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SQuAD
The egalitarianism typical of human hunters and gatherers is never total, but is striking when viewed in an evolutionary context. One of humanity's two closest primate relatives, chimpanzees, are anything but egalitarian, forming themselves into hierarchies that are often dominated by an alpha male. So great is the contrast with human hunter-gatherers that it is widely argued by palaeoanthropologists that resistance to being dominated was a key factor driving the evolutionary emergence of human consciousness, language, kinship and social organization.
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4e2265a20aab49f998686c407a2dbfde
How do chimpanzees arrange themselves in a group setting?
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{ "text": [ "into hierarchies" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 241 ], "end": [ 256 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 40 ], "end": [ 41 ] } ] }
[ "into hierarchies" ]
SQuAD
The egalitarianism typical of human hunters and gatherers is never total, but is striking when viewed in an evolutionary context. One of humanity's two closest primate relatives, chimpanzees, are anything but egalitarian, forming themselves into hierarchies that are often dominated by an alpha male. So great is the contrast with human hunter-gatherers that it is widely argued by palaeoanthropologists that resistance to being dominated was a key factor driving the evolutionary emergence of human consciousness, language, kinship and social organization.
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9a8b851b4eb14636b8f057af8f73c52f
What is the dominate one in a chimpanzee group?
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{ "text": [ "alpha male" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 289 ], "end": [ 298 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 48 ], "end": [ 49 ] } ] }
[ "alpha male" ]
SQuAD
To this day, most hunter-gatherers have a symbolically structured sexual division of labour. However, it is true that in a small minority of cases, women hunt the same kind of quarry as men, sometimes doing so alongside men. The best-known example are the Aeta people of the Philippines. According to one study, "About 85% of Philippine Aeta women hunt, and they hunt the same quarry as men. Aeta women hunt in groups and with dogs, and have a 31% success rate as opposed to 17% for men. Their rates are even better when they combine forces with men: mixed hunting groups have a full 41% success rate among the Aeta." Among the Ju'/hoansi people of Namibia, women help men track down quarry. Women in the Australian Martu also primarily hunt small animals like lizards to feed their children and maintain relations with other women.
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c9f6e3c9263346f5a74651cfdbfb3b93
How is labor often divided in these groups?
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[ "sexual division" ]
SQuAD
To this day, most hunter-gatherers have a symbolically structured sexual division of labour. However, it is true that in a small minority of cases, women hunt the same kind of quarry as men, sometimes doing so alongside men. The best-known example are the Aeta people of the Philippines. According to one study, "About 85% of Philippine Aeta women hunt, and they hunt the same quarry as men. Aeta women hunt in groups and with dogs, and have a 31% success rate as opposed to 17% for men. Their rates are even better when they combine forces with men: mixed hunting groups have a full 41% success rate among the Aeta." Among the Ju'/hoansi people of Namibia, women help men track down quarry. Women in the Australian Martu also primarily hunt small animals like lizards to feed their children and maintain relations with other women.
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5e5111be876c4608872b25721d454a67
What percentage of Aeta women hunt?
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{ "text": [ "85%" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 319 ], "end": [ 321 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 66 ], "end": [ 67 ] } ] }
[ "85%" ]
SQuAD
To this day, most hunter-gatherers have a symbolically structured sexual division of labour. However, it is true that in a small minority of cases, women hunt the same kind of quarry as men, sometimes doing so alongside men. The best-known example are the Aeta people of the Philippines. According to one study, "About 85% of Philippine Aeta women hunt, and they hunt the same quarry as men. Aeta women hunt in groups and with dogs, and have a 31% success rate as opposed to 17% for men. Their rates are even better when they combine forces with men: mixed hunting groups have a full 41% success rate among the Aeta." Among the Ju'/hoansi people of Namibia, women help men track down quarry. Women in the Australian Martu also primarily hunt small animals like lizards to feed their children and maintain relations with other women.
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9682411d7c9b49958c1efa022165ac91
What is the success rate of Aeta female hunters?
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{ "text": [ "31%" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 444 ], "end": [ 446 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 95 ], "end": [ 96 ] } ] }
[ "31%" ]
SQuAD
To this day, most hunter-gatherers have a symbolically structured sexual division of labour. However, it is true that in a small minority of cases, women hunt the same kind of quarry as men, sometimes doing so alongside men. The best-known example are the Aeta people of the Philippines. According to one study, "About 85% of Philippine Aeta women hunt, and they hunt the same quarry as men. Aeta women hunt in groups and with dogs, and have a 31% success rate as opposed to 17% for men. Their rates are even better when they combine forces with men: mixed hunting groups have a full 41% success rate among the Aeta." Among the Ju'/hoansi people of Namibia, women help men track down quarry. Women in the Australian Martu also primarily hunt small animals like lizards to feed their children and maintain relations with other women.
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a8a16c879a894d9c8277f8fc885a646f
What is the success rate for male Aeta hunters?
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{ "text": [ "17%" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 475 ], "end": [ 477 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 102 ], "end": [ 103 ] } ] }
[ "17%" ]
SQuAD
Anthropologists maintain that hunter/gatherers don't have permanent leaders; instead, the person taking the initiative at any one time depends on the task being performed. In addition to social and economic equality in hunter-gatherer societies, there is often, though not always, sexual parity as well. Hunter-gatherers are often grouped together based on kinship and band (or tribe) membership. Postmarital residence among hunter-gatherers tends to be matrilocal, at least initially. Young mothers can enjoy childcare support from their own mothers, who continue living nearby in the same camp. The systems of kinship and descent among human hunter-gatherers were relatively flexible, although there is evidence that early human kinship in general tended to be matrilineal.
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05bb68c312b649cabfe5c62f5f2cf1ab
What permanent group representative do hunter-gatherers not have?
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[ "permanent leaders" ]
SQuAD
Anthropologists maintain that hunter/gatherers don't have permanent leaders; instead, the person taking the initiative at any one time depends on the task being performed. In addition to social and economic equality in hunter-gatherer societies, there is often, though not always, sexual parity as well. Hunter-gatherers are often grouped together based on kinship and band (or tribe) membership. Postmarital residence among hunter-gatherers tends to be matrilocal, at least initially. Young mothers can enjoy childcare support from their own mothers, who continue living nearby in the same camp. The systems of kinship and descent among human hunter-gatherers were relatively flexible, although there is evidence that early human kinship in general tended to be matrilineal.
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23a09d361ae0477fadf91dbbd37f7bf0
Initiative within the group depends upon what factor?
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{ "text": [ "task being performed" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 150 ], "end": [ 169 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 26 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ] }
[ "task being performed" ]
SQuAD
Anthropologists maintain that hunter/gatherers don't have permanent leaders; instead, the person taking the initiative at any one time depends on the task being performed. In addition to social and economic equality in hunter-gatherer societies, there is often, though not always, sexual parity as well. Hunter-gatherers are often grouped together based on kinship and band (or tribe) membership. Postmarital residence among hunter-gatherers tends to be matrilocal, at least initially. Young mothers can enjoy childcare support from their own mothers, who continue living nearby in the same camp. The systems of kinship and descent among human hunter-gatherers were relatively flexible, although there is evidence that early human kinship in general tended to be matrilineal.
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d6aad30617e34212805eb708b750de95
What group arrangement is usual in family authority?
