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SQuAD
The early port settlement of Plymouth, called "Sutton", approximates to the area now referred to as the Barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in Britain. The Pilgrim Fathers left for the New World in 1620 near the commemorative Mayflower Steps in Sutton Pool. Also on Sutton Pool is the National Marine Aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes Britain's deepest aquarium tank.
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64d664de7dfa4ed284d4f0b888c9fd97
What monument commemorates the departure of the Pilgrim Fathers?
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{ "text": [ "Mayflower Steps" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 277 ], "end": [ 291 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 50 ], "end": [ 51 ] } ] }
[ "Mayflower Steps" ]
SQuAD
The early port settlement of Plymouth, called "Sutton", approximates to the area now referred to as the Barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in Britain. The Pilgrim Fathers left for the New World in 1620 near the commemorative Mayflower Steps in Sutton Pool. Also on Sutton Pool is the National Marine Aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes Britain's deepest aquarium tank.
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48ad9c66c9f34fc7a2dc7a7aac018a6b
How many marine species are present at the National Marine Aquarium?
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[ "400" ]
SQuAD
The early port settlement of Plymouth, called "Sutton", approximates to the area now referred to as the Barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in Britain. The Pilgrim Fathers left for the New World in 1620 near the commemorative Mayflower Steps in Sutton Pool. Also on Sutton Pool is the National Marine Aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes Britain's deepest aquarium tank.
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4f71f3c2b7c1437498b2e44f72e9dced
How many listed buildings are present in the Barbican area?
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[ "100" ]
SQuAD
The River Plym, which flows off Dartmoor to the north-east, forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called Cattewater. Plymouth Sound is protected from the sea by the Plymouth Breakwater, in use since 1814. In the Sound is Drake's Island which is seen from Plymouth Hoe, a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs. The Unitary Authority of Plymouth is 79.84 square kilometres (30.83 sq mi). The topography rises from sea level to a height, at Roborough, of about 509 feet (155 m) above Ordnance Datum (AOD).
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75ad3ed1d4a2475788d9ba1f47b69569
What estuary east of Plymouth is part of the River Plym?
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[ "Cattewater" ]
SQuAD
The River Plym, which flows off Dartmoor to the north-east, forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called Cattewater. Plymouth Sound is protected from the sea by the Plymouth Breakwater, in use since 1814. In the Sound is Drake's Island which is seen from Plymouth Hoe, a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs. The Unitary Authority of Plymouth is 79.84 square kilometres (30.83 sq mi). The topography rises from sea level to a height, at Roborough, of about 509 feet (155 m) above Ordnance Datum (AOD).
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71e36b4b9b27404aa9f29597677a2b54
When did the Plymouth Breakwater open?
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{ "text": [ "1814" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 209 ], "end": [ 212 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 42 ], "end": [ 42 ] } ] }
[ "1814" ]
SQuAD
The River Plym, which flows off Dartmoor to the north-east, forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called Cattewater. Plymouth Sound is protected from the sea by the Plymouth Breakwater, in use since 1814. In the Sound is Drake's Island which is seen from Plymouth Hoe, a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs. The Unitary Authority of Plymouth is 79.84 square kilometres (30.83 sq mi). The topography rises from sea level to a height, at Roborough, of about 509 feet (155 m) above Ordnance Datum (AOD).
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896da630ec024719b5e1c5586e5ce405
What island is present in Plymouth Sound?
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{ "text": [ "Drake's Island" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 231 ], "end": [ 244 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 48 ], "end": [ 50 ] } ] }
[ "Drake's Island" ]
SQuAD
The River Plym, which flows off Dartmoor to the north-east, forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called Cattewater. Plymouth Sound is protected from the sea by the Plymouth Breakwater, in use since 1814. In the Sound is Drake's Island which is seen from Plymouth Hoe, a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs. The Unitary Authority of Plymouth is 79.84 square kilometres (30.83 sq mi). The topography rises from sea level to a height, at Roborough, of about 509 feet (155 m) above Ordnance Datum (AOD).
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2cf22b76b2f849dd9e42a8aa4068f1da
How large is the Unitary Authority of Plymouth in square miles?
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{ "text": [ "30.83" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 388 ], "end": [ 392 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 78 ], "end": [ 78 ] } ] }
[ "30.83" ]
SQuAD
The River Plym, which flows off Dartmoor to the north-east, forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called Cattewater. Plymouth Sound is protected from the sea by the Plymouth Breakwater, in use since 1814. In the Sound is Drake's Island which is seen from Plymouth Hoe, a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs. The Unitary Authority of Plymouth is 79.84 square kilometres (30.83 sq mi). The topography rises from sea level to a height, at Roborough, of about 509 feet (155 m) above Ordnance Datum (AOD).
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dc4150c8aa2c446ebb9d58b596e7f975
In meters, what is the highest point in the Plymouth Unitary Authority?
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[ "155" ]
SQuAD
Plymouth is home to Plymouth Argyle F.C., who play in the fourth tier of English football league known as Football League Two. The team's home ground is called Home Park and is located in Central Park. It links itself with the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: its nickname is "The Pilgrims". The city also has four Non-League football clubs; Plymouth Parkway F.C. who play at Bolitho Park, Elburton Villa F.C. who play at Haye Road, Vospers Oak Villa F.C. who play at Weston Mill and Plymstock United F.C. who play at Deans Cross. All four clubs play in the South West Peninsula League.
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da044ecff82c4d03aebde7d9bf28f433
What football league team is located in Plymouth?
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{ "text": [ "Plymouth Argyle F.C." ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 20 ], "end": [ 39 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 6 ] } ] }
[ "Plymouth Argyle F.C." ]
SQuAD
Plymouth is home to Plymouth Argyle F.C., who play in the fourth tier of English football league known as Football League Two. The team's home ground is called Home Park and is located in Central Park. It links itself with the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: its nickname is "The Pilgrims". The city also has four Non-League football clubs; Plymouth Parkway F.C. who play at Bolitho Park, Elburton Villa F.C. who play at Haye Road, Vospers Oak Villa F.C. who play at Weston Mill and Plymstock United F.C. who play at Deans Cross. All four clubs play in the South West Peninsula League.
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51373ad74dac4a908275022a1eaebb4e
What level of the football league does Plymouth Argyle F.C. operate in?
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[ "Football League Two" ]
SQuAD
Plymouth is home to Plymouth Argyle F.C., who play in the fourth tier of English football league known as Football League Two. The team's home ground is called Home Park and is located in Central Park. It links itself with the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: its nickname is "The Pilgrims". The city also has four Non-League football clubs; Plymouth Parkway F.C. who play at Bolitho Park, Elburton Villa F.C. who play at Haye Road, Vospers Oak Villa F.C. who play at Weston Mill and Plymstock United F.C. who play at Deans Cross. All four clubs play in the South West Peninsula League.
