manu/mldr-zoomed-100char-total-queries-documents

chunk_id stringlengths 3 9	chunk stringlengths 1 100
9845_35	Indonesian sovereignty and withdrew from the region in 1950. The province of South Sumatra was then
9845_36	formed on 12 September 1950.
9845_37	History
9845_38	Pre-history
9845_39	South Sumatra has been settled by humans since the Palaeolithic era. The evidence of those
9845_40	settlements is proven by some discoveries of Palaeolithic tools in the riverbed of Saling and Kikim
9845_41	rivers in Bungamas Village, Lahat Regency. Seventy-eight skeletons dating back to 3,000–14,000
9845_42	years ago, presumably of Austronesian and Austromelanesoid race have been excavated from the site
9845_43	of Harimau Cave in Padang Bindu Village, Ogan Komering Ulu Regency. Relics of seven stone chambers
9845_44	believed to be about 2,500 years old were found near a coffee plantation in Kotaraya Lembak, Lahat
9845_45	Regency. Around 300 BC, the Deutero-Malay people arrived in this region and pushed the native
9845_46	people inland.
9845_47	Srivijaya
9845_48	Around 7th century AD, an ancient Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya was established in an area known
9845_49	today as Palembang. This kingdom became the center of trade and was a maritime country, but this
9845_50	kingdom did not expand its power outside the islands of Southeast Asia, with the exception of
9845_51	contributing to the population of Madagascar as far as 3,300 miles west. Some experts are still
9845_52	debating the area that was the center of the Srivijaya Kingdom. Other than that, it is likely that
9845_53	the kingdom used to move its administrative center, but the capital remained directly governed by
9845_54	the authorities, while the supporting areas were governed by the local datuk.
9845_55	In the 7th century, the Chinese noted that there were two kingdoms namely Malayu and Kedah that
9845_56	were part of the Srivijaya empire.
9845_57	The Srivijaya empire had existed since 671 in according to the notes of the Chinese Buddhist monk
9845_58	Yijing. From the Kedukan Bukit inscription in 682, this empire became known under the leadership of
9845_59	Dapunta Hyang. That he departed on the siddhayatra holy journey to "take blessings", and led 20,000
9845_60	soldiers and 312 people on board with 1,312 soldiers on foot from Minanga Tamwan to Jambi and
9845_61	Palembang. The Kedukan Bukit Inscription is reputed to be the oldest inscription written in Malay.
9845_62	Experts argue that the writer of this inscription adapted Indian orthography.
9845_63	Based on the Kota Kapur Inscription dated from 686 CE that is found on the island of Bangka, this
9845_64	empire has dominated the southern part of Sumatra, the islands of Bangka and Belitung, to Lampung.
9845_65	This inscription also mentions that Emperor Sri Jayanasa launched a military expedition to punish
9845_66	the Bhumi Jawa kingdom who were not loyal to Srivijaya, this event coincided with the collapse of
9845_67	Tarumanagara in West Java and Holing (Kalingga) in Central Java, which was most likely due to
9845_68	Sriwijaya's attack. It is also possible that the Bhumi Jawa kingdom mentioned in the inscription is
9845_69	referring to the Kingdom of Tarumanegara. Srivijaya continued to grow and succeeded in controlling
9845_70	the maritime trade routes in the Straits of Malacca, the Sunda Strait, the South China Sea, the
9845_71	Java Sea and the Karimata Strait.
9845_72	The expansion of this kingdom into Java and the Malay Peninsula, allows Srivijaya to control the
9845_73	knots of the main trade routes in Southeast Asia. Archeologist have found the ruins of Srivijaya
9845_74	temples as far as Thailand and Cambodia. In the 7th century, the port of Champa in eastern
9845_75	Indochina began to divert many traders from Srivijaya. To prevent this, Maharaja Dharmasetu
9845_76	launched several attacks on coastal cities in Indochina. The city of Indrapura on the banks of the
9845_77	Mekong river was captured by Srivijaya in the early 8th century. Srivijaya continued its domination
9845_78	of Cambodia, until the Khmer king Jayawarman II, founder of the Khmer Empire, severed ties with
9845_79	Srivijaya in the same century. At the end of the 8th century some kingdoms in Java, including
9845_80	Tarumanegara and Holing, were under the rule of Srivijaya. According to records, during this period
9845_81	the Sailendra people migrated to Central Java and ruled there. In the same century, the Langkasuka
9845_82	kingdom in the Malay peninsula became part of the kingdom. In the following period, Pan Pan and
9845_83	Trambralinga, which were located north of Langkasuka, were also under the influence of Srivijaya.
9845_84	Based on historical records from Arabia, Srivijaya is called by the name Sribuza. In 955 CE, Al
9845_85	Masudi, a traveler and classical Arab historian wrote notes about Sriwijaya. In that note,
9845_86	Srivijaya is described as a large kingdom that is rich, with very many soldiers. It is said that
