chunk_id
stringlengths 3
8
| chunk
stringlengths 1
1k
|
|---|---|
9761_7 | The following year, Biedermann announced her departure from Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten and served as a coach on the debut season of the Sat.1 talent series Star Search. In November, her fourth studio album Break On Through was released. Taking her work further into the rock genre, it became her first top ten album in Austria and Switzerland as well as her highest-charting album to date in Germany, peaking at number six. With sales in excess of 200,000, it reached platinum status in Germany and was certified gold by the Austrian International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI). "Rockin' on Heaven's Floor", the album's first single, became a top ten hit all over German-speaking Europe and was followed by two further singles, "No Eternity" and "Hold the Line". The same year, Biedermann embarked on her Break On Through Tour, a 45-city tour throughout Austria, Germany, Italy and Switzerland, and played a fictionalized version of herself in the television action film |
9761_8 | alongside Ralf Moeller and Katy Karrenbauer. |
9761_9 | 2004–2006: Merry Christmas and Naked Truth
In 2004, Biedermann played a dancer opposite Jan Sosniok in the Sat.1 television film Liebe ohne Rückfahrschein. The romantic comedy was broadcast to mixed reviews and high ratings. Biedermann recorded several original songs as well as cover versions of Christmas standards and carols for her fifth studio album and first Christmas record, Merry Christmas. Released in November 2004, the album debuted at number 22 in the German Albums Chart. The album's lead single, "The Infant Light", peaked at number eleven on the German Singles Chart. |
9761_10 | Naked Truth was released in March 2006 and included contributions from her then boyfriend and guitarist Jörg Weissenberg. The album reached a moderate number 14 on the national albums chart but then fell quickly out of the Top 50. In Austrian the album reached number 44 and in Switzerland number 55. The singles charted within the Top 20. The third single Heat of Summer peaked at number 50 in the German singles Charts. It was promoted by a short live tour, entitled Bad Girls Club, hitting eight cities throughout Germany. After the tour she decided to take a break from her music career and want focus on her acting career, but will coming back anytime to make music.
During the Tour she Datet Jorg Weisselberg.
2008–2017: Comeback with Undress to the Beat and solo career retirement |
9761_11 | In 2009, Biedermann released her seventh studio album Undress to the Beat. Trying to reinvent her image once again, she shifted to electronic pop music for the overall sound of the record and consulted a number of new and upcoming collaborators to work with her, including Scandinavian musicians such as Remee, Carl Falk, Thomas Troelsen and Johan Bobäck. Upon its release, Undress to the Beat debuted and peaked at number 13 on the German Albums Chart, also reaching the top 30 in Austria, and became her highest-charting album since Break on Through (2003). Its release was preceded by the same-titled lead single, produced by Bobäck, which peaked at number six in Germany, becoming her eleventh top ten single. Undress to the Beat spawned two further singles, including "Material Boy (Don't Look Back)" and "Solitary Rose", the latter of which she performed on Anna und die Liebe and was a top 20 hit in Austria and Germany. In early 2010, Biedermann announced her departure from Anna und die |
9761_12 | Liebe in March 2010 since she was preparing for her Solitary Rose Tour, set to start in April 2010. However, the tour was eventually cancelled in late March 2010 due to her father's pancreatic cancer diagnosis. Following her father's remission, Biedermann resigned with Anna und die Liebe for its third and fourth season in fall 2010. |
9761_13 | In 2011, German fashion retailer Jeans Fritz engaged Biedermann as a designer and model for their casual brand. The same year, she appeared in the historical television thriller Isenhart – Die Jagd nach dem Seelenfänger. Filmed in Berlin, Vienna and Budapest, it was broadcast to positive reviews and high ratings. In August 2011, Biedermann was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany for her social, charitable or philanthropic work as a German Red Cross ambassador. Feeling increasingly exhausted due to her time-consuming career in both music and film, Biedermann decided to withdrew from her public life as a solo artist and founded the band Ewig along with boyfriend Jörg Weißelberg and friend Christian Bömkes. Taking her back to her career beginnings, the band released two German language studio albums, Wir sind Ewig and Indianerehrenwort, in 2012 and 2015, respectively, with both of them reaching the top 50 of the German Albums Chart. In 2015, Ewig represented |
9761_14 | Brandenburg in the Bundesvision Song Contest with the song "Ein Geschenk", finishing in eighth place. |
9761_15 | 2018–present: Solo career revival
In April 2019, Ewig announced their disbandment following the departure of band member Christian Bömke. On 16 April 2019 Biedermann released "Wie ein offenes Buch", her first solo single in ten years, through Columbia Records. The following month she participated in the sixth season of the reality television series Sing meinen Song – Das Tauschkonzert, the German version of the series The Best Singers. Her appearance on the show was accompanied by the release of another single, "Deine Geschichten", as well as the announcement of her seventh studio album DNA which was released on 6 September 2019. |
9761_16 | Personal life
In early 2005, Biedermann dated Jörg Weisselberg, the guitarist of her band. In July 2008, they broke up their relationship, stating their lack of time spent together and the stress of a long-distance relationship. Biedermann said they would be friends and would be working together as friends. There were some rumors that they were still together or together again as they were seen going out together. Two years later, they are together and engaged as the German press reports. In summer 2012, the couple married.
Discography
Studio albums
Enjoy! (2000)
Delicious (2001)
Rock My Life (2002)
Break On Through (2003)
Merry Christmas (2004)
Naked Truth (2006)
Undress to the Beat (2009)
DNA (2019)
2020: DNA LIVE 2020
Collaboration albums
Wir sind Ewig (2012)
Indianerehrenwort (2015)
Filmography
Awards and nominations
2000
Bravo Otto (Silver) – "Best Female Singer" (Won)
2001
ECHO – "Female Artist National" (Won) |
9761_17 | 2002
Eins Live Krone – "Best Female Act" (Won)
Top of the Pops Award – "Best German Act" (Won)
Goldene Europa (Won)
Goldener Fritz (Won)
Comet – "Live Award" (Nominated)
ECHO – "Female Artist National" (Nominated)
2003
Eins Live Krone – "Best Female Act" (Won)
Bravo Otto (Gold) – "Best Female Singer" (Won)
Bravo Otto (Silver) – "Best TV Actress" (Won)
McMega Music Award – "Female Artist Of The Year" (Won)
Woman of the Year (Maxim) (German edition) (Won)
ECHO – "Female Artist National" (Nominated)
Comet – "Best Female National" (Nominated)
2004
Bravo Otto (Gold) – "Best Female" (Won)
Bravo Otto (Gold) – "Best TV Actress" (Won)
Goldene Kamera – "Pop National" (Won)
Glamourfrau 2003 (Bunte) (Won)
ECHO – "Female Artist National" (Nominated)
Eins Live Krone – "Best Female Act" (Nominated) |
9761_18 | 2005
ECHO – "Best National Videoclip 'Run with Me'" (Won)
ECHO – "Female Artist National" (Nominated)
Woman of the Year – (Maxim) (German edition) (Won)
Comet – "Best Female" (Nominated)
2006
Jetix Kidsawards – "Hottest artist" (Won)
FHM – "Sexiest Woman in the World" (Won)
2007
FHM – "#4 Sexiest Woman in the World" (Nominated)
Comet – "Best Female" (Nominated)
2008
FHM – "#10 Sexiest Woman in the World" (Nominated)
Bild Wahl – "Most Popular Woman in Germany" (Nominated)
2009
Comet – "Best Female" (Nominated)
2010
Goldener Pinguin – "TV-Star of the Year" (Nominated)
ECHO – "Best National Videoclip 'Undress to the Beat'" (Nominated)
Kid's Choice Award Switzerland – "Most Popular TV-Star" (Won)
Comet – "Best Female" (Nominated)
2011
German Soap Award – "Best Telenovela Actress" (Won)
References
External links |
9761_19 | 1980 births
Living people
People from Bernau bei Berlin
English-language singers from Germany
German soap opera actresses
German television actresses
German film actresses
German women pop singers
German circus performers
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
21st-century German women singers |
9762_0 | Following are timelines of the history of Ottoman Syria, taken as the parts of Ottoman Syria provinces under Ottoman rule.
Timeline of history of the parts of Ottoman Syria under Ottoman rule
16th century
July 1516 – Selim I of the Ottoman Empire declares war on the Mameluks and invades Syria.
1517: The Ottoman Empire captures Jerusalem after Sultan Selim I defeats the last Mamluk Sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri at the Battle of Marj Dabiq the previous year. Selim proclaims himself Caliph of the Islamic world.