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{ "text": [ "matrilocal" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 454 ], "end": [ 463 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 83 ], "end": [ 83 ] } ] }
[ "matrilocal" ]
SQuAD
Anthropologists maintain that hunter/gatherers don't have permanent leaders; instead, the person taking the initiative at any one time depends on the task being performed. In addition to social and economic equality in hunter-gatherer societies, there is often, though not always, sexual parity as well. Hunter-gatherers are often grouped together based on kinship and band (or tribe) membership. Postmarital residence among hunter-gatherers tends to be matrilocal, at least initially. Young mothers can enjoy childcare support from their own mothers, who continue living nearby in the same camp. The systems of kinship and descent among human hunter-gatherers were relatively flexible, although there is evidence that early human kinship in general tended to be matrilineal.
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0beb3102e9c14c5d84c12349c68429ed
What is the kinship and decent system among hunter-gatherers?
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{ "text": [ "matrilineal" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 763 ], "end": [ 773 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 137 ], "end": [ 137 ] } ] }
[ "matrilineal" ]
SQuAD
Many groups continued their hunter-gatherer ways of life, although their numbers have continually declined, partly as a result of pressure from growing agricultural and pastoral communities. Many of them reside in the developing world, either in arid regions or tropical forests. Areas that were formerly available to hunter-gatherers were—and continue to be—encroached upon by the settlements of agriculturalists. In the resulting competition for land use, hunter-gatherer societies either adopted these practices or moved to other areas. In addition, Jared Diamond has blamed a decline in the availability of wild foods, particularly animal resources. In North and South America, for example, most large mammal species had gone extinct by the end of the Pleistocene—according to Diamond, because of overexploitation by humans, although the overkill hypothesis he advocates is strongly contested.[by whom?]
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7fbf9c28725b4d59a252d47c936ccd80
Where do many modern day hunter-gatherers live?
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{ "text": [ "in the developing world" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 211 ], "end": [ 233 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 35 ], "end": [ 38 ] } ] }
[ "in the developing world" ]
SQuAD
Many groups continued their hunter-gatherer ways of life, although their numbers have continually declined, partly as a result of pressure from growing agricultural and pastoral communities. Many of them reside in the developing world, either in arid regions or tropical forests. Areas that were formerly available to hunter-gatherers were—and continue to be—encroached upon by the settlements of agriculturalists. In the resulting competition for land use, hunter-gatherer societies either adopted these practices or moved to other areas. In addition, Jared Diamond has blamed a decline in the availability of wild foods, particularly animal resources. In North and South America, for example, most large mammal species had gone extinct by the end of the Pleistocene—according to Diamond, because of overexploitation by humans, although the overkill hypothesis he advocates is strongly contested.[by whom?]
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e2bfb00215794ec7a5772abe2f7e9fb3
In what type of climate do hunter-gatherers live?
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{ "text": [ "arid regions or tropical forests" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 246 ], "end": [ 277 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 42 ], "end": [ 46 ] } ] }
[ "arid regions or tropical forests" ]
SQuAD
Many groups continued their hunter-gatherer ways of life, although their numbers have continually declined, partly as a result of pressure from growing agricultural and pastoral communities. Many of them reside in the developing world, either in arid regions or tropical forests. Areas that were formerly available to hunter-gatherers were—and continue to be—encroached upon by the settlements of agriculturalists. In the resulting competition for land use, hunter-gatherer societies either adopted these practices or moved to other areas. In addition, Jared Diamond has blamed a decline in the availability of wild foods, particularly animal resources. In North and South America, for example, most large mammal species had gone extinct by the end of the Pleistocene—according to Diamond, because of overexploitation by humans, although the overkill hypothesis he advocates is strongly contested.[by whom?]
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1173d8a686924048a68f736cc94a33ba
What kind of human life-style is pushing hunter-gatherers out of their environment?
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{ "text": [ "settlements of agriculturalists" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 382 ], "end": [ 412 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 68 ], "end": [ 70 ] } ] }
[ "settlements of agriculturalists" ]
SQuAD
Many groups continued their hunter-gatherer ways of life, although their numbers have continually declined, partly as a result of pressure from growing agricultural and pastoral communities. Many of them reside in the developing world, either in arid regions or tropical forests. Areas that were formerly available to hunter-gatherers were—and continue to be—encroached upon by the settlements of agriculturalists. In the resulting competition for land use, hunter-gatherer societies either adopted these practices or moved to other areas. In addition, Jared Diamond has blamed a decline in the availability of wild foods, particularly animal resources. In North and South America, for example, most large mammal species had gone extinct by the end of the Pleistocene—according to Diamond, because of overexploitation by humans, although the overkill hypothesis he advocates is strongly contested.[by whom?]
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83b70c9c6b574fc2aa766805c0122dbc
What has Jared Diamond blamed the decline of gatherers on?
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{ "text": [ "availability of wild foods" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 595 ], "end": [ 620 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 105 ], "end": [ 108 ] } ] }
[ "availability of wild foods" ]
SQuAD
Many groups continued their hunter-gatherer ways of life, although their numbers have continually declined, partly as a result of pressure from growing agricultural and pastoral communities. Many of them reside in the developing world, either in arid regions or tropical forests. Areas that were formerly available to hunter-gatherers were—and continue to be—encroached upon by the settlements of agriculturalists. In the resulting competition for land use, hunter-gatherer societies either adopted these practices or moved to other areas. In addition, Jared Diamond has blamed a decline in the availability of wild foods, particularly animal resources. In North and South America, for example, most large mammal species had gone extinct by the end of the Pleistocene—according to Diamond, because of overexploitation by humans, although the overkill hypothesis he advocates is strongly contested.[by whom?]
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36f2bd51e7a6430f8cb279c3c114adee
What type of food animal went extict by the end of the Pleistocene era?
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{ "text": [ "large mammal species" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 700 ], "end": [ 719 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 124 ], "end": [ 126 ] } ] }
[ "large mammal species" ]
SQuAD
In the 1950s, Lewis Binford suggested that early humans were obtaining meat via scavenging, not hunting. Early humans in the Lower Paleolithic lived in forests and woodlands, which allowed them to collect seafood, eggs, nuts, and fruits besides scavenging. Rather than killing large animals for meat, according to this view, they used carcasses of such animals that had either been killed by predators or that had died of natural causes. Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers survived in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover.
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f2f3a37ece72479aaa4075d666856f98
How did early humans locate meat without hunting ?
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{ "text": [ "scavenging" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 80 ], "end": [ 89 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 14 ] } ] }
[ "scavenging" ]
SQuAD
In the 1950s, Lewis Binford suggested that early humans were obtaining meat via scavenging, not hunting. Early humans in the Lower Paleolithic lived in forests and woodlands, which allowed them to collect seafood, eggs, nuts, and fruits besides scavenging. Rather than killing large animals for meat, according to this view, they used carcasses of such animals that had either been killed by predators or that had died of natural causes. Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers survived in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover.
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75361e54686a425293f8dfc020576496
In addition to finding already dead animals, what other cause of death were their animal finds?
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{ "text": [ "natural causes" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 422 ], "end": [ 435 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 78 ], "end": [ 79 ] } ] }
[ "natural causes" ]
SQuAD
In the 1950s, Lewis Binford suggested that early humans were obtaining meat via scavenging, not hunting. Early humans in the Lower Paleolithic lived in forests and woodlands, which allowed them to collect seafood, eggs, nuts, and fruits besides scavenging. Rather than killing large animals for meat, according to this view, they used carcasses of such animals that had either been killed by predators or that had died of natural causes. Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers survived in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover.
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89a6949295de4820a972faf90b53ab86
Where did hunter-gatherer peoples live?
