manu/mldr-zoomed-100char-total-queries-documents

chunk_id stringlengths 3 9	chunk stringlengths 1 100
9833_75	Usseitici' < Usseito < upse-tyo. However, in Gaulish and Brittonic ps > x (cf. Gaulish Uxama,
9833_76	MW. uchel, 'one six').
9833_77	PIE pt > tt / t: setantu 'seventh' (< septmo-to). However, in Gaulish and Insular Celtic pt >
9833_78	x: sextameto 'seventh', Old Irish sechtmad (< *septmo-e-to).
9833_79	PIE gs > ks > ss / s: sues 'six' < sweks;
9833_80	Desobriga 'south/right city' (Celts oriented looking east) < dekso-bʰr̥ǵʰa; **Nertobris 'strength
9833_81	town' < h₂ner-to-bʰr̥ǵʰs;
9833_82	es- 'out of, not' < eks < h₁eǵʰs (cf. Lat. ex-, Common Celtic exs-, OIr. ess-). In Latin
9833_83	epigraphy that sound its transcript with geminated: Suessatium < *sweks- 'the sixth city' (cfr.
9833_84	Latin Sextantium)
9833_85	Dessicae < deks-ika. However, in Gaulish ks > *x: Dexivates.
9833_86	PIE gt > kt > tt / t: ditas 'constructions, buildings' < dʰigʰ-tas (= Latin fictas);
9833_87	loutu 'load' < louttu < louktu < *leugʰ-tu;
9833_88	litom 'it is permitted', ne-litom 'it is not permitted' (< *l(e)ik-to, cf. Latin licitum <
9833_89	lik-e-to). But Common Celtic kt > xt: luxtu < louktu < *leugʰ-tu, OIr. lucht.
9833_90	Celtiberian Retugenos 'right born, lawful' < *h₃reg-tō-genos, Gaulish Rextugenos. In Latin
9833_91	epigraphy that sound is transcribed with geminated: Britto 'noble' < brikto < bʰr̥ǵʰ-to.
9833_92	Bruttius 'fruitful' < bruktio < bʰruHǵ-t-y-o (cfr. Latin Fructuosus 'profitable').
9833_93	PIE st > st: against Gaulish, Irish and Welsh (where the change was *st > ss) preservation of
9833_94	the PIE cluster st. Gustunos 'excellent' < gustu 'excellence' < *gus-tu. Old Irish gussu
9833_95	'excellence' (cfr. Fergus < *viro-gussu), Gaulish gussu (Lezoux Plate, line 7).
9833_96	Vowels
9833_97	PIE e, h₁e > e: Togoitei eni 'in Togotis' < *h₁en-i (cf. Lat. in, OIr. in 'into, in'), somei eni
9833_98	touzei 'inside of this territory', es- 'out of, not' < eks < h₁eǵʰs (cf. Lat. ex-, Common Celtic
9833_99	exs-, OIr. ess-), esankios 'not enclosed, open' lit. 'unfenced' < h₁eǵʰs-h₂enk-yos, treba
9833_100	'settlement, town', Kontrebia 'conventus, capital' < *kom-treb-ya (cf. OIr. treb, W. tref
9833_101	'settlement'), ekuo horse < *h₁ekw-os, ekualo 'horseman'.
9833_102	PIE h₂e > a: ankios 'fenced, enclosed' < h₂enk-yos, Ablu 'strong' < *h₂ep-lō 'strength', augu
9833_103	'valid, firm' < *h₂ewg-u, adj. 'strong, firm, valid'.
9833_104	PIE o, Ho > o: olzui (dat.sing.) 'for the last' (< olzo 'last' < h₂ol-tyo, cf. Lat. ultimus <
9833_105	h₂ol-t-m̥o. OIr. ollam 'master poet' < oltamo < h₂ol-t-m̥), okris 'mountain' (< h₂ok-r-i, cf.
9833_106	Lat. ocris 'mountain', OIr. ochair 'edge' < h₂ok-r-i), monima 'memory' (< monī-mā < *mon-eye-mā).
