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SQuAD
Humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps. For instance, dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps. Dogs may have provided warmth, as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal expression "three dog night" (an exceptionally cold night), and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers, using their acute hearing to provide an early warning.
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95d7e88360ae4fca94888650065e2506
What did a dog's good hearing help humans with?
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{ "text": [ "early warning." ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 424 ], "end": [ 437 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 77 ], "end": [ 79 ] } ] }
[ "early warning." ]
SQuAD
Humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps. For instance, dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps. Dogs may have provided warmth, as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal expression "three dog night" (an exceptionally cold night), and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers, using their acute hearing to provide an early warning.
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15eb4ff070d14bd5ac3e6482b14dcb56
How could dogs have helped with sanitation issues in camps?
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{ "text": [ "cleaning up food scraps" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 144 ], "end": [ 166 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 24 ], "end": [ 27 ] } ] }
[ "cleaning up food scraps" ]
SQuAD
Humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps. For instance, dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps. Dogs may have provided warmth, as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal expression "three dog night" (an exceptionally cold night), and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers, using their acute hearing to provide an early warning.
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8a1dc56daccd4e638049564b34a2ea05
What is the Australian Aboriginal expression that indicates a very cold night?
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{ "text": [ "three dog night" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 256 ], "end": [ 270 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 44 ], "end": [ 46 ] } ] }
[ "three dog night" ]
SQuAD
Most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old, having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles. Through this selective breeding, the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds, and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal. For example, height measured to the withers ranges from 15.2 centimetres (6.0 in) in the Chihuahua to about 76 cm (30 in) in the Irish Wolfhound; color varies from white through grays (usually called "blue") to black, and browns from light (tan) to dark ("red" or "chocolate") in a wide variation of patterns; coats can be short or long, coarse-haired to wool-like, straight, curly, or smooth. It is common for most breeds to shed this coat.
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aa75cd5cfbaa4385863028772675f62c
The majority of dog breeds have only been around for how long?
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{ "text": [ "a few hundred years" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 31 ], "end": [ 49 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 7 ], "end": [ 10 ] } ] }
[ "a few hundred years" ]
SQuAD
Most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old, having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles. Through this selective breeding, the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds, and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal. For example, height measured to the withers ranges from 15.2 centimetres (6.0 in) in the Chihuahua to about 76 cm (30 in) in the Irish Wolfhound; color varies from white through grays (usually called "blue") to black, and browns from light (tan) to dark ("red" or "chocolate") in a wide variation of patterns; coats can be short or long, coarse-haired to wool-like, straight, curly, or smooth. It is common for most breeds to shed this coat.
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22bfd76c3f0a4447bd1cbae9d50f541d
People selected dogs they wanted based on what two things?
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{ "text": [ "particular morphologies and behaviors" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 94 ], "end": [ 130 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 18 ], "end": [ 21 ] } ] }
[ "particular morphologies and behaviors" ]
SQuAD
Most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old, having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles. Through this selective breeding, the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds, and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal. For example, height measured to the withers ranges from 15.2 centimetres (6.0 in) in the Chihuahua to about 76 cm (30 in) in the Irish Wolfhound; color varies from white through grays (usually called "blue") to black, and browns from light (tan) to dark ("red" or "chocolate") in a wide variation of patterns; coats can be short or long, coarse-haired to wool-like, straight, curly, or smooth. It is common for most breeds to shed this coat.
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abbf8233bbaa47ba906a4ca597bd9f4d
Hundreds of different dog breeds exist because of what?
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{ "text": [ "selective breeding" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 186 ], "end": [ 203 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 31 ], "end": [ 32 ] } ] }
[ "selective breeding" ]
SQuAD
Most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old, having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles. Through this selective breeding, the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds, and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal. For example, height measured to the withers ranges from 15.2 centimetres (6.0 in) in the Chihuahua to about 76 cm (30 in) in the Irish Wolfhound; color varies from white through grays (usually called "blue") to black, and browns from light (tan) to dark ("red" or "chocolate") in a wide variation of patterns; coats can be short or long, coarse-haired to wool-like, straight, curly, or smooth. It is common for most breeds to shed this coat.
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d15d05bd9c1549e3ac694ad383d9f160
Height measurements in dogs go from six inches for Chihuahuas to 30 inches in what breed?
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{ "text": [ "Irish Wolfhound" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 471 ], "end": [ 485 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 86 ], "end": [ 87 ] } ] }
[ "Irish Wolfhound" ]
SQuAD
Most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old, having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles. Through this selective breeding, the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds, and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal. For example, height measured to the withers ranges from 15.2 centimetres (6.0 in) in the Chihuahua to about 76 cm (30 in) in the Irish Wolfhound; color varies from white through grays (usually called "blue") to black, and browns from light (tan) to dark ("red" or "chocolate") in a wide variation of patterns; coats can be short or long, coarse-haired to wool-like, straight, curly, or smooth. It is common for most breeds to shed this coat.
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8fb0e313cf6449009879cd9c72886760
How old are most dog breeds?
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{ "text": [ "a few hundred years old" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 31 ], "end": [ 53 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 7 ], "end": [ 11 ] } ] }
[ "a few hundred years old" ]
SQuAD
Most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old, having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles. Through this selective breeding, the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds, and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal. For example, height measured to the withers ranges from 15.2 centimetres (6.0 in) in the Chihuahua to about 76 cm (30 in) in the Irish Wolfhound; color varies from white through grays (usually called "blue") to black, and browns from light (tan) to dark ("red" or "chocolate") in a wide variation of patterns; coats can be short or long, coarse-haired to wool-like, straight, curly, or smooth. It is common for most breeds to shed this coat.