1535–1538: Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I rebuilds the Walls of Jerusalem.
1541: Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I sealed off the Golden Gate to prevent the Jewish Messiah's entrance.
14 January 1546: A devastating earthquake shook the Levant. The epicenter of the earthquake was in the Jordan River in a location between the Dead Sea and the Sea of Galilee. The cities of Jerusalem, Hebron, Nablus, Gaza and Damascus were heavily damaged.
17th century |
9762_1 | 1604: First Protectorate of missions agreed under the Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire, in which Ahmad I agreed that the subjects of Henry IV of France were free to visit the Holy Places of Jerusalem. French missionaries begin to travel to Jerusalem and other major Ottoman cities.
1610: the first Arabic printing press in the Arab world founded in Dayr-Qazahya by Maronite monks.
1622: Fakhr ad-Din al-Ma'ni, prince of Shouf in Mount Lebanon, defeats at the Battle of Anjar an army led by the Wali (governor) of Damascus Mustafa Pasha.
1624: occupied with threat from the Safavids of Iran, the Ottomans agree to make Fakhr ad-Din governor over a region extending from Aleppo to Arish. During his rule, Fakhr ad-Din initiates political and cultural relations with Europe.
1633: the Wali of Damascus Ahmed Pasha leads a campaign against Fakhr ad-Din from both land and sea.
1635: Fakhr ad-Din is hanged in Damascus. |
9762_2 | 1663-5: Sabbatai Zevi, founder of the Sabbateans, preaches in Jerusalem before travelling back to his native Smyrna where he proclaimed himself the Messiah |
9762_3 | 18th century
1700: Judah the Pious with 1,000 followers settle in Jerusalem.
30 October 1759: A devastating earthquake shook Galilee. The epicenter of the earthquake was in the Jordan River in a location between the Sea of Galilee and the Hula Valley. The cities of Safed, Tiberias, Acre, Sidon were heavily damaged.
3–7 March 1799: Napoleonic Wars: Siege of Jaffa – Napoleon captures the city of Jaffa.
20 March–21 May 1799: Napoleonic Wars: Siege of Acre – An unsuccessful attempt by Napoleon to capture the city of Acre.
8 April 1799: Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Nazareth
11 April 1799: Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Cana
16 April 1799: Napoleonic Wars: The Battle of Mount Tabor – Napoleon drives Ottoman Turks across the River Jordan near Acre.
19th century |
9762_4 | 1831: Muhammad Ali of Egypt's French-trained forces occupy Syria.
1832: an Egyptian Army led by Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt marches on Anatolia and defeats an Ottoman army under Grand Vizier Reshid Pasha at the Battle of Konya.
10 May 1832: The Egyptians, aided by Maronites, seize Acre from the Ottoman Empire after a 7-month siege.
1833: Western powers broker the Convention of Kutahya. The terms require Muhammad Ali to withdraw his troops from Anatolia and receive the territories of Syria, Crete, and Hijaz in exchange.
1834-5: Syrian Peasant revolts, including Sanjak of Jerusalem, Sidon Eyalet and Aleppo Eyalet.
1 January 1837: Galilee earthquake of 1837 – a devastating earthquake the shook the Galilee region, killing thousands of people.
1839: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, backed by the Russian Empire and the Austrian Empire, compels July Monarchy France to abandon Muhammad Ali of Egypt, and it forces him to return Syria and Arabia to the Ottoman Empire. |
9762_5 | 15 July 1840: The Austrian Empire, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Russian Empire sign the Convention of London with the ruler of the Ottoman Empire. The signatories offered to Muhammad Ali and his heirs permanent control over Egypt and the Acre Sanjak, provided that these territories would remain part of the Ottoman Empire and that he agreed within ten days to withdraw from the rest of Syria and returned to Sultan Abdülmecid I the Ottoman fleet which had defected to Alexandria. Muhammad Ali was also to immediately withdraw its forces from Arabia, the Holy Cities, Crete, the Adana District, and all of the Ottoman Empire.
1840: The Tanzimat reforms begin to have an impact in Syria.
1840: Sectarian clashes in Mount Lebanon between Druze and Christian Maronites.
1847: the Syrian Association founded in Beirut.
1850: Christians massacred in the Vilayet of Aleppo. |
9762_6 | 1860: The first Jewish neighborhood (Mishkenot Sha'ananim) is built outside the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem.
1860: Clashes between Druze and Maronites in Mount Lebanon and Damascus.
9 June 1861: European powers led by France intervene on the side of the Maronites and force the Ottomans to establish the Maronite-dominated Mutesarrifiyyet of Mount Lebanon.
1868: The American University in Beirut established under the name of the Syrian Protestant College.
1868: the Syrian Scientific Society founded in Beirut.
1874: Jerusalem Sanjak becomes a Mutesarrifiyyet gaining a special administrative status.
1877–1878: The Russo-Turkish War causes increased taxation in Syria.
1882–1903: The First Aliyah took place in which 25,000–35,000 Jew immigrants immigrated to Ottoman Syria.
1887-8: Ottoman Palestine was divided into Jerusalem Sanjak, Nablus Sanjak and Acre Sanjak.
1893: A fire destroys the Great Mosque of Damascus.
1895: Construction of railway Beirut-Damascus. |
9762_7 | 1895: Construction of railway line Damascus-Rayek.
29–31 August 1897: The First Zionist Congress is held in Basel, Switzerland, in which the Basel Declaration was approved which determined that the Zionist movement ultimate aim is to establish a homeland for the Jewish people in the region of Palestine secured under public law.
1898: German Kaiser Wilhelm visits Jerusalem to dedicate the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer. He meets Theodore Herzl outside city walls. |
9762_8 | 20th century |
9762_9 | 30 October 1918: Sinai and Palestine campaign: The British Sinai and Palestine Campaign officially ends with the signing of the Armistice of Mudros and, shortly thereafter, the Ottoman Empire is dissolved.
3 October 1918 – Sinai and Palestine campaign: The forces of the Arab revolt led by Prince Faysal enter Damascus. In 1920 Prince Faysal becomes the king of the Arab Kingdom of Syria for a short period.
1 October 1918 – Sinai and Palestine campaign: A combined Arab and British force occupy Damascus.
23 September – Sinai and Palestine campaign: British occupation of Haifa is completed.
19 September–1 October 1918 – Sinai and Palestine campaign: Battle of Megiddo
14 July 1918 – Sinai and Palestine campaign: Battle of Abu Tellul |
9762_10 | June 1918 – First meeting between the Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann and the son of the Sharif of Mecca Hashemite Prince Faisal, who led the Arab forces in the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire during the First World War, which takes place in Faisal's headquarters in Aqaba in an attempt to establish favourable relations between Arabs and Jews in the Middle East.
4 April 1918 – The first edition of the Hebrew-language daily newspaper "Haaretz" is published, sponsored by the British military government in Palestine.
1918: Forces of the Arab Revolt enter Damascus accompanied by British troops, ending 400 years of Ottoman rule.
8–26 December 1917: The British Sinai and Palestine Campaign: Battle of Jerusalem – The Ottomans are defeated by the British forces at the Battle of Jerusalem. The British Army's General Allenby enters Jerusalem on foot, in a reference to the entrance of Caliph Umar in 637. |
9762_11 | 15 November 1917: Sinai and Palestine campaign: British troops capture Tel Aviv and Jaffa.
2 November 1917: The Balfour Declaration is published in which the British Government declares its support for the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine.
31 October-7 November 1917: Sinai and Palestine campaign: Third Battle of Gaza – British forces capture Gaza and break the Turkish defensive line in southern Palestine.
31 October 1917: Sinai and Palestine campaign: Battle of Beersheba – Australian and New Zealand cavalry troops capture Beersheba from the Turks. |
9762_12 | 6 July 1917: Sinai and Palestine campaign: Arabian troops led by T. E. Lawrence capture Aqaba from the Turks, and incorporate the territory into the Kingdom of Hejaz, under the rule of Prince Faisal. The capture of Aqaba helps open supply lines from Lower Egypt to the Arab and British forces in the field further north in Transjordan and Palestine, and more importantly alleviate a threat of a Turkish offensive against the strategically important Suez Canal.
