manu/mldr-zoomed-100char-total-queries-documents

chunk_id stringlengths 3 9	chunk stringlengths 1 100
9845_135	Java island. The vacuum allowed pirates to flourish in the region.
9845_136	After being conquered by Majapahit in 1375 AD, the Palembang region was made as one of the vassal
9845_137	or occupied territories of the Majapahit Empire, under the leadership of Hayam Wuruk. The
9845_138	government in Palembang was handed over to a regent who was appointed directly by Majapahit.
9845_139	However, internal problems in the Majapahit Empire made their attention to the conquered
9845_140	territories not very good. Even the Palembang region was controlled by traders from China. Until
9845_141	finally Majapahit regained control of Palembang after sending a commander named Arya Damar.
9845_142	Palembang Sultanate
9845_143	By the late 15th century, Islam has spread throughout the region, replacing Buddhism and Hinduism
9845_144	as the dominant religion. Around the early 16th century, Tomé Pires, an adventurer from Portugal,
9845_145	said that Palembang had been led by an appointed patih (regent) from Java who was later referred to
9845_146	the Demak Sultanate and participated in attacking Malacca, which at that time had been controlled
9845_147	by the Portuguese. In 1659, Sri Susuhunan Abdurrahman proclaimed the establishment of the Palembang
9845_148	Sultanate. The Sultanate of Palembang stood for almost two centuries, namely from 1659 to 1825.
9845_149	Sultan Ratu Abdurrahman Kholifatul Mukminin Sayidul Iman, or Sunan Cinde Walang, was the first king
9845_150	in the Sultanate of Palembang.
9845_151	The reign of Sultan Muhammad Bahauddin (1776–1803) was also known as the golden era of the
9845_152	Palembang Sultanate which was quite successful. In his time, the sultanate's economy increased
9845_153	sharply because the sultan had mastered the techniques of how to trade well, including trading with
9845_154	VOCs. In fact, the VOC was upset with Sultan Bahauddin's trade monopoly which caused his contracts
9845_155	to be rejected often. As it turned out, Sultan Bahauddin preferred to trade with Britain, China and
9845_156	Malay people in Riau. The impact of such a policy actually generates enormous wealth for the
9845_157	empire's wealth. Thus, the prosperity of the Sultanate of Palembang sharply increased. The
9845_158	Palembang Sultanate was strategically located in conducting trade relations, especially the results
9845_159	of spices with outside parties. The Palembang Sultanate also ruled over the Bangka-Belitung islands
9845_160	which had a tin mine and had been traded since the 18th century.
9845_161	As the Dutch East India Company increased its influence in the region, the Sultanate started to
9845_162	decline and losing its power. During Napoleonic Wars in 1812, the sultan at that time, Mahmud
9845_163	Badaruddin II repudiated British claims to suzerainty. The British, under Stamford Raffles
9845_164	responded by attacking Palembang, sacking the court, and installing sultan's more cooperative
9845_165	younger brother, Najamuddin to the throne. The Dutch attempted to recover their influence at the
9845_166	court in 1816, but Sultan Najamuddin was uncooperative with them. An expedition launched by the
9845_167	Dutch in 1818 and captured Sultan Najamudin and exiled him to Batavia. A Dutch garrison was
9845_168	established in 1821, but sultan attempted an attack and a mass poisoning to the garrison, which
9845_169	were intervened by Dutch. Mahmud Badaruddin II was exiled to Ternate, and his palace was burned to
9845_170	the ground. The Sultanate was later abolished by Dutch and direct colonial rule was established.
9845_171	Dutch colonial rule
9845_172	Japanese occupation and independence
9845_173	Southern Sumatra was occupied by the Japanese on January 15, 1942, after the Battle of Palembang in
9845_174	World War II. After the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, South Sumatra became a part of
9845_175	Sumatra Province as a residency with Adnan Kapau Gani as the resident. On January 1, 1947, the
9845_176	Dutch tried to gain its sovereignty over South Sumatra by invading Palembang. Since then, fighting
9845_177	ensued across South Sumatra until Indonesia's independence was recognized by the Dutch on December
9845_178	27, 1949. The area occupied by the Netherlands in South Sumatra was incorporated into South Sumatra
9845_179	State under the United States of Indonesia until the disbandment of the union and the founding of
9845_180	the republic.
9845_181	Post-independence division of the province
9845_182	On 12 September 1950, South Sumatra province was established with a territory much larger than it
9845_183	is today, as it encompassed the southern third of Sumatra island covering areas that were