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988803f564cd4ed7a287728c37a3b9d3
How many different breeds are there?
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{ "text": [ "hundreds" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 233 ], "end": [ 240 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 39 ], "end": [ 39 ] } ] }
[ "hundreds" ]
SQuAD
Most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old, having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles. Through this selective breeding, the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds, and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal. For example, height measured to the withers ranges from 15.2 centimetres (6.0 in) in the Chihuahua to about 76 cm (30 in) in the Irish Wolfhound; color varies from white through grays (usually called "blue") to black, and browns from light (tan) to dark ("red" or "chocolate") in a wide variation of patterns; coats can be short or long, coarse-haired to wool-like, straight, curly, or smooth. It is common for most breeds to shed this coat.
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b63308eb3f844370b94a414fffe0f6d3
Gray color is often called what when referring to dogs?
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{ "text": [ "blue" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 543 ], "end": [ 546 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 99 ], "end": [ 99 ] } ] }
[ "blue" ]
SQuAD
Despite their close genetic relationship and the ability to inter-breed, there are a number of diagnostic features to distinguish the gray wolves from domestic dogs. Domesticated dogs are clearly distinguishable from wolves by starch gel electrophoresis of red blood cell acid phosphatase. The tympanic bullae are large, convex and almost spherical in gray wolves, while the bullae of dogs are smaller, compressed and slightly crumpled. Compared to equally sized wolves, dogs tend to have 20% smaller skulls and 30% smaller brains.:35 The teeth of gray wolves are also proportionately larger than those of dogs; the premolars and molars of wolves are much less crowded and have more complex cusp patterns. Wolves do not have dewclaws on their back legs, unless there has been admixture with dogs. Dogs lack a functioning pre-caudal gland, and most enter estrus twice yearly, unlike gray wolves which only do so once a year. Dogs require fewer calories to function than wolves. The dog's limp ears may be the result of atrophy of the jaw muscles. The skin of domestic dogs tends to be thicker than that of wolves, with some Inuit tribes favoring the former for use as clothing due to its greater resistance to wear and tear in harsh weather.
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5e37685d205d43db93bd30c6c4294777
Which typically has thicker skin, dogs or wolves?
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{ "text": [ "dogs." ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 160 ], "end": [ 164 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ] }
[ "dogs." ]
SQuAD
Despite their close genetic relationship and the ability to inter-breed, there are a number of diagnostic features to distinguish the gray wolves from domestic dogs. Domesticated dogs are clearly distinguishable from wolves by starch gel electrophoresis of red blood cell acid phosphatase. The tympanic bullae are large, convex and almost spherical in gray wolves, while the bullae of dogs are smaller, compressed and slightly crumpled. Compared to equally sized wolves, dogs tend to have 20% smaller skulls and 30% smaller brains.:35 The teeth of gray wolves are also proportionately larger than those of dogs; the premolars and molars of wolves are much less crowded and have more complex cusp patterns. Wolves do not have dewclaws on their back legs, unless there has been admixture with dogs. Dogs lack a functioning pre-caudal gland, and most enter estrus twice yearly, unlike gray wolves which only do so once a year. Dogs require fewer calories to function than wolves. The dog's limp ears may be the result of atrophy of the jaw muscles. The skin of domestic dogs tends to be thicker than that of wolves, with some Inuit tribes favoring the former for use as clothing due to its greater resistance to wear and tear in harsh weather.
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3794a0f877a94d98852f0f546977a1d1
Dogs having ears that are not erect may be due to what?
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{ "text": [ "atrophy of the jaw muscles." ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 1018 ], "end": [ 1044 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 188 ], "end": [ 193 ] } ] }
[ "atrophy of the jaw muscles." ]
SQuAD
Despite their close genetic relationship and the ability to inter-breed, there are a number of diagnostic features to distinguish the gray wolves from domestic dogs. Domesticated dogs are clearly distinguishable from wolves by starch gel electrophoresis of red blood cell acid phosphatase. The tympanic bullae are large, convex and almost spherical in gray wolves, while the bullae of dogs are smaller, compressed and slightly crumpled. Compared to equally sized wolves, dogs tend to have 20% smaller skulls and 30% smaller brains.:35 The teeth of gray wolves are also proportionately larger than those of dogs; the premolars and molars of wolves are much less crowded and have more complex cusp patterns. Wolves do not have dewclaws on their back legs, unless there has been admixture with dogs. Dogs lack a functioning pre-caudal gland, and most enter estrus twice yearly, unlike gray wolves which only do so once a year. Dogs require fewer calories to function than wolves. The dog's limp ears may be the result of atrophy of the jaw muscles. The skin of domestic dogs tends to be thicker than that of wolves, with some Inuit tribes favoring the former for use as clothing due to its greater resistance to wear and tear in harsh weather.
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b750a3c88d484758b76140d557d5ff51
What kind of features differentiate gray wolves from dogs?