19 April 1917: Sinai and Palestine campaign: Second Battle of Gaza – Turkey repels British assault on Gaza-Beersheba line. |
9762_13 | 6 April 1917: Sinai and Palestine campaign: The Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation – The Ottoman authorities deport the entire civilian population of Jaffa and Tel Aviv pursuant to the order from Ahmed Jamal Pasha, the military governor of Ottoman Syria during the First World War. Although the Muslim evacuees are allowed to return before long, the Jewish evacuees were not able to return until after the British conquest of Palestine.
26 March 1917: Sinai and Palestine campaign: First Battle of Gaza – British fail to advance into Palestine after 17,000 Turkish troops block their advance.
9 January 1917: Sinai and Palestine campaign: Battle of Rafa – British Empire forces defeat the Turks in Rafah and complete the re-conquest of the Sinai Peninsula.
1916: The Mutasarrifiyet of Mount Lebanon is abolished. |
9762_14 | June 1916: Grand Sharif Hussein, the Sharif of Mecca who shared with his fellow Arabs a strong dislike for his Ottoman overlords, enters into an alliance with the United Kingdom and France against the Ottomans and soon thereafter commences what would become known as The Great Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule.
16 May 1916: Britain and France conclude the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement, which defines their respective spheres of influence and control in Western Asia after the expected demise of the Ottoman Empire after World War I. It was largely a trade agreement with a large area set aside for indirect control through an Arab state or a confederation of Arab states.
March–October 1915: The 1915 locust plague breaks out in region. |
9762_15 | 28 January–3 February 1915: The British Sinai and Palestine Campaign: First Suez Offensive – A battle between the forces of the Ottoman Empire and the British Empire in which the Turks fail in their attempt to capture or destroy the Suez Canal and are forced to withdraw their forces. The canal was vital to the British war effort.
1915–1917: Famine in Syria resulting in up to 500,000 deaths due to severe shortage of supplies.
1914: Ottomans fight on the side of the Central Powers in World War I.
May 1909: Hauran Druze Rebellion erupts.
11 April 1909: Tel Aviv was founded on the outskirts of the ancient port city of Jaffa.
1 September 1908: The Hejaz Railway opens.
1901: The Jewish National Fund was founded at the Fifth Zionist Congress in Basel with the aim of buying and developing land in the Galilee Palestine regions of Ottoman Syria for Jewish settlement.
1900–1908: Hejaz Railway: construction of Railroad Damascus-Medina. |
9762_16 | Notable births
1853
Musa al-Husayni (b. Jerusalem), Palestinian Arab politician (d. 1934).
1856
Yaakov Meir (b. Jerusalem), Palestinian Jewish rabbi, first Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Mandatory Palestine (d. 1939).
1858
Yosef Navon (b. Jerusalem), Palestinian Jewish businessman who financed the construction of the Jaffa–Jerusalem railway (d. 1934).
1870
Yosef Eliyahu Chelouche (b. Jaffa), Palestinian Jewish entrepreneur, businessman, industrialist, and pioneer (d. 1934).
1874
2 March – Yeshayahu Press (b. Jerusalem), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli researcher (d. 1955).
Khalil Beidas (b. Nazareth), Palestinian Arab scholar and novelist (d. 1949).
1876
Pinchas David Horowitz (b. Jerusalem), Palestinian Jewish-born American Hasidic rabbi (d. 1941).
Akiva Librecht (b. Jerusalem), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli Zionist activist and pioneer (d. 1958).
1880 |
9762_17 | 23 May – Ben-Zion Meir Hai Uziel (b. Jerusalem), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli rabbi, Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Mandatory Palestine and Israel (d. 1953).
18 August – Ya'akov Moshe Toledano (b. Tiberias), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli rabbi, and Israeli cabinet minister (d. 1960).
1881
Raghib al-Nashashibi (b. Jerusalem), Palestinian Arab landowner and public figure (d. 1951).
1882
31 July – Itamar Ben-Avi (b. Jerusalem), Palestinian-Jewish activist for Zionist causes, son of Eliezer Ben-Yehuda and first native speaker of Modern Hebrew (d. 1943).
19 November – Izz ad-Din al-Qassam (b. Jableh, Ottoman Syria), Muslim cleric, founder of the militant Black Hand movement in Palestine (d. 1935).
Kamel al-Budeiri (b. Jerusalem), Palestinian Arab politician and political activist (d. 1923).
1883
Jamil al-Ulshi (b. Damascus), Syrian Arab politician and acting head of state during the French Mandate era (d. 1951). |
9762_18 | 17 July – Avraham-Haim Shag (b. Jerusalem), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli politician (d. 1958).
1885
Avraham Elmalih (b. Jerusalem), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli journalist, community leader, Zionist activist and Israeli politician (d. 1967).
1886
18 September – Yehuda Burla (b. Jerusalem), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli educator and author (d. 1969).
1887
2 August – Gad Frumkin (b. Jerusalem), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli jurist, only Jewish judge on the Supreme Court of Mandatory Palestine (d. 1960).
1888
Approximately – Yisroel Ber Odesser (b. Tiberias), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli rabbi (d. 1994).
4 August – Yitzhaq Shami (b. Hebron), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli writer (d. 1949).
Alexander Aaronsohn (b. Zikhron Ya'akov), Jewish author and activist in Ottoman and Mandatory Palestine (d. 1948).
Saleh Suleiman (b. Reineh), Israeli-Arab politician (d. 1980).
Izzat Darwaza (b. Nablus), Palestinian Arab politician, historian, and educator (d. 1984).
1889 |
9762_19 | 11 October – Yosef Yoel Rivlin (b. Jerusalem) Israeli scholar (d. 1971).
23 October – Avshalom Feinberg (b. Gedera), Palestinian Jewish spy, member of the Nili spying network during World War I (d. 1917).
24 December – Ovadia Hedaya (b. Aleppo), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli rabbi (d. 1969).
Awni Abd al-Hadi (b. Nablus), Palestinian Arab politician (d. 1970).
Rushdi al-Shawwa (b. Gaza), Palestinian Arab politician (d. 1965).
1890
5 January – Sarah Aaronsohn (b. Zikhron Ya'akov), Palestinian Jewish spy, member of the Nili spying network (d. 1917).
3 May – Avraham Chaim Naeh (b. Hebron), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli rabbi and posek (d. 1954).
Asher Mizrahi (b. Jerusalem), Jewish tenor singer and musician in Tunisia (d. 1967).
1891
1 August – Eliyahu Hacarmeli (b. Haifa), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli politician (d. 1952).
1892
7 April – Moshe Chelouche (b. Jaffa), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli politician and businessman, mayor of Tel Aviv for ten days (d. 1968). |
9762_20 | 24 September - Tawfiq Canaan (b. Beit Jala), Palestinian Arab physician, medical researcher, and nationalist (d. 1964).
Aref al-Aref (b. Jerusalem), Palestinian Arab journalist, historian, and politician (d. 1973).
1893
13 August – Gad Machnes (b. Petah Tikva), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli politician and businessman (d. 1954).
1894
25 April – Esther Raab (b. Petah Tikva), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli author and poet (d. 1981).
Amram Blau (b. Jerusalem), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli rabbi, noted anti-Zionist activist and co-founder of Neturei Karta (d. 1974).
Jamal al-Husayni (b. Jerusalem), Palestinian Arab politician (d. 1982).
Stephan Hanna Stephan (b. Beit Jala), Palestinian Arab writer, translator, and radio broadcaster (d. 1949).
1895
Bechor-Shalom Sheetrit (b. Tiberias), Palestinian Jewish police commander and Israeli cabinet minister (d. 1967).
13 October – Menachem Mendel Monsohn (b. Jerusalem), Palestinian Jewish born American rabbi (d. 1953).
1896 |
9762_21 | Israel Rokach (b. Jaffa), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli politician, second mayor of Tel Aviv (d. 1959).
Avshalom Gissin (b. Petah Tikva), Palestinian Jewish Ottoman Army officer and activist in local defense for Zionist pioneers (d. 1921).
Yitzhak Arieli (b. Jerusalem), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli rabbi (d. 1974).
Mordechai Weingarten (b. Jerusalem), Jewish community leader in Jerusalem during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, mukhtar of Jerusalem's Jewish Quarter (d. 1964).
Mohamed Ali Eltaher (b. Nablus), Palestinian Arab journalist (d. 1974).
1897
3 May - Musa Alami (b. Jerusalem), Palestinian Arab politician (d. 1984).
7 June – David Tidhar (b. Jaffa), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli police officer, private detective, and author (d. 1970).
