subset
stringclasses 6
values | context
stringlengths 16
17.7k
| context_tokens
sequence | qid
stringlengths 32
32
| question
stringlengths 1
717
| question_tokens
sequence | detected_answers
sequence | answers
sequencelengths 1
25
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SQuAD | In the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines "everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith" a heretic. The Church had always dealt harshly with strands of Christianity that it considered heretical, but before the 11th century these tended to centre around individual preachers or small localised sects, like Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism. The diffusion of the almost Manichaean sect of Paulicians westwards gave birth to the famous 11th and 12th century heresies of Western Europe. The first one was that of Bogomils in modern day Bosnia, a sort of sanctuary between Eastern and Western Christianity. By the 11th century, more organised groups such as the Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars were beginning to appear in the towns and cities of northern Italy, southern France and Flanders. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"the",
"Roman",
"Catholic",
"Church",
",",
"obstinate",
"and",
"willful",
"manifest",
"heresy",
"is",
"considered",
"to",
"spiritually",
"cut",
"one",
"off",
"from",
"the",
"Church",
",",
"even",
"before",
"excommunication",
"is",
"incurred",
".",
"The",
"Codex",
"Justinianus",
"(",
"1:5:12",
")",
"defines",
"\"",
"everyone",
"who",
"is",
"not",
"devoted",
"to",
"the",
"Catholic",
"Church",
"and",
"to",
"our",
"Orthodox",
"holy",
"Faith",
"\"",
"a",
"heretic",
".",
"The",
"Church",
"had",
"always",
"dealt",
"harshly",
"with",
"strands",
"of",
"Christianity",
"that",
"it",
"considered",
"heretical",
",",
"but",
"before",
"the",
"11th",
"century",
"these",
"tended",
"to",
"centre",
"around",
"individual",
"preachers",
"or",
"small",
"localised",
"sects",
",",
"like",
"Arianism",
",",
"Pelagianism",
",",
"Donatism",
",",
"Marcionism",
"and",
"Montanism",
".",
"The",
"diffusion",
"of",
"the",
"almost",
"Manichaean",
"sect",
"of",
"Paulicians",
"westwards",
"gave",
"birth",
"to",
"the",
"famous",
"11th",
"and",
"12th",
"century",
"heresies",
"of",
"Western",
"Europe",
".",
"The",
"first",
"one",
"was",
"that",
"of",
"Bogomils",
"in",
"modern",
"day",
"Bosnia",
",",
"a",
"sort",
"of",
"sanctuary",
"between",
"Eastern",
"and",
"Western",
"Christianity",
".",
"By",
"the",
"11th",
"century",
",",
"more",
"organised",
"groups",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"Patarini",
",",
"the",
"Dulcinians",
",",
"the",
"Waldensians",
"and",
"the",
"Cathars",
"were",
"beginning",
"to",
"appear",
"in",
"the",
"towns",
"and",
"cities",
"of",
"northern",
"Italy",
",",
"southern",
"France",
"and",
"Flanders",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
7,
13,
22,
28,
30,
40,
44,
52,
61,
68,
71,
82,
85,
97,
101,
105,
109,
114,
118,
124,
126,
131,
138,
154,
157,
165,
167,
171,
177,
189,
190,
196,
198,
206,
207,
216,
220,
223,
227,
235,
238,
242,
251,
258,
262,
265,
269,
278,
283,
288,
290,
292,
299,
301,
305,
312,
316,
323,
329,
337,
342,
350,
353,
366,
371,
374,
385,
394,
396,
400,
407,
411,
416,
424,
430,
437,
440,
447,
454,
465,
475,
478,
484,
494,
499,
501,
506,
514,
516,
527,
529,
537,
539,
550,
554,
563,
565,
569,
579,
582,
586,
593,
604,
609,
612,
623,
633,
638,
644,
647,
651,
658,
663,
667,
672,
680,
689,
692,
700,
706,
708,
712,
718,
722,
726,
731,
734,
743,
746,
753,
757,
763,
765,
767,
772,
775,
785,
793,
801,
805,
813,
825,
827,
830,
834,
839,
846,
848,
853,
863,
870,
875,
878,
882,
890,
892,
896,
906,
908,
912,
924,
928,
932,
940,
945,
955,
958,
965,
968,
972,
978,
982,
989,
992,
1001,
1006,
1008,
1017,
1024,
1028,
1036
]
} | fb3a1ecb23924b15b62da14071a755fe | What groups began to appear in northern Italy and southern France during the 11th century? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"groups",
"began",
"to",
"appear",
"in",
"northern",
"Italy",
"and",
"southern",
"France",
"during",
"the",
"11th",
"century",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
12,
18,
21,
28,
31,
40,
46,
50,
59,
66,
73,
77,
82,
89
]
} | {
"text": [
"Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
882
],
"end": [
938
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
155
],
"end": [
164
]
}
]
} | [
"Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars"
] |
SQuAD | The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. "I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough." page 27 "Most taxonomists, however, have viewed such new terminology as dangerously destabilizing to the traditional and well-known scheme..." page 462. This book apparently influenced Jurassic Park. The illustrations by the author show dinosaurs in very active poses, in contrast to the traditional perception of lethargy. He is an example of a recent scientific endoheretic. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"revisionist",
"paleontologist",
"Robert",
"T.",
"Bakker",
",",
"who",
"published",
"his",
"findings",
"as",
"The",
"Dinosaur",
"Heresies",
",",
"treated",
"the",
"mainstream",
"view",
"of",
"dinosaurs",
"as",
"dogma",
".",
"\"",
"I",
"have",
"enormous",
"respect",
"for",
"dinosaur",
"paleontologists",
"past",
"and",
"present",
".",
"But",
"on",
"average",
",",
"for",
"the",
"last",
"fifty",
"years",
",",
"the",
"field",
"has",
"n't",
"tested",
"dinosaur",
"orthodoxy",
"severely",
"enough",
".",
"\"",
"page",
"27",
"\"",
"Most",
"taxonomists",
",",
"however",
",",
"have",
"viewed",
"such",
"new",
"terminology",
"as",
"dangerously",
"destabilizing",
"to",
"the",
"traditional",
"and",
"well",
"-",
"known",
"scheme",
"...",
"\"",
"page",
"462",
".",
"This",
"book",
"apparently",
"influenced",
"Jurassic",
"Park",
".",
"The",
"illustrations",
"by",
"the",
"author",
"show",
"dinosaurs",
"in",
"very",
"active",
"poses",
",",
"in",
"contrast",
"to",
"the",
"traditional",
"perception",
"of",
"lethargy",
".",
"He",
"is",
"an",
"example",
"of",
"a",
"recent",
"scientific",
"endoheretic",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
16,
31,
38,
41,
47,
49,
53,
63,
67,
76,
79,
83,
92,
100,
102,
110,
114,
125,
130,
133,
143,
146,
151,
153,
154,
156,
161,
170,
178,
182,
191,
207,
212,
216,
223,
225,
229,
232,
239,
241,
245,
249,
254,
260,
265,
267,
271,
277,
280,
284,
291,
300,
310,
319,
325,
326,
328,
333,
336,
337,
342,
353,
355,
362,
364,
369,
376,
381,
385,
397,
400,
412,
426,
429,
433,
445,
449,
453,
454,
460,
466,
469,
471,
476,
479,
481,
486,
491,
502,
513,
522,
526,
528,
532,
546,
549,
553,
560,
565,
575,
578,
583,
590,
595,
597,
600,
609,
612,
616,
628,
639,
642,
650,
652,
655,
658,
661,
669,
672,
674,
681,
692,
703
]
} | 50c46da665e74c61bfaf07cff35b604b | What is the title of the book published by Robert T. Bakker regarding mainstream opinion of dinosaurs? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"title",
"of",
"the",
"book",
"published",
"by",
"Robert",
"T.",
"Bakker",
"regarding",
"mainstream",
"opinion",
"of",
"dinosaurs",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
18,
21,
25,
30,
40,
43,
50,
53,
60,
70,
81,
89,
92,
101
]
} | {
"text": [
"The Dinosaur Heresies"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
79
],
"end": [
99
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
12
],
"end": [
14
]
}
]
} | [
"The Dinosaur Heresies"
] |
SQuAD | The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. "I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough." page 27 "Most taxonomists, however, have viewed such new terminology as dangerously destabilizing to the traditional and well-known scheme..." page 462. This book apparently influenced Jurassic Park. The illustrations by the author show dinosaurs in very active poses, in contrast to the traditional perception of lethargy. He is an example of a recent scientific endoheretic. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"revisionist",
"paleontologist",
"Robert",
"T.",
"Bakker",
",",
"who",
"published",
"his",
"findings",
"as",
"The",
"Dinosaur",
"Heresies",
",",
"treated",
"the",
"mainstream",
"view",
"of",
"dinosaurs",
"as",
"dogma",
".",
"\"",
"I",
"have",
"enormous",
"respect",
"for",
"dinosaur",
"paleontologists",
"past",
"and",
"present",
".",
"But",
"on",
"average",
",",
"for",
"the",
"last",
"fifty",
"years",
",",
"the",
"field",
"has",
"n't",
"tested",
"dinosaur",
"orthodoxy",
"severely",
"enough",
".",
"\"",
"page",
"27",
"\"",
"Most",
"taxonomists",
",",
"however",
",",
"have",
"viewed",
"such",
"new",
"terminology",
"as",
"dangerously",
"destabilizing",
"to",
"the",
"traditional",
"and",
"well",
"-",
"known",
"scheme",
"...",
"\"",
"page",
"462",
".",
"This",
"book",
"apparently",
"influenced",
"Jurassic",
"Park",
".",
"The",
"illustrations",
"by",
"the",
"author",
"show",
"dinosaurs",
"in",
"very",
"active",
"poses",
",",
"in",
"contrast",
"to",
"the",
"traditional",
"perception",
"of",
"lethargy",
".",
"He",
"is",
"an",
"example",
"of",
"a",
"recent",
"scientific",
"endoheretic",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
16,
31,
38,
41,
47,
49,
53,
63,
67,
76,
79,
83,
92,
100,
102,
110,
114,
125,
130,
133,
143,
146,
151,
153,
154,
156,
161,
170,
178,
182,
191,
207,
212,
216,
223,
225,
229,
232,
239,
241,
245,
249,
254,
260,
265,
267,
271,
277,
280,
284,
291,
300,
310,
319,
325,
326,
328,
333,
336,
337,
342,
353,
355,
362,
364,
369,
376,
381,
385,
397,
400,
412,
426,
429,
433,
445,
449,
453,
454,
460,
466,
469,
471,
476,
479,
481,
486,
491,
502,
513,
522,
526,
528,
532,
546,
549,
553,
560,
565,
575,
578,
583,
590,
595,
597,
600,
609,
612,
616,
628,
639,
642,
650,
652,
655,
658,
661,
669,
672,
674,
681,
692,
703
]
} | 0e06acb024e848e286591a2035118a33 | What criticism did Robert T. Bakker share about the paleontologist community regarding the last fifty years? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"criticism",
"did",
"Robert",
"T.",
"Bakker",
"share",
"about",
"the",
"paleontologist",
"community",
"regarding",
"the",
"last",
"fifty",
"years",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
15,
19,
26,
29,
36,
42,
48,
52,
67,
77,
87,
91,
96,
102,
107
]
} | {
"text": [
"the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
267
],
"end": [
324
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
47
],
"end": [
55
]
}
]
} | [
"the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough"
] |
SQuAD | The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. "I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough." page 27 "Most taxonomists, however, have viewed such new terminology as dangerously destabilizing to the traditional and well-known scheme..." page 462. This book apparently influenced Jurassic Park. The illustrations by the author show dinosaurs in very active poses, in contrast to the traditional perception of lethargy. He is an example of a recent scientific endoheretic. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"revisionist",
"paleontologist",
"Robert",
"T.",
"Bakker",
",",
"who",
"published",
"his",
"findings",
"as",
"The",
"Dinosaur",
"Heresies",
",",
"treated",
"the",
"mainstream",
"view",
"of",
"dinosaurs",
"as",
"dogma",
".",
"\"",
"I",
"have",
"enormous",
"respect",
"for",
"dinosaur",
"paleontologists",
"past",
"and",
"present",
".",
"But",
"on",
"average",
",",
"for",
"the",
"last",
"fifty",
"years",
",",
"the",
"field",
"has",
"n't",
"tested",
"dinosaur",
"orthodoxy",
"severely",
"enough",
".",
"\"",
"page",
"27",
"\"",
"Most",
"taxonomists",
",",
"however",
",",
"have",
"viewed",
"such",
"new",
"terminology",
"as",
"dangerously",
"destabilizing",
"to",
"the",
"traditional",
"and",
"well",
"-",
"known",
"scheme",
"...",
"\"",
"page",
"462",
".",
"This",
"book",
"apparently",
"influenced",
"Jurassic",
"Park",
".",
"The",
"illustrations",
"by",
"the",
"author",
"show",
"dinosaurs",
"in",
"very",
"active",
"poses",
",",
"in",
"contrast",
"to",
"the",
"traditional",
"perception",
"of",
"lethargy",
".",
"He",
"is",
"an",
"example",
"of",
"a",
"recent",
"scientific",
"endoheretic",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
16,
31,
38,
41,
47,
49,
53,
63,
67,
76,
79,
83,
92,
100,
102,
110,
114,
125,
130,
133,
143,
146,
151,
153,
154,
156,
161,
170,
178,
182,
191,
207,
212,
216,
223,
225,
229,
232,
239,
241,
245,
249,
254,
260,
265,
267,
271,
277,
280,
284,
291,
300,
310,
319,
325,
326,
328,
333,
336,
337,
342,
353,
355,
362,
364,
369,
376,
381,
385,
397,
400,
412,
426,
429,
433,
445,
449,
453,
454,
460,
466,
469,
471,
476,
479,
481,
486,
491,
502,
513,
522,
526,
528,
532,
546,
549,
553,
560,
565,
575,
578,
583,
590,
595,
597,
600,
609,
612,
616,
628,
639,
642,
650,
652,
655,
658,
661,
669,
672,
674,
681,
692,
703
]
} | 2ad3d9e791b34ec991d726ded1fdf867 | What film did Robert T. Bakker's book reportedly influence? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"film",
"did",
"Robert",
"T.",
"Bakker",
"'s",
"book",
"reportedly",
"influence",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
14,
21,
24,
30,
33,
38,
49,
58
]
} | {
"text": [
"Jurassic Park"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
513
],
"end": [
525
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
91
],
"end": [
92
]
}
]
} | [
"Jurassic Park"
] |
SQuAD | The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. "I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough." page 27 "Most taxonomists, however, have viewed such new terminology as dangerously destabilizing to the traditional and well-known scheme..." page 462. This book apparently influenced Jurassic Park. The illustrations by the author show dinosaurs in very active poses, in contrast to the traditional perception of lethargy. He is an example of a recent scientific endoheretic. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"revisionist",
"paleontologist",
"Robert",
"T.",
"Bakker",
",",
"who",
"published",
"his",
"findings",
"as",
"The",
"Dinosaur",
"Heresies",
",",
"treated",
"the",
"mainstream",
"view",
"of",
"dinosaurs",
"as",
"dogma",
".",
"\"",
"I",
"have",
"enormous",
"respect",
"for",
"dinosaur",
"paleontologists",
"past",
"and",
"present",
".",
"But",
"on",
"average",
",",
"for",
"the",
"last",
"fifty",
"years",
",",
"the",
"field",
"has",
"n't",
"tested",
"dinosaur",
"orthodoxy",
"severely",
"enough",
".",
"\"",
"page",
"27",
"\"",
"Most",
"taxonomists",
",",
"however",
",",
"have",
"viewed",
"such",
"new",
"terminology",
"as",
"dangerously",
"destabilizing",
"to",
"the",
"traditional",
"and",
"well",
"-",
"known",
"scheme",
"...",
"\"",
"page",
"462",
".",
"This",
"book",
"apparently",
"influenced",
"Jurassic",
"Park",
".",
"The",
"illustrations",
"by",
"the",
"author",
"show",
"dinosaurs",
"in",
"very",
"active",
"poses",
",",
"in",
"contrast",
"to",
"the",
"traditional",
"perception",
"of",
"lethargy",
".",
"He",
"is",
"an",
"example",
"of",
"a",
"recent",
"scientific",
"endoheretic",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
16,
31,
38,
41,
47,
49,
53,
63,
67,
76,
79,
83,
92,
100,
102,
110,
114,
125,
130,
133,
143,
146,
151,
153,
154,
156,
161,
170,
178,
182,
191,
207,
212,
216,
223,
225,
229,
232,
239,
241,
245,
249,
254,
260,
265,
267,
271,
277,
280,
284,
291,
300,
310,
319,
325,
326,
328,
333,
336,
337,
342,
353,
355,
362,
364,
369,
376,
381,
385,
397,
400,
412,
426,
429,
433,
445,
449,
453,
454,
460,
466,
469,
471,
476,
479,
481,
486,
491,
502,
513,
522,
526,
528,
532,
546,
549,
553,
560,
565,
575,
578,
583,
590,
595,
597,
600,
609,
612,
616,
628,
639,
642,
650,
652,
655,
658,
661,
669,
672,
674,
681,
692,
703
]
} | 1473a2c778ff42de829dcdc44b20acfb | What type of poses did the book's illustrations portray dinosaurs as? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"type",
"of",
"poses",
"did",
"the",
"book",
"'s",
"illustrations",
"portray",
"dinosaurs",
"as",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
13,
19,
23,
27,
31,
34,
48,
56,
66,
68
]
} | {
"text": [
"active poses"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
583
],
"end": [
594
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
103
],
"end": [
104
]
}
]
} | [
"active poses"
] |
SQuAD | The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. "I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough." page 27 "Most taxonomists, however, have viewed such new terminology as dangerously destabilizing to the traditional and well-known scheme..." page 462. This book apparently influenced Jurassic Park. The illustrations by the author show dinosaurs in very active poses, in contrast to the traditional perception of lethargy. He is an example of a recent scientific endoheretic. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"revisionist",
"paleontologist",
"Robert",
"T.",
"Bakker",
",",
"who",
"published",
"his",
"findings",
"as",
"The",
"Dinosaur",
"Heresies",
",",
"treated",
"the",
"mainstream",
"view",
"of",
"dinosaurs",
"as",
"dogma",
".",
"\"",
"I",
"have",
"enormous",
"respect",
"for",
"dinosaur",
"paleontologists",
"past",
"and",
"present",
".",
"But",
"on",
"average",
",",
"for",
"the",
"last",
"fifty",
"years",
",",
"the",
"field",
"has",
"n't",
"tested",
"dinosaur",
"orthodoxy",
"severely",
"enough",
".",
"\"",
"page",
"27",
"\"",
"Most",
"taxonomists",
",",
"however",
",",
"have",
"viewed",
"such",
"new",
"terminology",
"as",
"dangerously",
"destabilizing",
"to",
"the",
"traditional",
"and",
"well",
"-",
"known",
"scheme",
"...",
"\"",
"page",
"462",
".",
"This",
"book",
"apparently",
"influenced",
"Jurassic",
"Park",
".",
"The",
"illustrations",
"by",
"the",
"author",
"show",
"dinosaurs",
"in",
"very",
"active",
"poses",
",",
"in",
"contrast",
"to",
"the",
"traditional",
"perception",
"of",
"lethargy",
".",
"He",
"is",
"an",
"example",
"of",
"a",
"recent",
"scientific",
"endoheretic",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
16,
31,
38,
41,
47,
49,
53,
63,
67,
76,
79,
83,
92,
100,
102,
110,
114,
125,
130,
133,
143,
146,
151,
153,
154,
156,
161,
170,
178,
182,
191,
207,
212,
216,
223,
225,
229,
232,
239,
241,
245,
249,
254,
260,
265,
267,
271,
277,
280,
284,
291,
300,
310,
319,
325,
326,
328,
333,
336,
337,
342,
353,
355,
362,
364,
369,
376,
381,
385,
397,
400,
412,
426,
429,
433,
445,
449,
453,
454,
460,
466,
469,
471,
476,
479,
481,
486,
491,
502,
513,
522,
526,
528,
532,
546,
549,
553,
560,
565,
575,
578,
583,
590,
595,
597,
600,
609,
612,
616,
628,
639,
642,
650,
652,
655,
658,
661,
669,
672,
674,
681,
692,
703
]
} | e6bffb641e3942d9ba7e97675ffa770c | What label is associated with Robert T. Bakker as a result of his work? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"label",
"is",
"associated",
"with",
"Robert",
"T.",
"Bakker",
"as",
"a",
"result",
"of",
"his",
"work",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
11,
14,
25,
30,
37,
40,
47,
50,
52,
59,
62,
66,
70
]
} | {
"text": [
"endoheretic"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
692
],
"end": [
702
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
123
],
"end": [
123
]
}
]
} | [
"endoheretic"
] |
SQuAD | Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siricius, who opposed Priscillian's heresy, but "believed capital punishment to be inappropriate at best and usually unequivocally evil". For some years after the Reformation, Protestant churches were also known to execute those they considered heretics, including Catholics. The last known heretic executed by sentence of the Roman Catholic Church was Spanish schoolmaster Cayetano Ripoll in 1826. The number of people executed as heretics under the authority of the various "ecclesiastical authorities"[note 1] is not known.[note 2] One of the first examples of the word as translated from the Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter was" they will cleave to the name of a dead man thinking that they will become pure. But they will become greatly defiled and they will fall into the name of error and into the hands of an evil cunning man and a manifold dogma, and they will be ruled heretically". | {
"tokens": [
"Within",
"six",
"years",
"of",
"the",
"official",
"criminalization",
"of",
"heresy",
"by",
"the",
"Emperor",
",",
"the",
"first",
"Christian",
"heretic",
"to",
"be",
"executed",
",",
"Priscillian",
",",
"was",
"condemned",
"in",
"386",
"by",
"Roman",
"secular",
"officials",
"for",
"sorcery",
",",
"and",
"put",
"to",
"death",
"with",
"four",
"or",
"five",
"followers",
".",
"However",
",",
"his",
"accusers",
"were",
"excommunicated",
"both",
"by",
"Ambrose",
"of",
"Milan",
"and",
"Pope",
"Siricius",
",",
"who",
"opposed",
"Priscillian",
"'s",
"heresy",
",",
"but",
"\"",
"believed",
"capital",
"punishment",
"to",
"be",
"inappropriate",
"at",
"best",
"and",
"usually",
"unequivocally",
"evil",
"\"",
".",
"For",
"some",
"years",
"after",
"the",
"Reformation",
",",
"Protestant",
"churches",
"were",
"also",
"known",
"to",
"execute",
"those",
"they",
"considered",
"heretics",
",",
"including",
"Catholics",
".",
"The",
"last",
"known",
"heretic",
"executed",
"by",
"sentence",
"of",
"the",
"Roman",
"Catholic",
"Church",
"was",
"Spanish",
"schoolmaster",
"Cayetano",
"Ripoll",
"in",
"1826",
".",
"The",
"number",
"of",
"people",
"executed",
"as",
"heretics",
"under",
"the",
"authority",
"of",
"the",
"various",
"\"",
"ecclesiastical",
"authorities\"[note",
"1",
"]",
"is",
"not",
"known.[note",
"2",
"]",
"One",
"of",
"the",
"first",
"examples",
"of",
"the",
"word",
"as",
"translated",
"from",
"the",
"Nag",
"Hammadi",
"'s",
"Apocalypse",
"of",
"Peter",
"was",
"\"",
"they",
"will",
"cleave",
"to",
"the",
"name",
"of",
"a",
"dead",
"man",
"thinking",
"that",
"they",
"will",
"become",
"pure",
".",
"But",
"they",
"will",
"become",
"greatly",
"defiled",
"and",
"they",
"will",
"fall",
"into",
"the",
"name",
"of",
"error",
"and",
"into",
"the",
"hands",
"of",
"an",
"evil",
"cunning",
"man",
"and",
"a",
"manifold",
"dogma",
",",
"and",
"they",
"will",
"be",
"ruled",
"heretically",
"\"",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
17,
20,
24,
33,
49,
52,
59,
62,
66,
73,
75,
79,
85,
95,
103,
106,
109,
117,
119,
130,
132,
136,
146,
149,
153,
156,
162,
170,
180,
184,
191,
193,
197,
201,
204,
210,
215,
220,
223,
228,
237,
239,
246,
248,
252,
261,
266,
281,
286,
289,
297,
300,
306,
310,
315,
323,
325,
329,
337,
348,
351,
357,
359,
363,
364,
373,
381,
392,
395,
398,
412,
415,
420,
424,
432,
446,
450,
451,
453,
457,
462,
468,
474,
478,
489,
491,
502,
511,
516,
521,
527,
530,
538,
544,
549,
560,
568,
570,
580,
589,
591,
595,
600,
606,
614,
623,
626,
635,
638,
642,
648,
657,
664,
668,
676,
689,
698,
705,
708,
712,
714,
718,
725,
728,
735,
744,
747,
756,
762,
766,
776,
779,
783,
791,
792,
807,
825,
826,
828,
831,
835,
847,
848,
850,
854,
857,
861,
867,
876,
879,
883,
888,
891,
902,
907,
911,
915,
922,
925,
936,
939,
945,
948,
950,
955,
960,
967,
970,
974,
979,
982,
984,
989,
993,
1002,
1007,
1012,
1017,
1024,
1028,
1030,
1034,
1039,
1044,
1051,
1059,
1067,
1071,
1076,
1081,
1086,
1091,
1095,
1100,
1103,
1109,
1113,
1118,
1122,
1128,
1131,
1134,
1139,
1147,
1151,
1155,
1157,
1166,
1171,
1173,
1177,
1182,
1187,
1190,
1196,
1207,
1208
]
} | f9c6a61616324424aebe7975e06325f2 | Who was the first Christian individual to be sentenced to death by the church for heresy in Rome? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"was",
"the",
"first",
"Christian",
"individual",
"to",
"be",
"sentenced",
"to",
"death",
"by",
"the",
"church",
"for",
"heresy",
"in",
"Rome",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
18,
28,
39,
42,
45,
55,
58,
64,
67,
71,
78,
82,
89,
92,
96
]
} | {
"text": [
"Priscillian"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
119
],
"end": [
129
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
21
],
"end": [
21
]
}
]
} | [
"Priscillian"
] |
SQuAD | Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siricius, who opposed Priscillian's heresy, but "believed capital punishment to be inappropriate at best and usually unequivocally evil". For some years after the Reformation, Protestant churches were also known to execute those they considered heretics, including Catholics. The last known heretic executed by sentence of the Roman Catholic Church was Spanish schoolmaster Cayetano Ripoll in 1826. The number of people executed as heretics under the authority of the various "ecclesiastical authorities"[note 1] is not known.[note 2] One of the first examples of the word as translated from the Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter was" they will cleave to the name of a dead man thinking that they will become pure. But they will become greatly defiled and they will fall into the name of error and into the hands of an evil cunning man and a manifold dogma, and they will be ruled heretically". | {
"tokens": [
"Within",
"six",
"years",
"of",
"the",
"official",
"criminalization",
"of",
"heresy",
"by",
"the",
"Emperor",
",",
"the",
"first",
"Christian",
"heretic",
"to",
"be",
"executed",
",",
"Priscillian",
",",
"was",
"condemned",
"in",
"386",
"by",
"Roman",
"secular",
"officials",
"for",
"sorcery",
",",
"and",
"put",
"to",
"death",
"with",
"four",
"or",
"five",
"followers",
".",
"However",
",",
"his",
"accusers",
"were",
"excommunicated",
"both",
"by",
"Ambrose",
"of",
"Milan",
"and",
"Pope",
"Siricius",
",",
"who",
"opposed",
"Priscillian",
"'s",
"heresy",
",",
"but",
"\"",
"believed",
"capital",
"punishment",
"to",
"be",
"inappropriate",
"at",
"best",
"and",
"usually",
"unequivocally",
"evil",
"\"",
".",
"For",
"some",
"years",
"after",
"the",
"Reformation",
",",
"Protestant",
"churches",
"were",
"also",
"known",
"to",
"execute",
"those",
"they",
"considered",
"heretics",
",",
"including",
"Catholics",
".",
"The",
"last",
"known",
"heretic",
"executed",
"by",
"sentence",
"of",
"the",
"Roman",
"Catholic",
"Church",
"was",
"Spanish",
"schoolmaster",
"Cayetano",
"Ripoll",
"in",
"1826",
".",
"The",
"number",
"of",
"people",
"executed",
"as",
"heretics",
"under",
"the",
"authority",
"of",
"the",
"various",
"\"",
"ecclesiastical",
"authorities\"[note",
"1",
"]",
"is",
"not",
"known.[note",
"2",
"]",
"One",
"of",
"the",
"first",
"examples",
"of",
"the",
"word",
"as",
"translated",
"from",
"the",
"Nag",
"Hammadi",
"'s",
"Apocalypse",
"of",
"Peter",
"was",
"\"",
"they",
"will",
"cleave",
"to",
"the",
"name",
"of",
"a",
"dead",
"man",
"thinking",
"that",
"they",
"will",
"become",
"pure",
".",
"But",
"they",
"will",
"become",
"greatly",
"defiled",
"and",
"they",
"will",
"fall",
"into",
"the",
"name",
"of",
"error",
"and",
"into",
"the",
"hands",
"of",
"an",
"evil",
"cunning",
"man",
"and",
"a",
"manifold",
"dogma",
",",
"and",
"they",
"will",
"be",
"ruled",
"heretically",
"\"",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
17,
20,
24,
33,
49,
52,
59,
62,
66,
73,
75,
79,
85,
95,
103,
106,
109,
117,
119,
130,
132,
136,
146,
149,
153,
156,
162,
170,
180,
184,
191,
193,
197,
201,
204,
210,
215,
220,
223,
228,
237,
239,
246,
248,
252,
261,
266,
281,
286,
289,
297,
300,
306,
310,
315,
323,
325,
329,
337,
348,
351,
357,
359,
363,
364,
373,
381,
392,
395,
398,
412,
415,
420,
424,
432,
446,
450,
451,
453,
457,
462,
468,
474,
478,
489,
491,
502,
511,
516,
521,
527,
530,
538,
544,
549,
560,
568,
570,
580,
589,
591,
595,
600,
606,
614,
623,
626,
635,
638,
642,
648,
657,
664,
668,
676,
689,
698,
705,
708,
712,
714,
718,
725,
728,
735,
744,
747,
756,
762,
766,
776,
779,
783,
791,
792,
807,
825,
826,
828,
831,
835,
847,
848,
850,
854,
857,
861,
867,
876,
879,
883,
888,
891,
902,
907,
911,
915,
922,
925,
936,
939,
945,
948,
950,
955,
960,
967,
970,
974,
979,
982,
984,
989,
993,
1002,
1007,
1012,
1017,
1024,
1028,
1030,
1034,
1039,
1044,
1051,
1059,
1067,
1071,
1076,
1081,
1086,
1091,
1095,
1100,
1103,
1109,
1113,
1118,
1122,
1128,
1131,
1134,
1139,
1147,
1151,
1155,
1157,
1166,
1171,
1173,
1177,
1182,
1187,
1190,
1196,
1207,
1208
]
} | 01d94dd2df2348f4bfd79022fd2d016f | What happened to the people that sentenced Priscillian to death? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"happened",
"to",
"the",
"people",
"that",
"sentenced",
"Priscillian",
"to",
"death",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
14,
17,
21,
28,
33,
43,
55,
58,
63
]
} | {
"text": [
"excommunicated"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
266
],
"end": [
279
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
49
],
"end": [
49
]
}
]
} | [
"excommunicated"
] |
SQuAD | Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siricius, who opposed Priscillian's heresy, but "believed capital punishment to be inappropriate at best and usually unequivocally evil". For some years after the Reformation, Protestant churches were also known to execute those they considered heretics, including Catholics. The last known heretic executed by sentence of the Roman Catholic Church was Spanish schoolmaster Cayetano Ripoll in 1826. The number of people executed as heretics under the authority of the various "ecclesiastical authorities"[note 1] is not known.[note 2] One of the first examples of the word as translated from the Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter was" they will cleave to the name of a dead man thinking that they will become pure. But they will become greatly defiled and they will fall into the name of error and into the hands of an evil cunning man and a manifold dogma, and they will be ruled heretically". | {
"tokens": [
"Within",
"six",
"years",
"of",
"the",
"official",
"criminalization",
"of",
"heresy",
"by",
"the",
"Emperor",
",",
"the",
"first",
"Christian",
"heretic",
"to",
"be",
"executed",
",",
"Priscillian",
",",
"was",
"condemned",
"in",
"386",
"by",
"Roman",
"secular",
"officials",
"for",
"sorcery",
",",
"and",
"put",
"to",
"death",
"with",
"four",
"or",
"five",
"followers",
".",
"However",
",",
"his",
"accusers",
"were",
"excommunicated",
"both",
"by",
"Ambrose",
"of",
"Milan",
"and",
"Pope",
"Siricius",
",",
"who",
"opposed",
"Priscillian",
"'s",
"heresy",
",",
"but",
"\"",
"believed",
"capital",
"punishment",
"to",
"be",
"inappropriate",
"at",
"best",
"and",
"usually",
"unequivocally",
"evil",
"\"",
".",
"For",
"some",
"years",
"after",
"the",
"Reformation",
",",
"Protestant",
"churches",
"were",
"also",
"known",
"to",
"execute",
"those",
"they",
"considered",
"heretics",
",",
"including",
"Catholics",
".",
"The",
"last",
"known",
"heretic",
"executed",
"by",
"sentence",
"of",
"the",
"Roman",
"Catholic",
"Church",
"was",
"Spanish",
"schoolmaster",
"Cayetano",
"Ripoll",
"in",
"1826",
".",
"The",
"number",
"of",
"people",
"executed",
"as",
"heretics",
"under",
"the",
"authority",
"of",
"the",
"various",
"\"",
"ecclesiastical",
"authorities\"[note",
"1",
"]",
"is",
"not",
"known.[note",
"2",
"]",
"One",
"of",
"the",
"first",
"examples",
"of",
"the",
"word",
"as",
"translated",
"from",
"the",
"Nag",
"Hammadi",
"'s",
"Apocalypse",
"of",
"Peter",
"was",
"\"",
"they",
"will",
"cleave",
"to",
"the",
"name",
"of",
"a",
"dead",
"man",
"thinking",
"that",
"they",
"will",
"become",
"pure",
".",
"But",
"they",
"will",
"become",
"greatly",
"defiled",
"and",
"they",
"will",
"fall",
"into",
"the",
"name",
"of",
"error",
"and",
"into",
"the",
"hands",
"of",
"an",
"evil",
"cunning",
"man",
"and",
"a",
"manifold",
"dogma",
",",
"and",
"they",
"will",
"be",
"ruled",
"heretically",
"\"",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
17,
20,
24,
33,
49,
52,
59,
62,
66,
73,
75,
79,
85,
95,
103,
106,
109,
117,
119,
130,
132,
136,
146,
149,
153,
156,
162,
170,
180,
184,
191,
193,
197,
201,
204,
210,
215,
220,
223,
228,
237,
239,
246,
248,
252,
261,
266,
281,
286,
289,
297,
300,
306,
310,
315,
323,
325,
329,
337,
348,
351,
357,
359,
363,
364,
373,
381,
392,
395,
398,
412,
415,
420,
424,
432,
446,
450,
451,
453,
457,
462,
468,
474,
478,
489,
491,
502,
511,
516,
521,
527,
530,
538,
544,
549,
560,
568,
570,
580,
589,
591,
595,
600,
606,
614,
623,
626,
635,
638,
642,
648,
657,
664,
668,
676,
689,
698,
705,
708,
712,
714,
718,
725,
728,
735,
744,
747,
756,
762,
766,
776,
779,
783,
791,
792,
807,
825,
826,
828,
831,
835,
847,
848,
850,
854,
857,
861,
867,
876,
879,
883,
888,
891,
902,
907,
911,
915,
922,
925,
936,
939,
945,
948,
950,
955,
960,
967,
970,
974,
979,
982,
984,
989,
993,
1002,
1007,
1012,
1017,
1024,
1028,
1030,
1034,
1039,
1044,
1051,
1059,
1067,
1071,
1076,
1081,
1086,
1091,
1095,
1100,
1103,
1109,
1113,
1118,
1122,
1128,
1131,
1134,
1139,
1147,
1151,
1155,
1157,
1166,
1171,
1173,
1177,
1182,
1187,
1190,
1196,
1207,
1208
]
} | 8da7701d7fb440fc8dab14a56b99b05e | What religion is an example of Protestants killing for conviction of heresy after the Reformation? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"religion",
"is",
"an",
"example",
"of",
"Protestants",
"killing",
"for",
"conviction",
"of",
"heresy",
"after",
"the",
"Reformation",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
14,
17,
20,
28,
31,
43,
51,
55,
66,
69,
76,
82,
86,
97
]
} | {
"text": [
"Catholics"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
580
],
"end": [
588
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
101
],
"end": [
101
]
}
]
} | [
"Catholics"
] |
SQuAD | Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siricius, who opposed Priscillian's heresy, but "believed capital punishment to be inappropriate at best and usually unequivocally evil". For some years after the Reformation, Protestant churches were also known to execute those they considered heretics, including Catholics. The last known heretic executed by sentence of the Roman Catholic Church was Spanish schoolmaster Cayetano Ripoll in 1826. The number of people executed as heretics under the authority of the various "ecclesiastical authorities"[note 1] is not known.[note 2] One of the first examples of the word as translated from the Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter was" they will cleave to the name of a dead man thinking that they will become pure. But they will become greatly defiled and they will fall into the name of error and into the hands of an evil cunning man and a manifold dogma, and they will be ruled heretically". | {
"tokens": [
"Within",
"six",
"years",
"of",
"the",
"official",
"criminalization",
"of",
"heresy",
"by",
"the",
"Emperor",
",",
"the",
"first",
"Christian",
"heretic",
"to",
"be",
"executed",
",",
"Priscillian",
",",
"was",
"condemned",
"in",
"386",
"by",
"Roman",
"secular",
"officials",
"for",
"sorcery",
",",
"and",
"put",
"to",
"death",
"with",
"four",
"or",
"five",
"followers",
".",
"However",
",",
"his",
"accusers",
"were",
"excommunicated",
"both",
"by",
"Ambrose",
"of",
"Milan",
"and",
"Pope",
"Siricius",
",",
"who",
"opposed",
"Priscillian",
"'s",
"heresy",
",",
"but",
"\"",
"believed",
"capital",
"punishment",
"to",
"be",
"inappropriate",
"at",
"best",
"and",
"usually",
"unequivocally",
"evil",
"\"",
".",
"For",
"some",
"years",
"after",
"the",
"Reformation",
",",
"Protestant",
"churches",
"were",
"also",
"known",
"to",
"execute",
"those",
"they",
"considered",
"heretics",
",",
"including",
"Catholics",
".",
"The",
"last",
"known",
"heretic",
"executed",
"by",
"sentence",
"of",
"the",
"Roman",
"Catholic",
"Church",
"was",
"Spanish",
"schoolmaster",
"Cayetano",
"Ripoll",
"in",
"1826",
".",
"The",
"number",
"of",
"people",
"executed",
"as",
"heretics",
"under",
"the",
"authority",
"of",
"the",
"various",
"\"",
"ecclesiastical",
"authorities\"[note",
"1",
"]",
"is",
"not",
"known.[note",
"2",
"]",
"One",
"of",
"the",
"first",
"examples",
"of",
"the",
"word",
"as",
"translated",
"from",
"the",
"Nag",
"Hammadi",
"'s",
"Apocalypse",
"of",
"Peter",
"was",
"\"",
"they",
"will",
"cleave",
"to",
"the",
"name",
"of",
"a",
"dead",
"man",
"thinking",
"that",
"they",
"will",
"become",
"pure",
".",
"But",
"they",
"will",
"become",
"greatly",
"defiled",
"and",
"they",
"will",
"fall",
"into",
"the",
"name",
"of",
"error",
"and",
"into",
"the",
"hands",
"of",
"an",
"evil",
"cunning",
"man",
"and",
"a",
"manifold",
"dogma",
",",
"and",
"they",
"will",
"be",
"ruled",
"heretically",
"\"",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
17,
20,
24,
33,
49,
52,
59,
62,
66,
73,
75,
79,
85,
95,
103,
106,
109,
117,
119,
130,
132,
136,
146,
149,
153,
156,
162,
170,
180,
184,
191,
193,
197,
201,
204,
210,
215,
220,
223,
228,
237,
239,
246,
248,
252,
261,
266,
281,
286,
289,
297,
300,
306,
310,
315,
323,
325,
329,
337,
348,
351,
357,
359,
363,
364,
373,
381,
392,
395,
398,
412,
415,
420,
424,
432,
446,
450,
451,
453,
457,
462,
468,
474,
478,
489,
491,
502,
511,
516,
521,
527,
530,
538,
544,
549,
560,
568,
570,
580,
589,
591,
595,
600,
606,
614,
623,
626,
635,
638,
642,
648,
657,
664,
668,
676,
689,
698,
705,
708,
712,
714,
718,
725,
728,
735,
744,
747,
756,
762,
766,
776,
779,
783,
791,
792,
807,
825,
826,
828,
831,
835,
847,
848,
850,
854,
857,
861,
867,
876,
879,
883,
888,
891,
902,
907,
911,
915,
922,
925,
936,
939,
945,
948,
950,
955,
960,
967,
970,
974,
979,
982,
984,
989,
993,
1002,
1007,
1012,
1017,
1024,
1028,
1030,
1034,
1039,
1044,
1051,
1059,
1067,
1071,
1076,
1081,
1086,
1091,
1095,
1100,
1103,
1109,
1113,
1118,
1122,
1128,
1131,
1134,
1139,
1147,
1151,
1155,
1157,
1166,
1171,
1173,
1177,
1182,
1187,
1190,
1196,
1207,
1208
]
} | 289c22b3f074438b9741c469c04fc050 | Who was the last known person to be sentenced to death for the crime of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"was",
"the",
"last",
"known",
"person",
"to",
"be",
"sentenced",
"to",
"death",
"for",
"the",
"crime",
"of",
"heresy",
"by",
"the",
"Roman",
"Catholic",
"Church",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
17,
23,
30,
33,
36,
46,
49,
55,
59,
63,
69,
72,
79,
82,
86,
92,
101,
107
]
} | {
"text": [
"Cayetano Ripoll"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
689
],
"end": [
703
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
118
],
"end": [
119
]
}
]
} | [
"Cayetano Ripoll"
] |
SQuAD | Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siricius, who opposed Priscillian's heresy, but "believed capital punishment to be inappropriate at best and usually unequivocally evil". For some years after the Reformation, Protestant churches were also known to execute those they considered heretics, including Catholics. The last known heretic executed by sentence of the Roman Catholic Church was Spanish schoolmaster Cayetano Ripoll in 1826. The number of people executed as heretics under the authority of the various "ecclesiastical authorities"[note 1] is not known.[note 2] One of the first examples of the word as translated from the Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter was" they will cleave to the name of a dead man thinking that they will become pure. But they will become greatly defiled and they will fall into the name of error and into the hands of an evil cunning man and a manifold dogma, and they will be ruled heretically". | {
"tokens": [
"Within",
"six",
"years",
"of",
"the",
"official",
"criminalization",
"of",
"heresy",
"by",
"the",
"Emperor",
",",
"the",
"first",
"Christian",
"heretic",
"to",
"be",
"executed",
",",
"Priscillian",
",",
"was",