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{ "text": [ "sparsely wooded areas" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 550 ], "end": [ 570 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 97 ], "end": [ 99 ] } ] }
[ "sparsely wooded areas" ]
SQuAD
In the 1950s, Lewis Binford suggested that early humans were obtaining meat via scavenging, not hunting. Early humans in the Lower Paleolithic lived in forests and woodlands, which allowed them to collect seafood, eggs, nuts, and fruits besides scavenging. Rather than killing large animals for meat, according to this view, they used carcasses of such animals that had either been killed by predators or that had died of natural causes. Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers survived in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover.
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7d7c6917d8dc4d73a573508e75638152
What type of area did early humans avoid?
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{ "text": [ "dense forest" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 644 ], "end": [ 655 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 110 ], "end": [ 111 ] } ] }
[ "dense forest" ]
SQuAD
Hunter-gatherers tend to have an egalitarian social ethos, although settled hunter-gatherers (for example, those inhabiting the Northwest Coast of North America) are an exception to this rule. Nearly all African hunter-gatherers are egalitarian, with women roughly as influential and powerful as men.
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b395fa4cfa854334b669f7171039fe11
What is the social style of hunter-gather societies?
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{ "text": [ "egalitarian" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 33 ], "end": [ 43 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 7 ], "end": [ 7 ] } ] }
[ "egalitarian" ]
SQuAD
Hunter-gatherers tend to have an egalitarian social ethos, although settled hunter-gatherers (for example, those inhabiting the Northwest Coast of North America) are an exception to this rule. Nearly all African hunter-gatherers are egalitarian, with women roughly as influential and powerful as men.
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38060492ff7c46418b5dc5b3444b2570
Where do people who are an exception to egalitarianism live?
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{ "text": [ "Northwest Coast of North America" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 128 ], "end": [ 159 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 23 ], "end": [ 27 ] } ] }
[ "Northwest Coast of North America" ]
SQuAD
Hunter-gatherers tend to have an egalitarian social ethos, although settled hunter-gatherers (for example, those inhabiting the Northwest Coast of North America) are an exception to this rule. Nearly all African hunter-gatherers are egalitarian, with women roughly as influential and powerful as men.
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138ba75dcbe54d25a21a87b7ba7f2ce1
what group of hunter-gatherers are nearly all egalitarian?
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{ "text": [ "African" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 204 ], "end": [ 210 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 38 ], "end": [ 38 ] } ] }
[ "African" ]
SQuAD
Lee and Guenther have rejected most of the arguments put forward by Wilmsen. Doron Shultziner and others have argued that we can learn a lot about the life-styles of prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of contemporary hunter-gatherers—especially their impressive levels of egalitarianism.
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55130544b4644a5ebde64fb3e8ba53cd
Who has rejected Wilmsen's arguments?
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{ "text": [ "Lee and Guenther" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 15 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 2 ] } ] }
[ "Lee and Guenther" ]
SQuAD
Lee and Guenther have rejected most of the arguments put forward by Wilmsen. Doron Shultziner and others have argued that we can learn a lot about the life-styles of prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of contemporary hunter-gatherers—especially their impressive levels of egalitarianism.
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59bd52d1706f475796ccceec6c17abd6
Whose lifestyle does Shultziner think we can learn about?
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[ "prehistoric hunter-gatherers" ]
SQuAD
Lee and Guenther have rejected most of the arguments put forward by Wilmsen. Doron Shultziner and others have argued that we can learn a lot about the life-styles of prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of contemporary hunter-gatherers—especially their impressive levels of egalitarianism.
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7a8297844a10470497ee8669985fd283
What is it about prehistoric hunter-gatherers that impresses Shultziner?
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[ "egalitarianism" ]
SQuAD
Lee and Guenther have rejected most of the arguments put forward by Wilmsen. Doron Shultziner and others have argued that we can learn a lot about the life-styles of prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of contemporary hunter-gatherers—especially their impressive levels of egalitarianism.
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d146b32f7f4a4abd97ffc596928da631
Who has offered arguments that Lee and Guenther disliked?
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[ "Wilmsen" ]
SQuAD
According to UNFPA these elements promote the right of "reproductive health", that is physical, mental, and social health in matters related to reproduction and the reproductive system.
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a373e0a7ee9044d5922f31a1a2d251c2
UNFPA lists elements that promote what human right?
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[ "reproductive health" ]
SQuAD
According to UNFPA these elements promote the right of "reproductive health", that is physical, mental, and social health in matters related to reproduction and the reproductive system.
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These elements concern health related to reproduction and what else?
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{ "text": [ "the reproductive system" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 161 ], "end": [ 183 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 29 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ] }
[ "the reproductive system" ]
SQuAD
According to UNFPA these elements promote the right of "reproductive health", that is physical, mental, and social health in matters related to reproduction and the reproductive system.
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de8ad9ca7b0a483b81d8e9831bfdac05
What is the third element?
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[ "social health" ]
SQuAD
Oklahoma City was home to several pioneers in radio and television broadcasting. Oklahoma City's WKY Radio was the first radio station transmitting west of the Mississippi River and the third radio station in the United States. WKY received its federal license in 1921 and has continually broadcast under the same call letters since 1922. In 1928, WKY was purchased by E.K. Gaylord's Oklahoma Publishing Company and affiliated with the NBC Red Network; in 1949, WKY-TV (channel 4) went on the air and later became the first independently owned television station in the U.S. to broadcast in color. In mid-2002, WKY radio was purchased outright by Citadel Broadcasting, who was bought out by Cumulus Broadcasting in 2011. The Gaylord family earlier sold WKY-TV in 1976, which has gone through a succession of owners (what is now KFOR-TV is currently owned by Tribune Broadcasting as of December 2013).
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a0cc1f3d7aa94502b7c71464c76e990a
What was the third Radio Station in the US?
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{ "text": [ "WKY Radio" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 97 ], "end": [ 105 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 16 ], "end": [ 17 ] } ] }
[ "WKY Radio" ]
SQuAD
Oklahoma City was home to several pioneers in radio and television broadcasting. Oklahoma City's WKY Radio was the first radio station transmitting west of the Mississippi River and the third radio station in the United States. WKY received its federal license in 1921 and has continually broadcast under the same call letters since 1922. In 1928, WKY was purchased by E.K. Gaylord's Oklahoma Publishing Company and affiliated with the NBC Red Network; in 1949, WKY-TV (channel 4) went on the air and later became the first independently owned television station in the U.S. to broadcast in color. In mid-2002, WKY radio was purchased outright by Citadel Broadcasting, who was bought out by Cumulus Broadcasting in 2011. The Gaylord family earlier sold WKY-TV in 1976, which has gone through a succession of owners (what is now KFOR-TV is currently owned by Tribune Broadcasting as of December 2013).
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8d79d4659b604869a0db841b92fcb0d1
When was WKY granted a federal license?
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[ "1921" ]
SQuAD
Oklahoma City was home to several pioneers in radio and television broadcasting. Oklahoma City's WKY Radio was the first radio station transmitting west of the Mississippi River and the third radio station in the United States. WKY received its federal license in 1921 and has continually broadcast under the same call letters since 1922. In 1928, WKY was purchased by E.K. Gaylord's Oklahoma Publishing Company and affiliated with the NBC Red Network; in 1949, WKY-TV (channel 4) went on the air and later became the first independently owned television station in the U.S. to broadcast in color. In mid-2002, WKY radio was purchased outright by Citadel Broadcasting, who was bought out by Cumulus Broadcasting in 2011. The Gaylord family earlier sold WKY-TV in 1976, which has gone through a succession of owners (what is now KFOR-TV is currently owned by Tribune Broadcasting as of December 2013).
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054de210fdc44bb088e39d6c248d0e20
When did E.K. Gaylord's Oklahoma Publishing Compan buy WKY Radio?