23 July - Radi Annab (b. Nablus), Palestinian-born Jordanian military officer (d. 1993).
20 December – Netanel Hochberg (b. Ness Ziona), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli agronomist (d. 1983). |
9762_22 | Amin al-Husseini (b. Jerusalem), Palestinian Arab nationalist leader Grand Mufti of Jerusalem (d. 1974).
1898
24 February – Yaakov Ades (b. Jerusalem), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli rabbi, rosh yeshiva, and dayan (d. 1963).
Moshe Ben-Ami (b. Tiberias), Israeli politician and lawyer (d. 1960).
Amin Tarif (b. Julis), Palestinian and Israeli Druze leader (d. 1993).
20 October – Yehiel R. Elyachar (b. Jerusalem), Palestinian Jewish-born American engineer, real estate developer, and philanthropist (d. 1989).
1899
Eliyahu Elyashar (b. Jerusalem), Israeli politician and writer (d. 1981).
Yaqub al-Ghusayn (b. Ramla), Palestinian Arab politician (d. 1948).
1900
16 December – Avraham Kalfon (b. Tiberias), Israeli politician (d. 1983).
Yusuf Abu Durra (b. Silat al-Harithiya), Palestinian Arab rebel commander (d. 1940).
1902
27 January – Yosef Sapir (b. Jaffa), Palestinian Jewish politician and Israeli cabinet minister (d. 1972). |
9762_23 | 2 February – Eliyahu Sasson (b. Damascus), Palestinian Jewish politician and Israeli cabinet minister (d. 1978).
1903
22 July – Ami Assaf (b. Rosh Pinna, Upper Galilee), Palestinian Jewish community leader and Israeli politician (d. 1963).
2 August – Ezra Danin (b. Jaffa), Israeli politician and Haganah intelligence officer (d. 1984).
1905
23 July - Oved Ben-Ami (b. Petah Tikva), Israeli politician and businessman, Zionist settlement activist and first mayor of Netanya (d. 1988).
1906
Mahmud Al-Nashaf (b. Tayibe), Israeli Arab politician (d. 1979).
Ahmed A-Dahar (b. Nazareth), Israeli Arab politician (d. 1984).
1907
26 February – Zvi Berenson (b. Safed), Israeli jurist, judge on the Supreme Court of Israel and writer of the first draft of the Israeli Declaration of Independence (d. 2001).
10 June – Ezra Ichilov (b. Petah Tikva), Palestinian Jewish community leader and Israeli politician (d. 1961).
Benjamin Shwadran (b. Jerusalem), Israeli historian (d. 2001). |
9762_24 | Reuben Alcalay (b. Jerusalem), Israeli lexicographer (d. 1976).
Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni (b. Jerusalem), Palestinian Arab nationalist leader (died 1948).
1908
16 July – Yizhar Harari (b. Jaffa), Palestinian Jewish activist and Israeli politician (d. 1978).
Ya'akov Gil (b. Tiberias), Israeli politician and rabbi (d. 1990).
1909
25 March – Elyakum Ostashinski (b. Petah Tikva), Israeli politician (d. 1983).
27 July – Rachel Tzabari (b. Tel Aviv), Israeli politician (d. 1995).
23 October – Avraham Biran (b. Petah Tikva), Israeli Jewish archaeologist (d. 2008).
13 December – Amnon Harlap (b. Rehovot), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli footballer (d. 2006).
20 December – Reuven Shiloah (b. Jerusalem), Israeli intelligence officer, first director of Mossad (d. 1959).
Moshe Castel (b. Jerusalem), Israeli painter (d. 1991).
1910
13 January – Yehuda Tzadka (b. Jerusalem), Israeli rabbi (d. 1991). |
9762_25 | 15 April – Bracha Zefira (b. Jerusalem), Israeli folk singer, songwriter, musicologist, and actress (d. 1990).
20 July – Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (b. Jerusalem), Israeli Haredi rabbi (d. 1995).
5 October – Avraham Nudelman (b. Jaffa), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli footballer (d. 1985).
Shoshana Shababo (b. Zikhron Ya'akov), Israeli writer (d. 1992).
Sara Levi-Tanai (b. Jerusalem), Israeli choreographer (d. 2005).
Tarab Abdul Hadi (b. Jenin), Palestinian Arab feminist activist (d. 1976).
Faras Hamdan (b. Baqa al-Gharbiyye), Israeli-Arab politician (d. 1966).
1911
16 January – Mordechai Benshemesh (b. Tel Aviv) Palestinian Jewish born Australian architect (d. 1993).
5 March – Binyamin Kahane (b. Jaffa) Israeli pilot who pioneered prominent aerial tactics (d. 1956).
8 November – Yair Sprinzak (b. Tel Aviv) Israeli scientist and politician (d. 1999).
Diyab Obeid (b. Tayibe), Israeli Arab politician (d. 1984).
1912
Sholom Schwadron (b. Jerusalem), Israeli Haredi rabbi (d. 1997). |
9762_26 | 29 May – Yehoshua Bar-Yosef (b. Safed), Israeli writer (d. 1992).
1913
25 October – Avraham Yoffe (b. Yavne'el), Israeli military officer and politician (d. 1983).
12 March – Ya'akov Frank (b. Jerusalem), Israeli politician (d. 1993).
Aaron Valero (b. Jerusalem), Israeli physician and educator (d. 2000).
Elias Nakhleh (b. Rameh), Israeli-Arab politician (d. 1990).
1914
23 January – Yehuda Cohen (b. Safed), Israeli Jewish Supreme Court justice (d. 2009).
20 May – Avraham Shapira (b. Jerusalem), Israeli rabbi, Ashkenazi chief rabbi of Israel (d. 2007).
24 October – Dov Yermiya (b. Beit Gan), Israeli military officer and political activist (d. 2016).
14 November – Shmuel Tankus (b. Jaffa), Israeli military officer, fifth commander of the Israeli Navy (d. 2012).
8 December – Ruth Amiran (b. Yavne'el), Israeli archaeologist (d. 2005).
1915
4 January – Benjamin Elazari Volcani (b. Ben Shemen), Israeli-American biologist (d. 1999). |
9762_27 | 20 May – Moshe Dayan (b. Kibbutz Degania Alef, Lower Galilee), Israeli Jewish military officer and cabinet minister (d. 1981).
23 June – Oded Burla (b. Jerusalem), Israeli writer, poet, and artist (d. 2009).
10 December – Eliezer Waldenberg (b. Jerusalem), Israeli Haredi rabbi and dayan (d. 2006).
1916
2 April – Menachem Porush (b. Jerusalem), Israeli ultra-Orthodox Jewish politician (d. 2010).
27 September – S. Yizhar (b. Rehovot), Israeli Jewish author (d. 2006).
Zahara Schatz (b. Jerusalem), Israeli Jewish painter and sculptor (d. 1999).
Binyamin Shahor (b. Jerusalem), Israeli Jewish politician (d. 1979).
1917
6 March – Ruth Dayan (b. Haifa), Israeli social activist, founder of the Maskit fashion house, and widow of Moshe Dayan (d. 2021).
21 March – Yigael Yadin (b. Jerusalem), Israeli Jewish archeologist, military officer and cabinet minister (d. 1984). |
9762_28 | 17 May – Tony Cliff (b. Zikhron Ya'akov), originally Yigael Gluckstein, Palestinian Jewish born Trotskyite activist in Britain (d. 2000).
8 June – David Coren (b. Jerusalem), Israeli Jewish politician (d. 2011).
17 July – Yehoshua Zettler (b. Kfar Saba), senior member of Jewish paramilitary group, Lehi, in Mandate Palestine (d. 2009).
25 December – Yigal Mossinson (b. Ein Ganim), Israeli novelist, playwright, and inventor (d. 1994).
1918
4 January – Yossi Harel (b. Jerusalem), Israeli military intelligence officer and pre-state Haganah member, commander of illegal Jewish immigrants ships including the SS Exodus (d. 2008).
30 January – Meir Meivar (b. Safed), Israeli politician and Haganah commander (d. 2000)
10 October – Yigal Allon (b. Kfar Tavor, Lower Galilee), Israeli Jewish military officer and cabinet minister (d. 1980).
15 October – Yigal Hurvitz (b. Nahlat Yehuda), Israeli politician (d. 1994).
1919 |
9762_29 | 19 April – Haneh Hadad (b. Jish), Israeli-Arab politician and police officer (d. 2020).