9845_184	eventually formed into separate provinces: Lampung was carved from the southern part of the
9845_185	province in 1964, Bengkulu from the coastal western part of the province in 1967, and Bangka
9845_186	Belitung from the titular islands on 4 December 2000.
9845_187	Geography
9845_188	South Sumatra has an area of and is located on the island of Sumatra, western Indonesia which lies
9845_189	south of the equator at 1–4 degrees south and 102–108 degrees east. The province is bordered by
9845_190	Jambi to the north, Lampung to the south and Bengkulu to the west, while in the east the Bangka
9845_191	Strait separates the province and the island-province of Bangka Belitung Islands.
9845_192	On the east coast the land consists of swamps and brackets which are affected by tides. Its
9845_193	vegetation is in the form of palmate plants and mangrove. A little more western is a vast lowland.
9845_194	Far to the west near the border of Bengkulu and Jambi lies the Bukit Barisan mountains, which
9845_195	divides South Sumatra and is a mountainous area with an altitude of above sea level. Barisan Hill
9845_196	consists of the summit of Mount Seminung ( asl), Mount Dempo ( asl), Mount Patah ( asl), and Mount
9845_197	Bungkuk ( asl). To the west of Bukit Barisan is a slope. In the Bukit Barisan valley there are
9845_198	areas of rubber, oil palm, and agriculture plantations, especially coffee, tea and vegetables.
9845_199	Mount Dempo is the highest point in the province.
9845_200	South Sumatra has large rivers that can be navigated, but currently, because of the silting
9845_201	process, cannot be navigated by large ships. Most of the rivers have flows from the Bukit Barisan
9845_202	mountains, except the Mesuji, Lalan and Banyuasin River. Most water from the South Sumatra section
9845_203	of Bukit Barisan mountains flows eastwards into Bangka Strait as Musi River, with Ogan, Komering,
9845_204	Lematang, Kelingi, Lakitan, Rupit River and Rawas River are its major tributaries. A few rivers in
9845_205	South Sumatra flow westwards into Indian Ocean, for example Manna River in Pagaralam and Tanjung
9845_206	Sakti.
9845_207	In January 2020, two islands in South Sumatra, Betet Island and Gundul Island, were submerged as a
9845_208	result of climate change, and four other islands were close to being submerged.
9845_209	Climate
9845_210	As in most other province of Indonesia, South Sumatra has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen
9845_211	climate classification Af) bordering on a tropical monsoon climate. The climate is very much
9845_212	dictated by the surrounding sea and the prevailing wind system. It has high average temperature and
9845_213	high average rainfall. Throughout the year the province is only affected by two seasons, namely the
9845_214	rainy season and the dry season. The air temperature varies from 24.7 to 32.9 degrees Celsius with
9845_215	air humidity levels ranging from 82% to 88%. The relative rainy season falls from October to April.
9845_216	Variation in rainfall ranges from . December is the month with the most rainfall while the drier
9845_217	season usually occurs from June to September.
9845_218	The climate in South Sumatra is similar to other regions in Indonesia, only known for two seasons,
9845_219	namely the dry season and the rainy season. From June to September southeast winds flow from
9845_220	Australia with relatively less water vapor, resulting in a drier season. Conversely in December to
9845_221	March many wind currents contain water vapor from Asia and the Pacific Ocean during the rainy
9845_222	season. Such conditions occur every half year after passing the transition periods in between April
9845_223	- May and October - November.
9845_224	Governors Administrative divisions
9845_225	The capital of South Sumatra province is Palembang. As at 2010 this province was divided into
9845_226	eleven regencies (kabupaten) and four autonomous cities (kota). Two new regencies have subsequently
9845_227	been created by the splitting of existing ones - Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir Regency from part of
9845_228	Muara Enim Regency on 14 December 2012, and North Musi Rawas Regency from part of Musi Rawas
9845_229	Regency on 10 June 2013. All thirteen regencies and the four cities are listed below with their
9845_230	areas and their populations at the 2010 and 2020 Censuses.
9845_231	Demographics
9845_232	Ethnic groups
9845_233	The province has no clear ethnic dominance, though the indigenous Musi-speaking Malays have a
9845_234	plurality, followed by the Javanese, most of whom have been recent migrants from Java as part of

9845_135

Java island. The vacuum allowed pirates to flourish in the region.