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[ "1928" ]
SQuAD
Oklahoma City was home to several pioneers in radio and television broadcasting. Oklahoma City's WKY Radio was the first radio station transmitting west of the Mississippi River and the third radio station in the United States. WKY received its federal license in 1921 and has continually broadcast under the same call letters since 1922. In 1928, WKY was purchased by E.K. Gaylord's Oklahoma Publishing Company and affiliated with the NBC Red Network; in 1949, WKY-TV (channel 4) went on the air and later became the first independently owned television station in the U.S. to broadcast in color. In mid-2002, WKY radio was purchased outright by Citadel Broadcasting, who was bought out by Cumulus Broadcasting in 2011. The Gaylord family earlier sold WKY-TV in 1976, which has gone through a succession of owners (what is now KFOR-TV is currently owned by Tribune Broadcasting as of December 2013).
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4385918ec25b4cf88600755632e58c68
What is the current station called?
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[ "KFOR-TV" ]
SQuAD
Forest gardening was also being used as a food production system in various parts of the world over this period. Forest gardens originated in prehistoric times along jungle-clad river banks and in the wet foothills of monsoon regions.[citation needed] In the gradual process of families improving their immediate environment, useful tree and vine species were identified, protected and improved, whilst undesirable species were eliminated. Eventually superior foreign species were selected and incorporated into the gardens.
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237fec9079314ea7abaa303ef6a90a83
In what kind of area did forest gardening start?
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[ "jungle-clad river banks" ]
SQuAD
Forest gardening was also being used as a food production system in various parts of the world over this period. Forest gardens originated in prehistoric times along jungle-clad river banks and in the wet foothills of monsoon regions.[citation needed] In the gradual process of families improving their immediate environment, useful tree and vine species were identified, protected and improved, whilst undesirable species were eliminated. Eventually superior foreign species were selected and incorporated into the gardens.
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aa2f32b310664c97bc292901577d78bd
What kind of plant did these early gardeners seek out?
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[ "tree and vine species" ]
SQuAD
Forest gardening was also being used as a food production system in various parts of the world over this period. Forest gardens originated in prehistoric times along jungle-clad river banks and in the wet foothills of monsoon regions.[citation needed] In the gradual process of families improving their immediate environment, useful tree and vine species were identified, protected and improved, whilst undesirable species were eliminated. Eventually superior foreign species were selected and incorporated into the gardens.
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b66377f3d1214f25b174e9854c8cc111
What use did forest gardeners put to tree and vines to?
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[ "identified, protected and improved" ]
SQuAD
Forest gardening was also being used as a food production system in various parts of the world over this period. Forest gardens originated in prehistoric times along jungle-clad river banks and in the wet foothills of monsoon regions.[citation needed] In the gradual process of families improving their immediate environment, useful tree and vine species were identified, protected and improved, whilst undesirable species were eliminated. Eventually superior foreign species were selected and incorporated into the gardens.
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2be16e4e5911459bad227dfb8269166e
What did these gardeners do about unwanted species?
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{ "text": [ "eliminated" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 428 ], "end": [ 437 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 70 ], "end": [ 70 ] } ] }
[ "eliminated" ]
SQuAD
Oklahoma City is protected by the Oklahoma City Fire Department (OKCFD), which employs 1015 paid, professional firefighters. The current Chief of Department is G. Keith Bryant, the department is also commanded by three Deputy Chiefs, who – along with the department chief – oversee the Operational Services, Prevention Services, and Support Services bureaus. The OKCFD currently operates out of 37 fire stations, located throughout the city in six battalions. The OKCFD also operates a fire apparatus fleet of 36 engines (including 30 paramedic engines), 13 ladders, 16 brush patrol units, six water tankers, two hazardous materials units, one Technical Rescue Unit, one Air Supply Unit, six Arson Investigation Units, and one Rehabilitation Unit. Each engine is staffed with a driver, an officer, and one to two firefighters, while each ladder company is staffed with a driver, an officer, and one firefighter. Minimum staffing per shift is 213 personnel. The Oklahoma City Fire Department responds to over 70,000 emergency calls annually.
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90a0691f633b4536bea60c5f335cdecb
How many people are paid to be employed by the Oklahoma City Fire department?
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[ "1015" ]
SQuAD
Oklahoma City is protected by the Oklahoma City Fire Department (OKCFD), which employs 1015 paid, professional firefighters. The current Chief of Department is G. Keith Bryant, the department is also commanded by three Deputy Chiefs, who – along with the department chief – oversee the Operational Services, Prevention Services, and Support Services bureaus. The OKCFD currently operates out of 37 fire stations, located throughout the city in six battalions. The OKCFD also operates a fire apparatus fleet of 36 engines (including 30 paramedic engines), 13 ladders, 16 brush patrol units, six water tankers, two hazardous materials units, one Technical Rescue Unit, one Air Supply Unit, six Arson Investigation Units, and one Rehabilitation Unit. Each engine is staffed with a driver, an officer, and one to two firefighters, while each ladder company is staffed with a driver, an officer, and one firefighter. Minimum staffing per shift is 213 personnel. The Oklahoma City Fire Department responds to over 70,000 emergency calls annually.
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06159e4e589a4842a551c178328dbec7
Who is currently the Chief of the department?
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[ "G. Keith Bryant" ]
SQuAD
Oklahoma City is protected by the Oklahoma City Fire Department (OKCFD), which employs 1015 paid, professional firefighters. The current Chief of Department is G. Keith Bryant, the department is also commanded by three Deputy Chiefs, who – along with the department chief – oversee the Operational Services, Prevention Services, and Support Services bureaus. The OKCFD currently operates out of 37 fire stations, located throughout the city in six battalions. The OKCFD also operates a fire apparatus fleet of 36 engines (including 30 paramedic engines), 13 ladders, 16 brush patrol units, six water tankers, two hazardous materials units, one Technical Rescue Unit, one Air Supply Unit, six Arson Investigation Units, and one Rehabilitation Unit. Each engine is staffed with a driver, an officer, and one to two firefighters, while each ladder company is staffed with a driver, an officer, and one firefighter. Minimum staffing per shift is 213 personnel. The Oklahoma City Fire Department responds to over 70,000 emergency calls annually.
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How many firestations are there?
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[ "37" ]
SQuAD
Oklahoma City is protected by the Oklahoma City Fire Department (OKCFD), which employs 1015 paid, professional firefighters. The current Chief of Department is G. Keith Bryant, the department is also commanded by three Deputy Chiefs, who – along with the department chief – oversee the Operational Services, Prevention Services, and Support Services bureaus. The OKCFD currently operates out of 37 fire stations, located throughout the city in six battalions. The OKCFD also operates a fire apparatus fleet of 36 engines (including 30 paramedic engines), 13 ladders, 16 brush patrol units, six water tankers, two hazardous materials units, one Technical Rescue Unit, one Air Supply Unit, six Arson Investigation Units, and one Rehabilitation Unit. Each engine is staffed with a driver, an officer, and one to two firefighters, while each ladder company is staffed with a driver, an officer, and one firefighter. Minimum staffing per shift is 213 personnel. The Oklahoma City Fire Department responds to over 70,000 emergency calls annually.
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b7a1c65b0ab647108a195a84c740268c
How many emergency calls are made yearly?
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[ "70,000" ]
SQuAD
At the 1966 "Man the Hunter" conference, anthropologists Richard Borshay Lee and Irven DeVore suggested that egalitarianism was one of several central characteristics of nomadic hunting and gathering societies because mobility requires minimization of material possessions throughout a population. Therefore, no surplus of resources can be accumulated by any single member. Other characteristics Lee and DeVore proposed were flux in territorial boundaries as well as in demographic composition.