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{ "text": [ "diagnostic features" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 95 ], "end": [ 113 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 18 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ] }
[ "diagnostic features" ]
SQuAD
Despite their close genetic relationship and the ability to inter-breed, there are a number of diagnostic features to distinguish the gray wolves from domestic dogs. Domesticated dogs are clearly distinguishable from wolves by starch gel electrophoresis of red blood cell acid phosphatase. The tympanic bullae are large, convex and almost spherical in gray wolves, while the bullae of dogs are smaller, compressed and slightly crumpled. Compared to equally sized wolves, dogs tend to have 20% smaller skulls and 30% smaller brains.:35 The teeth of gray wolves are also proportionately larger than those of dogs; the premolars and molars of wolves are much less crowded and have more complex cusp patterns. Wolves do not have dewclaws on their back legs, unless there has been admixture with dogs. Dogs lack a functioning pre-caudal gland, and most enter estrus twice yearly, unlike gray wolves which only do so once a year. Dogs require fewer calories to function than wolves. The dog's limp ears may be the result of atrophy of the jaw muscles. The skin of domestic dogs tends to be thicker than that of wolves, with some Inuit tribes favoring the former for use as clothing due to its greater resistance to wear and tear in harsh weather.
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0440d9d10f8944ac9bc7c2d8754266af
How often do female wolves enter estrus?
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{ "text": [ "once a year." ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 911 ], "end": [ 922 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 165 ], "end": [ 168 ] } ] }
[ "once a year." ]
SQuAD
According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009–2010, it is estimated there are 77.5 million people with pet dogs in the United States. The same survey shows nearly 40% of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs. There does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of female and male dog pets. Yet, although several programs are undergoing to promote pet adoption, less than a fifth of the owned dogs come from a shelter.
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4376dd8d301c4556a95063a104570a43
The National Pet Owner Survey reported how many people had pet dogs in America between 2009 and 2010?
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{ "text": [ "77.5 million" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 162 ], "end": [ 173 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 25 ], "end": [ 26 ] } ] }
[ "77.5 million" ]
SQuAD
According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009–2010, it is estimated there are 77.5 million people with pet dogs in the United States. The same survey shows nearly 40% of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs. There does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of female and male dog pets. Yet, although several programs are undergoing to promote pet adoption, less than a fifth of the owned dogs come from a shelter.
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99754e09772c4681bfef1e2e0c74b3b2
How many people in the United States are said to own dog?
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[ "77.5 million" ]
SQuAD
The majority of contemporary people with dogs describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog–human family as a pack. A dominance model of dog–human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer. However it has been disputed that "trying to achieve status" is characteristic of dog–human interactions. Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog–human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog, to mediate their interactions with each other.
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e2630684fe4a46fd82a859859ca855de
How do most people describe the relationship with their dogs?
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{ "text": [ "part of the family" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 68 ], "end": [ 85 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 11 ], "end": [ 14 ] } ] }
[ "part of the family" ]
SQuAD
The majority of contemporary people with dogs describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog–human family as a pack. A dominance model of dog–human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer. However it has been disputed that "trying to achieve status" is characteristic of dog–human interactions. Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog–human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog, to mediate their interactions with each other.
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e9b0c0f66c844977a03e958ac55e1076
What television show uses a dominance model of dog and human relationships?
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{ "text": [ "Dog Whisperer." ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 337 ], "end": [ 350 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 60 ], "end": [ 62 ] } ] }
[ "Dog Whisperer." ]
SQuAD
The majority of contemporary people with dogs describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog–human family as a pack. A dominance model of dog–human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer. However it has been disputed that "trying to achieve status" is characteristic of dog–human interactions. Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog–human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog, to mediate their interactions with each other.
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61a9efcba74545e4a4a0d98dca4162b7
Most people today describe their dogs as what?
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[ "part of the family" ]
SQuAD
The majority of contemporary people with dogs describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog–human family as a pack. A dominance model of dog–human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer. However it has been disputed that "trying to achieve status" is characteristic of dog–human interactions. Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog–human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog, to mediate their interactions with each other.
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a906c8a826b6497a86693d884ce3306e
What TV show promotes a dominance model for the relationships people have with their dogs?
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[ "Dog Whisperer" ]
SQuAD
The latest study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so. This gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans.
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12c67004b4694a689af2b1fbe60471d9
What type of imaging was used to study the relationship between humans and dogs?
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[ "magnetic resonance imaging" ]
SQuAD
The latest study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so. This gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans.
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bcf2c0a4317848f8bcdbacbc50373d41
An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs have the same response as humans to what?
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{ "text": [ "voices" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 123 ], "end": [ 128 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 22 ], "end": [ 22 ] } ] }
[ "voices" ]
SQuAD
The latest study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so. This gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans.
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0b6da76bb4ac43a59f952a6885598ecd
An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs use the same parts of what as humans?
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{ "text": [ "the brain" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 156 ], "end": [ 164 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 29 ], "end": [ 30 ] } ] }
[ "the brain" ]
SQuAD
The latest study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so. This gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans.
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a334b2f5943c494c879ad469b8232df5
What technology was used to show that dogs respond to voices in the same brain parts as people?
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[ "MRI" ]
SQuAD
The latest study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so. This gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans.
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ed24438524b94281b63b5dc3b1460a97
Dogs have the ability to recognize what type of human sounds?
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{ "text": [ "emotional" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 227 ], "end": [ 235 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 44 ], "end": [ 44 ] } ] }
[ "emotional" ]
SQuAD
In addition, people with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets. The results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behaviour, and that for guardians of dogs these effects are relatively long-term. Pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival, with human guardians being significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs.
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98bde2eff66147fc9fbc4d6adc7fa84e
People with dogs get more of what than people with cats or no animals?
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[ "exercise" ]
SQuAD
In addition, people with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets. The results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behaviour, and that for guardians of dogs these effects are relatively long-term. Pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival, with human guardians being significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs.
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f58a834b04bf420abeafc69c813ea48a
People with dogs do what more than people who have cats or no pets?