9845_87	the fastest ship in two years is not enough to surround the entire island region. Sriwijaya's
9845_88	produce is camphor, agarwood, cloves, sandalwood, nutmeg, cardamom, gambier and some other crops.
9845_89	Another note stated that the empire was well-advanced in the field of agriculture. This was
9845_90	concluded from a Persian expert named Abu Zaid Hasan who received information from Sujaimana, an
9845_91	Arab trader. Abu Zaid wrote that the kingdom of Zabaj (another Arabic name for Srivijaya) had
9845_92	fertile land and extensive power to the other side of the sea.
9845_93	Srivijaya controlled the maritime trade route in Southeast Asia throughout the 10th century, but at
9845_94	the end of the century the Kingdom of Medang in East Java grew into a new maritime force and began
9845_95	to challenge the dominance of Srivijaya. The Chinese news from the Song Dynasty called the
9845_96	Srivijaya Kingdom in Sumatra the name San-fo-tsi, while the Kingdom of Medang in Java by the name
9845_97	She-po. It is said that San-fo-tsi and She-po were involved in competition for control of Southeast
9845_98	Asia. Both countries sent ambassadors to each other to China. The San-fo-tsi ambassador who
9845_99	departed in 988 was held in Canton when he was about to go home, because his country was attacked
9845_100	by Javanese troops. This attack from Java allegedly took place around the 990s, namely between 988
9845_101	and 992 during the reign of Sri Cudamani Warmadewa.
9845_102	The kingdom of Medang succeeded in capturing Palembang in 992 for a while, but later the Medang
9845_103	forces were successfully repelled by Sriwijaya forces. The Hujung Langit inscription of 997 again
9845_104	mentions a Javanese attack on Sumatra. This series of attacks from Java ultimately failed because
9845_105	Java failed to establish a foothold in Sumatra. Capturing the capital city in Palembang is not
9845_106	enough because the Sriwijaya power are spread in several port cities in the Malacca Strait region.
9845_107	The Srivijaya emperor, Sri Cudamani Warmadewa, escaped out of the capital and traveled around
9845_108	gathering strength and reinforcements from his allies and subordinate kings to repel the Javanese
9845_109	army. The empire managed to survived and succeeded in repelling the Javanese navy.
9845_110	In 1025, the empire was defeated by the Chola Empire (during the period of Emperor Rajendra Chola
9845_111	I) of southern India. The Chola Empire had conquered the Sriwijaya colonies, such as the Nicobar
9845_112	Islands region and at the same time succeeded in capturing the ruling Srivijaya king at that time
9845_113	Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman. During the following decades, the entire Srivijaya empire was under
9845_114	the influence of the Chola dynasty. Nonetheless, Rajendra Chola I still gave the opportunity to the
9845_115	kings he conquered to remain in power while remaining submissive to him. Srivijaya's capital
9845_116	eventually moved northward to Jambi. This can be attributed to the news of the San-fo-ts'i
9845_117	delegation to China in 1028. Another factor in Sriwijaya's decline was natural factors. Because of
9845_118	the sedimentation of mud on the Musi River and several other tributaries, the merchant ships
9845_119	arriving in Palembang diminished. As a result, the city of Palembang is getting away from the sea
9845_120	and not being strategic. As a result of the coming of the merchant ship, the tax decreased and
9845_121	weakened the economy and position of Sriwijaya.
9845_122	According to the Chinese Song Dynasty book Zhu Fan Zhi, written around 1225 by Zhao Rugua, the two
9845_123	most powerful and richest kingdoms in the Southeast Asian archipelago were Srivijaya and Java
9845_124	(Kediri), with the western part (Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, and western Java/Sunda) under
9845_125	Srivijaya's rule and the eastern part was under Kediri's domination. It says that the people in
9845_126	Java followed two kinds of religions, namely Buddhism and the religion of Brahmins (Hinduism),
9845_127	while the people of Srivijaya followed Buddhism. The book describes the people of Java as being
9845_128	brave, short-tempered and willing to fight. It also notes that their favourite pastimes were
9845_129	cockfighting and pig fighting. The coin used as the currency then were made from a mixture of
9845_130	copper, silver, and tin.
9845_131	Srivijaya remained a formidable sea power until the 13th century. According to Cœdès, at the end of
9845_132	the 13th century, the empire "had ceased to exist... caused by the simultaneous pressure on its two
9845_133	flanks of Siam and Java." However, there was virtually a power vacuum in the region since there was
9845_134	no prominent power to hold the region except for the waning Majapahit Empire, itself centered in

9845_35

Indonesian sovereignty and withdrew from the region in 1950. The province of South Sumatra was then

9845_36

formed on 12 September 1950.