9833_107	PIE eh₁ > ē > ī?. This Celtic reflex isn't well attested in Celtiberian. e.g. IE h3rg'-s meaning
9833_108	"king, ruler" vs. Celtiberian -reiKis, Gaulish -rix, British rix, Old Irish, Old Welsh, Old Breton
9833_109	ri meaning "king". In any case, the maintenance of PIE ē = ē is well attested in dekez 'he did' <
9833_110	deked < dʰeh₁k-et, identical to Latin fecit.
9833_111	PIE eh₂ > ā: dāunei 'to burn' < deh₂u-nei (Old Irish dóud, dód 'burn' < *deh₂u-to-), silabur
9833_112	sāzom 'enough money, a considerable amount of money' (< sātio < she₂t-yo, Common Celtic sāti
9833_113	'sufficiency', OIr. sáith), kār 'friendship' (< keh₂r, cf. Lat. cārus 'dear' < keh₂r-os, Irish
9833_114	cara 'friend', W. caru 'love' < *kh₂r-os).
9833_115	PIE eh₃, oH > a/u: Celtic in final syllables and in non-final syllables, e.g. IE *dh3-td to
9833_116	Celtiberian datuz meaning 'he must give'. dama 'sentence' < *dʰoh₁m-eh₂ 'put, dispose' (cfr. Old
9833_117	Irish dán 'gift, skill, poem', Germanic dōma < *dʰoh₁m-o 'verdict, sentence').
9833_118	PIE Hw- > w-: uta 'conj. and, prep. besides' (< h₂w-ta, 'or, and', cfr, Umb. ute 'or', Lat. aut
9833_119	'or' (< *h₂ew-ti).
9833_120	Syllabic resonants and laryngeals
9833_121	PIE n̥ > an / m̥ > am: arganto 'silver' < *h₂r̥gn̥to (cf. OIr. argat and Latin argentum).
9833_122	kamanom 'path, way' kanmano < kn̥gs-mn̥-o (cf. OIr. céimm, OW. cemmein 'step'), decameta 'tithe'
9833_123	< *dekm̥-et-a (cf. Gaulish decametos 'tenth', Old Irish dechmad 'tenth'), dekam 'ten' (cf. Lat.
9833_124	decem, Common Celtic dekam, OIr. deich < *dekm̥), novantutas 'the nine tribes', novan 'nine' <
9833_125	h₁newn̥ (cf. Lat. novem, Common Celtic novan, OW. nauou < h₁newn̥), ās 'we, us' (< ans < n̥s,
9833_126	Old Irish sinni < sisni, snisni 'we, us', cf. German uns < n̥s), trikanta < tri-kn̥g-ta, lit.
9833_127	'three horns, three boundaries' > 'civil parish, shire' (modern Spanish Tres Cantos.
9833_128	Like Common Celtic and Italic (SCHRIJVER 1991: 415, McCONE 1996: 51 and SCHUMACHER 2004: 135), PIE
9833_129	CHC > CaC (C = any consonant, H = any laringeal): datuz < dh₃-tōd, dakot 'they put' < *dʰh₁k-ont,
9833_130	matus 'propitious days' < mh₂-tu (Latin mānus 'good' < meh₂-no, Old Irish maith 'good' <
9833_131	*mh₂-ti).
9833_132	PIE CCH > CaC (C = any consonant, H = any laryngeal): Magilo 'prince' (< mgh₂-i-lo, cf. OIr. mál
9833_133	'prince' < *mgh₂-lo).
9833_134	PIE r̥R > arR and l̥R > alR (R = resonant): arznā 'part, share' < φarsna < parsna < *pr̥s-nh₂.
9833_135	Common Celtic φrasna < prasna < *pr̥s-nh₂, cf. Old Irish ernáil 'part, share'.
9833_136	PIE r̥P > riP and l̥P > liP (P = plosive): briganti PiRiKanTi < *bʰr̥ǵʰ-n̥ti. silabur konsklitom
9833_137	'silver coined' < *kom-skl̥-to 'to cut'.
9833_138	PIE Cr̥HV > CarV and Cl̥HV > CalV: sailo 'dung, slurry' salyo < sl̥H-yo (cf. Lat. saliva <