"condemned",
"in",
"386",
"by",
"Roman",
"secular",
"officials",
"for",
"sorcery",
",",
"and",
"put",
"to",
"death",
"with",
"four",
"or",
"five",
"followers",
".",
"However",
",",
"his",
"accusers",
"were",
"excommunicated",
"both",
"by",
"Ambrose",
"of",
"Milan",
"and",
"Pope",
"Siricius",
",",
"who",
"opposed",
"Priscillian",
"'s",
"heresy",
",",
"but",
"\"",
"believed",
"capital",
"punishment",
"to",
"be",
"inappropriate",
"at",
"best",
"and",
"usually",
"unequivocally",
"evil",
"\"",
".",
"For",
"some",
"years",
"after",
"the",
"Reformation",
",",
"Protestant",
"churches",
"were",
"also",
"known",
"to",
"execute",
"those",
"they",
"considered",
"heretics",
",",
"including",
"Catholics",
".",
"The",
"last",
"known",
"heretic",
"executed",
"by",
"sentence",
"of",
"the",
"Roman",
"Catholic",
"Church",
"was",
"Spanish",
"schoolmaster",
"Cayetano",
"Ripoll",
"in",
"1826",
".",
"The",
"number",
"of",
"people",
"executed",
"as",
"heretics",
"under",
"the",
"authority",
"of",
"the",
"various",
"\"",
"ecclesiastical",
"authorities\"[note",
"1",
"]",
"is",
"not",
"known.[note",
"2",
"]",
"One",
"of",
"the",
"first",
"examples",
"of",
"the",
"word",
"as",
"translated",
"from",
"the",
"Nag",
"Hammadi",
"'s",
"Apocalypse",
"of",
"Peter",
"was",
"\"",
"they",
"will",
"cleave",
"to",
"the",
"name",
"of",
"a",
"dead",
"man",
"thinking",
"that",
"they",
"will",
"become",
"pure",
".",
"But",
"they",
"will",
"become",
"greatly",
"defiled",
"and",
"they",
"will",
"fall",
"into",
"the",
"name",
"of",
"error",
"and",
"into",
"the",
"hands",
"of",
"an",
"evil",
"cunning",
"man",
"and",
"a",
"manifold",
"dogma",
",",
"and",
"they",
"will",
"be",
"ruled",
"heretically",
"\"",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
17,
20,
24,
33,
49,
52,
59,
62,
66,
73,
75,
79,
85,
95,
103,
106,
109,
117,
119,
130,
132,
136,
146,
149,
153,
156,
162,
170,
180,
184,
191,
193,
197,
201,
204,
210,
215,
220,
223,
228,
237,
239,
246,
248,
252,
261,
266,
281,
286,
289,
297,
300,
306,
310,
315,
323,
325,
329,
337,
348,
351,
357,
359,
363,
364,
373,
381,
392,
395,
398,
412,
415,
420,
424,
432,
446,
450,
451,
453,
457,
462,
468,
474,
478,
489,
491,
502,
511,
516,
521,
527,
530,
538,
544,
549,
560,
568,
570,
580,
589,
591,
595,
600,
606,
614,
623,
626,
635,
638,
642,
648,
657,
664,
668,
676,
689,
698,
705,
708,
712,
714,
718,
725,
728,
735,
744,
747,
756,
762,
766,
776,
779,
783,
791,
792,
807,
825,
826,
828,
831,
835,
847,
848,
850,
854,
857,
861,
867,
876,
879,
883,
888,
891,
902,
907,
911,
915,
922,
925,
936,
939,
945,
948,
950,
955,
960,
967,
970,
974,
979,
982,
984,
989,
993,
1002,
1007,
1012,
1017,
1024,
1028,
1030,
1034,
1039,
1044,
1051,
1059,
1067,
1071,
1076,
1081,
1086,
1091,
1095,
1100,
1103,
1109,
1113,
1118,
1122,
1128,
1131,
1134,
1139,
1147,
1151,
1155,
1157,
1166,
1171,
1173,
1177,
1182,
1187,
1190,
1196,
1207,
1208
]
} | fb433b359db749538d1d6c7cf26af282 | From what passage is cited as being one of the first known examples of using the word heresy? | {
"tokens": [
"From",
"what",
"passage",
"is",
"cited",
"as",
"being",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"first",
"known",
"examples",
"of",
"using",
"the",
"word",
"heresy",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
18,
21,
27,
30,
36,
40,
43,
47,
53,
59,
68,
71,
77,
81,
86,
92
]
} | {
"text": [
"Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
911
],
"end": [
943
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
158
],
"end": [
163
]
}
]
} | [
"Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter"
] |
SQuAD | In early 12th-century al-Andalus, the Arabian philosopher, Ibn Tufail (Abubacer), wrote discussions on materialism in his philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus), while vaguely foreshadowing the idea of a historical materialism. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"early",
"12th",
"-",
"century",
"al",
"-",
"Andalus",
",",
"the",
"Arabian",
"philosopher",
",",
"Ibn",
"Tufail",
"(",
"Abubacer",
")",
",",
"wrote",
"discussions",
"on",
"materialism",
"in",
"his",
"philosophical",
"novel",
",",
"Hayy",
"ibn",
"Yaqdhan",
"(",
"Philosophus",
"Autodidactus",
")",
",",
"while",
"vaguely",
"foreshadowing",
"the",
"idea",
"of",
"a",
"historical",
"materialism",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
9,
13,
14,
22,
24,
25,
32,
34,
38,
46,
57,
59,
63,
70,
71,
79,
80,
82,
88,
100,
103,
115,
118,
122,
136,
141,
143,
148,
152,
160,
161,
173,
185,
186,
188,
194,
202,
216,
220,
225,
228,
230,
241,
252
]
} | f3acb8d658234ff89f49dba30f62d5f3 | What is the name of the novel written by Ibn Tufail? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"name",
"of",
"the",
"novel",
"written",
"by",
"Ibn",
"Tufail",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
17,
20,
24,
30,
38,
41,
45,
51
]
} | {
"text": [
"Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus)"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
143
],
"end": [
185
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
28
],
"end": [
34
]
}
]
} | [
"Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus)"
] |
SQuAD | The Soviet request to join NATO arose in the aftermath of the Berlin Conference of January–February 1954. Soviet foreign minister Molotov made proposals to have Germany reunified and elections for a pan-German government, under conditions of withdrawal of the four powers armies and German neutrality, but all were refused by the other foreign ministers, Dulles (USA), Eden (UK) and Bidault (France). Proposals for the reunification of Germany were nothing new: earlier on 20 March 1952, talks about a German reunification, initiated by the socalled 'Stalin Note', ended after the United Kingdom, France, and the United States insisted that a unified Germany should not be neutral and should be free to join the European Defence Community and rearm. James Dunn (USA), who met in Paris with Eden, Adenauer and Robert Schuman (France), affirmed that "the object should be to avoid discussion with the Russians and to press on the European Defense Community". According to John Gaddis "there was little inclination in Western capitals to explore this offer" from USSR. While historian Rolf Steininger asserts that Adenauer's conviction that “neutralization means sovietization” was the main factor in the rejection of the soviet proposals, Adenauer also feared that unification might have resulted in the end of the CDU's dominance in the Bundestag. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Soviet",
"request",
"to",
"join",
"NATO",
"arose",
"in",
"the",
"aftermath",
"of",
"the",
"Berlin",
"Conference",
"of",
"January",
"–",
"February",
"1954",
".",
"Soviet",
"foreign",
"minister",
"Molotov",
"made",
"proposals",
"to",
"have",
"Germany",
"reunified",
"and",
"elections",
"for",
"a",
"pan",
"-",
"German",
"government",
",",
"under",
"conditions",
"of",
"withdrawal",
"of",
"the",
"four",
"powers",
"armies",
"and",
"German",
"neutrality",
",",
"but",
"all",
"were",
"refused",
"by",
"the",
"other",
"foreign",
"ministers",
",",
"Dulles",
"(",
"USA",
")",
",",
"Eden",
"(",
"UK",
")",
"and",
"Bidault",
"(",
"France",
")",
".",
"Proposals",
"for",
"the",
"reunification",
"of",
"Germany",
"were",
"nothing",
"new",
":",
"earlier",
"on",
"20",
"March",
"1952",
",",
"talks",
"about",
"a",
"German",
"reunification",
",",
"initiated",
"by",
"the",
"socalled",
"'",
"Stalin",
"Note",
"'",
",",
"ended",
"after",
"the",
"United",
"Kingdom",
",",
"France",
",",
"and",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"insisted",
"that",
"a",
"unified",
"Germany",
"should",
"not",
"be",
"neutral",
"and",
"should",
"be",
"free",
"to",
"join",
"the",
"European",
"Defence",
"Community",
"and",
"rearm",
".",
"James",
"Dunn",
"(",
"USA",
")",
",",
"who",
"met",
"in",
"Paris",
"with",
"Eden",
",",
"Adenauer",
"and",
"Robert",
"Schuman",
"(",
"France",
")",
",",
"affirmed",
"that",
"\"",
"the",
"object",
"should",
"be",
"to",
"avoid",
"discussion",
"with",
"the",
"Russians",
"and",
"to",
"press",
"on",
"the",
"European",
"Defense",
"Community",
"\"",
".",
"According",
"to",
"John",
"Gaddis",
"\"",
"there",
"was",
"little",
"inclination",
"in",
"Western",
"capitals",
"to",
"explore",
"this",
"offer",
"\"",
"from",
"USSR",
".",
"While",
"historian",
"Rolf",
"Steininger",
"asserts",
"that",
"Adenauer",
"'s",
"conviction",
"that",
"“",
"neutralization",
"means",
"sovietization",
"”",
"was",
"the",
"main",
"factor",
"in",
"the",
"rejection",
"of",
"the",
"soviet",
"proposals",
",",
"Adenauer",
"also",
"feared",
"that",
"unification",
"might",
"have",
"resulted",
"in",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"CDU",
"'s",
"dominance",
"in",
"the",
"Bundestag",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
19,
22,
27,
32,
38,
41,
45,
55,
58,
62,
69,
80,
83,
90,
91,
100,
104,
106,
113,
121,
130,
138,
143,
153,
156,
161,
169,
179,
183,
193,
197,
199,
202,
203,
210,
220,
222,
228,
239,
242,
253,
256,
260,
265,
272,
279,
283,
290,
300,
302,
306,
310,
315,
323,
326,
330,
336,
344,
353,
355,
362,
363,
366,
367,
369,
374,
375,
377,
379,
383,
391,
392,
398,
399,
401,
411,
415,
419,
433,
436,
444,
449,
457,
460,
462,
470,
473,
476,
482,
486,
488,
494,
500,
502,
509,
522,
524,
534,
537,
541,
550,
551,
558,
562,
563,
565,
571,
577,
581,
588,
595,
597,
603,
605,
609,
613,
620,
627,
636,
641,
643,
651,
659,
666,
670,
673,
681,
685,
692,
695,
700,
703,
708,
712,
721,
729,
739,
743,
748,
750,
756,
761,
762,
765,
766,
768,
772,
776,
779,
785,
790,
794,
796,
805,
809,
816,
824,
825,
831,
832,
834,
843,
848,
849,
853,
860,
867,
870,
873,
879,
890,
895,
899,
908,
912,
915,
921,
924,
928,
937,
945,
954,
955,
957,
967,
970,
975,
982,
983,
989,
993,
1000,
1012,
1015,
1023,
1032,
1035,
1043,
1048,
1053,
1055,
1060,
1064,
1066,
1072,
1082,
1087,
1098,
1106,
1111,
1119,
1122,
1133,
1138,
1139,
1154,
1160,
1173,
1175,
1179,
1183,
1188,
1195,
1198,
1202,
1212,
1215,
1219,
1226,
1235,
1237,
1246,
1251,
1258,
1263,
1275,
1281,
1286,
1295,
1298,
1302,
1306,
1309,
1313,
1316,
1319,
1329,
1332,
1336,
1345
]
} | 408e8c2fb92044d398aa8283154aebf5 | Who was the Soviet minister who proposed German reunification? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"was",
"the",
"Soviet",
"minister",
"who",
"proposed",
"German",
"reunification",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
19,
28,
32,
41,
48,
61
]
} | {
"text": [
"Molotov"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
130
],
"end": [
136
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
23
],
"end": [
23
]
}
]
} | [
"Molotov"
] |
SQuAD | The Soviet request to join NATO arose in the aftermath of the Berlin Conference of January–February 1954. Soviet foreign minister Molotov made proposals to have Germany reunified and elections for a pan-German government, under conditions of withdrawal of the four powers armies and German neutrality, but all were refused by the other foreign ministers, Dulles (USA), Eden (UK) and Bidault (France). Proposals for the reunification of Germany were nothing new: earlier on 20 March 1952, talks about a German reunification, initiated by the socalled 'Stalin Note', ended after the United Kingdom, France, and the United States insisted that a unified Germany should not be neutral and should be free to join the European Defence Community and rearm. James Dunn (USA), who met in Paris with Eden, Adenauer and Robert Schuman (France), affirmed that "the object should be to avoid discussion with the Russians and to press on the European Defense Community". According to John Gaddis "there was little inclination in Western capitals to explore this offer" from USSR. While historian Rolf Steininger asserts that Adenauer's conviction that “neutralization means sovietization” was the main factor in the rejection of the soviet proposals, Adenauer also feared that unification might have resulted in the end of the CDU's dominance in the Bundestag. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Soviet",
"request",
"to",
"join",
"NATO",
"arose",
"in",
"the",
"aftermath",
"of",
"the",
"Berlin",
"Conference",
"of",
"January",
"–",
"February",
"1954",
".",
"Soviet",
"foreign",
"minister",
"Molotov",
"made",
"proposals",
"to",
"have",
"Germany",
"reunified",
"and",
"elections",
"for",
"a",
"pan",
"-",
"German",
"government",
",",
"under",
"conditions",
"of",
"withdrawal",
"of",
"the",
"four",
"powers",
"armies",
"and",
"German",
"neutrality",
",",
"but",
"all",
"were",
"refused",
"by",
"the",
"other",
"foreign",
"ministers",
",",
"Dulles",
"(",
"USA",
")",
",",
"Eden",
"(",
"UK",
")",
"and",
"Bidault",
"(",
"France",
")",
".",
"Proposals",
"for",
"the",
"reunification",
"of",
"Germany",
"were",
"nothing",
"new",
":",
"earlier",
"on",
"20",
"March",
"1952",
",",
"talks",
"about",
"a",
"German",
"reunification",
",",
"initiated",
"by",
"the",
"socalled",
"'",
"Stalin",
"Note",
"'",
",",
"ended",
"after",
"the",
"United",
"Kingdom",
",",
"France",
",",
"and",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"insisted",
"that",
"a",
"unified",
"Germany",
"should",
"not",
"be",
"neutral",
"and",
"should",
"be",
"free",
"to",
"join",
"the",
"European",
"Defence",
"Community",
"and",
"rearm",
".",
"James",
"Dunn",
"(",
"USA",
")",
",",
"who",
"met",
"in",
"Paris",
"with",
"Eden",
",",
"Adenauer",
"and",
"Robert",
"Schuman",
"(",
"France",
")",
",",
"affirmed",
"that",
"\"",
"the",
"object",
"should",
"be",
"to",
"avoid",
"discussion",
"with",
"the",
"Russians",
"and",
"to",
"press",
"on",
"the",
"European",
"Defense",
"Community",
"\"",
".",
"According",
"to",
"John",
"Gaddis",
"\"",
"there",
"was",
"little",
"inclination",
"in",
"Western",
"capitals",
"to",
"explore",
"this",
"offer",
"\"",
"from",
"USSR",
".",
"While",
"historian",
"Rolf",
"Steininger",
"asserts",
"that",
"Adenauer",
"'s",
"conviction",
"that",
"“",
"neutralization",
"means",
"sovietization",
"”",
"was",
"the",
"main",
"factor",
"in",
"the",
"rejection",
"of",
"the",
"soviet",
"proposals",
",",
"Adenauer",
"also",
"feared",
"that",
"unification",
"might",
"have",
"resulted",
"in",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"CDU",
"'s",
"dominance",
"in",
"the",
"Bundestag",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
19,
22,
27,
32,
38,
41,
45,
55,
58,
62,
69,
80,
83,
90,
91,
100,
104,
106,
113,
121,
130,
138,
143,
153,
156,
161,
169,
179,
183,
193,
197,
199,
202,
203,
210,
220,
222,
228,
239,
242,
253,
256,
260,
265,
272,
279,
283,
290,
300,
302,
306,
310,
315,
323,
326,
330,
336,
344,
353,
355,
362,
363,
366,
367,
369,
374,
375,
377,
379,
383,
391,
392,
398,
399,
401,
411,
415,
419,
433,
436,
444,
449,
457,
460,
462,
470,
473,
476,
482,
486,
488,
494,
500,
502,
509,
522,
524,
534,
537,
541,
550,
551,
558,
562,
563,
565,
571,
577,
581,
588,
595,
597,
603,
605,
609,
613,
620,
627,
636,
641,
643,
651,
659,
666,
670,
673,
681,
685,
692,
695,
700,
703,
708,
712,
721,
729,
739,
743,
748,
750,
756,
761,
762,
765,
766,
768,
772,
776,
779,
785,
790,
794,
796,
805,
809,
816,
824,
825,
831,
832,
834,
843,
848,
849,
853,
860,
867,
870,
873,
879,
890,
895,
899,
908,
912,
915,
921,
924,
928,
937,
945,
954,
955,
957,
967,
970,
975,
982,
983,
989,
993,
1000,
1012,
1015,
1023,
1032,
1035,
1043,
1048,
1053,
1055,
1060,
1064,
1066,
1072,
1082,
1087,
1098,
1106,
1111,
1119,
1122,
1133,
1138,
1139,
1154,
1160,
1173,
1175,
1179,
1183,
1188,
1195,
1198,
1202,
1212,
1215,
1219,
1226,
1235,
1237,
1246,
1251,
1258,
1263,
1275,
1281,
1286,
1295,
1298,
1302,
1306,
1309,
1313,
1316,
1319,
1329,
1332,
1336,
1345
]
} | ac8cd0d782bf4b55aa6b1b2c559f5f97 | When was reunification first proposed as an idea? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"was",
"reunification",
"first",
"proposed",
"as",
"an",
"idea",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
23,
29,
38,
41,
44,
48
]
} | {
"text": [
"1952"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
482
],
"end": [
485
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
91
],
"end": [
91
]
}
]
} | [
"1952"
] |
SQuAD | Gagarin became a national hero of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, and a worldwide celebrity. Moscow and other cities in the USSR held mass demonstrations, the scale of which was second only to the World War II Victory Parade of 1945. April 12 was declared Cosmonautics Day in the USSR, and is celebrated today in Russia as one of the official "Commemorative Dates of Russia." In 2011, it was declared the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations. | {
"tokens": [
"Gagarin",
"became",
"a",
"national",
"hero",
"of",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
"and",
"the",
"Eastern",
"Bloc",
",",
"and",
"a",
"worldwide",
"celebrity",
".",
"Moscow",
"and",
"other",
"cities",
"in",
"the",
"USSR",
"held",
"mass",
"demonstrations",
",",
"the",
"scale",
"of",
"which",
"was",
"second",
"only",
"to",
"the",
"World",
"War",
"II",
"Victory",
"Parade",
"of",
"1945",
".",
"April",
"12",
"was",
"declared",
"Cosmonautics",
"Day",
"in",
"the",
"USSR",
",",
"and",
"is",
"celebrated",
"today",
"in",
"Russia",
"as",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"official",
"\"",
"Commemorative",
"Dates",
"of",
"Russia",
".",
"\"",
"In",
"2011",
",",
"it",
"was",
"declared",
"the",
"International",
"Day",
"of",
"Human",
"Space",
"Flight",
"by",
"the",
"United",
"Nations",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
8,
15,
17,
26,
31,
34,
38,
45,
51,
55,
59,
67,
71,
73,
77,
79,
89,
98,
100,
107,
111,
117,
124,
127,
131,
136,
141,
146,
160,
162,
166,
172,
175,
181,
185,
192,
197,
200,
204,
210,
214,
217,
225,
232,
235,
239,
241,
247,
250,
254,
263,
276,
280,
283,
287,
291,
293,
297,
300,
311,
317,
320,
327,
330,
334,
337,
341,
350,
351,
365,
371,
374,
380,
381,
383,
386,
390,
392,
395,
399,
408,
412,
426,
430,
433,
439,
445,
452,
455,
459,
466,
473
]
} | ab1df80f8b404ab29f7a62b16f2d2860 | April 12, in the USSR, is what special day? | {
"tokens": [
"April",
"12",
",",
"in",
"the",
"USSR",
",",
"is",
"what",
"special",
"day",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
8,
10,
13,
17,
21,
23,
26,
31,
39,
42
]
} | {
"text": [
"Cosmonautics Day"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
263
],
"end": [
278
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
51
],
"end": [
52
]
}
]
} | [
"Cosmonautics Day"
] |
SQuAD | Gagarin became a national hero of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, and a worldwide celebrity. Moscow and other cities in the USSR held mass demonstrations, the scale of which was second only to the World War II Victory Parade of 1945. April 12 was declared Cosmonautics Day in the USSR, and is celebrated today in Russia as one of the official "Commemorative Dates of Russia." In 2011, it was declared the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations. | {
"tokens": [
"Gagarin",
"became",
"a",
"national",
"hero",
"of",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
"and",
"the",
"Eastern",
"Bloc",
",",
"and",
"a",
"worldwide",
"celebrity",
".",
"Moscow",
"and",
"other",
"cities",
"in",
"the",
"USSR",
"held",
"mass",
"demonstrations",
",",
"the",
"scale",
"of",
"which",
"was",
"second",
"only",
"to",
"the",
"World",
"War",
"II",
"Victory",
"Parade",
"of",
"1945",
".",
"April",
"12",
"was",
"declared",
"Cosmonautics",
"Day",
"in",
"the",
"USSR",
",",
"and",
"is",
"celebrated",
"today",
"in",
"Russia",
"as",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"official",
"\"",
"Commemorative",
"Dates",
"of",
"Russia",
".",
"\"",
"In",
"2011",
",",
"it",
"was",
"declared",
"the",
"International",
"Day",
"of",
"Human",
"Space",
"Flight",
"by",
"the",
"United",
"Nations",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
8,
15,
17,
26,
31,
34,
38,
45,
51,
55,
59,
67,
71,
73,
77,
79,
89,
98,
100,
107,
111,
117,
124,
127,
131,
136,
141,
146,
160,
162,
166,
172,
175,
181,
185,
192,
197,
200,
204,
210,
214,
217,
225,
232,
235,
239,
241,
247,
250,
254,
263,
276,
280,
283,
287,
291,
293,
297,
300,
311,
317,
320,
327,
330,
334,
337,
341,
350,
351,
365,
371,
374,
380,
381,
383,
386,
390,
392,
395,
399,
408,
412,
426,
430,
433,
439,
445,
452,
455,
459,
466,
473
]
} | b785549bf346461bad6d170c95daf9f2 | What year was established as the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"year",
"was",
"established",
"as",
"the",
"International",
"Day",
"of",
"Human",
"Space",
"Flight",
"by",
"the",
"United",
"Nations",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
14,
26,
29,
33,
47,
51,
54,
60,
66,
73,
76,
80,
87,
94
]
} | {
"text": [
"2011"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
386
],
"end": [
389
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
76
],
"end": [
76
]
}
]
} | [
"2011"
] |
SQuAD | Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) wrote that "...materialism is the philosophy of the subject who forgets to take account of himself". He claimed that an observing subject can only know material objects through the mediation of the brain and its particular organization. That is, the brain itself is the "determiner" of how material objects will be experienced or perceived: | {
"tokens": [
"Arthur",
"Schopenhauer",
"(",
"1788",
"-",
"1860",
")",
"wrote",
"that",
"\"",
"...",
"materialism",
"is",
"the",
"philosophy",
"of",
"the",
"subject",
"who",
"forgets",
"to",
"take",
"account",
"of",
"himself",
"\"",
".",
"He",
"claimed",
"that",
"an",
"observing",
"subject",
"can",
"only",
"know",
"material",
"objects",
"through",
"the",
"mediation",
"of",
"the",
"brain",
"and",
"its",
"particular",
"organization",
".",
"That",
"is",
",",
"the",
"brain",
"itself",
"is",
"the",
"\"",
"determiner",
"\"",
"of",
"how",
"material",
"objects",
"will",
"be",
"experienced",
"or",
"perceived",
":"
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
20,
21,
25,
26,
30,
32,
38,
43,
44,
47,
59,
62,
66,
77,
80,
84,
92,
96,
104,
107,
112,
120,
123,
130,
131,
133,
136,
144,
149,
152,
162,
170,
174,
179,
184,
193,
201,
209,
213,
223,
226,
230,
236,
240,
244,
255,
267,
269,
274,
276,
278,
282,
288,
295,
298,
302,
303,
313,
315,
318,
322,
331,
339,
344,
347,
359,
362,
371
]
} | 204afa8d25a64f008a899ee2f63596c8 | Arthur Schopenhauer lived from what year to what year? | {
"tokens": [
"Arthur",
"Schopenhauer",
"lived",
"from",
"what",
"year",
"to",
"what",
"year",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
20,
26,
31,
36,
41,
44,
49,
53
]
} | {
"text": [
"1788-1860"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
21
],
"end": [
29
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
3
],
"end": [
5
]
}
]
} | [
"1788-1860"
] |
SQuAD | Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) wrote that "...materialism is the philosophy of the subject who forgets to take account of himself". He claimed that an observing subject can only know material objects through the mediation of the brain and its particular organization. That is, the brain itself is the "determiner" of how material objects will be experienced or perceived: | {
"tokens": [
"Arthur",
"Schopenhauer",
"(",
"1788",
"-",
"1860",
")",
"wrote",
"that",
"\"",
"...",
"materialism",
"is",
"the",
"philosophy",
"of",
"the",
"subject",
"who",
"forgets",
"to",
"take",
"account",
"of",
"himself",
"\"",
".",
"He",
"claimed",
"that",
"an",
"observing",
"subject",
"can",
"only",
"know",
"material",
"objects",
"through",
"the",
"mediation",
"of",
"the",
"brain",
"and",
"its",
"particular",
"organization",
".",
"That",
"is",
",",
"the",
"brain",
"itself",
"is",
"the",
"\"",
"determiner",
"\"",
"of",
"how",
"material",
"objects",
"will",
"be",
"experienced",
"or",
"perceived",
":"
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
20,
21,
25,
26,
30,
32,
38,
43,
44,
47,
59,
62,
66,
77,
80,
84,
92,
96,
104,
107,
112,
120,
123,
130,
131,
133,
136,
144,
149,
152,
162,
170,
174,
179,
184,
193,
201,
209,
213,
223,
226,
230,
236,
240,
244,
255,
267,
269,
274,
276,
278,
282,
288,
295,
298,
302,
303,
313,
315,
318,
322,
331,
339,
344,
347,
359,
362,
371
]
} | c711b154cdf64544b77873f2f7f07919 | What did he say that the brain would decide? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"did",
"he",
"say",
"that",
"the",
"brain",
"would",
"decide",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
12,
16,
21,
25,
31,
37,
43
]
} | {
"text": [
"how material objects will be experienced or perceived"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
318
],
"end": [
370
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
61
],
"end": [
68
]
}
]
} | [
"how material objects will be experienced or perceived"
] |
SQuAD | Later Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha ("The upsetting of all principles") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic Cārvāka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-darśana-samgraha (a digest of all philosophies) in the 14th century, he had no Cārvāka/Lokāyata text to quote from, or even refer to. | {
"tokens": [
"Later",
"Indian",
"materialist",
"Jayaraashi",
"Bhatta",
"(",
"6th",
"century",
")",
"in",
"his",
"work",
"Tattvopaplavasimha",
"(",
"\"",
"The",
"upsetting",
"of",
"all",
"principles",
"\"",
")",
"refuted",
"the",
"Nyaya",
"Sutra",
"epistemology",
".",
"The",
"materialistic",
"Cārvāka",
"philosophy",
"appears",
"to",
"have",
"died",
"out",
"some",
"time",
"after",
"1400",
".",
"When",
"Madhavacharya",
"compiled",
"Sarva",
"-",
"darśana",
"-",
"samgraha",
"(",
"a",
"digest",
"of",
"all",
"philosophies",
")",
"in",
"the",
"14th",
"century",
",",
"he",
"had",
"no",
"Cārvāka",
"/",
"Lokāyata",
"text",
"to",
"quote",
"from",
",",
"or",
"even",
"refer",
"to",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
13,
25,
36,
43,
44,
48,
55,
57,
60,
64,
69,
88,
89,
90,
94,
104,
107,
111,
121,
122,
124,
132,
136,
142,
148,
160,
162,
166,
180,
188,
199,
207,
210,
215,
220,
224,
229,
234,
240,
244,
246,
251,
265,
274,
279,
280,
287,
288,
297,
298,
300,
307,
310,
314,
326,
328,
331,
335,
340,
347,
349,
352,
356,
359,
366,
367,
376,
381,
384,
390,
394,
396,
399,
404,
410,
412
]
} | ee6e0d4ac94e4fe9a25a57d3c5164b05 | Name the title of the work by Jayaraashi Bhatta. | {
"tokens": [
"Name",
"the",
"title",
"of",
"the",
"work",
"by",
"Jayaraashi",
"Bhatta",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
15,
18,
22,
27,
30,
41,
47
]
} | {
"text": [
"Tattvopaplavasimha (\"The upsetting of all principles\")"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
69
],
"end": [
122
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
12
],
"end": [
21
]
}
]
} | [
"Tattvopaplavasimha (\"The upsetting of all principles\")"
] |
SQuAD | Later Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha ("The upsetting of all principles") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic Cārvāka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-darśana-samgraha (a digest of all philosophies) in the 14th century, he had no Cārvāka/Lokāyata text to quote from, or even refer to. | {
"tokens": [
"Later",
"Indian",
"materialist",
"Jayaraashi",
"Bhatta",
"(",
"6th",
"century",
")",
"in",
"his",
"work",
"Tattvopaplavasimha",
"(",
"\"",
"The",
"upsetting",
"of",
"all",
"principles",
"\"",
")",
"refuted",
"the",
"Nyaya",
"Sutra",
"epistemology",
".",
"The",
"materialistic",
"Cārvāka",
"philosophy",
"appears",
"to",
"have",
"died",
"out",
"some",
"time",
"after",
"1400",
".",
"When",
"Madhavacharya",
"compiled",
"Sarva",
"-",
"darśana",
"-",
"samgraha",
"(",
"a",
"digest",
"of",
"all",
"philosophies",
")",
"in",
"the",
"14th",
"century",
",",
"he",
"had",
"no",
"Cārvāka",
"/",
"Lokāyata",
"text",
"to",
"quote",
"from",
",",
"or",
"even",
"refer",
"to",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
13,
25,
36,
43,
44,
48,
55,
57,
60,
64,
69,
88,
89,
90,
94,
104,
107,
111,
121,
122,
124,
132,
136,
142,
148,
160,
162,
166,
180,
188,
199,
207,
210,
215,
220,
224,
229,
234,
240,
244,
246,
251,
265,
274,
279,
280,
287,
288,
297,
298,
300,
307,
310,
314,
326,
328,
331,
335,
340,
347,
349,
352,
356,
359,
366,
367,
376,
381,
384,
390,
394,
396,
399,
404,
410,
412
]
} | 13e51af713544fd6ad91dc3949681c2d | Which type of philosphy did not continue after 1400? | {
"tokens": [
"Which",
"type",
"of",
"philosphy",
"did",
"not",
"continue",
"after",
"1400",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
11,
14,
24,
28,
32,
41,
47,
51
]
} | {
"text": [
"materialistic Cārvāka philosophy"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
166
],
"end": [
197
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
29
],
"end": [
31
]
}
]
} | [
"materialistic Cārvāka philosophy"
] |
SQuAD | Later Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha ("The upsetting of all principles") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic Cārvāka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-darśana-samgraha (a digest of all philosophies) in the 14th century, he had no Cārvāka/Lokāyata text to quote from, or even refer to. | {
"tokens": [
"Later",
"Indian",
"materialist",
"Jayaraashi",
"Bhatta",
"(",
"6th",
"century",
")",
"in",
"his",
"work",
"Tattvopaplavasimha",
"(",
"\"",
"The",
"upsetting",
"of",
"all",
"principles",
"\"",
")",
"refuted",
"the",
"Nyaya",
"Sutra",
"epistemology",
".",
"The",
"materialistic",
"Cārvāka",
"philosophy",
"appears",
"to",
"have",
"died",
"out",
"some",
"time",
"after",
"1400",
".",
"When",
"Madhavacharya",
"compiled",
"Sarva",
"-",
"darśana",
"-",
"samgraha",
"(",
"a",
"digest",
"of",
"all",
"philosophies",
")",
"in",
"the",
"14th",
"century",
",",
"he",
"had",
"no",
"Cārvāka",
"/",
"Lokāyata",
"text",
"to",
"quote",
"from",
",",
"or",
"even",
"refer",
"to",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
13,
25,
36,
43,
44,
48,
55,
57,
60,
64,
69,
88,
89,
90,
94,
104,
107,
111,
121,
122,
124,
132,
136,
142,
148,
160,
162,
166,
180,
188,
199,
207,
210,
215,
220,
224,
229,
234,
240,
244,
246,
251,
265,
274,
279,
280,
287,
288,
297,
298,
300,
307,
310,
314,
326,
328,
331,
335,
340,
347,
349,
352,
356,
359,
366,
367,
376,
381,
384,
390,
394,
396,
399,
404,
410,
412
]
} | b6059a49da064b6f99246174133f28d7 | What is Sarva-darśana-samgraha? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"Sarva",
"-",
"darśana",
"-",
"samgraha",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
13,
14,
21,
22,
30
]
} | {
"text": [
"a digest of all philosophies"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
298
],
"end": [
325
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
51
],
"end": [
55
]
}
]
} | [
"a digest of all philosophies"
] |
SQuAD | Later Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha ("The upsetting of all principles") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic Cārvāka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-darśana-samgraha (a digest of all philosophies) in the 14th century, he had no Cārvāka/Lokāyata text to quote from, or even refer to. | {
"tokens": [
"Later",
"Indian",
"materialist",
"Jayaraashi",
"Bhatta",
"(",
"6th",
"century",
")",
"in",
"his",
"work",
"Tattvopaplavasimha",
"(",
"\"",
"The",
"upsetting",
"of",
"all",
"principles",
"\"",
")",
"refuted",
"the",
"Nyaya",
"Sutra",
"epistemology",
".",
"The",
"materialistic",
"Cārvāka",
"philosophy",
"appears",
"to",
"have",
"died",
"out",
"some",
"time",
"after",
"1400",
".",
"When",
"Madhavacharya",
"compiled",
"Sarva",
"-",
"darśana",
"-",
"samgraha",
"(",
"a",
"digest",
"of",
"all",
"philosophies",
")",
"in",
"the",
"14th",
"century",
",",
"he",
"had",
"no",
"Cārvāka",
"/",
"Lokāyata",
"text",
"to",
"quote",
"from",
",",
"or",
"even",
"refer",
"to",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
13,
25,
36,
43,
44,
48,
55,
57,
60,
64,
69,
88,
89,
90,
94,
104,
107,
111,
121,
122,
124,
132,
136,
142,
148,
160,
162,
166,
180,
188,
199,
207,
210,
215,
220,
224,
229,
234,
240,
244,
246,
251,
265,
274,
279,
280,
287,
288,
297,
298,
300,
307,
310,
314,
326,
328,
331,
335,
340,
347,
349,
352,
356,
359,
366,
367,
376,
381,
384,
390,
394,
396,
399,
404,
410,
412
]
} | 4409b38319894cc09cb3a36c0cc30af2 | Who wrote the Sarva-darśana-samgraha? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"wrote",
"the",
"Sarva",
"-",
"darśana",
"-",
"samgraha",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
14,
19,
20,
27,
28,
36
]
} | {
"text": [
"Madhavacharya"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
251
],
"end": [
263
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
43
],
"end": [
43
]
}
]
} | [
"Madhavacharya"
] |
SQuAD | Kennedy ultimately decided to pursue what became the Apollo program, and on May 25 took the opportunity to ask for Congressional support in a Cold War speech titled "Special Message on Urgent National Needs". Full text | {
"tokens": [
"Kennedy",
"ultimately",
"decided",
"to",
"pursue",
"what",
"became",
"the",
"Apollo",
"program",
",",
"and",
"on",
"May",
"25",
"took",
"the",
"opportunity",
"to",
"ask",
"for",
"Congressional",
"support",
"in",
"a",
"Cold",
"War",
"speech",
"titled",
"\"",
"Special",
"Message",
"on",
"Urgent",
"National",
"Needs",
"\"",
".",
"Full",
"text"
],
"offsets": [
0,
8,
19,
27,
30,
37,
42,
49,
53,
60,
67,
69,
73,
76,
80,
83,
88,
92,
104,
107,
111,
115,
129,
137,
140,
142,
147,
151,
158,
165,
166,
174,
182,
185,
192,
201,
206,
207,
209,
214
]
} | dcb455a9f19b4f539c7d9630c2767517 | The speech by Kennedy, "Special Message on Urgent National Needs" was delivered on what date? | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"speech",
"by",
"Kennedy",
",",
"\"",
"Special",
"Message",
"on",
"Urgent",
"National",
"Needs",
"\"",
"was",
"delivered",
"on",
"what",
"date",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
14,
21,
23,
24,
32,
40,
43,
50,
59,
64,
66,
70,
80,
83,
88,
92
]
} | {
"text": [
"May 25"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
76
],
"end": [
81
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
13
],
"end": [
14
]
}
]
} | [
"May 25"
] |
SQuAD | In 1955, with both the United States and the Soviet Union building ballistic missiles that could be utilized to launch objects into space, the "starting line" was drawn for the Space Race. In separate announcements, just four days apart, both nations publicly announced that they would launch artificial Earth satellites by 1957 or 1958. On July 29, 1955, James C. Hagerty, president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary, announced that the United States intended to launch "small Earth circling satellites" between July 1, 1957, and December 31, 1958, as part of their contribution to the International Geophysical Year (IGY). Four days later, at the Sixth Congress of International Astronautical Federation in Copenhagen, scientist Leonid I. Sedov spoke to international reporters at the Soviet embassy, and announced his country's intention to launch a satellite as well, in the "near future". On August 30, 1955, Korolev managed to get the Soviet Academy of Sciences to create a commission whose purpose was to beat the Americans into Earth orbit: this was the de facto start date for the Space Race. The Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union began a policy of treating development of its space program as a classified state secret. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"1955",
",",
"with",
"both",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"and",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
"building",
"ballistic",
"missiles",
"that",
"could",
"be",
"utilized",
"to",
"launch",
"objects",
"into",
"space",
",",
"the",
"\"",
"starting",
"line",
"\"",
"was",
"drawn",
"for",
"the",
"Space",
"Race",
".",
"In",
"separate",
"announcements",
",",
"just",
"four",
"days",
"apart",
",",
"both",
"nations",
"publicly",
"announced",
"that",
"they",
"would",
"launch",
"artificial",
"Earth",
"satellites",
"by",
"1957",
"or",
"1958",
".",
"On",
"July",
"29",
",",
"1955",
",",
"James",
"C.",
"Hagerty",
",",
"president",
"Dwight",
"D.",
"Eisenhower",
"'s",
"press",
"secretary",
",",
"announced",
"that",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"intended",
"to",
"launch",
"\"",
"small",
"Earth",
"circling",
"satellites",
"\"",
"between",
"July",
"1",
",",
"1957",
",",
"and",
"December",
"31",
",",
"1958",
",",
"as",
"part",
"of",
"their",
"contribution",
"to",
"the",
"International",
"Geophysical",
"Year",
"(",
"IGY",
")",
".",
"Four",
"days",
"later",
",",
"at",
"the",
"Sixth",
"Congress",
"of",
"International",
"Astronautical",
"Federation",
"in",
"Copenhagen",
",",
"scientist",
"Leonid",
"I.",
"Sedov",
"spoke",
"to",
"international",
"reporters",
"at",
"the",
"Soviet",
"embassy",
",",
"and",
"announced",
"his",
"country",
"'s",
"intention",
"to",
"launch",
"a",
"satellite",
"as",
"well",
",",
"in",
"the",
"\"",
"near",
"future",
"\"",
".",
"On",
"August",
"30",
",",
"1955",
",",
"Korolev",
"managed",
"to",
"get",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Academy",
"of",
"Sciences",
"to",
"create",
"a",
"commission",
"whose",
"purpose",
"was",
"to",
"beat",
"the",
"Americans",
"into",
"Earth",
"orbit",
":",
"this",
"was",
"the",
"de",
"facto",
"start",
"date",
"for",
"the",
"Space",
"Race",
".",
"The",
"Council",
"of",
"Ministers",
"of",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
"began",
"a",
"policy",
"of",
"treating",
"development",
"of",
"its",
"space",
"program",
"as",
"a",
"classified",
"state",
"secret",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
7,
9,
14,
19,
23,
30,
37,
41,
45,
52,
58,
67,
77,
86,
91,
97,
100,
109,
112,
119,
127,
132,
137,
139,
143,
144,
153,
157,
159,
163,
169,
173,
177,
183,
187,
189,
192,
201,
214,
216,
221,
226,
231,
236,
238,
243,
251,
260,
270,
275,
280,
286,
293,
304,
310,
321,
324,
329,
332,
336,
338,
341,
346,
348,
350,
354,
356,
362,
365,
372,
374,
384,
391,
394,
404,
407,
413,
422,
424,
434,
439,
443,
450,
457,
466,
469,
476,
477,
483,
489,
498,
508,
510,
518,
523,
524,
526,
530,
532,
536,
545,
547,
549,
553,
555,
558,
563,
566,
572,
585,
588,
592,
606,
618,
623,
624,
627,
628,
630,
635,
640,
645,
647,
650,
654,
660,
669,
672,
686,
700,
711,
714,
724,
726,
736,
743,
746,
752,
758,
761,
775,
785,
788,
792,
799,
806,
808,
812,
822,
826,
833,
836,
846,
849,
856,
858,
868,
871,
875,
877,
880,
884,
885,
890,
896,
897,
899,
902,
909,
911,
913,
917,
919,
927,
935,
938,
942,
946,
953,
961,
964,
973,
976,
983,
985,
996,
1002,
1010,
1014,
1017,
1022,
1026,
1036,
1041,
1047,
1052,
1054,
1059,
1063,
1067,
1070,
1076,
1082,
1087,
1091,
1095,
1101,
1105,
1107,
1111,
1119,
1122,
1132,
1135,
1139,
1146,
1152,
1158,
1160,
1167,
1170,
1179,
1191,
1194,
1198,
1204,
1212,
1215,
1217,
1228,
1234,
1240
]
} | 5aa8f57541564d5db7f653f88b32456d | Who was president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"was",
"president",
"Dwight",
"D.",
"Eisenhower",
"'s",
"press",
"secretary",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
18,
25,
28,
38,
41,
47,
56
]
} | {
"text": [
"James C. Hagerty"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
356
],
"end": [
371
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
68
],
"end": [
70
]
}
]
} | [
"James C. Hagerty"
] |
