wishing to sue for peace.
The aborigines signalled their surrender by sending a few of their best weapons to the Dutch, and then by bringing a small tree (often betel nut) planted in earth from their village as a token of the granting of sovereignty to the VOC. Over the next few months as word of the Dutch victory spread, more and more villages came to pay their respects at Fort Zeelandia and assure the VOC of their friendly intentions. However, the new masters of Mattau also inherited their enemies, with both Favorlang and Tirosen expressing hostility towards the VOC in the wake of their victory.
After the victory over Mattau the governor decided to make use of the soldiers to cow other recalcitrant villages, starting with Taccariang, who had previously killed both VOC employees and Sinkan villagers. The villagers first fought with the Sinkanders who were acting as a vanguard, but on receiving a volley from the Dutch musketeers the Taccariang warriors turned and fled. The VOC forces entered the village unopposed, and burnt it to the ground. From Taccariang they moved on to Soulang, where they arrested warriors who had participated in the 1629 massacre of sixty Dutch soldiers and torched their houses. The last stop on the campaign trail was Tevorang, which had previously sheltered wanted men from other villages. This time the governor decided to use diplomacy, offering gifts and assurances of friendship, with the consequences of resistance left implicit. The Tevorangans took the hint, and offered no opposition to Dutch rule.
Pax Hollandica
On hearing of the Dutch show of force, aboriginal tribes from further afield decided to submit to Dutch rule, either through fear of Dutch military might or hope that such an alliance would prove beneficial to the tribe. Representatives came from Pangsoia (Pangsoya; modern-day Linbian, Pingtung), 100 km to the south, to ally themselves with the VOC. The Dutch decided to hold a landdag (a grand convention) to welcome all the villages into the fold and impress them with Dutch largesse and power. This duly took place on 22 February 1636, with 28 villages represented from southern and central Formosa. The governor presented the attendees with robes and staffs of state to symbolise their position, and Robert Junius wrote that "it was delightful to see the friendliness of these people when they met for the first time, to notice how they kissed each other and gazed at one another. Such a thing had never before been witnessed in this country, as one tribe was nearly always waging war against another."
The net effect of the Dutch campaign was a pax Hollandica (Dutch peace), assuring VOC control in the southwest of the island. The Dutch called their new area of control the Verenigde Dorpen (United Villages), a deliberate allusion to the United Provinces of their homeland. The campaign was vital to the success and growth of the Dutch colony, which had operated as more of a trading post than a true colony until that point.
Other pacification campaigns
Earlier
In 1629, the third governor of Dutch Formosa, Pieter Nuyts, dispatched 63 Dutch soldiers to Mattau with the excuse of "arresting Chinese pirates". The effort was impeded by the local indigenous Taivoan people, as they had been resentful at the Dutch colonists who invaded and slaughtered many of their people. On the way back, the 63 Dutch soldiers were drowned by the indigenous people of Mattau, resulting in the retaliation of Pieter Nuyts and later the Mattau Incident (麻豆社事件) in 1635.
On November 23, 1635, Nuyts led 500 Dutch soldiers and 500 Siraya soldiers from Sinckan to assail Mattau, killing 26 tribal people and burning all the buildings in Mattau. On December 18, Mattau surrendered and signed the Mattau Act (麻豆條約) with the Dutch governor. In this act, Mattau agreed to grant all the land inherited or controlled and all the properties owned by the people of Mattau to the Dutch. The Mattau Act has two significant meanings in the history of Taiwan:
Later
Multiple Aboriginal villages rebelled against the Dutch in the 1650s due to oppression like when the Dutch ordered aboriginal women for sex, deer pelts, and rice be given to them from aborigines in the Taipei basin in Wu-lao-wan village which sparked a rebellion in December 1652 at the same time as the Chinese rebellion. Two Dutch translators were beheaded by the Wu-lao-wan aborigines and in a subsequent fight 30 aboriginals and another two Dutch people died, after an embargo of salt and iron on Wu-lao-wan the aboriginals were forced to sue for peace in February 1653.
Notes
References
Dutch Formosa
1630s conflicts
1635 in Taiwan
1636 in Taiwan
1630s in Dutch Formosa
17th century in Taiwan
Military history of the Dutch East India Company
Military history of Taiwan |
20472558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris%20repertoire | Harris repertoire | The Harris Repertoire consists of two manuscripts, both written by the sisters Amelia and Jane Harris. Containing 29 and 59 ballads and songs respectively, these manuscripts are part of the cornerstone of nineteenth-century ballad collecting. The second manuscript written was used by Francis James Child (1825–1896) in his seminal work, The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, commonly known as the Child Ballads.
History
In 1859 Amelia Harris sent William Edmonstoune Aytoun, a professor at the University of Edinburgh, a manuscript containing 29 ballads. She had heard him talk on the subject in Lerwick in 1855, and knew that he himself had published two volumes of "Antient Ballads". She enclosed a letter, which has become famous within ballad studies, for it not only presents the origin of the ballads she and her sister Jane knew, but offers the conundrum of ballads being passed from the non-literate to the literate. While the sisters knew, clearly loved, and sang the ballads, and did not re-create the tales, but sang what they knew, and were "most scrupulous in writing them exactly as I heard them, leaving a blank, when I was in doubt as to a word or line".
Aytoun was appreciative of the manuscript, and wrote to the sisters to thank them - we know this from surviving extract made by Jane Harris. He also informed other collectors, whom he was in contact with, such as the Aberdonian advocate Norval Clyne. Clyne was interested in the Harris sisters' version of "Sir Patrick Spens", as it provided evidence against the much-discussed "Lady Wardlaw Heresy", initiated by David Laing and perpetuated by Robert Chambers, which proposed that Lady Wardlaw was in fact the author of the ballad. While Aytoun's letter including the Harris sisters' version of the ballad came too late for Clyne to include it in the text of his refutation of Chambers' proposition, James Hutton Watson did use the Harris material - quoting a letter Aytoun had written to Clyne in its entirety.
The search
Aytoun had intended to publish the Harris MS material, but did not live to prepare a third volume of ballads, but Clyne did keep the Harris ballads in mind, and when he was contacted by Dr John Stuart of General Register House, Edinburgh, who had a request from Francis James Child for advice and information on collecting ballads in Britain. Clyne advised Child to place an appeal in Notes and Queries regarding material and its location. Clyne himself became actively involved in Child's search, and was in correspondence with him. Having written to the publisher John Blackwood, to Aytoun's sisters - who were also fond of ballads - and to Aytoun's widow, who "was not on terms" with his family, and even following up leads in Newburgh, where the Harris sisters had been living when they sent the manuscript, Clyne drew a blank: the manuscript had vanished and 1873, Clyne and Child resigned themselves to the fact that the manuscript was lost and the ladies who had written it could not be traced.
The second manuscript
On the same day that Clyne wrote to Child regarding the failure to trace either the 1859 ballad manuscript, or the women who had written it, Jane Harris was writing to Professor David Masson, Aytoun's successor as Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Edinburgh. Although she did not refer to Child's Notes and Queries appeal, it may have been the impetus for the sisters to try to contact someone about their ballads, as they had annotated their ballads and songs a second time. This letter was sent from Laurel Bank, Lasswade, near Edinburgh, which explains Clyne's failure to trace them in Newburgh.
Masson sent Jane Harris's letter on to Child and Child alerted Clyne. Clyne deduced that Miss Harris who wrote to Masson had to be the elusive Newburgh lady, and he made contact. On 26 August 1873, Clyne had tea with the Misses Harris and established an essential point of contact for Child. Clyne found that while Jane had written to Masson about the new manuscript, she had written the musical score, while her sister, Amelia, had written out the verses. The Misses Harris were clear about the origin of their ballads - they had learned them from their mother, who in turn had got them from "an aged nurse". This gave these sets an eighteenth-century provenance. He also discovered that they had sent a couple of ballads to Peter Buchan as well as Aytoun.
On the polite suggestion Jane Harris that the manuscript may be of worth, Clyne and Child agreed that some sum had to be agreed upon, and in a letter dated 15 September 1873, Amelia Harris noted that she had received a telegram from Frederick James Furnivall, whom Child was staying with in London in the summer of 1873, informing her that he had forwarded a cheque for £15 for the manuscript. She promises to send the manuscript of the ballads that afternoon, and the manuscript of the music the following day. Child was on the point of leaving for America - he had noted in his correspondence with Macmath that "from the 16th it will be safer to address me in America". We know that the manuscripts were bound - costing a further 6 shillings on top of the £15 paid. The cost in shillings indicates that this was done in Britain, and it seems that Furnivall may have taken responsibility for it. The manuscript was then forwarded to Child at Harvard. This manuscript remains in America, in the Houghton Library, MS 25241.17*, still bound in 3/4 maroon Morocco and marbled boards.
The "lost and found" manuscript
Neither Child nor Clyne ever located the first manuscript. Its history after Aytoun's death is uncertain and obscure. However, it was discovered by Mr Hilary Corke in an Edinburgh bookshop-depository in 1955. It was among other books belonging to one Captain Forbes: the flyleaf of this bound volume is inscribed "Capt. Forbes, R. N., Seabank". The Forbes books had been deposited before 1939 and had not been disturbed between that time and 1955. This MS contained only the texts, and having noted that Amelia Harris refers to the writing down of the airs, an extremely thorough search was made for the airs manuscript in the depository, but it was not found and remains lost.
This manuscript is also bound, probably under Aytoun's instruction. It has a maroon cover, with the wording "M.S. OLD SCOTTISH BALLADS" on its spine, marbled endpapers and Hilary Corke's bookplate inside the front cover. Hilary Corke, a lecturer in Mediaeval English Literature at the University of Edinburgh, realised the value of his find, and wrote to Harvard University for information about the Harris MS listed by Child as being in Harvard College Library - a correspondence passed on to the curator of the Houghton Library. The important discovery of the "lost" manuscript was first made in print in 1977 by Dr Emily Lyle of The School of Scottish Studies, University of Edinburgh, although she had been in touch with Hilary Corke for a couple of years prior to that.
The manuscripts brought together
Emily Lyle, along with Anne Dhu McLucas and Kaye McAlpine, produced a publication entitled The Song Repertoire of Amelia and Jane Harris, which collated the texts of the two Harris MSS into one volume, with each ballad being assigned a full spread, in order to facilitate parallel study of the texts. Jane Harris's tunes and basses appear at the head of each relevant 1873 ballad, while the edited version appears at the head of the 1859 version. The editors also provided a comprehensive biography of the sisters, along with a full account of the manuscripts, and also the procedure undertaken to make Jane Harris's music operate for a modern musician.
References
Emily Lyle, Anne Dhu McLucas and Kaye McAlpine (editors) (2002) The Song Repertoire of Amelia and Jane Harris. The Scottish Text Society, 4th series, 30.
A CD of the Songs of Amelia and Jane Harris, sung by Katherine Campbell, was produced in 2004 by Springthyme Records.
Scottish folk songs |
6903187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down%20by%20the%20Salley%20Gardens | Down by the Salley Gardens | "Down by the Salley Gardens" (Irish: Gort na Saileán) is a poem by William Butler Yeats published in The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems in 1889.
History
Yeats indicated in a note that it was "an attempt to reconstruct an old song from three lines imperfectly remembered by an old peasant woman in the village of Ballisodare, Sligo, who often sings them to herself." The "old song" may have been the ballad The Rambling Boys of Pleasure which contains the following verse:
"Down by yon flowery garden my love and I we first did meet.
I took her in my arms and to her I gave kisses sweet
She bade me take life easy just as the leaves fall from the tree.
But I being young and foolish, with my darling did not agree."
The similarity to the first verse of the Yeats version is unmistakable and would suggest that this was indeed the song Yeats remembered the old woman singing. The rest of the song, however, is quite different.
Yeats's original title, "An Old Song Re-Sung", reflected his debt to The Rambling Boys of Pleasure. It first appeared under its present title when it was reprinted in Poems in 1895.
Poem
Down by the salley gardens my love and I did meet;
She passed the salley gardens with little snow-white feet.
She bid me take love easy, as the leaves grow on the tree;
But I, being young and foolish, with her would not agree.
In a field by the river my love and I did stand,
And on my leaning shoulder she laid her snow-white hand.
She bid me take life easy, as the grass grows on the weirs;
But I was young and foolish, and now am full of tears.
Location
It has been suggested that the location of the "Salley Gardens" was on the banks of the river at Ballysadare near Sligo where the residents cultivated trees to provide roof thatching materials. "Salley" or "sally" is a form of the Standard English word "sallow", i.e., a tree of the genus Salix. It is close in sound to the Irish word saileach, meaning willow.
Musical settings
The verse was subsequently set to music by Herbert Hughes to the traditional air "The Maids of Mourne Shore" in 1909. In the 1920s composer Rebecca Clarke (1886–1979) set the text to her own music. The composer John Ireland (18791962) set the words to an original melody in his song cycle Songs Sacred and Profane, written in 192931. There is also a vocal setting by the poet and composer Ivor Gurney, which was published in 1938. Benjamin Britten published a setting of the poem in 1943, using the tune Hughes collected. In 1988, the American composer John Corigliano wrote and published his setting with the G. Schirmer Inc. publishing company.
Recordings
The poem has been part of the repertoire of many singers and groups, mostly set on "The Maids of Mourne Shore"'s melody. Notable recordings include:
Peter Pears on his 10-inch 78rpm Decca set (LA 30), with piano accompaniment by Benjamin Britten
John McCormack in 1941, by EMI, reissued on Pearl's "Final Recordings 1941-42" (1995)
Kathleen Ferrier in 1949
Alfred Deller his album Western Wind (1958)
Kenneth McKellar on his album The Songs of Ireland (1960)
Marianne Faithfull on her joint-debut album of folk songs, Come My Way (1965)
Tommy Makem and Liam Clancy on their album, Tommy Makem and Liam Clancy (listed as "Sally Gardens") (1976)
Andy Irvine on Planxty's album After The Break sang the "old song" "You Rambling Boys of Pleasure" set to the poem's usual melody (1979)
Clannad on their live albums Clannad in Concert (1979) and Clannad Live in Concert (2005), and on the compilation album Celtic Myst (1997)
James Galway recorded a flute instrumental version which has appeared on several of his albums
Angelo Branduardi on his album Branduardi canta Yeats (1986)
Soprano Arleen Auger recorded Benjamin Britten's arrangement on her album Love Songs (1988)
Male soprano Aris Christofellis accompanied by Theodore Kotepanos on piano, on the album Recital (1989)
Tomás Mac Eoin, who recorded it with instrumental accompaniment by The Waterboys, released by Mac Eoin as a single in 1989 and also on the 2008 collectors' edition of the Waterboys album Room to Roam
Kathryn Roberts on the Album intuition (1993)
The Rankin Family on their greatest hits album Collection (1996)
Maura O'Connell on her album Wandering Home (1997) and with Karen Matheson during Transatlantic Sessions 2 (1998)
Tamalin, who recorded an Irish language version of the song on the 1997 compilation album Now and in a Time to Be, a collection of Yeats' poems set to music
Bardic, on her album Greenish (1998)
Dolores Keane, in a recording used during the end credits to the 1998 film Dancing at Lughnasa
Órla Fallon of Celtic Woman on her solo CD The Water is Wide (2000)
Andreas Scholl on the CD Wayfaring Stranger (2001)
Kathy Kelly on her album Straight from My Heart (2002)
Jim McCann on the album Ireland's Greatest Love Songs (2003)
South Korean operatic pop (popera) singer Lim Hyung Joo on his album Salley Garden (2003)
Jeffrey Foucault, Kris Delmhorst, and Peter Mulvey on the album Redbird (2003)
Josephine Foster on A Diadem (2005)
Méav Ní Mhaolchatha, also from Celtic Woman, sung it on her solo CD A Celtic Journey (2006)
The Whiffenpoofs have released a number of recordings of a John Kelley arrangement of the Hughes melody (with lyrics for an additional middle verse written by Channing Hughes)
Soprano Sissel Kyrkjebø on her album Into Paradise (2006)
Black 47 on 40 Shades of Blue
Cambridge Singers in an arrangement by John Rutter
Tangerine Dream, who recorded an instrumental version for their Choice EP (2008)
Judith Owen who performed the song as part of Richard Thompson's 1000 Years of Popular Music in a live DVD (2008)
The Waterboys on their album Room to roam – collectors edition (2008)
The Canadian singer and songwriter Loreena McKennitt on her album The Wind That Shakes the Barley (2010)
Laura Wright recorded a version, featured on her album The Last Rose (2011)
Japanese singer Hitomi Azuma, for the ending theme of the anime series Fractale (2011)
Grace Knight on her album Keep Cool Fool (2012)
The South Korean opera singer Lim Hyung-joo on his album Oriental Love (2012)
Peter Hollens, a famous a capella singer, on his YouTube channel (2014)
Alexander Armstrong, on his album A Year of Songs (2015)
Sam Kelly on his album The Lost Boys (2015)
Emma Thompson as Mrs Justice Fiona Maye in The Children Act (2017)
Steve Forbert on his album More Young, Guitar Days (2002) and also on Best Of The Downloads, Vols.1&2 (2008)
Celtic Woman on their album Postcards from Ireland (2021)
See also
1889 in poetry
List of works by William Butler Yeats
Down in the Willow Garden, a traditional folk song with similar lyrics
Notes
External links
Ariella Uliano: 'Salley Gardens' song from the album 'A.U. (almost) a Compilation', 2009.