9845_136

After being conquered by Majapahit in 1375 AD, the Palembang region was made as one of the vassal

9845_137

or occupied territories of the Majapahit Empire, under the leadership of Hayam Wuruk. The

9845_138

government in Palembang was handed over to a regent who was appointed directly by Majapahit.

9845_139

However, internal problems in the Majapahit Empire made their attention to the conquered

9845_140

territories not very good. Even the Palembang region was controlled by traders from China. Until

9845_141

finally Majapahit regained control of Palembang after sending a commander named Arya Damar.

9845_142

Palembang Sultanate

9845_143

By the late 15th century, Islam has spread throughout the region, replacing Buddhism and Hinduism

9845_144

as the dominant religion. Around the early 16th century, Tomé Pires, an adventurer from Portugal,

9845_145

said that Palembang had been led by an appointed patih (regent) from Java who was later referred to

9845_146

the Demak Sultanate and participated in attacking Malacca, which at that time had been controlled

9845_147

by the Portuguese. In 1659, Sri Susuhunan Abdurrahman proclaimed the establishment of the Palembang

9845_148

Sultanate. The Sultanate of Palembang stood for almost two centuries, namely from 1659 to 1825.

9845_149

Sultan Ratu Abdurrahman Kholifatul Mukminin Sayidul Iman, or Sunan Cinde Walang, was the first king

9845_150

in the Sultanate of Palembang.

9845_151

The reign of Sultan Muhammad Bahauddin (1776–1803) was also known as the golden era of the

9845_152

Palembang Sultanate which was quite successful. In his time, the sultanate's economy increased

9845_153

sharply because the sultan had mastered the techniques of how to trade well, including trading with

9845_154

VOCs. In fact, the VOC was upset with Sultan Bahauddin's trade monopoly which caused his contracts

9845_155

to be rejected often. As it turned out, Sultan Bahauddin preferred to trade with Britain, China and

9845_156

Malay people in Riau. The impact of such a policy actually generates enormous wealth for the

9845_157

empire's wealth. Thus, the prosperity of the Sultanate of Palembang sharply increased. The

9845_158

Palembang Sultanate was strategically located in conducting trade relations, especially the results

9845_159

of spices with outside parties. The Palembang Sultanate also ruled over the Bangka-Belitung islands

9845_160

which had a tin mine and had been traded since the 18th century.

9845_161

As the Dutch East India Company increased its influence in the region, the Sultanate started to

9845_162

decline and losing its power. During Napoleonic Wars in 1812, the sultan at that time, Mahmud

9845_163

Badaruddin II repudiated British claims to suzerainty. The British, under Stamford Raffles

9845_164

responded by attacking Palembang, sacking the court, and installing sultan's more cooperative

9845_165

younger brother, Najamuddin to the throne. The Dutch attempted to recover their influence at the

9845_166

court in 1816, but Sultan Najamuddin was uncooperative with them. An expedition launched by the

9845_167

Dutch in 1818 and captured Sultan Najamudin and exiled him to Batavia. A Dutch garrison was

9845_168

established in 1821, but sultan attempted an attack and a mass poisoning to the garrison, which

9845_169

were intervened by Dutch. Mahmud Badaruddin II was exiled to Ternate, and his palace was burned to

9845_170

the ground. The Sultanate was later abolished by Dutch and direct colonial rule was established.

9845_171

Dutch colonial rule

9845_172

Japanese occupation and independence

9845_173

Southern Sumatra was occupied by the Japanese on January 15, 1942, after the Battle of Palembang in

9845_174

World War II. After the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, South Sumatra became a part of

9845_175

Sumatra Province as a residency with Adnan Kapau Gani as the resident. On January 1, 1947, the

9845_176

Dutch tried to gain its sovereignty over South Sumatra by invading Palembang. Since then, fighting

9845_177

ensued across South Sumatra until Indonesia's independence was recognized by the Dutch on December

9845_178

27, 1949. The area occupied by the Netherlands in South Sumatra was incorporated into South Sumatra

9845_179

State under the United States of Indonesia until the disbandment of the union and the founding of

9845_180

the republic.