SQuAD | In 1955, with both the United States and the Soviet Union building ballistic missiles that could be utilized to launch objects into space, the "starting line" was drawn for the Space Race. In separate announcements, just four days apart, both nations publicly announced that they would launch artificial Earth satellites by 1957 or 1958. On July 29, 1955, James C. Hagerty, president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary, announced that the United States intended to launch "small Earth circling satellites" between July 1, 1957, and December 31, 1958, as part of their contribution to the International Geophysical Year (IGY). Four days later, at the Sixth Congress of International Astronautical Federation in Copenhagen, scientist Leonid I. Sedov spoke to international reporters at the Soviet embassy, and announced his country's intention to launch a satellite as well, in the "near future". On August 30, 1955, Korolev managed to get the Soviet Academy of Sciences to create a commission whose purpose was to beat the Americans into Earth orbit: this was the de facto start date for the Space Race. The Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union began a policy of treating development of its space program as a classified state secret. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"1955",
",",
"with",
"both",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"and",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
"building",
"ballistic",
"missiles",
"that",
"could",
"be",
"utilized",
"to",
"launch",
"objects",
"into",
"space",
",",
"the",
"\"",
"starting",
"line",
"\"",
"was",
"drawn",
"for",
"the",
"Space",
"Race",
".",
"In",
"separate",
"announcements",
",",
"just",
"four",
"days",
"apart",
",",
"both",
"nations",
"publicly",
"announced",
"that",
"they",
"would",
"launch",
"artificial",
"Earth",
"satellites",
"by",
"1957",
"or",
"1958",
".",
"On",
"July",
"29",
",",
"1955",
",",
"James",
"C.",
"Hagerty",
",",
"president",
"Dwight",
"D.",
"Eisenhower",
"'s",
"press",
"secretary",
",",
"announced",
"that",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"intended",
"to",
"launch",
"\"",
"small",
"Earth",
"circling",
"satellites",
"\"",
"between",
"July",
"1",
",",
"1957",
",",
"and",
"December",
"31",
",",
"1958",
",",
"as",
"part",
"of",
"their",
"contribution",
"to",
"the",
"International",
"Geophysical",
"Year",
"(",
"IGY",
")",
".",
"Four",
"days",
"later",
",",
"at",
"the",
"Sixth",
"Congress",
"of",
"International",
"Astronautical",
"Federation",
"in",
"Copenhagen",
",",
"scientist",
"Leonid",
"I.",
"Sedov",
"spoke",
"to",
"international",
"reporters",
"at",
"the",
"Soviet",
"embassy",
",",
"and",
"announced",
"his",
"country",
"'s",
"intention",
"to",
"launch",
"a",
"satellite",
"as",
"well",
",",
"in",
"the",
"\"",
"near",
"future",
"\"",
".",
"On",
"August",
"30",
",",
"1955",
",",
"Korolev",
"managed",
"to",
"get",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Academy",
"of",
"Sciences",
"to",
"create",
"a",
"commission",
"whose",
"purpose",
"was",
"to",
"beat",
"the",
"Americans",
"into",
"Earth",
"orbit",
":",
"this",
"was",
"the",
"de",
"facto",
"start",
"date",
"for",
"the",
"Space",
"Race",
".",
"The",
"Council",
"of",
"Ministers",
"of",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
"began",
"a",
"policy",
"of",
"treating",
"development",
"of",
"its",
"space",
"program",
"as",
"a",
"classified",
"state",
"secret",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
7,
9,
14,
19,
23,
30,
37,
41,
45,
52,
58,
67,
77,
86,
91,
97,
100,
109,
112,
119,
127,
132,
137,
139,
143,
144,
153,
157,
159,
163,
169,
173,
177,
183,
187,
189,
192,
201,
214,
216,
221,
226,
231,
236,
238,
243,
251,
260,
270,
275,
280,
286,
293,
304,
310,
321,
324,
329,
332,
336,
338,
341,
346,
348,
350,
354,
356,
362,
365,
372,
374,
384,
391,
394,
404,
407,
413,
422,
424,
434,
439,
443,
450,
457,
466,
469,
476,
477,
483,
489,
498,
508,
510,
518,
523,
524,
526,
530,
532,
536,
545,
547,
549,
553,
555,
558,
563,
566,
572,
585,
588,
592,
606,
618,
623,
624,
627,
628,
630,
635,
640,
645,
647,
650,
654,
660,
669,
672,
686,
700,
711,
714,
724,
726,
736,
743,
746,
752,
758,
761,
775,
785,
788,
792,
799,
806,
808,
812,
822,
826,
833,
836,
846,
849,
856,
858,
868,
871,
875,
877,
880,
884,
885,
890,
896,
897,
899,
902,
909,
911,
913,
917,
919,
927,
935,
938,
942,
946,
953,
961,
964,
973,
976,
983,
985,
996,
1002,
1010,
1014,
1017,
1022,
1026,
1036,
1041,
1047,
1052,
1054,
1059,
1063,
1067,
1070,
1076,
1082,
1087,
1091,
1095,
1101,
1105,
1107,
1111,
1119,
1122,
1132,
1135,
1139,
1146,
1152,
1158,
1160,
1167,
1170,
1179,
1191,
1194,
1198,
1204,
1212,
1215,
1217,
1228,
1234,
1240
]
} | 82e52cbc47aa44158d3c1c32362192aa | The starting date for the Space Race was which date? | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"starting",
"date",
"for",
"the",
"Space",
"Race",
"was",
"which",
"date",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
18,
22,
26,
32,
37,
41,
47,
51
]
} | {
"text": [
"August 30, 1955"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
902
],
"end": [
916
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
169
],
"end": [
172
]
}
]
} | [
"August 30, 1955"
] |
SQuAD | Davies' and Gribbin's objections are shared by proponents of digital physics who view information rather than matter to be fundamental. Their objections were also shared by some founders of quantum theory, such as Max Planck, who wrote: | {
"tokens": [
"Davies",
"'",
"and",
"Gribbin",
"'s",
"objections",
"are",
"shared",
"by",
"proponents",
"of",
"digital",
"physics",
"who",
"view",
"information",
"rather",
"than",
"matter",
"to",
"be",
"fundamental",
".",
"Their",
"objections",
"were",
"also",
"shared",
"by",
"some",
"founders",
"of",
"quantum",
"theory",
",",
"such",
"as",
"Max",
"Planck",
",",
"who",
"wrote",
":"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
8,
12,
19,
22,
33,
37,
44,
47,
58,
61,
69,
77,
81,
86,
98,
105,
110,
117,
120,
123,
134,
136,
142,
153,
158,
163,
170,
173,
178,
187,
190,
198,
204,
206,
211,
214,
218,
224,
226,
230,
235
]
} | 3130a3677d674da8924db33f007d4e1b | Digital physicists consider what to be more important than matter? | {
"tokens": [
"Digital",
"physicists",
"consider",
"what",
"to",
"be",
"more",
"important",
"than",
"matter",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
8,
19,
28,
33,
36,
39,
44,
54,
59,
65
]
} | {
"text": [
"information"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
86
],
"end": [
96
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
15
],
"end": [
15
]
}
]
} | [
"information"
] |
SQuAD | The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev. He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Siberia. After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun. His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as "the Chief Designer." In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"German",
"rocket",
"center",
"in",
"Peenemünde",
"was",
"located",
"in",
"the",
"eastern",
"part",
"of",
"Germany",
",",
"which",
"became",
"the",
"Soviet",
"zone",
"of",
"occupation",
".",
"On",
"Stalin",
"'s",
"orders",
",",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
"sent",
"its",
"best",
"rocket",
"engineers",
"to",
"this",
"region",
"to",
"see",
"what",
"they",
"could",
"salvage",
"for",
"future",
"weapons",
"systems",
".",
"The",
"Soviet",
"rocket",
"engineers",
"were",
"led",
"by",
"Sergei",
"Korolev",
".",
"He",
"had",
"been",
"involved",
"in",
"space",
"clubs",
"and",
"early",
"Soviet",
"rocket",
"design",
"in",
"the",
"1930s",
",",
"but",
"was",
"arrested",
"in",
"1938",
"during",
"Joseph",
"Stalin",
"'s",
"Great",
"Purge",
"and",
"imprisoned",
"for",
"six",
"years",
"in",
"Siberia",
".",
"After",
"the",
"war",
",",
"he",
"became",
"the",
"USSR",
"'s",
"chief",
"rocket",
"and",
"spacecraft",
"engineer",
",",
"essentially",
"the",
"Soviet",
"counterpart",
"to",
"von",
"Braun",
".",
"His",
"identity",
"was",
"kept",
"a",
"state",
"secret",
"throughout",
"the",
"Cold",
"War",
",",
"and",
"he",
"was",
"identified",
"publicly",
"only",
"as",
"\"",
"the",
"Chief",
"Designer",
".",
"\"",
"In",
"the",
"West",
",",
"his",
"name",
"was",
"only",
"officially",
"revealed",
"when",
"he",
"died",
"in",
"1966",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
18,
25,
28,
39,
43,
51,
54,
58,
66,
71,
74,
81,
83,
89,
96,
100,
107,
112,
115,
125,
127,
130,
136,
139,
145,
147,
151,
158,
164,
169,
173,
178,
185,
195,
198,
203,
210,
213,
217,
222,
227,
233,
241,
245,
252,
260,
267,
269,
273,
280,
287,
297,
302,
306,
309,
316,
323,
325,
328,
332,
337,
346,
349,
355,
361,
365,
371,
378,
385,
392,
395,
399,
404,
406,
410,
414,
423,
426,
431,
438,
445,
451,
454,
460,
466,
470,
481,
485,
489,
495,
498,
505,
507,
513,
517,
520,
522,
525,
532,
536,
540,
543,
549,
556,
560,
571,
579,
581,
593,
597,
604,
616,
619,
623,
628,
630,
634,
643,
647,
652,
654,
660,
667,
678,
682,
687,
690,
692,
696,
699,
703,
714,
723,
728,
731,
732,
736,
742,
750,
751,
753,
756,
760,
764,
766,
770,
775,
779,
784,
795,
804,
809,
812,
817,
820,
824
]
} | 99783f8dfecf49979d197997c44727c1 | Who led the Soviet rocket engineers | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"led",
"the",
"Soviet",
"rocket",
"engineers"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
19,
26
]
} | {
"text": [
"Sergei Korolev"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
309
],
"end": [
322
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
57
],
"end": [
58
]
}
]
} | [
"Sergei Korolev"
] |
SQuAD | The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev. He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Siberia. After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun. His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as "the Chief Designer." In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"German",
"rocket",
"center",
"in",
"Peenemünde",
"was",
"located",
"in",
"the",
"eastern",
"part",
"of",
"Germany",
",",
"which",
"became",
"the",
"Soviet",
"zone",
"of",
"occupation",
".",
"On",
"Stalin",
"'s",
"orders",
",",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
"sent",
"its",
"best",
"rocket",
"engineers",
"to",
"this",
"region",
"to",
"see",
"what",
"they",
"could",
"salvage",
"for",
"future",
"weapons",
"systems",
".",
"The",
"Soviet",
"rocket",
"engineers",
"were",
"led",
"by",
"Sergei",
"Korolev",
".",
"He",
"had",
"been",
"involved",
"in",
"space",
"clubs",
"and",
"early",
"Soviet",
"rocket",
"design",
"in",
"the",
"1930s",
",",
"but",
"was",
"arrested",
"in",
"1938",
"during",
"Joseph",
"Stalin",
"'s",
"Great",
"Purge",
"and",
"imprisoned",
"for",
"six",
"years",
"in",
"Siberia",
".",
"After",
"the",
"war",
",",
"he",
"became",
"the",
"USSR",
"'s",
"chief",
"rocket",
"and",
"spacecraft",
"engineer",
",",
"essentially",
"the",
"Soviet",
"counterpart",
"to",
"von",
"Braun",
".",
"His",
"identity",
"was",
"kept",
"a",
"state",
"secret",
"throughout",
"the",
"Cold",
"War",
",",
"and",
"he",
"was",
"identified",
"publicly",
"only",
"as",
"\"",
"the",
"Chief",
"Designer",
".",
"\"",
"In",
"the",
"West",
",",
"his",
"name",
"was",
"only",
"officially",
"revealed",
"when",
"he",
"died",
"in",
"1966",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
18,
25,
28,
39,
43,
51,
54,
58,
66,
71,
74,
81,
83,
89,
96,
100,
107,
112,
115,
125,
127,
130,
136,
139,
145,
147,
151,
158,
164,
169,
173,
178,
185,
195,
198,
203,
210,
213,
217,
222,
227,
233,
241,
245,
252,
260,
267,
269,
273,
280,
287,
297,
302,
306,
309,
316,
323,
325,
328,
332,
337,
346,
349,
355,
361,
365,
371,
378,
385,
392,
395,
399,
404,
406,
410,
414,
423,
426,
431,
438,
445,
451,
454,
460,
466,
470,
481,
485,
489,
495,
498,
505,
507,
513,
517,
520,
522,
525,
532,
536,
540,
543,
549,
556,
560,
571,
579,
581,
593,
597,
604,
616,
619,
623,
628,
630,
634,
643,
647,
652,
654,
660,
667,
678,
682,
687,
690,
692,
696,
699,
703,
714,
723,
728,
731,
732,
736,
742,
750,
751,
753,
756,
760,
764,
766,
770,
775,
779,
784,
795,
804,
809,
812,
817,
820,
824
]
} | 250700a63cc943d688bdd8a9686c1d07 | Where was Sergei Korolev imprisoned for six years? | {
"tokens": [
"Where",
"was",
"Sergei",
"Korolev",
"imprisoned",
"for",
"six",
"years",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
10,
17,
25,
36,
40,
44,
49
]
} | {
"text": [
"Siberia"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
498
],
"end": [
504
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
93
],
"end": [
93
]
}
]
} | [
"Siberia"
] |
SQuAD | The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev. He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Siberia. After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun. His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as "the Chief Designer." In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"German",
"rocket",
"center",
"in",
"Peenemünde",
"was",
"located",
"in",
"the",
"eastern",
"part",
"of",
"Germany",
",",
"which",
"became",
"the",
"Soviet",
"zone",
"of",
"occupation",
".",
"On",
"Stalin",
"'s",
"orders",
",",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
"sent",
"its",
"best",
"rocket",
"engineers",
"to",
"this",
"region",
"to",
"see",
"what",
"they",
"could",
"salvage",
"for",
"future",
"weapons",
"systems",
".",
"The",
"Soviet",
"rocket",
"engineers",
"were",
"led",
"by",
"Sergei",
"Korolev",
".",
"He",
"had",
"been",
"involved",
"in",
"space",
"clubs",
"and",
"early",
"Soviet",
"rocket",
"design",
"in",
"the",
"1930s",
",",
"but",
"was",
"arrested",
"in",
"1938",
"during",
"Joseph",
"Stalin",
"'s",
"Great",
"Purge",
"and",
"imprisoned",
"for",
"six",
"years",
"in",
"Siberia",
".",
"After",
"the",
"war",
",",
"he",
"became",
"the",
"USSR",
"'s",
"chief",
"rocket",
"and",
"spacecraft",
"engineer",
",",
"essentially",
"the",
"Soviet",
"counterpart",
"to",
"von",
"Braun",
".",
"His",
"identity",
"was",
"kept",
"a",
"state",
"secret",
"throughout",
"the",
"Cold",
"War",
",",
"and",
"he",
"was",
"identified",
"publicly",
"only",
"as",
"\"",
"the",
"Chief",
"Designer",
".",
"\"",
"In",
"the",
"West",
",",
"his",
"name",
"was",
"only",
"officially",
"revealed",
"when",
"he",
"died",
"in",
"1966",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
18,
25,
28,
39,
43,
51,
54,
58,
66,
71,
74,
81,
83,
89,
96,
100,
107,
112,
115,
125,
127,
130,
136,
139,
145,
147,
151,
158,
164,
169,
173,
178,
185,
195,
198,
203,
210,
213,
217,
222,
227,
233,
241,
245,
252,
260,
267,
269,
273,
280,
287,
297,
302,
306,
309,
316,
323,
325,
328,
332,
337,
346,
349,
355,
361,
365,
371,
378,
385,
392,
395,
399,
404,
406,
410,
414,
423,
426,
431,
438,
445,
451,
454,
460,
466,
470,
481,
485,
489,
495,
498,
505,
507,
513,
517,
520,
522,
525,
532,
536,
540,
543,
549,
556,
560,
571,
579,
581,
593,
597,
604,
616,
619,
623,
628,
630,
634,
643,
647,
652,
654,
660,
667,
678,
682,
687,
690,
692,
696,
699,
703,
714,
723,
728,
731,
732,
736,
742,
750,
751,
753,
756,
760,
764,
766,
770,
775,
779,
784,
795,
804,
809,
812,
817,
820,
824
]
} | 048f1d09f3aa4060b9f46e2b5b98511a | What was his "secret" title after World War II? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"was",
"his",
"\"",
"secret",
"\"",
"title",
"after",
"World",
"War",
"II",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
14,
20,
22,
28,
34,
40,
44,
46
]
} | {
"text": [
"the Chief Designer"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
732
],
"end": [
749
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
138
],
"end": [
140
]
}
]
} | [
"the Chief Designer"
] |
SQuAD | The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev. He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Siberia. After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun. His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as "the Chief Designer." In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"German",
"rocket",
"center",
"in",
"Peenemünde",
"was",
"located",
"in",
"the",
"eastern",
"part",
"of",
"Germany",
",",
"which",
"became",
"the",
"Soviet",
"zone",
"of",
"occupation",
".",
"On",
"Stalin",
"'s",
"orders",
",",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
"sent",
"its",
"best",
"rocket",
"engineers",
"to",
"this",
"region",
"to",
"see",
"what",
"they",
"could",
"salvage",
"for",
"future",
"weapons",
"systems",
".",
"The",
"Soviet",
"rocket",
"engineers",
"were",
"led",
"by",
"Sergei",
"Korolev",
".",
"He",
"had",
"been",
"involved",
"in",
"space",
"clubs",
"and",
"early",
"Soviet",
"rocket",
"design",
"in",
"the",
"1930s",
",",
"but",
"was",
"arrested",
"in",
"1938",
"during",
"Joseph",
"Stalin",
"'s",
"Great",
"Purge",
"and",
"imprisoned",
"for",
"six",
"years",
"in",
"Siberia",
".",
"After",
"the",
"war",
",",
"he",
"became",
"the",
"USSR",
"'s",
"chief",
"rocket",
"and",
"spacecraft",
"engineer",
",",
"essentially",
"the",
"Soviet",
"counterpart",
"to",
"von",
"Braun",
".",
"His",
"identity",
"was",
"kept",
"a",
"state",
"secret",
"throughout",
"the",
"Cold",
"War",
",",
"and",
"he",
"was",
"identified",
"publicly",
"only",
"as",
"\"",
"the",
"Chief",
"Designer",
".",
"\"",
"In",
"the",
"West",
",",
"his",
"name",
"was",
"only",
"officially",
"revealed",
"when",
"he",
"died",
"in",
"1966",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
18,
25,
28,
39,
43,
51,
54,
58,
66,
71,
74,
81,
83,
89,
96,
100,
107,
112,
115,
125,
127,
130,
136,
139,
145,
147,
151,
158,
164,
169,
173,
178,
185,
195,
198,
203,
210,
213,
217,
222,
227,
233,
241,
245,
252,
260,
267,
269,
273,
280,
287,
297,
302,
306,
309,
316,
323,
325,
328,
332,
337,
346,
349,
355,
361,
365,
371,
378,
385,
392,
395,
399,
404,
406,
410,
414,
423,
426,
431,
438,
445,
451,
454,
460,
466,
470,
481,
485,
489,
495,
498,
505,
507,
513,
517,
520,
522,
525,
532,
536,
540,
543,
549,
556,
560,
571,
579,
581,
593,
597,
604,
616,
619,
623,
628,
630,
634,
643,
647,
652,
654,
660,
667,
678,
682,
687,
690,
692,
696,
699,
703,
714,
723,
728,
731,
732,
736,
742,
750,
751,
753,
756,
760,
764,
766,
770,
775,
779,
784,
795,
804,
809,
812,
817,
820,
824
]
} | 5376d5d353d14ec7bd3e13a3fb564b8f | The German rocket center was located in what city? | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"German",
"rocket",
"center",
"was",
"located",
"in",
"what",
"city",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
18,
25,
29,
37,
40,
45,
49
]
} | {
"text": [
"Peenemünde"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
28
],
"end": [
37
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
5
],
"end": [
5
]
}
]
} | [
"Peenemünde"
] |
SQuAD | The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev. He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Siberia. After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun. His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as "the Chief Designer." In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"German",
"rocket",
"center",
"in",
"Peenemünde",
"was",
"located",
"in",
"the",
"eastern",
"part",
"of",
"Germany",
",",
"which",
"became",
"the",
"Soviet",
"zone",
"of",
"occupation",
".",
"On",
"Stalin",
"'s",
"orders",
",",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
"sent",
"its",
"best",
"rocket",
"engineers",
"to",
"this",
"region",
"to",
"see",
"what",
"they",
"could",
"salvage",
"for",
"future",
"weapons",
"systems",
".",
"The",
"Soviet",
"rocket",
"engineers",
"were",
"led",
"by",
"Sergei",
"Korolev",
".",
"He",
"had",
"been",
"involved",
"in",
"space",
"clubs",
"and",
"early",
"Soviet",
"rocket",
"design",
"in",
"the",
"1930s",
",",
"but",
"was",
"arrested",
"in",
"1938",
"during",
"Joseph",
"Stalin",
"'s",
"Great",
"Purge",
"and",
"imprisoned",
"for",
"six",
"years",
"in",
"Siberia",
".",
"After",
"the",
"war",
",",
"he",
"became",
"the",
"USSR",
"'s",
"chief",
"rocket",
"and",
"spacecraft",
"engineer",
",",
"essentially",
"the",
"Soviet",
"counterpart",
"to",
"von",
"Braun",
".",
"His",
"identity",
"was",
"kept",
"a",
"state",
"secret",
"throughout",
"the",
"Cold",
"War",
",",
"and",
"he",
"was",
"identified",
"publicly",
"only",
"as",
"\"",
"the",
"Chief",
"Designer",
".",
"\"",
"In",
"the",
"West",
",",
"his",
"name",
"was",
"only",
"officially",
"revealed",
"when",
"he",
"died",
"in",
"1966",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
18,
25,
28,
39,
43,
51,
54,
58,
66,
71,
74,
81,
83,
89,
96,
100,
107,
112,
115,
125,
127,
130,
136,
139,
145,
147,
151,
158,
164,
169,
173,
178,
185,
195,
198,
203,
210,
213,
217,
222,
227,
233,
241,
245,
252,
260,
267,
269,
273,
280,
287,
297,
302,
306,
309,
316,
323,
325,
328,
332,
337,
346,
349,
355,
361,
365,
371,
378,
385,
392,
395,
399,
404,
406,
410,
414,
423,
426,
431,
438,
445,
451,
454,
460,
466,
470,
481,
485,
489,
495,
498,
505,
507,
513,
517,
520,
522,
525,
532,
536,
540,
543,
549,
556,
560,
571,
579,
581,
593,
597,
604,
616,
619,
623,
628,
630,
634,
643,
647,
652,
654,
660,
667,
678,
682,
687,
690,
692,
696,
699,
703,
714,
723,
728,
731,
732,
736,
742,
750,
751,
753,
756,
760,
764,
766,
770,
775,
779,
784,
795,
804,
809,
812,
817,
820,
824
]
} | 5bbb72401c1949dfa33e463e4a73cb7f | Who was in charge of the Soviet rocket engineer team that went into Germany? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"was",
"in",
"charge",
"of",
"the",
"Soviet",
"rocket",
"engineer",
"team",
"that",
"went",
"into",
"Germany",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
11,
18,
21,
25,
32,
39,
48,
53,
58,
63,
68,
75
]
} | {
"text": [
"Sergei Korolev"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
309
],
"end": [
322
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
57
],
"end": [
58
]
}
]
} | [
"Sergei Korolev"
] |
SQuAD | The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev. He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Siberia. After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun. His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as "the Chief Designer." In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"German",
"rocket",
"center",
"in",
"Peenemünde",
"was",
"located",
"in",
"the",
"eastern",
"part",
"of",
"Germany",
",",
"which",
"became",
"the",
"Soviet",
"zone",
"of",
"occupation",
".",
"On",
"Stalin",
"'s",
"orders",
",",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
"sent",
"its",
"best",
"rocket",
"engineers",
"to",
"this",
"region",
"to",
"see",
"what",
"they",
"could",
"salvage",
"for",
"future",
"weapons",
"systems",
".",
"The",
"Soviet",
"rocket",
"engineers",
"were",
"led",
"by",
"Sergei",
"Korolev",
".",
"He",
"had",
"been",
"involved",
"in",
"space",
"clubs",
"and",
"early",
"Soviet",
"rocket",
"design",
"in",
"the",
"1930s",
",",
"but",
"was",
"arrested",
"in",
"1938",
"during",
"Joseph",
"Stalin",
"'s",
"Great",
"Purge",
"and",
"imprisoned",
"for",
"six",
"years",
"in",
"Siberia",
".",
"After",
"the",
"war",
",",
"he",
"became",
"the",
"USSR",
"'s",
"chief",
"rocket",
"and",
"spacecraft",
"engineer",
",",
"essentially",
"the",
"Soviet",
"counterpart",
"to",
"von",
"Braun",
".",
"His",
"identity",
"was",
"kept",
"a",
"state",
"secret",
"throughout",
"the",
"Cold",
"War",
",",
"and",
"he",
"was",
"identified",
"publicly",
"only",
"as",
"\"",
"the",
"Chief",
"Designer",
".",
"\"",
"In",
"the",
"West",
",",
"his",
"name",
"was",
"only",
"officially",
"revealed",
"when",
"he",
"died",
"in",
"1966",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
18,
25,
28,
39,
43,
51,
54,
58,
66,
71,
74,
81,
83,
89,
96,
100,
107,
112,
115,
125,
127,
130,
136,
139,
145,
147,
151,
158,
164,
169,
173,
178,
185,
195,
198,
203,
210,
213,
217,
222,
227,
233,
241,
245,
252,
260,
267,
269,
273,
280,
287,
297,
302,
306,
309,
316,
323,
325,
328,
332,
337,
346,
349,
355,
361,
365,
371,
378,
385,
392,
395,
399,
404,
406,
410,
414,
423,
426,
431,
438,
445,
451,
454,
460,
466,
470,
481,
485,
489,
495,
498,
505,
507,
513,
517,
520,
522,
525,
532,
536,
540,
543,
549,
556,
560,
571,
579,
581,
593,
597,
604,
616,
619,
623,
628,
630,
634,
643,
647,
652,
654,
660,
667,
678,
682,
687,
690,
692,
696,
699,
703,
714,
723,
728,
731,
732,
736,
742,
750,
751,
753,
756,
760,
764,
766,
770,
775,
779,
784,
795,
804,
809,
812,
817,
820,
824
]
} | ba88960ea48c4a8fbddeb89c8bb0a241 | What year was Sergei Korolev arrested? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"year",
"was",
"Sergei",
"Korolev",
"arrested",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
14,
21,
29,
37
]
} | {
"text": [
"1938"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
426
],
"end": [
429
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
80
],
"end": [
80
]
}
]
} | [
"1938"
] |
SQuAD | The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev. He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Siberia. After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun. His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as "the Chief Designer." In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"German",
"rocket",
"center",
"in",
"Peenemünde",
"was",
"located",
"in",
"the",
"eastern",
"part",
"of",
"Germany",
",",
"which",
"became",
"the",
"Soviet",
"zone",
"of",
"occupation",
".",
"On",
"Stalin",
"'s",
"orders",
",",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
"sent",
"its",
"best",
"rocket",
"engineers",
"to",
"this",
"region",
"to",
"see",
"what",
"they",
"could",
"salvage",
"for",
"future",
"weapons",
"systems",
".",
"The",
"Soviet",
"rocket",
"engineers",
"were",
"led",
"by",
"Sergei",
"Korolev",
".",
"He",
"had",
"been",
"involved",
"in",
"space",
"clubs",
"and",
"early",
"Soviet",
"rocket",
"design",
"in",
"the",
"1930s",
",",
"but",
"was",
"arrested",
"in",
"1938",
"during",
"Joseph",
"Stalin",
"'s",
"Great",
"Purge",
"and",
"imprisoned",
"for",
"six",
"years",
"in",
"Siberia",
".",
"After",
"the",
"war",
",",
"he",
"became",
"the",
"USSR",
"'s",
"chief",
"rocket",
"and",
"spacecraft",
"engineer",
",",
"essentially",
"the",
"Soviet",
"counterpart",
"to",
"von",
"Braun",
".",
"His",
"identity",
"was",
"kept",
"a",
"state",
"secret",
"throughout",
"the",
"Cold",
"War",
",",
"and",
"he",
"was",
"identified",
"publicly",
"only",
"as",
"\"",
"the",
"Chief",
"Designer",
".",
"\"",
"In",
"the",
"West",
",",
"his",
"name",
"was",
"only",
"officially",
"revealed",
"when",
"he",
"died",
"in",
"1966",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
18,
25,
28,
39,
43,
51,
54,
58,
66,
71,
74,
81,
83,
89,
96,
100,
107,
112,
115,
125,
127,
130,
136,
139,
145,
147,
151,
158,
164,
169,
173,
178,
185,
195,
198,
203,
210,
213,
217,
222,
227,
233,
241,
245,
252,
260,
267,
269,
273,
280,
287,
297,
302,
306,
309,
316,
323,
325,
328,
332,
337,
346,
349,
355,
361,
365,
371,
378,
385,
392,
395,
399,
404,
406,
410,
414,
423,
426,
431,
438,
445,
451,
454,
460,
466,
470,
481,
485,
489,
495,
498,
505,
507,
513,
517,
520,
522,
525,
532,
536,
540,
543,
549,
556,
560,
571,
579,
581,
593,
597,
604,
616,
619,
623,
628,
630,
634,
643,
647,
652,
654,
660,
667,
678,
682,
687,
690,
692,
696,
699,
703,
714,
723,
728,
731,
732,
736,
742,
750,
751,
753,
756,
760,
764,
766,
770,
775,
779,
784,
795,
804,
809,
812,
817,
820,
824
]
} | ebde0345c22a420e8c81c73258b0af73 | Sergei Korolev died in what year? | {
"tokens": [
"Sergei",
"Korolev",
"died",
"in",
"what",
"year",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
15,
20,
23,
28,
32
]
} | {
"text": [
"1966"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
820
],
"end": [
823
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
157
],
"end": [
157
]
}
]
} | [
"1966"
] |
SQuAD | The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev. He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Siberia. After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun. His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as "the Chief Designer." In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"German",
"rocket",
"center",
"in",
"Peenemünde",
"was",
"located",
"in",
"the",
"eastern",
"part",
"of",
"Germany",
",",
"which",
"became",
"the",
"Soviet",
"zone",
"of",
"occupation",
".",
"On",
"Stalin",
"'s",
"orders",
",",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
"sent",
"its",
"best",
"rocket",
"engineers",
"to",
"this",
"region",
"to",
"see",
"what",
"they",
"could",
"salvage",
"for",
"future",
"weapons",
"systems",
".",
"The",
"Soviet",
"rocket",
"engineers",
"were",
"led",
"by",
"Sergei",
"Korolev",
".",
"He",
"had",
"been",
"involved",
"in",
"space",
"clubs",
"and",
"early",
"Soviet",
"rocket",
"design",
"in",
"the",
"1930s",
",",
"but",
"was",
"arrested",
"in",
"1938",
"during",
"Joseph",
"Stalin",
"'s",
"Great",
"Purge",
"and",
"imprisoned",
"for",
"six",
"years",
"in",
"Siberia",
".",
"After",
"the",
"war",
",",
"he",
"became",
"the",
"USSR",
"'s",
"chief",
"rocket",
"and",
"spacecraft",
"engineer",
",",
"essentially",
"the",
"Soviet",
"counterpart",
"to",
"von",
"Braun",
".",
"His",
"identity",
"was",
"kept",
"a",
"state",
"secret",
"throughout",
"the",
"Cold",
"War",
",",
"and",
"he",
"was",
"identified",
"publicly",
"only",
"as",
"\"",
"the",
"Chief",
"Designer",
".",
"\"",
"In",
"the",
"West",
",",
"his",
"name",
"was",
"only",
"officially",
"revealed",
"when",
"he",
"died",
"in",
"1966",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
18,
25,
28,
39,
43,
51,
54,
58,
66,
71,
74,
81,
83,
89,
96,
100,
107,
112,
115,
125,
127,
130,
136,
139,
145,
147,
151,
158,
164,
169,
173,
178,
185,
195,
198,
203,
210,
213,
217,
222,
227,
233,
241,
245,
252,
260,
267,
269,
273,
280,
287,
297,
302,
306,
309,
316,
323,
325,
328,
332,
337,
346,
349,
355,
361,
365,
371,
378,
385,
392,
395,
399,
404,
406,
410,
414,
423,
426,
431,
438,
445,
451,
454,
460,
466,
470,
481,
485,
489,
495,
498,
505,
507,
513,
517,
520,
522,
525,
532,
536,
540,
543,
549,
556,
560,
571,
579,
581,
593,
597,
604,
616,
619,
623,
628,
630,
634,
643,
647,
652,
654,
660,
667,
678,
682,
687,
690,
692,
696,
699,
703,
714,
723,
728,
731,
732,
736,
742,
750,
751,
753,
756,
760,
764,
766,
770,
775,
779,
784,
795,
804,
809,
812,
817,
820,
824
]
} | d48effa272274673850e53803a1ea2ee | After the war, Sergei Korolev was known under what title? | {
"tokens": [
"After",
"the",
"war",
",",
"Sergei",
"Korolev",
"was",
"known",
"under",
"what",
"title",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
10,
13,
15,
22,
30,
34,
40,
46,
51,
56
]
} | {
"text": [
"USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
536
],
"end": [
578
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
102
],
"end": [
108
]
}
]
} | [
"USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer"
] |
SQuAD | In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason, notably Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher, for refusing to accept the king's supremacy over the Church in England. Under Edward VI, the heresy laws were repealed in 1547 only to be reintroduced in 1554 by Mary I; even so two radicals were executed in Edward's reign (one for denying the reality of the incarnation, the other for denying Christ's divinity). Under Mary, around two hundred and ninety people were burned at the stake between 1555 and 1558 after the restoration of papal jurisdiction. When Elizabeth I came to the throne, the concept of heresy was retained in theory but severely restricted by the 1559 Act of Supremacy and the one hundred and eighty or so Catholics who were executed in the forty-five years of her reign were put to death because they were considered members of "...a subversive fifth column." The last execution of a "heretic" in England occurred under James VI and I in 1612. Although the charge was technically one of "blasphemy" there was one later execution in Scotland (still at that date an entirely independent kingdom) when in 1697 Thomas Aikenhead was accused, among other things, of denying the doctrine of the Trinity. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"England",
",",
"the",
"16th",
"-",
"century",
"European",
"Reformation",
"resulted",
"in",
"a",
"number",
"of",
"executions",
"on",
"charges",
"of",
"heresy",
".",
"During",
"the",
"thirty",
"-",
"eight",
"years",
"of",
"Henry",
"VIII",
"'s",
"reign",
",",
"about",
"sixty",
"heretics",
",",
"mainly",
"Protestants",
",",
"were",
"executed",
"and",
"a",
"rather",
"greater",
"number",
"of",
"Catholics",
"lost",
"their",
"lives",
"on",
"grounds",
"of",
"political",
"offences",
"such",
"as",
"treason",
",",
"notably",
"Sir",
"Thomas",
"More",
"and",
"Cardinal",
"John",
"Fisher",
",",
"for",
"refusing",
"to",
"accept",
"the",
"king",
"'s",
"supremacy",
"over",
"the",
"Church",
"in",
"England",
".",
"Under",
"Edward",
"VI",
",",
"the",
"heresy",
"laws",
"were",
"repealed",
"in",
"1547",
"only",
"to",
"be",
"reintroduced",
"in",
"1554",
"by",
"Mary",
"I",
";",
"even",
"so",
"two",
"radicals",
"were",
"executed",
"in",
"Edward",
"'s",
"reign",
"(",
"one",
"for",
"denying",
"the",
"reality",
"of",
"the",
"incarnation",
",",
"the",
"other",
"for",
"denying",
"Christ",
"'s",
"divinity",
")",
".",
"Under",
"Mary",
",",
"around",
"two",
"hundred",
"and",
"ninety",
"people",
"were",
"burned",
"at",
"the",
"stake",
"between",
"1555",
"and",
"1558",
"after",
"the",
"restoration",
"of",
"papal",
"jurisdiction",
".",
"When",
"Elizabeth",
"I",
"came",
"to",
"the",
"throne",
",",
"the",
"concept",
"of",
"heresy",
"was",
"retained",
"in",
"theory",
"but",
"severely",
"restricted",
"by",
"the",
"1559",
"Act",
"of",
"Supremacy",
"and",
"the",
"one",
"hundred",
"and",
"eighty",
"or",
"so",
"Catholics",
"who",
"were",
"executed",
"in",
"the",
"forty",
"-",
"five",
"years",
"of",
"her",
"reign",
"were",
"put",
"to",
"death",
"because",
"they",
"were",
"considered",
"members",
"of",
"\"",
"...",
"a",
"subversive",
"fifth",
"column",
".",
"\"",
"The",
"last",
"execution",
"of",
"a",
"\"",
"heretic",
"\"",
"in",
"England",
"occurred",
"under",
"James",
"VI",
"and",
"I",
"in",
"1612",
".",
"Although",
"the",
"charge",
"was",
"technically",
"one",
"of",
"\"",
"blasphemy",
"\"",
"there",
"was",
"one",
"later",
"execution",
"in",
"Scotland",
"(",
"still",
"at",
"that",
"date",
"an",
"entirely",
"independent",
"kingdom",
")",
"when",
"in",
"1697",
"Thomas",
"Aikenhead",
"was",
"accused",
",",
"among",
"other",
"things",
",",
"of",
"denying",
"the",
"doctrine",
"of",
"the",
"Trinity",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
10,
12,
16,
20,
21,
29,
38,
50,
59,
62,
64,
71,
74,
85,
88,
96,
99,
105,
107,
114,
118,
124,
125,
131,
137,
140,
146,
150,
153,
158,
160,
166,
172,
180,
182,
189,
200,
202,
207,
216,
220,
222,
229,
237,
244,
247,
257,
262,
268,
274,
277,
285,
288,
298,
307,
312,
315,
322,
324,
332,
336,
343,
348,
352,
361,
366,
372,
374,
378,
387,
390,
397,
401,
405,
408,
418,
423,
427,
434,
437,
444,
446,
452,
459,
461,
463,
467,
474,
479,
484,
493,
496,
501,
506,
509,
512,
525,
528,
533,
536,
541,
542,
544,
549,
552,
556,
565,
570,
579,
582,
588,
591,
597,
598,
602,
606,
614,
618,
626,
629,
633,
644,
646,
650,
656,
660,
668,
674,
677,
685,
686,
688,
694,
698,
700,
707,
711,
719,
723,
730,
737,
742,
749,
752,
756,
762,
770,
775,
779,
784,
790,
794,
806,
809,
815,
827,
829,
834,
844,
846,
851,
854,
858,
864,
866,
870,
878,
881,
888,
892,
901,
904,
911,
915,
924,
935,
938,
942,
947,
951,
954,
964,
968,
972,
976,
984,
988,
995,
998,
1001,
1011,
1015,
1020,
1029,
1032,
1036,
1041,
1042,
1047,
1053,
1056,
1060,
1066,
1071,
1075,
1078,
1084,
1092,
1097,
1102,
1113,
1121,
1124,
1125,
1128,
1130,
1141,
1147,
1153,
1154,
1156,
1160,
1165,
1175,
1178,
1180,
1181,
1188,
1190,
1193,
1201,
1210,
1216,
1222,
1225,
1229,
1231,
1234,
1238,
1240,
1249,
1253,
1260,
1264,
1276,
1280,
1283,
1284,
1293,
1295,
1301,
1305,
1309,
1315,
1325,
1328,
1337,
1338,
1344,
1347,
1352,
1357,
1360,
1369,
1381,
1388,
1390,
1395,
1398,
1403,
1410,
1420,
1424,
1431,
1433,
1439,
1445,
1451,
1453,
1456,
1464,
1468,
1477,
1480,
1484,
1491
]
} | f0a275498df94ee8acd56af88f7327bb | What event in England during the 16th century had an outcome of many deaths for heresy? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"event",
"in",
"England",
"during",
"the",
"16th",
"century",
"had",
"an",
"outcome",
"of",
"many",
"deaths",
"for",
"heresy",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
11,
14,
22,
29,
33,
38,
46,
50,
53,
61,
64,
69,
76,
80,
86
]
} | {
"text": [
"European Reformation"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
29
],
"end": [
48
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
7
],
"end": [
8
]
}
]
} | [
"European Reformation"
] |
SQuAD | In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason, notably Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher, for refusing to accept the king's supremacy over the Church in England. Under Edward VI, the heresy laws were repealed in 1547 only to be reintroduced in 1554 by Mary I; even so two radicals were executed in Edward's reign (one for denying the reality of the incarnation, the other for denying Christ's divinity). Under Mary, around two hundred and ninety people were burned at the stake between 1555 and 1558 after the restoration of papal jurisdiction. When Elizabeth I came to the throne, the concept of heresy was retained in theory but severely restricted by the 1559 Act of Supremacy and the one hundred and eighty or so Catholics who were executed in the forty-five years of her reign were put to death because they were considered members of "...a subversive fifth column." The last execution of a "heretic" in England occurred under James VI and I in 1612. Although the charge was technically one of "blasphemy" there was one later execution in Scotland (still at that date an entirely independent kingdom) when in 1697 Thomas Aikenhead was accused, among other things, of denying the doctrine of the Trinity. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"England",
",",
"the",
"16th",
"-",
"century",
"European",
"Reformation",
"resulted",
"in",
"a",
"number",
"of",
"executions",
"on",
"charges",
"of",
"heresy",
".",
"During",
"the",
"thirty",
"-",
"eight",
"years",
"of",
"Henry",
"VIII",
"'s",
"reign",
",",
"about",
"sixty",
"heretics",
",",
"mainly",
"Protestants",
",",
"were",
"executed",
"and",
"a",
"rather",
"greater",
"number",
"of",
"Catholics",
"lost",
"their",
"lives",
"on",
"grounds",
"of",
"political",
"offences",
"such",
"as",
"treason",
",",
"notably",
"Sir",
"Thomas",
"More",
"and",
"Cardinal",
"John",
"Fisher",
",",
"for",
"refusing",
"to",
"accept",
"the",
"king",
"'s",
"supremacy",
"over",
"the",
"Church",
"in",
"England",
".",
"Under",
"Edward",
"VI",
",",
"the",
"heresy",
"laws",
"were",
"repealed",
"in",
"1547",
"only",
"to",
"be",
"reintroduced",
"in",
"1554",
"by",
"Mary",
"I",
";",
"even",
"so",
"two",
"radicals",
"were",
"executed",
"in",
"Edward",
"'s",
"reign",
"(",
"one",
"for",
"denying",
"the",
"reality",
"of",
"the",
"incarnation",
",",
"the",
"other",
"for",
"denying",
"Christ",
"'s",
"divinity",
")",
".",
"Under",
"Mary",
",",
"around",
"two",
"hundred",
"and",
"ninety",
"people",
"were",
"burned",
"at",
"the",
"stake",
"between",
"1555",
"and",
"1558",
"after",
"the",
"restoration",
"of",
"papal",
"jurisdiction",
".",
"When",
"Elizabeth",
"I",
"came",
"to",
"the",
"throne",
",",
"the",
"concept",