Poetry by W. B. Yeats
Irish songs |
20472562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent%20Socialist%20Party%20%28Hungary%29 | Independent Socialist Party (Hungary) | The Independent Socialist Party () was a political party in Hungary. It was founded in 1897 by István Várkonyi. Várkonyi had been expelled from the Hungarian Social Democratic Party for being outspoken on agrarian issues. Várkonyi's party advocated land reforms, including forced sale of large estates. It took part in mobilizing radical peasant struggles.
References
Political parties in Austria-Hungary
Political parties established in 1897
Socialist parties in Hungary
1897 establishments in Hungary |
20472572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%20of%20Biblical%20Studies | Bachelor of Biblical Studies | The Bachelor of Biblical Studies (BBS) is an undergraduate academic degree offering a comprehensive curriculum in the different aspects of the Bible including the Old Testament, New Testament and Gospels. Students of biblical studies will learn how to interpret the bible within a historical context and look at the philosophical aspects of religion and practical aspects of ministry. This degree is primarily offered by Christian educational institutions with strong adherence to a Christian worldview, though not exclusively.
The Bachelors in Biblical Studies may qualify graduates to become pastors, missionaries, evangelists, youth leaders, Christian counselors, worship coordinators, or in other aspects normally considered "professional" church ministry.
References
See also
Bachelor of Theology
Bachelor of Religious Education
Biblical Studies, Bachelor of |
20472593 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event%20%28synchronization%20primitive%29 | Event (synchronization primitive) | In computer science, an event (also called event semaphore) is a type of synchronization mechanism that is used to indicate to waiting processes when a particular condition has become true.
An event is an abstract data type with a boolean state and the following operations:
wait - when executed, causes the suspension of the executing process until the state of the event is set to true. If the state is already set to true before wait was called, wait has no effect.
set - sets the event's state to true, release all waiting processes.
clear - sets the event's state to false.
Different implementations of events may provide different subsets of these possible operations; for example, the implementation provided by Microsoft Windows provides the operations wait (WaitForObject and related functions), set (SetEvent), and clear (ResetEvent). An option that may be specified during creation of the event object changes the behaviour of SetEvent so that only a single thread is released and the state is automatically returned to false after that thread is released.
Events short of reset function, that is, those which can be completed only once, are known as futures. Monitors are, on the other hand, more general since they combine completion signaling with mutex and do not let the producer and consumer to execute simultaneously in the monitor making it an event+critical section.
References
External links
Event Objects, Microsoft Developer Network
Thread Synchronization Mechanisms in Python
Concurrency control
Synchronization primitive
Terms in science and technology |
44499465 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-6%20duoprism | 3-6 duoprism | In geometry of 4 dimensions, a 3-6 duoprism, a duoprism and 4-polytope resulting from the Cartesian product of a triangle and a hexagon.
Images
3-6 duopyramid
The dual of a 3-6 duoprism is called a 3-6 duopyramid. It has 18 digonal disphenoid cells, 36 isosceles triangular faces, 27 edges, and 9 vertices.
Orthogonal projection
See also
Polytope and polychoron
Convex regular polychoron
Duocylinder
Tesseract
Notes
References
Regular Polytopes, H. S. M. Coxeter, Dover Publications, Inc., 1973, New York, p. 124.
Coxeter, The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays, Dover Publications, 1999, (Chapter 5: Regular Skew Polyhedra in three and four dimensions and their topological analogues)
Coxeter, H. S. M. Regular Skew Polyhedra in Three and Four Dimensions. Proc. London Math. Soc. 43, 33–62, 1937.
John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strass, The Symmetries of Things 2008, (Chapter 26)
Norman Johnson Uniform Polytopes, Manuscript (1991)
N. W. Johnson: The Theory of Uniform Polytopes and Honeycombs, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Toronto, 1966
External links
The Fourth Dimension Simply Explained—describes duoprisms as "double prisms" and duocylinders as "double cylinders"
Polygloss – glossary of higher-dimensional terms
Exploring Hyperspace with the Geometric Product
4-polytopes |
20472621 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der%20Wecker | Der Wecker | Der Wecker was a Yiddish-language socialist newspaper, published in Iaşi, Romania, from May to September 1896. It was published by a socialist propaganda group, which also brought out Lumina. In September 1896, the publication of Der Wecker was discontinued due to financial constraints.
See also
History of the Jews in Iași
References
1896 establishments in Romania
1896 disestablishments in Romania
Defunct newspapers published in Romania
Jews and Judaism in Iași
Mass media in Iași
Newspapers published in Iași
Publications established in 1896
Publications disestablished in 1896
Socialism in Romania
Yiddish socialist newspapers
Yiddish culture in Romania |
20472632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20jurisdiction | Federal jurisdiction | Federal jurisdiction is the jurisdiction of the federal government in any country that uses federalism. Such a country is known as a Federation.
Federal jurisdiction by country
All federations, by definition, must have some form of federal jurisdiction, this will commonly include powers relating to international relations and war. Though power for particular actions varies from one federation to another.
Federal jurisdiction (Canada)
Federal jurisdiction (United States)
Federal jurisdiction (Iraq)
See also
Federation
Jurisdiction |
6903189 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWA%20Flight%20840%20bombing | TWA Flight 840 bombing | Trans World Airlines Flight 840 was a regularly scheduled flight from Los Angeles to Cairo via New York City, Rome, and Athens on April 2, 1986. About 20 minutes before landing in Athens, a bomb was detonated on the aircraft while it was over Argos, Greece, blasting a hole in the plane's starboard side. Four passengers died after being blown out, while another seven were injured by flying shrapnel and debris. The aircraft then made a successful emergency landing with no further loss of life.
Aircraft
The Boeing 727-231 involved in the incident was delivered to TWA in 1974, with the registration N54340. It was fitted with 3 P&W JT8D-5 turbofan engines.
Flight
The flight originated in Los Angeles on a Boeing 747 and transferred to a Boeing 727 in Rome for the remainder of the flight. After taking off from Rome, Italy, the flight remained uneventful until around 20 minutes before landing at Athens, when the aircraft was at around 11,000 ft. A bomb hidden underneath seat 10F during an earlier leg of the flight detonated, blasting a hole in the starboard side of the fuselage in front of the wing.
Four American passengers, including an eight-month-old infant, were ejected through the hole to their deaths below. The victims were identified as a Colombian-American man; and a woman, her daughter, and her infant granddaughter. Seven others on the aircraft were injured by shrapnel as the cabin suffered a rapid decompression. However, as the aircraft was in the middle of its approach to Athens, the explosion wasn't as catastrophic as it would have been at a higher altitude. The remaining 110 passengers survived the incident as pilot Richard "Pete" Petersen made an emergency landing.
Aftermath
The bodies of three of the four victims were later recovered from an unused Greek Air Force landing strip near Argos; the fourth was found in the sea.
A group calling itself the Arab Revolutionary Cells claimed responsibility, saying it was committed in retaliation for American imperialism and clashes with Libya in the Gulf of Sidra the week before.
The aircraft was substantially damaged but was repaired and returned to service until TWA ceased operations in 2001. The aircraft was later scrapped in 2002
Investigation
Investigators concluded that the bomb contained one pound of plastic explosive. As the bomb was placed on by the floor of the cabin, the explosion tore a hole downward, where the fuselage absorbed the most damage. It is suspected it had been placed beneath the seat on a previous journey by a Lebanese woman (later arrested, never convicted) who worked for the Abu Nidal Organisation, which was dedicated to the destruction of the state of Israel. They had previously hijacked and bombed several other aircraft, as well as committing various terrorist attacks in parts of the Middle East.
See also
Daallo Airlines Flight 159 - Similar incident in which a suicide bomber detonated a bomb on board, whereafter the plane managed to make a successful emergency landing
Philippine Airlines Flight 434 - A 747 where a bomb went off, followed by a successful emergency landing
Pan Am Flight 830 - Another 747 that landed safely after a bomb exploded
United Airlines Flight 811 - Experienced an explosion after the cargo door opened in mid-flight, causing several passengers to be blown out of the aircraft
List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
References
External links
"Hell on Athens Flight 840" by Nancy Locke Hauser (now Capers), July 1986, Cosmopolitan Magazine
Mass murder in 1986
Failed airliner bombings
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1986
840
Aviation accidents and incidents in Greece
Abu Nidal attacks
Palestinian terrorist incidents in Europe
1986 in Greece
1986 in the United States
1986 in international relations
1986 crimes in Greece
Terrorist incidents in Greece in the 1980s
Terrorist incidents in Europe in 1986
Terrorist incidents in Greece
April 1986 events in Europe
Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 727
Attacks on aircraft by Palestinian militant groups |
20472645 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvir | Kvir | Kvir (Квир, from English queer) is a Russian gay lifestyle magazine. It was launched by www.gay.ru which runs the LGBT Center "Together", a non-profit organization. The magazine is a non-profit project designed to provide Russian society with correct and diverse information on homosexuality, to increase public tolerance of homosexuals, as well as to support and unify the gay community in Russia. It is also made to raise self-acceptance within the gay community. The magazine's name (Kvir) stems from the English word "queer".
History
The glossy color magazine was first published in 2003. Yearly circulation was 33000 issues. "Kvir" entered the top five best-selling "men's magazines" in Moscow according to the rating of SIRPP - the Union of publishers and distributors of printed products in Russia in September 2004 and September 2006.
The physical publication ceased in 2012 with 113 issues printed. KVIR is transitioned to an all-digital format and currently is an online Internet magazine.
Publishing house
In addition to the magazine, publishing house "Kvir" was established in 2005 with the book "69. Russian gays, lesbians, bisexuals and transsexuals". Since then, more than 30 books have been published. These are collections of prose and poetry by authors from Russia, Canada, USA, Italy, Germany and other countries of the world. The house publishes yearly mini-anthologies “Russian Gay Prose” and “Lesbian Prose”. Today, "Kvir" is the oldest publishing gay project in Russia.
Authors
Among the authors of the magazine are fashion historian Alexander Vasilyev, writers Almat Malatov, Margarita Sharapova, Andrei Goncharov, Marusya Klimova, Dmitry Bushuev, playwright Konstantin Kostenko, publicist Yevgeni Ponasenkov. The magazine published photo shoots of Russian and international photographers - Serge Golovach, Seva Galkin, Olga Fomina, Igor Zeiger and others. The magazine published interviews with Roman Viktyuk, Svetlana Surganova, Yaroslav Mogutin, Boris Moiseev, Thomas Anders and many others.
Notes
2000s LGBT literature
2010s LGBT literature
2003 establishments in Russia
2012 disestablishments in Russia
Defunct magazines published in Russia
LGBT literature in Russia
Magazines established in 2003
Magazines disestablished in 2012
Gay men's magazines
LGBT in Russia
Online magazines with defunct print editions
Russian-language magazines
Monthly magazines published in Russia |
44499526 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garvald%20Centres | Garvald Centres | The Garvald Centres are a group of six affiliated but independent Scottish charities offering creative opportunities and support for people with Special Needs and learning disabilities and who base their work on the ideas of the educator and philosopher, Rudolf Steiner. They operate in the Midlothian, Scottish Borders and Edinburgh area of Scotland.
Founding
The Garvald School and Training Centre was founded near West Linton in 1944 by Dr Hans Schauder, his wife Lisl and others who decided to join him after having worked for some years at the Camphill community in Aberdeen. Dr Schauder himself was of Viennese origin and had fled Austria some years previously as he came from a Jewish family. Connected with Anthroposophy, the medical and therapeutic work of Rudolf Steiner and with the group around Dr Karl König, he had been among the founders of Camphill. After working at Garvald for some years he opened his own practice in Edinburgh and developed his own method of counselling until meeting the Dominican friar, Lefébure, with whom he wrote his best known and pioneering work Conversations on Counselling.
The Garvald school later became simply the Garvald Training Centre and continued to grow and expand over time into six independent communities:
Garvald West Linton, the original community established in 1944.
Garvald Edinburgh, established in 1969, runs a bakery and confectionery delivering to whole food shops, delicatessens and cafés and private customers, which was featured in the short film Breadmakers produced by Jim Hickey and Robin Mitchell and directed by Yasmin Fedda in 2007 and won several awards. The Mulberry Bush Shop sells artisan gifts produced in their workshops as well as books, art materials and craft produced by other suppliers. Craft workshops include a glass studio, joinery, pottery, puppetry, textiles and hand tool refurbishment. In 2007 it opened the Orwell Arts building in the city, where the former Dalry Primary School had been.
The Engine Shed, an extension of Garvald Edinburgh founded in the 1980s.
The Columcille Centre has a range of programmes like Edinburgh All, Columcille Esbank, Music for All, the Library project, Columcille Hall that is also available for rental and the Columcille Ceili Band, which featured in the documentary "About A Band" by Jim Hickey and Robin Mitchell. In addition it hosts the Makers Markets.
Garvald Glenesk, a residential care centre established in 1998.
Garvald Home Farm, a Biodynamic farm associated with Garvald West Linton established in 1987
Garvald social therapy
The Centres draw their inspiration from the work of Rudolf Steiner, in particular his ideas on Social Therapy expressed through the type of opportunities provided, the approach and interdependence they try to create. It consists in giving structure and rhythm to member's lives, bringing people together to form a solid community through common activities or the celebration of events and by emphasising the quality of what the workshops produce so that everyone can take pride in achieving the best possible. The items produced should have a value or benefit to others rather than making things for their own sake.
They provide creative working environments focusing mainly on craft, catering, artistic skills and agriculture. Craft offers a wide range of possibilities for people to express creativity and be connected to nature, so there is much focus on different craft activities. In addition they engage in approaches such as the Talking Points methodology, which focuses on outcomes for service-users and carers and have themselves produced Talking Points tools which have been designed specifically for people with learning disabilities. In this way there is an opportunity for anyone coming to one of the Garvald centres to affect their environment, and the local and often wider community. They become needed by others and relied upon to sustain the creativity and range of goods, art and craft work. A range of therapies like Eurythmy, Creative Speech, Massage and varies other therapeutic arts are also offered.
In addition to providing structured and creative working environments the majority of their studios and workshops have an enterprise focus, returning income to offset running costs. The opportunities they provide help people to gain confidence, particularly school leavers making the transition into an adult environment. The workshops teach skills that apply in mainstream employment or help an individual develop creativity over a longer period.
They have experience in supporting people with a range of needs and syndromes including Autism, Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Epilepsy, Prader Willi Syndrome and Dual Diagnosis as well as physical and communication difficulties. Members’ ages range from sixteen to the mid seventies.
References
External links
Garvald West Linton Homepage
Website: Garvald Edinburgh
The Engine Shed Homepage
columcillecentre.co.uk
Garvald Glenesk Homepage
Garvald Home Farm
An Approach Based on Anthroposophy
Charities based in Scotland
Organizations established in 1944
Educational organisations based in Scotland
Anthroposophy
Scottish people with disabilities
Therapeutic community
1944 establishments in Scotland |
20472693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario%20Cup | Ontario Cup | The Ontario Cup is a soccer tournament for clubs based in the province of Ontario in Canada. It began play in 1901 under the Ontario Football Association League, now known as the Ontario Soccer Association, and is the oldest association football competition in North America.
History
The cup was first played as a senior men's tournament in 1901, making it one of the oldest active sporting competitions in Canada. It has been held every year since, with the exception of the World Wars.
By 2004, the cup featured at least 12,000 athletes, and by 2008 it featured over 600 teams across 22 different age levels. The final is played at the Ontario Soccer Centre in Vaughan, Ontario.