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b7b75f47b2d64290b88cb1ce352182f8
At what conference did Richard Borshay speak?
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{ "text": [ "Man the Hunter" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 13 ], "end": [ 26 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 6 ] } ] }
[ "Man the Hunter" ]
SQuAD
At the 1966 "Man the Hunter" conference, anthropologists Richard Borshay Lee and Irven DeVore suggested that egalitarianism was one of several central characteristics of nomadic hunting and gathering societies because mobility requires minimization of material possessions throughout a population. Therefore, no surplus of resources can be accumulated by any single member. Other characteristics Lee and DeVore proposed were flux in territorial boundaries as well as in demographic composition.
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bf6be11be1804bb1bcf04e74d3e7f477
When was the Man the Hunter conference?
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[ "1966" ]
SQuAD
At the 1966 "Man the Hunter" conference, anthropologists Richard Borshay Lee and Irven DeVore suggested that egalitarianism was one of several central characteristics of nomadic hunting and gathering societies because mobility requires minimization of material possessions throughout a population. Therefore, no surplus of resources can be accumulated by any single member. Other characteristics Lee and DeVore proposed were flux in territorial boundaries as well as in demographic composition.
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7221c621b2a544c98c736a75bc2b8314
Why is there a lessening of material possessions in hunting and gathering groups?
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{ "text": [ "mobility" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 218 ], "end": [ 225 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 33 ], "end": [ 33 ] } ] }
[ "mobility" ]
SQuAD
At the 1966 "Man the Hunter" conference, anthropologists Richard Borshay Lee and Irven DeVore suggested that egalitarianism was one of several central characteristics of nomadic hunting and gathering societies because mobility requires minimization of material possessions throughout a population. Therefore, no surplus of resources can be accumulated by any single member. Other characteristics Lee and DeVore proposed were flux in territorial boundaries as well as in demographic composition.
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aff76ae5760849478c400addd1b8627c
What can decreased material possessions produce in a hunter-gatherer society?
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{ "text": [ "egalitarianism" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 109 ], "end": [ 122 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 19 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ] }
[ "egalitarianism" ]
SQuAD
At the 1966 "Man the Hunter" conference, anthropologists Richard Borshay Lee and Irven DeVore suggested that egalitarianism was one of several central characteristics of nomadic hunting and gathering societies because mobility requires minimization of material possessions throughout a population. Therefore, no surplus of resources can be accumulated by any single member. Other characteristics Lee and DeVore proposed were flux in territorial boundaries as well as in demographic composition.
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What other characteristic is variable for these groups?
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{ "text": [ "territorial boundaries" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 433 ], "end": [ 454 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 66 ], "end": [ 67 ] } ] }
[ "territorial boundaries" ]
SQuAD
Hunting-gathering was the common human mode of subsistence throughout the Paleolithic, but the observation of current-day hunters and gatherers does not necessarily reflect Paleolithic societies; the hunter-gatherer cultures examined today have had much contact with modern civilization and do not represent "pristine" conditions found in uncontacted peoples.
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How do modern hunters and gathers differ from early ones?
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{ "text": [ "contact with modern civilization" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 254 ], "end": [ 285 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 41 ], "end": [ 44 ] } ] }
[ "contact with modern civilization" ]
SQuAD
Hunting-gathering was the common human mode of subsistence throughout the Paleolithic, but the observation of current-day hunters and gatherers does not necessarily reflect Paleolithic societies; the hunter-gatherer cultures examined today have had much contact with modern civilization and do not represent "pristine" conditions found in uncontacted peoples.
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What type of conditions are not present in modern societies?
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[ "pristine" ]
SQuAD
Hunting-gathering was the common human mode of subsistence throughout the Paleolithic, but the observation of current-day hunters and gatherers does not necessarily reflect Paleolithic societies; the hunter-gatherer cultures examined today have had much contact with modern civilization and do not represent "pristine" conditions found in uncontacted peoples.
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a0df79f18aa442f48aa47f68a5b66a19
Where do you find groups that represent pristine conditions?
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{ "text": [ "in uncontacted peoples" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 336 ], "end": [ 357 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 54 ], "end": [ 56 ] } ] }
[ "in uncontacted peoples" ]
SQuAD
Hunting-gathering was the common human mode of subsistence throughout the Paleolithic, but the observation of current-day hunters and gatherers does not necessarily reflect Paleolithic societies; the hunter-gatherer cultures examined today have had much contact with modern civilization and do not represent "pristine" conditions found in uncontacted peoples.
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What do modern hunter-gatherers not reflect?
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{ "text": [ "Paleolithic societies" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 173 ], "end": [ 193 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 28 ], "end": [ 29 ] } ] }
[ "Paleolithic societies" ]
SQuAD
One way to divide hunter-gatherer groups is by their return systems. James Woodburn uses the categories "immediate return" hunter-gatherers for egalitarian and "delayed return" for nonegalitarian. Immediate return foragers consume their food within a day or two after they procure it. Delayed return foragers store the surplus food (Kelly, 31).
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What does the immediate return system mean?
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{ "text": [ "egalitarian" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 144 ], "end": [ 154 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 27 ] } ] }
[ "egalitarian" ]
SQuAD
One way to divide hunter-gatherer groups is by their return systems. James Woodburn uses the categories "immediate return" hunter-gatherers for egalitarian and "delayed return" for nonegalitarian. Immediate return foragers consume their food within a day or two after they procure it. Delayed return foragers store the surplus food (Kelly, 31).
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To what kind of group does the delayed return system belong?
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{ "text": [ "nonegalitarian" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 181 ], "end": [ 194 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 34 ], "end": [ 34 ] } ] }
[ "nonegalitarian" ]
SQuAD
One way to divide hunter-gatherer groups is by their return systems. James Woodburn uses the categories "immediate return" hunter-gatherers for egalitarian and "delayed return" for nonegalitarian. Immediate return foragers consume their food within a day or two after they procure it. Delayed return foragers store the surplus food (Kelly, 31).
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Which group eats their acquired food in a day or two?
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{ "text": [ "immediate return" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 105 ], "end": [ 120 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 20 ], "end": [ 21 ] } ] }
[ "immediate return" ]
SQuAD
UNFPA began operations in 1969 as the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (the name was changed in 1987) under the administration of the United Nations Development Fund. In 1971 it was placed under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly.
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When did UNFPA begin its work?
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{ "text": [ "1969" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 26 ], "end": [ 29 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 4 ] } ] }
[ "1969" ]
SQuAD
UNFPA began operations in 1969 as the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (the name was changed in 1987) under the administration of the United Nations Development Fund. In 1971 it was placed under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly.
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What was UNFPA's original name?
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{ "text": [ "United Nations Fund for Population Activities" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 38 ], "end": [ 82 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 7 ], "end": [ 12 ] } ] }
[ "United Nations Fund for Population Activities" ]
SQuAD
UNFPA began operations in 1969 as the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (the name was changed in 1987) under the administration of the United Nations Development Fund. In 1971 it was placed under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly.
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When did the organization change its name?
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{ "text": [ "1987" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 109 ], "end": [ 112 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 19 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ] }
[ "1987" ]
SQuAD
UNFPA began operations in 1969 as the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (the name was changed in 1987) under the administration of the United Nations Development Fund. In 1971 it was placed under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly.
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UNFPA was originally administered by what U.N. body?