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3280de1ee5c24cd29b7fe1dc9997d356
What is the home field of Plymouth Argyle F.C.?
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[ "Home Park" ]
SQuAD
Plymouth is home to Plymouth Argyle F.C., who play in the fourth tier of English football league known as Football League Two. The team's home ground is called Home Park and is located in Central Park. It links itself with the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: its nickname is "The Pilgrims". The city also has four Non-League football clubs; Plymouth Parkway F.C. who play at Bolitho Park, Elburton Villa F.C. who play at Haye Road, Vospers Oak Villa F.C. who play at Weston Mill and Plymstock United F.C. who play at Deans Cross. All four clubs play in the South West Peninsula League.
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df6c9096731f4c759868e44ea8995bab
What is the nickname of Plymouth Argyle F.C.?
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[ "The Pilgrims" ]
SQuAD
Plymouth is home to Plymouth Argyle F.C., who play in the fourth tier of English football league known as Football League Two. The team's home ground is called Home Park and is located in Central Park. It links itself with the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: its nickname is "The Pilgrims". The city also has four Non-League football clubs; Plymouth Parkway F.C. who play at Bolitho Park, Elburton Villa F.C. who play at Haye Road, Vospers Oak Villa F.C. who play at Weston Mill and Plymstock United F.C. who play at Deans Cross. All four clubs play in the South West Peninsula League.
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66cc9d2ae788460aab7953c2db04201a
What team plays its home games at Weston Mill?
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{ "text": [ "Vospers Oak Villa F.C." ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 479 ], "end": [ 500 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 98 ], "end": [ 101 ] } ] }
[ "Vospers Oak Villa F.C." ]
SQuAD
The Roland Levinsky building, the landmark building of the University of Plymouth, is located in the city's central quarter. Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen, the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University's Arts faculty. It has been consistently considered one of the UK's most beautiful university buildings.
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2434329c5511426fbd2c696eaa6e473f
Who designed the Roland Levinsky building?
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{ "text": [ "Henning Larsen" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 155 ], "end": [ 168 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ] }
[ "Henning Larsen" ]
SQuAD
The Roland Levinsky building, the landmark building of the University of Plymouth, is located in the city's central quarter. Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen, the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University's Arts faculty. It has been consistently considered one of the UK's most beautiful university buildings.
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6d35aab961814655b0c483cc5a357417
When did the Roland Levinsky building open?
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{ "text": [ "2008" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 198 ], "end": [ 201 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 35 ], "end": [ 35 ] } ] }
[ "2008" ]
SQuAD
The Roland Levinsky building, the landmark building of the University of Plymouth, is located in the city's central quarter. Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen, the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University's Arts faculty. It has been consistently considered one of the UK's most beautiful university buildings.
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781a1a0635c941409012dd88d498bde3
Of what university is the Roland Levinsky building a part?
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[ "University of Plymouth" ]
SQuAD
The Roland Levinsky building, the landmark building of the University of Plymouth, is located in the city's central quarter. Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen, the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University's Arts faculty. It has been consistently considered one of the UK's most beautiful university buildings.
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18b4510eb07d4c2b95bfdc317526527c
What academic discipline at the university is based in the Roland Levinsky building?
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{ "text": [ "Arts" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 231 ], "end": [ 234 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 41 ], "end": [ 41 ] } ] }
[ "Arts" ]
SQuAD
The Roland Levinsky building, the landmark building of the University of Plymouth, is located in the city's central quarter. Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen, the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University's Arts faculty. It has been consistently considered one of the UK's most beautiful university buildings.
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What part of Plymouth is the Roland Levinsky building situated in?
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{ "text": [ "the city's central quarter" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 97 ], "end": [ 122 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 17 ], "end": [ 21 ] } ] }
[ "the city's central quarter" ]
SQuAD
The term is usually used to refer to violations of important religious teachings, but is used also of views strongly opposed to any generally accepted ideas. It is used in particular in reference to Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism.
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b094c5e3a03047618c63eb35ff2dddde
What religions and idea of thought is heresy cited as being used frequently in?
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[ "Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism" ]
SQuAD
Plymouth has the first known reference to Jews in the South West from Sir Francis Drake's voyages in 1577 to 1580, as his log mentioned "Moses the Jew" – a man from Plymouth. The Plymouth Synagogue is a Listed Grade II* building, built in 1762 and is the oldest Ashkenazi Synagogue in the English speaking world. There are also places of worship for Islam, Bahá'í, Buddhism, Unitarianism, Chinese beliefs and Humanism.
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a15cdcbb470b4ee7855d06aab8e76546
What Plymouth Jew was mentioned by Sir Francis Drake?
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[ "Moses" ]
SQuAD
Plymouth has the first known reference to Jews in the South West from Sir Francis Drake's voyages in 1577 to 1580, as his log mentioned "Moses the Jew" – a man from Plymouth. The Plymouth Synagogue is a Listed Grade II* building, built in 1762 and is the oldest Ashkenazi Synagogue in the English speaking world. There are also places of worship for Islam, Bahá'í, Buddhism, Unitarianism, Chinese beliefs and Humanism.
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In what year was Plymouth Synagogue constructed?
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{ "text": [ "1762" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 239 ], "end": [ 242 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 51 ], "end": [ 51 ] } ] }
[ "1762" ]
SQuAD
Plymouth has the first known reference to Jews in the South West from Sir Francis Drake's voyages in 1577 to 1580, as his log mentioned "Moses the Jew" – a man from Plymouth. The Plymouth Synagogue is a Listed Grade II* building, built in 1762 and is the oldest Ashkenazi Synagogue in the English speaking world. There are also places of worship for Islam, Bahá'í, Buddhism, Unitarianism, Chinese beliefs and Humanism.
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What is Plymouth Synagogue's listed grade?
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{ "text": [ "Grade II*" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 210 ], "end": [ 218 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 44 ], "end": [ 46 ] } ] }
[ "Grade II*" ]
SQuAD
Plymouth has the first known reference to Jews in the South West from Sir Francis Drake's voyages in 1577 to 1580, as his log mentioned "Moses the Jew" – a man from Plymouth. The Plymouth Synagogue is a Listed Grade II* building, built in 1762 and is the oldest Ashkenazi Synagogue in the English speaking world. There are also places of worship for Islam, Bahá'í, Buddhism, Unitarianism, Chinese beliefs and Humanism.
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What community of Jews was Plymouth Synagogue built by?