Format
The competition is played from May to September every year to crown a champion in each of 22 divisions, including different age levels for boys, girls and adults, and a Special Olympics division. The Ontario Cup winners from the under-14, under-16, under-18 and senior open divisions advance to the Canadian National Challenge Cup to compete against the cup winners from other provinces in Canada.
References
External links
Official site
List of winners (1901–2012) by Peter Sokolowski on RSSSF.com
Canadian National Challenge Cup
Soccer in Ontario
Soccer cup competitions in Canada
1901 establishments in Ontario
Recurring sporting events established in 1901 |
20472703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipograful%20Rom%C3%A2n | Tipograful Român | Tipograful Român ('Romanian Typographer') was a Romanian language newspaper, which began publishing in 1865. Tipograful Român was the first Romanian workers' newspaper.
References
Romanian-language newspapers
Publications established in 1865 |
6903196 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni%20Huntley | Joni Huntley | Joni Luann Huntley (born August 4, 1956) is an American high jumper. She competed at the 1976 and 1984 Olympics and won a bronze medal in 1984, placing fifth in 1976. At the Pan American Games she won a gold medal in 1975 and a bronze in 1983. She was ranked as third-best high jumper in the world in 1975. Domestically she won the national title in 1974–77 and set four American records in 1974–75.
Prep
Huntley was born in McMinnville, Oregon, and raised in Sheridan, Oregon, where she attended Sheridan High School. While there she was the first high school girl over 6 feet, setting the NFHS national high school record.
College
Huntley is a graduate of Oregon State University graduate school and Long Beach State undergraduate. Huntley set an OSU high jump record of 6 feet 2 3/4 inches, which still stands. Huntley graduated from Long Beach State in California to work with 1988 Summer Olympics assistant coach Dave Rodda.
Professional
Huntley served as an assistant track and field coach at Oregon State Beavers starting in 1981 when she started her masters of education program at Oregon State University College of Education.
Huntley spent her professional career as a kindergarten teacher in the Portland Public Schools and as a coach, including leading workshops for young athletes and coaching for the Portland Track Club.
Personal
Huntley is a retired teacher at Forest Park Elementary and she lives in the in Portland Metro area and has two daughters.
References
External links
Joni Huntley (1956–) By Christine Chute Oregon Encyclopedia
Living people
1956 births
American female high jumpers
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in track and field
Athletes (track and field) at the 1975 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1983 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Oregon State University alumni
Track and field athletes from Oregon
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Medalists at the 1975 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1983 Pan American Games
21st-century American women |
44499554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back%20Together%20Again | Back Together Again | Back Together Again is an album by American jazz saxophonist Fred Anderson with drummer Hamid Drake, which was recorded in 2003 and released on the Thrill Jockey label. They played together for more than 30 years, but this was their first duo recording. A bonus CD-ROM includes footage of three of the tunes along with interviews in which Anderson and Drake dissect the process of how the songs evolve and the different styles and approaches the two use.
Reception
Reviewing for The Village Voice in September 2004, Tom Hull said, "It feels like [Anderson]'s finally found his way. Master drummer Drake, who learned to play alongside Anderson's son when his family moved to Chicago, keeps the rhythms bubbling, getting a robust but subdued sound from his frame drums that keeps Anderson relaxed and generous."
In his review for AllMusic, Sean Westergaard states "Anderson can spin endlessly creative melodic improvisations on tenor, and Hamid Drake is every bit his equal on the traps and frame drums. It should be no surprise that this set is amazing. Both men are at the top of their game."
The All About Jazz review by Rex Butters says "Hamid Drake and Fred Anderson bring the fruits of their long association to bear and share that magic chemistry as a stunning document of just how much music two people can make."
The JazzTimes review by Mike Shanley notes that "The eight tracks are likely spontaneous improvisations, but each has a structural focus in rhythm and melody. Neither musician pushes at the other too aggressively, preferring instead to move in tandem."
In another review for JazzTimes, Chris Kelsey claims "This is a very solid, occasionally superlative session-proof positive that the best jazz coming from Chicago still has its roots in the AACM."
The PopMatters review by Patrick Sisson states "Back Together Again finally documents an amazing working relationship between two friends and musicians. With such stellar results, it’s almost more unbelievable that nobody has ever had these two record as a duet before."
Track listing
"Leap Forward" - 7:39
"Black Women" - 7:23
"Back Together Again" - 13:49
"Losel Drolma" - 5:49
"A Ray from THE ONE" - 9:03
"Louisiana Strut" - 9:30
"Know Your Advantage (The Great Tradition)" - 6:42
"Lama Khgenno (Heart's Beloved)" - 12:48
Personnel
Fred Anderson - tenor sax
Hamid Drake - drums
References
2004 albums
Fred Anderson (musician) albums
Thrill Jockey albums |
23574992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20image%20of%20Rudy%20Giuliani | Public image of Rudy Giuliani | Mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001, and a candidate for President of the United States in 2008, Rudy Giuliani was both glorified and criticized in the public sphere for his past actions. Many credited him with reducing crime and improving the city's economy and lauded his leadership during the September 11, 2001 attacks and his coordination of the emergency response in the immediate aftermath. Others disapproved of his policies and political positions as Mayor and candidate and criticized the perceived glorification of his role in the aftermath of 9/11 during the 2008 campaign.
Poll numbers throughout 2007 suggested that Giuliani was the front-runner among other Republican candidates for the party's 2008 presidential nomination. Although the status fell with his looming exit from the race, Giuliani continued to be perceived as strong on terrorism.
Philosophy
Giuliani is a Roman Catholic who is pro-choice, supports same-sex civil unions, and embryonic stem cell research. As a candidate in 2008, Giuliani did not stray from his stances, remarking that it is better to make abortion rare and increase the number of adoptions rather than to criminalize the practice. As mayor, the abortion rate in New York City dropped by 16% in comparison to the 12% drop nationally. Adoptions raised by 133% while he was mayor. Some social conservatives accepted this as a reason for their support of Giuliani, contending that his position on abortion was the most pragmatic view taken by an anti-abortion candidate in the 2008 election. They also approved of his pledge as a presidential candidate, that he would nominate Supreme Court Justices in the mold of John Roberts, Samuel Alito, Antonin Scalia, and Anthony Kennedy (all Ronald Reagan appointees or former colleagues of Giuliani's from the Reagan Justice Department).
But some anti-abortion groups, such as the Republican National Coalition for Life, strongly opposed Giuliani's positions and campaigns. Some Catholic archbishops came forward arguing that his views on abortion were not consistent with the teachings of the Catholic Church. Joseph Cella, president of a Catholic advocacy group in Michigan stated, "It's becoming ever more clear that Rudy Giuliani suffers from John Kerry syndrome. It's just a matter of time before more bishops step up, because he shares the identical position on abortion as John Kerry and Hillary Clinton." Giuliani declined to discuss his religion when asked if he considered himself a "traditional, practicing Roman Catholic." Giuliani stated that his religion is a personal matter and that there should not be any religious test for public office. He explained further stating:
James Dobson, an influential Christian conservative leader, wrote that he could not fathom Giuliani's stance on the abortion issue and he would not vote for him if he were the Republican presidential nominee. He also cited Giuliani's three marriages and the former mayor's support for civil unions for gays as reasons why he could not support the candidate. Dobson wrote, "I cannot, and will not, vote for Rudy Giuliani in 2008. It is an irrevocable decision."
However, conservative political pundit George Will wrote near the end of Giuliani's time as mayor that he had run the most conservative government in America in the last 50 or 60 years. An August 2006 poll from Rasmussen Reports showed that the American public perceives Giuliani overall to be a moderate. Specifically, of those polled, 36% classified him as a moderate, 29% as a conservative, and 15% as a liberal, with the remaining 20% being unsure.
Family life
Giuliani has been married three times. The dissolution of his marriage with Donna Hanover was detailed extensively in the news media. The circumstances of the separation along with his previous marriage to his second cousin also caused problems for Giuliani during his presidential run. At a public appearance in Derry, New Hampshire on August 16, 2007 an audience member, Katherine Prudhomme-O'Brien asked him, "[H]ow you could expect the loyal following of Americans when you are not getting it from your own family?"
Giuliani replied, "I love my family very, very much and will do anything for them. ... The best thing I can say is kind of, 'Leave my family alone, just like I'll leave your family alone.' "
Leadership
Supporters of Giuliani claim that while he was mayor of New York he displayed leadership skills in the aftermath of the World Trade Center Attacks. In 2002, Giuliani released a book called Leadership in which he gave techniques that he used while he was mayor. According to a Gallup Poll, taken February 9–11 2007, respondents who supported Giuliani for president were asked why they supported him. The results showed that 13% of supporters did so because of Giuliani's strong leadership and 53% did so because of leadership related topics such as time as mayor and handling of 9/11. Another poll taken by Marist, showed that 42% of Giuliani supporters believed that leadership is the most important quality for a candidate, this is compared to 34% of McCain supporters who believed the same.
However, Giuliani also has been criticized by vocal opponents from his mayoral days, homing in on Giuliani's support for the NYPD during the racially charged cases of Abner Louima and Amadou Diallo and his crackdown on porn shops in Times Square. In November 2006, civil-rights lawyer and frequent Giuliani critic Norman Siegel pledged to "swift boat" the former Mayor by bringing attention to these and other controversies.
A CNN/Opinion Research Corp. poll conducted November 28, 2007 found that in the state of Florida, where Giuliani campaigned most often during his presidential campaign, 53% of voters found Giuliani to be the best candidate to fight the War on Terrorism. 33% of the Florida voters found Giuliani to be the best to deal with the Iraq conflict and 34% viewed him as the best candidate concerning economic issues.
Crime record
At the time Giuliani became Mayor, 2,000 murders occurred every year and 11,000 crimes occurred every week in New York City. With Giuliani as the mayor the crime rate dropped by 56% and is now considered one of the safest big cities in the country. Supporters of Giuliani contend that this is evidence of his leadership skills and efficiency.
Statistics show that between 1993 and 1997 the decrease New York City crime accounted for 25% of the nation's overall crime decrease.
Giuliani spokeswoman Maria Comella said, "Mayor Giuliani successfully worked to get guns out of the hands of criminals in order to transform a city out of control. By being tough on crime and enforcing the laws on the books, New York City's murder rate was cut by 66 percent."
However, the FBI warned against drawing broad conclusions from the decrease in crime. "These rough rankings provide no insight into the numerous variables that mold crime in a particular city. Consequently they lead to simplistic and/or incomplete analyses that often create misleading perceptions."
9/11
Giuliani is best known for his leadership role during the September 11 attacks. In the aftermath of the attacks, Giuliani gained the moniker "America's Mayor" and was named Time Magazine Person of the Year in 2001. His campaign used this image of leadership during crisis to drive his presidential campaign. Because of this, however, he was sometimes criticized and often parodied for over-emphasizing the importance of 9/11 and terrorism-related issues while campaigning. Joe Biden famously remarked of Giuliani, "There's only three things he mentions in a sentence – a noun, a verb, and 9/11.", and Comedy Central's The Daily Show had a recurring animation with an anthropomorphized "9" and "11" that played when lampooning the former mayor's 9/11 use. A BBC associate said, "Mr Giuliani's appeal as the man who led New York through the terrorist attacks is occasionally over-emphasised in his campaign."
The International Association of Fire Fighters issued a letter in 2007, accusing Giuliani of "egregious acts" against the 343 firemen who had died in the September 11th attacks. The letter asserted that Giuliani rushed to conclude the recovery effort once gold and silver had been recovered from World Trade Center vaults and thereby prevented the remains of many victims from being recovered: "Mayor Giuliani's actions meant that fire fighters and citizens who perished would either remain buried at Ground Zero forever, with no closure for families, or be removed like garbage and deposited at the Fresh Kills Landfill." The Giuliani campaign stated that the union was politically motivated from tough contract negotiations from Giuliani's second term as mayor and quoted a retired firefighter, Lee Ielphi (a father of 9–11 victim who was called to duty as a firefighter that day), saying "Firefighters have no greater friend and supporter than Rudy Giuliani." The union denied political motivation for the criticism. Jim Riches, an official at a firefighters' union and the father of a fallen Ground Zero firefighter, said, "We have all the UFA, the UFOA, and the fire members are all behind us – the International Association of Fire Fighters. ... And we're going to be out there today to let everybody know that he's not the hero that he says he is." The unions' complaints focus on the malfunctioning radios used by the fire department on September 11, 2001 and what they claim was a lack of coordination at the Ground Zero site.
In response to this image, Giuliani stated at a presidential debate that he "...would like people to look at my whole record. Long before September 11, 2001 ... the reason that I believe I'm qualified to be president of the United States is not because of September 11th, 2001. It's because I've been tested ... and I got very, very remarkable results. And that is the evaluation of other people, not me."
Consideration for Secretary of State in Trump Administration
In November 2016, he was under consideration for Secretary of State in the Trump Administration. In terms of public image, he has received negative press for ties to foreign governments and foreign business activities.
Cultural depictions
Giuliani is known for dressing in drag. He did so on three occasions as Mayor of New York City between 1997 and 2000. Two of the appearances were for public roasts, and another was during an appearance on Saturday Night Live. During the 2000 appearance, Giuliani flirted with real estate mogul Donald Trump. Giuliani adviser Elliot Cuker claimed to have persuaded the politician to dress in drag in order to help him with the gay vote.<ref>Peter J. Boyer, "Mayberry Man," "The New Yorker, August 20, 2007, p. 53</ref>
Giuliani was supposed to appear as himself on a May 2007 episode of The Simpsons entitled "Stop or My Dog Will Shoot", but his role was cut due to his presidential campaign. However, a "Simpsonized" image of the former Mayor was released for promotional purposes.
Giuliani was portrayed in the November 2019 South Park episode "Season Finale". He is referred to as a "treasonous pig" and not a "good lawyer".
Giuliani appeared in the 2020 film Borat Subsequent Moviefilm. His scene in the mockumentary was widely reported in multiple news sources, as Giuliani is shown reclining on a bed with his hands down the front of his pants while in a hotel room with an actress posing as a news reporter. Multiple sources reported on Giuliani's actions in the scene, with The Guardian calling it a "compromising scene". Giuliani denied any wrongdoing, claiming that the scene with him was "a complete fabrication" and that he had only been tucking in his shirt.
After the Four Seasons Total Landscaping press conference, Giuliani was portrayed by Saturday Night Live''s Kate McKinnon on the show's "Weekend Update" news segment.
References
Rudy Giuliani
Giuliani, Rudy |
44499563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suillellus%20hypocarycinus | Suillellus hypocarycinus | Suillellus hypocarycinus is a species of bolete fungus found in North America. Originally described as a species of Boletus by Rolf Singer in 1945, it was transferred to Suillellus by William Alphonso Murrill in 1948.
References
External links
hypocarycinus
Fungi described in 1945
Fungi of the United States
Fungi without expected TNC conservation status |
6903212 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahway%20Public%20Schools | Rahway Public Schools | The Rahway Public Schools are a comprehensive community public school district that serves students in pre-Kindergarten through twelfth grade from Rahway, in Union County, New Jersey, United States.
As of the 2017-18 school year, the district, comprising six schools, had an enrollment of 3,922 students and 328.9 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.9:1.
The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "CD", the sixth-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.
Schools
Schools in the district (with 2017-18 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are:
Elementary schools
Grover Cleveland Elementary School (559 students; in grades PreK-6)
Al Giambrone, Principal
Franklin Elementary School (647; PreK-6)
Aleya Shoieb, Principal
Madison Elementary School (349; PreK-6)
Arina Robinson, Principal
Roosevelt Elementary School (608; PreK-6)
Dr. Cary Fields, Principal
Middle school
Rahway 7th & 8th Grade Academy (599; 7-8)
Alan Johnson, Principal
High school
Rahway High School (1,090; 9-12)
John Farinella, Principal
Administration
Core members of the district's administration are:
Dr. Tricia Camp, Superintendent
Albert DiGiorgio, Business Administrator / Board Secretary
The district's board of education has nine members who set policy and oversee the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election.
References
External links
Rahway Public Schools
School Data for the Rahway Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics
New Jersey District Factor Group CD
Rahway, New Jersey
School districts in Union County, New Jersey |
23574994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus%20Revolt%20of%201878 | Epirus Revolt of 1878 | The 1878 revolt in Epirus was the part of a series of Greek uprisings that occurred in various parts of Ottoman-ruled Greece, as in Macedonia and Crete, during the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878). Although Greek officials individually supported the revolt, the Greek Government, being aware of the international situation in eastern Europe at the time, decided not to do so. With the end of the Russo-Turkish War the revolt was soon suppressed.