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[ "exercise" ]
SQuAD
Emigrants from Siberia that walked across the Bering land bridge into North America may have had dogs in their company, and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago, although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,400 years ago.:104 Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America, and were their only domesticated animal. Dogs also carried much of the load in the migration of the Apache and Navajo tribes 1,400 years ago. Use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to North America.
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830c5cb70a4c429b8ea0d7731b2a510f
What type of working dog may have been the reason so many humans were able to get into North America 12,000 tears ago?
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{ "text": [ "sled dogs" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 160 ], "end": [ 168 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 29 ], "end": [ 30 ] } ] }
[ "sled dogs" ]
SQuAD
Emigrants from Siberia that walked across the Bering land bridge into North America may have had dogs in their company, and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago, although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,400 years ago.:104 Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America, and were their only domesticated animal. Dogs also carried much of the load in the migration of the Apache and Navajo tribes 1,400 years ago. Use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to North America.
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c99a9b741d0443a98f4e2db4f60578a2
What did ancient people walk across from Siberia into North America?
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{ "text": [ "Bering land bridge" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 46 ], "end": [ 63 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 7 ], "end": [ 9 ] } ] }
[ "Bering land bridge" ]
SQuAD
Emigrants from Siberia that walked across the Bering land bridge into North America may have had dogs in their company, and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago, although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,400 years ago.:104 Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America, and were their only domesticated animal. Dogs also carried much of the load in the migration of the Apache and Navajo tribes 1,400 years ago. Use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to North America.
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cd2b40a821f14a0d8fe7809c60bbf9b2
How old are the oldest findings of dogs in North America?
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{ "text": [ "9,400 years" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 373 ], "end": [ 383 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 66 ], "end": [ 67 ] } ] }
[ "9,400 years" ]
SQuAD
Emigrants from Siberia that walked across the Bering land bridge into North America may have had dogs in their company, and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago, although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,400 years ago.:104 Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America, and were their only domesticated animal. Dogs also carried much of the load in the migration of the Apache and Navajo tribes 1,400 years ago. Use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to North America.
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1978dd90be4749f7b7bb375a5bd4e439
Evidence places dogs in North America when?
{ "tokens": [ "Evidence", "places", "dogs", "in", "North", "America", "when", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 9, 16, 21, 24, 30, 38, 42 ] }
{ "text": [ "12,000 years ago" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 256 ], "end": [ 271 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 46 ], "end": [ 48 ] } ] }
[ "12,000 years ago" ]
SQuAD
Emigrants from Siberia that walked across the Bering land bridge into North America may have had dogs in their company, and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago, although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,400 years ago.:104 Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America, and were their only domesticated animal. Dogs also carried much of the load in the migration of the Apache and Navajo tribes 1,400 years ago. Use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to North America.
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6dbcb210d3e3429ab7518010f9d391bd
Dogs were the only domesticated animals for what North American population?
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{ "text": [ "Athabascan" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 438 ], "end": [ 447 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 78 ], "end": [ 78 ] } ] }
[ "Athabascan" ]
SQuAD
Emigrants from Siberia that walked across the Bering land bridge into North America may have had dogs in their company, and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago, although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,400 years ago.:104 Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America, and were their only domesticated animal. Dogs also carried much of the load in the migration of the Apache and Navajo tribes 1,400 years ago. Use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to North America.
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5b59e6168f034ddd81a1597b8d1e8ada
Dogs contributed to what migration 1400 years ago?
{ "tokens": [ "Dogs", "contributed", "to", "what", "migration", "1400", "years", "ago", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 17, 20, 25, 35, 40, 46, 49 ] }
{ "text": [ "Apache and Navajo tribes" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 578 ], "end": [ 601 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 103 ], "end": [ 106 ] } ] }
[ "Apache and Navajo tribes" ]
SQuAD
Emigrants from Siberia that walked across the Bering land bridge into North America may have had dogs in their company, and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago, although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,400 years ago.:104 Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America, and were their only domesticated animal. Dogs also carried much of the load in the migration of the Apache and Navajo tribes 1,400 years ago. Use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to North America.
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e4af73008bf64fe293b4759c34d19bc9
People still used dogs as pack animals even after what other animal began being used for this purpose?
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{ "text": [ "horse" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 712 ], "end": [ 716 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 127 ], "end": [ 127 ] } ] }
[ "horse" ]
SQuAD
Another study of dogs' roles in families showed many dogs have set tasks or routines undertaken as family members, the most common of which was helping with the washing-up by licking the plates in the dishwasher, and bringing in the newspaper from the lawn. Increasingly, human family members are engaging in activities centered on the perceived needs and interests of the dog, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga.
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565b1bd9324646b3b7d9b1ba5e9e500e
A study showed that a task dogs do is bringing in what from the lawn?
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{ "text": [ "newspaper" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 233 ], "end": [ 241 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 45 ], "end": [ 45 ] } ] }
[ "newspaper" ]
SQuAD
Another study of dogs' roles in families showed many dogs have set tasks or routines undertaken as family members, the most common of which was helping with the washing-up by licking the plates in the dishwasher, and bringing in the newspaper from the lawn. Increasingly, human family members are engaging in activities centered on the perceived needs and interests of the dog, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga.
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601cc55811d64351b8f84a5ac7ac5405
Dogs often help clean in the kitchen by licking what?