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{ "text": [ "United Nations Development Fund" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 147 ], "end": [ 177 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 26 ], "end": [ 29 ] } ] }
[ "United Nations Development Fund" ]
SQuAD
UNFPA began operations in 1969 as the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (the name was changed in 1987) under the administration of the United Nations Development Fund. In 1971 it was placed under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly.
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When was UNFPA moved to being under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly?
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{ "text": [ "1971" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 183 ], "end": [ 186 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 32 ], "end": [ 32 ] } ] }
[ "1971" ]
SQuAD
Contributions from governments and the private sector to UNFPA in 2014 exceeded $1 billion. The amount includes $477 million to the organization’s core resources and $529 million earmarked for specific programs and initiatives.
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Who contributes to UNFPA?
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{ "text": [ "governments and the private sector" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 19 ], "end": [ 52 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 2 ], "end": [ 6 ] } ] }
[ "governments and the private sector" ]
SQuAD
Contributions from governments and the private sector to UNFPA in 2014 exceeded $1 billion. The amount includes $477 million to the organization’s core resources and $529 million earmarked for specific programs and initiatives.
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Contributions exceeded how much in 2014?
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{ "text": [ "$1 billion" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 80 ], "end": [ 89 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 12 ], "end": [ 14 ] } ] }
[ "$1 billion" ]
SQuAD
Contributions from governments and the private sector to UNFPA in 2014 exceeded $1 billion. The amount includes $477 million to the organization’s core resources and $529 million earmarked for specific programs and initiatives.
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How much of its funding was earmarked?
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{ "text": [ "$529 million" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 166 ], "end": [ 177 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 29 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ] }
[ "$529 million" ]
SQuAD
Contributions from governments and the private sector to UNFPA in 2014 exceeded $1 billion. The amount includes $477 million to the organization’s core resources and $529 million earmarked for specific programs and initiatives.
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What was the amount of funding for UNFPA's core resources?
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{ "text": [ "$477 million" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 112 ], "end": [ 123 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 19 ], "end": [ 21 ] } ] }
[ "$477 million" ]
SQuAD
In September 2015, the 193 member states of the United Nations unanimously adopted the Sustainable Development Goals, a set of 17 goals aiming to transform the world over the next 15 years. These goals are designed to eliminate poverty, discrimination, abuse and preventable deaths, address environmental destruction, and usher in an era of development for all people, everywhere.
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When did the U.N. vote to adopt the Sustainable Development Goals?
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{ "text": [ "2015" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 13 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 2 ], "end": [ 2 ] } ] }
[ "2015" ]
SQuAD
In September 2015, the 193 member states of the United Nations unanimously adopted the Sustainable Development Goals, a set of 17 goals aiming to transform the world over the next 15 years. These goals are designed to eliminate poverty, discrimination, abuse and preventable deaths, address environmental destruction, and usher in an era of development for all people, everywhere.
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How many countries adopted the Sustainable Development Goals?
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{ "text": [ "193" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 23 ], "end": [ 25 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 5 ], "end": [ 5 ] } ] }
[ "193" ]
SQuAD
In September 2015, the 193 member states of the United Nations unanimously adopted the Sustainable Development Goals, a set of 17 goals aiming to transform the world over the next 15 years. These goals are designed to eliminate poverty, discrimination, abuse and preventable deaths, address environmental destruction, and usher in an era of development for all people, everywhere.
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How many Sustainable Development Goals are there?
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{ "text": [ "17" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 127 ], "end": [ 128 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 22 ], "end": [ 22 ] } ] }
[ "17" ]
SQuAD
In September 2015, the 193 member states of the United Nations unanimously adopted the Sustainable Development Goals, a set of 17 goals aiming to transform the world over the next 15 years. These goals are designed to eliminate poverty, discrimination, abuse and preventable deaths, address environmental destruction, and usher in an era of development for all people, everywhere.
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583117e160814a648c06d0c8fe6ac9dd
The Sustainable Development Goals are intended to change the world over what time period?
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{ "text": [ "15 years" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 180 ], "end": [ 187 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 32 ], "end": [ 33 ] } ] }
[ "15 years" ]
SQuAD
Hunter-gatherer societies manifest significant variability, depending on climate zone/life zone, available technology and societal structure. Archaeologists examine hunter-gatherer tool kits to measure variability across different groups. Collard et al. (2005) found temperature to be the only statistically significant factor to impact hunter-gatherer tool kits. Using temperature as a proxy for risk, Collard et al.'s results suggest that environments with extreme temperatures pose a threat to hunter-gatherer systems significant enough to warrant increased variability of tools. These results support Torrence's (1989) theory that risk of failure is indeed the most important factor in determining the structure of hunter-gatherer toolkits.
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f612fe94ee0543cb8d4ad2ef522ffcf0
What is the only important factor in hunter-gatherer tool choices?
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{ "text": [ "temperature" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 267 ], "end": [ 277 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 44 ], "end": [ 44 ] } ] }
[ "temperature" ]
SQuAD
Hunter-gatherer societies manifest significant variability, depending on climate zone/life zone, available technology and societal structure. Archaeologists examine hunter-gatherer tool kits to measure variability across different groups. Collard et al. (2005) found temperature to be the only statistically significant factor to impact hunter-gatherer tool kits. Using temperature as a proxy for risk, Collard et al.'s results suggest that environments with extreme temperatures pose a threat to hunter-gatherer systems significant enough to warrant increased variability of tools. These results support Torrence's (1989) theory that risk of failure is indeed the most important factor in determining the structure of hunter-gatherer toolkits.
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45f1805ec35e41cf8b1fd574761685d9
What does climate produce in hunter-gatherer societies?
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{ "text": [ "variability" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 47 ], "end": [ 57 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 6 ], "end": [ 6 ] } ] }
[ "variability" ]
SQuAD
Hunter-gatherer societies manifest significant variability, depending on climate zone/life zone, available technology and societal structure. Archaeologists examine hunter-gatherer tool kits to measure variability across different groups. Collard et al. (2005) found temperature to be the only statistically significant factor to impact hunter-gatherer tool kits. Using temperature as a proxy for risk, Collard et al.'s results suggest that environments with extreme temperatures pose a threat to hunter-gatherer systems significant enough to warrant increased variability of tools. These results support Torrence's (1989) theory that risk of failure is indeed the most important factor in determining the structure of hunter-gatherer toolkits.
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826415d9e4694204bfac5d1fa3eb5898
What is the threat that extreme temperature causes in environment?
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{ "text": [ "significant" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 35 ], "end": [ 45 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 5 ], "end": [ 5 ] } ] }
[ "significant" ]
SQuAD
Hunter-gatherer societies manifest significant variability, depending on climate zone/life zone, available technology and societal structure. Archaeologists examine hunter-gatherer tool kits to measure variability across different groups. Collard et al. (2005) found temperature to be the only statistically significant factor to impact hunter-gatherer tool kits. Using temperature as a proxy for risk, Collard et al.'s results suggest that environments with extreme temperatures pose a threat to hunter-gatherer systems significant enough to warrant increased variability of tools. These results support Torrence's (1989) theory that risk of failure is indeed the most important factor in determining the structure of hunter-gatherer toolkits.
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59edf3938b1245aca9ba91c45e27faad
What does temperature impact on tool kits?