Background
On April 24, 1877, Russia declared war on Ottoman Empire and soon after a series of battles, the Ottoman defeat was imminent. Meanwhile, unofficial circles in Greece saw the war as a great opportunity to incite revolts in a number of Greek-inhabited regions in the Ottoman Empire: Epirus, Macedonia, Thessalia and Crete.
Preparations
In 1877, two patriotic organizations were formed in Greece in order to organize an upcoming revolt in Epirus: National Defence () and Fraternity (). Soon after, the organizations started to create groups of volunteers and to collect weapons and ammunition. In December, distinguished Epirotes that lived in Athens, including General Michail Spyromilios and Dimitrios Botsaris (son of Notis Botsaris), were ready to lead the uprising, but the Greek Government being aware of that situation intervened and stopped their involvement.
The uprising
First conflicts and declaration of Union with Greece
In February 1878 groups of irregulars passed the Greek-Ottoman border and entered Thessaly and Epirus. The first regions that joined the revolt were Tzoumerka, west of Arta, the region north of Preveza and Radovizio (north Thesprotia). The uprising was however, ill-prepared and the weaknesses were obvious already from the first days. When the first conflicts with Ottoman troops occurred, most of the revolutionaries retreated to Greece. At Plaka, an Ottoman outpost was overcome by an Epirot unit led by a resigned officer of the Greek Army, Hristos Mitsios. However, upon the arrival of 2,000 Ottoman troops from Ioannina, they had to retreat.
Meanwhile, the Russo-Turkish War ended with the Treaty of San Stefano (March 3, 1878). The sudden end of the Russo-Turkish hostilities had a negative impact on the revolt's outcome. At March 12, representatives of the movement gathered in the village of Botsi (Thesprotia), and declared the Union of Epirus with Greece. Soon after, a significant number of Ottoman troops arrived with troopships in the region and took under control the entire region. The revolutionaries seeing that resistance was futile, retreated behind to the Greek border.
Lappas and Stephanou revolt
Meanwhile, before the revolt in Radovizi was suppressed, a group of 150 armed Epirotes landed in the Saranda region, under the leadership of the guerrilla captains Minoas Lappas and Georgios Stephanou. Soon a greater number of volunteers (700), mainly Epirote refugees from Corfu joined the uprising. Apart from the town of Saranda, they had under control the surrounding regions of Vurgut and Delvina: including the villages of Giasta and Lykoursi, as well as the nearby monastery of St. George.
The Ottoman military commander of Yannina with a force of 6,000 regular troops marched against Saranda. The Ottomans were also supported by irregular bands of Albanians. At March 4, after fierce fighting the revolt ended.
Reprisals
When the revolt in Saranda was finally suppressed, reprisals started. As a result, 20 villages of the region of Delvina were burned while escape routes for the unarmed population were blocked.
Because many distinguished locals (like Kyriakos Kyritsis, later MP in the Greek Parliament) financially supported the revolt, the Ottoman authorities had all their holdings in the Saranda-Butrint region confiscated.
Aftermath
The failure of the 1878 movement in Epirus was mainly due to the unwillingness of the Greek Government to support this initiative actively. On the other hand, the Russo-Turkish War ended too soon, so that the Ottoman troops could quickly move and suppress any form of disturbance.
See also
Cretan revolt (1878)
1878 Greek Macedonian rebellion
Epirus Revolt of 1854
Cretan Revolt (1866–1869)
References
Sources
19th-century rebellions
Conflicts in 1878
1878 in Greece
Epirus 1878
Greece–Ottoman Empire relations
Ottoman Epirus
1878 in the Ottoman Empire
Great Eastern Crisis |
44499608 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabi%20Kiryat%20Ekron%20F.C. | Maccabi Kiryat Ekron F.C. | Maccabi Kiryat Ekron Football Club () is an Israeli football club based in Kiryat Ekron. The club plays in Liga Gimel, the fifth tier of the Israeli football league system.
History
The original club was established in 1962 and spent most of its years in the lower tiers of the Israeli football league system, rising, at its best, to Liga Bet, during the 1980s. In the Cup, the best performance by the club was in 1964–65, reaching the fourth round and losing 0–10 to Bnei Yehuda. The original club folded at the end of the 2007–08 season.
Re-establishment
In 2014 the club was re-established and was named after former Kiryat Ekron deputy mayor, Asher Okavi. The club registered to the Central division of Liga Gimel and played its first match on 19 September 2014, beating Hapoel Gedera 3–2 in the Cup.
Honours
Liga Gimel
Central Division champions:
1981–82
1998–99
Notable former players
Idan Shriki
Moshe Peretz
External links
Maccabi Kiryat Ekron Asher Israel Football Association
References
Kiryat Ekron
Kiryat Ekron
Association football clubs established in 1962
Association football clubs disestablished in 2008
Association football clubs established in 2014
1962 establishments in Israel
2008 disestablishments in Israel
2014 establishments in Israel |
23575026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paymaster%20General%20Act%201782 | Paymaster General Act 1782 | The Paymaster General Act 1782 (22 Geo. III, c. 81) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. The Act abolished the practice of the heads of subordinate Treasuries keeping large sums of public money for long periods, during which they employed them for their own profit. It was repealed by the Paymaster-General Act 1783.
Notes
Repealed Great Britain Acts of Parliament
Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1782 |
6903214 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWA%20Flight%20840%20hijacking | TWA Flight 840 hijacking | TWA Flight 840 was a Trans World Airlines flight from Leonardo da Vinci International Airport in Rome, Italy to Ben Gurion International Airport in Tel Aviv, Israel, that was hijacked on 29 August 1969. There were no fatalities although at least two passengers were lightly wounded and the aircraft was significantly damaged. Two hostages were held for two months.
In August 1969, leaders in the Palestinian left-wing organization Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) learned that Yitzhak Rabin, then Israeli Ambassador to the United States, was scheduled to be aboard a Trans World Airlines (TWA) Rome-Athens-Tel Aviv flight. Late that month (on the 29th), two operatives, Leila Khaled and Salim Issawi, hijacked the aircraft. Rabin was not aboard, but American diplomat Thomas D. Boyatt was. The hijackers made the pilots land the aircraft at Damascus International Airport in Syria. They evacuated the aircraft, a Boeing 707, and blew up the nose section of the aircraft. The Syrian authorities arrested the hijackers and immediately released the 12 crew members and 95 passengers, retaining at first six Israeli passengers. Of those, four were released on the 30th. The remaining two Israeli passengers were released in December in return for 71 Syrian and Egyptian soldiers released by Israel. The two Palestinian hijackers had been released without charges in mid-October.
The aircraft sustained $4 million in damage. Boeing repaired the aircraft, fitting the nose section diverted from the production line at Renton and outfitted to the aircraft's specifications. The aircraft was re-registered N28714 and returned to service. In March 1980, the aircraft was withdrawn from service and flown to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base for use as spares for the KC-135 Stratotanker fleet of the United States Air Force. The aircraft's registration was canceled in March 1984.
Thomas Boyatt has received many medals and awards for his bravery and heroism during the hijacking, including a Meritorious Honor Award.
References
See also
List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
Aircraft hijackings
840
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1969
1969 crimes
Aviation accidents and incidents in Syria
Palestinian terrorist incidents in Europe
1969 in Syria
Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 707
Attacks on aircraft by Palestinian militant groups
Terrorist incidents in Greece
August 1969 events in Europe
1969 crimes in Greece
Terrorist incidents in Greece in the 1960s
Terrorist incidents in Europe in 1969
Greece–State of Palestine relations |
20472718 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%20Detroit%20Lions%20season | 1977 Detroit Lions season | The 1977 Detroit Lions season was their 48th in the National Football League (NFL). The team matched their previous season's output of 6–8, and missed the playoffs for the seventh straight season. The Lions struggled offensively, scoring a mere 183 points while finishing in third place with a 6–8 record for the second consecutive season.
The 1977 coaching staff included 25-year-old assistant special teams and offensive assistant coach Bill Belichick. Belichick would later win two Super Bowls in the 1986 and 1990 seasons as defensive coordinator with the New York Giants, and more than twenty as head coach of the New England Patriots.
NFL Draft
Notes
Detroit traded its first-round pick (12th) to Buffalo in exchange for WR J.D. Hill.
Detroit traded QB Bill Munson to Seattle in exchange for Seattle's fifth-round pick (114th).
Detroit traded its fifth-round pick (125th) to Pittsburgh in exchange for TE John McMakin.
Detroit traded its sixth-round pick (320th) and G Guy Dennis to San Diego in exchange for G Mark Markovich.
Detroit traded WR Marlin Briscoe to New England in exchange for a sixth-round pick (166th).
Personnel
Staff
Roster
Schedule
Standings
References
Detroit Lions seasons
Detroit Lions
Detroit Lions |
44499637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage%20Retirement | Teenage Retirement | Teenage Retirement is the only studio album by American rock band Chumped, released on November 18, 2014, through Anchorless Records.
Background
The album is titled after the band some members played in prior to Chumped's formation. The album's sound has been compared to that of Superchunk, Nirvana, and Slingshot Dakota. A music video for "December is the Longest Month" was released in December 2014.
Anika Pyle discussed the album's title in an interview prior to its release:
Critical reception
Many critics gave Teenage Retirement favorable reviews, with Tom Breihan of Stereogum naming it "Album of the Week" on November 18. Josh Terry at Consequence of Sound considered the record "a strong opening statement of charming pop punk with airtight hooks and ripping guitar leads." Mischa Pearlman from Alternative Press described the album thus: "Chumped's debut album couldn’t really be called anything else—its 12 songs throb with both the naïve, reckless abandon of youth and the jaded, tired contemplation of old age." Pitchfork's Devon Maloney wrote that the album "finds that melodramatic sweet spot that made emo and pop punk hit so hard in the '90s and '00s." Zachary Houle of PopMatters felt it a "bonafide enjoyable album [...] Teenage Retirement feels constructed well as a whole." Kyle Ryan of Entertainment Weekly dubbed it "one of 2014's best musical surprises."
Track listing
References
External links
2014 debut albums |
6903219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon%20Dee%20Graham | Jon Dee Graham | Jon Dee Graham is an American musician, guitarist and songwriter from Austin, Texas, United States. Graham was named the Austin Musician of the Year during the South by Southwest (SXSW) music conference in 2006. He was inducted into the Austin Music Hall of Fame three times: as a solo artist in 2000, again in 2008 as a member of The Skunks, and again in 2009 as a member of the True Believers.
The Skunks' lineup featured Jesse Sublett on bass and vocals and Bill Blackmon on drums. Founded in 1978, Graham joined as their new guitarist (replacing Eddie Munoz, who departed to join The Plimsouls) in 1979. Graham's guitar can be heard on the band's live CD, Live: Earthquake Shake, released in 2000.
The True Believers, which included Alejandro Escovedo and his brother, Javier Escovedo, are widely considered by critics to be seminal figures in the fusion of literary songwriting and punk rock, a sound often referred to as Cowpunk, a subset of alternative country.
Jon Dee Graham went on to play with John Doe, Exene Cervenka, James McMurtry, Eliza Gilkyson, Kelly Willis, John Hiatt, Michelle Shocked, Patty Griffin, Calvin Russell, and Lone Justice.
His music has been featured in soundtracks such as Ladder 49 and Veronica Mars. In 1992, Patty Smyth covered Graham's song, "One Moment to Another" on her album, Patty Smyth.
Career
To date, Graham has released ten solo albums: Escape from Monster Island (1997, Freedom Records); Summerland (1999, New West Records); Hooray for the Moon (2002, New West Records); The Great Battle (2004, New West Records); Full (2006, Freedom Records); Swept Away (Film Soundtrack) (2008, Freedom Records) It's Not As Bad As It Looks (2010, Freedom Records), and Garage Sale (2012, Freedom Records), "Do Not Forget" (2015 Freedom Records), and "Knoxville Skyline" (2016, South Central). His 2004 record, The Great Battle, was produced by Austin guitarist Charlie Sexton, a longtime member of Bob Dylan's band.
Graham's music generally explores the struggles adults face as they work to raise their children, maintain marriages and jobs, and grapple with the quick passage of time. Despite the heaviness of such themes, Graham's music is infused with a strong sense of the joys of life and the need to remain optimistic.
Graham's second son, Willie, suffered from a chronic, rare childhood disease called Legg-Perthes. In 2005, the Austin music community banded together in an effort to raise money for Willie's treatment. The resulting benefit concert at Austin's Continental Club became a CD/DVD release called "Big Sweet Life: The Songs of Jon Dee Graham." Musicians like Alejandro Escovedo, Bob Schneider, David Garza, Ray Wylie Hubbard, Ian McLagan, and Steve Poltz all contributed by covering Graham's tunes. An additional benefit concert, held the same night at the Saxon Pub, featured performances by Roky Erickson and the Skunks. Graham commuted the short distance between clubs to participate in both shows.
Over the years, Graham has been backed by Jim Keltner, Rafael Gayol, Mark Andes, Michael Hardwick, and Andrew Duplantis, who went on to play in Son Volt with Jay Farrar.
In early 2006, production began on a feature-length documentary on Graham and his music. Entitled, Jon Dee Graham: Swept Away, it was released on DVD on May 20, 2008 and later made available to stream on Amazon Prime. The film was directed by a friend of Graham's, Mark Finkelpearl, who happens to be a documentary television professional with a background on the staffs of the Discovery Channel and National Geographic Television.
In August 2008, Graham underwent emergency surgery after being injured in a one-car accident.
In 2012, Susan Cowsill, Freedy Johnston, and Graham, working together as The Hobart Brothers and Lil' Sis Hobart, released a collaborative album on Freedom Records entitled At Least We Have Each Other.
Dreamer: A Tribute to Kent Finlay, released in early 2016 on Austin-based Eight 30 Records, features Graham's version of Finlay's "Taken Better Care of Myself." That year Graham performed at FitzGerald's American Music Festival.
In 2019, Graham announced plans and launched a fan-funding campaign to record a new album in conjunction with his 60th birthday.