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[ "Ashkenazi" ]
SQuAD
The city was also home to the Royal Naval Engineering College; opened in 1880 in Keyham, it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at Greenwich. The college closed in 1910, but in 1940 a new college opened at Manadon. This was renamed Dockyard Technical College in 1959 before finally closing in 1994; training was transferred to the University of Southampton.
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What maritime institution of higher education existed in Plymouth as of 1880?
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{ "text": [ "the Royal Naval Engineering College" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 26 ], "end": [ 60 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 6 ], "end": [ 10 ] } ] }
[ "the Royal Naval Engineering College" ]
SQuAD
The city was also home to the Royal Naval Engineering College; opened in 1880 in Keyham, it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at Greenwich. The college closed in 1910, but in 1940 a new college opened at Manadon. This was renamed Dockyard Technical College in 1959 before finally closing in 1994; training was transferred to the University of Southampton.
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When did the Royal Naval Engineering College shut its doors in Plymouth?
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{ "text": [ "1910" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 232 ], "end": [ 235 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 42 ], "end": [ 42 ] } ] }
[ "1910" ]
SQuAD
The city was also home to the Royal Naval Engineering College; opened in 1880 in Keyham, it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at Greenwich. The college closed in 1910, but in 1940 a new college opened at Manadon. This was renamed Dockyard Technical College in 1959 before finally closing in 1994; training was transferred to the University of Southampton.
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What was the Royal Naval Engineering College renamed in 1959?
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{ "text": [ "Dockyard Technical College" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 300 ], "end": [ 325 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 57 ], "end": [ 59 ] } ] }
[ "Dockyard Technical College" ]
SQuAD
The city was also home to the Royal Naval Engineering College; opened in 1880 in Keyham, it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at Greenwich. The college closed in 1910, but in 1940 a new college opened at Manadon. This was renamed Dockyard Technical College in 1959 before finally closing in 1994; training was transferred to the University of Southampton.
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In what year did the Dockyard Technical College close?
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{ "text": [ "1994" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 361 ], "end": [ 364 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 66 ], "end": [ 66 ] } ] }
[ "1994" ]
SQuAD
The city was also home to the Royal Naval Engineering College; opened in 1880 in Keyham, it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at Greenwich. The college closed in 1910, but in 1940 a new college opened at Manadon. This was renamed Dockyard Technical College in 1959 before finally closing in 1994; training was transferred to the University of Southampton.
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After the Dockyard Technical College closed, where were classes relocated to?
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{ "text": [ "University of Southampton" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 399 ], "end": [ 423 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 73 ], "end": [ 75 ] } ] }
[ "University of Southampton" ]
SQuAD
Heresy is any provocative belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs. A heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs. Heresy is distinct from both apostasy, which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is an impious utterance or action concerning God or sacred things.
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What is heresy mainly at odds with?
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{ "text": [ "established beliefs or customs" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 77 ], "end": [ 106 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 13 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ] }
[ "established beliefs or customs" ]
SQuAD
Heresy is any provocative belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs. A heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs. Heresy is distinct from both apostasy, which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is an impious utterance or action concerning God or sacred things.
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What is a person called is practicing heresy?
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{ "text": [ "A heretic" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 109 ], "end": [ 117 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 18 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ] }
[ "A heretic" ]
SQuAD
A 2014 profile by the National Health Service showed Plymouth had higher than average levels of poverty and deprivation (26.2% of population among the poorest 20.4% nationally). Life expectancy, at 78.3 years for men and 82.1 for women, was the lowest of any region in the South West of England.
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What percentage of Plymouth residents were suffering from poverty and deprivation in 2014?
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{ "text": [ "26.2%" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 121 ], "end": [ 125 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 20 ], "end": [ 21 ] } ] }
[ "26.2%" ]
SQuAD
A 2014 profile by the National Health Service showed Plymouth had higher than average levels of poverty and deprivation (26.2% of population among the poorest 20.4% nationally). Life expectancy, at 78.3 years for men and 82.1 for women, was the lowest of any region in the South West of England.
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As of 2014, what was the life expectancy of male Plymouth residents?
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{ "text": [ "78.3 years" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 198 ], "end": [ 207 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 36 ], "end": [ 37 ] } ] }
[ "78.3 years" ]
SQuAD
A 2014 profile by the National Health Service showed Plymouth had higher than average levels of poverty and deprivation (26.2% of population among the poorest 20.4% nationally). Life expectancy, at 78.3 years for men and 82.1 for women, was the lowest of any region in the South West of England.
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As of 2014, what was the life expectancy of female Plymouth residents?
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[ "82.1" ]
SQuAD
A 2014 profile by the National Health Service showed Plymouth had higher than average levels of poverty and deprivation (26.2% of population among the poorest 20.4% nationally). Life expectancy, at 78.3 years for men and 82.1 for women, was the lowest of any region in the South West of England.
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Where did Plymouth's life expectancy rank out of the regions of South West England?
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[ "lowest" ]
SQuAD
The mid-19th century burial ground at Ford Park Cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels. There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city, Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves, but a brass plaque set into the ground.
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When did Ford Park Cemetery reopen?
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{ "text": [ "2007" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 73 ], "end": [ 76 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 12 ], "end": [ 12 ] } ] }
[ "2007" ]
SQuAD
The mid-19th century burial ground at Ford Park Cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels. There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city, Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves, but a brass plaque set into the ground.
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Along with Efford, where else does the Plymouth City Council operate a cemetery?
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{ "text": [ "Weston Mill" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 172 ], "end": [ 182 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 29 ], "end": [ 30 ] } ] }
[ "Weston Mill" ]
SQuAD
The mid-19th century burial ground at Ford Park Cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels. There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city, Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves, but a brass plaque set into the ground.
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What is the name of the private cemetery in Plymouth?
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{ "text": [ "Drake Memorial Park" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 300 ], "end": [ 318 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 53 ], "end": [ 55 ] } ] }
[ "Drake Memorial Park" ]
SQuAD
The mid-19th century burial ground at Ford Park Cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels. There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city, Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves, but a brass plaque set into the ground.
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In lieu of headstones, what grave markers are used at Drake Memorial Park?
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[ "a brass plaque" ]
SQuAD
The mid-19th century burial ground at Ford Park Cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels. There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city, Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves, but a brass plaque set into the ground.
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4c0d8db67f6c4929a6bc7a2470667d22
When did Ford Park Cemetery first operate?
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{ "text": [ "mid-19th century" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 2 ] } ] }
[ "mid-19th century" ]
SQuAD
The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen", but it came to mean the "party or school of a man's choice" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word "heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewish, or Islamic context, and implies slightly different meanings in each. The founder or leader of a heretical movement is called a heresiarch, while individuals who espouse heresy or commit heresy are known as heretics. Heresiology is the study of heresy.