"of",
"heresy",
"was",
"retained",
"in",
"theory",
"but",
"severely",
"restricted",
"by",
"the",
"1559",
"Act",
"of",
"Supremacy",
"and",
"the",
"one",
"hundred",
"and",
"eighty",
"or",
"so",
"Catholics",
"who",
"were",
"executed",
"in",
"the",
"forty",
"-",
"five",
"years",
"of",
"her",
"reign",
"were",
"put",
"to",
"death",
"because",
"they",
"were",
"considered",
"members",
"of",
"\"",
"...",
"a",
"subversive",
"fifth",
"column",
".",
"\"",
"The",
"last",
"execution",
"of",
"a",
"\"",
"heretic",
"\"",
"in",
"England",
"occurred",
"under",
"James",
"VI",
"and",
"I",
"in",
"1612",
".",
"Although",
"the",
"charge",
"was",
"technically",
"one",
"of",
"\"",
"blasphemy",
"\"",
"there",
"was",
"one",
"later",
"execution",
"in",
"Scotland",
"(",
"still",
"at",
"that",
"date",
"an",
"entirely",
"independent",
"kingdom",
")",
"when",
"in",
"1697",
"Thomas",
"Aikenhead",
"was",
"accused",
",",
"among",
"other",
"things",
",",
"of",
"denying",
"the",
"doctrine",
"of",
"the",
"Trinity",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
10,
12,
16,
20,
21,
29,
38,
50,
59,
62,
64,
71,
74,
85,
88,
96,
99,
105,
107,
114,
118,
124,
125,
131,
137,
140,
146,
150,
153,
158,
160,
166,
172,
180,
182,
189,
200,
202,
207,
216,
220,
222,
229,
237,
244,
247,
257,
262,
268,
274,
277,
285,
288,
298,
307,
312,
315,
322,
324,
332,
336,
343,
348,
352,
361,
366,
372,
374,
378,
387,
390,
397,
401,
405,
408,
418,
423,
427,
434,
437,
444,
446,
452,
459,
461,
463,
467,
474,
479,
484,
493,
496,
501,
506,
509,
512,
525,
528,
533,
536,
541,
542,
544,
549,
552,
556,
565,
570,
579,
582,
588,
591,
597,
598,
602,
606,
614,
618,
626,
629,
633,
644,
646,
650,
656,
660,
668,
674,
677,
685,
686,
688,
694,
698,
700,
707,
711,
719,
723,
730,
737,
742,
749,
752,
756,
762,
770,
775,
779,
784,
790,
794,
806,
809,
815,
827,
829,
834,
844,
846,
851,
854,
858,
864,
866,
870,
878,
881,
888,
892,
901,
904,
911,
915,
924,
935,
938,
942,
947,
951,
954,
964,
968,
972,
976,
984,
988,
995,
998,
1001,
1011,
1015,
1020,
1029,
1032,
1036,
1041,
1042,
1047,
1053,
1056,
1060,
1066,
1071,
1075,
1078,
1084,
1092,
1097,
1102,
1113,
1121,
1124,
1125,
1128,
1130,
1141,
1147,
1153,
1154,
1156,
1160,
1165,
1175,
1178,
1180,
1181,
1188,
1190,
1193,
1201,
1210,
1216,
1222,
1225,
1229,
1231,
1234,
1238,
1240,
1249,
1253,
1260,
1264,
1276,
1280,
1283,
1284,
1293,
1295,
1301,
1305,
1309,
1315,
1325,
1328,
1337,
1338,
1344,
1347,
1352,
1357,
1360,
1369,
1381,
1388,
1390,
1395,
1398,
1403,
1410,
1420,
1424,
1431,
1433,
1439,
1445,
1451,
1453,
1456,
1464,
1468,
1477,
1480,
1484,
1491
]
} | 077076b88ca34f8bbe39ec0ec609f961 | During what king's reign did 60 Protestants die for heresy? | {
"tokens": [
"During",
"what",
"king",
"'s",
"reign",
"did",
"60",
"Protestants",
"die",
"for",
"heresy",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
12,
16,
19,
25,
29,
32,
44,
48,
52,
58
]
} | {
"text": [
"Henry VIII"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
140
],
"end": [
149
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
27
],
"end": [
28
]
}
]
} | [
"Henry VIII"
] |
SQuAD | In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason, notably Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher, for refusing to accept the king's supremacy over the Church in England. Under Edward VI, the heresy laws were repealed in 1547 only to be reintroduced in 1554 by Mary I; even so two radicals were executed in Edward's reign (one for denying the reality of the incarnation, the other for denying Christ's divinity). Under Mary, around two hundred and ninety people were burned at the stake between 1555 and 1558 after the restoration of papal jurisdiction. When Elizabeth I came to the throne, the concept of heresy was retained in theory but severely restricted by the 1559 Act of Supremacy and the one hundred and eighty or so Catholics who were executed in the forty-five years of her reign were put to death because they were considered members of "...a subversive fifth column." The last execution of a "heretic" in England occurred under James VI and I in 1612. Although the charge was technically one of "blasphemy" there was one later execution in Scotland (still at that date an entirely independent kingdom) when in 1697 Thomas Aikenhead was accused, among other things, of denying the doctrine of the Trinity. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"England",
",",
"the",
"16th",
"-",
"century",
"European",
"Reformation",
"resulted",
"in",
"a",
"number",
"of",
"executions",
"on",
"charges",
"of",
"heresy",
".",
"During",
"the",
"thirty",
"-",
"eight",
"years",
"of",
"Henry",
"VIII",
"'s",
"reign",
",",
"about",
"sixty",
"heretics",
",",
"mainly",
"Protestants",
",",
"were",
"executed",
"and",
"a",
"rather",
"greater",
"number",
"of",
"Catholics",
"lost",
"their",
"lives",
"on",
"grounds",
"of",
"political",
"offences",
"such",
"as",
"treason",
",",
"notably",
"Sir",
"Thomas",
"More",
"and",
"Cardinal",
"John",
"Fisher",
",",
"for",
"refusing",
"to",
"accept",
"the",
"king",
"'s",
"supremacy",
"over",
"the",
"Church",
"in",
"England",
".",
"Under",
"Edward",
"VI",
",",
"the",
"heresy",
"laws",
"were",
"repealed",
"in",
"1547",
"only",
"to",
"be",
"reintroduced",
"in",
"1554",
"by",
"Mary",
"I",
";",
"even",
"so",
"two",
"radicals",
"were",
"executed",
"in",
"Edward",
"'s",
"reign",
"(",
"one",
"for",
"denying",
"the",
"reality",
"of",
"the",
"incarnation",
",",
"the",
"other",
"for",
"denying",
"Christ",
"'s",
"divinity",
")",
".",
"Under",
"Mary",
",",
"around",
"two",
"hundred",
"and",
"ninety",
"people",
"were",
"burned",
"at",
"the",
"stake",
"between",
"1555",
"and",
"1558",
"after",
"the",
"restoration",
"of",
"papal",
"jurisdiction",
".",
"When",
"Elizabeth",
"I",
"came",
"to",
"the",
"throne",
",",
"the",
"concept",
"of",
"heresy",
"was",
"retained",
"in",
"theory",
"but",
"severely",
"restricted",
"by",
"the",
"1559",
"Act",
"of",
"Supremacy",
"and",
"the",
"one",
"hundred",
"and",
"eighty",
"or",
"so",
"Catholics",
"who",
"were",
"executed",
"in",
"the",
"forty",
"-",
"five",
"years",
"of",
"her",
"reign",
"were",
"put",
"to",
"death",
"because",
"they",
"were",
"considered",
"members",
"of",
"\"",
"...",
"a",
"subversive",
"fifth",
"column",
".",
"\"",
"The",
"last",
"execution",
"of",
"a",
"\"",
"heretic",
"\"",
"in",
"England",
"occurred",
"under",
"James",
"VI",
"and",
"I",
"in",
"1612",
".",
"Although",
"the",
"charge",
"was",
"technically",
"one",
"of",
"\"",
"blasphemy",
"\"",
"there",
"was",
"one",
"later",
"execution",
"in",
"Scotland",
"(",
"still",
"at",
"that",
"date",
"an",
"entirely",
"independent",
"kingdom",
")",
"when",
"in",
"1697",
"Thomas",
"Aikenhead",
"was",
"accused",
",",
"among",
"other",
"things",
",",
"of",
"denying",
"the",
"doctrine",
"of",
"the",
"Trinity",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
10,
12,
16,
20,
21,
29,
38,
50,
59,
62,
64,
71,
74,
85,
88,
96,
99,
105,
107,
114,
118,
124,
125,
131,
137,
140,
146,
150,
153,
158,
160,
166,
172,
180,
182,
189,
200,
202,
207,
216,
220,
222,
229,
237,
244,
247,
257,
262,
268,
274,
277,
285,
288,
298,
307,
312,
315,
322,
324,
332,
336,
343,
348,
352,
361,
366,
372,
374,
378,
387,
390,
397,
401,
405,
408,
418,
423,
427,
434,
437,
444,
446,
452,
459,
461,
463,
467,
474,
479,
484,
493,
496,
501,
506,
509,
512,
525,
528,
533,
536,
541,
542,
544,
549,
552,
556,
565,
570,
579,
582,
588,
591,
597,
598,
602,
606,
614,
618,
626,
629,
633,
644,
646,
650,
656,
660,
668,
674,
677,
685,
686,
688,
694,
698,
700,
707,
711,
719,
723,
730,
737,
742,
749,
752,
756,
762,
770,
775,
779,
784,
790,
794,
806,
809,
815,
827,
829,
834,
844,
846,
851,
854,
858,
864,
866,
870,
878,
881,
888,
892,
901,
904,
911,
915,
924,
935,
938,
942,
947,
951,
954,
964,
968,
972,
976,
984,
988,
995,
998,
1001,
1011,
1015,
1020,
1029,
1032,
1036,
1041,
1042,
1047,
1053,
1056,
1060,
1066,
1071,
1075,
1078,
1084,
1092,
1097,
1102,
1113,
1121,
1124,
1125,
1128,
1130,
1141,
1147,
1153,
1154,
1156,
1160,
1165,
1175,
1178,
1180,
1181,
1188,
1190,
1193,
1201,
1210,
1216,
1222,
1225,
1229,
1231,
1234,
1238,
1240,
1249,
1253,
1260,
1264,
1276,
1280,
1283,
1284,
1293,
1295,
1301,
1305,
1309,
1315,
1325,
1328,
1337,
1338,
1344,
1347,
1352,
1357,
1360,
1369,
1381,
1388,
1390,
1395,
1398,
1403,
1410,
1420,
1424,
1431,
1433,
1439,
1445,
1451,
1453,
1456,
1464,
1468,
1477,
1480,
1484,
1491
]
} | ba48b44f44694a8ab0139a64a445984f | What two notable figures are cited to have perished for refusing to give up the Church in England? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"two",
"notable",
"figures",
"are",
"cited",
"to",
"have",
"perished",
"for",
"refusing",
"to",
"give",
"up",
"the",
"Church",
"in",
"England",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
17,
25,
29,
35,
38,
43,
52,
56,
65,
68,
73,
76,
80,
87,
90,
97
]
} | {
"text": [
"Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
332
],
"end": [
371
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
61
],
"end": [
67
]
}
]
} | [
"Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher"
] |
SQuAD | In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason, notably Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher, for refusing to accept the king's supremacy over the Church in England. Under Edward VI, the heresy laws were repealed in 1547 only to be reintroduced in 1554 by Mary I; even so two radicals were executed in Edward's reign (one for denying the reality of the incarnation, the other for denying Christ's divinity). Under Mary, around two hundred and ninety people were burned at the stake between 1555 and 1558 after the restoration of papal jurisdiction. When Elizabeth I came to the throne, the concept of heresy was retained in theory but severely restricted by the 1559 Act of Supremacy and the one hundred and eighty or so Catholics who were executed in the forty-five years of her reign were put to death because they were considered members of "...a subversive fifth column." The last execution of a "heretic" in England occurred under James VI and I in 1612. Although the charge was technically one of "blasphemy" there was one later execution in Scotland (still at that date an entirely independent kingdom) when in 1697 Thomas Aikenhead was accused, among other things, of denying the doctrine of the Trinity. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"England",
",",
"the",
"16th",
"-",
"century",
"European",
"Reformation",
"resulted",
"in",
"a",
"number",
"of",
"executions",
"on",
"charges",
"of",
"heresy",
".",
"During",
"the",
"thirty",
"-",
"eight",
"years",
"of",
"Henry",
"VIII",
"'s",
"reign",
",",
"about",
"sixty",
"heretics",
",",
"mainly",
"Protestants",
",",
"were",
"executed",
"and",
"a",
"rather",
"greater",
"number",
"of",
"Catholics",
"lost",
"their",
"lives",
"on",
"grounds",
"of",
"political",
"offences",
"such",
"as",
"treason",
",",
"notably",
"Sir",
"Thomas",
"More",
"and",
"Cardinal",
"John",
"Fisher",
",",
"for",
"refusing",
"to",
"accept",
"the",
"king",
"'s",
"supremacy",
"over",
"the",
"Church",
"in",
"England",
".",
"Under",
"Edward",
"VI",
",",
"the",
"heresy",
"laws",
"were",
"repealed",
"in",
"1547",
"only",
"to",
"be",
"reintroduced",
"in",
"1554",
"by",
"Mary",
"I",
";",
"even",
"so",
"two",
"radicals",
"were",
"executed",
"in",
"Edward",
"'s",
"reign",
"(",
"one",
"for",
"denying",
"the",
"reality",
"of",
"the",
"incarnation",
",",
"the",
"other",
"for",
"denying",
"Christ",
"'s",
"divinity",
")",
".",
"Under",
"Mary",
",",
"around",
"two",
"hundred",
"and",
"ninety",
"people",
"were",
"burned",
"at",
"the",
"stake",
"between",
"1555",
"and",
"1558",
"after",
"the",
"restoration",
"of",
"papal",
"jurisdiction",
".",
"When",
"Elizabeth",
"I",
"came",
"to",
"the",
"throne",
",",
"the",
"concept",
"of",
"heresy",
"was",
"retained",
"in",
"theory",
"but",
"severely",
"restricted",
"by",
"the",
"1559",
"Act",
"of",
"Supremacy",
"and",
"the",
"one",
"hundred",
"and",
"eighty",
"or",
"so",
"Catholics",
"who",
"were",
"executed",
"in",
"the",
"forty",
"-",
"five",
"years",
"of",
"her",
"reign",
"were",
"put",
"to",
"death",
"because",
"they",
"were",
"considered",
"members",
"of",
"\"",
"...",
"a",
"subversive",
"fifth",
"column",
".",
"\"",
"The",
"last",
"execution",
"of",
"a",
"\"",
"heretic",
"\"",
"in",
"England",
"occurred",
"under",
"James",
"VI",
"and",
"I",
"in",
"1612",
".",
"Although",
"the",
"charge",
"was",
"technically",
"one",
"of",
"\"",
"blasphemy",
"\"",
"there",
"was",
"one",
"later",
"execution",
"in",
"Scotland",
"(",
"still",
"at",
"that",
"date",
"an",
"entirely",
"independent",
"kingdom",
")",
"when",
"in",
"1697",
"Thomas",
"Aikenhead",
"was",
"accused",
",",
"among",
"other",
"things",
",",
"of",
"denying",
"the",
"doctrine",
"of",
"the",
"Trinity",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
10,
12,
16,
20,
21,
29,
38,
50,
59,
62,
64,
71,
74,
85,
88,
96,
99,
105,
107,
114,
118,
124,
125,
131,
137,
140,
146,
150,
153,
158,
160,
166,
172,
180,
182,
189,
200,
202,
207,
216,
220,
222,
229,
237,
244,
247,
257,
262,
268,
274,
277,
285,
288,
298,
307,
312,
315,
322,
324,
332,
336,
343,
348,
352,
361,
366,
372,
374,
378,
387,
390,
397,
401,
405,
408,
418,
423,
427,
434,
437,
444,
446,
452,
459,
461,
463,
467,
474,
479,
484,
493,
496,
501,
506,
509,
512,
525,
528,
533,
536,
541,
542,
544,
549,
552,
556,
565,
570,
579,
582,
588,
591,
597,
598,
602,
606,
614,
618,
626,
629,
633,
644,
646,
650,
656,
660,
668,
674,
677,
685,
686,
688,
694,
698,
700,
707,
711,
719,
723,
730,
737,
742,
749,
752,
756,
762,
770,
775,
779,
784,
790,
794,
806,
809,
815,
827,
829,
834,
844,
846,
851,
854,
858,
864,
866,
870,
878,
881,
888,
892,
901,
904,
911,
915,
924,
935,
938,
942,
947,
951,
954,
964,
968,
972,
976,
984,
988,
995,
998,
1001,
1011,
1015,
1020,
1029,
1032,
1036,
1041,
1042,
1047,
1053,
1056,
1060,
1066,
1071,
1075,
1078,
1084,
1092,
1097,
1102,
1113,
1121,
1124,
1125,
1128,
1130,
1141,
1147,
1153,
1154,
1156,
1160,
1165,
1175,
1178,
1180,
1181,
1188,
1190,
1193,
1201,
1210,
1216,
1222,
1225,
1229,
1231,
1234,
1238,
1240,
1249,
1253,
1260,
1264,
1276,
1280,
1283,
1284,
1293,
1295,
1301,
1305,
1309,
1315,
1325,
1328,
1337,
1338,
1344,
1347,
1352,
1357,
1360,
1369,
1381,
1388,
1390,
1395,
1398,
1403,
1410,
1420,
1424,
1431,
1433,
1439,
1445,
1451,
1453,
1456,
1464,
1468,
1477,
1480,
1484,
1491
]
} | c6219d2986ed4ff6a176c40b7fdbf780 | Under which king were the heresy laws repealed in 1547? | {
"tokens": [
"Under",
"which",
"king",
"were",
"the",
"heresy",
"laws",
"repealed",
"in",
"1547",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
12,
17,
22,
26,
33,
38,
47,
50,
54
]
} | {
"text": [
"Edward VI"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
452
],
"end": [
460
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
84
],
"end": [
85
]
}
]
} | [
"Edward VI"
] |
SQuAD | In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason, notably Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher, for refusing to accept the king's supremacy over the Church in England. Under Edward VI, the heresy laws were repealed in 1547 only to be reintroduced in 1554 by Mary I; even so two radicals were executed in Edward's reign (one for denying the reality of the incarnation, the other for denying Christ's divinity). Under Mary, around two hundred and ninety people were burned at the stake between 1555 and 1558 after the restoration of papal jurisdiction. When Elizabeth I came to the throne, the concept of heresy was retained in theory but severely restricted by the 1559 Act of Supremacy and the one hundred and eighty or so Catholics who were executed in the forty-five years of her reign were put to death because they were considered members of "...a subversive fifth column." The last execution of a "heretic" in England occurred under James VI and I in 1612. Although the charge was technically one of "blasphemy" there was one later execution in Scotland (still at that date an entirely independent kingdom) when in 1697 Thomas Aikenhead was accused, among other things, of denying the doctrine of the Trinity. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"England",
",",
"the",
"16th",
"-",
"century",
"European",
"Reformation",
"resulted",
"in",
"a",
"number",
"of",
"executions",
"on",
"charges",
"of",
"heresy",
".",
"During",
"the",
"thirty",
"-",
"eight",
"years",
"of",
"Henry",
"VIII",
"'s",
"reign",
",",
"about",
"sixty",
"heretics",
",",
"mainly",
"Protestants",
",",
"were",
"executed",
"and",
"a",
"rather",
"greater",
"number",
"of",
"Catholics",
"lost",
"their",
"lives",
"on",
"grounds",
"of",
"political",
"offences",
"such",
"as",
"treason",
",",
"notably",
"Sir",
"Thomas",
"More",
"and",
"Cardinal",
"John",
"Fisher",
",",
"for",
"refusing",
"to",
"accept",
"the",
"king",
"'s",
"supremacy",
"over",
"the",
"Church",
"in",
"England",
".",
"Under",
"Edward",
"VI",
",",
"the",
"heresy",
"laws",
"were",
"repealed",
"in",
"1547",
"only",
"to",
"be",
"reintroduced",
"in",
"1554",
"by",
"Mary",
"I",
";",
"even",
"so",
"two",
"radicals",
"were",
"executed",
"in",
"Edward",
"'s",
"reign",
"(",
"one",
"for",
"denying",
"the",
"reality",
"of",
"the",
"incarnation",
",",
"the",
"other",
"for",
"denying",
"Christ",
"'s",
"divinity",
")",
".",
"Under",
"Mary",
",",
"around",
"two",
"hundred",
"and",
"ninety",
"people",
"were",
"burned",
"at",
"the",
"stake",
"between",
"1555",
"and",
"1558",
"after",
"the",
"restoration",
"of",
"papal",
"jurisdiction",
".",
"When",
"Elizabeth",
"I",
"came",
"to",
"the",
"throne",
",",
"the",
"concept",
"of",
"heresy",
"was",
"retained",
"in",
"theory",
"but",
"severely",
"restricted",
"by",
"the",
"1559",
"Act",
"of",
"Supremacy",
"and",
"the",
"one",
"hundred",
"and",
"eighty",
"or",
"so",
"Catholics",
"who",
"were",
"executed",
"in",
"the",
"forty",
"-",
"five",
"years",
"of",
"her",
"reign",
"were",
"put",
"to",
"death",
"because",
"they",
"were",
"considered",
"members",
"of",
"\"",
"...",
"a",
"subversive",
"fifth",
"column",
".",
"\"",
"The",
"last",
"execution",
"of",
"a",
"\"",
"heretic",
"\"",
"in",
"England",
"occurred",
"under",
"James",
"VI",
"and",
"I",
"in",
"1612",
".",
"Although",
"the",
"charge",
"was",
"technically",
"one",
"of",
"\"",
"blasphemy",
"\"",
"there",
"was",
"one",
"later",
"execution",
"in",
"Scotland",
"(",
"still",
"at",
"that",
"date",
"an",
"entirely",
"independent",
"kingdom",
")",
"when",
"in",
"1697",
"Thomas",
"Aikenhead",
"was",
"accused",
",",
"among",
"other",
"things",
",",
"of",
"denying",
"the",
"doctrine",
"of",
"the",
"Trinity",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
10,
12,
16,
20,
21,
29,
38,
50,
59,
62,
64,
71,
74,
85,
88,
96,
99,
105,
107,
114,
118,
124,
125,
131,
137,
140,
146,
150,
153,
158,
160,
166,
172,
180,
182,
189,
200,
202,
207,
216,
220,
222,
229,
237,
244,
247,
257,
262,
268,
274,
277,
285,
288,
298,
307,
312,
315,
322,
324,
332,
336,
343,
348,
352,
361,
366,
372,
374,
378,
387,
390,
397,
401,
405,
408,
418,
423,
427,
434,
437,
444,
446,
452,
459,
461,
463,
467,
474,
479,
484,
493,
496,
501,
506,
509,
512,
525,
528,
533,
536,
541,
542,
544,
549,
552,
556,
565,
570,
579,
582,
588,
591,
597,
598,
602,
606,
614,
618,
626,
629,
633,
644,
646,
650,
656,
660,
668,
674,
677,
685,
686,
688,
694,
698,
700,
707,
711,
719,
723,
730,
737,
742,
749,
752,
756,
762,
770,
775,
779,
784,
790,
794,
806,
809,
815,
827,
829,
834,
844,
846,
851,
854,
858,
864,
866,
870,
878,
881,
888,
892,
901,
904,
911,
915,
924,
935,
938,
942,
947,
951,
954,
964,
968,
972,
976,
984,
988,
995,
998,
1001,
1011,
1015,
1020,
1029,
1032,
1036,
1041,
1042,
1047,
1053,
1056,
1060,
1066,
1071,
1075,
1078,
1084,
1092,
1097,
1102,
1113,
1121,
1124,
1125,
1128,
1130,
1141,
1147,
1153,
1154,
1156,
1160,
1165,
1175,
1178,
1180,
1181,
1188,
1190,
1193,
1201,
1210,
1216,
1222,
1225,
1229,
1231,
1234,
1238,
1240,
1249,
1253,
1260,
1264,
1276,
1280,
1283,
1284,
1293,
1295,
1301,
1305,
1309,
1315,
1325,
1328,
1337,
1338,
1344,
1347,
1352,
1357,
1360,
1369,
1381,
1388,
1390,
1395,
1398,
1403,
1410,
1420,
1424,
1431,
1433,
1439,
1445,
1451,
1453,
1456,
1464,
1468,
1477,
1480,
1484,
1491
]
} | 0c1a1f6897204cdb9469a187a529fc3f | In what year was the last known person sentenced to death in England for heresy? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"what",
"year",
"was",
"the",
"last",
"known",
"person",
"sentenced",
"to",
"death",
"in",
"England",
"for",
"heresy",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
8,
13,
17,
21,
26,
32,
39,
49,
52,
58,
61,
69,
73,
79
]
} | {
"text": [
"1612"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
1234
],
"end": [
1237
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
239
],
"end": [
239
]
}
]
} | [
"1612"
] |
SQuAD | Materialism is often associated with reductionism, according to which the objects or phenomena individuated at one level of description, if they are genuine, must be explicable in terms of the objects or phenomena at some other level of description — typically, at a more reduced level. Non-reductive materialism explicitly rejects this notion, however, taking the material constitution of all particulars to be consistent with the existence of real objects, properties, or phenomena not explicable in the terms canonically used for the basic material constituents. Jerry Fodor influentially argues this view, according to which empirical laws and explanations in "special sciences" like psychology or geology are invisible from the perspective of basic physics. A lot of vigorous literature has grown up around the relation between these views. | {
"tokens": [
"Materialism",
"is",
"often",
"associated",
"with",
"reductionism",
",",
"according",
"to",
"which",
"the",
"objects",
"or",
"phenomena",
"individuated",
"at",
"one",
"level",
"of",
"description",
",",
"if",
"they",
"are",
"genuine",
",",
"must",
"be",
"explicable",
"in",
"terms",
"of",
"the",
"objects",
"or",
"phenomena",
"at",
"some",
"other",
"level",
"of",
"description",
"—",
"typically",
",",
"at",
"a",
"more",
"reduced",
"level",
".",
"Non",
"-",
"reductive",
"materialism",
"explicitly",
"rejects",
"this",
"notion",
",",
"however",
",",
"taking",
"the",
"material",
"constitution",
"of",
"all",
"particulars",
"to",
"be",
"consistent",
"with",
"the",
"existence",
"of",
"real",
"objects",
",",
"properties",
",",
"or",
"phenomena",
"not",
"explicable",
"in",
"the",
"terms",
"canonically",
"used",
"for",
"the",
"basic",
"material",
"constituents",
".",
"Jerry",
"Fodor",
"influentially",
"argues",
"this",
"view",
",",
"according",
"to",
"which",
"empirical",
"laws",
"and",
"explanations",
"in",
"\"",
"special",
"sciences",
"\"",
"like",
"psychology",
"or",
"geology",
"are",
"invisible",
"from",
"the",
"perspective",
"of",
"basic",
"physics",
".",
"A",
"lot",
"of",
"vigorous",
"literature",
"has",
"grown",
"up",
"around",
"the",
"relation",
"between",
"these",
"views",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
12,
15,
21,
32,
37,
49,
51,
61,
64,
70,
74,
82,
85,
95,
108,
111,
115,
121,
124,
135,
137,
140,
145,
149,
156,
158,
163,
166,
177,
180,
186,
189,
193,
201,
204,
214,
217,
222,
228,
234,
237,
249,
251,
260,
262,
265,
267,
272,
280,
285,
287,
290,
291,
301,
313,
324,
332,
337,
343,
345,
352,
354,
361,
365,
374,
387,
390,
394,
406,
409,
412,
423,
428,
432,
442,
445,
450,
457,
459,
469,
471,
474,
484,
488,
499,
502,
506,
512,
524,
529,
533,
537,
543,
552,
564,
566,
572,
578,
592,
599,
604,
608,
610,
620,
623,
629,
639,
644,
648,
661,
664,
665,
673,
681,
683,
688,
699,
702,
710,
714,
724,
729,
733,
745,
748,
754,
761,
763,
765,
769,
772,
781,
792,
796,
802,
805,
812,
816,
825,
833,
839,
844
]
} | a131457ec0c34796b43f810310a068ed | Materialism is linked to what? | {
"tokens": [
"Materialism",
"is",
"linked",
"to",
"what",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
12,
15,
22,
25,
29
]
} | {
"text": [
"reductionism"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
37
],
"end": [
48
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
5
],
"end": [
5
]
}
]
} | [
"reductionism"
] |
SQuAD | Some modern day physicists and science writers—such as Paul Davies and John Gribbin—have argued that materialism has been disproven by certain scientific findings in physics, such as quantum mechanics and chaos theory. In 1991, Gribbin and Davies released their book The Matter Myth, the first chapter of which, "The Death of Materialism", contained the following passage: | {
"tokens": [
"Some",
"modern",
"day",
"physicists",
"and",
"science",
"writers",
"—",
"such",
"as",
"Paul",
"Davies",
"and",
"John",
"Gribbin",
"—",
"have",
"argued",
"that",
"materialism",
"has",
"been",
"disproven",
"by",
"certain",
"scientific",
"findings",
"in",
"physics",
",",
"such",
"as",
"quantum",
"mechanics",
"and",
"chaos",
"theory",
".",
"In",
"1991",
",",
"Gribbin",
"and",
"Davies",
"released",
"their",
"book",
"The",
"Matter",
"Myth",
",",
"the",
"first",
"chapter",
"of",
"which",
",",
"\"",
"The",
"Death",
"of",
"Materialism",
"\"",
",",
"contained",
"the",
"following",
"passage",
":"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
12,
16,
27,
31,
39,
46,
47,
52,
55,
60,
67,
71,
76,
83,
84,
89,
96,
101,
113,
117,
122,
132,
135,
143,
154,
163,
166,
173,
175,
180,
183,
191,
201,
205,
211,
217,
219,
222,
226,
228,
236,
240,
247,
256,
262,
267,
271,
278,
282,
284,
288,
294,
302,
305,
310,
312,
313,
317,
323,
326,
337,
338,
340,
350,
354,
364,
371
]
} | 04ab45af17c34137ad7ecac50c56b04f | What are some of the findings that support their argument? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"are",
"some",
"of",
"the",
"findings",
"that",
"support",
"their",
"argument",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
14,
17,
21,
30,
35,
43,
49,
57
]
} | {
"text": [
"quantum mechanics and chaos theory."
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
183
],
"end": [
217
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
32
],
"end": [
37
]
}
]
} | [
"quantum mechanics and chaos theory."
] |
SQuAD | Some modern day physicists and science writers—such as Paul Davies and John Gribbin—have argued that materialism has been disproven by certain scientific findings in physics, such as quantum mechanics and chaos theory. In 1991, Gribbin and Davies released their book The Matter Myth, the first chapter of which, "The Death of Materialism", contained the following passage: | {
"tokens": [
"Some",
"modern",
"day",
"physicists",
"and",
"science",
"writers",
"—",
"such",
"as",
"Paul",
"Davies",
"and",
"John",
"Gribbin",
"—",
"have",
"argued",
"that",
"materialism",
"has",
"been",
"disproven",
"by",
"certain",
"scientific",
"findings",
"in",
"physics",
",",
"such",
"as",
"quantum",
"mechanics",
"and",
"chaos",
"theory",
".",
"In",
"1991",
",",
"Gribbin",
"and",
"Davies",
"released",
"their",
"book",
"The",
"Matter",
"Myth",
",",
"the",
"first",
"chapter",
"of",
"which",
",",
"\"",
"The",
"Death",
"of",
"Materialism",
"\"",
",",
"contained",
"the",
"following",
"passage",
":"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
12,
16,
27,
31,
39,
46,
47,
52,
55,
60,
67,
71,
76,
83,
84,
89,
96,
101,
113,
117,
122,
132,
135,
143,
154,
163,
166,
173,
175,
180,
183,
191,
201,
205,
211,
217,
219,
222,
226,
228,
236,
240,
247,
256,
262,
267,
271,
278,
282,
284,
288,
294,
302,
305,
310,
312,
313,
317,
323,
326,
337,
338,
340,
350,
354,
364,
371
]
} | bfbcbe4aeb724a22a6276e4d35d9de30 | What is the name of the 1991 book by Paul Davies and John Gribbins? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"name",
"of",
"the",
"1991",
"book",
"by",
"Paul",
"Davies",
"and",
"John",
"Gribbins",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
17,
20,
24,
29,
34,
37,
42,
49,
53,
58,
66
]
} | {
"text": [
"The Matter Myth"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
267
],
"end": [
281
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
47
],
"end": [
49
]
}
]
} | [
"The Matter Myth"
] |
SQuAD | One challenge to the traditional concept of matter as tangible "stuff" came with the rise of field physics in the 19th century. Relativity shows that matter and energy (including the spatially distributed energy of fields) are interchangeable. This enables the ontological view that energy is prima materia and matter is one of its forms. On the other hand, the Standard Model of Particle physics uses quantum field theory to describe all interactions. On this view it could be said that fields are prima materia and the energy is a property of the field. | {
"tokens": [
"One",
"challenge",
"to",
"the",
"traditional",
"concept",
"of",
"matter",
"as",
"tangible",
"\"",
"stuff",
"\"",
"came",
"with",
"the",
"rise",
"of",
"field",
"physics",
"in",
"the",
"19th",
"century",
".",
"Relativity",
"shows",
"that",
"matter",
"and",
"energy",
"(",
"including",
"the",
"spatially",
"distributed",
"energy",
"of",
"fields",
")",
"are",
"interchangeable",
".",
"This",
"enables",
"the",
"ontological",
"view",
"that",
"energy",
"is",
"prima",
"materia",
"and",
"matter",
"is",
"one",
"of",
"its",
"forms",
".",
"On",
"the",
"other",
"hand",
",",
"the",
"Standard",
"Model",
"of",
"Particle",
"physics",
"uses",
"quantum",
"field",
"theory",
"to",
"describe",
"all",
"interactions",
".",
"On",
"this",
"view",
"it",
"could",
"be",
"said",
"that",
"fields",
"are",
"prima",
"materia",
"and",
"the",
"energy",
"is",
"a",
"property",
"of",
"the",
"field",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
14,
17,
21,
33,
41,
44,
51,
54,
63,
64,
69,
71,
76,
81,
85,
90,
93,
99,
107,
110,
114,
119,
126,
128,
139,
145,
150,
157,
161,
168,
169,
179,
183,
193,
205,
212,
215,
221,
223,
227,
242,
244,
249,
257,
261,
273,
278,
283,
290,
293,
299,
307,
311,
318,
321,
325,
328,
332,
337,
339,
342,
346,
352,
356,
358,
362,
371,
377,
380,
389,
397,
402,
410,
416,
423,
426,
435,
439,
451,
453,
456,
461,
466,
469,
475,
478,
483,
488,
495,
499,
505,
513,
517,
521,
528,
531,
533,
542,
545,
549,
554
]
} | 9b09a704abc349c8bceced3a97646759 | Relativity illustrates that what is interchangeable? | {
"tokens": [
"Relativity",
"illustrates",
"that",
"what",
"is",
"interchangeable",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
11,
23,
28,
33,
36,
51
]
} | {
"text": [
"matter and energy"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
150
],
"end": [
166
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
28
],
"end": [
30
]
}
]
} | [
"matter and energy"
] |
SQuAD | One challenge to the traditional concept of matter as tangible "stuff" came with the rise of field physics in the 19th century. Relativity shows that matter and energy (including the spatially distributed energy of fields) are interchangeable. This enables the ontological view that energy is prima materia and matter is one of its forms. On the other hand, the Standard Model of Particle physics uses quantum field theory to describe all interactions. On this view it could be said that fields are prima materia and the energy is a property of the field. | {
"tokens": [
"One",
"challenge",
"to",
"the",
"traditional",
"concept",
"of",
"matter",
"as",
"tangible",
"\"",
"stuff",
"\"",
"came",
"with",
"the",
"rise",
"of",
"field",
"physics",
"in",
"the",
"19th",
"century",
".",
"Relativity",
"shows",
"that",
"matter",
"and",
"energy",
"(",
"including",
"the",
"spatially",
"distributed",
"energy",
"of",
"fields",
")",
"are",
"interchangeable",
".",
"This",
"enables",
"the",
"ontological",
"view",
"that",
"energy",
"is",
"prima",
"materia",
"and",
"matter",
"is",
"one",
"of",
"its",
"forms",
".",
"On",
"the",
"other",
"hand",
",",
"the",
"Standard",
"Model",
"of",
"Particle",
"physics",
"uses",
"quantum",
"field",
"theory",
"to",
"describe",
"all",
"interactions",
".",
"On",
"this",
"view",
"it",
"could",
"be",
"said",
"that",
"fields",
"are",
"prima",
"materia",
"and",
"the",
"energy",
"is",
"a",
"property",
"of",
"the",
"field",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
14,
17,
21,
33,
41,
44,
51,
54,
63,
64,
69,
71,
76,
81,
85,
90,
93,
99,
107,
110,
114,
119,
126,
128,
139,
145,
150,
157,
161,
168,
169,
179,
183,
193,
205,
212,
215,
221,
223,
227,
242,
244,
249,
257,
261,
273,
278,
283,
290,
293,
299,
307,
311,
318,
321,
325,
328,
332,
337,
339,
342,
346,
352,
356,
358,
362,
371,
377,
380,
389,
397,
402,
410,
416,
423,
426,
435,
439,
451,
453,
456,
461,
466,
469,
475,
478,
483,
488,
495,
499,
505,
513,
517,
521,
528,
531,
533,
542,
545,
549,
554
]
} | 6200cc830f164675b7146cdf68ac90bb | Ontological theory suggests that what is the main substance? | {
"tokens": [
"Ontological",
"theory",
"suggests",
"that",
"what",
"is",
"the",
"main",
"substance",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
12,
19,
28,
33,
38,
41,
45,
50,
59
]
} | {
"text": [
"energy"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
161
],
"end": [
166
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
30
],
"end": [
30
]
}
]
} | [
"energy"
] |
SQuAD | One challenge to the traditional concept of matter as tangible "stuff" came with the rise of field physics in the 19th century. Relativity shows that matter and energy (including the spatially distributed energy of fields) are interchangeable. This enables the ontological view that energy is prima materia and matter is one of its forms. On the other hand, the Standard Model of Particle physics uses quantum field theory to describe all interactions. On this view it could be said that fields are prima materia and the energy is a property of the field. | {
"tokens": [
"One",
"challenge",
"to",
"the",
"traditional",
"concept",
"of",
"matter",
"as",
"tangible",
"\"",
"stuff",
"\"",
"came",
"with",
"the",
"rise",
"of",
"field",
"physics",
"in",
"the",
"19th",
"century",
".",
"Relativity",
"shows",
"that",
"matter",
"and",
"energy",
"(",
"including",
"the",
"spatially",
"distributed",
"energy",
"of",
"fields",
")",
"are",
"interchangeable",
".",
"This",
"enables",
"the",
"ontological",
"view",
"that",
"energy",
"is",
"prima",
"materia",
"and",
"matter",
"is",
"one",
"of",
"its",
"forms",
".",
"On",
"the",
"other",
"hand",
",",
"the",
"Standard",
"Model",
"of",
"Particle",
"physics",
"uses",
"quantum",
"field",
"theory",
"to",
"describe",
"all",
"interactions",
".",
"On",
"this",
"view",
"it",
"could",
"be",
"said",
"that",
"fields",
"are",
"prima",
"materia",
"and",
"the",
"energy",
"is",
"a",
"property",
"of",
"the",
"field",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
14,
17,
21,
33,
41,
44,
51,
54,
63,
64,
69,
71,
76,
81,
85,
90,
93,
99,
107,
110,
114,
119,
126,
128,
139,
145,
150,
157,
161,
168,
169,
179,
183,
193,
205,
212,
215,
221,
223,
227,
242,
244,
249,
257,
261,
273,
278,
283,
290,
293,
299,
307,
311,
318,
321,
325,
328,
332,
337,
339,
342,
346,
352,
356,
358,
362,
371,
377,
380,
389,
397,
402,
410,
416,
423,
426,
435,
439,
451,
453,
456,
461,
466,
469,
475,
478,
483,
488,
495,
499,
505,
513,
517,
521,
528,
531,
533,
542,
545,
549,
554
]
} | c949c928a78b47daaa1583ba6b8e2fd6 | Quantum field theory suggest what is the main substance? | {
"tokens": [
"Quantum",
"field",
"theory",
"suggest",
"what",
"is",
"the",
"main",
"substance",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
8,
14,
21,
29,
34,
37,
41,
46,
55
]
} | {
"text": [
"fields"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
215
],
"end": [
220
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
38
],
"end": [
38
]
}
]
} | [
"fields"
] |
SQuAD | In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"1956",
",",
"following",
"the",
"declaration",
"of",
"the",
"Imre",
"Nagy",
"government",
"of",
"withdrawal",
"of",
"Hungary",
"from",
"the",
"Warsaw",
"Pact",
",",
"Soviet",
"troops",
"entered",
"the",
"country",
"and",
"removed",
"the",
"government",
".",
"Soviet",
"forces",
"crushed",
"the",
"nationwide",
"revolt",
",",
"leading",
"to",
"the",
"death",
"of",
"an",
"estimated",
"2,500",
"Hungarian",
"citizens",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
7,
9,
19,
23,
35,
38,
42,
47,
52,
63,
66,
77,
80,
88,
93,
97,
104,
108,
110,
117,
124,
132,
136,
144,
148,
156,
160,
170,
172,
179,
186,
194,
198,
209,
215,
217,
225,
228,
232,
238,
241,
244,
254,
260,
270,
278
]
} | 39e21e039b734f549938726939150541 | In which year did Hungary attempt to leave the Warsaw Pact? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"which",
"year",
"did",
"Hungary",
"attempt",
"to",
"leave",
"the",
"Warsaw",
"Pact",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
9,
14,
18,
26,
34,
37,
43,
47,
54,
58
]
} | {
"text": [
"1956"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
3
],
"end": [
6
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
1
],
"end": [
1
]
}
]
} | [
"1956"
] |
SQuAD | In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"1956",
",",
"following",
"the",
"declaration",
"of",
"the",
"Imre",
"Nagy",
"government",
"of",
"withdrawal",
"of",
"Hungary",
"from",
"the",
"Warsaw",
"Pact",
",",
"Soviet",
"troops",
"entered",
"the",
"country",
"and",
"removed",
"the",
"government",
".",
"Soviet",
"forces",
"crushed",
"the",
"nationwide",
"revolt",
",",
"leading",
"to",
"the",
"death",
"of",
"an",
"estimated",
"2,500",
"Hungarian",
"citizens",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
7,
9,
19,
23,
35,
38,
42,
47,
52,
63,
66,
77,
80,
88,
93,
97,
104,
108,
110,
117,
124,
132,
136,
144,
148,
156,
160,
170,
172,
179,
186,
194,
198,
209,
215,
217,
225,
228,
232,
238,
241,
244,
254,
260,
270,
278
]
} | 0050c5efa8d5489ea3deb3375a711b58 | Who was the head of the Hungarian government at the time of the revolt? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"was",
"the",
"head",
"of",
"the",
"Hungarian",
"government",
"at",
"the",
"time",
"of",
"the",
"revolt",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
17,
20,
24,
34,
45,
48,
52,
57,
60,
64,
70
]
} | {
"text": [
"Imre Nagy"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
42
],
"end": [
50
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
8
],
"end": [
9
]
}
]
} | [
"Imre Nagy"
] |
SQuAD | Initially, President Eisenhower was worried that a satellite passing above a nation at over 100 kilometers (62 mi), might be construed as violating that nation's sovereign airspace. He was concerned that the Soviet Union would accuse the Americans of an illegal overflight, thereby scoring a propaganda victory at his expense. Eisenhower and his advisors believed that a nation's airspace sovereignty did not extend into outer space, acknowledged as the Kármán line, and he used the 1957–58 International Geophysical Year launches to establish this principle in international law. Eisenhower also feared that he might cause an international incident and be called a "warmonger" if he were to use military missiles as launchers. Therefore, he selected the untried Naval Research Laboratory's Vanguard rocket, which was a research-only booster. This meant that von Braun's team was not allowed to put a satellite into orbit with their Jupiter-C rocket, because of its intended use as a future military vehicle. On September 20, 1956, von Braun and his team did launch a Jupiter-C that was capable of putting a satellite into orbit, but the launch was used only as a suborbital test of nose cone reentry technology. | {