Discography
Albums
Escape From Monster Island – 1997 (Freedom)
Summerland – 1999 (New West)
Hooray For The Moon – 2002 (New West)
The Great Battle – 2004 (New West)
First Bear On The Moon – 2005 (Freedom)
Big Sweet Life: The Songs of Jon Dee Graham – 2005 (Freedom)
FULL – 2006 (Freedom)
Swept Away (Music from the documentary film by Mark Finkelpearl) – 2008 (Freedom)
It's Not As Bad As It Looks – 2010 (Freedom)
At Least We Have Each Other - The Hobart Brothers with Lil' Sis – 2012 (Freedom)
Garage Sale – 2012 (Freedom)
Do Not Forget – 2015 (Freedom)
Knoxville Skyline – 2016 (South Central Music)
Guitar, producer, vocals
1986 "Blue City", Ry Cooder, Guitar
1986 "True Believers", True Believers, Guitar, Guitar (Steel), Vocals
1990 "Meet John Doe", John Doe, Guitar
1990 "Running Sacred", Exene Cervenka, Guitar (Electric)
1992 Edge of the Valley, Terry Garland Guitar (Acoustic), Bass, Guitar, Arranger, Guitar (Electric), Guitar (Steel), Tambourine, Lap Steel Guitar
1992 Forever Simon Bonney Dobro, Lap Steel Guitar, Bottleneck Guitar
1993 13 Ribs Susan Voelz Bass, Guitar, Vocals (background)
1993 Hasta La Victoria! The Silos
1994 Adequate Desire Michael Hall Lap Steel Guitar
1994 "Hard Road", The True Believers, Guitar, Guitar (Steel), Vocals
1994 Susan Across the Ocean The Silos Lap Steel Guitar
1995 Can O' Worms Dan Stuart Guitar, Vocals, Lap Steel Guitar
1997 Anchorless Kacy Crowley Guitar (Electric)
1997 Dream of the Dog Calvin Russell Guitar, Arranger, Producer, Lap Steel Guitar
1997 Glad I'm a Girl Various Artists Bass, Guitar, Vocals (background)
1997 Too Much Is Not Enough Too Much TV Slide Guitar
1997 Way Things Are Polk, Barton and Towhead Lap Steel Guitar
1998 "One Possible Explanation" Roberto Moreno, Wicked Lead Guitar, Lap Steel, Vocals
1998 Anchorless [Bonus Track] Kacy Crowley Guitar (Electric)
1998 Crooked Mile Trish Murphy Guitar (Acoustic), Guitar (Electric), Multi Instruments, Lap Steel Guitar, Guitar (Baritone)
1998 Gogitchyershinebox The Gourds, Guitar
1998 Plebeians The Plebeians Guitar, Lap Steel Guitar
1998 Stadium Blitzer The Gourds Lap Steel Guitar
1998 This Is My Life Calvin Russell Guitar
1998 Uprooted: The Best of Roots Country Singer/Songwriter Various Artists Guitar (Acoustic), Guitar, Guitar (Electric), Lap Steel Guitar
1998 We All Fall Down Gerald Bair Guitar (Electric)
1999 What I Deserve Kelly Willis, Guitar (Electric), Lap Steel Guitar
2000 And All The Colors... Ian Moore Lap Steel Guitar
2000 Bolsa de Agua The Gourds, Lap Steel Guitar
2000 Lunette Jim Roll Guitar, Lap Steel Guitar
2000 Young Guitar Slingers: Texas Blues Evolution Various Artists Lap Steel Guitar
2001 "Attacks" Roberto Moreno, Lap Steel
2001 Earthquake Shake Skunks Guitar
2001 Midnight Pumpkin Toni Price Lap Steel Guitar
2001 Slinky Presents Superclub DJ's Guy Ornadel Producer
2002 Buttermilk & Rifles Kevin Russell's Junker Lap Steel Guitar
2002 Electric Jack Ingram Guitar (Acoustic), Guitar, Guitar (Electric)
2002 Everybody Loves a Winner Jeff Klein Guitar (Electric), Choir, Chorus
2002 From Hell to Breakfast: A Taste of Sugar Hill's Te Various Artists Lap Steel Guitar
2003 Growl Ray Wylie Hubbard Vocals, Lap Steel Guitar
2003 Patricia Vonne [Bandolera] Patricia Vonne Lap Steel Guitar
2004 Boogie Man Omar & The Howlers Guitar
2004 Land of Milk and Honey Eliza Gilkyson Guitar (Electric), Harmony Vocals
2004 Moodswing Kacy Crowley Guitar, Producer, Mixing, Mando-Guitar
2004 "Por Vida: A Tribute to the Songs of Alejandro Escovedo", Various Artists, Guitar, Vocals
2004 "Resentments", The Resentments Guitar (Acoustic), Dobro, Guitar (Electric), Vocals, Organ (Pump), Lap Steel Guitar, Group Member
2005 Guitars & Castanets Patricia Vonne Lap Steel Guitar
2006 Big Star Small World Various Artists Guitar, Lap Steel Guitar
2006 "Boxing Mirror", Alejandro Escovedo, Guitar
2006 Tales from the Tavern, Vol. 1
2009 Live In Europe CD and DVD (James McMurtry), Guitar on Laredo
See also
Music of Austin
References
Further reading
External links
KUT FM: "Swept Away"
KUT FM: Jon Dee Graham Live - November 28, 2007
KUT FM: Austin's Reluctant Rock Star
James McMurtry with John Dee Graham album note
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American male songwriters
Guitarists from Texas
Musicians from Austin, Texas
New West Records artists
Songwriters from Texas |
44499638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamze%20Bezan | Gamze Bezan | Gamze Bezan (born 31 August 1994) is a Turkish women's football midfielder, who last played in the First League for İlkadım Belediyesi Yabancılar Pazarı Spor with jersey number 22. In 2010, she played for the Turkish girls' national U-17 team.
She is studying physical education and sports in Gümüşhane University.
Career
Club
Gamze Bezan received her license on 10 April 2008 for her hometown club Trabzonspor, where she played until the end of the 2010–11 season capping 25 times and scoring 3 goals. After dissolution of the women's football branch of the club, she transferred to Trabzon İdmanocağı, another local women's club.
Following the 2010–11 season, she was honored with the title "Best Women's Footballer of Trabzonspor" bestowed by the fans of the club.
After playing five seasons for her hometown club, she transferred to İlkadım Belediyesi Yabancılar Pazarı Spor of Samsun in the 2016–17 season.
International
Bezan was admitted to the Turkey girls' U-17 team, and debuted in the 2011 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship – Group 6 match against England on 3 October 2010. She cappen twice for the Turkey U-17 nationals.
She was called up to the Turkey women's U-19 team for the first time in 2011. Bezan was elected again in 2012 to play at the 2013 UEFA Women's U-19 Championship First qualifying round matches. However, she did not find a place in the squad later on.
Career statistics
.
Honours
Turkish Women's First League
Trabzon İdmanocağı
Third places (3): 2011–12, 2014–15, 2015–16
References
External links
Living people
1994 births
Sportspeople from Trabzon
Turkish women's footballers
Trabzonspor women's players
Trabzon İdmanocağı women's players
Women's association football midfielders
İlkadım Belediyespor players |
6903225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishops%20Lydeard%20railway%20station | Bishops Lydeard railway station | Bishops Lydeard railway station is a heritage railway station in the village of Bishops Lydeard, Somerset, England. It is the southern terminus for regular trains on the West Somerset Railway.
History
B&ER/GWR
The station was first opened on 31 March 1862 when the West Somerset Railway was opened from Norton Junction to , operated by the Bristol and Exeter Railway (B&ER). On opening the station had just one platform on the line's west side, with goods facilities consisting of a siding to a goods shed on the west, and a passing loop plus two sidings on the northeast was served by a passing loop and two sidings. There was also a house for the station master.
The B&ER became part of the Great Western Railway in 1876, but the West Somerset Railway remained an independent company until 1922 when the Great Western absorbed it.
The second eastern platform was not added until 1906, together with a connecting foot bridge. The standard-pattern GWR medium-scale signal box was also added at the end of the platform, operated via a 25 lever stud-locking frame. On 10 June 1936 the line was doubled from here to Norton Fitzwarren, resulting in the signal box being upgraded to a 32 lever frame.
British Railways
Nationalisation in 1948 saw it become a part of the Western Region of British Railways. On 1 March 1970 the signal box was closed and its frame removed, and the track from Norton Fitzwarren through Bishop’s Lydeard and as far as Williton was operated as a single track. The station was closed by BR, along with the entire line, on 4 January 1971.
West Somerset Railway
After the entire line and its trackbed were bought by Somerset County Council, the West Somerset Railway agreed to lease the line as a heritage railway, with the later possibility of operating timetabled service trains into via operating company, the WSR plc. Track remains to Norton Fitzwarren, controlled through a single token and colour light signals, to allow special trains and occasional goods trains to operate through from Network Rail to the WSR.
The WSR revived the line from its western end, starting at Minehead and operating to , before extending operations through to Bishops Lyeard on 9 June 1979. Initially the section west of Williton was operated as one-train-only, before the WSR began operating Bishops Lydeard as a terminus. After the society secured a new 33 lever frame in 1981, following extensive fund-raising, the station's loop was extended to its current length of , to allow for dual-platform arrival/departures. HM Railway Inspectorate approved the new plans in 1997, and the full system including control of the Norton Fitzwarren section came into use from August 1998.
Description
Today the station has two operational platforms. It is the headquarters of the West Somerset Railway Association which provides volunteer support for the railway and the Associations's Quantock Belle dining car train is based here.
The original south western No.1 platform, was extended yet further towards Taunton by the WSR to allow for dual-platform departure. The old goods shed has been restored and is used as a visitor centre and museum; its artefacts includes a GWR sleeping car, and the Taunton Model Railway Club’s model railway layout. The original station offices with modern toilets are now used by the West Somerset Railway Association.
The northern 1906-built platform, No.2, is today the stations main operating platform. Accessed via a carpark to its rear, it contains the ticket office, toilets and a shop, and the now enclosed signal box, with a similar platform extension towards Taunton. This extension provided for the inclusion of the Taunton-facing platform No.3 but this is only operated as a siding as it has no direct connection to the running lines. It is normally used to house the "Quantock Belle" dining cars.
The northern locomotive stabling yard is also based here (northeast of No.2, not accessible to the public), which is where visiting locomotives arriving by road are unloaded onto the WSR.
Services
Trains run between and at weekends and on some other days from March to October, daily during the late spring and summer, and on certain days during the winter. During special events a shuttle service runs between Bishops Lydeard and and from time to time special trains also run through onto Network Rail's tracks at .
In 2019, the WSR entered into a partnership with the modern Great Western Railway (GWR) to operate services to Bishops Lydeard on occasional summer Saturdays from beginning on 27 July 2019 which ended on October 5th 2019. In May 2022 it was announced that the "Reconnecting Bishops Lydeard to Taunton Working Group" has been established to explore the possibility of reconnecting on the West Somerset Railway to for the purpose of reinstating scheduled trains.
Access
For those outside the area, Bishops Lydeard is the WSR main access point:
Train: the nearest national rail station is , served by Great Western Railway and CrossCountry trains.
Bus: Service from Taunton serves Bishops Lydeard station directly.
Car: Sign posted from junctions 25 or 26 of the M5 motorway, the station is located just off the A358 road on the opposite side to the village. There is a large free car park adjacent to station platform 2.
References
External links
Bishops Lydeard Station on West Somerset Railway official website
West Somerset Railway
Heritage railway stations in Somerset
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1862
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1971
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1979
Former Great Western Railway stations
Museums in Somerset
Railway museums in England
1862 establishments in England |
44499640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Wicksteed | Thomas Wicksteed | Thomas Wicksteed (26 January 1806 – 15 November 1871) was a notable English civil engineer of the 19th century. As engineer to the East London Waterworks Company he was responsible for introducing the Cornish pumping engine. He oversaw many improvements, and was approached for advice by a number of water companies elsewhere in the country, later turning his attention to the efficient handling of sewage.
Career
Born in Shrewsbury, the fourth son of John Wicksteed, he was educated at Shrewsbury School, and at sixteen years of age he was sent to London, to reside with his father's old friend, Arthur Aikin, Secretary of the Society of Arts, with whom he lived. He was articled to a mechanical engineer in Smithfield, and at the end of his apprenticeship, became an assistant to Henry R. Palmer, Engineer to the London Docks, at a time when extensive additions were being made.
In 1829, he became the Engineer to the East London Waterworks Company. It was a time when costly additions to the reservoirs and pumping-engines had to be made, but these were offset by the large saving he was able to make, particularly in the consumption of fuel.
In 1835 his attention was directed to the Cornish engine as a replacement for the less economical condensing engine. He visited the Cornish mines, conducted experiments, and prevailed upon the directors of the company to invest in this new technology. In 1837 an engine from Cornwall was installed in the works at Old Ford. The savings were such that he carried out careful measurements for a year, and published his findings in 1841 in a paper entitled "An Experimental Inquiry concerning the relative power of, and useful effect produced by, the Cornish and Boulton and Watt pumping-engines, and cylindrical and waggon-head boilers" read to the Institution of Civil Engineers. Following this, several large engines were installed under his direction by various water companies about London.
Meanwhile, he carried out various additions to the reservoirs and other works of the company. Among these was to transfer the source of the company’s supply from Old Ford to Lea Bridge up river from the tidal flow.
Between 1838 and 1845, he was retained as Consulting Engineer to the Grand Junction, Vauxhall, Southwark, and Kent Waterwork Companies, while still Resident Engineer to the East London Water Works. He was thus, at one time, engineer to five out of the then nine London water companies. During this time, he constructed new waterworks at Hull and Wolverhampton, with extensions to those at Brighton and Scarborough. He was also consulted by the towns of Leeds, Liverpool, Dewsbury, Lichfield, Leamington, Cork, Kingston in Jamaica, Valparaiso, Boston, in the United States, the
waterworks and sewerage of Berlin and consulted by the Pasha of Egypt in reference to the barrage of the Nile.
His attention having been drawn to the sewerage of towns, and its disposal, he became the Engineer to the London Sewage Company in 1847. Plans for a sewer along the North bank of the Thames to a pumping station and reservoir at Barking Creek were prepared to put before Parliament on behalf of the company, but necessary investment was not forthcoming and the company was subsequently dissolved. His plan was
similar to that which he had proposed for Berlin in 1841, and he then built a system at Leicester. With the aim of purifying the sewage of towns, and producing manure, he set up the Patent Solid Sewage Manure Company. At this point he resigned as Engineer to the East London Waterworks in 1851 and severed his connections with the other London companies.
The Patent Solid Sewage Manure Company at Leicester was successful in purifying sewage, with a marked improvement to the River Soar but, though large quantities of manure were produced it could not compete with others on the market. In the end, the company failed and the corporation took over the sewage purifying.
Besides carrying out a complete system of drainage for Leicester, he was consulted on the sewerage of Leeds, Leamington, Maidstone, and Scarborough ; and gave evidence before the Special Committee on the Sewage of the Metropolis.
He was elected a Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers on 7 February 1837 and contributed several papers on the Cornish engine, for which he received a Telford medal in 1839. He had a seat on the Council from 1840 to 1843, but for many years before his death he had ceased to attend the meetings and to take part in the discussions. In 1863 he was elected also to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.
Personal life
On 20 July 1829 at St John, Hackney, he married Eliza, the third daughter of the late Mr. John Barton, of London, by whom he had six children - Bithia (1831-1874), Katharine (1833–1884), Mary (1834-1834), Mary Frances (1835-1906), Arthur Aikin (1840-1903) and Eliza Lucy (1845-1923).
His health was adversely affected by his labours in Leicester, and in 1865, he had what was described at the time as a slight attack of paralysis, and retired. He died at Headingley, near Leeds, on 15 November 1871, aged 65.
References
London water infrastructure
English civil engineers
Water supply and sanitation in London |
6903233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred%20Wiley | Mildred Wiley | Mildred Olive Wiley (December 3, 1901 – February 7, 2000) was an American high jumper who won a bronze medal at the 1928 Summer Olympics.
After marriage she changed her last name to Dee and gave birth to five children. One of them, Bob Dee, was a prominent professional footballer at the Boston Patriots in the 1960s.
References
1901 births
2000 deaths
People from Taunton, Massachusetts
American female high jumpers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in track and field
Medalists at the 1928 Summer Olympics
20th-century American women |
44499682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIFL-LP | WIFL-LP | WIFL-LP/104.5 is a low-power F.M. radio station licensed to Weirsdale, Florida, United States. WIFL-LP is owned by the Lake Weir Chamber of Commerce. It was initially licensed as WHZL-LP on January 12, 2006, changing callsigns to WORJ-LP on November 19, 2010 & changed callsigns again on June 14, 2011 to WIFL-LP. WIFL-LP transmits on 104.5 MHz (Channel 283).
References
External links
IFL-LP
IFL-LP
Radio stations established in 2006
2006 establishments in Florida |
6903234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariya%20Pisareva | Mariya Pisareva | Mariya Pisareva (; born 9 April 1934) is a retired Soviet Union athlete who competed mainly in the High Jump. She trained at Zenit in Moscow
She competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics held in Melbourne, Australia in the High Jump where she won the silver medal jointly with Thelma Hopkins.
After her athletic career she married discus thrower Oto Grigalka.
External links
Profile at Sports-Reference.com
References
1934 births
Living people
Soviet female high jumpers
Russian female high jumpers
Olympic athletes of the Soviet Union
Olympic silver medalists for the Soviet Union
Athletes (track and field) at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field) |
44499698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.%20Athar%20Ali | M. Athar Ali | M. Athar Ali (18 January 1925 – 7 July 1998) was an Indian historian of Medieval Indian History. Throughout his career Ali was known to hold a strong stance against Hindu and Islamic extremism. He was a professor at the Centre for Advanced Studies in Medieval History at his Alma mater, Aligarh Muslim University.
Early life
M. Athar Ali was the son of Rehmat Ali. He was born in Pilakhna in Aligarh District, Uttar Pradesh, India. He was married to Feroza Kahtoon and had seven children. His oldest son, Taimur Athar is a renowned research scientist at the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology in Hyderabad, Telangana.
Career
Ali was educated at Aligarh Muslim University where he was a student of Mohammad Habib, Nurul Hasan, and S. A. Rashid. He earned his doctorate at AMU in 1961 under the supervision of Satish Chandra. He started his career in research and teaching when he joined AMU as a research assistant. He and fellow historian Irfan Habib joined AMU's Department of History at around the same time in 1953. He became Professor in 1978. Athar Ali retired in 1990 after a five-year period of re-employment.