8 May – Aharon Remez (b. Tel Aviv), Israeli politician and diplomat, and commander of the Israeli Air Force (d. 1994).
10 June – Haidar Abdel-Shafi (b. Gaza), Palestinian political leader (d. 2007).
1 July – Nissim Eliad (b. Tiberias), Israeli politician (d. 2014).
5 August – Menachem Ratzon (b. Petah Tikva), Israeli politician (d. 1987).
Full date unknown – Hanna Ben Dov (b. Jerusalem), Israeli painter (d. 2008).
Full date unknown – Ya'akov Mizrahi (b. Rehovot), Israeli politician (died 1979).
Full date unknown – Binyamin Gibli (b. Petah Tikva), Israeli military intelligence officer (d. 2008). |
9762_30 | References
Ottoman Palestine
History of Ottoman Syria
Ottoman period in Lebanon
History of Jordan
Syrian history timelines
Ottoman Empire-related lists |
9763_0 | Cocoa is Apple's native object-oriented application programming interface (API) for its desktop operating system macOS.
Cocoa consists of the Foundation Kit, Application Kit, and Core Data frameworks, as included by the Cocoa.h header file, and the libraries and frameworks included by those, such as the C standard library and the Objective-C runtime. |
9763_1 | Cocoa applications are typically developed using the development tools provided by Apple, specifically Xcode (formerly Project Builder) and Interface Builder (now part of Xcode), using the programming languages Objective-C or Swift. However, the Cocoa programming environment can be accessed using other tools, such as Clozure CL, LispWorks, Object Pascal, Python, Perl, Ruby, and AppleScript with the aid of bridge mechanisms such as PasCocoa, PyObjC, CamelBones, RubyCocoa, and a D/Objective-C Bridge. A Ruby language implementation named MacRuby, which removes the need for a bridge mechanism, was formerly developed by Apple, while Nu is a Lisp-like language that can be used with Cocoa with no bridge. It is also possible to write Objective-C Cocoa programs in a simple text editor and build it manually with GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) or Clang from the command line or from a makefile. |
9763_2 | For end users, Cocoa applications are those written using the Cocoa programming environment. Such applications usually have a familiar look and feel, since the Cocoa programming environment provides a lot of common UI elements (such as buttons, scroll bars, etc.), and automates many aspects of an application to comply with Apple's human interface guidelines.
For iOS, iPadOS, tvOS, and watchOS, a similar API exists, named Cocoa Touch, which includes gesture recognition, animation, and a different set of graphical control elements. It is used in applications for Apple devices such as the iPhone, the iPod Touch, the iPad, the Apple TV, and the Apple Watch.
History |
9763_3 | Cocoa continues the lineage of several software frameworks (mainly the App Kit and Foundation Kit) from the NeXTSTEP and OpenStep programming environments developed by NeXT in the 1980s and 1990s. Apple acquired NeXT in December 1996, and subsequently went to work on the Rhapsody operating system that was to be the direct successor of OpenStep. It was to have had an emulation base for classic Mac OS applications, named Blue Box. The OpenStep base of libraries and binary support was termed Yellow Box. Rhapsody evolved into Mac OS X, and the Yellow Box became Cocoa. Thus, Cocoa classes begin with the letters NS, such as NSString or NSArray. These stand for the original proprietary term for the OpenStep framework, NeXTSTEP. |
9763_4 | Much of the work that went into developing OpenStep was applied to developing Mac OS X, Cocoa being the most visible part. However, differences exist. For example, NeXTSTEP and OpenStep used Display PostScript for on-screen display of text and graphics, while Cocoa depends on Apple's Quartz (which uses the Portable Document Format (PDF) imaging model, but not its underlying technology). Cocoa also has a level of Internet support, including the NSURL and WebKit HTML classes, and others, while OpenStep had only rudimentary support for managed network connections via NSFileHandle classes and Berkeley sockets. |
9763_5 | The resulting software framework received the name Cocoa for the sake of expediency, because the name had already been trademarked by Apple. For many years before this present use of the name, Apple's Cocoa trademark had originated as the name of a multimedia project design application for children. The application was originally developed at the Apple Advanced Technology Group under the name KidSim, and was then renamed and trademarked as "Cocoa". The name, coined by Peter Jensen who was hired to develop Cocoa for Apple, was intended to evoke "Java for kids", as it ran embedded in web pages. The trademark, and thus the name "Cocoa", was re-used to avoid the delay which would have occurred while registering a new trademark for this software framework. The original "Cocoa" program was discontinued at Apple in one of the rationalizations that followed Steve Jobs's return to Apple. It was then licensed to a third party and marketed as Stagecast Creator until 2014. |
9763_6 | Memory management
One feature of the Cocoa environment is its facility for managing dynamically allocated memory. Foundation Kit's NSObject class, from which most classes, both vendor and user, are derived, implements a reference counting scheme for memory management. Objects that derive from the NSObject root class respond to a retain and a release message, and keep a retain count. A method titled retainCount exists, but contrary to its name, will usually not return the exact retain count of an object. It is mainly used for system-level purposes. Invoking it manually is not recommended by Apple.
A newly allocated object created with alloc or copy has a retain count of one. Sending that object a retain message increments the retain count, while sending it a release message decrements the retain count. When an object's retain count reaches zero, it is deallocated by a procedure similar to a C++ destructor. dealloc is not guaranteed to be invoked. |
9763_7 | Starting with Objective-C 2.0, the Objective-C runtime implemented an optional garbage collector, which is now obsolete and deprecated in favor of Automatic Reference Counting (ARC). In this model, the runtime turned Cocoa reference counting operations such as "retain" and "release" into no-ops. The garbage collector does not exist on the iOS implementation of Objective-C 2.0. Garbage collection in Objective-C ran on a low-priority background thread, and can halt on Cocoa's user events, with the intention of keeping the user experience responsive. The legacy garbage collector is still available on Mac OS X version 10.13, but no Apple-provided applications use it.
In 2011, the LLVM compiler introduced Automatic Reference Counting (ARC), which replaces the conventional garbage collector by performing static analysis of Objective-C source code and inserting retain and release messages as necessary. |
9763_8 | Main frameworks
Cocoa consists of three Objective-C object libraries called frameworks. Frameworks are functionally similar to shared libraries, a compiled object that can be dynamically loaded into a program's address space at runtime, but frameworks add associated resources, header files, and documentation. The Cocoa frameworks are implemented as a type of bundle, containing the aforementioned items in standard locations. |
9763_9 | Foundation Kit (Foundation), first appeared in Enterprise Objects Framework on NeXTSTEP 3. It was developed as part of the OpenStep work, and subsequently became the basis for OpenStep's AppKit when that system was released in 1994. On macOS, Foundation is based on Core Foundation. Foundation is a generic object-oriented library providing string and value manipulation, containers and iteration, distributed computing, event loops (run loops), and other functions that are not directly tied to the graphical user interface. The "NS" prefix, used for all classes and constants in the framework, comes from Cocoa's OPENSTEP heritage, which was jointly developed by NeXT and Sun Microsystems.
Application Kit (AppKit) is directly descended from the original NeXTSTEP Application Kit. It contains code programs can use to create and interact with graphical user interfaces. AppKit is built on top of Foundation, and uses the same NS prefix. |
9763_10 | Core Data is the object persistence framework included with Foundation and Cocoa and found in Cocoa.h. |
9763_11 | A key part of the Cocoa architecture is its comprehensive views model. This is organized along conventional lines for an application framework, but is based on the Portable Document Format (PDF) drawing model provided by Quartz. This allows creating custom drawing content using PostScript-like drawing commands, which also allows automatic printer support and so forth. Since the Cocoa framework manages all the clipping, scrolling, scaling and other chores of drawing graphics, the programmer is freed from implementing basic infrastructure and can concentrate on the unique aspects of an application's content.
Model–view–controller
The Smalltalk teams at Xerox PARC eventually settled on a design philosophy that led to easy development and high code reuse. Named model–view–controller (MVC), the concept breaks an application into three sets of interacting object classes: |
9763_12 | Model classes represent problem domain data and operations (such as lists of people/departments/budgets; documents containing sections/paragraphs/footnotes of stylized text).
View classes implement visual representations and affordances for human-computer interaction (such as scrollable grids of captioned icons and pop-up menus of possible operations).