"tokens": [
"Initially",
",",
"President",
"Eisenhower",
"was",
"worried",
"that",
"a",
"satellite",
"passing",
"above",
"a",
"nation",
"at",
"over",
"100",
"kilometers",
"(",
"62",
"mi",
")",
",",
"might",
"be",
"construed",
"as",
"violating",
"that",
"nation",
"'s",
"sovereign",
"airspace",
".",
"He",
"was",
"concerned",
"that",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
"would",
"accuse",
"the",
"Americans",
"of",
"an",
"illegal",
"overflight",
",",
"thereby",
"scoring",
"a",
"propaganda",
"victory",
"at",
"his",
"expense",
".",
"Eisenhower",
"and",
"his",
"advisors",
"believed",
"that",
"a",
"nation",
"'s",
"airspace",
"sovereignty",
"did",
"not",
"extend",
"into",
"outer",
"space",
",",
"acknowledged",
"as",
"the",
"Kármán",
"line",
",",
"and",
"he",
"used",
"the",
"1957–58",
"International",
"Geophysical",
"Year",
"launches",
"to",
"establish",
"this",
"principle",
"in",
"international",
"law",
".",
"Eisenhower",
"also",
"feared",
"that",
"he",
"might",
"cause",
"an",
"international",
"incident",
"and",
"be",
"called",
"a",
"\"",
"warmonger",
"\"",
"if",
"he",
"were",
"to",
"use",
"military",
"missiles",
"as",
"launchers",
".",
"Therefore",
",",
"he",
"selected",
"the",
"untried",
"Naval",
"Research",
"Laboratory",
"'s",
"Vanguard",
"rocket",
",",
"which",
"was",
"a",
"research",
"-",
"only",
"booster",
".",
"This",
"meant",
"that",
"von",
"Braun",
"'s",
"team",
"was",
"not",
"allowed",
"to",
"put",
"a",
"satellite",
"into",
"orbit",
"with",
"their",
"Jupiter",
"-",
"C",
"rocket",
",",
"because",
"of",
"its",
"intended",
"use",
"as",
"a",
"future",
"military",
"vehicle",
".",
"On",
"September",
"20",
",",
"1956",
",",
"von",
"Braun",
"and",
"his",
"team",
"did",
"launch",
"a",
"Jupiter",
"-",
"C",
"that",
"was",
"capable",
"of",
"putting",
"a",
"satellite",
"into",
"orbit",
",",
"but",
"the",
"launch",
"was",
"used",
"only",
"as",
"a",
"suborbital",
"test",
"of",
"nose",
"cone",
"reentry",
"technology",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
9,
11,
21,
32,
36,
44,
49,
51,
61,
69,
75,
77,
84,
87,
92,
96,
107,
108,
111,
113,
114,
116,
122,
125,
135,
138,
148,
153,
159,
162,
172,
180,
182,
185,
189,
199,
204,
208,
215,
221,
227,
234,
238,
248,
251,
254,
262,
272,
274,
282,
290,
292,
303,
311,
314,
318,
325,
327,
338,
342,
346,
355,
364,
369,
371,
377,
380,
389,
401,
405,
409,
416,
421,
427,
432,
434,
447,
450,
454,
461,
465,
467,
471,
474,
479,
483,
491,
505,
517,
522,
531,
534,
544,
549,
559,
562,
576,
579,
581,
592,
597,
604,
609,
612,
618,
624,
627,
641,
650,
654,
657,
664,
666,
667,
676,
678,
681,
684,
689,
692,
696,
705,
714,
717,
726,
728,
737,
739,
742,
751,
755,
763,
769,
778,
788,
791,
800,
806,
808,
814,
818,
820,
828,
829,
834,
841,
843,
848,
854,
859,
863,
868,
871,
876,
880,
884,
892,
895,
899,
901,
911,
916,
922,
927,
933,
940,
941,
943,
949,
951,
959,
962,
966,
975,
979,
982,
984,
991,
1000,
1007,
1009,
1012,
1022,
1024,
1026,
1030,
1032,
1036,
1042,
1046,
1050,
1055,
1059,
1066,
1068,
1075,
1076,
1078,
1083,
1087,
1095,
1098,
1106,
1108,
1118,
1123,
1128,
1130,
1134,
1138,
1145,
1149,
1154,
1159,
1162,
1164,
1175,
1180,
1183,
1188,
1193,
1201,
1211
]
} | a12b52e9bbed45d7be0bdf5377ee2bf3 | A Jupiter-C was launched by Von Braum on what date? | {
"tokens": [
"A",
"Jupiter",
"-",
"C",
"was",
"launched",
"by",
"Von",
"Braum",
"on",
"what",
"date",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
2,
9,
10,
12,
16,
25,
28,
32,
38,
41,
46,
50
]
} | {
"text": [
"September 20, 1956"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
1012
],
"end": [
1029
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
182
],
"end": [
185
]
}
]
} | [
"September 20, 1956"
] |
SQuAD | The German materialist and atheist anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, The Essence of Christianity (1841), which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Feuerbach's materialism would later heavily influence Karl Marx. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"German",
"materialist",
"and",
"atheist",
"anthropologist",
"Ludwig",
"Feuerbach",
"would",
"signal",
"a",
"new",
"turn",
"in",
"materialism",
"through",
"his",
"book",
",",
"The",
"Essence",
"of",
"Christianity",
"(",
"1841",
")",
",",
"which",
"provided",
"a",
"humanist",
"account",
"of",
"religion",
"as",
"the",
"outward",
"projection",
"of",
"man",
"'s",
"inward",
"nature",
".",
"Feuerbach",
"'s",
"materialism",
"would",
"later",
"heavily",
"influence",
"Karl",
"Marx",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
23,
27,
35,
50,
57,
67,
73,
80,
82,
86,
91,
94,
106,
114,
118,
122,
124,
128,
136,
139,
152,
153,
157,
158,
160,
166,
175,
177,
186,
194,
197,
206,
209,
213,
221,
232,
235,
238,
241,
248,
254,
256,
265,
268,
280,
286,
292,
300,
310,
315,
319
]
} | 73fda1f373aa42f390e5ec8684f05d73 | Who wrote "The Essence of Christianity"? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"wrote",
"\"",
"The",
"Essence",
"of",
"Christianity",
"\"",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
11,
15,
23,
26,
38,
39
]
} | {
"text": [
"Ludwig Feuerbach"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
50
],
"end": [
65
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
6
],
"end": [
7
]
}
]
} | [
"Ludwig Feuerbach"
] |
SQuAD | The German materialist and atheist anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, The Essence of Christianity (1841), which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Feuerbach's materialism would later heavily influence Karl Marx. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"German",
"materialist",
"and",
"atheist",
"anthropologist",
"Ludwig",
"Feuerbach",
"would",
"signal",
"a",
"new",
"turn",
"in",
"materialism",
"through",
"his",
"book",
",",
"The",
"Essence",
"of",
"Christianity",
"(",
"1841",
")",
",",
"which",
"provided",
"a",
"humanist",
"account",
"of",
"religion",
"as",
"the",
"outward",
"projection",
"of",
"man",
"'s",
"inward",
"nature",
".",
"Feuerbach",
"'s",
"materialism",
"would",
"later",
"heavily",
"influence",
"Karl",
"Marx",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
23,
27,
35,
50,
57,
67,
73,
80,
82,
86,
91,
94,
106,
114,
118,
122,
124,
128,
136,
139,
152,
153,
157,
158,
160,
166,
175,
177,
186,
194,
197,
206,
209,
213,
221,
232,
235,
238,
241,
248,
254,
256,
265,
268,
280,
286,
292,
300,
310,
315,
319
]
} | 9386e783742942ecade2ee8629927bf7 | In what year was "The Essence of Christianity" written? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"what",
"year",
"was",
"\"",
"The",
"Essence",
"of",
"Christianity",
"\"",
"written",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
8,
13,
17,
18,
22,
30,
33,
45,
47,
54
]
} | {
"text": [
"1841"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
153
],
"end": [
156
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
24
],
"end": [
24
]
}
]
} | [
"1841"
] |
SQuAD | The German materialist and atheist anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, The Essence of Christianity (1841), which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Feuerbach's materialism would later heavily influence Karl Marx. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"German",
"materialist",
"and",
"atheist",
"anthropologist",
"Ludwig",
"Feuerbach",
"would",
"signal",
"a",
"new",
"turn",
"in",
"materialism",
"through",
"his",
"book",
",",
"The",
"Essence",
"of",
"Christianity",
"(",
"1841",
")",
",",
"which",
"provided",
"a",
"humanist",
"account",
"of",
"religion",
"as",
"the",
"outward",
"projection",
"of",
"man",
"'s",
"inward",
"nature",
".",
"Feuerbach",
"'s",
"materialism",
"would",
"later",
"heavily",
"influence",
"Karl",
"Marx",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
23,
27,
35,
50,
57,
67,
73,
80,
82,
86,
91,
94,
106,
114,
118,
122,
124,
128,
136,
139,
152,
153,
157,
158,
160,
166,
175,
177,
186,
194,
197,
206,
209,
213,
221,
232,
235,
238,
241,
248,
254,
256,
265,
268,
280,
286,
292,
300,
310,
315,
319
]
} | 0025977596784b8183d4d085a19df10c | What did the author of "The Essence of Christianity" consider religion to be? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"did",
"the",
"author",
"of",
"\"",
"The",
"Essence",
"of",
"Christianity",
"\"",
"consider",
"religion",
"to",
"be",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
20,
23,
24,
28,
36,
39,
51,
53,
62,
71,
74,
76
]
} | {
"text": [
"the outward projection of man's inward nature"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
209
],
"end": [
253
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
35
],
"end": [
42
]
}
]
} | [
"the outward projection of man's inward nature"
] |
SQuAD | The German materialist and atheist anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, The Essence of Christianity (1841), which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Feuerbach's materialism would later heavily influence Karl Marx. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"German",
"materialist",
"and",
"atheist",
"anthropologist",
"Ludwig",
"Feuerbach",
"would",
"signal",
"a",
"new",
"turn",
"in",
"materialism",
"through",
"his",
"book",
",",
"The",
"Essence",
"of",
"Christianity",
"(",
"1841",
")",
",",
"which",
"provided",
"a",
"humanist",
"account",
"of",
"religion",
"as",
"the",
"outward",
"projection",
"of",
"man",
"'s",
"inward",
"nature",
".",
"Feuerbach",
"'s",
"materialism",
"would",
"later",
"heavily",
"influence",
"Karl",
"Marx",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
23,
27,
35,
50,
57,
67,
73,
80,
82,
86,
91,
94,
106,
114,
118,
122,
124,
128,
136,
139,
152,
153,
157,
158,
160,
166,
175,
177,
186,
194,
197,
206,
209,
213,
221,
232,
235,
238,
241,
248,
254,
256,
265,
268,
280,
286,
292,
300,
310,
315,
319
]
} | 4f290b15b82a4b08a73460956709d794 | The author's ideas would later influence what well known philosopher? | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"author",
"'s",
"ideas",
"would",
"later",
"influence",
"what",
"well",
"known",
"philosopher",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
13,
19,
25,
31,
41,
46,
51,
57,
68
]
} | {
"text": [
"Karl Marx"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
310
],
"end": [
318
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
51
],
"end": [
52
]
}
]
} | [
"Karl Marx"
] |
SQuAD | With the advent of quantum physics, some scientists believed the concept of matter had merely changed, while others believed the conventional position could no longer be maintained. For instance Werner Heisenberg said "The ontology of materialism rested upon the illusion that the kind of existence, the direct 'actuality' of the world around us, can be extrapolated into the atomic range. This extrapolation, however, is impossible... atoms are not things." Likewise, some philosophers[which?] feel that these dichotomies necessitate a switch from materialism to physicalism. Others use the terms "materialism" and "physicalism" interchangeably. | {
"tokens": [
"With",
"the",
"advent",
"of",
"quantum",
"physics",
",",
"some",
"scientists",
"believed",
"the",
"concept",
"of",
"matter",
"had",
"merely",
"changed",
",",
"while",
"others",
"believed",
"the",
"conventional",
"position",
"could",
"no",
"longer",
"be",
"maintained",
".",
"For",
"instance",
"Werner",
"Heisenberg",
"said",
"\"",
"The",
"ontology",
"of",
"materialism",
"rested",
"upon",
"the",
"illusion",
"that",
"the",
"kind",
"of",
"existence",
",",
"the",
"direct",
"'",
"actuality",
"'",
"of",
"the",
"world",
"around",
"us",
",",
"can",
"be",
"extrapolated",
"into",
"the",
"atomic",
"range",
".",
"This",
"extrapolation",
",",
"however",
",",
"is",
"impossible",
"...",
"atoms",
"are",
"not",
"things",
".",
"\"",
"Likewise",
",",
"some",
"philosophers[which",
"?",
"]",
"feel",
"that",
"these",
"dichotomies",
"necessitate",
"a",
"switch",
"from",
"materialism",
"to",
"physicalism",
".",
"Others",
"use",
"the",
"terms",
"\"",
"materialism",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"physicalism",
"\"",
"interchangeably",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
16,
19,
27,
34,
36,
41,
52,
61,
65,
73,
76,
83,
87,
94,
101,
103,
109,
116,
125,
129,
142,
151,
157,
160,
167,
170,
180,
182,
186,
195,
202,
213,
218,
219,
223,
232,
235,
247,
254,
259,
263,
272,
277,
281,
286,
289,
298,
300,
304,
311,
312,
321,
323,
326,
330,
336,
343,
345,
347,
351,
354,
367,
372,
376,
383,
388,
390,
395,
408,
410,
417,
419,
422,
432,
436,
442,
446,
450,
456,
457,
459,
467,
469,
474,
492,
493,
495,
500,
505,
511,
523,
535,
537,
544,
549,
561,
564,
575,
577,
584,
588,
592,
598,
599,
610,
612,
616,
617,
628,
630,
645
]
} | b04d39272da24627a7eff6315da4c751 | Werner Heisenberg suggested that atoms are not what? | {
"tokens": [
"Werner",
"Heisenberg",
"suggested",
"that",
"atoms",
"are",
"not",
"what",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
18,
28,
33,
39,
43,
47,
51
]
} | {
"text": [
"things"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
450
],
"end": [
455
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
80
],
"end": [
80
]
}
]
} | [
"things"
] |
SQuAD | An argument for idealism, such as those of Hegel and Berkeley, is ipso facto an argument against materialism. Matter can be argued to be redundant, as in bundle theory, and mind-independent properties can in turn be reduced to subjective percepts. Berkeley presents an example of the latter by pointing out that it is impossible to gather direct evidence of matter, as there is no direct experience of matter; all that is experienced is perception, whether internal or external. As such, the existence of matter can only be assumed from the apparent (perceived) stability of perceptions; it finds absolutely no evidence in direct experience. | {
"tokens": [
"An",
"argument",
"for",
"idealism",
",",
"such",
"as",
"those",
"of",
"Hegel",
"and",
"Berkeley",
",",
"is",
"ipso",
"facto",
"an",
"argument",
"against",
"materialism",
".",
"Matter",
"can",
"be",
"argued",
"to",
"be",
"redundant",
",",
"as",
"in",
"bundle",
"theory",
",",
"and",
"mind",
"-",
"independent",
"properties",
"can",
"in",
"turn",
"be",
"reduced",
"to",
"subjective",
"percepts",
".",
"Berkeley",
"presents",
"an",
"example",
"of",
"the",
"latter",
"by",
"pointing",
"out",
"that",
"it",
"is",
"impossible",
"to",
"gather",
"direct",
"evidence",
"of",
"matter",
",",
"as",
"there",
"is",
"no",
"direct",
"experience",
"of",
"matter",
";",
"all",
"that",
"is",
"experienced",
"is",
"perception",
",",
"whether",
"internal",
"or",
"external",
".",
"As",
"such",
",",
"the",
"existence",
"of",
"matter",
"can",
"only",
"be",
"assumed",
"from",
"the",
"apparent",
"(",
"perceived",
")",
"stability",
"of",
"perceptions",
";",
"it",
"finds",
"absolutely",
"no",
"evidence",
"in",
"direct",
"experience",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
12,
16,
24,
26,
31,
34,
40,
43,
49,
53,
61,
63,
66,
71,
77,
80,
89,
97,
108,
110,
117,
121,
124,
131,
134,
137,
146,
148,
151,
154,
161,
167,
169,
173,
177,
178,
190,
201,
205,
208,
213,
216,
224,
227,
238,
246,
248,
257,
266,
269,
277,
280,
284,
291,
294,
303,
307,
312,
315,
318,
329,
332,
339,
346,
355,
358,
364,
366,
369,
375,
378,
381,
388,
399,
402,
408,
410,
414,
419,
422,
434,
437,
447,
449,
457,
466,
469,
477,
479,
482,
486,
488,
492,
502,
505,
512,
516,
521,
524,
532,
537,
541,
550,
551,
560,
562,
572,
575,
586,
588,
591,
597,
608,
611,
620,
623,
630,
640
]
} | 57d0b97840d64b108042900288a3a178 | If you believe in idealism, you are disbeliving in what? | {
"tokens": [
"If",
"you",
"believe",
"in",
"idealism",
",",
"you",
"are",
"disbeliving",
"in",
"what",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
7,
15,
18,
26,
28,
32,
36,
48,
51,
55
]
} | {
"text": [
"materialism"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
97
],
"end": [
107
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
19
],
"end": [
19
]
}
]
} | [
"materialism"
] |
SQuAD | Materialism belongs to the class of monist ontology. As such, it is different from ontological theories based on dualism or pluralism. For singular explanations of the phenomenal reality, materialism would be in contrast to idealism, neutral monism, and spiritualism. | {
"tokens": [
"Materialism",
"belongs",
"to",
"the",
"class",
"of",
"monist",
"ontology",
".",
"As",
"such",
",",
"it",
"is",
"different",
"from",
"ontological",
"theories",
"based",
"on",
"dualism",
"or",
"pluralism",
".",
"For",
"singular",
"explanations",
"of",
"the",
"phenomenal",
"reality",
",",
"materialism",
"would",
"be",
"in",
"contrast",
"to",
"idealism",
",",
"neutral",
"monism",
",",
"and",
"spiritualism",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
12,
20,
23,
27,
33,
36,
43,
51,
53,
56,
60,
62,
65,
68,
78,
83,
95,
104,
110,
113,
121,
124,
133,
135,
139,
148,
161,
164,
168,
179,
186,
188,
200,
206,
209,
212,
221,
224,
232,
234,
242,
248,
250,
254,
266
]
} | ee186514a94446b49da2ff0d2935ff47 | What class does materialism belong to? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"class",
"does",
"materialism",
"belong",
"to",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
11,
16,
28,
35,
37
]
} | {
"text": [
"monist ontology"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
36
],
"end": [
50
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
6
],
"end": [
7
]
}
]
} | [
"monist ontology"
] |
SQuAD | According to the Catholic Encyclopedia of 1907-1912, materialism, defined as "a philosophical system which regards matter as the only reality in the world [...] denies the existence of God and the soul". Materialism, in this view, therefore becomes incompatible with most world religions, including Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. In such a context one can conflate materialism with atheism. Most of Hinduism and transcendentalism regards all matter as an illusion called Maya, blinding humans from knowing "the truth". Maya is the limited, purely physical and mental reality in which our everyday consciousness has become entangled. Maya gets destroyed for a person when s/he perceives Brahman with transcendental knowledge. | {
"tokens": [
"According",
"to",
"the",
"Catholic",
"Encyclopedia",
"of",
"1907",
"-",
"1912",
",",
"materialism",
",",
"defined",
"as",
"\"",
"a",
"philosophical",
"system",
"which",
"regards",
"matter",
"as",
"the",
"only",
"reality",
"in",
"the",
"world",
"[",
"...",
"]",
"denies",
"the",
"existence",
"of",
"God",
"and",
"the",
"soul",
"\"",
".",
"Materialism",
",",
"in",
"this",
"view",
",",
"therefore",
"becomes",
"incompatible",
"with",
"most",
"world",
"religions",
",",
"including",
"Christianity",
",",
"Judaism",
",",
"and",
"Islam",
".",
"In",
"such",
"a",
"context",
"one",
"can",
"conflate",
"materialism",
"with",
"atheism",
".",
"Most",
"of",
"Hinduism",
"and",
"transcendentalism",
"regards",
"all",
"matter",
"as",
"an",
"illusion",
"called",
"Maya",
",",
"blinding",
"humans",
"from",
"knowing",
"\"",
"the",
"truth",
"\"",
".",
"Maya",
"is",
"the",
"limited",
",",
"purely",
"physical",
"and",
"mental",
"reality",
"in",
"which",
"our",
"everyday",
"consciousness",
"has",
"become",
"entangled",
".",
"Maya",
"gets",
"destroyed",
"for",
"a",
"person",
"when",
"s",
"/",
"he",
"perceives",
"Brahman",
"with",
"transcendental",
"knowledge",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
10,
13,
17,
26,
39,
42,
46,
47,
51,
53,
64,
66,
74,
77,
78,
80,
94,
101,
107,
115,
122,
125,
129,
134,
142,
145,
149,
155,
156,
159,
161,
168,
172,
182,
185,
189,
193,
197,
201,
202,
204,
215,
217,
220,
225,
229,
231,
241,
249,
262,
267,
272,
278,
287,
289,
299,
311,
313,
320,
322,
326,
331,
333,
336,
341,
343,
351,
355,
359,
368,
380,
385,
392,
394,
399,
402,
411,
415,
433,
441,
445,
452,
455,
458,
467,
474,
478,
480,
489,
496,
501,
509,
510,
514,
519,
520,
522,
527,
530,
534,
541,
543,
550,
559,
563,
570,
578,
581,
587,
591,
600,
614,
618,
625,
634,
636,
641,
646,
656,
660,
662,
669,
674,
675,
676,
679,
689,
697,
702,
717,
726
]
} | 81a8df5207ea4144a01e934d3fc1f688 | Based on the above definition, materialism is not consistent with what? | {
"tokens": [
"Based",
"on",
"the",
"above",
"definition",
",",
"materialism",
"is",
"not",
"consistent",
"with",
"what",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
9,
13,
19,
29,
31,
43,
46,
50,
61,
66,
70
]
} | {
"text": [
"religions"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
278
],
"end": [
286
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
53
],
"end": [
53
]
}
]
} | [
"religions"
] |
SQuAD | Some critics object to materialism as part of an overly skeptical, narrow or reductivist approach to theorizing, rather than to the ontological claim that matter is the only substance. Particle physicist and Anglican theologian John Polkinghorne objects to what he calls promissory materialism — claims that materialistic science will eventually succeed in explaining phenomena it has not so far been able to explain. Polkinghorne prefers "dual-aspect monism" to faith in materialism. | {
"tokens": [
"Some",
"critics",
"object",
"to",
"materialism",
"as",
"part",
"of",
"an",
"overly",
"skeptical",
",",
"narrow",
"or",
"reductivist",
"approach",
"to",
"theorizing",
",",
"rather",
"than",
"to",
"the",
"ontological",
"claim",
"that",
"matter",
"is",
"the",
"only",
"substance",
".",
"Particle",
"physicist",
"and",
"Anglican",
"theologian",
"John",
"Polkinghorne",
"objects",
"to",
"what",
"he",
"calls",
"promissory",
"materialism",
"—",
"claims",
"that",
"materialistic",
"science",
"will",
"eventually",
"succeed",
"in",
"explaining",
"phenomena",
"it",
"has",
"not",
"so",
"far",
"been",
"able",
"to",
"explain",
".",
"Polkinghorne",
"prefers",
"\"",
"dual",
"-",
"aspect",
"monism",
"\"",
"to",
"faith",
"in",
"materialism",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
13,
20,
23,
35,
38,
43,
46,
49,
56,
65,
67,
74,
77,
89,
98,
101,
111,
113,
120,
125,
128,
132,
144,
150,
155,
162,
165,
169,
174,
183,
185,
194,
204,
208,
217,
228,
233,
246,
254,
257,
262,
265,
271,
282,
294,
296,
303,
308,
322,
330,
335,
346,
354,
357,
368,
378,
381,
385,
389,
392,
396,
401,
406,
409,
416,
418,
431,
439,
440,
444,
445,
452,
458,
460,
463,
469,
472,
483
]
} | 21c24d875dac47e5bbf4cb41d179ad02 | Instead of faith, John Polkinghorne relies on what when it comes to the theory of materialism? | {
"tokens": [
"Instead",
"of",
"faith",
",",
"John",
"Polkinghorne",
"relies",
"on",
"what",
"when",
"it",
"comes",
"to",
"the",
"theory",
"of",
"materialism",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
8,
11,
16,
18,
23,
36,
43,
46,
51,
56,
59,
65,
68,
72,
79,
82,
93
]
} | {
"text": [
"dual-aspect monism"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
440
],
"end": [
457
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
70
],
"end": [
73
]
}
]
} | [
"dual-aspect monism"
] |
SQuAD | In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine – a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s – which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed] | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"November",
"2005",
",",
"the",
"Polish",
"government",
"opened",
"its",
"Warsaw",
"Treaty",
"archives",
"to",
"the",
"Institute",
"of",
"National",
"Remembrance",
",",
"who",
"published",
"some",
"1,300",
"declassified",
"documents",
"in",
"January",
"2006",
".",
"Yet",
"the",
"Polish",
"government",
"reserved",
"publication",
"of",
"100",
"documents",
",",
"pending",
"their",
"military",
"declassification",
".",
"Eventually",
",",
"30",
"of",
"the",
"reserved",
"100",
"documents",
"were",
"published",
";",
"70",
"remained",
"secret",
",",
"and",
"unpublished",
".",
"Among",
"the",
"documents",
"published",
"is",
"the",
"Warsaw",
"Treaty",
"'s",
"nuclear",
"war",
"plan",
",",
"Seven",
"Days",
"to",
"the",
"River",
"Rhine",
"–",
"a",
"short",
",",
"swift",
"counter",
"-",
"attack",
"capturing",
"Austria",
",",
"Denmark",
",",
"Germany",
"and",
"Netherlands",
"east",
"of",
"River",
"Rhine",
",",
"using",
"nuclear",
"weapons",
",",
"in",
"self",
"-",
"defense",
",",
"after",
"a",
"NATO",
"first",
"strike",
".",
"The",
"plan",
"originated",
"as",
"a",
"1979",
"field",
"training",
"exercise",
"war",
"game",
",",
"and",
"metamorphosed",
"into",
"official",
"Warsaw",
"Treaty",
"battle",
"doctrine",
",",
"until",
"the",
"late",
"1980s",
"–",
"which",
"is",
"why",
"the",
"People",
"'s",
"Republic",
"of",
"Poland",
"was",
"a",
"nuclear",
"weapons",
"base",
",",
"first",
",",
"to",
"178",
",",
"then",
",",
"to",
"250",
"tactical",
"-",
"range",
"rockets",
".",
"Doctrinally",
",",
"as",
"a",
"Soviet",
"-",
"style",
"(",
"offensive",
")",
"battle",
"plan",
",",
"Seven",
"Days",
"to",
"the",
"River",
"Rhine",
"gave",
"commanders",
"few",
"defensive",
"-",
"war",
"strategies",
"for",
"fighting",
"NATO",
"in",
"Warsaw",
"Treaty",
"territory.[citation",
"needed",
"]"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
12,
16,
18,
22,
29,
40,
47,
51,
58,
65,
74,
77,
81,
91,
94,
103,
114,
116,
120,
130,
135,
141,
154,
164,
167,
175,
179,
181,
185,
189,
196,
207,
216,
228,
231,
235,
244,
246,
254,
260,
269,
285,
287,
297,
299,
302,
305,
309,
318,
322,
332,
337,
346,
348,
351,
360,
366,
368,
372,
383,
385,
391,
395,
405,
415,
418,
422,
429,
435,
438,
446,
450,
454,
456,
462,
467,
470,
474,
480,
486,
488,
490,
495,
497,
503,
510,
511,
518,
528,
535,
537,
544,
546,
554,
558,
570,
575,
578,
584,
589,
591,
597,
605,
612,
614,
617,
621,
622,
629,
631,
637,
639,
644,
650,
656,
658,
662,
667,
678,
681,
683,
688,
694,
703,
712,
716,
720,
722,
726,
740,
745,
754,
761,
768,
775,
783,
785,
791,
795,
800,
806,
808,
814,
817,
821,
825,
831,
834,
843,
846,
853,
857,
859,
867,
875,
879,
881,
886,
888,
891,
894,
896,
900,
902,
905,
909,
917,
918,
924,
931,
933,
944,
946,
949,
951,
957,
958,
964,
965,
974,
976,
983,
987,
989,
995,
1000,
1003,
1007,
1013,
1019,
1024,
1035,
1039,
1048,
1049,
1053,
1064,
1068,
1077,
1082,
1085,
1092,
1099,
1119,
1125
]
} | d7f0482962b14cd990464008dc7e73b6 | In which year did Poland declassify most of its Warsaw Pact-era archives? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"which",
"year",
"did",
"Poland",
"declassify",
"most",
"of",
"its",
"Warsaw",
"Pact",
"-",
"era",
"archives",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
9,
14,
18,
25,
36,
41,
44,
48,
55,
59,
60,
64,
72
]
} | {
"text": [
"2005"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
12
],
"end": [
15
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
2
],
"end": [
2
]
}
]
} | [
"2005"
] |
SQuAD | In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine – a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s – which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed] | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"November",
"2005",
",",
"the",
"Polish",
"government",
"opened",
"its",
"Warsaw",
"Treaty",
"archives",
"to",
"the",
"Institute",
"of",
"National",
"Remembrance",
",",
"who",
"published",
"some",
"1,300",
"declassified",
"documents",
"in",
"January",
"2006",
".",
"Yet",
"the",
"Polish",
"government",
"reserved",
"publication",
"of",
"100",
"documents",
",",
"pending",
"their",
"military",
"declassification",
".",
"Eventually",
",",
"30",
"of",
"the",
"reserved",
"100",
"documents",
"were",
"published",
";",
"70",
"remained",
"secret",
",",
"and",
"unpublished",
".",
"Among",
"the",
"documents",
"published",
"is",
"the",
"Warsaw",
"Treaty",
"'s",
"nuclear",
"war",
"plan",
",",
"Seven",
"Days",
"to",
"the",
"River",
"Rhine",
"–",
"a",
"short",
",",
"swift",
"counter",
"-",
"attack",
"capturing",
"Austria",
",",
"Denmark",
",",
"Germany",
"and",
"Netherlands",
"east",
"of",
"River",
"Rhine",
",",
"using",
"nuclear",
"weapons",
",",
"in",
"self",
"-",
"defense",
",",
"after",
"a",
"NATO",
"first",
"strike",
".",
"The",
"plan",
"originated",
"as",
"a",
"1979",
"field",
"training",
"exercise",
"war",
"game",
",",
"and",
"metamorphosed",
"into",
"official",
"Warsaw",
"Treaty",
"battle",
"doctrine",
",",
"until",
"the",
"late",
"1980s",
"–",
"which",
"is",
"why",
"the",
"People",
"'s",
"Republic",
"of",
"Poland",
"was",
"a",
"nuclear",
"weapons",
"base",
",",
"first",
",",
"to",
"178",
",",
"then",
",",
"to",
"250",
"tactical",
"-",
"range",
"rockets",
".",
"Doctrinally",
",",
"as",
"a",
"Soviet",
"-",
"style",
"(",
"offensive",
")",
"battle",
"plan",
",",
"Seven",
"Days",
"to",
"the",
"River",
"Rhine",
"gave",
"commanders",
"few",
"defensive",
"-",
"war",
"strategies",
"for",
"fighting",
"NATO",
"in",
"Warsaw",
"Treaty",
"territory.[citation",
"needed",
"]"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
12,
16,
18,
22,
29,
40,
47,
51,
58,
65,
74,
77,
81,
91,
94,
103,
114,
116,
120,
130,
135,
141,
154,
164,
167,
175,
179,
181,
185,
189,
196,
207,
216,
228,
231,
235,
244,
246,
254,
260,
269,
285,
287,
297,
299,
302,
305,
309,
318,
322,
332,
337,
346,
348,
351,
360,
366,
368,
372,
383,
385,
391,
395,
405,
415,
418,
422,
429,
435,
438,
446,
450,
454,
456,
462,
467,
470,
474,
480,
486,
488,
490,
495,
497,
503,
510,
511,
518,
528,
535,
537,
544,
546,
554,
558,
570,
575,
578,
584,
589,
591,
597,
605,
612,
614,
617,
621,
622,
629,
631,
637,
639,
644,
650,
656,
658,
662,
667,
678,
681,
683,
688,
694,
703,
712,
716,
720,
722,
726,
740,
745,
754,
761,
768,
775,
783,
785,
791,
795,
800,
806,
808,
814,
817,
821,
825,
831,
834,
843,
846,
853,
857,
859,
867,
875,
879,
881,
886,
888,
891,
894,
896,
900,
902,
905,
909,
917,
918,
924,
931,
933,
944,
946,
949,
951,
957,
958,
964,
965,
974,
976,
983,
987,
989,
995,
1000,
1003,
1007,
1013,
1019,
1024,
1035,
1039,
1048,
1049,
1053,
1064,
1068,
1077,
1082,
1085,
1092,
1099,
1119,
1125
]
} | a79d4790a2d443278b78627815e641f3 | How many documents remain classified? | {
"tokens": [
"How",
"many",
"documents",
"remain",
"classified",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
9,
19,
26,
36
]
} | {
"text": [
"70"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
348
],
"end": [
349
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
55
],
"end": [
55
]
}
]
} | [
"70"
] |
SQuAD | In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine – a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s – which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed] | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"November",
"2005",
",",
"the",
"Polish",
"government",
"opened",
"its",
"Warsaw",
"Treaty",
"archives",
"to",
"the",
"Institute",
"of",
"National",
"Remembrance",
",",
"who",
"published",
"some",
"1,300",
"declassified",
"documents",
"in",
"January",
"2006",
".",
"Yet",
"the",
"Polish",
"government",
"reserved",
"publication",
"of",
"100",
"documents",
",",
"pending",
"their",
"military",
"declassification",
".",
"Eventually",
",",
"30",
"of",
"the",
"reserved",
"100",
"documents",
"were",
"published",
";",
"70",
"remained",
"secret",
",",
"and",
"unpublished",
".",
"Among",
"the",
"documents",
"published",
"is",
"the",
"Warsaw",
"Treaty",
"'s",
"nuclear",
"war",
"plan",
",",
"Seven",
"Days",
"to",
"the",
"River",
"Rhine",
"–",
"a",
"short",
",",
"swift",
"counter",
"-",
"attack",
"capturing",
"Austria",
",",
"Denmark",
",",
"Germany",
"and",
"Netherlands",
"east",
"of",
"River",
"Rhine",
",",
"using",
"nuclear",
"weapons",
",",
"in",
"self",
"-",
"defense",
",",
"after",
"a",
"NATO",
"first",
"strike",
".",
"The",
"plan",
"originated",
"as",
"a",
"1979",
"field",
"training",
"exercise",
"war",
"game",
",",
"and",
"metamorphosed",
"into",
"official",
"Warsaw",
"Treaty",
"battle",
"doctrine",
",",
"until",
"the",
"late",
"1980s",
"–",
"which",
"is",
"why",
"the",
"People",
"'s",
"Republic",
"of",
"Poland",
"was",
"a",
"nuclear",
"weapons",
"base",
",",
"first",
",",
"to",
"178",
",",
"then",
",",
"to",
"250",
"tactical",
"-",
"range",
"rockets",
".",
"Doctrinally",
",",
"as",
"a",
"Soviet",
"-",
"style",
"(",
"offensive",
")",
"battle",
"plan",
",",
"Seven",
"Days",
"to",
"the",
"River",
"Rhine",
"gave",
"commanders",
"few",
"defensive",
"-",
"war",
"strategies",
"for",
"fighting",
"NATO",
"in",
"Warsaw",
"Treaty",
"territory.[citation",
"needed",
"]"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
12,
16,
18,
22,
29,
40,
47,
51,
58,
65,
74,
77,
81,
91,
94,
103,
114,
116,
120,
130,
135,
141,
154,
164,
167,
175,
179,
181,
185,
189,
196,
207,
216,
228,
231,
235,
244,
246,
254,
260,
269,
285,
287,
297,
299,
302,
305,
309,
318,
322,
332,
337,
346,
348,
351,
360,
366,
368,
372,
383,
385,
391,
395,
405,
415,
418,
422,
429,
435,
438,
446,
450,
454,
456,
462,
467,
470,
474,
480,
486,
488,
490,
495,
497,
503,
510,
511,
518,
528,
535,
537,
544,
546,
554,
558,
570,
575,
578,
584,
589,
591,
597,
605,
612,
614,
617,
621,
622,
629,
631,
637,
639,
644,
650,
656,
658,
662,
667,
678,
681,
683,
688,
694,
703,
712,
716,
720,
722,
726,
740,
745,
754,
761,
768,
775,
783,
785,
791,
795,
800,
806,
808,
814,
817,
821,
825,
831,
834,
843,
846,
853,
857,
859,
867,
875,
879,
881,
886,
888,
891,
894,
896,
900,
902,
905,
909,
917,
918,
924,
931,
933,
944,
946,
949,
951,
957,
958,
964,
965,
974,
976,
983,
987,
989,
995,
1000,
1003,
1007,
1013,
1019,
1024,
1035,
1039,
1048,
1049,
1053,
1064,
1068,
1077,
1082,
1085,
1092,
1099,
1119,
1125
]
} | 1dcbe14d21764c7eb044bfdec6ffc217 | What was the name of the Warsaw Pact's planned counteroffensive to a NATO first strike? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"was",
"the",
"name",
"of",
"the",
"Warsaw",
"Pact",
"'s",
"planned",
"counteroffensive",
"to",
"a",
"NATO",
"first",
"strike",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
18,
21,
25,
32,
36,
39,
47,
64,
67,
69,
74,
80,
86
]
} | {
"text": [
"Seven Days to the River Rhine"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
456
],
"end": [
484
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
75
],
"end": [
80
]
}
]
} | [
"Seven Days to the River Rhine"
] |
SQuAD | In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine – a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s – which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed] | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"November",
"2005",
",",
"the",
"Polish",
"government",
"opened",
"its",
"Warsaw",
"Treaty",
"archives",
"to",
"the",
"Institute",
"of",
"National",
"Remembrance",
",",
"who",
"published",
"some",
"1,300",
"declassified",
"documents",
"in",
"January",
"2006",
".",
"Yet",
"the",
"Polish",
"government",
"reserved",
"publication",
"of",
"100",
"documents",
",",
"pending",
"their",
"military",
"declassification",
".",
"Eventually",
",",
"30",
"of",
"the",
"reserved",
"100",
"documents",
"were",
"published",
";",
"70",
"remained",
"secret",
",",
"and",
"unpublished",
".",
"Among",
"the",
"documents",
"published",
"is",
"the",
"Warsaw",
"Treaty",
"'s",
"nuclear",
"war",
"plan",
",",
"Seven",
"Days",
"to",
"the",
"River",
"Rhine",
"–",
"a",
"short",
",",
"swift",
"counter",
"-",
"attack",
"capturing",
"Austria",
",",
"Denmark",
",",
"Germany",
"and",
"Netherlands",
"east",
"of",
"River",
"Rhine",
",",
"using",
"nuclear",
"weapons",
",",
"in",
"self",
"-",
"defense",
",",
"after",
"a",
"NATO",
"first",
"strike",
".",
"The",
"plan",
"originated",
"as",
"a",
"1979",
"field",
"training",
"exercise",
"war",
"game",
",",
"and",
"metamorphosed",
"into",
"official",
"Warsaw",
"Treaty",
"battle",
"doctrine",
",",
"until",
"the",
"late",
"1980s",
"–",
"which",
"is",
"why",
"the",
"People",
"'s",
"Republic",
"of",
"Poland",
"was",
"a",
"nuclear",
"weapons",
"base",
",",
"first",
",",
"to",
"178",
",",
"then",
",",
"to",
"250",
"tactical",
"-",
"range",
"rockets",
".",
"Doctrinally",
",",
"as",
"a",
"Soviet",
"-",
"style",
"(",
"offensive",
")",
"battle",
"plan",
",",
"Seven",
"Days",
"to",
"the",
"River",
"Rhine",
"gave",
"commanders",
"few",
"defensive",
"-",
"war",
"strategies",
"for",
"fighting",
"NATO",
"in",
"Warsaw",
"Treaty",
"territory.[citation",
"needed",
"]"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
12,
16,
18,
22,
29,
40,
47,
51,
58,
65,
74,
77,
81,
91,
94,
103,
114,
116,
120,
130,
135,
141,
154,
164,
167,
175,
179,
181,
185,
189,
196,
207,
216,
228,
231,
235,
244,
246,
254,
260,
269,
285,
287,
297,
299,
302,
305,
309,
318,
322,
332,
337,
346,
348,
351,
360,
366,
368,
372,
383,
385,
391,
395,
405,
415,
418,
422,
429,
435,
438,
446,
450,
454,
456,
462,
467,
470,
474,
480,
486,
488,
490,
495,
497,
503,
510,
511,
518,
528,
535,
537,
544,
546,
554,
558,
570,
575,
578,
584,
589,
591,
597,
605,
612,
614,
617,
621,
622,
629,
631,
637,
639,
644,
650,
656,
658,
662,
667,
678,
681,
683,
688,
694,
703,
712,
716,
720,
722,
726,
740,
745,
754,
761,
768,
775,
783,
785,
791,
795,
800,
806,
808,
814,
817,
821,
825,
831,
834,
843,
846,
853,
857,
859,
867,
875,
879,
881,
886,
888,
891,
894,
896,
900,
902,
905,
909,
917,
918,
924,
931,
933,
944,
946,
949,
951,
957,
958,
964,
965,
974,
976,
983,
987,
989,
995,
1000,
1003,
1007,
1013,
1019,
1024,
1035,
1039,
1048,
1049,
1053,
1064,
1068,
1077,
1082,
1085,
1092,
1099,
1119,
1125
]
} | 3160ab3408164dee93822748c5b54012 | How many nuclear weapons were eventually housed in Poland? | {
"tokens": [
"How",
"many",
"nuclear",
"weapons",
"were",
"eventually",
"housed",
"in",
"Poland",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
9,
17,
25,
30,
41,
48,
51,
57
]
} | {
"text": [
"250"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
905
],
"end": [
907
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
166
],
"end": [
166
]
}
]
} | [
"250"
] |
SQuAD | In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine – a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s – which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed] | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"November",
"2005",
",",
"the",
"Polish",
"government",
"opened",
"its",
"Warsaw",
"Treaty",
"archives",
"to",
"the",
"Institute",
"of",
"National",
"Remembrance",
",",
"who",
"published",
"some",
"1,300",
"declassified",
"documents",
"in",
"January",
"2006",
".",
"Yet",
"the",
"Polish",
"government",
"reserved",
"publication",
"of",
"100",
"documents",
",",
"pending",
"their",
"military",
"declassification",
".",
"Eventually",
",",
"30",
"of",
"the",
"reserved",
"100",
"documents",
"were",
"published",
";",
"70",
"remained",
"secret",
",",
"and",
"unpublished",
".",
"Among",
"the",
"documents",
"published",
"is",
"the",
"Warsaw",
"Treaty",
"'s",
"nuclear",
"war",
"plan",
",",
"Seven",
"Days",
"to",
"the",
"River",
"Rhine",
"–",
"a",
"short",
",",
"swift",
"counter",
"-",
"attack",
"capturing",
"Austria",
",",
"Denmark",
",",
"Germany",
"and",
"Netherlands",
"east",
"of",
"River",
"Rhine",
",",
"using",
"nuclear",
"weapons",
",",
"in",
"self",
"-",
"defense",
",",
"after",
"a",
"NATO",
"first",
"strike",
".",
"The",
"plan",
"originated",
"as",
"a",
"1979",
"field",
"training",
"exercise",
"war",
"game",
",",
"and",
"metamorphosed",
"into",
"official",
"Warsaw",
"Treaty",
"battle",
"doctrine",
",",
"until",
"the",
"late",
"1980s",
"–",
"which",
"is",
"why",
"the",
"People",
"'s",
"Republic",
"of",
"Poland",
"was",
"a",
"nuclear",
"weapons",
"base",
",",
"first",
",",
"to",
"178",
",",
"then",
",",
"to",
"250",
"tactical",
"-",
"range",
"rockets",
".",