{ "tokens": [ "Dogs", "often", "help", "clean", "in", "the", "kitchen", "by", "licking", "what", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 11, 16, 22, 25, 29, 37, 40, 48, 52 ] }
{ "text": [ "plates" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 187 ], "end": [ 192 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 36 ], "end": [ 36 ] } ] }
[ "plates" ]
SQuAD
Another study of dogs' roles in families showed many dogs have set tasks or routines undertaken as family members, the most common of which was helping with the washing-up by licking the plates in the dishwasher, and bringing in the newspaper from the lawn. Increasingly, human family members are engaging in activities centered on the perceived needs and interests of the dog, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga.
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7e6dbb1f67004e44bfc8dd6e4ad2fbb9
In addition to dog dancing, what is another activity that families are doing that is centered around their pet?
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{ "text": [ "dog yoga." ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 446 ], "end": [ 454 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 85 ], "end": [ 87 ] } ] }
[ "dog yoga." ]
SQuAD
Another study of dogs' roles in families showed many dogs have set tasks or routines undertaken as family members, the most common of which was helping with the washing-up by licking the plates in the dishwasher, and bringing in the newspaper from the lawn. Increasingly, human family members are engaging in activities centered on the perceived needs and interests of the dog, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga.
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96a329ffacf444549533e9170fb838a6
What do many dogs have to do in the families where they live?
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{ "text": [ "set tasks or routines" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 63 ], "end": [ 83 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 12 ], "end": [ 15 ] } ] }
[ "set tasks or routines" ]
SQuAD
Another study of dogs' roles in families showed many dogs have set tasks or routines undertaken as family members, the most common of which was helping with the washing-up by licking the plates in the dishwasher, and bringing in the newspaper from the lawn. Increasingly, human family members are engaging in activities centered on the perceived needs and interests of the dog, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga.
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1a309f33e31a4cfba24c8270697771ff
What are dogs often taught to bring in from outdoors?
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{ "text": [ "the newspaper" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 229 ], "end": [ 241 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 44 ], "end": [ 45 ] } ] }
[ "the newspaper" ]
SQuAD
Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them.
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17d78e9e5dcd4e8d87a774e267ce4fc6
What is the name of the dog that could ID over 200 things?
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{ "text": [ "Rico" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 183 ], "end": [ 186 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 34 ], "end": [ 34 ] } ] }
[ "Rico" ]
SQuAD
Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them.
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94f7f8ab082b4f6bbc8af50bd4cef3d2
What is the name of the Border collie that knew over 1000 words?
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{ "text": [ "Chaser" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 517 ], "end": [ 522 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 93 ], "end": [ 93 ] } ] }
[ "Chaser" ]
SQuAD
Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them.
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19bc8c2cb4e2427ba9eadd32a12dccab
In addition to interpreting body language and verbal commands dogs can also interpret what two other things?
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{ "text": [ "gesturing and pointing" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 685 ], "end": [ 706 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 125 ], "end": [ 127 ] } ] }
[ "gesturing and pointing" ]
SQuAD
Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them.
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258841d99e8a4251bf6213868c668aab
What wild canine did better at a problem-solving experiment?
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{ "text": [ "Australian dingos" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 849 ], "end": [ 865 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 153 ], "end": [ 154 ] } ] }
[ "Australian dingos" ]
SQuAD
Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them.
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14e6369647f44430979ab8c44c0e7892
What is one thing, according to the text, that domesticated dogs use humans for?
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{ "text": [ "to solve their problems for them." ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 1297 ], "end": [ 1329 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 230 ], "end": [ 236 ] } ] }
[ "to solve their problems for them." ]
SQuAD
Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them.
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142c56fff9284f21ad91f9c0ca7d9c5d
Perceiving information and retaining it is what?
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{ "text": [ "intelligence" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 15 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 1 ] } ] }
[ "intelligence" ]
SQuAD
Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them.
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d26ebebdbc594126a73ac1d11f151bb3
How many labels does Rico the dog know?
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{ "text": [ "over 200" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 222 ], "end": [ 229 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 42 ], "end": [ 43 ] } ] }
[ "over 200" ]
SQuAD
Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them.
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63a3ba0cade74266a08d8aae70f31c7e
What kind of memory skills do dogs have?
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[ "advanced" ]
SQuAD
Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them.
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4323098cc1734bbcbad1ed3c8c27fbc3
How many words did Chaser know?
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[ "over 1,000" ]
SQuAD
In the United States, cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year. It has been estimated around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in UK hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles.
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8852d1e88a61488fa7df66076a486a3a
In addition to dogs, what other animal is responsible for over 86,000 falls every year?
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{ "text": [ "cats" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 22 ], "end": [ 25 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 5 ], "end": [ 5 ] } ] }
[ "cats" ]
SQuAD
In the United States, cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year. It has been estimated around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in UK hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles.
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1353f1095efd4df08505a7e5d6dd4e06
Vehicle accidents with resulting injuries that involve dogs are more common with what type of vehicle?
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{ "text": [ "two-wheeled vehicles." ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 361 ], "end": [ 381 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 66 ], "end": [ 70 ] } ] }
[ "two-wheeled vehicles." ]
SQuAD
In the United States, cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year. It has been estimated around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in UK hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles.
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d11335127d6446b690ff9183de2c097d
What sort of vehicle is most likely associated with accidents involving dogs?
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[ "two-wheeled vehicles" ]
SQuAD
Citing a 2008 study, the U.S. Center for Disease Control estimated in 2015 that 4.5 million people in the USA are bitten by dogs each year. A 2015 study estimated that 1.8% of the U.S. population is bitten each year. In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year, while in the 2000s this has increased to 26. 77% of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends, and 50% of attacks occur on the property of the dog's legal owner.