9845_37

History

9845_38

Pre-history

9845_39

South Sumatra has been settled by humans since the Palaeolithic era. The evidence of those

9845_40

settlements is proven by some discoveries of Palaeolithic tools in the riverbed of Saling and Kikim

9845_41

rivers in Bungamas Village, Lahat Regency. Seventy-eight skeletons dating back to 3,000–14,000

9845_42

years ago, presumably of Austronesian and Austromelanesoid race have been excavated from the site

9845_43

of Harimau Cave in Padang Bindu Village, Ogan Komering Ulu Regency. Relics of seven stone chambers

9845_44

believed to be about 2,500 years old were found near a coffee plantation in Kotaraya Lembak, Lahat

9845_45

Regency. Around 300 BC, the Deutero-Malay people arrived in this region and pushed the native

9845_46

people inland.

9845_47

Srivijaya

9845_48

Around 7th century AD, an ancient Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya was established in an area known

9845_49

today as Palembang. This kingdom became the center of trade and was a maritime country, but this

9845_50

kingdom did not expand its power outside the islands of Southeast Asia, with the exception of

9845_51

contributing to the population of Madagascar as far as 3,300 miles west. Some experts are still

9845_52

debating the area that was the center of the Srivijaya Kingdom. Other than that, it is likely that

9845_53

the kingdom used to move its administrative center, but the capital remained directly governed by

9845_54

the authorities, while the supporting areas were governed by the local datuk.

9845_55

In the 7th century, the Chinese noted that there were two kingdoms namely Malayu and Kedah that

9845_56

were part of the Srivijaya empire.

9845_57

The Srivijaya empire had existed since 671 in according to the notes of the Chinese Buddhist monk

9845_58

Yijing. From the Kedukan Bukit inscription in 682, this empire became known under the leadership of

9845_59

Dapunta Hyang. That he departed on the siddhayatra holy journey to "take blessings", and led 20,000

9845_60

soldiers and 312 people on board with 1,312 soldiers on foot from Minanga Tamwan to Jambi and

9845_61

Palembang. The Kedukan Bukit Inscription is reputed to be the oldest inscription written in Malay.

9845_62

Experts argue that the writer of this inscription adapted Indian orthography.

9845_63

Based on the Kota Kapur Inscription dated from 686 CE that is found on the island of Bangka, this

9845_64

empire has dominated the southern part of Sumatra, the islands of Bangka and Belitung, to Lampung.

9845_65

This inscription also mentions that Emperor Sri Jayanasa launched a military expedition to punish

9845_66

the Bhumi Jawa kingdom who were not loyal to Srivijaya, this event coincided with the collapse of

9845_67

Tarumanagara in West Java and Holing (Kalingga) in Central Java, which was most likely due to

9845_68

Sriwijaya's attack. It is also possible that the Bhumi Jawa kingdom mentioned in the inscription is

9845_69

referring to the Kingdom of Tarumanegara. Srivijaya continued to grow and succeeded in controlling

9845_70

the maritime trade routes in the Straits of Malacca, the Sunda Strait, the South China Sea, the

9845_71

Java Sea and the Karimata Strait.

9845_72

The expansion of this kingdom into Java and the Malay Peninsula, allows Srivijaya to control the

9845_73

knots of the main trade routes in Southeast Asia. Archeologist have found the ruins of Srivijaya

9845_74

temples as far as Thailand and Cambodia. In the 7th century, the port of Champa in eastern

9845_75

Indochina began to divert many traders from Srivijaya. To prevent this, Maharaja Dharmasetu

9845_76

launched several attacks on coastal cities in Indochina. The city of Indrapura on the banks of the

9845_77

Mekong river was captured by Srivijaya in the early 8th century. Srivijaya continued its domination

9845_78

of Cambodia, until the Khmer king Jayawarman II, founder of the Khmer Empire, severed ties with

9845_79

Srivijaya in the same century. At the end of the 8th century some kingdoms in Java, including

9845_80

Tarumanegara and Holing, were under the rule of Srivijaya. According to records, during this period

9845_81

the Sailendra people migrated to Central Java and ruled there. In the same century, the Langkasuka

9845_82

kingdom in the Malay peninsula became part of the kingdom. In the following period, Pan Pan and

9845_83

Trambralinga, which were located north of Langkasuka, were also under the influence of Srivijaya.