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{ "text": [ "increased variability of tools" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 551 ], "end": [ 580 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 92 ], "end": [ 95 ] } ] }
[ "increased variability of tools" ]
SQuAD
Hunter-gatherer societies manifest significant variability, depending on climate zone/life zone, available technology and societal structure. Archaeologists examine hunter-gatherer tool kits to measure variability across different groups. Collard et al. (2005) found temperature to be the only statistically significant factor to impact hunter-gatherer tool kits. Using temperature as a proxy for risk, Collard et al.'s results suggest that environments with extreme temperatures pose a threat to hunter-gatherer systems significant enough to warrant increased variability of tools. These results support Torrence's (1989) theory that risk of failure is indeed the most important factor in determining the structure of hunter-gatherer toolkits.
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c63081cdaea541e1a0b8124c28c8b075
What is Torrence's 1989 theory about that ties into tool kit variability ?
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{ "text": [ "risk of failure" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 635 ], "end": [ 649 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 107 ], "end": [ 109 ] } ] }
[ "risk of failure" ]
SQuAD
Evidence suggests big-game hunter gatherers crossed the Bering Strait from Asia (Eurasia) into North America over a land bridge (Beringia), that existed between 47,000–14,000 years ago. Around 18,500-15,500 years ago, these hunter-gatherers are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets. Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using primitive boats, they migrated down the Pacific coast to South America.
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dcb6c3d3bfd84a89bd117ada892fc6b9
These ancient hunter-gathers followed what path in pursuit of game?
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[ "ice-free corridors" ]
SQuAD
Evidence suggests big-game hunter gatherers crossed the Bering Strait from Asia (Eurasia) into North America over a land bridge (Beringia), that existed between 47,000–14,000 years ago. Around 18,500-15,500 years ago, these hunter-gatherers are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets. Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using primitive boats, they migrated down the Pacific coast to South America.
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ac3ae8ce58bf4a0d84d60440c95ccbfa
Between what ice sheets were the corridors located?
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{ "text": [ "Laurentide and Cordilleran" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 366 ], "end": [ 391 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 66 ], "end": [ 68 ] } ] }
[ "Laurentide and Cordilleran" ]
SQuAD
Evidence suggests big-game hunter gatherers crossed the Bering Strait from Asia (Eurasia) into North America over a land bridge (Beringia), that existed between 47,000–14,000 years ago. Around 18,500-15,500 years ago, these hunter-gatherers are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets. Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using primitive boats, they migrated down the Pacific coast to South America.
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3e417b1713084e249db2121e19ac4db5
What other way could they have crossed on to this continent?
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[ "primitive boats" ]
SQuAD
The Sustainable Development Goals are ambitious, and they will require enormous efforts across countries, continents, industries and disciplines - but they are achievable. UNFPA is working with governments, partners and other UN agencies to directly tackle many of these goals - in particular Goal 3 on health, Goal 4 on education and Goal 5 on gender equality - and contributes in a variety of ways to achieving many of the rest.
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20a6dc6e1fbe45ad926d06e1f06af2ee
Are the Sustainable Development Goals considered ambitious or modest in scope?
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[ "ambitious" ]
SQuAD
The Sustainable Development Goals are ambitious, and they will require enormous efforts across countries, continents, industries and disciplines - but they are achievable. UNFPA is working with governments, partners and other UN agencies to directly tackle many of these goals - in particular Goal 3 on health, Goal 4 on education and Goal 5 on gender equality - and contributes in a variety of ways to achieving many of the rest.
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f3ddea3f409d40f0b0512137b3c93105
The third of the goals concerns what?
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[ "health" ]
SQuAD
The Sustainable Development Goals are ambitious, and they will require enormous efforts across countries, continents, industries and disciplines - but they are achievable. UNFPA is working with governments, partners and other UN agencies to directly tackle many of these goals - in particular Goal 3 on health, Goal 4 on education and Goal 5 on gender equality - and contributes in a variety of ways to achieving many of the rest.
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b1caad7ff27342abb658f575c7989e9e
What does the fourth goal focus on improving?
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{ "text": [ "education" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 321 ], "end": [ 329 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 56 ], "end": [ 56 ] } ] }
[ "education" ]
SQuAD
The Sustainable Development Goals are ambitious, and they will require enormous efforts across countries, continents, industries and disciplines - but they are achievable. UNFPA is working with governments, partners and other UN agencies to directly tackle many of these goals - in particular Goal 3 on health, Goal 4 on education and Goal 5 on gender equality - and contributes in a variety of ways to achieving many of the rest.
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d1b97fa951024bb2a528b0aced0e7649
What is the topic of the fifth goal?
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[ "gender equality" ]
SQuAD
UNFPA is the world's largest multilateral source of funding for population and reproductive health programs. The Fund works with governments and non-governmental organizations in over 150 countries with the support of the international community, supporting programs that help women, men and young people:
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90a63232a6184fcd9cc5eeee9c208794
UNFPA is the largest worldwide funder of what type of programs?
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{ "text": [ "population and reproductive health programs" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 64 ], "end": [ 106 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 11 ], "end": [ 15 ] } ] }
[ "population and reproductive health programs" ]
SQuAD
UNFPA is the world's largest multilateral source of funding for population and reproductive health programs. The Fund works with governments and non-governmental organizations in over 150 countries with the support of the international community, supporting programs that help women, men and young people:
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a1c174fe56694fa495f0b24fbc8e6695
In how many countries does UNFPA operate?
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[ "150" ]
SQuAD
UNFPA is the world's largest multilateral source of funding for population and reproductive health programs. The Fund works with governments and non-governmental organizations in over 150 countries with the support of the international community, supporting programs that help women, men and young people:
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592c3d2a3ab24ae7a12391249a930ca8
In addition to working directly with governments, with whom does UNFPA work?
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{ "text": [ "non-governmental organizations" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 145 ], "end": [ 174 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 23 ], "end": [ 26 ] } ] }
[ "non-governmental organizations" ]
SQuAD
UNFPA is the world's largest multilateral source of funding for population and reproductive health programs. The Fund works with governments and non-governmental organizations in over 150 countries with the support of the international community, supporting programs that help women, men and young people:
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2d85ec6a829747df86d88c751616cb58
What supports UNFPA's work?
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{ "text": [ "the international community" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 218 ], "end": [ 244 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 35 ], "end": [ 37 ] } ] }
[ "the international community" ]
SQuAD
UNFPA is the world's largest multilateral source of funding for population and reproductive health programs. The Fund works with governments and non-governmental organizations in over 150 countries with the support of the international community, supporting programs that help women, men and young people:
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3b015c13795845799000f4c8bb1da02b
The Fund's programs support women, men, and who else?
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{ "text": [ "young people" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 292 ], "end": [ 303 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 47 ], "end": [ 48 ] } ] }
[ "young people" ]
SQuAD
The UNFPA supports programs in more than 150 countries, territories and areas spread across four geographic regions: Arab States and Europe, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, and sub-Saharan Africa. Around three quarters of the staff work in the field. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group and part of its Executive Committee.
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ebf705080d7d498295309b19ac33ee72
In how many geographic regions does UNFPA operate?
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{ "text": [ "four" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 92 ], "end": [ 95 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 15 ], "end": [ 15 ] } ] }
[ "four" ]
SQuAD
The UNFPA supports programs in more than 150 countries, territories and areas spread across four geographic regions: Arab States and Europe, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, and sub-Saharan Africa. Around three quarters of the staff work in the field. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group and part of its Executive Committee.
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5e13ab60b21e4594a84f0c54a40210bf
About what fraction of UNFPA's staff do field work?
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{ "text": [ "three quarters" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 227 ], "end": [ 240 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 42 ], "end": [ 43 ] } ] }
[ "three quarters" ]
SQuAD
The UNFPA supports programs in more than 150 countries, territories and areas spread across four geographic regions: Arab States and Europe, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, and sub-Saharan Africa. Around three quarters of the staff work in the field. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group and part of its Executive Committee.