9833_139	sl̥H-iwa, OIr. sal 'dirt' < sl̥H-a), aila 'stone building' < *pl̥-ya (cf. OIr. ail 'boulder'),
9833_140	are- 'first, before' (Old Irish ar 'for', Gaulish are 'in front of', < *pr̥h₂i. Lat. prae- 'before'
9833_141	< *preh₂i).
9833_142	Like Common Celtic (JOSEPH 1982: 51 and ZAIR 2012: 37), PIE *HR̥C > aRC (H = any laringeal, R̥ any
9833_143	syllabic resonant, C = any consonant): arganto 'silver' < h₂r̥gn̥to, not *riganto.
9833_144	Exclusive developments
9833_145	Affrication of the PIE groups -dy-, -dʰy-. -ty- > z/th (/θ/) located between vowels and of -d,
9833_146	-dʰ > z/th (/θ/) at the end of the word: adiza 'duty' < adittia < *h₂ed-d(e)ik-t-ya; Useizu
9833_147	'highest' < ups-ed-yō; touzu 'territory' < teut-yō; rouzu 'red' < *reudʰy-ō; olzo 'last' <
9833_148	h₂ol-tyo; ozas 'feet' < pod-y-ans; datuz < *dh₃-tōd; louzu 'free' (in: LOUZOKUM, MLH IV, K.1.1.)
9833_149	< *h₁leudʰy-ō (cf. Oscan loufir 'free man', Russian ljúdi 'men, people'.
9833_150	Morphology Noun cases
9833_151	arznā 'part, share' < parsna < pr̥s-nh₂. Common Celtic φrasna < prasna
9833_152	veizos 'witness' < weidʰ-yo < weidʰ- 'perceive,see' / vamos 'higher' < *up-m̥os
9833_153	gentis 'son, descendance' < gen-ti. Common Celtic genos 'family'
9833_154	loutu 'load' < louttu < louktu < leugʰ-tu. Common Celtic luxtu < louktu < *leugʰ-tu (oir.
9833_155	lucht).
9833_156	duater 'daughter' < *dʰugh₂tēr. Common Celtic duxtir.
9833_157	There is also a potential Vocative case, however this is very poorly attested, with only an
9833_158	ambiguous -e ending for o-stem nouns being cited in literature.
9833_159	Demonstrative pronouns Sample texts
9833_160	First Botorrita plaque side A, Botorrita, Saragossa. (K.01.01.A).
9833_161	soz augu arestalo damai all this (is) valid by order of the competent authority
9833_162	'all this' soz (< sod) 'final, valid' augo (< h₂eug-os 'strong, valid', cf. Latin augustus
9833_163	'solemn').
9833_164	'of the competent authority' arestalos (< pr̥Hi-steh₂-lo 'competent authority' < pr̥Hi-sto 'what
9833_165	is first, authority', gen. sing.)
9833_166	'by order' damai (< *dʰoh₁m-eh₂ 'stablishing, dispose', instrumental fem. sing.).
9833_167	(Translation: Prosper 2006)
9833_168	saum dekametinas datuz somei eni touzei iste ankios iste es-ankios
9833_169	of these, he will give the tax inside of this territory, so be fenced as be unfenced
9833_170	'of these' (saum < *sa-ōm) 'the tithes, the tax' (dekametinas)
9833_171	'he will pay, will give' (datuz) 'inside, in' (eni < *h₁en-i)
9833_172	'of this' (somei loc. sing. < *so-sm-ei 'from this')
9833_173	'territory' (touzei loc. sing. < touzom 'territory' < tewt-yo)
9833_174	'so (be) fenced' iste ankios 'as (be) unfenced' iste es-ankios (Transcription Jordán 2004)