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f8c2f686c5fd471b99c6a7c11816b397
What language does the term heresy find its roots in?
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{ "text": [ "Greek" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 24 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 5 ], "end": [ 5 ] } ] }
[ "Greek" ]
SQuAD
The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen", but it came to mean the "party or school of a man's choice" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word "heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewish, or Islamic context, and implies slightly different meanings in each. The founder or leader of a heretical movement is called a heresiarch, while individuals who espouse heresy or commit heresy are known as heretics. Heresiology is the study of heresy.
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513d4bb6a1c44cdaabbacdd48578580a
What is the relationship between the context heresy is used in for Christian, Jewish, or Islamic cultures?
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{ "text": [ "slightly different" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 355 ], "end": [ 372 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 74 ], "end": [ 75 ] } ] }
[ "slightly different" ]
SQuAD
The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen", but it came to mean the "party or school of a man's choice" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word "heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewish, or Islamic context, and implies slightly different meanings in each. The founder or leader of a heretical movement is called a heresiarch, while individuals who espouse heresy or commit heresy are known as heretics. Heresiology is the study of heresy.
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9ac9697af9414f4899646ba26f67e81b
What is the head person of a heretical movement called?
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{ "text": [ "heresiarch" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 450 ], "end": [ 459 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 91 ], "end": [ 91 ] } ] }
[ "heresiarch" ]
SQuAD
The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen", but it came to mean the "party or school of a man's choice" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word "heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewish, or Islamic context, and implies slightly different meanings in each. The founder or leader of a heretical movement is called a heresiarch, while individuals who espouse heresy or commit heresy are known as heretics. Heresiology is the study of heresy.
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2ccd57919c5c4178a63a17edfb6cdc2b
What is the study of heresy?
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{ "text": [ "Heresiology" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 539 ], "end": [ 549 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 106 ], "end": [ 106 ] } ] }
[ "Heresiology" ]
SQuAD
The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen", but it came to mean the "party or school of a man's choice" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word "heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewish, or Islamic context, and implies slightly different meanings in each. The founder or leader of a heretical movement is called a heresiarch, while individuals who espouse heresy or commit heresy are known as heretics. Heresiology is the study of heresy.
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4e6b45e9c07241099c9fcd894d0f4ced
What is the original meaning of heresy when translated directly from its root word?
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[ "\"choice\" or \"thing chosen\"" ]
SQuAD
According to Titus 3:10 a divisive person should be warned two times before separating from him. The Greek for the phrase "divisive person" became a technical term in the early Church for a type of "heretic" who promoted dissension. In contrast correct teaching is called sound not only because it builds up in the faith, but because it protects against the corrupting influence of false teachers.
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How many times is it suggested that you should warn people you are in disagreement with before parting ways?
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[ "two times" ]
SQuAD
According to Titus 3:10 a divisive person should be warned two times before separating from him. The Greek for the phrase "divisive person" became a technical term in the early Church for a type of "heretic" who promoted dissension. In contrast correct teaching is called sound not only because it builds up in the faith, but because it protects against the corrupting influence of false teachers.
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What term is used to describe an individual in the early Church that introduced discord?
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{ "text": [ "divisive person" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 26 ], "end": [ 40 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 5 ], "end": [ 6 ] } ] }
[ "divisive person" ]
SQuAD
According to Titus 3:10 a divisive person should be warned two times before separating from him. The Greek for the phrase "divisive person" became a technical term in the early Church for a type of "heretic" who promoted dissension. In contrast correct teaching is called sound not only because it builds up in the faith, but because it protects against the corrupting influence of false teachers.
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71f569761d2544cdac150e3c796a5cda
What word is used when speaking of correct teachings in contrast to a false teacher?
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[ "sound" ]
SQuAD
Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story "The Theologians" within the compilation Labyrinths.
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What event is stated as a reason why the word heretic is used less often in modern times?
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[ "Spanish inquisition" ]
SQuAD
Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story "The Theologians" within the compilation Labyrinths.
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a9f1100fa39646618125a250e0d572c6
Who was the author of the short story "The Theologians"?
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{ "text": [ "Jorge Luis Borges" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 274 ], "end": [ 290 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 50 ], "end": [ 52 ] } ] }
[ "Jorge Luis Borges" ]
SQuAD
Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story "The Theologians" within the compilation Labyrinths.
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5a54e4aea012417bb220cd550c4fc6ea
What subject does the question of who has a monopoly on spiritual truth regard?
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{ "text": [ "Christian heresy" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 170 ], "end": [ 185 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 31 ], "end": [ 32 ] } ] }
[ "Christian heresy" ]
SQuAD
Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by South West Water. Prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by Plymouth County Borough Corporation. Before the 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town. They carried water from Dartmoor to Plymouth. A watercourse, known as Plymouth or Drake's Leat, was opened on 24 April 1591 to tap the River Meavy. The Devonport Leat was constructed to carry fresh drinking water to the expanding town of Devonport and its ever growing dockyard. It was fed by three Dartmoor rivers: The West Dart, Cowsic and Blackabrook. It seems to have been carrying water since 1797, but it was officially completed in 1801. It was originally designed to carry water to Devonport town, but has since been shortened and now carries water to Burrator Reservoir, which feeds most of the water supply of Plymouth. Burrator Reservoir is located about 5 miles (8 km) north of the city and was constructed in 1898 and expanded in 1928.
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2dd61fa5fcf2482bbcbcad580ac65894
When did Plymouth begin receiving water from South West Water?
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[ "1973" ]
SQuAD
Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by South West Water. Prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by Plymouth County Borough Corporation. Before the 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town. They carried water from Dartmoor to Plymouth. A watercourse, known as Plymouth or Drake's Leat, was opened on 24 April 1591 to tap the River Meavy. The Devonport Leat was constructed to carry fresh drinking water to the expanding town of Devonport and its ever growing dockyard. It was fed by three Dartmoor rivers: The West Dart, Cowsic and Blackabrook. It seems to have been carrying water since 1797, but it was officially completed in 1801. It was originally designed to carry water to Devonport town, but has since been shortened and now carries water to Burrator Reservoir, which feeds most of the water supply of Plymouth. Burrator Reservoir is located about 5 miles (8 km) north of the city and was constructed in 1898 and expanded in 1928.
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25b529b4fc1a4c3fb5c1ebc31fdb4f5c
Who provided Plymouth's water prior to 1973?