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544a368d07df47e0b112f7d3f5471b42
UNFPA is part of what larger U.N. group?
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{ "text": [ "United Nations Development Group" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 296 ], "end": [ 327 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 58 ], "end": [ 61 ] } ] }
[ "United Nations Development Group" ]
SQuAD
The UNFPA supports programs in more than 150 countries, territories and areas spread across four geographic regions: Arab States and Europe, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, and sub-Saharan Africa. Around three quarters of the staff work in the field. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group and part of its Executive Committee.
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05be90001fa24d79b58b134627a589b5
UNFPA groups what area in the same geographic region as the Arab States?
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{ "text": [ "Europe" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 133 ], "end": [ 138 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 22 ], "end": [ 22 ] } ] }
[ "Europe" ]
SQuAD
UNFPA's connection to China's administration of forced abortions was refuted by investigations carried out by various US, UK, and UN teams sent to examine UNFPA activities in China. Specifically, a three-person U.S State Department fact-finding team was sent on a two-week tour throughout China. It wrote in a report to the State Department that it found "no evidence that UNFPA has supported or participated in the management of a program of coercive abortion or involuntary sterilization in China," as has been charged by critics.
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7c0d4ed473b843e68abfa252d5518722
Which country was administering forced abortions?
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[ "China" ]
SQuAD
UNFPA's connection to China's administration of forced abortions was refuted by investigations carried out by various US, UK, and UN teams sent to examine UNFPA activities in China. Specifically, a three-person U.S State Department fact-finding team was sent on a two-week tour throughout China. It wrote in a report to the State Department that it found "no evidence that UNFPA has supported or participated in the management of a program of coercive abortion or involuntary sterilization in China," as has been charged by critics.
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bd2971b640bc4d42941dd31e16caaf8a
How many people were on the U.S. fact-finding team?
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{ "text": [ "three" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 198 ], "end": [ 202 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 36 ], "end": [ 36 ] } ] }
[ "three" ]
SQuAD
UNFPA's connection to China's administration of forced abortions was refuted by investigations carried out by various US, UK, and UN teams sent to examine UNFPA activities in China. Specifically, a three-person U.S State Department fact-finding team was sent on a two-week tour throughout China. It wrote in a report to the State Department that it found "no evidence that UNFPA has supported or participated in the management of a program of coercive abortion or involuntary sterilization in China," as has been charged by critics.
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99f5d8642ef7418fbe02c9f988650021
Which U.S. department investigated the allegations?
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[ "the State Department" ]
SQuAD
Executive Directors and Under-Secretaries General of the UN 2011–present Dr Babatunde Osotimehin (Nigeria) 2000–2010 Ms Thoraya Ahmed Obaid (Saudi Arabia) 1987–2000 Dr Nafis Sadik (Pakistan) 1969–87 Mr Rafael M. Salas (Philippines)
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6c3e5006fc4d4514af2867c69ba64728
Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 1969 to 1987?
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{ "text": [ "Rafael M. Salas" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 202 ], "end": [ 216 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 35 ], "end": [ 37 ] } ] }
[ "Rafael M. Salas" ]
SQuAD
Executive Directors and Under-Secretaries General of the UN 2011–present Dr Babatunde Osotimehin (Nigeria) 2000–2010 Ms Thoraya Ahmed Obaid (Saudi Arabia) 1987–2000 Dr Nafis Sadik (Pakistan) 1969–87 Mr Rafael M. Salas (Philippines)
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3f89a4149f744f35aa3a2230b2123450
Dr Babatunde Osotimehin hailed from what country?
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{ "text": [ "Nigeria" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 98 ], "end": [ 104 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 15 ], "end": [ 15 ] } ] }
[ "Nigeria" ]
SQuAD
Executive Directors and Under-Secretaries General of the UN 2011–present Dr Babatunde Osotimehin (Nigeria) 2000–2010 Ms Thoraya Ahmed Obaid (Saudi Arabia) 1987–2000 Dr Nafis Sadik (Pakistan) 1969–87 Mr Rafael M. Salas (Philippines)
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35a7dacb98ec42a08968ac59ca8e24b9
Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 2000 to 2010?
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{ "text": [ "Thoraya Ahmed Obaid" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 120 ], "end": [ 138 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 19 ], "end": [ 21 ] } ] }
[ "Thoraya Ahmed Obaid" ]
SQuAD
Executive Directors and Under-Secretaries General of the UN 2011–present Dr Babatunde Osotimehin (Nigeria) 2000–2010 Ms Thoraya Ahmed Obaid (Saudi Arabia) 1987–2000 Dr Nafis Sadik (Pakistan) 1969–87 Mr Rafael M. Salas (Philippines)
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f8410e3369a74be49ead6d85995bf71a
Which doctor from Pakistan served until 2000?
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{ "text": [ "Dr Nafis Sadik" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 165 ], "end": [ 178 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 29 ] } ] }
[ "Dr Nafis Sadik" ]
SQuAD
President Bush denied funding to the UNFPA. Over the course of the Bush Administration, a total of $244 million in Congressionally approved funding was blocked by the Executive Branch.
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2fc2daf3b7c346a887df164abf268f21
Which government official blocked funding to the UNFPA?
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{ "text": [ "President" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 8 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 0 ] } ] }
[ "President" ]
SQuAD
President Bush denied funding to the UNFPA. Over the course of the Bush Administration, a total of $244 million in Congressionally approved funding was blocked by the Executive Branch.
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a33d8df97297487eac78667c0f631551
What was the name of the official who blocked UNFPA funding?
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{ "text": [ "Bush" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 10 ], "end": [ 13 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 1 ] } ] }
[ "Bush" ]
SQuAD
President Bush denied funding to the UNFPA. Over the course of the Bush Administration, a total of $244 million in Congressionally approved funding was blocked by the Executive Branch.
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20b15473d3a445728f0f72fb77bac2ab
How much funding was blocked?
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{ "text": [ "$244 million" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 99 ], "end": [ 110 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 19 ], "end": [ 21 ] } ] }
[ "$244 million" ]
SQuAD
President Bush denied funding to the UNFPA. Over the course of the Bush Administration, a total of $244 million in Congressionally approved funding was blocked by the Executive Branch.
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4bc158d11e284eb1810c73bd12377d2e
Which branch of government denied the UNFPA funding?
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{ "text": [ "the Executive Branch" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 163 ], "end": [ 182 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 29 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ] }
[ "the Executive Branch" ]
SQuAD
President Bush denied funding to the UNFPA. Over the course of the Bush Administration, a total of $244 million in Congressionally approved funding was blocked by the Executive Branch.
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cd74bc5c57344ae0855eec426e43a2be
How had the UNFPA funding been initially approved?
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{ "text": [ "Congressionally" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 115 ], "end": [ 129 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 23 ], "end": [ 23 ] } ] }
[ "Congressionally" ]
SQuAD
Some agriculturalists also regularly hunt and gather (e.g., farming during the frost-free season and hunting during the winter). Still others in developed countries go hunting, primarily for leisure. In the Brazilian rainforest, those groups that recently did, or even continue to, rely on hunting and gathering techniques seem to have adopted this lifestyle, abandoning most agriculture, as a way to escape colonial control and as a result of the introduction of European diseases reducing their populations to levels where agriculture became difficult.[citation needed][dubious – discuss]
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f32a7a3f92624ab6b9b52227c7a27267
What do some agriculturalists often do?
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{ "text": [ "hunt and gather" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 37 ], "end": [ 51 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 6 ] } ] }
[ "hunt and gather" ]