9833_75

Usseitici' < *Usseito < *upse-tyo. However, in Gaulish and Brittonic *ps > *x (cf. Gaulish Uxama,

9833_76

MW. uchel, 'one six').

9833_77

PIE *pt > *tt / t: setantu 'seventh' (< *septmo-to). However, in Gaulish and Insular Celtic *pt >

9833_78

x: sextameto 'seventh', Old Irish sechtmad (< *septmo-e-to).

9833_79

PIE *gs > *ks > *ss / s: sues 'six' < *sweks;

9833_80

Desobriga 'south/right city' (Celts oriented looking east) < *dekso-*bʰr̥ǵʰa; **Nertobris 'strength

9833_81

town' < *h₂ner-to-*bʰr̥ǵʰs;

9833_82

es- 'out of, not' < *eks < *h₁eǵʰs (cf. Lat. ex-, Common Celtic exs-, OIr. ess-). In Latin

9833_83

epigraphy that sound its transcript with geminated: Suessatium < *sweks- 'the sixth city' (cfr.

9833_84

Latin Sextantium)

9833_85

Dessicae < *deks-ika. However, in Gaulish *ks > *x: Dexivates.

9833_86

PIE *gt > *kt > *tt / t: ditas 'constructions, buildings' < *dʰigʰ-tas (= Latin fictas);

9833_87

loutu 'load' < *louttu < *louktu < *leugʰ-tu;

9833_88

litom 'it is permitted', ne-litom 'it is not permitted' (< *l(e)ik-to, cf. Latin licitum <

9833_89

*lik-e-to). But Common Celtic *kt > *xt: luxtu < *louktu < *leugʰ-tu, OIr. lucht.

9833_90

Celtiberian Retugenos 'right born, lawful' < *h₃reg-tō-genos, Gaulish Rextugenos. In Latin

9833_91

epigraphy that sound is transcribed with geminated: Britto 'noble' < *brikto < *bʰr̥ǵʰ-to.

9833_92

Bruttius 'fruitful' < *bruktio < *bʰruHǵ-t-y-o (cfr. Latin Fructuosus 'profitable').

9833_93

PIE *st > *st: against Gaulish, Irish and Welsh (where the change was *st > ss) preservation of

9833_94

the PIE cluster *st. Gustunos 'excellent' < *gustu 'excellence' < *gus-tu. Old Irish gussu

9833_95

'excellence' (cfr. Fergus < *viro-gussu), Gaulish gussu (Lezoux Plate, line 7).

9833_96

Vowels

9833_97

PIE *e, *h₁e > e: Togoitei eni 'in Togotis' < *h₁en-i (cf. Lat. in, OIr. in 'into, in'), somei eni

9833_98

touzei 'inside of this territory', es- 'out of, not' < *eks < *h₁eǵʰs (cf. Lat. ex-, Common Celtic

9833_99

exs-, OIr. ess-), esankios 'not enclosed, open' lit. 'unfenced' < *h₁eǵʰs-*h₂enk-yos, treba

9833_100

'settlement, town', Kontrebia 'conventus, capital' < *kom-treb-ya (cf. OIr. treb, W. tref

9833_101

'settlement'), ekuo horse < *h₁ekw-os, ekualo 'horseman'.

9833_102

PIE *h₂e > a: ankios 'fenced, enclosed' < *h₂enk-yos, Ablu 'strong' < *h₂ep-lō 'strength', augu

9833_103

'valid, firm' < *h₂ewg-u, adj. 'strong, firm, valid'.

9833_104

PIE *o, *Ho > o: olzui (dat.sing.) 'for the last' (< *olzo 'last' < *h₂ol-tyo, cf. Lat. ultimus <

9833_105

*h₂ol-t-m̥o. OIr. ollam 'master poet' < *oltamo < *h₂ol-t-m̥), okris 'mountain' (< *h₂ok-r-i, cf.

9833_106

Lat. ocris 'mountain', OIr. ochair 'edge' < *h₂ok-r-i), monima 'memory' (< *monī-mā < *mon-eye-mā).