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{ "text": [ "Plymouth County Borough Corporation" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 112 ], "end": [ 146 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 22 ], "end": [ 25 ] } ] }
[ "Plymouth County Borough Corporation" ]
SQuAD
Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by South West Water. Prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by Plymouth County Borough Corporation. Before the 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town. They carried water from Dartmoor to Plymouth. A watercourse, known as Plymouth or Drake's Leat, was opened on 24 April 1591 to tap the River Meavy. The Devonport Leat was constructed to carry fresh drinking water to the expanding town of Devonport and its ever growing dockyard. It was fed by three Dartmoor rivers: The West Dart, Cowsic and Blackabrook. It seems to have been carrying water since 1797, but it was officially completed in 1801. It was originally designed to carry water to Devonport town, but has since been shortened and now carries water to Burrator Reservoir, which feeds most of the water supply of Plymouth. Burrator Reservoir is located about 5 miles (8 km) north of the city and was constructed in 1898 and expanded in 1928.
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2f348a5b1dad4b2299c69f518cd0ded5
When did Drake's Leat open?
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{ "text": [ "24 April 1591" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 353 ], "end": [ 365 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 67 ], "end": [ 69 ] } ] }
[ "24 April 1591" ]
SQuAD
Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by South West Water. Prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by Plymouth County Borough Corporation. Before the 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town. They carried water from Dartmoor to Plymouth. A watercourse, known as Plymouth or Drake's Leat, was opened on 24 April 1591 to tap the River Meavy. The Devonport Leat was constructed to carry fresh drinking water to the expanding town of Devonport and its ever growing dockyard. It was fed by three Dartmoor rivers: The West Dart, Cowsic and Blackabrook. It seems to have been carrying water since 1797, but it was officially completed in 1801. It was originally designed to carry water to Devonport town, but has since been shortened and now carries water to Burrator Reservoir, which feeds most of the water supply of Plymouth. Burrator Reservoir is located about 5 miles (8 km) north of the city and was constructed in 1898 and expanded in 1928.
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79c29ed50a7b4a309a1ab9a5e4108728
From where did Drake's Leat draw water?
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{ "text": [ "River Meavy" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 378 ], "end": [ 388 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 73 ], "end": [ 74 ] } ] }
[ "River Meavy" ]
SQuAD
Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by South West Water. Prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by Plymouth County Borough Corporation. Before the 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town. They carried water from Dartmoor to Plymouth. A watercourse, known as Plymouth or Drake's Leat, was opened on 24 April 1591 to tap the River Meavy. The Devonport Leat was constructed to carry fresh drinking water to the expanding town of Devonport and its ever growing dockyard. It was fed by three Dartmoor rivers: The West Dart, Cowsic and Blackabrook. It seems to have been carrying water since 1797, but it was officially completed in 1801. It was originally designed to carry water to Devonport town, but has since been shortened and now carries water to Burrator Reservoir, which feeds most of the water supply of Plymouth. Burrator Reservoir is located about 5 miles (8 km) north of the city and was constructed in 1898 and expanded in 1928.
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8b9c6b25fc49487cbc2ad851db379b89
When did construction finish on Devonport Leat?
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{ "text": [ "1801" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 682 ], "end": [ 685 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 130 ], "end": [ 130 ] } ] }
[ "1801" ]
SQuAD
The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from Orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: "From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus was not the Christ.]" Saint Peter of Antioch referred to Christians that refused to venerate religious images as having "Jewish minds".
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4f648b48738f409e82197f517ffa914e
What culture and religion did Fathers of the Church correlate with heresy?
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{ "text": [ "Jews and Judaism" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 30 ], "end": [ 45 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 6 ] } ] }
[ "Jews and Judaism" ]
SQuAD
The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from Orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: "From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus was not the Christ.]" Saint Peter of Antioch referred to Christians that refused to venerate religious images as having "Jewish minds".
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7148b249e35e48d7a9610dfce4f4b4d6
What religion were these Fathers of the Church?
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{ "text": [ "Orthodox Christianity" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 85 ], "end": [ 105 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 15 ] } ] }
[ "Orthodox Christianity" ]
SQuAD
The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from Orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: "From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus was not the Christ.]" Saint Peter of Antioch referred to Christians that refused to venerate religious images as having "Jewish minds".
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57ab14bafd114122a1817185b78872f1
Who suggested that it were the Jews that brought dissension into Christianity?
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{ "text": [ "Tertullian" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 159 ], "end": [ 168 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 25 ], "end": [ 25 ] } ] }
[ "Tertullian" ]
SQuAD
Notable athletes include swimmer Sharron Davies, diver Tom Daley, dancer Wayne Sleep, and footballer Trevor Francis. Other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills, Ron Goodwin, and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French. Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris Axworthy hails from Plymouth. America based actor Donald Moffat, whose roles include American Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson in the film The Right Stuff, and fictional President Bennett in Clear and Present Danger, was born in Plymouth.
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a2ded215b5b54428b4a01aa71cfc45b7
What is the occupation of Trevor Francis?
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{ "text": [ "footballer" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 90 ], "end": [ 99 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 16 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ] }
[ "footballer" ]
SQuAD
Notable athletes include swimmer Sharron Davies, diver Tom Daley, dancer Wayne Sleep, and footballer Trevor Francis. Other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills, Ron Goodwin, and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French. Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris Axworthy hails from Plymouth. America based actor Donald Moffat, whose roles include American Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson in the film The Right Stuff, and fictional President Bennett in Clear and Present Danger, was born in Plymouth.
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9f1297be379f4f94a5dee1246aad4162
What is the current nationality of former Plymouth resident Chris Axworthy?
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{ "text": [ "Canadian" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 276 ], "end": [ 283 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 45 ], "end": [ 45 ] } ] }
[ "Canadian" ]
SQuAD
Notable athletes include swimmer Sharron Davies, diver Tom Daley, dancer Wayne Sleep, and footballer Trevor Francis. Other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills, Ron Goodwin, and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French. Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris Axworthy hails from Plymouth. America based actor Donald Moffat, whose roles include American Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson in the film The Right Stuff, and fictional President Bennett in Clear and Present Danger, was born in Plymouth.
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c6fb8a23bccf447bb05211bd9041be53
What United States vice president did Donald Moffat play?
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{ "text": [ "Lyndon B. Johnson" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 429 ], "end": [ 445 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 68 ], "end": [ 70 ] } ] }
[ "Lyndon B. Johnson" ]
SQuAD
Notable athletes include swimmer Sharron Davies, diver Tom Daley, dancer Wayne Sleep, and footballer Trevor Francis. Other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills, Ron Goodwin, and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French. Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris Axworthy hails from Plymouth. America based actor Donald Moffat, whose roles include American Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson in the film The Right Stuff, and fictional President Bennett in Clear and Present Danger, was born in Plymouth.
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9f6d4d54de8a448c84c785c312c13759
In what film did Donald Moffat play President Bennett?