Ali wrote extensively on the Mughal Empire, comparative history of Islamic Empires, implications of secularism and early modern societies from Spain to Indonesia. Athar Ali's reputation for scholarship was firmly established in 1966, with the publishing of his book The Mughal Nobility Under Aurangazeb. A paper-back edition was brought out in 1970 and a second, revised, edition in 1997. Originally his doctoral thesis, it was soon acknowledged as the definitive study of India's late medieval ruling class. The book led to a reconsideration of many standard views of the ethnic composition of the Mughal ruling class and was widely regarded as a strong critique of communalist historiography in India and Pakistan. It also offered, for the first time, a more scientific and rational analysis of Aurangazeb the person, and the historical role of Aurangazeb, the last of the great Mughal emperors, whose reign between 1658 and 1707 hastened the disintegration of the empire. The theory, which still receives support from many quarters, that Aurangazeb's 'religious bias' generated a 'Hindu backlash' which brought about the downfall of the empire, was challenged by Athar Ali on the basis of hard evidence. "The evidence I assembled," wrote Athar Ali in his introduction to the revised edition of the book, "did not in any sense exonerate Aurangazeb, but I think it did set different limits within which the Emperor's personal preferences and decisions had impact: and it suggested a number of other factors, besides the one of religious bias..."
In 1985, Athar Ali published his second major work, The Apparatus of Empire: Awards of Ranks, Offices and Titles to the Mughal Nobility, 1574-1658. This is a crucial reference tool for historians concerned with that period. In his introduction to the work's extensive tables, Athar Ali demonstrated how the quantitative data obtained from them could tell the reader the internal processes of the Mughal polity. Athar Ali had largely completed his compilation of similar data on Aurangazeb's reign (1659-1707) for a second volume.
Ali died of liver cancer on 7 July 1998.
Political views
Ali was a secularist. He strongly opposed all forms of religious extremism. Athar Ali strenuously opposed the communal perception of history. He was one of the four authors (the others were R.S Sharma, D.N. Jha and Suraj Bhan) of theReport to the Nation on the Babri Masjid, Ayodhya, 1990, which was published in many Indian languages. Dismissing, on the basis of an examination of the written and archaeological evidence, the claim that the Babri Masjid occupied the site of Rama's birth or that a temple occupied the site and it was pulled down to construct the masjid, the Report ended with the impassioned appeal: "If, then, we have a care for historical facts, if we want to uphold the law, if we have love for our own cultural heritage, we must protect the Babri Masjid. A country is surely judged by how it treats its past."
To oppose the source of a dangerous communalist subversion of the nation, Athar Ali did not disdain activist positions. His support for the well-known anti-communal organisation Sahmat (Safdar Hashmi Memorial Trust) was firm and unqualified.
Works
The Mughal Nobility Under Aurangzeb, 1966, OUP,
The Apparatus of Empire: Awards of Ranks, Offices and Titles to the Mughal Nobility, 1574-1658, 1985,
The Perception of India in Akbar and Abu'l Fazl" in Akbar and His India, Oxford University Press, New Delhi,1997
Mughal India. Studies in Polity, Ideas, Society and Culture, Oxford University Press, 2008,
References
20th-century Indian historians
People from Aligarh
Aligarh Muslim University alumni
Aligarh Muslim University faculty
Analysts of Ayodhya dispute
1925 births
1998 deaths
Deaths from liver cancer
Historians of India
Historians of South Asia
Scholars from Uttar Pradesh |
6903244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanderlust%20%28disambiguation%29 | Wanderlust (disambiguation) | Wanderlust is a strong desire for or impulse to wander or travel and explore the world.
Wanderlust may also refer to:
Film and television
Wanderlust (2006 film), a documentary
Wanderlust (2012 film), an American comedy starring Jennifer Aniston and Paul Rudd
Wanderlust (Irish TV series), an Irish television show hosted by Brendan Courtney
Wanderlust (UK TV series), a BBC One/Netflix TV series starring Toni Collette
Gerhard Reinke's Wanderlust, a television show
Music
Wanderlust (band), an American power pop band in the mid-1990s
Wanderlust (jazz band), an Australian contemporary jazz band
Songs
"Wanderlust", by Johnny Hodges and Duke Ellington from the 1963 album Duke Ellington Meets Coleman Hawkins
"Wanderlust", by Paul McCartney from the 1982 album Tug of War
"Wanderlust", by Claire Voyant from the 1995 album Claire Voyant
"Wanderlust", by David Sylvian from the 1999 album Dead Bees on a Cake
"Wanderlust", by Megadeth from the 1999 album Risk
"Wanderlust", by Nightwish from the 2000 album Wishmaster
"Wanderlust", by Mark Knopfler from the 2000 album Sailing to Philadelphia
"Wanderlust", by Delays from the 2004 album Faded Seaside Glamour
"Wanderlust", by Flogging Molly from the 2004 album Within a Mile of Home
"Wanderlust" (R.E.M. song), by R.E.M. from the 2004 album Around the Sun
"Wanderlust", by Fozzy from the 2005 album All That Remains
"Wanderlust", by Frank Black from the 2006 album Fast Man Raider Man
"Wanderlust", by Baroness from the 2007 album Red Album
"Wanderlust" (Björk song), by Björk from the 2007 album Volta
"Wanderlust", by Every Time I Die from the 2009 album New Junk Aesthetic
"Wanderlust", by The Upwelling from the 2009 album An American Stranger
"Wanderlust", by Frank Turner, a bonus track from the 2011 album England Keep My Bones
"The Wanderlust", by Metric from the 2012 album Synthetica, featuring Lou Reed
"Wanderlust" (The Weeknd song), by The Weeknd from the 2013 album Kiss Land
"Wanderlust II", by the Scottish band Love and Money
"Wanderlust", by Polly Scattergood released both as a single and on the 2013 album Arrows
"Wanderlust" by Wild Beasts from the 2014 album Present Tense
"Wanderlust" by James Bay from the 2018 album Electric Light
Albums
Wanderlust (Frankie Laine album), a 1963 album by Frankie Laine
Wanderlust (Bill Leverty album), a 2004 album by FireHouse guitarist Bill Leverty
WANDERlust (Gavin Rossdale album), a 2008 album by Gavin Rossdale
Wanderlust (Finnr's Cane album), a 2010 album by Finnr's Cane
Wanderlust (Mike Bukovsky album), a 1993 album by Miroslav Bukovsky
Wanderlust (Sophie Ellis-Bextor album), a 2014 album by Sophie Ellis-Bextor
Wanderlust (Little Big Town album), a 2016 album by Little Big Town
Wanderlust (Blancmange album), a 2018 album by Blancmange
Literature
Wanderlust (Steel novel), a 1986 romantic novel by Danielle Steel
Wanderlust (Dragonlance novel), a fantasy novel set in the Dragonlance universe
Wanderlust: A History of Walking, a 2002 book by Rebecca Solnit
Video games
Wanderlust Interactive, a video game developer and publisher that made The Pink Panther: Passport to Peril
Wanderlust: Rebirth, a video game published by Chucklefish
Wanderlust Adventures, a sequel to Wanderlust: Rebirth, also published by Chucklefish
Wanderlust Travel Stories, a 2019 adventure game
Other
Wanderlust (magazine), a UK-based travel magazine and website offering travel advice and inspiration
USS Wanderlust (SP-923), a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1919
Wanderlust, a cream ale made by Pete's Brewing Company
Wanderlust Festival, a summer festival featuring yoga and leading rock musicians
Wanderlust, a mail client for Emacs
See also
Wonderlust, a 2000 album by Heather Nova |
6903250 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin%20Ramyun | Shin Ramyun | Shin Ramyun is a brand of instant noodle (including cup ramyeon) that has been produced by the South Korean food company Nongshim since 1 October 1986. It is now exported to over 100 countries, and is the best-selling instant noodle brand in South Korea.
Shin Ramyun, well known for its spicy flavor, is produced in at least four varieties: the original Shin Ramyun and Shin Ramyun Black, which was introduced in 2011 as well as Super Spicy, which was released in 2019, and, finally, a shrimp flavor that is only available in China. A standard package of Shin Ramyun consists of noodles, a packet of flavoring powder (soup base), and a packet of vegetable flakes. Shin Ramyun Black contains an extra packet of beef stock soup, which gives the soup a more intensely savory flavor.
History
Shin Ramyun was introduced in October 1986 by Nongshim. The Nongshim R&D team came up with the idea of Sogogijanguk, a cabbage and beef stew, which is one of the most popular traditional South Korean dishes.
After Shin Ramyun was introduced, Nongshim's market share hit 46.3% in 1987, and exceeded 50% for the first time in 1988 (53.8%). With the market share of over 20% just by itself, Shin Ramyun is a leading brand of the instant noodles in Korea.
In August 2014, Nongshim revised its recipe for noodle blocks across its line for a chewier consistency, along with a revamped external packaging.
In 2007 Nongshim launched a Kimchi Flavour version of Shin Ramyun.
In 2019 Nongshim launched a non-fried version of its packet noodle which has almost half a reduction on calories.
In 2015, Shin Ramyun achieved 28 billion units sold since it was first introduced. Shin Ramyun is listed on the National Brand Consumption Index (NBCI) as the number 1 brand in South Korea (2012~2016) for its brand awareness and brand power.
Name and package
"Shin Ramyun" is the English transliteration of the Korean words for "spicy instant noodles". Shin Ramyun uses red and black packaging with the emphasized calligraphic form of the Hanja character "辛", which means "spicy". Additionally, the character is the surname of both the founder of Nongshim, Shin Choon-ho, and his elder brother, Shin Kyuk-ho, who started Lotte.
Products
Shin Ramyun was first introduced in 1986. There are two types of Shin Ramyun in the U.S., one is packaged and the other cup noodle. A package of Shin Ramyun is 120g, and there are 4 sizes of Shin Ramyun cup/bowls: Shin Cup Noodle Soup (68g), Shin Bowl Noodle Soup (86g), Shin Ramyun M-Cup (75g) and Shin Big Bowl Noodle Soup (114g). In Japan, there is the Shin Ramyun mini cup.
Shin Ramyun Black was introduced in April 2011, which was 25 years after Shin Ramyun was first introduced to the market. Shin Ramyun Black is a slightly different version of Shin Ramyun with an additional seolleongtang powder on top of its flavor. Other ingredients include boiled beef slices, garlic and shiitake mushrooms. In the U.S. there are two types of Shin Ramyun Black: a Package type (130g) and a cup/bowl type (Shin Black Cup Noodle, 101g). There is also a Shin Black M-Cup (75g).
Shin Ramyun Red "Super Spicy" was launched in late 2019, in both standard packet form and the smaller instant cup size, using the same noodle blocks and vegetable packet but a much spicier soup base.
A shrimp flavor is also available in China.
International distribution
Shin Ramyun is the most popular instant noodle brand to date in South Korea. It is now accounting for one quarter of the Korean instant noodle market. Shin Ramyun is now exported to over 100 countries around the world, and is produced in three countries: the United States, China and South Korea. As of 2015, accumulated sold units of Shin Ramyun in the world reached 28 billion units.
Marketing and advertising
Marketing in South Korea
As part of the marketing strategies, Nongshim uses "사나이 울리는 신라면" (romanization: Sanai Ullineun Shin Ramyun; translation: "Shin Ramyun can make a man cry"). The word sanai (Hangul: 사나이) is used to describe the man while emphasizing the masculinity.
Most of its commercials include a famous male celebrity, frequently with his family, who is eating Shin Ramyun at home. These commercials emphasize being family friendly, being Korean, and folksiness. Psy, a South Korean singer who is well known for his song "Gangnam Style," and Park Ji-Sung, a South Korean footballer, also filmed Shin Ramyun commercials.
Nongshim has many jingles for their products. Adding a simple yet catchy jingle at the end of their commercials is one of Nongshim’s important marketing strategies. They are easy to remember, and most people in South Korea are aware of them.
Marketing in China
In China, Nongshim uses a slogan: 사나이라면 매운맛을 먹을 줄 알아야지 (Traditional Chinese: 吃不了辣味非好漢; Translation: (He who cannot handle spice is not a true man). This slogan is from a famous phrase in China “不到長城非好漢 (He who has never been to the Great Wall is not a true man)” by Mao Zedong.
Being aware of the historical importance of Baduk, or "Go", (Traditional Chinese: 圍棋; Japanese: 囲碁) in China, Nongshim has been sponsoring an annual Baduk Championship, the Nongshim Cup, as part of their marketing strategies since 1999.
Marketing in Japan
In Japan, Nongshim has set 10 April as a Shin Ramyun day since 2010. The date was chosen for its similarity in pronunciation with “Hot (Japanese: ホット)” when a Japanese pronounces 4 and 10 in English.
A Japanese word “うまからっ” (Romanization: umakara'; Translation: Spicy yet tasty; Etymology: Portmanteau of two Japanese words “うまい (Romanization: umai; Translation: Tasty)" and “からい (Romanization: karai; Translation: Spicy)”) is used to describe the flavor of Shin Ramyun.
As part of the main marketing projects, Nongshim offers “Shin Ramyun Kitchen Car,” a food truck that offers consumers a chance to taste Shin Ramyun, since 2013. Every year, the truck travels across Japan for seven months, promoting Shin Ramyun to Japanese consumers. As of April 2016, the truck has hosted a total of 150 tasting sessions, and travelled more than 100,000 kilometers.
See also
List of instant noodle brands
Noodle soup
References
External links
The official website of Nongshim
Shin Ramyun, Ramen of Choice in North Korea
South Korean brands
Instant noodle brands
Korean noodles |
6903279 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence%20Rafferty | Terrence Rafferty | Terrence Rafferty is a film critic who wrote regularly for The New Yorker during the 1990s. His writing has also appeared in Slate, The Atlantic Monthly, The Village Voice, The Nation, and The New York Times. For a number of years he served as critic at large for GQ. He has a particular penchant for horror fiction and has reviewed collections by Richard Matheson, Joe Hill, and the Spanish author Cristina Fernández Cubas.
Bibliography
The Thing Happens: Ten Years of Writing About the Movies (1993)
Unnatural Acts (1992)
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American film critics
The New Yorker critics
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers
21st-century American male writers |
23575032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20the%20Democratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo | Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo | The Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the east of the country in particular, has been described as the "Rape Capital of the World," and the prevalence and intensity of all forms of sexual violence has been described as the worst in the world. Human Rights Watch defines sexual violence as "an act of a sexual nature by force, or by threat of force or coercion," and rape as "a form of sexual violence during which the body of a person is invaded, resulting in penetration, however slight, of any part of the body of the victim, with a sexual organ, or of the anal or genital opening of the victim with any object or other part of the body."
The Democratic Republic of the Congo has had a long history of unrest and instability. Although sexual violence has always occurred in the DRC in some capacity, increased rates of sexual violence coincided with the armed conflicts of the early 1990s and later.
Much of the research conducted about sexual violence in the DRC has focused on violence against and rape of women as related to these armed conflict, mostly occurring in the eastern region of the country. The eastern region of the DRC has the highest rates of sexual violence, and much of it is perpetrated by armed militia groups. However, other studies have begun to show that sexual violence is pervasive in all parts of the DRC and that it is not always related to the conflict.
While there is extensive evidence of the societal and individual ramifications caused by the sexual violence in the country, the government has been criticized for not doing enough to stop it. Although Congolese law criminalizes many forms of sexual violence, these laws are not always enforced.
Historical background
Rape in the Democratic Republic of Congo has frequently been described as a "weapon of war," and the United Nations officially declared rape a weapon of war in 2008. War rape makes a particularly effective weapon because it not only destroys its physical victims, but entire communities as well. War, violence, and instability have ravaged the DRC for decades, and this has led to a culture of violence in war and civilian life that often takes its form in a sexual nature.
Eleven years after the Republic of the Congo gained independence in 1960, president Mobutu renamed the country Zaire in 1971 and ruled the nation under an autocratic and corrupt regime. Under Mobutu's regime, sexual abuse was used as a method of torture.
Mobutu ruled until 1997, when after the 1994 Rwandan genocide, many génocidaires fled across Rwanda's western border into the DRC in hopes of escaping censure. Hutu extremist militias were reformed across the border, particularly in Kivu, the DRC's easternmost region, bringing crime and violence to the DRC. While the Congolese army and UN peacekeepers attempted to launch large operations, they still ultimately failed to disarm Hutu rebels who often retaliated by performing rapes, kidnappings and murders. This influx of militants and fighting in Burundi catalyzed the First Congo War and the end of Mobutu's regime. Spurred by the violence, the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (AFDL), led by Laurent Kabila, launched a rebellion against Mobutu regime in 1996 in the eastern part of the country.