"Doctrinally",
",",
"as",
"a",
"Soviet",
"-",
"style",
"(",
"offensive",
")",
"battle",
"plan",
",",
"Seven",
"Days",
"to",
"the",
"River",
"Rhine",
"gave",
"commanders",
"few",
"defensive",
"-",
"war",
"strategies",
"for",
"fighting",
"NATO",
"in",
"Warsaw",
"Treaty",
"territory.[citation",
"needed",
"]"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
12,
16,
18,
22,
29,
40,
47,
51,
58,
65,
74,
77,
81,
91,
94,
103,
114,
116,
120,
130,
135,
141,
154,
164,
167,
175,
179,
181,
185,
189,
196,
207,
216,
228,
231,
235,
244,
246,
254,
260,
269,
285,
287,
297,
299,
302,
305,
309,
318,
322,
332,
337,
346,
348,
351,
360,
366,
368,
372,
383,
385,
391,
395,
405,
415,
418,
422,
429,
435,
438,
446,
450,
454,
456,
462,
467,
470,
474,
480,
486,
488,
490,
495,
497,
503,
510,
511,
518,
528,
535,
537,
544,
546,
554,
558,
570,
575,
578,
584,
589,
591,
597,
605,
612,
614,
617,
621,
622,
629,
631,
637,
639,
644,
650,
656,
658,
662,
667,
678,
681,
683,
688,
694,
703,
712,
716,
720,
722,
726,
740,
745,
754,
761,
768,
775,
783,
785,
791,
795,
800,
806,
808,
814,
817,
821,
825,
831,
834,
843,
846,
853,
857,
859,
867,
875,
879,
881,
886,
888,
891,
894,
896,
900,
902,
905,
909,
917,
918,
924,
931,
933,
944,
946,
949,
951,
957,
958,
964,
965,
974,
976,
983,
987,
989,
995,
1000,
1003,
1007,
1013,
1019,
1024,
1035,
1039,
1048,
1049,
1053,
1064,
1068,
1077,
1082,
1085,
1092,
1099,
1119,
1125
]
} | 3c5075ef888248008241ac57f5ae2dac | In which year was the counteroffensive strategy first conceived? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"which",
"year",
"was",
"the",
"counteroffensive",
"strategy",
"first",
"conceived",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
9,
14,
18,
22,
39,
48,
54,
63
]
} | {
"text": [
"1979"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
683
],
"end": [
686
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
122
],
"end": [
122
]
}
]
} | [
"1979"
] |
SQuAD | The French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-French Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach (1723-1789), the Encyclopedist Denis Diderot (1713-1784), and other French Enlightenment thinkers; as well as (in England) John "Walking" Stewart (1747-1822), whose insistence in seeing matter as endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1850). | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"French",
"cleric",
"Pierre",
"Gassendi",
"(",
"1592",
"-",
"1665",
")",
"represented",
"the",
"materialist",
"tradition",
"in",
"opposition",
"to",
"the",
"attempts",
"of",
"René",
"Descartes",
"(",
"1596",
"-",
"1650",
")",
"to",
"provide",
"the",
"natural",
"sciences",
"with",
"dualist",
"foundations",
".",
"There",
"followed",
"the",
"materialist",
"and",
"atheist",
"abbé",
"Jean",
"Meslier",
"(",
"1664",
"-",
"1729",
")",
",",
"Julien",
"Offray",
"de",
"La",
"Mettrie",
",",
"the",
"German",
"-",
"French",
"Paul",
"-",
"Henri",
"Thiry",
"Baron",
"d'Holbach",
"(",
"1723",
"-",
"1789",
")",
",",
"the",
"Encyclopedist",
"Denis",
"Diderot",
"(",
"1713",
"-",
"1784",
")",
",",
"and",
"other",
"French",
"Enlightenment",
"thinkers",
";",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"(",
"in",
"England",
")",
"John",
"\"",
"Walking",
"\"",
"Stewart",
"(",
"1747",
"-",
"1822",
")",
",",
"whose",
"insistence",
"in",
"seeing",
"matter",
"as",
"endowed",
"with",
"a",
"moral",
"dimension",
"had",
"a",
"major",
"impact",
"on",
"the",
"philosophical",
"poetry",
"of",
"William",
"Wordsworth",
"(",
"1770",
"-",
"1850",
")",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
18,
25,
34,
35,
39,
40,
44,
46,
58,
62,
74,
84,
87,
98,
101,
105,
114,
117,
122,
132,
133,
137,
138,
142,
144,
147,
155,
159,
167,
176,
181,
189,
200,
202,
208,
217,
221,
233,
237,
245,
250,
255,
263,
264,
268,
269,
273,
274,
276,
283,
290,
293,
296,
303,
305,
309,
315,
316,
323,
327,
328,
334,
340,
346,
356,
357,
361,
362,
366,
367,
369,
373,
387,
393,
401,
402,
406,
407,
411,
412,
414,
418,
424,
431,
445,
453,
455,
458,
463,
466,
467,
470,
477,
479,
484,
485,
492,
494,
502,
503,
507,
508,
512,
513,
515,
521,
532,
535,
542,
549,
552,
560,
565,
567,
573,
583,
587,
589,
595,
602,
605,
609,
623,
630,
633,
641,
652,
653,
657,
658,
662,
663
]
} | e17ad7da37814163908868f94e33558b | Pierre Gassendi lived from what year to what year? | {
"tokens": [
"Pierre",
"Gassendi",
"lived",
"from",
"what",
"year",
"to",
"what",
"year",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
16,
22,
27,
32,
37,
40,
45,
49
]
} | {
"text": [
"1592-1665"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
35
],
"end": [
43
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
6
],
"end": [
8
]
}
]
} | [
"1592-1665"
] |
SQuAD | The French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-French Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach (1723-1789), the Encyclopedist Denis Diderot (1713-1784), and other French Enlightenment thinkers; as well as (in England) John "Walking" Stewart (1747-1822), whose insistence in seeing matter as endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1850). | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"French",
"cleric",
"Pierre",
"Gassendi",
"(",
"1592",
"-",
"1665",
")",
"represented",
"the",
"materialist",
"tradition",
"in",
"opposition",
"to",
"the",
"attempts",
"of",
"René",
"Descartes",
"(",
"1596",
"-",
"1650",
")",
"to",
"provide",
"the",
"natural",
"sciences",
"with",
"dualist",
"foundations",
".",
"There",
"followed",
"the",
"materialist",
"and",
"atheist",
"abbé",
"Jean",
"Meslier",
"(",
"1664",
"-",
"1729",
")",
",",
"Julien",
"Offray",
"de",
"La",
"Mettrie",
",",
"the",
"German",
"-",
"French",
"Paul",
"-",
"Henri",
"Thiry",
"Baron",
"d'Holbach",
"(",
"1723",
"-",
"1789",
")",
",",
"the",
"Encyclopedist",
"Denis",
"Diderot",
"(",
"1713",
"-",
"1784",
")",
",",
"and",
"other",
"French",
"Enlightenment",
"thinkers",
";",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"(",
"in",
"England",
")",
"John",
"\"",
"Walking",
"\"",
"Stewart",
"(",
"1747",
"-",
"1822",
")",
",",
"whose",
"insistence",
"in",
"seeing",
"matter",
"as",
"endowed",
"with",
"a",
"moral",
"dimension",
"had",
"a",
"major",
"impact",
"on",
"the",
"philosophical",
"poetry",
"of",
"William",
"Wordsworth",
"(",
"1770",
"-",
"1850",
")",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
18,
25,
34,
35,
39,
40,
44,
46,
58,
62,
74,
84,
87,
98,
101,
105,
114,
117,
122,
132,
133,
137,
138,
142,
144,
147,
155,
159,
167,
176,
181,
189,
200,
202,
208,
217,
221,
233,
237,
245,
250,
255,
263,
264,
268,
269,
273,
274,
276,
283,
290,
293,
296,
303,
305,
309,
315,
316,
323,
327,
328,
334,
340,
346,
356,
357,
361,
362,
366,
367,
369,
373,
387,
393,
401,
402,
406,
407,
411,
412,
414,
418,
424,
431,
445,
453,
455,
458,
463,
466,
467,
470,
477,
479,
484,
485,
492,
494,
502,
503,
507,
508,
512,
513,
515,
521,
532,
535,
542,
549,
552,
560,
565,
567,
573,
583,
587,
589,
595,
602,
605,
609,
623,
630,
633,
641,
652,
653,
657,
658,
662,
663
]
} | 9e4bb45080bc499fb9dff5255bb64c69 | René Descartes lived from what year to what year? | {
"tokens": [
"René",
"Descartes",
"lived",
"from",
"what",
"year",
"to",
"what",
"year",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
15,
21,
26,
31,
36,
39,
44,
48
]
} | {
"text": [
"1596-1650"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
133
],
"end": [
141
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
23
],
"end": [
25
]
}
]
} | [
"1596-1650"
] |
SQuAD | The French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-French Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach (1723-1789), the Encyclopedist Denis Diderot (1713-1784), and other French Enlightenment thinkers; as well as (in England) John "Walking" Stewart (1747-1822), whose insistence in seeing matter as endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1850). | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"French",
"cleric",
"Pierre",
"Gassendi",
"(",
"1592",
"-",
"1665",
")",
"represented",
"the",
"materialist",
"tradition",
"in",
"opposition",
"to",
"the",
"attempts",
"of",
"René",
"Descartes",
"(",
"1596",
"-",
"1650",
")",
"to",
"provide",
"the",
"natural",
"sciences",
"with",
"dualist",
"foundations",
".",
"There",
"followed",
"the",
"materialist",
"and",
"atheist",
"abbé",
"Jean",
"Meslier",
"(",
"1664",
"-",
"1729",
")",
",",
"Julien",
"Offray",
"de",
"La",
"Mettrie",
",",
"the",
"German",
"-",
"French",
"Paul",
"-",
"Henri",
"Thiry",
"Baron",
"d'Holbach",
"(",
"1723",
"-",
"1789",
")",
",",
"the",
"Encyclopedist",
"Denis",
"Diderot",
"(",
"1713",
"-",
"1784",
")",
",",
"and",
"other",
"French",
"Enlightenment",
"thinkers",
";",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"(",
"in",
"England",
")",
"John",
"\"",
"Walking",
"\"",
"Stewart",
"(",
"1747",
"-",
"1822",
")",
",",
"whose",
"insistence",
"in",
"seeing",
"matter",
"as",
"endowed",
"with",
"a",
"moral",
"dimension",
"had",
"a",
"major",
"impact",
"on",
"the",
"philosophical",
"poetry",
"of",
"William",
"Wordsworth",
"(",
"1770",
"-",
"1850",
")",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
18,
25,
34,
35,
39,
40,
44,
46,
58,
62,
74,
84,
87,
98,
101,
105,
114,
117,
122,
132,
133,
137,
138,
142,
144,
147,
155,
159,
167,
176,
181,
189,
200,
202,
208,
217,
221,
233,
237,
245,
250,
255,
263,
264,
268,
269,
273,
274,
276,
283,
290,
293,
296,
303,
305,
309,
315,
316,
323,
327,
328,
334,
340,
346,
356,
357,
361,
362,
366,
367,
369,
373,
387,
393,
401,
402,
406,
407,
411,
412,
414,
418,
424,
431,
445,
453,
455,
458,
463,
466,
467,
470,
477,
479,
484,
485,
492,
494,
502,
503,
507,
508,
512,
513,
515,
521,
532,
535,
542,
549,
552,
560,
565,
567,
573,
583,
587,
589,
595,
602,
605,
609,
623,
630,
633,
641,
652,
653,
657,
658,
662,
663
]
} | 979be4b3d46649b38212922daadbf18e | abbé Jean Meslier lived from what year to what year? | {
"tokens": [
"abbé",
"Jean",
"Meslier",
"lived",
"from",
"what",
"year",
"to",
"what",
"year",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
18,
24,
29,
34,
39,
42,
47,
51
]
} | {
"text": [
"1664-1729"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
264
],
"end": [
272
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
46
],
"end": [
48
]
}
]
} | [
"1664-1729"
] |
SQuAD | The French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-French Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach (1723-1789), the Encyclopedist Denis Diderot (1713-1784), and other French Enlightenment thinkers; as well as (in England) John "Walking" Stewart (1747-1822), whose insistence in seeing matter as endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1850). | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"French",
"cleric",
"Pierre",
"Gassendi",
"(",
"1592",
"-",
"1665",
")",
"represented",
"the",
"materialist",
"tradition",
"in",
"opposition",
"to",
"the",
"attempts",
"of",
"René",
"Descartes",
"(",
"1596",
"-",
"1650",
")",
"to",
"provide",
"the",
"natural",
"sciences",
"with",
"dualist",
"foundations",
".",
"There",
"followed",
"the",
"materialist",
"and",
"atheist",
"abbé",
"Jean",
"Meslier",
"(",
"1664",
"-",
"1729",
")",
",",
"Julien",
"Offray",
"de",
"La",
"Mettrie",
",",
"the",
"German",
"-",
"French",
"Paul",
"-",
"Henri",
"Thiry",
"Baron",
"d'Holbach",
"(",
"1723",
"-",
"1789",
")",
",",
"the",
"Encyclopedist",
"Denis",
"Diderot",
"(",
"1713",
"-",
"1784",
")",
",",
"and",
"other",
"French",
"Enlightenment",
"thinkers",
";",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"(",
"in",
"England",
")",
"John",
"\"",
"Walking",
"\"",
"Stewart",
"(",
"1747",
"-",
"1822",
")",
",",
"whose",
"insistence",
"in",
"seeing",
"matter",
"as",
"endowed",
"with",
"a",
"moral",
"dimension",
"had",
"a",
"major",
"impact",
"on",
"the",
"philosophical",
"poetry",
"of",
"William",
"Wordsworth",
"(",
"1770",
"-",
"1850",
")",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
18,
25,
34,
35,
39,
40,
44,
46,
58,
62,
74,
84,
87,
98,
101,
105,
114,
117,
122,
132,
133,
137,
138,
142,
144,
147,
155,
159,
167,
176,
181,
189,
200,
202,
208,
217,
221,
233,
237,
245,
250,
255,
263,
264,
268,
269,
273,
274,
276,
283,
290,
293,
296,
303,
305,
309,
315,
316,
323,
327,
328,
334,
340,
346,
356,
357,
361,
362,
366,
367,
369,
373,
387,
393,
401,
402,
406,
407,
411,
412,
414,
418,
424,
431,
445,
453,
455,
458,
463,
466,
467,
470,
477,
479,
484,
485,
492,
494,
502,
503,
507,
508,
512,
513,
515,
521,
532,
535,
542,
549,
552,
560,
565,
567,
573,
583,
587,
589,
595,
602,
605,
609,
623,
630,
633,
641,
652,
653,
657,
658,
662,
663
]
} | 9d7e719a3b1e47b093ff33e1327834ed | Denis Diderot lived from what year to what year? | {
"tokens": [
"Denis",
"Diderot",
"lived",
"from",
"what",
"year",
"to",
"what",
"year",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
14,
20,
25,
30,
35,
38,
43,
47
]
} | {
"text": [
"1713-1784"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
402
],
"end": [
410
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
78
],
"end": [
80
]
}
]
} | [
"1713-1784"
] |
SQuAD | The French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-French Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach (1723-1789), the Encyclopedist Denis Diderot (1713-1784), and other French Enlightenment thinkers; as well as (in England) John "Walking" Stewart (1747-1822), whose insistence in seeing matter as endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1850). | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"French",
"cleric",
"Pierre",
"Gassendi",
"(",
"1592",
"-",
"1665",
")",
"represented",
"the",
"materialist",
"tradition",
"in",
"opposition",
"to",
"the",
"attempts",
"of",
"René",
"Descartes",
"(",
"1596",
"-",
"1650",
")",
"to",
"provide",
"the",
"natural",
"sciences",
"with",
"dualist",
"foundations",
".",
"There",
"followed",
"the",
"materialist",
"and",
"atheist",
"abbé",
"Jean",
"Meslier",
"(",
"1664",
"-",
"1729",
")",
",",
"Julien",
"Offray",
"de",
"La",
"Mettrie",
",",
"the",
"German",
"-",
"French",
"Paul",
"-",
"Henri",
"Thiry",
"Baron",
"d'Holbach",
"(",
"1723",
"-",
"1789",
")",
",",
"the",
"Encyclopedist",
"Denis",
"Diderot",
"(",
"1713",
"-",
"1784",
")",
",",
"and",
"other",
"French",
"Enlightenment",
"thinkers",
";",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"(",
"in",
"England",
")",
"John",
"\"",
"Walking",
"\"",
"Stewart",
"(",
"1747",
"-",
"1822",
")",
",",
"whose",
"insistence",
"in",
"seeing",
"matter",
"as",
"endowed",
"with",
"a",
"moral",
"dimension",
"had",
"a",
"major",
"impact",
"on",
"the",
"philosophical",
"poetry",
"of",
"William",
"Wordsworth",
"(",
"1770",
"-",
"1850",
")",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
18,
25,
34,
35,
39,
40,
44,
46,
58,
62,
74,
84,
87,
98,
101,
105,
114,
117,
122,
132,
133,
137,
138,
142,
144,
147,
155,
159,
167,
176,
181,
189,
200,
202,
208,
217,
221,
233,
237,
245,
250,
255,
263,
264,
268,
269,
273,
274,
276,
283,
290,
293,
296,
303,
305,
309,
315,
316,
323,
327,
328,
334,
340,
346,
356,
357,
361,
362,
366,
367,
369,
373,
387,
393,
401,
402,
406,
407,
411,
412,
414,
418,
424,
431,
445,
453,
455,
458,
463,
466,
467,
470,
477,
479,
484,
485,
492,
494,
502,
503,
507,
508,
512,
513,
515,
521,
532,
535,
542,
549,
552,
560,
565,
567,
573,
583,
587,
589,
595,
602,
605,
609,
623,
630,
633,
641,
652,
653,
657,
658,
662,
663
]
} | 9cdfdaeb9f894b14b076342f6836127a | William Wordsworth lived from what year to what year? | {
"tokens": [
"William",
"Wordsworth",
"lived",
"from",
"what",
"year",
"to",
"what",
"year",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
8,
19,
25,
30,
35,
40,
43,
48,
52
]
} | {
"text": [
"1770-1850"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
653
],
"end": [
661
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
130
],
"end": [
132
]
}
]
} | [
"1770-1850"
] |
SQuAD | At war's end, American, British, and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based. Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team, but the United States benefited the most with Operation Paperclip, recruiting von Braun and most of his engineering team, who later helped develop the American missile and space exploration programs. The United States also acquired a large number of complete V2 rockets. | {
"tokens": [
"At",
"war",
"'s",
"end",
",",
"American",
",",
"British",
",",
"and",
"Soviet",
"scientific",
"intelligence",
"teams",
"competed",
"to",
"capture",
"Germany",
"'s",
"rocket",
"engineers",
"along",
"with",
"the",
"German",
"rockets",
"themselves",
"and",
"the",
"designs",
"on",
"which",
"they",
"were",
"based",
".",
"Each",
"of",
"the",
"Allies",
"captured",
"a",
"share",
"of",
"the",
"available",
"members",
"of",
"the",
"German",
"rocket",
"team",
",",
"but",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"benefited",
"the",
"most",
"with",
"Operation",
"Paperclip",
",",
"recruiting",
"von",
"Braun",
"and",
"most",
"of",
"his",
"engineering",
"team",
",",
"who",
"later",
"helped",
"develop",
"the",
"American",
"missile",
"and",
"space",
"exploration",
"programs",
".",
"The",
"United",
"States",
"also",
"acquired",
"a",
"large",
"number",
"of",
"complete",
"V2",
"rockets",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
6,
9,
12,
14,
22,
24,
31,
33,
37,
44,
55,
68,
74,
83,
86,
94,
101,
104,
111,
121,
127,
132,
136,
143,
151,
162,
166,
170,
178,
181,
187,
192,
197,
202,
204,
209,
212,
216,
223,
232,
234,
240,
243,
247,
257,
265,
268,
272,
279,
286,
290,
292,
296,
300,
307,
314,
324,
328,
333,
338,
348,
357,
359,
370,
374,
380,
384,
389,
392,
396,
408,
412,
414,
418,
424,
431,
439,
443,
452,
460,
464,
470,
482,
490,
492,
496,
503,
510,
515,
524,
526,
532,
539,
542,
551,
554,
561
]
} | 9d077d2ec83042a6bd290aa228b77fc5 | After World War II what did the American, English and Soviet allies want to capture? | {
"tokens": [
"After",
"World",
"War",
"II",
"what",
"did",
"the",
"American",
",",
"English",
"and",
"Soviet",
"allies",
"want",
"to",
"capture",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
12,
16,
19,
24,
28,
32,
40,
42,
50,
54,
61,
68,
73,
76,
83
]
} | {
"text": [
"Germany's rocket engineers"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
94
],
"end": [
119
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
17
],
"end": [
20
]
}
]
} | [
"Germany's rocket engineers"
] |
SQuAD | At war's end, American, British, and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based. Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team, but the United States benefited the most with Operation Paperclip, recruiting von Braun and most of his engineering team, who later helped develop the American missile and space exploration programs. The United States also acquired a large number of complete V2 rockets. | {
"tokens": [
"At",
"war",
"'s",
"end",
",",
"American",
",",
"British",
",",
"and",
"Soviet",
"scientific",
"intelligence",
"teams",
"competed",
"to",
"capture",
"Germany",
"'s",
"rocket",
"engineers",
"along",
"with",
"the",
"German",
"rockets",
"themselves",
"and",
"the",
"designs",
"on",
"which",
"they",
"were",
"based",
".",
"Each",
"of",
"the",
"Allies",
"captured",
"a",
"share",
"of",
"the",
"available",
"members",
"of",
"the",
"German",
"rocket",
"team",
",",
"but",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"benefited",
"the",
"most",
"with",
"Operation",
"Paperclip",
",",
"recruiting",
"von",
"Braun",
"and",
"most",
"of",
"his",
"engineering",
"team",
",",
"who",
"later",
"helped",
"develop",
"the",
"American",
"missile",
"and",
"space",
"exploration",
"programs",
".",
"The",
"United",
"States",
"also",
"acquired",
"a",
"large",
"number",
"of",
"complete",
"V2",
"rockets",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
6,
9,
12,
14,
22,
24,
31,
33,
37,
44,
55,
68,
74,
83,
86,
94,
101,
104,
111,
121,
127,
132,
136,
143,
151,
162,
166,
170,
178,
181,
187,
192,
197,
202,
204,
209,
212,
216,
223,
232,
234,
240,
243,
247,
257,
265,
268,
272,
279,
286,
290,
292,
296,
300,
307,
314,
324,
328,
333,
338,
348,
357,
359,
370,
374,
380,
384,
389,
392,
396,
408,
412,
414,
418,
424,
431,
439,
443,
452,
460,
464,
470,
482,
490,
492,
496,
503,
510,
515,
524,
526,
532,
539,
542,
551,
554,
561
]
} | ae6051bafd4d4aa98c719e9c4d2dd524 | What military operation allowed the US to recruit the German engineer, Von Braun? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"military",
"operation",
"allowed",
"the",
"US",
"to",
"recruit",
"the",
"German",
"engineer",
",",
"Von",
"Braun",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
14,
24,
32,
36,
39,
42,
50,
54,
61,
69,
71,
75,
80
]
} | {
"text": [
"Operation Paperclip"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
338
],
"end": [
356
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
61
],
"end": [
62
]
}
]
} | [
"Operation Paperclip"
] |
SQuAD | At war's end, American, British, and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based. Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team, but the United States benefited the most with Operation Paperclip, recruiting von Braun and most of his engineering team, who later helped develop the American missile and space exploration programs. The United States also acquired a large number of complete V2 rockets. | {
"tokens": [
"At",
"war",
"'s",
"end",
",",
"American",
",",
"British",
",",
"and",
"Soviet",
"scientific",
"intelligence",
"teams",
"competed",
"to",
"capture",
"Germany",
"'s",
"rocket",
"engineers",
"along",
"with",
"the",
"German",
"rockets",
"themselves",
"and",
"the",
"designs",
"on",
"which",
"they",
"were",
"based",
".",
"Each",
"of",
"the",
"Allies",
"captured",
"a",
"share",
"of",
"the",
"available",
"members",
"of",
"the",
"German",
"rocket",
"team",
",",
"but",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"benefited",
"the",
"most",
"with",
"Operation",
"Paperclip",
",",
"recruiting",
"von",
"Braun",
"and",
"most",
"of",
"his",
"engineering",
"team",
",",
"who",
"later",
"helped",
"develop",
"the",
"American",
"missile",
"and",
"space",
"exploration",
"programs",
".",
"The",
"United",
"States",
"also",
"acquired",
"a",
"large",
"number",
"of",
"complete",
"V2",
"rockets",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
6,
9,
12,
14,
22,
24,
31,
33,
37,
44,
55,
68,
74,
83,
86,
94,
101,
104,
111,
121,
127,
132,
136,
143,
151,
162,
166,
170,
178,
181,
187,
192,
197,
202,
204,
209,
212,
216,
223,
232,
234,
240,
243,
247,
257,
265,
268,
272,
279,
286,
290,
292,
296,
300,
307,
314,
324,
328,
333,
338,
348,
357,
359,
370,
374,
380,
384,
389,
392,
396,
408,
412,
414,
418,
424,
431,
439,
443,
452,
460,
464,
470,
482,
490,
492,
496,
503,
510,
515,
524,
526,
532,
539,
542,
551,
554,
561
]
} | 8cc963ec1ba748a38bffecfb3b83ad03 | The US had captured what type of missiles during Operation Paperclip? | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"US",
"had",
"captured",
"what",
"type",
"of",
"missiles",
"during",
"Operation",
"Paperclip",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
7,
11,
20,
25,
30,
33,
42,
49,
59,
68
]
} | {
"text": [
"V2 rockets"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
551
],
"end": [
560
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
96
],
"end": [
97
]
}
]
} | [
"V2 rockets"
] |
SQuAD | The American professor Robert H. Goddard had worked on developing solid-fuel rockets since 1914, and demonstrated a light battlefield rocket to the US Army Signal Corps only five days before the signing of the armistice that ended World War I. He also started developing liquid-fueled rockets in 1921; yet he had not been taken seriously by the public, and was not sponsored by the government as part of the post-WW II rocket development effort. Von Braun, himself inspired by Goddard's work, was bemused by this when debriefed by his American handlers, asking them, "Why didn't you just ask Dr. Goddard?"[citation needed] | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"American",
"professor",
"Robert",
"H.",
"Goddard",
"had",
"worked",
"on",
"developing",
"solid",
"-",
"fuel",
"rockets",
"since",
"1914",
",",
"and",
"demonstrated",
"a",
"light",
"battlefield",
"rocket",
"to",
"the",
"US",
"Army",
"Signal",
"Corps",
"only",
"five",
"days",
"before",
"the",
"signing",
"of",
"the",
"armistice",
"that",
"ended",
"World",
"War",
"I.",
"He",
"also",
"started",
"developing",
"liquid",
"-",
"fueled",
"rockets",
"in",
"1921",
";",
"yet",
"he",
"had",
"not",
"been",
"taken",
"seriously",
"by",
"the",
"public",
",",
"and",
"was",
"not",
"sponsored",
"by",
"the",
"government",
"as",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"post",
"-",
"WW",
"II",
"rocket",
"development",
"effort",
".",
"Von",
"Braun",
",",
"himself",
"inspired",
"by",
"Goddard",
"'s",
"work",
",",
"was",
"bemused",
"by",
"this",
"when",
"debriefed",
"by",
"his",
"American",
"handlers",
",",
"asking",
"them",
",",
"\"",
"Why",
"did",
"n't",
"you",
"just",
"ask",
"Dr.",
"Goddard?\"[citation",
"needed",
"]"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
23,
30,
33,
41,
45,
52,
55,
66,
71,
72,
77,
85,
91,
95,
97,
101,
114,
116,
122,
134,
141,
144,
148,
151,
156,
163,
169,
174,
179,
184,
191,
195,
203,
206,
210,
220,
225,
231,
237,
241,
244,
247,
252,
260,
271,
277,
278,
285,
293,
296,
300,
302,
306,
309,
313,
317,
322,
328,
338,
341,
345,
351,
353,
357,
361,
365,
375,
378,
382,
393,
396,
401,
404,
408,
412,
413,
416,
419,
426,
438,
444,
446,
450,
455,
457,
465,
474,
477,
484,
487,
491,
493,
497,
505,
508,
513,
518,
528,
531,
535,
544,
552,
554,
561,
565,
567,
568,
572,
575,
579,
583,
588,
592,
596,
615,
621
]
} | ac70809479bf4c24b464b011f358ff12 | What professor began working on solid-fuel rockets since 1914? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"professor",
"began",
"working",
"on",
"solid",
"-",
"fuel",
"rockets",
"since",
"1914",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
15,
21,
29,
32,
37,
38,
43,
51,
57,
61
]
} | {
"text": [
"Robert H. Goddard"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
23
],
"end": [
39
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
3
],
"end": [
5
]
}
]
} | [
"Robert H. Goddard"
] |
SQuAD | The American professor Robert H. Goddard had worked on developing solid-fuel rockets since 1914, and demonstrated a light battlefield rocket to the US Army Signal Corps only five days before the signing of the armistice that ended World War I. He also started developing liquid-fueled rockets in 1921; yet he had not been taken seriously by the public, and was not sponsored by the government as part of the post-WW II rocket development effort. Von Braun, himself inspired by Goddard's work, was bemused by this when debriefed by his American handlers, asking them, "Why didn't you just ask Dr. Goddard?"[citation needed] | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"American",
"professor",
"Robert",
"H.",
"Goddard",
"had",
"worked",
"on",
"developing",
"solid",
"-",
"fuel",
"rockets",
"since",
"1914",
",",
"and",
"demonstrated",
"a",
"light",
"battlefield",
"rocket",
"to",
"the",
"US",
"Army",
"Signal",
"Corps",
"only",
"five",
"days",
"before",
"the",
"signing",
"of",
"the",
"armistice",
"that",
"ended",
"World",
"War",
"I.",
"He",
"also",
"started",
"developing",
"liquid",
"-",
"fueled",
"rockets",
"in",
"1921",
";",
"yet",
"he",
"had",
"not",
"been",
"taken",
"seriously",
"by",
"the",
"public",
",",
"and",
"was",
"not",
"sponsored",
"by",
"the",
"government",
"as",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"post",
"-",
"WW",
"II",
"rocket",
"development",
"effort",
".",
"Von",
"Braun",
",",
"himself",
"inspired",
"by",
"Goddard",
"'s",
"work",
",",
"was",
"bemused",
"by",
"this",
"when",
"debriefed",
"by",
"his",
"American",
"handlers",
",",
"asking",
"them",
",",
"\"",
"Why",
"did",
"n't",
"you",
"just",
"ask",
"Dr.",
"Goddard?\"[citation",
"needed",
"]"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
23,
30,
33,
41,
45,
52,
55,
66,
71,
72,
77,
85,
91,
95,
97,
101,
114,
116,
122,
134,
141,
144,
148,
151,
156,
163,
169,
174,
179,
184,
191,
195,
203,
206,
210,
220,
225,
231,
237,
241,
244,
247,
252,
260,
271,
277,
278,
285,
293,
296,
300,
302,
306,
309,
313,
317,
322,
328,
338,
341,
345,
351,
353,
357,
361,
365,
375,
378,
382,
393,
396,
401,
404,
408,
412,
413,
416,
419,
426,
438,
444,
446,
450,
455,
457,
465,
474,
477,
484,
487,
491,
493,
497,
505,
508,
513,
518,
528,
531,
535,
544,
552,
554,
561,
565,
567,
568,
572,
575,
579,
583,
588,
592,
596,
615,
621
]
} | 4136d3c6004746ae83ac3b9a69c77486 | Liquid-fueled rockets were developed in what year? | {
"tokens": [
"Liquid",
"-",
"fueled",
"rockets",
"were",
"developed",
"in",
"what",
"year",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
7,
14,
22,
27,
37,
40,
45,
49
]
} | {
"text": [
"1921"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
296
],
"end": [
299
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
52
],
"end": [
52
]
}
]
} | [
"1921"
] |
SQuAD | In contrast, Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, taught: "There is no such thing as immaterial matter. All spirit is matter, but it is more fine or pure, and can only be discerned by purer eyes; We cannot see it; but when our bodies are purified we shall see that it is all matter." This spirit element has always existed; it is co-eternal with God. It is also called "intelligence" or "the light of truth", which like all observable matter "was not created or made, neither indeed can be". Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints view the revelations of Joseph Smith as a restoration of original Christian doctrine, which they believe post-apostolic theologians began to corrupt in the centuries after Christ. The writings of many[quantify] of these theologians indicate a clear influence of Greek metaphysical philosophies such as Neoplatonism, which characterized divinity as an utterly simple, immaterial, formless, substance/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical. Despite strong opposition from many Christians, this metaphysical depiction of God eventually became incorporated into the doctrine of the Christian church, displacing the original Judeo-Christian concept of a physical, corporeal God who created humans in His image and likeness. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"contrast",
",",
"Joseph",
"Smith",
",",
"the",
"founder",
"of",
"the",
"Latter",
"Day",
"Saint",
"movement",
",",
"taught",
":",
"\"",
"There",
"is",
"no",
"such",
"thing",
"as",
"immaterial",
"matter",
".",
"All",
"spirit",
"is",
"matter",
",",
"but",
"it",
"is",
"more",
"fine",
"or",
"pure",
",",
"and",
"can",
"only",
"be",
"discerned",
"by",
"purer",
"eyes",
";",
"We",
"can",
"not",
"see",
"it",
";",
"but",
"when",
"our",
"bodies",
"are",
"purified",
"we",
"shall",
"see",
"that",
"it",
"is",
"all",
"matter",
".",
"\"",
"This",
"spirit",
"element",
"has",
"always",
"existed",
";",
"it",
"is",
"co",
"-",
"eternal",
"with",
"God",
".",
"It",
"is",
"also",
"called",
"\"",
"intelligence",
"\"",
"or",
"\"",
"the",
"light",
"of",
"truth",
"\"",
",",
"which",
"like",
"all",
"observable",
"matter",
"\"",
"was",
"not",
"created",
"or",
"made",
",",
"neither",
"indeed",
"can",
"be",
"\"",
".",
"Members",
"of",
"the",
"Church",
"of",
"Jesus",
"Christ",
"of",
"Latter",
"-",
"day",
"Saints",
"view",
"the",
"revelations",
"of",
"Joseph",
"Smith",
"as",
"a",
"restoration",
"of",
"original",
"Christian",
"doctrine",
",",
"which",
"they",
"believe",
"post",
"-",
"apostolic",
"theologians",
"began",
"to",
"corrupt",
"in",
"the",
"centuries",
"after",
"Christ",
".",
"The",
"writings",
"of",
"many[quantify",
"]",
"of",
"these",
"theologians",
"indicate",
"a",
"clear",
"influence",
"of",
"Greek",
"metaphysical",
"philosophies",
"such",
"as",
"Neoplatonism",
",",
"which",
"characterized",
"divinity",
"as",
"an",
"utterly",
"simple",
",",
"immaterial",
",",
"formless",
",",
"substance",
"/",
"essence",
"(",
"ousia",
")",
"that",
"transcended",
"all",
"that",
"was",
"physical",
".",
"Despite",
"strong",
"opposition",
"from",
"many",
"Christians",
",",
"this",
"metaphysical",
"depiction",
"of",
"God",
"eventually",
"became",
"incorporated",
"into",
"the",
"doctrine",
"of",
"the",
"Christian",
"church",
",",
"displacing",
"the",
"original",
"Judeo",
"-",
"Christian",
"concept",
"of",
"a",
"physical",
",",
"corporeal",
"God",
"who",
"created",
"humans",
"in",
"His",
"image",
"and",
"likeness",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
11,
13,
20,
25,
27,
31,
39,
42,
46,
53,
57,
63,
71,
73,
79,
81,
82,
88,
91,
94,
99,
105,
108,
119,
125,
127,
131,
138,
141,
147,
149,
153,
156,
159,
164,
169,
172,
176,
178,
182,
186,
191,
194,
204,
207,
213,
217,
219,
222,
225,
229,
233,
235,
237,
241,
246,
250,
257,
261,
270,
273,
279,
283,
288,
291,
294,
298,
304,
305,
307,
312,
319,
327,
331,
338,
345,
347,
350,
353,
355,
356,
364,
369,
372,
374,
377,
380,
385,
392,
393,
405,
407,
410,
411,
415,
421,
424,
429,
430,
432,
438,
443,
447,
458,
465,
466,
470,
474,
482,
485,
489,
491,
499,
506,
510,
512,
513,
515,
523,
526,
530,
537,
540,
546,
553,
556,
562,
563,
567,
574,
579,
583,
595,
598,
605,
611,
614,
616,
628,
631,
640,
650,
658,
660,
666,
671,
679,
683,
684,
694,
706,
712,
715,
723,
726,
730,
740,
746,
752,
754,
758,
767,
770,
783,
785,
788,
794,
806,
815,
817,
823,
833,
836,
842,
855,
868,
873,
876,
888,
890,
896,
910,
919,
922,
925,
933,
939,
941,
951,
953,
961,
963,
972,
973,
981,
982,
987,
989,
994,
1006,
1010,
1015,
1019,
1027,
1029,
1037,
1044,
1055,
1060,
1065,
1075,
1077,
1082,
1095,
1105,
1108,
1112,
1123,
1130,
1143,
1148,
1152,
1161,
1164,
1168,
1178,
1184,
1186,
1197,
1201,
1210,
1215,
1216,
1226,
1234,
1237,
1239,
1247,
1249,
1259,
1263,
1267,
1275,
1282,
1285,
1289,
1295,
1299,
1307
]
} | bd1d299be3634cc0a96c79953f254807 | Neoplatonism describes divinity as what? | {
"tokens": [
"Neoplatonism",
"describes",
"divinity",
"as",
"what",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
13,
23,
32,
35,
39
]
} | {
"text": [
"simple, immaterial, formless, substance/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
933
],
"end": [
1026
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
187
],
"end": [
204
]
}
]
} | [
"simple, immaterial, formless, substance/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical"
] |
SQuAD | In contrast, Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, taught: "There is no such thing as immaterial matter. All spirit is matter, but it is more fine or pure, and can only be discerned by purer eyes; We cannot see it; but when our bodies are purified we shall see that it is all matter." This spirit element has always existed; it is co-eternal with God. It is also called "intelligence" or "the light of truth", which like all observable matter "was not created or made, neither indeed can be". Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints view the revelations of Joseph Smith as a restoration of original Christian doctrine, which they believe post-apostolic theologians began to corrupt in the centuries after Christ. The writings of many[quantify] of these theologians indicate a clear influence of Greek metaphysical philosophies such as Neoplatonism, which characterized divinity as an utterly simple, immaterial, formless, substance/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical. Despite strong opposition from many Christians, this metaphysical depiction of God eventually became incorporated into the doctrine of the Christian church, displacing the original Judeo-Christian concept of a physical, corporeal God who created humans in His image and likeness. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"contrast",
",",
"Joseph",
"Smith",
",",
"the",
"founder",
"of",
"the",
"Latter",
"Day",
"Saint",
"movement",
",",
"taught",
":",
"\"",
"There",
"is",
"no",
"such",
"thing",
"as",
"immaterial",
"matter",
".",
"All",
"spirit",
"is",
"matter",
",",
"but",
"it",
"is",
"more",
"fine",
"or",
"pure",
",",
"and",
"can",
"only",
"be",
"discerned",
"by",
"purer",
"eyes",
";",
"We",
"can",
"not",
"see",
"it",
";",
"but",
"when",
"our",
"bodies",
"are",
"purified",
"we",
"shall",
"see",
"that",
"it",
"is",
"all",
"matter",
".",
"\"",
"This",
"spirit",
"element",
"has",
"always",
"existed",
";",
"it",
"is",
"co",
"-",
"eternal",
"with",
"God",
".",
"It",
"is",
"also",
"called",
"\"",
"intelligence",
"\"",
"or",
"\"",
"the",
"light",
"of",
"truth",
"\"",
",",
"which",
"like",
"all",
"observable",
"matter",
"\"",
"was",
"not",
"created",
"or",
"made",
",",
"neither",
"indeed",
"can",
"be",
"\"",
".",
"Members",
"of",
"the",
"Church",
"of",
"Jesus",
"Christ",
"of",
"Latter",
"-",
"day",
"Saints",
"view",
"the",
"revelations",
"of",
"Joseph",
"Smith",
"as",
"a",
"restoration",
"of",
"original",
"Christian",
"doctrine",
",",
"which",
"they",
"believe",
"post",
"-",
"apostolic",
"theologians",
"began",
"to",
"corrupt",
"in",
"the",
"centuries",
"after",
"Christ",
".",
"The",
"writings",
"of",
"many[quantify",
"]",
"of",
"these",
"theologians",
"indicate",
"a",
"clear",
"influence",
"of",
"Greek",
"metaphysical",
"philosophies",
"such",
"as",
"Neoplatonism",
",",
"which",
"characterized",
"divinity",
"as",
"an",
"utterly",
"simple",
",",
"immaterial",
",",
"formless",
",",
"substance",
"/",
"essence",
"(",
"ousia",
")",
"that",
"transcended",
"all",
"that",
"was",
"physical",
".",
"Despite",
"strong",
"opposition",
"from",
"many",
"Christians",
",",
"this",
"metaphysical",
"depiction",
"of",
"God",
"eventually",
"became",
"incorporated",
"into",
"the",
"doctrine",
"of",
"the",
"Christian",
"church",
",",
"displacing",
"the",
"original",
"Judeo",
"-",
"Christian",
"concept",
"of",
"a",
"physical",
",",
"corporeal",
"God",
"who",
"created",
"humans",
"in",
"His",
"image",
"and",
"likeness",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
11,
13,
20,
25,
27,
31,
39,
42,
46,
53,
57,
63,
71,
73,
79,
81,
82,
88,
91,
94,
99,
105,
108,
119,
125,
127,
131,
138,
141,
147,
149,
153,
156,
159,
164,
169,
172,
176,
178,
182,
186,
191,
194,
204,
207,
213,
217,
219,
222,
225,
229,
233,
235,
237,
241,
246,
250,
257,
261,
270,
273,
279,
283,
288,
291,
294,
298,
304,
305,
307,
312,
319,
327,
331,
338,
345,
347,
350,
353,
355,
356,
364,
369,
372,
374,
377,
380,
385,
392,
393,
405,
407,
410,
411,
415,
421,
424,
429,
430,
432,
438,
443,
447,
458,
465,
466,
470,
474,
482,
485,
489,
491,
499,
506,
510,
512,
513,
515,
523,
526,
530,
537,
540,
546,
553,
556,
562,
563,
567,
574,
579,
583,
595,
598,
605,
611,
614,
616,
628,
631,
640,
650,
658,
660,
666,
671,
679,
683,
684,
694,
706,
712,
715,
723,
726,
730,
740,
746,
752,
754,
758,
767,
770,
783,
785,
788,
794,
806,
815,
817,
823,
833,
836,
842,
855,
868,
873,
876,
888,
890,
896,
910,
919,
922,
925,
933,
939,
941,
951,
953,
961,
963,
972,
973,
981,
982,
987,
989,
994,
1006,
1010,
1015,
1019,
1027,
1029,
1037,
1044,
1055,
1060,
1065,
1075,
1077,
1082,
1095,
1105,
1108,
1112,
1123,
1130,
1143,
1148,
1152,
1161,
1164,
1168,
1178,
1184,
1186,
1197,
1201,
1210,
1215,
1216,
1226,
1234,
1237,
1239,
1247,
1249,
1259,
1263,
1267,
1275,
1282,
1285,
1289,
1295,
1299,
1307
]
} | c50bc71e674e4cf0af89e9859c131a08 | Which religious group strongly opposed the idea of Neoplatonism? | {