9845_84

Based on historical records from Arabia, Srivijaya is called by the name Sribuza. In 955 CE, Al

9845_85

Masudi, a traveler and classical Arab historian wrote notes about Sriwijaya. In that note,

9845_86

Srivijaya is described as a large kingdom that is rich, with very many soldiers. It is said that

9845_87

the fastest ship in two years is not enough to surround the entire island region. Sriwijaya's

9845_88

produce is camphor, agarwood, cloves, sandalwood, nutmeg, cardamom, gambier and some other crops.

9845_89

Another note stated that the empire was well-advanced in the field of agriculture. This was

9845_90

concluded from a Persian expert named Abu Zaid Hasan who received information from Sujaimana, an

9845_91

Arab trader. Abu Zaid wrote that the kingdom of Zabaj (another Arabic name for Srivijaya) had

9845_92

fertile land and extensive power to the other side of the sea.

9845_93

Srivijaya controlled the maritime trade route in Southeast Asia throughout the 10th century, but at

9845_94

the end of the century the Kingdom of Medang in East Java grew into a new maritime force and began

9845_95

to challenge the dominance of Srivijaya. The Chinese news from the Song Dynasty called the

9845_96

Srivijaya Kingdom in Sumatra the name San-fo-tsi, while the Kingdom of Medang in Java by the name

9845_97

She-po. It is said that San-fo-tsi and She-po were involved in competition for control of Southeast

9845_98

Asia. Both countries sent ambassadors to each other to China. The San-fo-tsi ambassador who

9845_99

departed in 988 was held in Canton when he was about to go home, because his country was attacked

9845_100

by Javanese troops. This attack from Java allegedly took place around the 990s, namely between 988

9845_101

and 992 during the reign of Sri Cudamani Warmadewa.

9845_102

The kingdom of Medang succeeded in capturing Palembang in 992 for a while, but later the Medang

9845_103

forces were successfully repelled by Sriwijaya forces. The Hujung Langit inscription of 997 again

9845_104

mentions a Javanese attack on Sumatra. This series of attacks from Java ultimately failed because

9845_105

Java failed to establish a foothold in Sumatra. Capturing the capital city in Palembang is not

9845_106

enough because the Sriwijaya power are spread in several port cities in the Malacca Strait region.

9845_107

The Srivijaya emperor, Sri Cudamani Warmadewa, escaped out of the capital and traveled around

9845_108

gathering strength and reinforcements from his allies and subordinate kings to repel the Javanese

9845_109

army. The empire managed to survived and succeeded in repelling the Javanese navy.

9845_110

In 1025, the empire was defeated by the Chola Empire (during the period of Emperor Rajendra Chola

9845_111

I) of southern India. The Chola Empire had conquered the Sriwijaya colonies, such as the Nicobar

9845_112

Islands region and at the same time succeeded in capturing the ruling Srivijaya king at that time

9845_113

Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman. During the following decades, the entire Srivijaya empire was under

9845_114

the influence of the Chola dynasty. Nonetheless, Rajendra Chola I still gave the opportunity to the

9845_115

kings he conquered to remain in power while remaining submissive to him. Srivijaya's capital

9845_116

eventually moved northward to Jambi. This can be attributed to the news of the San-fo-ts'i

9845_117

delegation to China in 1028. Another factor in Sriwijaya's decline was natural factors. Because of

9845_118

the sedimentation of mud on the Musi River and several other tributaries, the merchant ships

9845_119

arriving in Palembang diminished. As a result, the city of Palembang is getting away from the sea

9845_120

and not being strategic. As a result of the coming of the merchant ship, the tax decreased and

9845_121

weakened the economy and position of Sriwijaya.

9845_122

According to the Chinese Song Dynasty book Zhu Fan Zhi, written around 1225 by Zhao Rugua, the two

9845_123

most powerful and richest kingdoms in the Southeast Asian archipelago were Srivijaya and Java

9845_124

(Kediri), with the western part (Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, and western Java/Sunda) under

9845_125

Srivijaya's rule and the eastern part was under Kediri's domination. It says that the people in

9845_126

Java followed two kinds of religions, namely Buddhism and the religion of Brahmins (Hinduism),

9845_127

while the people of Srivijaya followed Buddhism. The book describes the people of Java as being

9845_128

brave, short-tempered and willing to fight. It also notes that their favourite pastimes were

9845_129

cockfighting and pig fighting. The coin used as the currency then were made from a mixture of

9845_130

copper, silver, and tin.

9845_131

Srivijaya remained a formidable sea power until the 13th century. According to Cœdès, at the end of

9845_132

the 13th century, the empire "had ceased to exist... caused by the simultaneous pressure on its two

9845_133

flanks of Siam and Java." However, there was virtually a power vacuum in the region since there was

9845_134

no prominent power to hold the region except for the waning Majapahit Empire, itself centered in