9845_181

Post-independence division of the province

9845_182

On 12 September 1950, South Sumatra province was established with a territory much larger than it

9845_183

is today, as it encompassed the southern third of Sumatra island covering areas that were

9845_184

eventually formed into separate provinces: Lampung was carved from the southern part of the

9845_185

province in 1964, Bengkulu from the coastal western part of the province in 1967, and Bangka

9845_186

Belitung from the titular islands on 4 December 2000.

9845_187

Geography

9845_188

South Sumatra has an area of and is located on the island of Sumatra, western Indonesia which lies

9845_189

south of the equator at 1–4 degrees south and 102–108 degrees east. The province is bordered by

9845_190

Jambi to the north, Lampung to the south and Bengkulu to the west, while in the east the Bangka

9845_191

Strait separates the province and the island-province of Bangka Belitung Islands.

9845_192

On the east coast the land consists of swamps and brackets which are affected by tides. Its

9845_193

vegetation is in the form of palmate plants and mangrove. A little more western is a vast lowland.

9845_194

Far to the west near the border of Bengkulu and Jambi lies the Bukit Barisan mountains, which

9845_195

divides South Sumatra and is a mountainous area with an altitude of above sea level. Barisan Hill

9845_196

consists of the summit of Mount Seminung ( asl), Mount Dempo ( asl), Mount Patah ( asl), and Mount

9845_197

Bungkuk ( asl). To the west of Bukit Barisan is a slope. In the Bukit Barisan valley there are

9845_198

areas of rubber, oil palm, and agriculture plantations, especially coffee, tea and vegetables.

9845_199

Mount Dempo is the highest point in the province.

9845_200

South Sumatra has large rivers that can be navigated, but currently, because of the silting

9845_201

process, cannot be navigated by large ships. Most of the rivers have flows from the Bukit Barisan

9845_202

mountains, except the Mesuji, Lalan and Banyuasin River. Most water from the South Sumatra section

9845_203

of Bukit Barisan mountains flows eastwards into Bangka Strait as Musi River, with Ogan, Komering,

9845_204

Lematang, Kelingi, Lakitan, Rupit River and Rawas River are its major tributaries. A few rivers in

9845_205

South Sumatra flow westwards into Indian Ocean, for example Manna River in Pagaralam and Tanjung

9845_206

Sakti.

9845_207

In January 2020, two islands in South Sumatra, Betet Island and Gundul Island, were submerged as a

9845_208

result of climate change, and four other islands were close to being submerged.

9845_209

Climate

9845_210

As in most other province of Indonesia, South Sumatra has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen

9845_211

climate classification Af) bordering on a tropical monsoon climate. The climate is very much

9845_212

dictated by the surrounding sea and the prevailing wind system. It has high average temperature and

9845_213

high average rainfall. Throughout the year the province is only affected by two seasons, namely the

9845_214

rainy season and the dry season. The air temperature varies from 24.7 to 32.9 degrees Celsius with

9845_215

air humidity levels ranging from 82% to 88%. The relative rainy season falls from October to April.

9845_216

Variation in rainfall ranges from . December is the month with the most rainfall while the drier

9845_217

season usually occurs from June to September.

9845_218

The climate in South Sumatra is similar to other regions in Indonesia, only known for two seasons,

9845_219

namely the dry season and the rainy season. From June to September southeast winds flow from

9845_220

Australia with relatively less water vapor, resulting in a drier season. Conversely in December to

9845_221

March many wind currents contain water vapor from Asia and the Pacific Ocean during the rainy

9845_222

season. Such conditions occur every half year after passing the transition periods in between April

9845_223

- May and October - November.

9845_224

Governors Administrative divisions

9845_225

The capital of South Sumatra province is Palembang. As at 2010 this province was divided into

9845_226

eleven regencies (kabupaten) and four autonomous cities (kota). Two new regencies have subsequently

9845_227

been created by the splitting of existing ones - Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir Regency from part of

9845_228

Muara Enim Regency on 14 December 2012, and North Musi Rawas Regency from part of Musi Rawas

9845_229

Regency on 10 June 2013. All thirteen regencies and the four cities are listed below with their

9845_230

areas and their populations at the 2010 and 2020 Censuses.

9845_231

Demographics

9845_232

Ethnic groups

9845_233

The province has no clear ethnic dominance, though the indigenous Musi-speaking Malays have a

9845_234

plurality, followed by the Javanese, most of whom have been recent migrants from Java as part of