"tokens": [
"Which",
"religious",
"group",
"strongly",
"opposed",
"the",
"idea",
"of",
"Neoplatonism",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
16,
22,
31,
39,
43,
48,
51,
63
]
} | {
"text": [
"Christians"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
1065
],
"end": [
1074
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
211
],
"end": [
211
]
}
]
} | [
"Christians"
] |
SQuAD | After almost a year in the area around Peenemünde, Soviet officials moved most of the captured German rocket specialists to Gorodomlya Island on Lake Seliger, about 240 kilometers (150 mi) northwest of Moscow. They were not allowed to participate in Soviet missile design, but were used as problem-solving consultants to the Soviet engineers. They helped in the following areas: the creation of a Soviet version of the A-4; work on "organizational schemes"; research in improving the A-4 main engine; development of a 100-ton engine; assistance in the "layout" of plant production rooms; and preparation of rocket assembly using German components. With their help, particularly Helmut Groettrup's group, Korolev reverse-engineered the A-4 and built his own version of the rocket, the R-1, in 1948. Later, he developed his own distinct designs, though many of these designs were influenced by the Groettrup Group's G4-R10 design from 1949. The Germans were eventually repatriated in 1951–53. | {
"tokens": [
"After",
"almost",
"a",
"year",
"in",
"the",
"area",
"around",
"Peenemünde",
",",
"Soviet",
"officials",
"moved",
"most",
"of",
"the",
"captured",
"German",
"rocket",
"specialists",
"to",
"Gorodomlya",
"Island",
"on",
"Lake",
"Seliger",
",",
"about",
"240",
"kilometers",
"(",
"150",
"mi",
")",
"northwest",
"of",
"Moscow",
".",
"They",
"were",
"not",
"allowed",
"to",
"participate",
"in",
"Soviet",
"missile",
"design",
",",
"but",
"were",
"used",
"as",
"problem",
"-",
"solving",
"consultants",
"to",
"the",
"Soviet",
"engineers",
".",
"They",
"helped",
"in",
"the",
"following",
"areas",
":",
"the",
"creation",
"of",
"a",
"Soviet",
"version",
"of",
"the",
"A-4",
";",
"work",
"on",
"\"",
"organizational",
"schemes",
"\"",
";",
"research",
"in",
"improving",
"the",
"A-4",
"main",
"engine",
";",
"development",
"of",
"a",
"100-ton",
"engine",
";",
"assistance",
"in",
"the",
"\"",
"layout",
"\"",
"of",
"plant",
"production",
"rooms",
";",
"and",
"preparation",
"of",
"rocket",
"assembly",
"using",
"German",
"components",
".",
"With",
"their",
"help",
",",
"particularly",
"Helmut",
"Groettrup",
"'s",
"group",
",",
"Korolev",
"reverse",
"-",
"engineered",
"the",
"A-4",
"and",
"built",
"his",
"own",
"version",
"of",
"the",
"rocket",
",",
"the",
"R-1",
",",
"in",
"1948",
".",
"Later",
",",
"he",
"developed",
"his",
"own",
"distinct",
"designs",
",",
"though",
"many",
"of",
"these",
"designs",
"were",
"influenced",
"by",
"the",
"Groettrup",
"Group",
"'s",
"G4-R10",
"design",
"from",
"1949",
".",
"The",
"Germans",
"were",
"eventually",
"repatriated",
"in",
"1951–53",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
13,
15,
20,
23,
27,
32,
39,
49,
51,
58,
68,
74,
79,
82,
86,
95,
102,
109,
121,
124,
135,
142,
145,
150,
157,
159,
165,
169,
180,
181,
185,
187,
189,
199,
202,
208,
210,
215,
220,
224,
232,
235,
247,
250,
257,
265,
271,
273,
277,
282,
287,
290,
297,
298,
306,
318,
321,
325,
332,
341,
343,
348,
355,
358,
362,
372,
377,
379,
383,
392,
395,
397,
404,
412,
415,
419,
422,
424,
429,
432,
433,
448,
455,
456,
458,
467,
470,
480,
484,
488,
493,
499,
501,
513,
516,
518,
526,
532,
534,
545,
548,
552,
553,
559,
561,
564,
570,
581,
586,
588,
592,
604,
607,
614,
623,
629,
636,
646,
648,
653,
659,
663,
665,
678,
685,
694,
697,
702,
704,
712,
719,
720,
731,
735,
739,
743,
749,
753,
757,
765,
768,
772,
778,
780,
784,
787,
789,
792,
796,
798,
803,
805,
808,
818,
822,
826,
835,
842,
844,
851,
856,
859,
865,
873,
878,
889,
892,
896,
906,
911,
914,
921,
928,
933,
937,
939,
943,
951,
956,
967,
979,
982,
989
]
} | cfd0a1e920b74860b988ef8c4a932af8 | What year was the R1 rocket born? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"year",
"was",
"the",
"R1",
"rocket",
"born",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
14,
18,
21,
28,
32
]
} | {
"text": [
"1948"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
792
],
"end": [
795
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
149
],
"end": [
149
]
}
]
} | [
"1948"
] |
SQuAD | Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space, and the first two-stage rocket, the WAC Corporal-V2 combination, in 1949. The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army's new Redstone Arsenal, located in Huntsville, Alabama, in 1950. From here, von Braun and his team would develop the Army's first operational medium-range ballistic missile, the Redstone rocket, that would, in slightly modified versions, launch both America's first satellite, and the first piloted Mercury space missions. It became the basis for both the Jupiter and Saturn family of rockets. | {
"tokens": [
"Von",
"Braun",
"and",
"his",
"team",
"were",
"sent",
"to",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"Army",
"'s",
"White",
"Sands",
"Proving",
"Ground",
",",
"located",
"in",
"New",
"Mexico",
",",
"in",
"1945",
".",
"They",
"set",
"about",
"assembling",
"the",
"captured",
"V2s",
"and",
"began",
"a",
"program",
"of",
"launching",
"them",
"and",
"instructing",
"American",
"engineers",
"in",
"their",
"operation",
".",
"These",
"tests",
"led",
"to",
"the",
"first",
"rocket",
"to",
"take",
"photos",
"from",
"outer",
"space",
",",
"and",
"the",
"first",
"two",
"-",
"stage",
"rocket",
",",
"the",
"WAC",
"Corporal",
"-",
"V2",
"combination",
",",
"in",
"1949",
".",
"The",
"German",
"rocket",
"team",
"was",
"moved",
"from",
"Fort",
"Bliss",
"to",
"the",
"Army",
"'s",
"new",
"Redstone",
"Arsenal",
",",
"located",
"in",
"Huntsville",
",",
"Alabama",
",",
"in",
"1950",
".",
"From",
"here",
",",
"von",
"Braun",
"and",
"his",
"team",
"would",
"develop",
"the",
"Army",
"'s",
"first",
"operational",
"medium",
"-",
"range",
"ballistic",
"missile",
",",
"the",
"Redstone",
"rocket",
",",
"that",
"would",
",",
"in",
"slightly",
"modified",
"versions",
",",
"launch",
"both",
"America",
"'s",
"first",
"satellite",
",",
"and",
"the",
"first",
"piloted",
"Mercury",
"space",
"missions",
".",
"It",
"became",
"the",
"basis",
"for",
"both",
"the",
"Jupiter",
"and",
"Saturn",
"family",
"of",
"rockets",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
14,
18,
23,
28,
33,
36,
40,
47,
54,
58,
61,
67,
73,
81,
87,
89,
97,
100,
104,
110,
112,
115,
119,
121,
126,
130,
136,
147,
151,
160,
164,
168,
174,
176,
184,
187,
197,
202,
206,
218,
227,
237,
240,
246,
255,
257,
263,
269,
273,
276,
280,
286,
293,
296,
301,
308,
313,
319,
324,
326,
330,
334,
340,
343,
344,
350,
356,
358,
362,
366,
374,
375,
378,
389,
391,
394,
398,
400,
404,
411,
418,
423,
427,
433,
438,
443,
449,
452,
456,
460,
463,
467,
476,
483,
485,
493,
496,
506,
508,
515,
517,
520,
524,
526,
531,
535,
537,
541,
547,
551,
555,
560,
566,
574,
578,
582,
585,
591,
603,
609,
610,
616,
626,
633,
635,
639,
648,
654,
656,
661,
666,
668,
671,
680,
689,
697,
699,
706,
711,
718,
721,
727,
736,
738,
742,
746,
752,
760,
768,
774,
782,
784,
787,
794,
798,
804,
808,
813,
817,
825,
829,
836,
843,
846,
853
]
} | 69cda8cbe4744336b78a58f6997194e5 | The United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground is located where? | {
"tokens": [
"The",
" ",
"United",
"States",
"Army",
"'s",
"White",
"Sands",
"Proving",
"Ground",
"is",
"located",
"where",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
5,
12,
19,
23,
26,
32,
38,
46,
53,
56,
64,
69
]
} | {
"text": [
"New Mexico"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
100
],
"end": [
109
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
20
],
"end": [
21
]
}
]
} | [
"New Mexico"
] |
SQuAD | Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space, and the first two-stage rocket, the WAC Corporal-V2 combination, in 1949. The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army's new Redstone Arsenal, located in Huntsville, Alabama, in 1950. From here, von Braun and his team would develop the Army's first operational medium-range ballistic missile, the Redstone rocket, that would, in slightly modified versions, launch both America's first satellite, and the first piloted Mercury space missions. It became the basis for both the Jupiter and Saturn family of rockets. | {
"tokens": [
"Von",
"Braun",
"and",
"his",
"team",
"were",
"sent",
"to",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"Army",
"'s",
"White",
"Sands",
"Proving",
"Ground",
",",
"located",
"in",
"New",
"Mexico",
",",
"in",
"1945",
".",
"They",
"set",
"about",
"assembling",
"the",
"captured",
"V2s",
"and",
"began",
"a",
"program",
"of",
"launching",
"them",
"and",
"instructing",
"American",
"engineers",
"in",
"their",
"operation",
".",
"These",
"tests",
"led",
"to",
"the",
"first",
"rocket",
"to",
"take",
"photos",
"from",
"outer",
"space",
",",
"and",
"the",
"first",
"two",
"-",
"stage",
"rocket",
",",
"the",
"WAC",
"Corporal",
"-",
"V2",
"combination",
",",
"in",
"1949",
".",
"The",
"German",
"rocket",
"team",
"was",
"moved",
"from",
"Fort",
"Bliss",
"to",
"the",
"Army",
"'s",
"new",
"Redstone",
"Arsenal",
",",
"located",
"in",
"Huntsville",
",",
"Alabama",
",",
"in",
"1950",
".",
"From",
"here",
",",
"von",
"Braun",
"and",
"his",
"team",
"would",
"develop",
"the",
"Army",
"'s",
"first",
"operational",
"medium",
"-",
"range",
"ballistic",
"missile",
",",
"the",
"Redstone",
"rocket",
",",
"that",
"would",
",",
"in",
"slightly",
"modified",
"versions",
",",
"launch",
"both",
"America",
"'s",
"first",
"satellite",
",",
"and",
"the",
"first",
"piloted",
"Mercury",
"space",
"missions",
".",
"It",
"became",
"the",
"basis",
"for",
"both",
"the",
"Jupiter",
"and",
"Saturn",
"family",
"of",
"rockets",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
14,
18,
23,
28,
33,
36,
40,
47,
54,
58,
61,
67,
73,
81,
87,
89,
97,
100,
104,
110,
112,
115,
119,
121,
126,
130,
136,
147,
151,
160,
164,
168,
174,
176,
184,
187,
197,
202,
206,
218,
227,
237,
240,
246,
255,
257,
263,
269,
273,
276,
280,
286,
293,
296,
301,
308,
313,
319,
324,
326,
330,
334,
340,
343,
344,
350,
356,
358,
362,
366,
374,
375,
378,
389,
391,
394,
398,
400,
404,
411,
418,
423,
427,
433,
438,
443,
449,
452,
456,
460,
463,
467,
476,
483,
485,
493,
496,
506,
508,
515,
517,
520,
524,
526,
531,
535,
537,
541,
547,
551,
555,
560,
566,
574,
578,
582,
585,
591,
603,
609,
610,
616,
626,
633,
635,
639,
648,
654,
656,
661,
666,
668,
671,
680,
689,
697,
699,
706,
711,
718,
721,
727,
736,
738,
742,
746,
752,
760,
768,
774,
782,
784,
787,
794,
798,
804,
808,
813,
817,
825,
829,
836,
843,
846,
853
]
} | 5f6423a12cdd4657a5e45dba4cdad7a6 | Von Braun and his associates were sent to United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground in what year? | {
"tokens": [
"Von",
"Braun",
"and",
"his",
"associates",
"were",
"sent",
"to",
" ",
"United",
"States",
"Army",
"'s",
"White",
"Sands",
"Proving",
"Ground",
"in",
"what",
"year",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
14,
18,
29,
34,
39,
42,
43,
50,
57,
61,
64,
70,
76,
84,
91,
94,
99,
103
]
} | {
"text": [
"1945"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
115
],
"end": [
118
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
24
],
"end": [
24
]
}
]
} | [
"1945"
] |
SQuAD | Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space, and the first two-stage rocket, the WAC Corporal-V2 combination, in 1949. The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army's new Redstone Arsenal, located in Huntsville, Alabama, in 1950. From here, von Braun and his team would develop the Army's first operational medium-range ballistic missile, the Redstone rocket, that would, in slightly modified versions, launch both America's first satellite, and the first piloted Mercury space missions. It became the basis for both the Jupiter and Saturn family of rockets. | {
"tokens": [
"Von",
"Braun",
"and",
"his",
"team",
"were",
"sent",
"to",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"Army",
"'s",
"White",
"Sands",
"Proving",
"Ground",
",",
"located",
"in",
"New",
"Mexico",
",",
"in",
"1945",
".",
"They",
"set",
"about",
"assembling",
"the",
"captured",
"V2s",
"and",
"began",
"a",
"program",
"of",
"launching",
"them",
"and",
"instructing",
"American",
"engineers",
"in",
"their",
"operation",
".",
"These",
"tests",
"led",
"to",
"the",
"first",
"rocket",
"to",
"take",
"photos",
"from",
"outer",
"space",
",",
"and",
"the",
"first",
"two",
"-",
"stage",
"rocket",
",",
"the",
"WAC",
"Corporal",
"-",
"V2",
"combination",
",",
"in",
"1949",
".",
"The",
"German",
"rocket",
"team",
"was",
"moved",
"from",
"Fort",
"Bliss",
"to",
"the",
"Army",
"'s",
"new",
"Redstone",
"Arsenal",
",",
"located",
"in",
"Huntsville",
",",
"Alabama",
",",
"in",
"1950",
".",
"From",
"here",
",",
"von",
"Braun",
"and",
"his",
"team",
"would",
"develop",
"the",
"Army",
"'s",
"first",
"operational",
"medium",
"-",
"range",
"ballistic",
"missile",
",",
"the",
"Redstone",
"rocket",
",",
"that",
"would",
",",
"in",
"slightly",
"modified",
"versions",
",",
"launch",
"both",
"America",
"'s",
"first",
"satellite",
",",
"and",
"the",
"first",
"piloted",
"Mercury",
"space",
"missions",
".",
"It",
"became",
"the",
"basis",
"for",
"both",
"the",
"Jupiter",
"and",
"Saturn",
"family",
"of",
"rockets",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
14,
18,
23,
28,
33,
36,
40,
47,
54,
58,
61,
67,
73,
81,
87,
89,
97,
100,
104,
110,
112,
115,
119,
121,
126,
130,
136,
147,
151,
160,
164,
168,
174,
176,
184,
187,
197,
202,
206,
218,
227,
237,
240,
246,
255,
257,
263,
269,
273,
276,
280,
286,
293,
296,
301,
308,
313,
319,
324,
326,
330,
334,
340,
343,
344,
350,
356,
358,
362,
366,
374,
375,
378,
389,
391,
394,
398,
400,
404,
411,
418,
423,
427,
433,
438,
443,
449,
452,
456,
460,
463,
467,
476,
483,
485,
493,
496,
506,
508,
515,
517,
520,
524,
526,
531,
535,
537,
541,
547,
551,
555,
560,
566,
574,
578,
582,
585,
591,
603,
609,
610,
616,
626,
633,
635,
639,
648,
654,
656,
661,
666,
668,
671,
680,
689,
697,
699,
706,
711,
718,
721,
727,
736,
738,
742,
746,
752,
760,
768,
774,
782,
784,
787,
794,
798,
804,
808,
813,
817,
825,
829,
836,
843,
846,
853
]
} | 9f393e16b4f944b49967a2f4f079cb7c | The first two-stage rocket was developed in what year? | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"first",
"two",
"-",
"stage",
"rocket",
"was",
"developed",
"in",
"what",
"year",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
13,
14,
20,
27,
31,
41,
44,
49,
53
]
} | {
"text": [
"1949"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
394
],
"end": [
397
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
78
],
"end": [
78
]
}
]
} | [
"1949"
] |
SQuAD | Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space, and the first two-stage rocket, the WAC Corporal-V2 combination, in 1949. The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army's new Redstone Arsenal, located in Huntsville, Alabama, in 1950. From here, von Braun and his team would develop the Army's first operational medium-range ballistic missile, the Redstone rocket, that would, in slightly modified versions, launch both America's first satellite, and the first piloted Mercury space missions. It became the basis for both the Jupiter and Saturn family of rockets. | {
"tokens": [
"Von",
"Braun",
"and",
"his",
"team",
"were",
"sent",
"to",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"Army",
"'s",
"White",
"Sands",
"Proving",
"Ground",
",",
"located",
"in",
"New",
"Mexico",
",",
"in",
"1945",
".",
"They",
"set",
"about",
"assembling",
"the",
"captured",
"V2s",
"and",
"began",
"a",
"program",
"of",
"launching",
"them",
"and",
"instructing",
"American",
"engineers",
"in",
"their",
"operation",
".",
"These",
"tests",
"led",
"to",
"the",
"first",
"rocket",
"to",
"take",
"photos",
"from",
"outer",
"space",
",",
"and",
"the",
"first",
"two",
"-",
"stage",
"rocket",
",",
"the",
"WAC",
"Corporal",
"-",
"V2",
"combination",
",",
"in",
"1949",
".",
"The",
"German",
"rocket",
"team",
"was",
"moved",
"from",
"Fort",
"Bliss",
"to",
"the",
"Army",
"'s",
"new",
"Redstone",
"Arsenal",
",",
"located",
"in",
"Huntsville",
",",
"Alabama",
",",
"in",
"1950",
".",
"From",
"here",
",",
"von",
"Braun",
"and",
"his",
"team",
"would",
"develop",
"the",
"Army",
"'s",
"first",
"operational",
"medium",
"-",
"range",
"ballistic",
"missile",
",",
"the",
"Redstone",
"rocket",
",",
"that",
"would",
",",
"in",
"slightly",
"modified",
"versions",
",",
"launch",
"both",
"America",
"'s",
"first",
"satellite",
",",
"and",
"the",
"first",
"piloted",
"Mercury",
"space",
"missions",
".",
"It",
"became",
"the",
"basis",
"for",
"both",
"the",
"Jupiter",
"and",
"Saturn",
"family",
"of",
"rockets",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
14,
18,
23,
28,
33,
36,
40,
47,
54,
58,
61,
67,
73,
81,
87,
89,
97,
100,
104,
110,
112,
115,
119,
121,
126,
130,
136,
147,
151,
160,
164,
168,
174,
176,
184,
187,
197,
202,
206,
218,
227,
237,
240,
246,
255,
257,
263,
269,
273,
276,
280,
286,
293,
296,
301,
308,
313,
319,
324,
326,
330,
334,
340,
343,
344,
350,
356,
358,
362,
366,
374,
375,
378,
389,
391,
394,
398,
400,
404,
411,
418,
423,
427,
433,
438,
443,
449,
452,
456,
460,
463,
467,
476,
483,
485,
493,
496,
506,
508,
515,
517,
520,
524,
526,
531,
535,
537,
541,
547,
551,
555,
560,
566,
574,
578,
582,
585,
591,
603,
609,
610,
616,
626,
633,
635,
639,
648,
654,
656,
661,
666,
668,
671,
680,
689,
697,
699,
706,
711,
718,
721,
727,
736,
738,
742,
746,
752,
760,
768,
774,
782,
784,
787,
794,
798,
804,
808,
813,
817,
825,
829,
836,
843,
846,
853
]
} | 2fc2569a49de4bcf9255848960ac32af | The Army's new Redstone Arsenal is located in what city and state? | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Army",
"'s",
"new",
"Redstone",
"Arsenal",
"is",
"located",
"in",
"what",
"city",
"and",
"state",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
11,
15,
24,
32,
35,
43,
46,
51,
56,
60,
65
]
} | {
"text": [
"Huntsville, Alabama"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
496
],
"end": [
514
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
99
],
"end": [
101
]
}
]
} | [
"Huntsville, Alabama"
] |
SQuAD | Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space, and the first two-stage rocket, the WAC Corporal-V2 combination, in 1949. The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army's new Redstone Arsenal, located in Huntsville, Alabama, in 1950. From here, von Braun and his team would develop the Army's first operational medium-range ballistic missile, the Redstone rocket, that would, in slightly modified versions, launch both America's first satellite, and the first piloted Mercury space missions. It became the basis for both the Jupiter and Saturn family of rockets. | {
"tokens": [
"Von",
"Braun",
"and",
"his",
"team",
"were",
"sent",
"to",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"Army",
"'s",
"White",
"Sands",
"Proving",
"Ground",
",",
"located",
"in",
"New",
"Mexico",
",",
"in",
"1945",
".",
"They",
"set",
"about",
"assembling",
"the",
"captured",
"V2s",
"and",
"began",
"a",
"program",
"of",
"launching",
"them",
"and",
"instructing",
"American",
"engineers",
"in",
"their",
"operation",
".",
"These",
"tests",
"led",
"to",
"the",
"first",
"rocket",
"to",
"take",
"photos",
"from",
"outer",
"space",
",",
"and",
"the",
"first",
"two",
"-",
"stage",
"rocket",
",",
"the",
"WAC",
"Corporal",
"-",
"V2",
"combination",
",",
"in",
"1949",
".",
"The",
"German",
"rocket",
"team",
"was",
"moved",
"from",
"Fort",
"Bliss",
"to",
"the",
"Army",
"'s",
"new",
"Redstone",
"Arsenal",
",",
"located",
"in",
"Huntsville",
",",
"Alabama",
",",
"in",
"1950",
".",
"From",
"here",
",",
"von",
"Braun",
"and",
"his",
"team",
"would",
"develop",
"the",
"Army",
"'s",
"first",
"operational",
"medium",
"-",
"range",
"ballistic",
"missile",
",",
"the",
"Redstone",
"rocket",
",",
"that",
"would",
",",
"in",
"slightly",
"modified",
"versions",
",",
"launch",
"both",
"America",
"'s",
"first",
"satellite",
",",
"and",
"the",
"first",
"piloted",
"Mercury",
"space",
"missions",
".",
"It",
"became",
"the",
"basis",
"for",
"both",
"the",
"Jupiter",
"and",
"Saturn",
"family",
"of",
"rockets",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
14,
18,
23,
28,
33,
36,
40,
47,
54,
58,
61,
67,
73,
81,
87,
89,
97,
100,
104,
110,
112,
115,
119,
121,
126,
130,
136,
147,
151,
160,
164,
168,
174,
176,
184,
187,
197,
202,
206,
218,
227,
237,
240,
246,
255,
257,
263,
269,
273,
276,
280,
286,
293,
296,
301,
308,
313,
319,
324,
326,
330,
334,
340,
343,
344,
350,
356,
358,
362,
366,
374,
375,
378,
389,
391,
394,
398,
400,
404,
411,
418,
423,
427,
433,
438,
443,
449,
452,
456,
460,
463,
467,
476,
483,
485,
493,
496,
506,
508,
515,
517,
520,
524,
526,
531,
535,
537,
541,
547,
551,
555,
560,
566,
574,
578,
582,
585,
591,
603,
609,
610,
616,
626,
633,
635,
639,
648,
654,
656,
661,
666,
668,
671,
680,
689,
697,
699,
706,
711,
718,
721,
727,
736,
738,
742,
746,
752,
760,
768,
774,
782,
784,
787,
794,
798,
804,
808,
813,
817,
825,
829,
836,
843,
846,
853
]
} | ac0e902a0e384144a7beacfa83c3f9b9 | What year was the German rocket team moved to Alabama? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"year",
"was",
"the",
"German",
"rocket",
"team",
"moved",
"to",
"Alabama",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
14,
18,
25,
32,
37,
43,
46,
53
]
} | {
"text": [
"1950"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
520
],
"end": [
523
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
104
],
"end": [
104
]
}
]
} | [
"1950"
] |
SQuAD | Many current and recent philosophers—e.g., Daniel Dennett, Willard Van Orman Quine, Donald Davidson, and Jerry Fodor—operate within a broadly physicalist or materialist framework, producing rival accounts of how best to accommodate mind, including functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory, and so on. | {
"tokens": [
"Many",
"current",
"and",
"recent",
"philosophers",
"—",
"e.g",
".",
",",
"Daniel",
"Dennett",
",",
"Willard",
"Van",
"Orman",
"Quine",
",",
"Donald",
"Davidson",
",",
"and",
"Jerry",
"Fodor",
"—",
"operate",
"within",
"a",
"broadly",
"physicalist",
"or",
"materialist",
"framework",
",",
"producing",
"rival",
"accounts",
"of",
"how",
"best",
"to",
"accommodate",
"mind",
",",
"including",
"functionalism",
",",
"anomalous",
"monism",
",",
"identity",
"theory",
",",
"and",
"so",
"on",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
13,
17,
24,
36,
37,
40,
41,
43,
50,
57,
59,
67,
71,
77,
82,
84,
91,
99,
101,
105,
111,
116,
117,
125,
132,
134,
142,
154,
157,
169,
178,
180,
190,
196,
205,
208,
212,
217,
220,
232,
236,
238,
248,
261,
263,
273,
279,
281,
290,
296,
298,
302,
305,
307
]
} | fdafa92a46724f6a8e3de7203b2d968f | In regards to the mind, what are 3 theories that modern day philosophers try to harmonize? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"regards",
"to",
"the",
"mind",
",",
"what",
"are",
"3",
"theories",
"that",
"modern",
"day",
"philosophers",
"try",
"to",
"harmonize",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
11,
14,
18,
22,
24,
29,
33,
35,
44,
49,
56,
60,
73,
77,
80,
89
]
} | {
"text": [
"functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
248
],
"end": [
295
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
44
],
"end": [
50
]
}
]
} | [
"functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory"
] |
SQuAD | On October 21, 1959, Eisenhower approved the transfer of the Army's remaining space-related activities to NASA. On July 1, 1960, the Redstone Arsenal became NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, with von Braun as its first director. Development of the Saturn rocket family, which when mature, would finally give the US parity with the Soviets in terms of lifting capability, was thus transferred to NASA. | {
"tokens": [
"On",
"October",
"21",
",",
"1959",
",",
"Eisenhower",
"approved",
"the",
"transfer",
"of",
"the",
"Army",
"'s",
"remaining",
"space",
"-",
"related",
"activities",
"to",
"NASA",
".",
"On",
"July",
"1",
",",
"1960",
",",
"the",
"Redstone",
"Arsenal",
"became",
"NASA",
"'s",
"George",
"C.",
"Marshall",
"Space",
"Flight",
"Center",
",",
"with",
"von",
"Braun",
"as",
"its",
"first",
"director",
".",
"Development",
"of",
"the",
"Saturn",
"rocket",
"family",
",",
"which",
"when",
"mature",
",",
"would",
"finally",
"give",
"the",
"US",
"parity",
"with",
"the",
"Soviets",
"in",
"terms",
"of",
"lifting",
"capability",
",",
"was",
"thus",
"transferred",
"to",
"NASA",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
11,
13,
15,
19,
21,
32,
41,
45,
54,
57,
61,
65,
68,
78,
83,
84,
92,
103,
106,
110,
112,
115,
120,
121,
123,
127,
129,
133,
142,
150,
157,
161,
164,
171,
174,
183,
189,
196,
202,
204,
209,
213,
219,
222,
226,
232,
240,
242,
254,
257,
261,
268,
275,
281,
283,
289,
294,
300,
302,
308,
316,
321,
325,
328,
335,
340,
344,
352,
355,
361,
364,
372,
382,
384,
388,
393,
405,
408,
412
]
} | b132ec26dbe4480894e6674b5a29c57f | The Redstone Arsenal became the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center when? | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Redstone",
"Arsenal",
"became",
"the",
"George",
"C.",
"Marshall",
"Space",
"Flight",
"Center",
"when",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
21,
28,
32,
39,
42,
51,
57,
64,
71,
75
]
} | {
"text": [
"July 1, 1960"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
115
],
"end": [
126
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
23
],
"end": [
26
]
}
]
} | [
"July 1, 1960"
] |
SQuAD | On October 21, 1959, Eisenhower approved the transfer of the Army's remaining space-related activities to NASA. On July 1, 1960, the Redstone Arsenal became NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, with von Braun as its first director. Development of the Saturn rocket family, which when mature, would finally give the US parity with the Soviets in terms of lifting capability, was thus transferred to NASA. | {
"tokens": [
"On",
"October",
"21",
",",
"1959",
",",
"Eisenhower",
"approved",
"the",
"transfer",
"of",
"the",
"Army",
"'s",
"remaining",
"space",
"-",
"related",
"activities",
"to",
"NASA",
".",
"On",
"July",
"1",
",",
"1960",
",",
"the",
"Redstone",
"Arsenal",
"became",
"NASA",
"'s",
"George",
"C.",
"Marshall",
"Space",
"Flight",
"Center",
",",
"with",
"von",
"Braun",
"as",
"its",
"first",
"director",
".",
"Development",
"of",
"the",
"Saturn",
"rocket",
"family",
",",
"which",
"when",
"mature",
",",
"would",
"finally",
"give",
"the",
"US",
"parity",
"with",
"the",
"Soviets",
"in",
"terms",
"of",
"lifting",
"capability",
",",
"was",
"thus",
"transferred",
"to",
"NASA",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
11,
13,
15,
19,
21,
32,
41,
45,
54,
57,
61,
65,
68,
78,
83,
84,
92,
103,
106,
110,
112,
115,
120,
121,
123,
127,
129,
133,
142,
150,
157,
161,
164,
171,
174,
183,
189,
196,
202,
204,
209,
213,
219,
222,
226,
232,
240,
242,
254,
257,
261,
268,
275,
281,
283,
289,
294,
300,
302,
308,
316,
321,
325,
328,
335,
340,
344,
352,
355,
361,
364,
372,
382,
384,
388,
393,
405,
408,
412
]
} | 929a2a0970aa4fd98200f6f4ccbec0d9 | Who was the first director in charge of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"was",
"the",
"first",
"director",
"in",
"charge",
"of",
"the",
"George",
"C.",
"Marshall",
"Space",
"Flight",
"Center",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
18,
27,
30,
37,
40,
44,
51,
54,
63,
69,
76,
82
]
} | {
"text": [
"von Braun"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
209
],
"end": [
217
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
42
],
"end": [
43
]
}
]
} | [
"von Braun"
] |
SQuAD | The nature and definition of matter - like other key concepts in science and philosophy - have occasioned much debate. Is there a single kind of matter (hyle) which everything is made of, or multiple kinds? Is matter a continuous substance capable of expressing multiple forms (hylomorphism), or a number of discrete, unchanging constituents (atomism)? Does it have intrinsic properties (substance theory), or is it lacking them (prima materia)? | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"nature",
"and",
"definition",
"of",
"matter",
"-",
"like",
"other",
"key",
"concepts",
"in",
"science",
"and",
"philosophy",
"-",
"have",
"occasioned",
"much",
"debate",
".",
"Is",
"there",
"a",
"single",
"kind",
"of",
"matter",
"(",
"hyle",
")",
"which",
"everything",
"is",
"made",
"of",
",",
"or",
"multiple",
"kinds",
"?",
"Is",
"matter",
"a",
"continuous",
"substance",
"capable",
"of",
"expressing",
"multiple",
"forms",
"(",
"hylomorphism",
")",
",",
"or",
"a",
"number",
"of",
"discrete",
",",
"unchanging",
"constituents",
"(",
"atomism",
")",
"?",
"Does",
"it",
"have",
"intrinsic",
"properties",
"(",
"substance",
"theory",
")",
",",
"or",
"is",
"it",
"lacking",
"them",
"(",
"prima",
"materia",
")",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
15,
26,
29,
36,
38,
43,
49,
53,
62,
65,
73,
77,
88,
90,
95,
106,
111,
117,
119,
122,
128,
130,
137,
142,
145,
152,
153,
157,
159,
165,
176,
179,
184,
186,
188,
191,
200,
205,
207,
210,
217,
219,
230,
240,
248,
251,
262,
271,
277,
278,
290,
291,
293,
296,
298,
305,
308,
316,
318,
329,
342,
343,
350,
351,
353,
358,
361,
366,
376,
387,
388,
398,
404,
405,
407,
410,
413,
416,
424,
429,
430,
436,
443,
444
]
} | ac8938b74d3e4652848930275aa786ee | What is hyle? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"hyle",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12
]
} | {
"text": [
"matter"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
29
],
"end": [
34
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
5
],
"end": [
5
]
}
]
} | [
"matter"
] |
SQuAD | According to the dominant cosmological model, the Lambda-CDM model, less than 5% of the universe's energy density is made up of the "matter" described by the Standard Model of Particle Physics, and the majority of the universe is composed of dark matter and dark energy - with little agreement amongst scientists about what these are made of. | {
"tokens": [
"According",
"to",
"the",
"dominant",
"cosmological",
"model",
",",
"the",
"Lambda",
"-",
"CDM",
"model",
",",
"less",
"than",
"5",
"%",
"of",
"the",
"universe",
"'s",
"energy",
"density",
"is",
"made",
"up",
"of",
"the",
"\"",
"matter",
"\"",
"described",
"by",
"the",
"Standard",
"Model",
"of",
"Particle",
"Physics",
",",
"and",
"the",
"majority",
"of",
"the",
"universe",
"is",
"composed",
"of",
"dark",
"matter",
"and",
"dark",
"energy",
"-",
"with",
"little",
"agreement",
"amongst",
"scientists",
"about",
"what",
"these",
"are",
"made",
"of",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
10,
13,
17,
26,
39,
44,
46,
50,
56,
57,
61,
66,
68,
73,
78,
79,
81,
84,
88,
96,
99,
106,
114,
117,
122,
125,
128,
132,
133,
139,
141,
151,
154,
158,
167,
173,
176,
185,
192,
194,
198,
202,
211,
214,
218,
227,
230,
239,
242,
247,
254,
258,
263,
270,
272,
277,
284,
294,
302,
313,
319,
324,
330,
334,
339,
341
]
} | 522cf699a7564e56adb630e7176e8626 | Which model suggests that matter is 5% of the universe? | {
"tokens": [
"Which",
"model",
"suggests",
"that",
"matter",
"is",
"5",
"%",
"of",
"the",
"universe",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
12,
21,
26,
33,
36,
37,
39,
42,
46,
54
]
} | {
"text": [
"Lambda-CDM model"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
50
],
"end": [
65
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
8
],
"end": [
11
]
}
]
} | [
"Lambda-CDM model"
] |
SQuAD | According to the dominant cosmological model, the Lambda-CDM model, less than 5% of the universe's energy density is made up of the "matter" described by the Standard Model of Particle Physics, and the majority of the universe is composed of dark matter and dark energy - with little agreement amongst scientists about what these are made of. | {
"tokens": [
"According",
"to",
"the",
"dominant",
"cosmological",
"model",
",",
"the",
"Lambda",
"-",
"CDM",
"model",
",",
"less",
"than",
"5",
"%",
"of",
"the",
"universe",
"'s",
"energy",
"density",
"is",
"made",
"up",
"of",
"the",
"\"",
"matter",
"\"",
"described",
"by",
"the",
"Standard",
"Model",
"of",
"Particle",
"Physics",
",",
"and",
"the",
"majority",
"of",
"the",
"universe",
"is",
"composed",
"of",
"dark",
"matter",
"and",
"dark",
"energy",
"-",
"with",
"little",
"agreement",
"amongst",
"scientists",
"about",
"what",
"these",
"are",
"made",
"of",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
10,
13,
17,
26,
39,
44,
46,
50,
56,
57,
61,
66,
68,
73,
78,
79,
81,
84,
88,
96,
99,
106,
114,
117,
122,
125,
128,
132,
133,
139,
141,
151,
154,
158,
167,
173,
176,
185,
192,
194,
198,
202,
211,
214,
218,
227,
230,
239,
242,
247,
254,
258,
263,
270,
272,
277,
284,
294,
302,
313,
319,
324,
330,
334,
339,
341
]
} | f1db7dab7a6c4878b4480a53f43dce46 | What type of matter does the model consider it to be? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"type",
"of",
"matter",
"does",
"the",
"model",
"consider",
"it",
"to",
"be",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
13,
20,
25,
29,
35,
44,
47,
50,
52
]
} | {
"text": [
"dark matter"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
242
],
"end": [
252
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
49
],
"end": [
50
]
}
]
} | [
"dark matter"
] |
SQuAD | During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943. By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 ("Vengeance Weapon" 2, or more commonly, V2), a ballistic missile with a 320 kilometers (200 mi) range carrying a 1,130 kilograms (2,490 lb) warhead at 4,000 kilometers per hour (2,500 mph). Its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it, and radar detection provided little warning. Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied-liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945. After the war, the V-2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs. | {
"tokens": [
"During",
"the",
"Second",
"World",
"War",
",",
"General",
"Dornberger",
"was",
"the",
"military",
"head",
"of",
"the",
"army",
"'s",
"rocket",
"program",
",",
"Zanssen",
"became",
"the",
"commandant",
"of",
"the",
"Peenemünde",
"army",
"rocket",
"centre",
",",
"and",
"von",
"Braun",
"was",
"the",
"technical",
"director",
"of",
"the",
"ballistic",
"missile",
"program",
".",
"They",
"would",
"lead",
"the",
"team",
"that",
"built",
"the",
"Aggregate-4",
"(",
"A-4",
")",
"rocket",
",",
"which",
"became",
"the",
"first",
"vehicle",
"to",
"reach",
"outer",
"space",
"during",
"its",
"test",
"flight",
"program",
"in",
"1942",
"and",
"1943",
".",
"By",
"1943",
",",
"Germany",
"began",
"mass",
"-",
"producing",
"the",
"A-4",
"as",
"the",
"Vergeltungswaffe",
"2",
"(",
"\"",
"Vengeance",
"Weapon",
"\"",
"2",
",",
"or",
"more",
"commonly",
",",
"V2",
")",
",",
"a",
"ballistic",
"missile",
"with",
"a",
"320",
"kilometers",
"(",
"200",
"mi",
")",
"range",
"carrying",
"a",
"1,130",
"kilograms",
"(",
"2,490",
"lb",
")",
"warhead",
"at",
"4,000",
"kilometers",
"per",
"hour",
"(",
"2,500",
"mph",
")",
".",
"Its",
"supersonic",
"speed",
"meant",
"there",
"was",
"no",
"defense",
"against",
"it",
",",
"and",
"radar",
"detection",
"provided",
"little",
"warning",
".",
"Germany",
"used",
"the",
"weapon",
"to",
"bombard",
"southern",
"England",
"and",
"parts",
"of",
"Allied",
"-",
"liberated",
"western",
"Europe",
"from",
"1944",
"until",
"1945",
".",
"After",
"the",
"war",
",",
"the",
"V-2",
"became",
"the",
"basis",
"of",
"early",
"American",
"and",
"Soviet",
"rocket",
"designs",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
18,
24,
27,
29,
37,
48,
52,
56,
65,
70,
73,
77,
81,
84,
91,
98,
100,
108,
115,
119,
130,
133,
137,
148,
153,
160,
166,
168,
172,
176,
182,
186,
190,
200,
209,
212,
216,
226,
234,
241,
243,
248,
254,
259,
263,
268,
273,
279,
283,
295,
296,
299,
301,
307,
309,
315,
322,
326,
332,
340,
343,
349,
355,
361,
368,
372,
377,
384,
392,
395,
400,
404,
408,
410,
413,
417,
419,
427,
433,
437,
438,
448,
452,
456,
459,
463,
480,
482,
483,
484,
494,
500,
502,
503,
505,
508,
513,
521,
523,
525,
526,
528,
530,
540,
548,
553,
555,
559,
570,
571,
575,
577,
579,
585,
594,
596,
602,
612,
613,
619,
621,
623,
631,
634,
640,
651,
655,
660,
661,
667,
670,
671,
673,
677,
688,
694,
700,
706,
710,
713,
721,
729,
731,
733,
737,
743,
753,
762,
769,
776,
778,
786,
791,
795,
802,
805,
813,
822,
830,
834,
840,
843,
849,
850,
860,
868,
875,
880,
885,
891,
895,
897,
903,
907,
910,
912,
916,
920,
927,
931,
937,
940,
946,
955,
959,
966,
973,
980
]
} | b001de32089847dc9071f6c02d960bf9 | What was von Braun's role in the army's rocket program during during World War II? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"was",
"von",
"Braun",
"'s",
"role",
"in",
"the",
"army",
"'s",
"rocket",
"program",
"during",
"during",
"World",
"War",
"II",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
18,
21,
26,
29,
33,
37,
40,
47,
55,
62,
69,
75,
79,
81
]
} | {
"text": [
"technical director of the ballistic missile program"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
190
],
"end": [
240
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
35
],
"end": [
41
]
}
]
} | [
"technical director of the ballistic missile program"
] |
SQuAD | During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943. By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 ("Vengeance Weapon" 2, or more commonly, V2), a ballistic missile with a 320 kilometers (200 mi) range carrying a 1,130 kilograms (2,490 lb) warhead at 4,000 kilometers per hour (2,500 mph). Its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it, and radar detection provided little warning. Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied-liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945. After the war, the V-2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs. | {
"tokens": [
"During",
"the",
"Second",
"World",
"War",
",",
"General",
"Dornberger",
"was",
"the",
"military",
"head",
"of",
"the",
"army",
"'s",
"rocket",
"program",
",",
"Zanssen",
"became",
"the",
"commandant",
"of",
"the",
"Peenemünde",
"army",
"rocket",
"centre",
",",
"and",
"von",
"Braun",
"was",
"the",
"technical",
"director",
"of",
"the",
"ballistic",
"missile",
"program",
".",
"They",
"would",
"lead",
"the",
"team",
"that",
"built",
"the",
"Aggregate-4",
"(",
"A-4",
")",
"rocket",
",",
"which",
"became",
"the",
"first",
"vehicle",
"to",
"reach",
"outer",
"space",
"during",
"its",
"test",
"flight",
"program",
"in",
"1942",
"and",
"1943",
".",
"By",
"1943",
",",
"Germany",
"began",
"mass",
"-",
"producing",
"the",
"A-4",
"as",
"the",
"Vergeltungswaffe",
"2",
"(",
"\"",
"Vengeance",
"Weapon",
"\"",
"2",
",",
"or",
"more",
"commonly",
",",
"V2",
")",
",",
"a",
"ballistic",
"missile",
"with",
"a",
"320",
"kilometers",
"(",
"200",
"mi",
")",
"range",
"carrying",
"a",
"1,130",
"kilograms",
"(",
"2,490",
"lb",
")",
"warhead",
"at",
"4,000",
"kilometers",
"per",
"hour",
"(",
"2,500",
"mph",
")",
".",
"Its",
"supersonic",
"speed",
"meant",