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6f2e3c04f03f4d5e938c3d27862ce345
How many people are bitten by dogs every year in America?
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{ "text": [ "4.5 million" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 80 ], "end": [ 90 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 15 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ] }
[ "4.5 million" ]
SQuAD
Citing a 2008 study, the U.S. Center for Disease Control estimated in 2015 that 4.5 million people in the USA are bitten by dogs each year. A 2015 study estimated that 1.8% of the U.S. population is bitten each year. In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year, while in the 2000s this has increased to 26. 77% of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends, and 50% of attacks occur on the property of the dog's legal owner.
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d186442a0f25443b89b7612dd9b2d15f
During the 1980s and 1990s, how many people were killed annually because of dog bites?
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[ "17" ]
SQuAD
Citing a 2008 study, the U.S. Center for Disease Control estimated in 2015 that 4.5 million people in the USA are bitten by dogs each year. A 2015 study estimated that 1.8% of the U.S. population is bitten each year. In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year, while in the 2000s this has increased to 26. 77% of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends, and 50% of attacks occur on the property of the dog's legal owner.
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18dbfcf53f2c4713896328c1520afcad
In the 2000s, how many people died every year because of dog bites?
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{ "text": [ "26" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 321 ], "end": [ 322 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 65 ], "end": [ 65 ] } ] }
[ "26" ]
SQuAD
Citing a 2008 study, the U.S. Center for Disease Control estimated in 2015 that 4.5 million people in the USA are bitten by dogs each year. A 2015 study estimated that 1.8% of the U.S. population is bitten each year. In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year, while in the 2000s this has increased to 26. 77% of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends, and 50% of attacks occur on the property of the dog's legal owner.
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According to a 2008 CDC report, how many are bitten in the United States annually?
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[ "4.5 million" ]
SQuAD
Citing a 2008 study, the U.S. Center for Disease Control estimated in 2015 that 4.5 million people in the USA are bitten by dogs each year. A 2015 study estimated that 1.8% of the U.S. population is bitten each year. In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year, while in the 2000s this has increased to 26. 77% of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends, and 50% of attacks occur on the property of the dog's legal owner.
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1e4cb1451e9f4ab68bc80cbe3f04b911
What decade saw an increase from 17 to 26 deaths caused by dogs?
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{ "text": [ "2000s" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 293 ], "end": [ 297 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 60 ], "end": [ 60 ] } ] }
[ "2000s" ]
SQuAD
In Asian countries such as China, Korea, and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors. The role of the dog in Chinese mythology includes a position as one of the twelve animals which cyclically represent years (the zodiacal dog).
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5e36228b25984c05aafe8723962bf68a
Three Asian countries see dogs as what?
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{ "text": [ "kind protectors." ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 71 ], "end": [ 86 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 16 ], "end": [ 18 ] } ] }
[ "kind protectors." ]
SQuAD
In Asian countries such as China, Korea, and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors. The role of the dog in Chinese mythology includes a position as one of the twelve animals which cyclically represent years (the zodiacal dog).
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46285a3e3e5043fd969942e8976d3b0e
What country has the dog as part of its 12 animals that represent years?
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{ "text": [ "China" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 5 ], "end": [ 5 ] } ] }
[ "China" ]
SQuAD
In Asian countries such as China, Korea, and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors. The role of the dog in Chinese mythology includes a position as one of the twelve animals which cyclically represent years (the zodiacal dog).
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5f154d62c0ea41979a76b595ee571b94
How are dogs viewed in Asian countries?
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{ "text": [ "as kind protectors" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 68 ], "end": [ 85 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 15 ], "end": [ 17 ] } ] }
[ "as kind protectors" ]
SQuAD
Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis.
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6d851ee177894a38ba8d13cd1b0190d3
Dogs can have the same health issues as who?
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{ "text": [ "humans" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 66 ], "end": [ 71 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 12 ], "end": [ 12 ] } ] }
[ "humans" ]
SQuAD
In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows.
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c3843dfe9c2c4c779eac777d29797943
What are conformation shows also known as?
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{ "text": [ "breed shows" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 43 ], "end": [ 53 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 8 ], "end": [ 9 ] } ] }
[ "breed shows" ]
SQuAD
In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows.
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7bfcf08e51e2466da91a155500d82b69
Who evaluates dogs at breed shows?
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{ "text": [ "a judge" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 56 ], "end": [ 62 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 11 ], "end": [ 12 ] } ] }
[ "a judge" ]
SQuAD
In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows.
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03472afe0a354069a76dec78bc30e416
What is the judge looking for in specific breeds?
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{ "text": [ "conformity with their established breed" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 140 ], "end": [ 178 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 24 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ] }
[ "conformity with their established breed" ]
SQuAD
In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows.
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847e467124e3410388b9d9e2e78f89c4
What is the only standard judged?
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{ "text": [ "externally observable qualities" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 263 ], "end": [ 293 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 45 ], "end": [ 47 ] } ] }
[ "externally observable qualities" ]
SQuAD
In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows.
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52bd0ed05d6a4544bc13f5aacfdc3bbd
What is another word for "breed shows"?
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{ "text": [ "conformation shows." ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 442 ], "end": [ 460 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 79 ], "end": [ 81 ] } ] }
[ "conformation shows." ]
SQuAD
In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows.
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94a4ea0b61e944f0a5426148bdbf048e
What is the evaluator called in a breed show?
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[ "a judge" ]
SQuAD
In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows.
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83aaaaa322374613aba06225d0ea62f6
The breed standard only is about what?