9833_107

PIE *eh₁ > ē > ī?. This Celtic reflex isn't well attested in Celtiberian. e.g. IE *h3rg'-s meaning

9833_108

"king, ruler" vs. Celtiberian -reiKis, Gaulish -rix, British rix, Old Irish, Old Welsh, Old Breton

9833_109

ri meaning "king". In any case, the maintenance of PIE ē = ē is well attested in dekez 'he did' <

9833_110

*deked < *dʰeh₁k-et, identical to Latin fecit.

9833_111

PIE *eh₂ > ā: dāunei 'to burn' < *deh₂u-nei (Old Irish dóud, dód 'burn' < *deh₂u-to-), silabur

9833_112

sāzom 'enough money, a considerable amount of money' (< *sātio < *she₂t-yo, Common Celtic sāti

9833_113

'sufficiency', OIr. sáith), kār 'friendship' (< *keh₂r, cf. Lat. cārus 'dear' < *keh₂r-os, Irish

9833_114

cara 'friend', W. caru 'love' < *kh₂r-os).

9833_115

PIE *eh₃, *oH > a/u: Celtic in final syllables and in non-final syllables, e.g. IE *dh3-td to

9833_116

Celtiberian datuz meaning 'he must give'. dama 'sentence' < *dʰoh₁m-eh₂ 'put, dispose' (cfr. Old

9833_117

Irish dán 'gift, skill, poem', Germanic dōma < *dʰoh₁m-o 'verdict, sentence').

9833_118

PIE *Hw- > w-: uta 'conj. and, prep. besides' (< *h₂w-ta, 'or, and', cfr, Umb. ute 'or', Lat. aut

9833_119

'or' (< *h₂ew-ti).

9833_120

Syllabic resonants and laryngeals

9833_121

PIE *n̥ > an / *m̥ > am: arganto 'silver' < *h₂r̥gn̥to (cf. OIr. argat and Latin argentum).

9833_122

kamanom 'path, way' *kanmano < *kn̥gs-mn̥-o (cf. OIr. céimm, OW. cemmein 'step'), decameta 'tithe'

9833_123

< *dekm̥-et-a (cf. Gaulish decametos 'tenth', Old Irish dechmad 'tenth'), dekam 'ten' (cf. Lat.

9833_124

decem, Common Celtic dekam, OIr. deich < *dekm̥), novantutas 'the nine tribes', novan 'nine' <

9833_125

*h₁newn̥ (cf. Lat. novem, Common Celtic novan, OW. nauou < *h₁newn̥), ās 'we, us' (< *ans < *n̥s,

9833_126

Old Irish sinni < *sisni, *snisni 'we, us', cf. German uns < *n̥s), trikanta < *tri-kn̥g-ta, lit.

9833_127

'three horns, three boundaries' > 'civil parish, shire' (modern Spanish Tres Cantos.

9833_128

Like Common Celtic and Italic (SCHRIJVER 1991: 415, McCONE 1996: 51 and SCHUMACHER 2004: 135), PIE

9833_129

*CHC > CaC (C = any consonant, H = any laringeal): datuz < *dh₃-tōd, dakot 'they put' < *dʰh₁k-ont,

9833_130

matus 'propitious days' < *mh₂-tu (Latin mānus 'good' < *meh₂-no, Old Irish maith 'good' <

9833_131

*mh₂-ti).

9833_132

PIE *CCH > CaC (C = any consonant, H = any laryngeal): Magilo 'prince' (< *mgh₂-i-lo, cf. OIr. mál

9833_133

'prince' < *mgh₂-lo).

9833_134

PIE *r̥R > arR and *l̥R > alR (R = resonant): arznā 'part, share' < *φarsna < *parsna < *pr̥s-nh₂.

9833_135

Common Celtic *φrasna < *prasna < *pr̥s-nh₂, cf. Old Irish ernáil 'part, share'.

9833_136

PIE *r̥P > riP and *l̥P > liP (P = plosive): briganti PiRiKanTi < *bʰr̥ǵʰ-n̥ti. silabur konsklitom

9833_137

'silver coined' < *kom-skl̥-to 'to cut'.