Controller classes contain logic that surfaces model data as view representations, maps affordance-initiated user actions to model operations, and maintains state to keep the two synchronized. |
9763_13 | Cocoa's design is a fairly, but not absolutely strict application of MVC principles. Under OpenStep, most of the classes provided were either high-level View classes (in AppKit) or one of a number of relatively low-level model classes like NSString. Compared to similar MVC systems, OpenStep lacked a strong model layer. No stock class represented a "document," for instance. During the transition to Cocoa, the model layer was expanded greatly, introducing a number of pre-rolled classes to provide functionality common to desktop applications. |
9763_14 | In Mac OS X 10.3, Apple introduced the NSController family of classes, which provide predefined behavior for the controller layer. These classes are considered part of the Cocoa Bindings system, which also makes extensive use of protocols such as Key-Value Observing and Key-Value Binding. The term 'binding' refers to a relationship between two objects, often between a view and a controller. Bindings allow the developer to focus more on declarative relationships rather than orchestrating fine-grained behavior.
With the arrival of Mac OS X 10.4, Apple extended this foundation further by introducing the Core Data framework, which standardizes change tracking and persistence in the model layer. In effect, the framework greatly simplifies the process of making changes to application data, undoing changes when necessary, saving data to disk, and reading it back in. |
9763_15 | In providing framework support for all three MVC domains, Apple's goal is to reduce the amount of boilerplate or "glue" code that developers have to write, freeing up resources to spend time on application-specific features.
Late binding
In most object-oriented languages, calls to methods are represented physically by a pointer to the code in memory. This restricts the design of an application since specific command handling classes are needed, usually organized according to the chain-of-responsibility pattern. While Cocoa retains this approach for the most part, Objective-C's late binding opens up more flexibility. |
9763_16 | Under Objective-C, methods are represented by a selector, a string describing the method to call. When a message is sent, the selector is sent into the Objective-C runtime, matched against a list of available methods, and the method's implementation is called. Since the selector is text data, this lets it be saved to a file, transmitted over a network or between processes, or manipulated in other ways. The implementation of the method is looked up at runtime, not compile time. There is a small performance penalty for this, but late binding allows the same selector to reference different implementations. |
9763_17 | By a similar token, Cocoa provides a pervasive data manipulation method called key-value coding (KVC). This allows a piece of data or property of an object to be looked up or changed at runtime by name. The property name acts as a key to the value. In traditional languages, this late binding is impossible. KVC leads to great design flexibility. An object's type need not be known, yet any property of that object can be discovered using KVC. Also, by extending this system using something Cocoa terms key-value observing (KVO), automatic support for undo-redo is provided.
Late static binding is a variant of binding somewhere between static and dynamic binding. The binding of names before the program is run is called static (early); bindings performed as the program runs are dynamic (late or virtual). |
9763_18 | Rich objects
One of the most useful features of Cocoa is the powerful base objects the system supplies. As an example, consider the Foundation classes NSString and NSAttributedString, which provide Unicode strings, and the NSText system in AppKit, which allows the programmer to place string objects in the GUI. |
9763_19 | NSText and its related classes are used to display and edit strings. The collection of objects involved permit an application to implement anything from a simple single-line text entry field to a complete multi-page, multi-column text layout schema, with full professional typography features such as kerning, ligatures, running text around arbitrary shapes, rotation, full Unicode support, and anti-aliased glyph rendering. Paragraph layout can be controlled automatically or by the user, using a built-in "ruler" object that can be attached to any text view. Spell checking is automatic, using a system-wide set of language dictionaries. Unlimited undo/redo support is built in. Using only the built-in features, one can write a text editor application in as few as 10 lines of code. With new controller objects, this may fall towards zero. |
9763_20 | When extensions are needed, Cocoa's use of Objective-C makes this a straightforward task. Objective-C includes the concept of "categories," which allows modifying existing class "in-place". Functionality can be accomplished in a category without any changes to the original classes in the framework, or even access to its source. In other common languages, this same task requires deriving a new subclass supporting the added features, and then replacing all instances of the original class with instances of the new subclass. |
9763_21 | Implementations and bindings
The Cocoa frameworks are written in Objective-C. Java bindings for the Cocoa frameworks (termed the Java bridge) were also made available with the aim of replacing Objective-C with a more popular language but these bindings were unpopular among Cocoa developers and Cocoa's message passing semantics did not translate well to a statically-typed language such as Java. Cocoa's need for runtime binding means many of Cocoa's key features are not available with Java. In 2005, Apple announced that the Java bridge was to be deprecated, meaning that features added to Cocoa in macOS versions later than 10.4 would not be added to the Cocoa-Java programming interface.
At Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) 2014, Apple introduced a new programming language named Swift, which is intended to replace Objective-C. |
9763_22 | AppleScriptObjC
Originally, AppleScript Studio could be used to develop simpler Cocoa applications. However, as of Snow Leopard, it has been deprecated. It was replaced with AppleScriptObjC, which allows programming in AppleScript, while using Cocoa frameworks.
Other bindings
Third-party bindings available for other languages include Clozure CL, Monobjc and NObjective (C#), Cocoa# (CLI), Cocodao and D/Objective-C Bridge, LispWorks, CamelBones (Perl), PyObjC (Python), FPC PasCocoa (Lazarus and Free Pascal), RubyCocoa (Ruby). Nu uses the Objective-C object model directly, and thus can use the Cocoa frameworks without needing a binding.
Other implementations
There are also open source implementations of major parts of the Cocoa framework, such as GNUstep and Cocotron, which allow cross-platform Cocoa application development to target other operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows and Linux.
See also
References |
9763_23 | Bibliography
Aaron Hillegass: Cocoa Programming for Mac OS X, Addison-Wesley, 3rd Edition 2008, Paperback, .
Stephen Kochan: Programming in Objective-C, Sams, 1st Edition 2003, Paperback, .
Michael Beam, James Duncan Davidson: Cocoa in a Nutshell, O'Reilly, 1st Edition 2003, Paperback, .
Erick Tejkowski: Cocoa Programming for Dummies, 1st Edition 2003, Paperback, .
Simson Garfinkel, Michael K. Mahoney: Building Cocoa Applications: A Step by Step Guide, O'Reilly, 1st Edition 2002, Paperback, .
Paris Buttfield-Addison, Jon Manning: Learning Cocoa with Objective-C, O'Reilly, 3rd Edition 2012, Paperback, .
Scott Anguish, Erik M. Buck, Donald A. Yacktman: Cocoa Programming, Sams, 1st Edition 2002, Paperback, .
Erik M. Buck, Donald A. Yacktman: Cocoa Design Patterns, Addison-Wesley Professional, 1st Edition 2009, Paperback,
Bill Cheeseman: Cocoa Recipes for Mac OS X, Peachpit Press, 1st Edition 2002, Paperback, . |
9763_24 | Andrew Duncan: Objective-C Pocket Reference, O'Reilly, 1st Edition 2002, Paperback, . |
9763_25 | External links
Mac Developer Library, Cocoa Layer, Apple's documentation
iDevApps, Mac programming forum
Cocoa Dev Central
Cocoa Dev
Stack Overflow: Cocoa
MacOS APIs |
9764_0 | Joaquim Marques Lisboa, Marquis of Tamandaré (Rio Grande, December 13, 1807 – Rio de Janeiro, March 20, 1897) was a Brazilian admiral of the Imperial Navy of Brazil. He dedicated his life to the Brazilian Navy, including a life-long membership in Brazil's Military and Justice Council, then Supreme Military Court, from its inception until 1891, when the Republican Government granted him leave.
A national military hero, he stands as the patron of Brazil's Navy, one of whose mottoes goes: "We belong to the undefeated Armada of Tamandaré". His birthday, December 13, was chosen by one of Brazil's foremost navy's minister in the early twentieth century, Admiral Alexandrino de Alencar, as the country's national Sailor's Day, on 4 September, 1925. |
9764_1 | As a young leftenant, Tamandaré took part in Brazilian War of Independence, in the repression of the Confederation of the Equator, and in the Cisplatine War (also known as the "Argentine-Brazilian War" of 1825-8, or else, according to Argentinean and Uruguayan historiography, the "Brazil War"). Furthermore, Tamandaré also saw action during the Regency turmoil, when the Empire faced constant and nearly ubiquitous instability, but managed to put down regional insurrections such as those Tamandaré participated in: the Cabanagem, in Pará (1835-8); the Sabinada, in Bahia but mostly its capital, Salvador (1837-9); in the Ragamuffin War, in Rio Grande do Sul (1835-1845); the Balaiada, in Maranhão, in which he took charge of all naval operations on his way up in his career as a naval officer (1838-1839); and the Praieira, in Pernambuco (1848-9). |
9764_2 | On the international-regional scene, he participated in the Platine War (1851-2) against Argentina's Juan Manuel de Rosas — arguably, the single major threat to Brazil at the time —, and in the Paraguayan War as the commander of all naval operations, leading an alliance between Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina, by means of a treaty signed on 1 May, 1865. |
9764_3 | In the Río de la Plata basin, he was ahead of naval operations in the battles of Passo da Pátria (when Allied forces entered Paraguayan territory), Curuzú (one of the Allies most important victories up to that point), and at the allied defeat at Curupayti, for which he blamed Argentina's Bartolomé Mitre, personal in charge of the allied land forces at the battle, after which both Tamandaré and his Chief of Staff Francisco Barroso (who commanded the decisive Allied victory at Riachuelo by personally ramming enemy vessels with his own ship, which was nonetheless not designed for this purpose), two of the greatest military heroes in Brazil at the time, stepped outside of the conflict and did not return to Paraguay, which would be dragged into yet another four years of conflict until Solano López was captured and executed in the Battle of Cerro Corá and Paraguay surrendered. |
9764_4 | Tamandaré's memory still raises passions among the Navy's military nowadays, and he is studied by military and civilian scholars alike.