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{ "text": [ "Clear and Present Danger" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 511 ], "end": [ 534 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 83 ], "end": [ 86 ] } ] }
[ "Clear and Present Danger" ]
SQuAD
Notable athletes include swimmer Sharron Davies, diver Tom Daley, dancer Wayne Sleep, and footballer Trevor Francis. Other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills, Ron Goodwin, and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French. Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris Axworthy hails from Plymouth. America based actor Donald Moffat, whose roles include American Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson in the film The Right Stuff, and fictional President Bennett in Clear and Present Danger, was born in Plymouth.
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53a30b00cc3043e98b9746d95dbbaa91
What is Dawn French's job?
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{ "text": [ "comedian" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 254 ], "end": [ 261 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 41 ], "end": [ 41 ] } ] }
[ "comedian" ]
SQuAD
The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as "heresy". By this edict the state's authority and that of the Church became somewhat overlapping. One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church and state was the sharing of state powers of legal enforcement with church authorities. This reinforcement of the Church's authority gave church leaders the power to, in effect, pronounce the death sentence upon those whom the church considered heretical.
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ce5f33f864db440f886328755e328164
In what year was the first usage of the term heresy in a legal context?
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{ "text": [ "AD 380" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 60 ], "end": [ 65 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 13 ], "end": [ 14 ] } ] }
[ "AD 380" ]
SQuAD
The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as "heresy". By this edict the state's authority and that of the Church became somewhat overlapping. One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church and state was the sharing of state powers of legal enforcement with church authorities. This reinforcement of the Church's authority gave church leaders the power to, in effect, pronounce the death sentence upon those whom the church considered heretical.
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d6fb8e7b2934409583aa6e3139ea268a
Who intitiated Christianity to be a state church of the Roman Empire?
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{ "text": [ "Thessalonica of Theodosius I" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 83 ], "end": [ 110 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 19 ], "end": [ 22 ] } ] }
[ "Thessalonica of Theodosius I" ]
SQuAD
The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as "heresy". By this edict the state's authority and that of the Church became somewhat overlapping. One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church and state was the sharing of state powers of legal enforcement with church authorities. This reinforcement of the Church's authority gave church leaders the power to, in effect, pronounce the death sentence upon those whom the church considered heretical.
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66567d6f3d5443d49b94eda5e4e2df0f
What was the church lacking before the edict that would allow them to legally counter heresy?
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{ "text": [ "state-sponsored support" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 230 ], "end": [ 252 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 47 ], "end": [ 50 ] } ] }
[ "state-sponsored support" ]
SQuAD
The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as "heresy". By this edict the state's authority and that of the Church became somewhat overlapping. One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church and state was the sharing of state powers of legal enforcement with church authorities. This reinforcement of the Church's authority gave church leaders the power to, in effect, pronounce the death sentence upon those whom the church considered heretical.
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0a04e4bd9bb746288643d16f41e1f9bc
What did church authorities gain as a result of this edict?
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{ "text": [ "state powers of legal enforcement" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 495 ], "end": [ 527 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 97 ], "end": [ 101 ] } ] }
[ "state powers of legal enforcement" ]
SQuAD
The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as "heresy". By this edict the state's authority and that of the Church became somewhat overlapping. One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church and state was the sharing of state powers of legal enforcement with church authorities. This reinforcement of the Church's authority gave church leaders the power to, in effect, pronounce the death sentence upon those whom the church considered heretical.
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4b463bf5da0e49179229fd62629cc798
What punishment is cited as church authorities being able to exact on individuals perceived as heretics?
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[ "death sentence" ]
SQuAD
Ottoman Sultan Selim the Grim, regarded the Shia Qizilbash as heretics, reportedly proclaimed that "the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians."
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a44e188446a4426485ac6a9643a6f4f8
What group did Sultan Selim the Grim label as heretics?
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{ "text": [ "Shia Qizilbash" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 44 ], "end": [ 57 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 8 ], "end": [ 9 ] } ] }
[ "Shia Qizilbash" ]
SQuAD
Ottoman Sultan Selim the Grim, regarded the Shia Qizilbash as heretics, reportedly proclaimed that "the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians."
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d6208a65759d4d78aa1c96ccef460f40
What number of Christians did Selim the Grim equate to the killing of one Shiite?
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{ "text": [ "70" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 169 ], "end": [ 170 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 29 ], "end": [ 29 ] } ] }
[ "70" ]
SQuAD
Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the "Edict of Milan", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs (Collegium Pontificum) of all recognized religions in ancient Rome. To put an end to the doctrinal debate initiated by Arius, Constantine called the first of what would afterwards be called the ecumenical councils and then enforced orthodoxy by Imperial authority.
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ef0c26a997a748058ab03d4127cc8692
Who was the first Roman Emporor that was baptized?
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{ "text": [ "Constantine the Great" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 20 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 2 ] } ] }
[ "Constantine the Great" ]
SQuAD
Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the "Edict of Milan", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs (Collegium Pontificum) of all recognized religions in ancient Rome. To put an end to the doctrinal debate initiated by Arius, Constantine called the first of what would afterwards be called the ecumenical councils and then enforced orthodoxy by Imperial authority.
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22e6dead9b8d4b81b25a9455896cf03f
What did Constantine the Great and Licinius pass to introduce toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire?
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{ "text": [ "Edict of Milan" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 138 ], "end": [ 151 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 24 ], "end": [ 26 ] } ] }
[ "Edict of Milan" ]
SQuAD
Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the "Edict of Milan", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs (Collegium Pontificum) of all recognized religions in ancient Rome. To put an end to the doctrinal debate initiated by Arius, Constantine called the first of what would afterwards be called the ecumenical councils and then enforced orthodoxy by Imperial authority.
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7e176bd59078438a901f00454a77f680
What was the high priest in the College of Pontiffs called?
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{ "text": [ "Pontifex Maximus" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 259 ], "end": [ 274 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 49 ], "end": [ 50 ] } ] }
[ "Pontifex Maximus" ]
SQuAD
Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the "Edict of Milan", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs (Collegium Pontificum) of all recognized religions in ancient Rome. To put an end to the doctrinal debate initiated by Arius, Constantine called the first of what would afterwards be called the ecumenical councils and then enforced orthodoxy by Imperial authority.
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13620070a7674e919e33e8e40e71d115
What were the meetings called that were hosted by Constantine that helped enforce orthodoxy by Imperial authority?
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{ "text": [ "the ecumenical councils" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 510 ], "end": [ 532 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 94 ], "end": [ 96 ] } ] }
[ "the ecumenical councils" ]
SQuAD
The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a "heretic", Cayetano Ripoll, by the Catholic Inquisition.
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cb48a16b454541afbcda647147eba93c
What year did the deaths of heretics under Christianity come to an end?