Wilhelmine Ntakebuka, who coordinates a sexual violence program in Bukavu, believes that the increase in sexual violence started with the inflow of foreign militants:
The epidemic of rapes seems to have started in the mid-1990s. That coincides with the waves of Hutu militiamen who escaped into Congo’s forests after exterminating 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus during Rwanda’s genocide 13 years ago. Mr. Holmes said that while government troops might have raped thousands of women, the most vicious attacks had been carried out by Hutu militias.
The violence from the First Congo War led to the Second Congo War, which officially ended in 2006 with the election of the first democratically elected president, Joseph Kabila. However, there has been no end to the violence. A major confrontation in 2007 between government forces and troops of Tutsi general Laurent Nkunda culminated in another major confrontation in the eastern province of Nord-Kivu. Recently, instability and violence have greatly increased since the mutiny of members of the Government of DRC and the creation of the rebel movement, M23, supported by the Government of Rwanda and individuals of the Government of Uganda. Moreover, as recently as December 2012, the UN accused M23 rebels of raping and killing civilians in eastern DRC. There have also recently been allegations of a military attack and 72 counts of rapes against civilians by M23 in the Minova area.
Much of this continuing violence is a result of long-lasting animosity between the Tutsis, the Hutus, and other groups. Other factors of the continued violence are control of land, control of minerals, and economic tensions. The persistence of rape can also be attributed to misconceptions about rape, such as the myth that having sex with prepubescent girls will give people strength in battle or business dealings. The long history of violence has led to a culture of desensitization, lacking respect for international norms of human rights, and inadequate education.
Today, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, particularly the eastern region of the country, is known as the rape capital of the world. While "the law specifically prohibits and provides penalties of 10 to 20 years' imprisonment for child and forced prostitution, pimping, and trafficking for sexual exploitation....There were no reported investigations or prosecutions of traffickers during the year [2007]." There is no law against spousal sexual assault.
Forms of sexual violence
Violence against women
Margot Wallström dubbed eastern Congo the "most dangerous place on earth to be a woman" and it is said that rape is simply a fact of life in the DRC. In October 2004 the human rights group Amnesty International said that 40,000 cases of rape had been reported over the previous six years, the majority occurring in South Kivu. This is an incomplete count, as the humanitarian and international organizations compiling the figures do not have access to much of the conflict area; only women who have reported for treatment are included. It is estimated that there are as many as 200,000 surviving rape victims living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo today.
A 2011 report recorded that 1,000 women had been raped daily.
A 2014 report by human rights charity Freedom from Torture outlined the usage of rape as a form of torture by security forces, focusing on case studies and accounts from torture survivors.
According to research conducted by The Journal of the American Medical Association in 2010, 39.7% of women in the Eastern Region (North Kivu, South Kivu, and Province Orientale) of the DRC reported to have been exposed to sexual violence during their lifetime, most commonly taking its form in rape.
As Noel Rwabirinba, a sixteen-year-old who had been a militiaman for two years said, "If we see girls, it’s our right…we can violate them." This statement reflects the normalization of rape in the DRC. Because of conflicts, between 60 and 90 percent of women are single heads of households. This puts many burdens upon them, such as having to travel long distances to find resources, leaving them vulnerable to violence.
Patricia Rozée identifies different categories of rape, all of which occur in the DRC: punitive rape (used to punish to elicit silence and control); status rape (occurring as a result of acknowledged differences in rank); ceremonial rape (undertaken as part of socially sanctioned rituals); exchange rape (when genital contact is used as a bargaining tool); theft rape (involuntary abduction of individuals as slaves, prostitutes, concubines, or spoils of war); and survival rape (when women become involved with older men to secure goods needed to survive).
Rape, as related to the conflicts, is the most prevalent form of sexual violence in the country, particularly in the eastern region. However, civilians are also the perpetrators of rape. Furthermore, although people might assume that men always perpetrate conflict-related sexual violence against women, women are also perpetrators. In the 2010 study conducted by the American Medical Association, women reported to have perpetrated conflict-related sexual violence in 41.1% of female cases and 10.0% of male cases.
Violence against men
The rape of men is also common. More studies are coming out to show that both women and men are the victims and perpetrators of sexual violence in the DRC.
Research conducted by The Journal of the American Medical Association in 2010 cites that 23.6% of men in the Eastern Region of the country have been exposed to sexual violence. And, a similar study also conducted in 2010 found that 22% of men (as compared to 30% of women) in eastern Congo reported conflict-related sexual violence. A cross-sectional, population-based study found that one in four men living in the eastern region of the country have been the victims of sexual violence. Moreover, at least 4 to 10 percent of all rape victims are male.
The prevalence of rape of men in the country is likely underreported due to extreme stigma attached to sexual abuse of males. Men who admit to being raped risk ostracism by their community and criminal prosecution, because they may be seen as homosexual, which, though legal in the DRC, is socially unacceptable. Male victims are less likely to appear in court, and those who do are cast away in their villages and called "bush wives." According to Denise Siwatula, a programme officer at the Women's Synergy for the Victims of Sexual Violence based in Kivu, many men are victims of sexual violence and they need different assistance than women who come to their center.
Lynn Lawry, a humanitarian expert at the International Health Division of the US Department of Defense, said, "When we are looking at how we are going to address communities, we need to talk to female perpetrators as well as male perpetrators, and we have to include male survivors in our mental health clinics in order to address their issues, which may be very different from female survivors."
Violence against children
UNFPA reported that over 65% of victims during the past 15 years were children. The majority of this percentage was adolescent girls and roughly 10% of child victims are said to be under 10 years old. Many child soldiers, after being recruited from refugee camps, are often sexually abused.
Rape of girls and gender-based violence of minors is widespread in the eastern Congo.
Trafficking and prostitution
The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a source and destination for trafficking for forced labor and forced prostitution, much of which is internal and perpetrated by armed groups in the eastern region of the DRC. The DRC is said to be the main regional source, from which women and children are trafficked in large numbers to sex industries in Angola, South Africa, Republic of Congo, and western Europe, particularly Belgium. Prostitution and forced prostitution occurs often in refugee camps in the country. In addition to forced prostitution in refugee camps, many girls are forced into prostitution in tent- or hut-based brothels, markets, and mining areas.
The main perpetrators are the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), Patriotes Resistants Congolais (PARECO), various local militia (such as the Mai-Mai), the Alliance des patriots pour un Congo libre et souverain (APCLS), and the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). There are many reports of these groups forcibly recruiting women and children to serve in sexual servitude.
Domestic violence
Article 444 of the Congo Family Code states that a wife "owes her obedience to her husband". Marital rape is not considered an offense in the DRC. Similar laws and attitudes are prevalent in countries involved in the DRC conflict. In Zimbabwe one in four women report having experienced sexual violence at the hands of their husbands. Women in the DRC do not have the right to refuse sex, and should they, men have the right to discipline their wives through beating, an act often referred to as “tough love”.
Research Directorate has called domestic violence "very prevalent" in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. According to several studies conducted in 2011, intimate partner sexual violence is the most pervasive form of violence against women in all areas of the DRC. A 2010 study concluded that intimate partner violence was reported by 31% of women and 17% of men.
Central factors for the high rates of domestic violence are the reintegration of combatants in communities, circulation of arms, and post-traumatic stress in times during and after conflict. However, reporting domestic violence is rare because women have no rights to share property or wealth, fear losing their children or being shunned by the community, or may not even know it is a punishable offense.
Although there are laws against domestic violence, cultural beliefs make it extremely difficult to implement the rules. Because the social status of African women is dependent on their marital status, and because the conflict has drastically reduced the male population, women have no choice but to suffer. Although the status of men is also dependent on their marital status, they are expected to exercise strict control over the wives. Men are seen as being superior in that they are better educated and capable of purchasing property.
Other forms
The United Nations includes rape, public rapes, sexual slavery, forced prostitution, forced pregnancy, gang rape, forced incest, sexual mutilation, disemboweling, genital mutilation, cannibalism, deliberate spread of HIV/AIDS, and forced sterilization as other forms of sexual violence that occur in the DRC that are used as techniques in war against the civilian population.
Other forms of sexual violence reported include: forcing of crude objects such as tree branches and bottles into the vagina, public rape in front of the family and community, forced rape between victims, the introduction of objects into the victims' cavities, pouring melted rubber into women's vaginas, shooting women in the vagina and inducing abortions using sharp objects.
Perpetrators
Militia groups
According to Human Rights Watch, while many of the perpetrators of sexual violence are militia groups, some of whom have been known to kidnap women and girls and use them as sex slaves, the Congolese army, Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo (FARDC), is the "single largest group of perpetrators."
In 2007, the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) reported that 54% of all recorded sexual violence cases in the first 6 months of that year were committed by FARDC soldiers. Some commanders have been purported to overlook sexual violence perpetrated by those under their command. One investigation found that some commanders ordered their soldiers to commit rape. There are also incidents of rape involving the police, others in authority, civilians, and other opportunistic criminals.
View of masculinity which associate manliness with excessive use of aggression, force and violence contribute to military and militia sexual violence. Weapons are used as status symbols and to acquire social and economic hierarchy by employing power over unarmed civilians. Soldiers who exude any qualities deemed to be feminine are seen as weak and often end up being attacked and ostracized.
Many societies, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo generally place the means of violence military training, and weapons in the hands of men, while promoting a direct link between the idea of a real man and the practice of dominance and violence.
Background
Beginning with colonization, economic factors have contributed to the culture of violence that has dominated the DRC. In 1908, under King Leopold II, the "methodical rape of entire villages" was a popular tactic used by his administration for keeping the local population in order.
After gaining independence in 1960, the Democratic Republic of Congo was marked by political and social instability. In 1965, during a coup, Colonel Joseph Mobutu took over and remained in power for the next 32 years.
During the 1990s, Mobutu's regime witnessed a large influx of refugees after the Rwandan genocide, many of which included genocide perpetrators. The perpetrators were able to rearm themselves and were immediately organized by ex-(FARDC) Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo leaders. In an effort to prevent future attacks from the newly formed group, Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) soldiers joined together with (AFDL) Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire forces under the leadership of Congolese rebel commander, Laurent Desire Kabila. The group was responsible for killing thousands of unarmed civilians.
In 2001, after the assassination of his father, Joseph Kabila took over as leader. A rebellion erupted in the same year. As a result, an estimated 4 million people died in the competition for control over the DRC's natural resources. Attempts to stabilize the peace process have failed. Insecurity is perpetuated by the remaining militia groups, which include the Mai-Mai.
Rape
Sexual violence functions as a means of humiliating, not only a female victim, but also her family and/or husband. Once raped, the victim traditionally sends a message to her husband to alert him about the event. He then arms himself and searches for the rapist. Today, most communities also stigmatize women and hold them accountable for being raped. The influx of armed groups from Burundi and Rwanda into the DRC has impacted the frequency of sexual violence in the region.
After the wars of 1996 and 1998 and the displacement of Congolese people, women were forced to turn to "survival sex" with wealthy foreign soldiers and UN peacekeepers. This was seen as emasculating the soldiers who were unable to live up to their expected societal roles. Objectified rape became the expected order in the DRC.
Many rapes occur in public spaces and in the presence of witnesses. These public rapes have become so popular that they have been given a name "la reigne". During these rapes, women are stripped, tied upside down, and gang raped in the middle of a village. The permission to invade and rape a village is often given as a reward to the armed group by the commanders. The government army, FARDC, due to its size and capacity, is the largest perpetrator.
"National Security" Rape
This form of rape is predominately used by governments and militaries to protect its "national security". Additionally, “national security" rape violently imposes many intersecting and mutually fundamental power relations such as nationalism and patriarchy. It is used to humiliate, torture, and punish "rebellious" women for directly challenging what the rapists view as strictly enshrined ideas of femininity and masculinity.
"Systematic Mass" Rape
The systematic rape of women in the DRC is regarded as a tool of oppression focused on a specific ethnic group and . During times of war, mass rape can be seen as an effective way to "feminize" one's enemy by violating “his women, nation and homeland,” thus proving that he is incapable of being an adequate protector. The raping of women in this process seeks to destroy the very "fabric of society, as women are seen as the symbolic bearers of ethno-national identity because of their roles as biological, cultural, and social reproducers of society itself".
Civilian perpetrators
In June 2010, UK aid group Oxfam reported a dramatic increase in the number of rapes occurring in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Contrary to MONUSCO's 2007 report, the study found that 38% of rapes were committed by civilians in 2008. Rapes by civilians are increasing, demonstrating that sexual violence is becoming even more widespread throughout the country. This is a particularly dramatic rise compared to the number of civilian-perpetrated rapes in 2004, which was less than 1%. Researchers from Harvard discovered that rapes committed by civilians had increased seventeenfold. Consistent with these studies is a statement from Dr. Margaret Agama, the DRC's United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) representative:
Initially, rape was used as a tool of war by all the belligerent forces involved in the country’s recent conflicts, but now sexual violence is unfortunately not only perpetrated by armed factions but also by ordinary people occupying positions of authority, neighbours, friends and family members.
Teachers
A survey by the Brazil-based nonprofit organization Promundo found that 16% of girls in North Kivu said they had been forced to have sex with their teachers. And according to a 2010 UNICEF report, 46% of Congolese schoolgirls in a national study confirmed that they had been victims of sexual harassment, abuse, and violence committed by their teachers or other school personnel.
Female perpetrators
A 2010 survey in over 1,000 households in eastern Congo by a team of researchers led by Harvard academic Lynn Lawry asked victims of sexual violence to specify their assailant's gender. The study found that 40% of the female victims and 10% of male victims said they have been assaulted by a woman. A UN expert on armed groups states, "Women who were raped for years are now raping other women."
Violence in Angola
Congolese women are being systematically raped in Angola as a means of expelling the Congolese living there. With a booming mining trade, Congolese continue migrating into Angola in search of a living. Among some 26,000 people expelled since April 2011, more than 21,000 cases of serious human rights violations, including rape, beating, torture and looting, have been documented by an Italian aid agency that has a UN grant to monitor the border. Human Rights Watch says the goal of the abuse is to instill fear.
Ramifications
Medical ramifications
The medical repercussions of the sexual assault in the DRC vary from severed and broken limbs, burned flesh, rectovaginal and vesicovaginal fistulas, STIs, pregnancy, and urinary incontinence to death. Adequate medical care for these injuries is very hard to come by, and many survivors remain ill or disfigured for the rest of their lives.
These are all more severe the younger the victim is. Young girls who are not fully developed are more likely to suffer from obstructed birth, which can lead to fistulas or even death. On a young girl, a pelvis "[hasn't] yet grown large enough to accommodate the baby's head, a common occurrence with young teenagers...[these girls end] up in obstructed birth, with the baby stuck inside [their] birth passage[s]...[often, they can't] walk or stand, a consequence of nerve damage that is a frequent by-product of fistulae."
At the Doctors on Call for Service/Heal Africa Hospital in Eastern DRC, 4,715 of the women reported having suffered sexual violence; 4,009 received medical treatment; 702 had a fistula, 63.4% being traumatic and 36.6% being obstetric.
Sexual assault has also contributed to the HIV rate. Before the conflict in 1997, only 5% of the population was HIV positive; by 2002, there was a 20% HIV positive rate in the eastern region. A study conducted found that sociocultural barriers and strict obedience to Vatican doctrine prevented adolescents from receiving condoms or comprehensive sex education, which contributes to the spread of HIV.
Psychological and social ramifications
There are also many psychological and social consequences to being the victim of sexual violence. Victims often suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and suicide. This can be particularly severe in cases in which men have been forced at gunpoint to sexually assault their daughters, sisters, or mothers. Psychological trauma after experiencing sexual violence can have a negative effect on sexual behavior and relationships, feelings about sex, ability to negotiate safer sex, and increased likelihood of drug abuse.
The most common social consequence for victims of sexual violence is isolation from their families and communities. Raped women are seen as impure, frequently leading to their being abandoned by their husbands or having trouble marrying. The most extreme versions of this stigmatization can lead to "honor killings" in which the victim of sexual violence is murdered by her family or community due to the belief that she has brought them shame and dishonor.