9833_138

PIE *Cr̥HV > CarV and *Cl̥HV > CalV: sailo 'dung, slurry' *salyo < *sl̥H-yo (cf. Lat. saliva <

9833_139

*sl̥H-iwa, OIr. sal 'dirt' < *sl̥H-a), aila 'stone building' < *pl̥-ya (cf. OIr. ail 'boulder'),

9833_140

are- 'first, before' (Old Irish ar 'for', Gaulish are 'in front of', < *pr̥h₂i. Lat. prae- 'before'

9833_141

< *preh₂i).

9833_142

Like Common Celtic (JOSEPH 1982: 51 and ZAIR 2012: 37), PIE *HR̥C > aRC (H = any laringeal, R̥ any

9833_143

syllabic resonant, C = any consonant): arganto 'silver' < *h₂r̥gn̥to, not **riganto.

9833_144

Exclusive developments

9833_145

Affrication of the PIE groups -*dy-, -*dʰy-. -*ty- > z/th (/θ/) located between vowels and of -*d,

9833_146

-*dʰ > z/th (/θ/) at the end of the word: adiza 'duty' < *adittia < *h₂ed-d(e)ik-t-ya; Useizu

9833_147

'highest' < *ups-ed-yō; touzu 'territory' < *teut-yō; rouzu 'red' < *reudʰy-ō; olzo 'last' <

9833_148

*h₂ol-tyo; ozas 'feet' < *pod-y-ans; datuz < *dh₃-tōd; louzu 'free' (in: LOUZOKUM, MLH IV, K.1.1.)

9833_149

< *h₁leudʰy-ō (cf. Oscan loufir 'free man', Russian ljúdi 'men, people'.

9833_150

Morphology Noun cases

9833_151

arznā 'part, share' < *parsna < *pr̥s-nh₂. Common Celtic *φrasna < *prasna

9833_152

veizos 'witness' < *weidʰ-yo < *weidʰ- 'perceive,see' / vamos 'higher' < *up-m̥os

9833_153

gentis 'son, descendance' < *gen-ti. Common Celtic *genos 'family'

9833_154

loutu 'load' < *louttu < *louktu < *leugʰ-tu. Common Celtic luxtu < *louktu < *leugʰ-tu (oir.

9833_155

lucht).

9833_156

duater 'daughter' < *dʰugh₂tēr. Common Celtic duxtir.

9833_157

There is also a potential Vocative case, however this is very poorly attested, with only an

9833_158

ambiguous -e ending for o-stem nouns being cited in literature.

9833_159

Demonstrative pronouns Sample texts

9833_160

First Botorrita plaque side A, Botorrita, Saragossa. (K.01.01.A).

9833_161

soz augu arestalo damai all this (is) valid by order of the competent authority

9833_162

'all this' soz (< *sod) 'final, valid' augo (< *h₂eug-os 'strong, valid', cf. Latin augustus

9833_163

'solemn').

9833_164

'of the competent authority' arestalos (< *pr̥Hi-steh₂-lo 'competent authority' < *pr̥Hi-sto 'what

9833_165

is first, authority', gen. sing.)

9833_166

'by order' damai (< *dʰoh₁m-eh₂ 'stablishing, dispose', instrumental fem. sing.).

9833_167

(Translation: Prosper 2006)

9833_168

saum dekametinas datuz somei eni touzei iste ankios iste es-ankios

9833_169

of these, he will give the tax inside of this territory, so be fenced as be unfenced

9833_170

'of these' (saum < *sa-ōm) 'the tithes, the tax' (dekametinas)

9833_171

'he will pay, will give' (datuz) 'inside, in' (eni < *h₁en-i)

9833_172

'of this' (somei loc. sing. < *so-sm-ei 'from this')

9833_173

'territory' (touzei loc. sing. < *touzom 'territory' < *tewt-yo)

9833_174

'so (be) fenced' iste ankios 'as (be) unfenced' iste es-ankios (Transcription Jordán 2004)