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{ "text": [ "1826" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 105 ], "end": [ 108 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 19 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ] }
[ "1826" ]
SQuAD
The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a "heretic", Cayetano Ripoll, by the Catholic Inquisition.
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e9ba019ca260406297ab3eaa6e8e2675
Who was the last heretic put to death under the Catholic Inquisition?
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{ "text": [ "Cayetano Ripoll" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 150 ], "end": [ 164 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 30 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ] }
[ "Cayetano Ripoll" ]
SQuAD
On 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from the remaining member states meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally declared an end to the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance which had been established in 1955. The USSR itself was dissolved in December 1991.
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57076b15fc284137a54083d25326030e
In which country did the Warsaw Pact dissolution meeting take place?
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{ "text": [ "Hungary" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 143 ], "end": [ 149 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 27 ] } ] }
[ "Hungary" ]
SQuAD
On 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from the remaining member states meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally declared an end to the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance which had been established in 1955. The USSR itself was dissolved in December 1991.
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81d1cd92224e4654b7cd5f0f8eaa1f5f
Who was the president of Czechoslovakia during the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact?
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{ "text": [ "Václav Havel" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 195 ], "end": [ 206 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 37 ], "end": [ 38 ] } ] }
[ "Václav Havel" ]
SQuAD
The use of the word "heresy" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract Contra Haereses (Against Heresies) to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community.[citation needed] He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (from ὀρθός, orthos "straight" + δόξα, doxa "belief") and the Gnostics' teachings as heretical.[citation needed] He also pointed out the concept of apostolic succession to support his arguments.
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609add7aaf8b421688dc418d0ed9b7ba
Who gave more exposure to the term heresy when attempting to descredit opponents during the early centuries of Christianity?
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{ "text": [ "Irenaeus" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 56 ], "end": [ 63 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 13 ], "end": [ 13 ] } ] }
[ "Irenaeus" ]
SQuAD
The use of the word "heresy" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract Contra Haereses (Against Heresies) to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community.[citation needed] He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (from ὀρθός, orthos "straight" + δόξα, doxa "belief") and the Gnostics' teachings as heretical.[citation needed] He also pointed out the concept of apostolic succession to support his arguments.
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c5c3003613aa45fd984b5fa5df0c6934
What term did Irenaeus use to describe the Christian community's ideologies?
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{ "text": [ "orthodox" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 291 ], "end": [ 298 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 50 ], "end": [ 50 ] } ] }
[ "orthodox" ]
SQuAD
The use of the word "heresy" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract Contra Haereses (Against Heresies) to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community.[citation needed] He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (from ὀρθός, orthos "straight" + δόξα, doxa "belief") and the Gnostics' teachings as heretical.[citation needed] He also pointed out the concept of apostolic succession to support his arguments.
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6294bc008c80433f96afe51297130b59
What concept did Irenaeus cite to help support his arguments?
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[ "apostolic succession" ]
SQuAD
In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, Inquiry on Heretical Perversity) and for the European wars of religion associated with the Protestant Reformation.
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9da1df4b1f654bb4bf4ee7cb891c16c7
In what country did the Cathars grow to represent a popular movement?
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[ "France" ]
SQuAD
In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, Inquiry on Heretical Perversity) and for the European wars of religion associated with the Protestant Reformation.
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What was started by the Roman Catholic Church to dispense of the Cathars in Languedoc?
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[ "The Cathar Crusade" ]
SQuAD
In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, Inquiry on Heretical Perversity) and for the European wars of religion associated with the Protestant Reformation.
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6a7a7941e9e0468ab86baff8bdc04ba6
What was a major reason and justification for the Europian wars of religion?
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[ "Heresy" ]
SQuAD
After the English Civil War the Royal Citadel was built in 1666 on the east end of Plymouth Hoe, to defend the port from naval attacks, suppress Plymothian Parliamentary leanings and to train the armed forces. Guided tours are available in the summer months. Further west is Smeaton's Tower, which was built in 1759 as a lighthouse on rocks 14 miles (23 km) off shore, but dismantled and the top two thirds rebuilt on the Hoe in 1877. It is open to the public and has views over the Plymouth Sound and the city from the lantern room. Plymouth has 20 war memorials of which nine are on The Hoe including: Plymouth Naval Memorial, to remember those killed in World Wars I and II, and the Armada Memorial, to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada.
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In what year was the Royal Citadel constructed?
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[ "1666" ]
SQuAD
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836047980a584fe581d01211e9e837df
In the wake of what conflict was the Royal Citadel built?
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[ "English Civil War" ]
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After the English Civil War the Royal Citadel was built in 1666 on the east end of Plymouth Hoe, to defend the port from naval attacks, suppress Plymothian Parliamentary leanings and to train the armed forces. Guided tours are available in the summer months. Further west is Smeaton's Tower, which was built in 1759 as a lighthouse on rocks 14 miles (23 km) off shore, but dismantled and the top two thirds rebuilt on the Hoe in 1877. It is open to the public and has views over the Plymouth Sound and the city from the lantern room. Plymouth has 20 war memorials of which nine are on The Hoe including: Plymouth Naval Memorial, to remember those killed in World Wars I and II, and the Armada Memorial, to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada.
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d38dbe6a307847b6949152a3c84c3535
When was Smeaton's Tower first constructed?
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[ "1759" ]
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8acb44c6f8f94a4b872ced0e0a532036
In kilometers, how far off the coast was Smeaton's Tower originally built?
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[ "23" ]
SQuAD
After the English Civil War the Royal Citadel was built in 1666 on the east end of Plymouth Hoe, to defend the port from naval attacks, suppress Plymothian Parliamentary leanings and to train the armed forces. Guided tours are available in the summer months. Further west is Smeaton's Tower, which was built in 1759 as a lighthouse on rocks 14 miles (23 km) off shore, but dismantled and the top two thirds rebuilt on the Hoe in 1877. It is open to the public and has views over the Plymouth Sound and the city from the lantern room. Plymouth has 20 war memorials of which nine are on The Hoe including: Plymouth Naval Memorial, to remember those killed in World Wars I and II, and the Armada Memorial, to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada.
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3001fb62c7ee428baabca97488de99ea
What memorial commemorates the naval victory over the Spanish Armada?
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{ "text": [ "Armada Memorial" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 686 ], "end": [ 700 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 140 ], "end": [ 141 ] } ] }
[ "Armada Memorial" ]
SQuAD
The act of using Church of Scientology techniques in a form different than originally described by Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as "squirreling" and is said by Scientologists to be high treason. The Religious Technology Center has prosecuted breakaway groups that have practiced Scientology outside the official Church without authorization.
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cd8ba1cffa144d32a49a7edcf9fda4d2
What term is used for the act of using Church of Scientology techniques in contrast to what Hubbard envisioned?