Young women and girls who are cast outside of their homes, or leave due to shame will most likely become even more vulnerable to further abuse. Moreover, the culture of widespread violence often affects children at an early age. Sexual violence is also perpetrated by minors, particularly among those involved with combatant forces. A previous child soldier of the Mai-Mai fighters’ movement, who fought to resist the Interahamwe from Rwanda who took refuge in the DRC after they fled from the Rwandan Patriotic Front, said that reasons that child soldiers and other combatants rape women include: listening to witch doctors’ advice, drug use, long periods in bush, gaining sexual experience, punishment, revenge, and a weapon of war.
In the context of the Congolese society, rape is considered to be an "act of marriage" to the perpetrator. A girl who becomes pregnant as a result of abuse is no longer viewed as a child who needs the care and affection of her parents.
Many women and girls report extreme poverty, being unable to continue with school and an inability to earn a living and pay fees. Additionally, women declare that they are unable to find jobs because of the physical pain and injuries caused by the abuse.
Regional differences
Several reports claim that there are no accurate representative numbers on the prevalence of sexual violence in the DRC because of underreporting and lack of research. Moreover, so far, there are no reports to indicate differences in rates of sexual violence based upon education, income, or residence (urban or rural). However, other research studies have found regional differences in rates and types of sexual violence in the DRC.
According to research done by the American Journal of Public Health in 2011, the highest rates of rape against women occurred in the North Kivu province. The war-torn and mineral-rich areas in the eastern part of the country have very high rates of sexual violence. M23 has recently gained control of territory in North Kivu, the city of Goma, and other areas of the Ruthuru region, and there have been recent reports of sexual violence in those areas.
Anthony Gambino, mission director for the Congo of the United States Agency for International Development, has also said that “shockingly high rape statistics are found in western Congo as well as northern and eastern Congo,” but that conflict-related rape is less prevalent in the west. Although most reports agree that sexual violence related to the armed conflict are most prevalent in North and South Kivu, Maniema, and Katanga, one report found that the highest number of rapes reported in 2007 by women aged 15 to 49 was in the provinces of Orientale, North Kivu and Équateur. They found that sexual violence not related to the armed conflict, such as in Équateur, often takes its form in intimate-partner violence.
Preventative efforts
Increasing awareness regarding the problem of sexual violence in the DRC has led to both national and international efforts to prevent the continuation of the atrocities taking place.
Government policy
According to articles of the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, sexual violence is defined and criminalized as a form of gender-based violence and gender discrimination (article 14); a cruel, degrading, and inhuman treatment (article 16); a crime against humanity (article 15); and a violation of an individual's right to peace (article 52). Congolese law draws a distinction between rape and systematic rape, sexual violence being a crime against the state and systematic sexual violence as an international crime.
In 2006, the Palais du Peuple, the Congolese government, enacted sexual violence amendments to the 1940 Penal Code and the 1959 Penal Procedure Code. Part of these changes was criminalizing "insertion of an object into a woman’s vagina, sexual mutilation, and sexual slavery" as well as defining "any sexual relation with a minor as statutory rape."
The Congolese government's department, The Ministry of Gender, Family Affairs and Children, is dedicated to dealing with sexual violence within the nation.
International community and nongovernmental organizations
International human rights organizations began to document sexual violence in 2002.
In September 2009, following her visit to the DRC, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton oversaw the adoption of the U.N Security Council Resolution 1888, which details specific efforts that must be taken to protect women from sexual violence in war-stricken regions, and measures taken to bring perpetrators to justice. Clinton has also urged the Congolese government to personally investigate members of FARDC who have committed crimes of sexual violence, and FARDC generals have declared that they will set up new military tribunals to prosecute soldiers accused of sexual violence. Additionally, she has supported a $17 million plan to combat the sexual violence in the DRC.
USAID/Kinshasa currently provides medical, psycho-social, judicial, and socio-economic support to approximately 8,000 survivors in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Maniema Province. The International Security and Stabilization Support Strategy found that 72 percent of international funds for sexual violence in the DRC are devoted to treating victims of rape and 27 percent to preventing sexual abuse.
DRC vs Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda in March 1999 was the first case the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights heard that discussed violations of human rights, including sexual violence, during an armed conflict. The Commission found that the human rights abuses committed in the eastern provinces of the DRC were not in agreement to Part III of the Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of 1949, Article 75(2) of Protocol 1, and Articles 2 and 4 of the African Charter.
The International Criminal Court is conducting an ongoing investigation into crimes committed in the DRC during the Second Congo War and afterwards. Several military leaders have been charged with crimes of sexual violence. Germain Katanga, the leader of the Front for Patriotic Resistance in Ituri (FPRI), and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, the leader of the Nationalist and Integrationist Front (FNI), were charged and indicted with nine crimes against humanity including sexual slavery, a crime against humanity under article 7(1)(g) of the Rome Statute and a war crime under article 8(2)(b)(xxii) or (e)(vi) of the Rome Statute. Bosco Ntaganda of the Patriotic Forces for the Liberation of the Congo (FPLC) was charged with rape and sexual slavery. Callixte Mbarushimana of the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), and Sylvestre Mudacumura have also been charged with rape.
According to Tier Rating, the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo does not comply with minimum standards for efforts to eliminate this problem by prosecuting perpetrators and providing services to victims. The government has not shown evidence in prosecuting sex trafficking perpetrators.
In June 2014, UK-based rehabilitation charity Freedom from Torture published its report "Rape as Torture in the DRC: Sexual Violence Beyond the Conflict Zone, using evidence from 34 forensic medical reports, to show that rape and sexual violence is being used routinely by state officials in Congolese prisons as punishment for politically active women. One of the women mentioned in the report stated:"Now I know, because I have been there, that it is normal for women to be sexually abused in prison..." The women included in the report were abused in several locations across the country including the capital Kinshasa and other areas away from the conflict zones.
In addition, Eve Ensler's nongovernmental organization, V-Day, has not only been crucial in the growing awareness regarding sexual violence in the DRC, but has also entered into a project with UNICEF and the Panzi Foundation to build The City of Joy, a special facility in Bukavu for survivors of sexual violence in the DRC. The center, which can host up to 180 women a year, has resources such as sexual education courses, self-defense classes, and group therapy, as well as academic classes and courses in the arts. The City of Joy facility opened in February 2011.
Other perspectives
There are others who offer different perspectives to the dominant discourse about sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Many Congolese populations on the ground, Congolese intellectuals, and field-based interveners emphasize that there are many other consequences of the armed conflict that deserve as much attention as sexual violence does, including killings, forced labor, child soldiers, and torture. They also believe that the attention to rape in the DRC contributes to the proliferation of the widespread stereotype of Congolese people as savage and barbaric.
It is also said that the international focus on this problem has led to unintended, negative consequences, including ignoring other forms of violence and rape of men and boys. The worst consequence discussed is the belief that some armed groups think that sexual violence is now an effective bargaining tool. Thus, according to this perspective, the international focus is actually contributing to the increase of sexual violence. It has been said that the mass rapes in Luvungi in 2010, where Mai Mai Sheka gang raped 387 civilians, was partly due to this consequence because Sheka allegedly ordered his soldiers to rape women to draw attention to their group.
Perpetrator testimonies
The voices and testimonies of perpetrators have long been absent. However, during 2005–2006, Maria Erickson of the School of Global Studies at the Gothenburg University in Sweden interviewed soldiers and officers within the integrated armed forces. The interviews were organized in groups made up of 3–4 people and lasted between 3–4 hours.
A large portion of those interviewed were from the previous government forces, the FARDC. The data collected from the interviews provided detailed accounts and useful information on how the soldiers understood their identities, their roles as combatants and the amount of pain they inflicted onto their victims.
View of masculinity
Some of the FARDC soldiers interviewed described the military as a place for the tough and strong and as a place to prove one's manhood. One soldier stated that:
"You have to learn the tough spirit of a soldier. If you do not know that, some beating up is required. Those who are not able to make it, we call them inept, also sometimes the women, the inept will run away'.
He also went on to demonstrate the desensitization that accompanies military macho-violence:
'....A soldier is a soldier. He is not a civilian. Bullets are bullets. It is a war. We are not going there to kill ducks. It is war. You go there to defend. The centre is no place for compassion".
Roles as soldiers
The respondents’ perception of their roles as soldiers was reflected in their notions of what a successful position was within the armed forces. A successful soldier, they said, was an educated one who "sat behind a desk and completed administrative work". However, the soldiers also explained, that although administrative tasks were appealing, their entry into the force was not an active choice, but instead, was done to make money and receive an education.
Because manhood was closely linked to material wealth their choice to join the armed forces was not a vengeful call for violence or revenge but a fall back option because of unfortunate circumstances. Many of the soldiers described that they had not received the education they were promised and instead indicate that their lives had been filled with "ruin" and "tragedy". This discrepancy between a sense of how soldiering “should be” and “the way it was” was the basis for the prevalence of violence among armed forces.
See also
The Greatest Silence: Rape in the Congo documentary film
Ruined (play) by Lynn Nottage, winner of 2009 Pulitzer Prize for Drama
General:
Women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Crime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
International:
Sexual violence in Finland
Sexual violence in South Africa
Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea
Rape statistics (worldwide)
Estimates of sexual violence (worldwide)
References
External links
The Advocacy Project 2009 Peace Fellow Elisa Garcia in partnership with BVES
Heal Africa
Rape as torture in the DRC:Sexual violence beyond the conflict zone
AMKENI Action Group: From illiteracy to entrepreneurship for survivors of sexual violence in Democratic Republic of Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Violence
Violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Human rights abuses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Rape in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Violence against women in Africa
Child sexual abuse by country |
20472737 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek%20Handley | Derek Handley | Derek Handley (born 1978) is a New Zealand entrepreneur, speaker, and author who was born in Hong Kong. With his brother Geoffrey Handley, he co-founded the global mobile marketing and media company The Hyperfactory and the mobile advertising network Snakk Media. He is the founder and managing partner of Aera VC, and founder of Wiser Conversations, "a series of virtual conversations designed to help us reflect and respond to our new surreality", created as a response to the pandemic.
Early life and education
Handley was born in Hong Kong, and grew up in New Zealand. He attended Victoria University of Wellington and Massey University, and undertook the MIT Sloan School of Management executive program.
Career
Early career
At 22, Handley founded a global online sports-betting business called Feverpitch which fizzled out, he listed on the venture-style New Capital Market of New Zealand Stock Exchange (NZX), becoming New Zealand's youngest managing director of a listed company. He subsequently led a merger of several companies in the New Zealand childcare sector and formed Kidicorp Group Limited, which backed into Feverpitch.
Handley also served as chair of Booktrack in 2012-2013, a company developing e-reader technology incorporating soundtracks for e-books. The company was also backed by Peter Thiel.
In 2013, Handley was named an adjunct executive professor for Auckland University of Technology in New Zealand. Currently, he is studying religion at the Harvard University Extension School.
Mobile industry ventures
Derek co-founded the global mobile technology and media company The Hyperfactory in 2001, prior to the proliferation of internet-enabled mobile handsets. The company went on to win numerous awards. It was subsequently acquired by media conglomerate Meredith Corporation (NYSE:MDP) though it is uncertain whether this was a successful purchase for Meredith. Handley's work with The Hyperfactory led to his listing on the 'Silicon Alley 100' of the most influential technology people in New York.
In 2011, he co-founded the mobile advertising network Snakk Media, which listed on the NZ Alternative Exchange (NZAX) in 2013, becoming one of the first public B-Corporations. Handley stepped down from the Snakk Board in 2015. The company was later placed into voluntary administration due to financial difficulty in 2018, then later removed from liquidation in 2020.
Chief Technology Officer of New Zealand
Handley's application for the governmental role of Chief Technology Officer (CTO) of New Zealand became a political controversy when he applied in 2018. The role was to be created under the auspices of Government Digital Services Minister Clare Curran. On 24 August 2018, New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern dismissed Curran from the Cabinet after it became clear Curran had met Handley in February at her Beehive office to discuss his interest in the vacant CTO role. Curran had failed to disclose the meeting in her ministerial diary and to inform staff or officials about it (the second meeting she had failed to disclose). Curran apologised to the Prime Minister for her actions and eventually resigned as a Minister.
In September 2018, Handley announced that he had been offered, and had accepted, the CTO role in August. Soon after, the Government announced that it would not be proceeding with the role after concerns were raised by the business community and NZ entrepreneurs over Derek’s selection and suitability, and paid Handley compensation of $107,000 (three months' pay plus reimbursement for moving costs). Handley said he was "deeply disappointed" by the process but the Government's decision to halt it was understandable.
Recent and current roles
Handley is currently General Partner with Aera VC, a fund which invests in deep-tech ventures underpinned by social impact and the UN Sustainable Development Goals. He launched the fund at Wharton Business School, where he was named Social Innovator in Residence.
In 2013, he joined the board of Sky Television, a public company on the Australian Stock Exchange, stepping down from the role in January 2021. He is also the founding CEO of Richard Branson's The B Team. He remained with the B Team as entrepreneur-in-residence and adviser until 2015.
Awards and honours
In September 2006, Handley was a finalist in the Bayer Innovator Awards (Information Technology and Communications Category).
In October 2009, he received the 2009 EY Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award.
In December 2010, he was named finalist for the New Zealand Herald Business Leader of the Year.
In October 2011, he was listed on the 'Silicon Alley 100' of the most influential technology people in New York. That same year he was named a New Zealand 2011 Sir Peter Blake Leader by the Sir Peter Blake Trust, and became a World Class New Zealander.
In March 2015, he was named one of 100 visionary leaders by the Young Presidents' Organization, a global network of business leaders who have achieved success at an early age.
In April 2015, he was year named a Distinguished Young Alumni of Victoria University of Wellington (Wellington, New Zealand).
In September 2015, he was named in the world's top 100 influential leaders by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, a global accrediting body and membership association for business schools.
In November 2015, he was named one of the top 10 most influential social entrepreneurs on Twitter (by Chivas' The Venture, US).
In November 2016, the Wharton Social Impact Initiative, at Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania invited Handley to join the David Nazarian Social Innovator in Residence Program, naming him the third "Innovator in Residence" to visit the school.
Personal life
Handley has a son with his wife, Maya. During the process of applying for the Chief Technology Officer position, he moved his family back to New Zealand to live in Auckland.
In November 2017, Handley was granted New Zealand citizenship by the Minister for Internal Affairs, Tracey Martin, under the "exceptional circumstances" provision. The provision was required because he had not spent enough time in New Zealand to meet the usual requirements to become a citizen, since he was 865 days short. Handley argued that he did not meet the requirements because he frequently travelled for business.
References
MIT Sloan School of Management alumni
New Zealand businesspeople
Victoria University of Wellington alumni
1978 births
Living people |
20472758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C8%99teptarea%20%28trade%20union%29 | Deșteptarea (trade union) | Deşteptarea ('Awakening') was a trade union organization in Romania, formed in 1879 as a group of typographers withdrew from the established trade union, the General Association of All Workers of Romania.
References
Trade unions in Romania
Trade unions established in 1879 |
20472780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Lesterlin | Bernard Lesterlin | Bernard Lesterlin (born September 18, 1949 in Vienne, Isère) is a French civil servant and former member of the National Assembly. He has served as the Administrator Superior of Wallis and Futuna (1985–1986). He represented the 2nd constituency of the Allier department from 2007 to 2017, and is a member of the Socialist Party.
References
1949 births
Living people
People from Vienne, Isère
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic |
20472787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Open%20Cup%20for%20Arena%20Soccer | United States Open Cup for Arena Soccer | The United States Open for Arena Soccer was a cup-style tournament for all Major Arena Soccer League and Premier Arena Soccer League teams. Established in 2008, the PASL announced they would hold the first tournament for indoor soccer open to all leagues and/or existing teams.
Champions
† Also PASL Ron Newman Cup Championship
References
External links
US Open official website
2013–14 tournament bracket
Indoor soccer competitions
Soccer cup competitions in the United States |
20472791 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Perrut | Bernard Perrut | Bernard Perrut (born 24 January 1957 in Villefranche-sur-Saône, Rhône, France) is a French politician who served as a deputy of the National Assembly of France, representing the Rhône's 9th constituency from 1997 to 2022. A member of the Republicans, he previously was the mayor of Villefranche-sur-Saône from 2008 to 2017.
References
1957 births
Living people
People from Villefranche-sur-Saône
Republican Party (France) politicians
Liberal Democracy (France) politicians
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
The Republicans (France) politicians
The Social Right
Mayors of places in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 15th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic |
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