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{ "text": [ "externally observable qualities" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 263 ], "end": [ 293 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 45 ], "end": [ 47 ] } ] }
[ "externally observable qualities" ]
SQuAD
In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows.
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1a1fc4117ced4d06b3be74543fbd664d
Abilities and what else are not tested at breed shows?
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{ "text": [ "health" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 403 ], "end": [ 408 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 70 ], "end": [ 70 ] } ] }
[ "health" ]
SQuAD
The cohabitation of dogs and humans would have greatly improved the chances of survival for early human groups, and the domestication of dogs may have been one of the key forces that led to human success.
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edf9c44d136a428692aaca4bff50b5c6
What has likely led to human success?
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{ "text": [ "the domestication of dogs" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 116 ], "end": [ 140 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 20 ], "end": [ 23 ] } ] }
[ "the domestication of dogs" ]
SQuAD
A 2005 paper states "recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets." In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition, and this effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study.
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f64e1ed8d39d45c594ac068e4d2c2354
What year did a publication come out indicating having a pet does not mean lower risk of heart disease in the elderly?
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{ "text": [ "2005" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 2 ], "end": [ 5 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 1 ] } ] }
[ "2005" ]
SQuAD
A 2005 paper states "recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets." In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition, and this effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study.
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40a2606849ea4446b803b1971a040116
What is lowered in children who have pets?
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{ "text": [ "absenteeism from school" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 346 ], "end": [ 368 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 57 ], "end": [ 59 ] } ] }
[ "absenteeism from school" ]
SQuAD
A 2005 paper states "recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets." In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition, and this effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study.
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23bac4084e67478a9de8a599c1204631
What year did a report state that research did not support better health for elderly people who own pets?
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{ "text": [ "2005" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 2 ], "end": [ 5 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 1 ] } ] }
[ "2005" ]
SQuAD
In many cities along the North American and European route, the torch relay was protested by advocates of Tibetan independence, animal rights, and legal online gambling, and people protesting against China's human rights record, resulting in confrontations at a few of the relay locations. These protests, which ranged from hundreds of people in San Francisco, to effectively none in Pyongyang, forced the path of the torch relay to be changed or shortened on a number of occasions. The torch was extinguished by Chinese security officials several times during the Paris leg for security reasons, and once in protest in Paris.
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60ed9bf4dd434fb5a1defc4535296278
How many people protested on the San Francisco torch route?
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{ "text": [ "hundreds" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 324 ], "end": [ 331 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 57 ], "end": [ 57 ] } ] }
[ "hundreds" ]
SQuAD
In many cities along the North American and European route, the torch relay was protested by advocates of Tibetan independence, animal rights, and legal online gambling, and people protesting against China's human rights record, resulting in confrontations at a few of the relay locations. These protests, which ranged from hundreds of people in San Francisco, to effectively none in Pyongyang, forced the path of the torch relay to be changed or shortened on a number of occasions. The torch was extinguished by Chinese security officials several times during the Paris leg for security reasons, and once in protest in Paris.
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c6d44fb7386940808d31fa963e7ba848
How many people protested at the Pyongyang torch route?
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{ "text": [ "effectively none" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 364 ], "end": [ 379 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 65 ], "end": [ 66 ] } ] }
[ "effectively none" ]
SQuAD
In many cities along the North American and European route, the torch relay was protested by advocates of Tibetan independence, animal rights, and legal online gambling, and people protesting against China's human rights record, resulting in confrontations at a few of the relay locations. These protests, which ranged from hundreds of people in San Francisco, to effectively none in Pyongyang, forced the path of the torch relay to be changed or shortened on a number of occasions. The torch was extinguished by Chinese security officials several times during the Paris leg for security reasons, and once in protest in Paris.
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e313ab2f9e21432889bec88fd8234074
What were some groups doing along the torch route that was not supportive of the Olympics?
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{ "text": [ "protesting" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 181 ], "end": [ 190 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 32 ], "end": [ 32 ] } ] }
[ "protesting" ]
SQuAD
In many cities along the North American and European route, the torch relay was protested by advocates of Tibetan independence, animal rights, and legal online gambling, and people protesting against China's human rights record, resulting in confrontations at a few of the relay locations. These protests, which ranged from hundreds of people in San Francisco, to effectively none in Pyongyang, forced the path of the torch relay to be changed or shortened on a number of occasions. The torch was extinguished by Chinese security officials several times during the Paris leg for security reasons, and once in protest in Paris.
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36aa313d6e654e1c96c4ee8ee3b9c3f6
Who put out the torch along the route for protection?
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{ "text": [ "Chinese security officials" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 513 ], "end": [ 538 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 93 ], "end": [ 95 ] } ] }
[ "Chinese security officials" ]
SQuAD
There are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing, to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches, and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries. While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking (which dogs do to establish territory through scent), became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog. Dog training books, classes and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued.
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5b70beb3f30c4b3e94c387c4a4d84725
It is easy to turn a canine into the perfect companion because so much of what is available?
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[ "commodity forms" ]
SQuAD
There are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing, to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches, and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries. While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking (which dogs do to establish territory through scent), became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog. Dog training books, classes and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued.
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0d07c3961bd44f5385265c9a073a9a01
Dog training can be researched back to what century?
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[ "18th" ]
SQuAD
There are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing, to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches, and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries. While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking (which dogs do to establish territory through scent), became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog. Dog training books, classes and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued.
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13da39765c8d48c895f74077bc67e113
How do dogs establish their territory as far as scent is concerned?