Biography
Joaquim Marques Lisboa was son of Portuguese Francisco Marques Lisboa (born in Vila de Famalicão, Province of Minho, 1767) and Eufrásia Joaquina de Azevedo Lima (born in Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul). Tenth son of the couple's numerous offspring, among his brethren was Henrique Marques de Oliveira Lisboa, ranked Lieutenant Colonel who fought in the Ragamuffin War in Laguna, Rio Grande do Sul. |
9764_5 | Francisco Marques Lisboa owned land properties in Rio Grande and in the current municipality of São José do Norte, which is separated from Rio Grande by a canal connecting Lagoa dos Patos to the Atlantic Ocean. Much has been discussed whether the future Admiral would have been born in Rio Grande or São José do Norte. The debate's projection grew in the national conjuncture, exacerbating the controversy, with both regions claiming to be the birthplace of Marques Lisboa. There is not the complete existence of a birth certificate, which makes believe that his hometown is Rio Grande. In December 1883, Tamandaré addressed the Rio Grande's city council, declaring the city as his birthplace |
9764_6 | When he was five years old, he traveled to Rio de Janeiro, where he was taken care of by his sister, Maria Eufrásia, and her husband, José Antônio Lisboa, until the end of his primary course at the school of Professor Carvalho. By the age of 13, accompanied by his parents, Joaquim returned to his native land in the same boat he came to the court. In 1821, boarding alone one of his father's sailboats, he returned to the Court to progress his academic training. One year after, on November 22nd and insisted by his father, Joaquim Lisboa accepted the honor of serving as volunteer in the squad detached to fight against Portuguese forces stationed in Bahia. Upon his father's request, on March 4, 1823, the young Joaquim began his fledgling career as a volunteer of the incipient Imperial Navy aboard frigate Niterói under the command of John Taylor, whose mast fluttered Admiral Cochrane's pavilion flag. |
9764_7 | José Marques Lisboa, his brother and Ministry of Foreign Affairs' member was also his prosecutor. He sent Cochrane a petition requesting his attestment that Joaquim served voluntarily under his orders. In the same year, he submitted a suit to the Imperial Navy Academy's Director, certificating the time which he attended to academic studies in the Court, his conduct and helpfulness. In possession of these two certificates, José Marques Lisboa sent an application to the Emperor and Commander Taylor describing Joaquim's volunteering official confirmation. This document asked for his promotion to Commission's Second Lieutenant office. Thus, on December 2, 1825, Joaquim Marques Lisboa was promoted. The need for well-qualified Brazilian officers to garrison the fleets in Montevideo's waters gave him the chance and, on January 26, 1826, he was made a Second Lieutenant of the navy. At that conflict he led a daring action, the escape of 95 Brazilians who were captured after the battle of |
9764_8 | Carmen de Patagones. The young Marques Lisboa and Eyre managed to seize control of the Republic brig Ana carrying them to Salado and returned in triumph to Montevideo. |
9764_9 | He married his niece and childhood friend, who had almost his age, Maria Eufrásia. The marriage took place on February 19th, 1839, at Our Lady of Glory Church (Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Glória) in Rio de Janeiro. After the Battle of Riachuelo, the number of arrived disenabled combatants at the capital was taking alarming proportions, thus arising the need to create an asylum, where they could be well treated. It was his wife, Viscountess of Tamandaré (Jovita Alves Feitosa) who, in spite of the situation perched by the country, took the initiative to organize auctions, as well as commerce auctions and many other social actions which helped her in this patriotic end. The first auction was a success, encouraging her to continue raising funds. An interesting fact is: a young woman from Piauí state enlisted in the Fatherland Volunteers Battalion, following the example of Maria Quitéria, who previously also wished to fight for her country. The viscountess Jovita Feitosa passed away in Rio |
9764_10 | de Janeiro. |
9764_11 | Tamandaré, the origin of Lisboa's title, was a small village and an important support harbour on the Pernambuco coast. There his older brother Manoel Marques Lisbon, in 1824, took arms for the Confederation of the Equator against the nascent Empire. After repelling a first imperial invasion by the region on June 8th, 1824, he died in the second attempt to take that land's control, which was more successful. During an Emperor's Dom Pedro II visit to the Pernambuco coast, thirty-five years later, Joaquim Lisboa asked him to stop by and transfer his brother Manuel's remains to the family's estate in Rio de Janeiro. Dom Pedro agreed and, sensitized by the gesture, gave him the honorary title of Baron in the later year. Differing over the name, Dom Pedro II remembered the Tamandaré village episode and its relation with Joaquim's brother memory and the place itself, which became crucial for choosing the Baron of Tamandaré as a name for the given title. This process is taken as a |
9764_12 | determinative point to explain these two historical figures' friendship. |
9764_13 | In the course of his life, Brazil passed from Portugal's colonial possession to the United Kingdom of Portugal and Algarves, then the Brazilian Empire in 1822, and to 1889's Republican period. Tamandaré took a significant part in the country's formation, being an important reference to the next generations of sailors, military men and statesmen who owe the duty to preserve Brazil. |
9764_14 | Campaigns
In 1825, during the Cisplatine War - in which the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata sought to annex the Cisplatina Province, then belonging to the Empire of Brazil - Tamandaré, as lieutenant, excelled in many battles for leadership and courage. Captured with other Brazilians, at the battle of Carmen de Patagones, he snatched from the enemy the warship that took them prisoners, assuming its command at the age of 18. The young Joaquim Marques Lisboa, together with British officer William Eyre, at the head of 93 prisoners, led a daring escape. They managed to seize control of the Argentine ship Ana carrying them to Salado and returned to Montevideo despite the presence of escort ships.
He participated in the Platine War, in 1851, in the battle of the Tonelero Pass.
In 1864, already with the title of Baron of Tamandaré, he assumed the position of Commander in Chief of the Brazilian naval operations in the Río de la Plata. |
9764_15 | During the Paraguayan War (1864–1870), Marques Lisboa was in command of the naval forces at the beginning of the conflict, between 1865 and 1866. He established a naval blockade and organized the logistic support for the forces in operation, which was fundamental for its success.
In the Naval Battle of Riachuelo (June 11, 1865), Francisco Manuel Barroso da Silva, appointed by him to command the divisions operating on the Paraná River, won the victory that changed the course of the war in favor of the Triple Alliance.
Marques Lisboa commanded the military operation in the battle of Paso de Patria in a successful landing of troops of great scope and thus, with the naval support in the conquest of the fortifications of the Paraguay River, secured the allied advance.