"there",
"was",
"no",
"defense",
"against",
"it",
",",
"and",
"radar",
"detection",
"provided",
"little",
"warning",
".",
"Germany",
"used",
"the",
"weapon",
"to",
"bombard",
"southern",
"England",
"and",
"parts",
"of",
"Allied",
"-",
"liberated",
"western",
"Europe",
"from",
"1944",
"until",
"1945",
".",
"After",
"the",
"war",
",",
"the",
"V-2",
"became",
"the",
"basis",
"of",
"early",
"American",
"and",
"Soviet",
"rocket",
"designs",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
18,
24,
27,
29,
37,
48,
52,
56,
65,
70,
73,
77,
81,
84,
91,
98,
100,
108,
115,
119,
130,
133,
137,
148,
153,
160,
166,
168,
172,
176,
182,
186,
190,
200,
209,
212,
216,
226,
234,
241,
243,
248,
254,
259,
263,
268,
273,
279,
283,
295,
296,
299,
301,
307,
309,
315,
322,
326,
332,
340,
343,
349,
355,
361,
368,
372,
377,
384,
392,
395,
400,
404,
408,
410,
413,
417,
419,
427,
433,
437,
438,
448,
452,
456,
459,
463,
480,
482,
483,
484,
494,
500,
502,
503,
505,
508,
513,
521,
523,
525,
526,
528,
530,
540,
548,
553,
555,
559,
570,
571,
575,
577,
579,
585,
594,
596,
602,
612,
613,
619,
621,
623,
631,
634,
640,
651,
655,
660,
661,
667,
670,
671,
673,
677,
688,
694,
700,
706,
710,
713,
721,
729,
731,
733,
737,
743,
753,
762,
769,
776,
778,
786,
791,
795,
802,
805,
813,
822,
830,
834,
840,
843,
849,
850,
860,
868,
875,
880,
885,
891,
895,
897,
903,
907,
910,
912,
916,
920,
927,
931,
937,
940,
946,
955,
959,
966,
973,
980
]
} | 4fc9651586714814839d7770ff922613 | What was the name of the first vehicle to reach outer space? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"was",
"the",
"name",
"of",
"the",
"first",
"vehicle",
"to",
"reach",
"outer",
"space",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
18,
21,
25,
31,
39,
42,
48,
54,
59
]
} | {
"text": [
"the Aggregate-4"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
279
],
"end": [
293
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
50
],
"end": [
51
]
}
]
} | [
"the Aggregate-4"
] |
SQuAD | During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943. By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 ("Vengeance Weapon" 2, or more commonly, V2), a ballistic missile with a 320 kilometers (200 mi) range carrying a 1,130 kilograms (2,490 lb) warhead at 4,000 kilometers per hour (2,500 mph). Its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it, and radar detection provided little warning. Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied-liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945. After the war, the V-2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs. | {
"tokens": [
"During",
"the",
"Second",
"World",
"War",
",",
"General",
"Dornberger",
"was",
"the",
"military",
"head",
"of",
"the",
"army",
"'s",
"rocket",
"program",
",",
"Zanssen",
"became",
"the",
"commandant",
"of",
"the",
"Peenemünde",
"army",
"rocket",
"centre",
",",
"and",
"von",
"Braun",
"was",
"the",
"technical",
"director",
"of",
"the",
"ballistic",
"missile",
"program",
".",
"They",
"would",
"lead",
"the",
"team",
"that",
"built",
"the",
"Aggregate-4",
"(",
"A-4",
")",
"rocket",
",",
"which",
"became",
"the",
"first",
"vehicle",
"to",
"reach",
"outer",
"space",
"during",
"its",
"test",
"flight",
"program",
"in",
"1942",
"and",
"1943",
".",
"By",
"1943",
",",
"Germany",
"began",
"mass",
"-",
"producing",
"the",
"A-4",
"as",
"the",
"Vergeltungswaffe",
"2",
"(",
"\"",
"Vengeance",
"Weapon",
"\"",
"2",
",",
"or",
"more",
"commonly",
",",
"V2",
")",
",",
"a",
"ballistic",
"missile",
"with",
"a",
"320",
"kilometers",
"(",
"200",
"mi",
")",
"range",
"carrying",
"a",
"1,130",
"kilograms",
"(",
"2,490",
"lb",
")",
"warhead",
"at",
"4,000",
"kilometers",
"per",
"hour",
"(",
"2,500",
"mph",
")",
".",
"Its",
"supersonic",
"speed",
"meant",
"there",
"was",
"no",
"defense",
"against",
"it",
",",
"and",
"radar",
"detection",
"provided",
"little",
"warning",
".",
"Germany",
"used",
"the",
"weapon",
"to",
"bombard",
"southern",
"England",
"and",
"parts",
"of",
"Allied",
"-",
"liberated",
"western",
"Europe",
"from",
"1944",
"until",
"1945",
".",
"After",
"the",
"war",
",",
"the",
"V-2",
"became",
"the",
"basis",
"of",
"early",
"American",
"and",
"Soviet",
"rocket",
"designs",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
18,
24,
27,
29,
37,
48,
52,
56,
65,
70,
73,
77,
81,
84,
91,
98,
100,
108,
115,
119,
130,
133,
137,
148,
153,
160,
166,
168,
172,
176,
182,
186,
190,
200,
209,
212,
216,
226,
234,
241,
243,
248,
254,
259,
263,
268,
273,
279,
283,
295,
296,
299,
301,
307,
309,
315,
322,
326,
332,
340,
343,
349,
355,
361,
368,
372,
377,
384,
392,
395,
400,
404,
408,
410,
413,
417,
419,
427,
433,
437,
438,
448,
452,
456,
459,
463,
480,
482,
483,
484,
494,
500,
502,
503,
505,
508,
513,
521,
523,
525,
526,
528,
530,
540,
548,
553,
555,
559,
570,
571,
575,
577,
579,
585,
594,
596,
602,
612,
613,
619,
621,
623,
631,
634,
640,
651,
655,
660,
661,
667,
670,
671,
673,
677,
688,
694,
700,
706,
710,
713,
721,
729,
731,
733,
737,
743,
753,
762,
769,
776,
778,
786,
791,
795,
802,
805,
813,
822,
830,
834,
840,
843,
849,
850,
860,
868,
875,
880,
885,
891,
895,
897,
903,
907,
910,
912,
916,
920,
927,
931,
937,
940,
946,
955,
959,
966,
973,
980
]
} | edbb13e5c08f46c0a0ac0dbd5c50ee9b | During WWII, who was in charge of the German army's rocket program? | {
"tokens": [
"During",
"WWII",
",",
"who",
"was",
"in",
"charge",
"of",
"the",
"German",
"army",
"'s",
"rocket",
"program",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
13,
17,
21,
24,
31,
34,
38,
45,
49,
52,
59,
66
]
} | {
"text": [
"General Dornberger"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
29
],
"end": [
46
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
6
],
"end": [
7
]
}
]
} | [
"General Dornberger"
] |
SQuAD | During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943. By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 ("Vengeance Weapon" 2, or more commonly, V2), a ballistic missile with a 320 kilometers (200 mi) range carrying a 1,130 kilograms (2,490 lb) warhead at 4,000 kilometers per hour (2,500 mph). Its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it, and radar detection provided little warning. Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied-liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945. After the war, the V-2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs. | {
"tokens": [
"During",
"the",
"Second",
"World",
"War",
",",
"General",
"Dornberger",
"was",
"the",
"military",
"head",
"of",
"the",
"army",
"'s",
"rocket",
"program",
",",
"Zanssen",
"became",
"the",
"commandant",
"of",
"the",
"Peenemünde",
"army",
"rocket",
"centre",
",",
"and",
"von",
"Braun",
"was",
"the",
"technical",
"director",
"of",
"the",
"ballistic",
"missile",
"program",
".",
"They",
"would",
"lead",
"the",
"team",
"that",
"built",
"the",
"Aggregate-4",
"(",
"A-4",
")",
"rocket",
",",
"which",
"became",
"the",
"first",
"vehicle",
"to",
"reach",
"outer",
"space",
"during",
"its",
"test",
"flight",
"program",
"in",
"1942",
"and",
"1943",
".",
"By",
"1943",
",",
"Germany",
"began",
"mass",
"-",
"producing",
"the",
"A-4",
"as",
"the",
"Vergeltungswaffe",
"2",
"(",
"\"",
"Vengeance",
"Weapon",
"\"",
"2",
",",
"or",
"more",
"commonly",
",",
"V2",
")",
",",
"a",
"ballistic",
"missile",
"with",
"a",
"320",
"kilometers",
"(",
"200",
"mi",
")",
"range",
"carrying",
"a",
"1,130",
"kilograms",
"(",
"2,490",
"lb",
")",
"warhead",
"at",
"4,000",
"kilometers",
"per",
"hour",
"(",
"2,500",
"mph",
")",
".",
"Its",
"supersonic",
"speed",
"meant",
"there",
"was",
"no",
"defense",
"against",
"it",
",",
"and",
"radar",
"detection",
"provided",
"little",
"warning",
".",
"Germany",
"used",
"the",
"weapon",
"to",
"bombard",
"southern",
"England",
"and",
"parts",
"of",
"Allied",
"-",
"liberated",
"western",
"Europe",
"from",
"1944",
"until",
"1945",
".",
"After",
"the",
"war",
",",
"the",
"V-2",
"became",
"the",
"basis",
"of",
"early",
"American",
"and",
"Soviet",
"rocket",
"designs",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
18,
24,
27,
29,
37,
48,
52,
56,
65,
70,
73,
77,
81,
84,
91,
98,
100,
108,
115,
119,
130,
133,
137,
148,
153,
160,
166,
168,
172,
176,
182,
186,
190,
200,
209,
212,
216,
226,
234,
241,
243,
248,
254,
259,
263,
268,
273,
279,
283,
295,
296,
299,
301,
307,
309,
315,
322,
326,
332,
340,
343,
349,
355,
361,
368,
372,
377,
384,
392,
395,
400,
404,
408,
410,
413,
417,
419,
427,
433,
437,
438,
448,
452,
456,
459,
463,
480,
482,
483,
484,
494,
500,
502,
503,
505,
508,
513,
521,
523,
525,
526,
528,
530,
540,
548,
553,
555,
559,
570,
571,
575,
577,
579,
585,
594,
596,
602,
612,
613,
619,
621,
623,
631,
634,
640,
651,
655,
660,
661,
667,
670,
671,
673,
677,
688,
694,
700,
706,
710,
713,
721,
729,
731,
733,
737,
743,
753,
762,
769,
776,
778,
786,
791,
795,
802,
805,
813,
822,
830,
834,
840,
843,
849,
850,
860,
868,
875,
880,
885,
891,
895,
897,
903,
907,
910,
912,
916,
920,
927,
931,
937,
940,
946,
955,
959,
966,
973,
980
]
} | cc3bb13b46ae4a919c0ef9772e7d383e | What was the first object to enter space? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"was",
"the",
"first",
"object",
"to",
"enter",
"space",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
19,
26,
29,
35,
40
]
} | {
"text": [
"Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
283
],
"end": [
306
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
51
],
"end": [
55
]
}
]
} | [
"Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket"
] |
SQuAD | During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943. By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 ("Vengeance Weapon" 2, or more commonly, V2), a ballistic missile with a 320 kilometers (200 mi) range carrying a 1,130 kilograms (2,490 lb) warhead at 4,000 kilometers per hour (2,500 mph). Its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it, and radar detection provided little warning. Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied-liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945. After the war, the V-2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs. | {
"tokens": [
"During",
"the",
"Second",
"World",
"War",
",",
"General",
"Dornberger",
"was",
"the",
"military",
"head",
"of",
"the",
"army",
"'s",
"rocket",
"program",
",",
"Zanssen",
"became",
"the",
"commandant",
"of",
"the",
"Peenemünde",
"army",
"rocket",
"centre",
",",
"and",
"von",
"Braun",
"was",
"the",
"technical",
"director",
"of",
"the",
"ballistic",
"missile",
"program",
".",
"They",
"would",
"lead",
"the",
"team",
"that",
"built",
"the",
"Aggregate-4",
"(",
"A-4",
")",
"rocket",
",",
"which",
"became",
"the",
"first",
"vehicle",
"to",
"reach",
"outer",
"space",
"during",
"its",
"test",
"flight",
"program",
"in",
"1942",
"and",
"1943",
".",
"By",
"1943",
",",
"Germany",
"began",
"mass",
"-",
"producing",
"the",
"A-4",
"as",
"the",
"Vergeltungswaffe",
"2",
"(",
"\"",
"Vengeance",
"Weapon",
"\"",
"2",
",",
"or",
"more",
"commonly",
",",
"V2",
")",
",",
"a",
"ballistic",
"missile",
"with",
"a",
"320",
"kilometers",
"(",
"200",
"mi",
")",
"range",
"carrying",
"a",
"1,130",
"kilograms",
"(",
"2,490",
"lb",
")",
"warhead",
"at",
"4,000",
"kilometers",
"per",
"hour",
"(",
"2,500",
"mph",
")",
".",
"Its",
"supersonic",
"speed",
"meant",
"there",
"was",
"no",
"defense",
"against",
"it",
",",
"and",
"radar",
"detection",
"provided",
"little",
"warning",
".",
"Germany",
"used",
"the",
"weapon",
"to",
"bombard",
"southern",
"England",
"and",
"parts",
"of",
"Allied",
"-",
"liberated",
"western",
"Europe",
"from",
"1944",
"until",
"1945",
".",
"After",
"the",
"war",
",",
"the",
"V-2",
"became",
"the",
"basis",
"of",
"early",
"American",
"and",
"Soviet",
"rocket",
"designs",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
18,
24,
27,
29,
37,
48,
52,
56,
65,
70,
73,
77,
81,
84,
91,
98,
100,
108,
115,
119,
130,
133,
137,
148,
153,
160,
166,
168,
172,
176,
182,
186,
190,
200,
209,
212,
216,
226,
234,
241,
243,
248,
254,
259,
263,
268,
273,
279,
283,
295,
296,
299,
301,
307,
309,
315,
322,
326,
332,
340,
343,
349,
355,
361,
368,
372,
377,
384,
392,
395,
400,
404,
408,
410,
413,
417,
419,
427,
433,
437,
438,
448,
452,
456,
459,
463,
480,
482,
483,
484,
494,
500,
502,
503,
505,
508,
513,
521,
523,
525,
526,
528,
530,
540,
548,
553,
555,
559,
570,
571,
575,
577,
579,
585,
594,
596,
602,
612,
613,
619,
621,
623,
631,
634,
640,
651,
655,
660,
661,
667,
670,
671,
673,
677,
688,
694,
700,
706,
710,
713,
721,
729,
731,
733,
737,
743,
753,
762,
769,
776,
778,
786,
791,
795,
802,
805,
813,
822,
830,
834,
840,
843,
849,
850,
860,
868,
875,
880,
885,
891,
895,
897,
903,
907,
910,
912,
916,
920,
927,
931,
937,
940,
946,
955,
959,
966,
973,
980
]
} | af5d64bef9d249919400cd0c09c45f81 | When did the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket reach space? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"did",
"the",
"Aggregate-4",
"(",
"A-4",
")",
"rocket",
"reach",
"space",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
25,
26,
29,
31,
38,
44,
49
]
} | {
"text": [
"1942 and 1943"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
395
],
"end": [
407
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
72
],
"end": [
74
]
}
]
} | [
"1942 and 1943"
] |
SQuAD | Before creation of Warsaw Pact, fearing Germany rearmed, Czechoslovak leadership sought to create security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO. Soviet leaders, as many European countries in both western and eastern side, feared Germany being once again a military power as a direct threat and German militarism remained a fresh memory among Soviets and Eastern Europeans. As Soviet Union had already bilateral treaties with all of its eastern satellites, the Pact has been long considered 'superfluous', and because of the rushed way in which it was conceived, NATO officials labeled it as a 'cardboard castle'. Previously, in March 1954, the USSR, fearing the restoration of German Militarism in West Germany, requested admission to NATO. | {
"tokens": [
"Before",
"creation",
"of",
"Warsaw",
"Pact",
",",
"fearing",
"Germany",
"rearmed",
",",
"Czechoslovak",
"leadership",
"sought",
"to",
"create",
"security",
"pact",
"with",
"East",
"Germany",
"and",
"Poland",
".",
"These",
"states",
"protested",
"strongly",
"against",
"re",
"-",
"militarization",
"of",
"West",
"Germany",
".",
"The",
"Warsaw",
"Pact",
"was",
"primarily",
"put",
"in",
"place",
"as",
"a",
"consequence",
"of",
"the",
"rearming",
"of",
"West",
"Germany",
"inside",
"NATO",
".",
"Soviet",
"leaders",
",",
"as",
"many",
"European",
"countries",
"in",
"both",
"western",
"and",
"eastern",
"side",
",",
"feared",
"Germany",
"being",
"once",
"again",
"a",
"military",
"power",
"as",
"a",
"direct",
"threat",
"and",
"German",
"militarism",
"remained",
"a",
"fresh",
"memory",
"among",
"Soviets",
"and",
"Eastern",
"Europeans",
".",
"As",
"Soviet",
"Union",
"had",
"already",
"bilateral",
"treaties",
"with",
"all",
"of",
"its",
"eastern",
"satellites",
",",
"the",
"Pact",
"has",
"been",
"long",
"considered",
"'",
"superfluous",
"'",
",",
"and",
"because",
"of",
"the",
"rushed",
"way",
"in",
"which",
"it",
"was",
"conceived",
",",
"NATO",
"officials",
"labeled",
"it",
"as",
"a",
"'",
"cardboard",
"castle",
"'",
".",
"Previously",
",",
"in",
"March",
"1954",
",",
"the",
"USSR",
",",
"fearing",
"the",
"restoration",
"of",
"German",
"Militarism",
"in",
"West",
"Germany",
",",
"requested",
"admission",
"to",
"NATO",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
16,
19,
26,
30,
32,
40,
48,
55,
57,
70,
81,
88,
91,
98,
107,
112,
117,
122,
130,
134,
140,
142,
148,
155,
165,
174,
182,
184,
185,
200,
203,
208,
215,
217,
221,
228,
233,
237,
247,
251,
254,
260,
263,
265,
277,
280,
284,
293,
296,
301,
309,
316,
320,
322,
329,
336,
338,
341,
346,
355,
365,
368,
373,
381,
385,
393,
397,
399,
406,
414,
420,
425,
431,
433,
442,
448,
451,
453,
460,
467,
471,
478,
489,
498,
500,
506,
513,
519,
527,
531,
539,
548,
550,
553,
560,
566,
570,
578,
588,
597,
602,
606,
609,
613,
621,
631,
633,
637,
642,
646,
651,
656,
667,
668,
679,
680,
682,
686,
694,
697,
701,
708,
712,
715,
721,
724,
728,
737,
739,
744,
754,
762,
765,
768,
770,
771,
781,
787,
788,
790,
800,
802,
805,
811,
815,
817,
821,
825,
827,
835,
839,
851,
854,
861,
872,
875,
880,
887,
889,
899,
909,
912,
916
]
} | 3e57e5dd730442118f457668f4bdaae4 | The formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by fears of which country rearming itself? | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"formation",
"of",
"the",
"Warsaw",
"Pact",
"was",
"driven",
"by",
"fears",
"of",
"which",
"country",
"rearming",
"itself",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
14,
17,
21,
28,
33,
37,
44,
47,
53,
56,
62,
70,
79,
85
]
} | {
"text": [
"West Germany"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
203
],
"end": [
214
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
32
],
"end": [
33
]
}
]
} | [
"West Germany"
] |
SQuAD | Before creation of Warsaw Pact, fearing Germany rearmed, Czechoslovak leadership sought to create security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO. Soviet leaders, as many European countries in both western and eastern side, feared Germany being once again a military power as a direct threat and German militarism remained a fresh memory among Soviets and Eastern Europeans. As Soviet Union had already bilateral treaties with all of its eastern satellites, the Pact has been long considered 'superfluous', and because of the rushed way in which it was conceived, NATO officials labeled it as a 'cardboard castle'. Previously, in March 1954, the USSR, fearing the restoration of German Militarism in West Germany, requested admission to NATO. | {
"tokens": [
"Before",
"creation",
"of",
"Warsaw",
"Pact",
",",
"fearing",
"Germany",
"rearmed",
",",
"Czechoslovak",
"leadership",
"sought",
"to",
"create",
"security",
"pact",
"with",
"East",
"Germany",
"and",
"Poland",
".",
"These",
"states",
"protested",
"strongly",
"against",
"re",
"-",
"militarization",
"of",
"West",
"Germany",
".",
"The",
"Warsaw",
"Pact",
"was",
"primarily",
"put",
"in",
"place",
"as",
"a",
"consequence",
"of",
"the",
"rearming",
"of",
"West",
"Germany",
"inside",
"NATO",
".",
"Soviet",
"leaders",
",",
"as",
"many",
"European",
"countries",
"in",
"both",
"western",
"and",
"eastern",
"side",
",",
"feared",
"Germany",
"being",
"once",
"again",
"a",
"military",
"power",
"as",
"a",
"direct",
"threat",
"and",
"German",
"militarism",
"remained",
"a",
"fresh",
"memory",
"among",
"Soviets",
"and",
"Eastern",
"Europeans",
".",
"As",
"Soviet",
"Union",
"had",
"already",
"bilateral",
"treaties",
"with",
"all",
"of",
"its",
"eastern",
"satellites",
",",
"the",
"Pact",
"has",
"been",
"long",
"considered",
"'",
"superfluous",
"'",
",",
"and",
"because",
"of",
"the",
"rushed",
"way",
"in",
"which",
"it",
"was",
"conceived",
",",
"NATO",
"officials",
"labeled",
"it",
"as",
"a",
"'",
"cardboard",
"castle",
"'",
".",
"Previously",
",",
"in",
"March",
"1954",
",",
"the",
"USSR",
",",
"fearing",
"the",
"restoration",
"of",
"German",
"Militarism",
"in",
"West",
"Germany",
",",
"requested",
"admission",
"to",
"NATO",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
16,
19,
26,
30,
32,
40,
48,
55,
57,
70,
81,
88,
91,
98,
107,
112,
117,
122,
130,
134,
140,
142,
148,
155,
165,
174,
182,
184,
185,
200,
203,
208,
215,
217,
221,
228,
233,
237,
247,
251,
254,
260,
263,
265,
277,
280,
284,
293,
296,
301,
309,
316,
320,
322,
329,
336,
338,
341,
346,
355,
365,
368,
373,
381,
385,
393,
397,
399,
406,
414,
420,
425,
431,
433,
442,
448,
451,
453,
460,
467,
471,
478,
489,
498,
500,
506,
513,
519,
527,
531,
539,
548,
550,
553,
560,
566,
570,
578,
588,
597,
602,
606,
609,
613,
621,
631,
633,
637,
642,
646,
651,
656,
667,
668,
679,
680,
682,
686,
694,
697,
701,
708,
712,
715,
721,
724,
728,
737,
739,
744,
754,
762,
765,
768,
770,
771,
781,
787,
788,
790,
800,
802,
805,
811,
815,
817,
821,
825,
827,
835,
839,
851,
854,
861,
872,
875,
880,
887,
889,
899,
909,
912,
916
]
} | 764b3902a3a14717a07ff54998d3a193 | Which country sought NATO admission in response to the fear of German rearmament? | {
"tokens": [
"Which",
"country",
"sought",
"NATO",
"admission",
"in",
"response",
"to",
"the",
"fear",
"of",
"German",
"rearmament",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
14,
21,
26,
36,
39,
48,
51,
55,
60,
63,
70,
80
]
} | {
"text": [
"the USSR"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
817
],
"end": [
824
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
147
],
"end": [
148
]
}
]
} | [
"the USSR"
] |
SQuAD | In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was successfully tested on August 21, 1957 and became the world's first fully operational ICBM the following month. It would later be used to launch the first satellite into space, and derivatives would launch all piloted Soviet spacecraft. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"1953",
",",
"Korolev",
"was",
"given",
"the",
"go",
"-",
"ahead",
"to",
"develop",
"the",
"R-7",
"Semyorka",
"rocket",
",",
"which",
"represented",
"a",
"major",
"advance",
"from",
"the",
"German",
"design",
".",
"Although",
"some",
"of",
"its",
"components",
"(",
"notably",
"boosters",
")",
"still",
"resembled",
"the",
"German",
"G-4",
",",
"the",
"new",
"rocket",
"incorporated",
"staged",
"design",
",",
"a",
"completely",
"new",
"control",
"system",
",",
"and",
"a",
"new",
"fuel",
".",
"It",
"was",
"successfully",
"tested",
"on",
"August",
"21",
",",
"1957",
"and",
"became",
"the",
"world",
"'s",
"first",
"fully",
"operational",
"ICBM",
"the",
"following",
"month",
".",
"It",
"would",
"later",
"be",
"used",
"to",
"launch",
"the",
"first",
"satellite",
"into",
"space",
",",
"and",
"derivatives",
"would",
"launch",
"all",
"piloted",
"Soviet",
"spacecraft",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
7,
9,
17,
21,
27,
31,
33,
34,
40,
43,
51,
55,
59,
68,
74,
76,
82,
94,
96,
102,
110,
115,
119,
126,
132,
134,
143,
148,
151,
155,
166,
167,
175,
183,
185,
191,
201,
205,
212,
215,
217,
221,
225,
232,
245,
252,
258,
260,
262,
273,
277,
285,
291,
293,
297,
299,
303,
307,
309,
312,
316,
329,
336,
339,
346,
348,
350,
355,
359,
366,
370,
375,
378,
384,
390,
402,
407,
411,
421,
426,
428,
431,
437,
443,
446,
451,
454,
461,
465,
471,
481,
486,
491,
493,
497,
509,
515,
522,
526,
534,
541,
551
]
} | dc2167a31af648fea3fd9d81398b6cb2 | Who began developing the R-7 Semyorka rocket? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"began",
"developing",
"the",
" ",
"R-7",
"Semyorka",
"rocket",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
21,
25,
26,
30,
39,
45
]
} | {
"text": [
"Korolev"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
9
],
"end": [
15
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
3
],
"end": [
3
]
}
]
} | [
"Korolev"
] |
SQuAD | In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was successfully tested on August 21, 1957 and became the world's first fully operational ICBM the following month. It would later be used to launch the first satellite into space, and derivatives would launch all piloted Soviet spacecraft. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"1953",
",",
"Korolev",
"was",
"given",
"the",
"go",
"-",
"ahead",
"to",
"develop",
"the",
"R-7",
"Semyorka",
"rocket",
",",
"which",
"represented",
"a",
"major",
"advance",
"from",
"the",
"German",
"design",
".",
"Although",
"some",
"of",
"its",
"components",
"(",
"notably",
"boosters",
")",
"still",
"resembled",
"the",
"German",
"G-4",
",",
"the",
"new",
"rocket",
"incorporated",
"staged",
"design",
",",
"a",
"completely",
"new",
"control",
"system",
",",
"and",
"a",
"new",
"fuel",
".",
"It",
"was",
"successfully",
"tested",
"on",
"August",
"21",
",",
"1957",
"and",
"became",
"the",
"world",
"'s",
"first",
"fully",
"operational",
"ICBM",
"the",
"following",
"month",
".",
"It",
"would",
"later",
"be",
"used",
"to",
"launch",
"the",
"first",
"satellite",
"into",
"space",
",",
"and",
"derivatives",
"would",
"launch",
"all",
"piloted",
"Soviet",
"spacecraft",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
7,
9,
17,
21,
27,
31,
33,
34,
40,
43,
51,
55,
59,
68,
74,
76,
82,
94,
96,
102,
110,
115,
119,
126,
132,
134,
143,
148,
151,
155,
166,
167,
175,
183,
185,
191,
201,
205,
212,
215,
217,
221,
225,
232,
245,
252,
258,
260,
262,
273,
277,
285,
291,
293,
297,
299,
303,
307,
309,
312,
316,
329,
336,
339,
346,
348,
350,
355,
359,
366,
370,
375,
378,
384,
390,
402,
407,
411,
421,
426,
428,
431,
437,
443,
446,
451,
454,
461,
465,
471,
481,
486,
491,
493,
497,
509,
515,
522,
526,
534,
541,
551
]
} | c30c912471a1494a8050350b0c10af76 | R-7 Semyorka rocket resembled closely to what other missile? | {
"tokens": [
" ",
"R-7",
"Semyorka",
"rocket",
"resembled",
"closely",
"to",
"what",
"other",
"missile",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
1,
5,
14,
21,
31,
39,
42,
47,
53,
60
]
} | {
"text": [
"German G-4"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
205
],
"end": [
214
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
39
],
"end": [
40
]
}
]
} | [
"German G-4"
] |
SQuAD | In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was successfully tested on August 21, 1957 and became the world's first fully operational ICBM the following month. It would later be used to launch the first satellite into space, and derivatives would launch all piloted Soviet spacecraft. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"1953",
",",
"Korolev",
"was",
"given",
"the",
"go",
"-",
"ahead",
"to",
"develop",
"the",
"R-7",
"Semyorka",
"rocket",
",",
"which",
"represented",
"a",
"major",
"advance",
"from",
"the",
"German",
"design",
".",
"Although",
"some",
"of",
"its",
"components",
"(",
"notably",
"boosters",
")",
"still",
"resembled",
"the",
"German",
"G-4",
",",
"the",
"new",
"rocket",
"incorporated",
"staged",
"design",
",",
"a",
"completely",
"new",
"control",
"system",
",",
"and",
"a",
"new",
"fuel",
".",
"It",
"was",
"successfully",
"tested",
"on",
"August",
"21",
",",
"1957",
"and",
"became",
"the",
"world",
"'s",
"first",
"fully",
"operational",
"ICBM",
"the",
"following",
"month",
".",
"It",
"would",
"later",
"be",
"used",
"to",
"launch",
"the",
"first",
"satellite",
"into",
"space",
",",
"and",
"derivatives",
"would",
"launch",
"all",
"piloted",
"Soviet",
"spacecraft",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
7,
9,
17,
21,
27,
31,
33,
34,
40,
43,
51,
55,
59,
68,
74,
76,
82,
94,
96,
102,
110,
115,
119,
126,
132,
134,
143,
148,
151,
155,
166,
167,
175,
183,
185,
191,
201,
205,
212,
215,
217,
221,
225,
232,
245,
252,
258,
260,
262,
273,
277,
285,
291,
293,
297,
299,
303,
307,
309,
312,
316,
329,
336,
339,
346,
348,
350,
355,
359,
366,
370,
375,
378,
384,
390,
402,
407,
411,
421,
426,
428,
431,
437,
443,
446,
451,
454,
461,
465,
471,
481,
486,
491,
493,
497,
509,
515,
522,
526,
534,
541,
551
]
} | 86986626811441acaba21d3377fd5b83 | When was the R-7 Semyorka rocket tested successfully? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"was",
"the",
"R-7",
"Semyorka",
"rocket",
"tested",
"successfully",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
17,
26,
33,
40,
52
]
} | {
"text": [
"August 21, 1957"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
339
],
"end": [
353
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
65
],
"end": [
68
]
}
]
} | [
"August 21, 1957"
] |
SQuAD | In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was successfully tested on August 21, 1957 and became the world's first fully operational ICBM the following month. It would later be used to launch the first satellite into space, and derivatives would launch all piloted Soviet spacecraft. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"1953",
",",
"Korolev",
"was",
"given",
"the",
"go",
"-",
"ahead",
"to",
"develop",
"the",
"R-7",
"Semyorka",
"rocket",
",",
"which",
"represented",
"a",
"major",
"advance",
"from",
"the",
"German",
"design",
".",
"Although",
"some",
"of",
"its",
"components",
"(",
"notably",
"boosters",
")",
"still",
"resembled",
"the",
"German",
"G-4",
",",
"the",
"new",
"rocket",
"incorporated",
"staged",
"design",
",",
"a",
"completely",
"new",
"control",
"system",
",",
"and",
"a",
"new",
"fuel",
".",
"It",
"was",
"successfully",
"tested",
"on",
"August",
"21",
",",
"1957",
"and",
"became",
"the",
"world",
"'s",
"first",
"fully",
"operational",
"ICBM",
"the",
"following",
"month",
".",
"It",
"would",
"later",
"be",
"used",
"to",
"launch",
"the",
"first",
"satellite",
"into",
"space",
",",
"and",
"derivatives",
"would",
"launch",
"all",
"piloted",
"Soviet",
"spacecraft",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
7,
9,
17,
21,
27,
31,
33,
34,
40,
43,
51,
55,
59,
68,
74,
76,
82,
94,
96,
102,
110,
115,
119,
126,
132,
134,
143,
148,
151,
155,
166,
167,
175,
183,
185,
191,
201,
205,
212,
215,
217,
221,
225,
232,
245,
252,
258,
260,
262,
273,
277,
285,
291,
293,
297,
299,
303,
307,
309,
312,
316,
329,
336,
339,
346,
348,
350,
355,
359,
366,
370,
375,
378,
384,
390,
402,
407,
411,
421,
426,
428,
431,
437,
443,
446,
451,
454,
461,
465,
471,
481,
486,
491,
493,
497,
509,
515,
522,
526,
534,
541,
551
]
} | 8c1d8a277e2b45f3a77c9ed8747db8be | The first satellite launched into space used what rocket? | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"first",
"satellite",
"launched",
"into",
"space",
"used",
"what",
"rocket",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
20,
29,
34,
40,
45,
50,
56
]
} | {
"text": [
"R-7 Semyorka rocket"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
55
],
"end": [
73
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
13
],
"end": [
15
]
}
]
} | [
"R-7 Semyorka rocket"
] |
SQuAD | For its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. The United States had used these weapons operationally during World War II, and it could use them again against the Soviet Union, laying waste its cities and military centers. Since the Americans had a much larger air force than the Soviet Union, and the United States maintained advance air bases near Soviet territory, in 1947 Stalin ordered the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) in order to counter the perceived American threat. | {
"tokens": [
"For",
"its",
"part",
",",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
"harbored",
"fears",
"of",
"invasion",
".",
"Having",
"suffered",
"at",
"least",
"27",
"million",
"casualties",
"during",
"World",
"War",
"II",
"after",
"being",
"invaded",
"by",
"Nazi",
"Germany",
"in",
"1941",
",",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
"was",
"wary",
"of",
"its",
"former",
"ally",
",",
"the",
"United",
"States",
",",
"which",
"until",
"late",
"1949",
"was",
"the",
"sole",
"possessor",
"of",
"atomic",
"weapons",
".",
"The",
"United",
"States",
"had",
"used",
"these",
"weapons",
"operationally",
"during",
"World",
"War",
"II",
",",
"and",
"it",
"could",
"use",
"them",
"again",
"against",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
",",
"laying",
"waste",
"its",
"cities",
"and",
"military",
"centers",
".",
"Since",
"the",
"Americans",
"had",
"a",
"much",
"larger",
"air",
"force",
"than",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
",",
"and",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"maintained",
"advance",
"air",
"bases",
"near",
"Soviet",
"territory",
",",
"in",
"1947",
"Stalin",
"ordered",
"the",
"development",
"of",
"intercontinental",
"ballistic",
"missiles",
"(",
"ICBMs",
")",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"counter",
"the",
"perceived",
"American",
"threat",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
14,
18,
25,
31,
40,
46,
49,
57,
59,
66,
75,
78,
84,
87,
95,
106,
113,
119,
123,
126,
132,
138,
146,
149,
154,
162,
165,
169,
171,
175,
182,
188,
192,
197,
200,
204,
211,
215,
217,
221,
228,
234,
236,
242,
248,
253,
258,
262,
266,
271,
281,
284,
291,
298,
300,
304,
311,
318,
322,
327,
333,
341,
355,
362,
368,
372,
374,
376,
380,
383,
389,
393,
398,
404,
412,
416,
423,
428,
430,
437,
443,
447,
454,
458,
467,
474,
476,
482,
486,
496,
500,
502,
507,
514,
518,
524,
529,
533,
540,
545,
547,
551,
555,
562,
569,
580,
588,
592,
598,
603,
610,
619,
621,
624,
629,
636,
644,
648,
660,
663,
680,
690,
699,
700,
705,
707,
710,
716,
719,
727,
731,
741,
750,
756
]
} | 41e722ff58444450912b48a42b0b87ec | How many casualties did the Soviet Union have during WWII? | {
"tokens": [
"How",
"many",
"casualties",
"did",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
"have",
"during",
"WWII",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
9,
20,
24,
28,
35,
41,
46,
53,
57
]
} | {
"text": [
"27 million"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
84
],
"end": [
93
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
16
],
"end": [
17
]
}
]
} | [
"27 million"
] |
SQuAD | For its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. The United States had used these weapons operationally during World War II, and it could use them again against the Soviet Union, laying waste its cities and military centers. Since the Americans had a much larger air force than the Soviet Union, and the United States maintained advance air bases near Soviet territory, in 1947 Stalin ordered the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) in order to counter the perceived American threat. | {
"tokens": [
"For",
"its",
"part",
",",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
"harbored",
"fears",
"of",
"invasion",
".",
"Having",
"suffered",
"at",
"least",
"27",
"million",
"casualties",
"during",
"World",
"War",
"II",
"after",
"being",
"invaded",
"by",
"Nazi",
"Germany",
"in",
"1941",
",",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
"was",
"wary",
"of",
"its",
"former",
"ally",
",",
"the",
"United",
"States",
",",
"which",
"until",
"late",
"1949",
"was",
"the",
"sole",
"possessor",
"of",
"atomic",
"weapons",
".",
"The",
"United",
"States",
"had",
"used",
"these",
"weapons",
"operationally",
"during",
"World",
"War",
"II",
",",
"and",
"it",
"could",
"use",
"them",
"again",
"against",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
",",
"laying",
"waste",
"its",
"cities",
"and",
"military",
"centers",
".",
"Since",
"the",
"Americans",
"had",
"a",
"much",
"larger",
"air",
"force",
"than",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
",",
"and",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"maintained",
"advance",
"air",
"bases",
"near",
"Soviet",
"territory",
",",
"in",
"1947",
"Stalin",
"ordered",
"the",
"development",
"of",
"intercontinental",
"ballistic",
"missiles",
"(",
"ICBMs",
")",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"counter",
"the",
"perceived",
"American",
"threat",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
14,
18,
25,
31,
40,
46,
49,
57,
59,
66,
75,
78,
84,
87,
95,
106,
113,
119,
123,
126,
132,
138,
146,
149,
154,
162,
165,
169,
171,
175,
182,
188,
192,
197,
200,
204,
211,
215,
217,
221,
228,
234,
236,
242,
248,
253,
258,
262,
266,
271,
281,
284,
291,
298,
300,
304,
311,
318,
322,
327,
333,
341,
355,
362,
368,
372,
374,
376,
380,
383,
389,
393,
398,
404,
412,
416,
423,
428,
430,
437,
443,
447,
454,
458,
467,
474,
476,
482,
486,
496,
500,
502,
507,
514,
518,
524,
529,
533,
540,
545,
547,
551,
555,
562,
569,
580,
588,
592,
598,
603,
610,
619,
621,
624,
629,
636,
644,
648,
660,
663,
680,
690,
699,
700,
705,
707,
710,
716,
719,
727,
731,
741,
750,
756
]
} | 95095e6234e842d8b2d58ec473abcf69 | The Soviet Union was first invaded by Nazi controlled Germany in what year? | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Soviet",
"Union",
"was",
"first",
"invaded",
"by",
"Nazi",
"controlled",
"Germany",
"in",
"what",
"year",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
17,
21,
27,
35,
38,
43,
54,
62,
65,
70,
74
]
} | {
"text": [
"1941"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
165
],
"end": [
168
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
30
],
"end": [
30
]
}
]
} | [
"1941"
] |
SQuAD | For its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. The United States had used these weapons operationally during World War II, and it could use them again against the Soviet Union, laying waste its cities and military centers. Since the Americans had a much larger air force than the Soviet Union, and the United States maintained advance air bases near Soviet territory, in 1947 Stalin ordered the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) in order to counter the perceived American threat. | {
"tokens": [
"For",
"its",
"part",
",",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
"harbored",
"fears",
"of",
"invasion",
".",
"Having",
"suffered",
"at",
"least",
"27",
"million",
"casualties",
"during",
"World",
"War",
"II",
"after",
"being",
"invaded",
"by",
"Nazi",
"Germany",
"in",
"1941",
",",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
"was",
"wary",
"of",
"its",
"former",
"ally",
",",
"the",
"United",
"States",
",",
"which",
"until",
"late",
"1949",
"was",
"the",
"sole",
"possessor",
"of",
"atomic",
"weapons",
".",
"The",
"United",
"States",
"had",
"used",
"these",
"weapons",
"operationally",
"during",
"World",
"War",
"II",
",",
"and",
"it",
"could",
"use",
"them",
"again",
"against",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
",",
"laying",
"waste",
"its",
"cities",
"and",
"military",
"centers",
".",
"Since",
"the",
"Americans",
"had",
"a",
"much",
"larger",
"air",
"force",
"than",
"the",
"Soviet",
"Union",
",",
"and",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"maintained",
"advance",
"air",
"bases",
"near",
"Soviet",
"territory",
",",
"in",
"1947",
"Stalin",
"ordered",
"the",
"development",
"of",
"intercontinental",
"ballistic",
"missiles",
"(",
"ICBMs",
")",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"counter",
"the",
"perceived",
"American",
"threat",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
14,
18,
25,
31,
40,
46,
49,
57,
59,
66,
75,
78,
84,
87,
95,
106,
113,
119,
123,
126,
132,
138,
146,
149,
154,
162,
165,
169,
171,
175,
182,
188,
192,
197,
200,
204,
211,
215,
217,
221,
228,
234,
236,
242,
248,
253,
258,
262,
266,
271,
281,
284,
291,
298,
300,
304,
311,
318,
322,
327,
333,
341,
355,
362,
368,
372,
374,
376,
380,
383,
389,
393,
398,
404,
412,
416,
423,
428,
430,
437,
443,
447,
454,
458,
467,
474,
476,
482,
486,
496,
500,
502,
507,
514,
518,
524,
529,
533,
540,
545,
547,
551,
555,
562,
569,
580,
588,
592,
598,
603,
610,
619,
621,
624,
629,
636,
644,
648,
660,
663,
680,
690,
699,
700,
705,
707,
710,
716,
719,
727,
731,
741,
750,
756
]
} | 62a96aba8c9d4ec68bcc43b2960011c4 | Until what year, was the US the sole possessor of the atomic bomb? | {
"tokens": [
"Until",
"what",
"year",
",",
"was",
"the",
"US",
"the",
"sole",
"possessor",
"of",
"the",
"atomic",
"bomb",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
11,
15,
17,
21,
25,
28,
32,
37,
47,
50,
54,
61,
65
]
} | {
"text": [
"1949"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
253
],
"end": [
256
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
49
],
"end": [
49
]
}
]
} | [
"1949"
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.