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[ "urine marking" ]
SQuAD
There are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing, to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches, and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries. While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking (which dogs do to establish territory through scent), became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog. Dog training books, classes and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued.
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caa94101f7f94ff98829d425022ae1f6
How far back can dog training be found?
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[ "18th century" ]
SQuAD
There are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing, to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches, and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries. While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking (which dogs do to establish territory through scent), became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog. Dog training books, classes and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued.
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09b6d7b1a1094dfbb10fa6b2a7933a53
How do dogs mark their territory?
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[ "urine marking" ]
SQuAD
There are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing, to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches, and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries. While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking (which dogs do to establish territory through scent), became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog. Dog training books, classes and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued.
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9769e03a9b284b7a9c1985a895cb9ea3
What has become important to ensure dogs do not do things that humans don't want them to do, such as jumping?
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[ "training" ]
SQuAD
Jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets. Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves, and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them. In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness.
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479c746ef71b43cab7ec9417cedd4c66
What do dogs represent to Christians?
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{ "text": [ "faithfulness." ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 243 ], "end": [ 255 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 44 ], "end": [ 45 ] } ] }
[ "faithfulness." ]
SQuAD
Jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets. Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves, and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them. In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness.
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344e88a8622846bb9f5f53a33745b6e3
Jewish law dictates that anyone owning a dog must feed the dog before who?
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[ "themselves" ]
SQuAD
Jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets. Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves, and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them. In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness.
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b3671703c7854f359c85f40941c818cf
If a Jewish person owns a dog, he must do what to do the dog before he does it to himself?
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[ "feed" ]
SQuAD
Jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets. Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves, and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them. In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness.
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56d28fd8a6f747ce821cb059be880375
What does a dog represent in the Christian culture?
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[ "faithfulness" ]
SQuAD
Some dog breeds have acquired traits through selective breeding that interfere with reproduction. Male French Bulldogs, for instance, are incapable of mounting the female. For many dogs of this breed, the female must be artificially inseminated in order to reproduce.
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894ca1348f73420e9a23e85b0b7b00f7
Which dog is not able to mount a female dog?
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[ "Male French Bulldogs" ]
SQuAD
Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained T. canis eggs. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.
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25d7a2c26bb8492ba8e2dc46a6a222ff
What is the common name of the species that causes Toxocariasis?
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{ "text": [ "dog roundworm" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 16 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 3 ], "end": [ 4 ] } ] }
[ "dog roundworm" ]
SQuAD
Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained T. canis eggs. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.
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f9df9f66893449a6afeab68097e08586
How are Toxicara canis infections spread?
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[ "dog feces" ]
SQuAD
Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained T. canis eggs. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.
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33ee3b3c4dec460ab79b22aa82de8e0c
About how many people get a Toxocara infection each year?
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[ "10,000" ]
SQuAD
Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained T. canis eggs. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.
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5ce5667b5bf4468e9c40e87cc907e271
Toxocariasis can lead to what in humans?
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[ "retinal damage and decreased vision." ]
SQuAD
Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained T. canis eggs. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.
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0118b7f8a1044c5a973b77822103378e
Toxocariasis is caused by what kind of eggs in dog feces?
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{ "text": [ "roundworm" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 20 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 4 ] } ] }
[ "roundworm" ]
SQuAD
Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained T. canis eggs. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.
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8425fb46a6ce474d994e0418090dd251
What percentage of people in America are infected with the Toxocara infection?
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[ "14" ]
SQuAD
Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained T. canis eggs. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.
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4578c6b2c23045b4bb5c849c93936acd
How many Toxocara infection cases are reported annually in the US?
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[ "10,000" ]
SQuAD
Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained T. canis eggs. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.
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68b7f156ff774fdeb599a7660821e4b6
What percentage of soil contained T. canis eggs in Great Britain public parks?
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{ "text": [ "24" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 239 ], "end": [ 240 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 47 ], "end": [ 47 ] } ] }
[ "24" ]
SQuAD
Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained T. canis eggs. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.
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If toxocariasis is left untreated, what can happen to a person?
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[ "retinal damage and decreased vision" ]
SQuAD
Cultural depictions of dogs in art extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves. Representations of dogs became more elaborate as individual breeds evolved and the relationships between human and canine developed. Hunting scenes were popular in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, watchfulness, and love.
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Thousands of years ago, dogs were depicted on the walls of what?
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{ "text": [ "caves." ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 110 ], "end": [ 115 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 20 ], "end": [ 21 ] } ] }
[ "caves." ]
SQuAD
Cultural depictions of dogs in art extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves. Representations of dogs became more elaborate as individual breeds evolved and the relationships between human and canine developed. Hunting scenes were popular in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, watchfulness, and love.
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5c6c81bae7f24dcfb8f9a149480a8166
What scenes were popular in art during the Middle Ages?
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[ "Hunting" ]
SQuAD
Cultural depictions of dogs in art extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves. Representations of dogs became more elaborate as individual breeds evolved and the relationships between human and canine developed. Hunting scenes were popular in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, watchfulness, and love.
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Dogs were depicted as art on the walls of what?
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[ "caves" ]
SQuAD
Cultural depictions of dogs in art extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves. Representations of dogs became more elaborate as individual breeds evolved and the relationships between human and canine developed. Hunting scenes were popular in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, watchfulness, and love.
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a3bd22401bd74d65b5ef97c20cc4f97a
What kind of art scene was popular in the Middle Ages?
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[ "Hunting scenes" ]