Career
His career, taken by reference until this day, is considered excellent academic material to better understand nineteenth-century Brazil. |
9764_16 | Throughout his military life, countless facts border the mythical scope. Nevertheless, many authors emphasize in addition to his heroic deeds that, in spite of his proximity to the Emperor D. Pedro II, he never gained political positions, a common fashion by that time, acting exclusively in military aspect - which is a curious fact because he fought for the Imperial State in all internal and external military interventions. His awakening into sailor life occurred after a solo trip to Rio de Janeiro aboard a ship from his father's company, when he performed the role of pilot, assisting the captain in seacraft. By the time politics were intense, that gave the young man the chance to enlist as volunteer and begin his journey in the National Navy which took him to the highest rank of the naval hierarchy. Political changes began in the Kingdom of Brazil with the return of King João VI to Portugal, leaving his son, Regent Prince D. Pedro, on Brazilian territory to rule for the Portuguese |
9764_17 | crown. However, displeased with decisions taken by the Lisbon's Cortes, Pedro decided to disobey them, which contributed to the political separation by the Brazilian Independence proclamation, who became crowned as its Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender, awarding the title of Dom Pedro I. As a volunteer boarding Niterói, Tamandaré took part in several naval battles along the coast of provincial Bahia, where he had his baptism by fire on May 4th, 1823, when the Brazilian fleet collided with enemy gunships. Days after, he pursued the fleeing Portuguese, capsizing seventeen enemy ships and draging the imperial flag until almost Tagus River entrance boarding the Niterói. |
9764_18 | Returning from an important mission entrusted to Niterói, Marques Lisboa was enrolled in March 1824, at the Imperial Navy Academy. Meanwhile, domestic events required the squadron's presence in different parts of the country in order to impose the Central Government's authority. Badly remade from the Independence Wars, some ships went to Pernambuco to overthrow the revolution led by Manoel de Carvalho Pais de Andrade, whose objective was to bring together the various Northeastern Provinces to proclaim a Republic and constitute the Ecuador Confederation. As soon as came to his known that a Naval Division headed north to suppress the revolutionary initiative manifesting in various region's provinces countrywide, Marques Lisboa reported Admiral Cochrane to board one of the ships that would constitute the Division. Francisco Vilela Barbosa, then Minister of the Navy, refused and Cochrane, surpassing this topic request directly to the Emperor, presenting the young Joaquim. Using very |
9764_19 | consistent arguments, the Emperor had no choice but to give in and, on July 30th, 1824, an Imperial Resolution arrived at the Academy, naming the volunteer Joaquim Marques Lisboa to board the fleet's flagship, Nau Pedro I. Once the rebels were silenced, the fleet continued in the region erasing other possible revolutionary outbreaks. Joaquim carefully carried out all the missions assigned. |
9764_20 | From 1825, already in the Cisplatina Campaign, the young Joaquim was embarked in Cannonira Leal Paulistana under the command of First Lieutenant Antonio Carlos Ferreira. The war began for Tamandaré on February 8, 1826, in what became known as the Combat of Corals. Later that same year he returned to the Niteroi under the command of James Norton, and was so prominent during the ensuing fighting that on July 31, 1826, he was assigned to command the Conga Schooner, appearing in his naval career as his first command. It is worth mentioning that he was only 18 years old on the date of his appointment. After an ill-fated invasion by land to the village of Carmem de Pantagones, in an attempt to control the entrance of the Rio Negro, returned the fight in the estuary of the Rio de la Plata, embarked in the frigate Prince Imperial, Captainship of the Naval Division in charge of the service of train of 18 merchant ships. He fell prisoner with 93 men. However, the Argentine enemy did not have |
9764_21 | the command and cunning of the young officer who, combined with his consort of Constance, planned and executed the taking of command of the prison ship Brigue Anna. The escort that accompanied them did not realize that the crew had fallen to the Brazilians until in a daring maneuver they set sail and fled to Montevideo. He had been promoted to First Lieutenant, on October 12, 1827 and at the age of twenty, he took command of Escela Bela Maria, with her engaging in intense artillery combat with an Argentine ship and winning, she demonstrated her humanitarian spirit with the enemy, which earned him the recognition of the vanquished (1828). After the end of the war, he spent another 2 years in the waters of the River Plate, and in 1831 he was sent back to Rio de Janeiro. |
9764_22 | From the abdication of the Emperor D. Pedro I in 1831, he dedicated himself to fighting the revolting foci throughout the country, going from north to south. Still in 1831, combat in the northeast, in Pernambuco, Pará, Recife and Ceará. He was appointed to command the Brigue Cacique in 1834, which he commanded throughout his performance in the Ragamuffin War. In 1840 he was already Captain of Frigate and, in 1847, Captain of Sea and War. In 1848 he received in Great Britain the frigate D. Afonso, the first mixed ship - the sail and the steam - of large size of the Brazilian Navy. Although the Prince of Joinville, Francisco Fernando de Orléans, the Dukes of Aumale and the Commander of the Fleet Admiral John Pascoe Grenfell, took to the rescue of the English ship, Ocean Monarch, that carried immigrants from Liverpool to Boston, who burned near the port, rescuing 156 people. On March 6, 1850, on his return from Pernambuco, where he had just fought the Praieira Revolt, on board the first |
9764_23 | mixed Brazilian steam and sailing vessel to Vasco da Gama Nau, which after a heavy storm in the Rio de Janeiro region lost its mast which left it to the tempest. Due to the complications of the moment, Joaquim Marques Lisboa could not approach Nau immediately, but would stay overnight all night, waiting for an opportunity to rescue the vessel, which he achieved at dawn the following day. |
9764_24 | In 1852, he was promoted to the position of Head of Division, corresponding to Commodore in other navies and, in 1854, the Chief of Squadron, correspondent currently the Contra Admiral. |
9764_25 | In 1857, during a stay in Europe to accompany the health treatment of his wife, was commissioned by the Imperial Government to supervise the construction of two gunboats in France and eight others in Great Britain. They were steam-powered mixed-propulsion ships, which meant a necessary upgrade for the Brazilian Navy to continue to fully defend the interests of the country. These ships acted in the War of Uruguay and in the War of Paraguay. In this issue, which evolved into a Brazilian military intervention, before the surrender of Montevideo, the Admiral led the fighting in Salto and Paissandu, occupying them with Brazilian troops. He commanded Brazilian intervention in the Eastern Republic of Uruguay in 1864 and 1865. The power struggle between the Blanco and Colorado parties led to a destabilization and civil war in the young country on the banks of the Prata. There were, however, 40,000 Brazilians living in the country, which made the internal problem a matter of interest to the |
9764_26 | Brazilian Empire. In addition to the internal political parties, they were involved in the power struggle, Paraguay and Argentina both supporting opposite sides and supported by their own interests. The place had become a barrel of gunpowder that exploded on August 10, 1864. The Baron of Tamandaré was appointed in 1864 for a diplomatic effort by Councilor Jose Antonio Saraiva to protect the interests of the Empire and the integrity of his subjects. On August 11, Counselor Saraiva left Montevideo with the failure of the negotiations, while Tamandaré and his Naval Force of the Rio de la Plata stayed to secure all the package demanded by the Emperor. Tamandaré's objective at the beginning of the conflict, as written by him in a letter dedicated to the Brazilian Minister of Foreign Affairs, was exclusively to obtain satisfaction from the Uruguayan Government for the injuries suffered by Brazilians, as well as to obtain guarantees for them and their property. With no intention of |
9764_27 | humiliating the sovereignty of that Republic or injuring its citizens. In any case, fearful of a thoughtless action could trigger a war in which the two bands of the Rio de la Plata would unite against Brazil, because he knew that they were not ready for such a confrontation. On August 30, relations were formally broken between Uruguay and Brazil. On September 7, the Imperial Government sent orders to the Baron of Tamandaré for three occupied Uruguayan towns, Paissandu, Salto and Cerro Largo, and for General Venancio Flores to be recognized as one of the belligerents. On October 11, it became the domain of the foreign diplomatic authorities residing in Montevideo that the Brazilian Imperial Government had determined the occupation of the Uruguayan territory to the north of the Rio Negro, in the form of reprisal, until they obtained guarantees and satisfactions from the government of the Uruguay. At all times his decisions were in accordance with the guidelines set out in the letter |
9764_28 | dated months ago, even though the conflict was already underway and diplomatic measures, in addition to failing, caused discontent in the Court. The situation of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay would generate by geopolitical aggravations what we know as the Paraguayan War, and Tamandaré's action in command of the Brazilian intervention was effective, acting with the necessary violence, in a timely manner and fulfilled its mission, using the means military personnel who were at his disposal. |
9764_29 | His initial participation in the conflict was of extreme importance for the provision of Brazilian forces, especially in a relationship in which Brazil and Paraguay had great ignorance of their political actions and military forces, and he will do so through the Imperial Legion at Assumpção. However, the response of the Minister who was there highlighted contributed to a false appreciation of the forces and reserves of the enemy, and therefore the formulation of an extremely optimistic plan. Paraguay had just reformed its fortifications under the supervision of foreign officials of the highest caliber, reforms which permitted comparisons with the most notable fortifications of the known world, for example, Sevastopol, Gibraltar, and Richmond. Admiral Tamandaré took steps to protect the principal and first affected, sent letters to the President of the Province of Mato Grosso to alert him of the Paraguayan intentions to start the conflict and did the same with the Commander of the |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.