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[ "squirreling" ]
SQuAD
The act of using Church of Scientology techniques in a form different than originally described by Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as "squirreling" and is said by Scientologists to be high treason. The Religious Technology Center has prosecuted breakaway groups that have practiced Scientology outside the official Church without authorization.
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056423515473481488d578db464bce12
What institution has prosecuted groups that practice outside the official Church without permission?
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[ "The Religious Technology Center" ]
SQuAD
In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO.
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8200cefa0a4c4780a356ac67cc5716d8
In what year did Konrad Adenauer first visit the United States?
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[ "1954" ]
SQuAD
Antarctic explorers Robert Falcon Scott and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city. Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz, whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002. Illustrator and creator of children's series Mr Benn and King Rollo, David McKee, was born and brought up in South Devon and trained at Plymouth College of Art. Jazz musician John Surman, born in nearby Tavistock, has close connections to the area, evidenced by his 2012 album Saltash Bells. The avant garde prepared guitarist Keith Rowe was born in the city before establishing the jazz free improvisation band AMM in London in 1965 and MIMEO in 1997. The musician and film director Cosmo Jarvis has lived in several towns in South Devon and has filmed videos in and around Plymouth. In addition, actors Sir Donald Sinden and Judi Trott. George Passmore of Turner Prize winning duo Gilbert and George was born in the city, as was Labour politician Michael Foot whose family reside at nearby Trematon Castle.
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516ce2675cb84b2fb09e8f74ed1596b5
What artist died in Plymouth in 2002?
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[ "Robert Lenkiewicz" ]
SQuAD
Antarctic explorers Robert Falcon Scott and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city. Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz, whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002. Illustrator and creator of children's series Mr Benn and King Rollo, David McKee, was born and brought up in South Devon and trained at Plymouth College of Art. Jazz musician John Surman, born in nearby Tavistock, has close connections to the area, evidenced by his 2012 album Saltash Bells. The avant garde prepared guitarist Keith Rowe was born in the city before establishing the jazz free improvisation band AMM in London in 1965 and MIMEO in 1997. The musician and film director Cosmo Jarvis has lived in several towns in South Devon and has filmed videos in and around Plymouth. In addition, actors Sir Donald Sinden and Judi Trott. George Passmore of Turner Prize winning duo Gilbert and George was born in the city, as was Labour politician Michael Foot whose family reside at nearby Trematon Castle.
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ce21b180adbe408f88c0f50576c2700a
Where did the creator of Mr Benn and King Rollo study?
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{ "text": [ "Plymouth College of Art" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 454 ], "end": [ 476 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 81 ], "end": [ 84 ] } ] }
[ "Plymouth College of Art" ]
SQuAD
Antarctic explorers Robert Falcon Scott and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city. Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz, whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002. Illustrator and creator of children's series Mr Benn and King Rollo, David McKee, was born and brought up in South Devon and trained at Plymouth College of Art. Jazz musician John Surman, born in nearby Tavistock, has close connections to the area, evidenced by his 2012 album Saltash Bells. The avant garde prepared guitarist Keith Rowe was born in the city before establishing the jazz free improvisation band AMM in London in 1965 and MIMEO in 1997. The musician and film director Cosmo Jarvis has lived in several towns in South Devon and has filmed videos in and around Plymouth. In addition, actors Sir Donald Sinden and Judi Trott. George Passmore of Turner Prize winning duo Gilbert and George was born in the city, as was Labour politician Michael Foot whose family reside at nearby Trematon Castle.
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99e1fc0ddcf245fe92e34102dba3432c
What genre of music does John Surman play?
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[ "Jazz" ]
SQuAD
Antarctic explorers Robert Falcon Scott and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city. Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz, whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002. Illustrator and creator of children's series Mr Benn and King Rollo, David McKee, was born and brought up in South Devon and trained at Plymouth College of Art. Jazz musician John Surman, born in nearby Tavistock, has close connections to the area, evidenced by his 2012 album Saltash Bells. The avant garde prepared guitarist Keith Rowe was born in the city before establishing the jazz free improvisation band AMM in London in 1965 and MIMEO in 1997. The musician and film director Cosmo Jarvis has lived in several towns in South Devon and has filmed videos in and around Plymouth. In addition, actors Sir Donald Sinden and Judi Trott. George Passmore of Turner Prize winning duo Gilbert and George was born in the city, as was Labour politician Michael Foot whose family reside at nearby Trematon Castle.
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f1c8c48cfd2b499cbb275f51f20975ed
What local figure played in the bands AMM and MIMEO?
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[ "Keith Rowe" ]
SQuAD
Antarctic explorers Robert Falcon Scott and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city. Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz, whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002. Illustrator and creator of children's series Mr Benn and King Rollo, David McKee, was born and brought up in South Devon and trained at Plymouth College of Art. Jazz musician John Surman, born in nearby Tavistock, has close connections to the area, evidenced by his 2012 album Saltash Bells. The avant garde prepared guitarist Keith Rowe was born in the city before establishing the jazz free improvisation band AMM in London in 1965 and MIMEO in 1997. The musician and film director Cosmo Jarvis has lived in several towns in South Devon and has filmed videos in and around Plymouth. In addition, actors Sir Donald Sinden and Judi Trott. George Passmore of Turner Prize winning duo Gilbert and George was born in the city, as was Labour politician Michael Foot whose family reside at nearby Trematon Castle.
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7e76b47a964f4b9ba87207881ac21e28
Where do the family of Michael Foot live?
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{ "text": [ "Trematon Castle" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 1110 ], "end": [ 1124 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 202 ], "end": [ 203 ] } ] }
[ "Trematon Castle" ]
SQuAD
Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for "ambiguities and errors" without using the word "heresy".
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58f4f7e04cb144838f53af661f892cbf
Under which religion do charges of heresy still occur in modern times?
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{ "text": [ "Christian" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 95 ], "end": [ 103 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 17 ], "end": [ 17 ] } ] }
[ "Christian" ]
SQuAD
Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for "ambiguities and errors" without using the word "heresy".
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3e1bdfb21a2e4b1f96828becb6557d12
Which religion is cited as having problems with modern biblical criticism?
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{ "text": [ "Protestant" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 141 ], "end": [ 150 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 25 ], "end": [ 25 ] } ] }
[ "Protestant" ]
SQuAD
Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for "ambiguities and errors" without using the word "heresy".
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f3b5fd4fe4bb4b5ea801bc7c65b23d45
What belief of the Catholic Church criticizes writings without using the word heresy?
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{ "text": [ "Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 252 ], "end": [ 293 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 44 ], "end": [ 50 ] } ] }
[ "Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith" ]