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9764_30 | Flotilla that was located in the region in order to minimize the damage, however the responses he received were somewhat melancholic. The Commander of the Flotilla stated that his Force was tiny and possessed of little firepower to contain an invasion. Responsible for our forces in Rio de la Plata, it was one of his concerns to notify the Minister of the Navy about the need to form a veritable fleet of transports to ensure the mobility of the Imperial Army by the region. It is possible to realize that for Tamandaré the war was already a reality and that the time until the first shot was given, the first charge of cavalry was deflagrated and the first cannon roared should be dedicated to the preparation. The Imperial Government, even in the face of the Admiral's requests and warnings, decided nothing immediately, probably due to the complete ignorance of the enemy territory and its real state of mobilization. After the invasion of the Province of Corrientes by Solano López, Tamandaré |
9764_31 | sends a request to the Minister of the Navy on how he should proceed in the general campaign plan, and his response is the authorization to put into practice his ideas previously exposed to the Court. It ordered the blockade of the Paraguayan ports in the Paraná River, in order to suppress that Republic and to allow the support to the forces of the Army. Still thinking about mobility and supply, he bought tons of coal in the Province of Corrientes and elsewhere along the Paraná River. Predicting the aggravations of events during the conflict, he requested in all his communications for reinforcements; "Every lost day will matter to us in increasing expenses and sacrifices, to achieve the same result that could be obtained with energy and decision." The multiple and complex political and military problems that hampered the naval action of the Empire in the River Plate, demanded of Tamandaré an intense performance between Montevideo and Buenos Aires. The Brazilian neighbors at the time |
9764_32 | despite dislike the Solano López Government were not anxious to engage in a war in the region due to issues of internal dispute, in addition to that, a war-torn in the region would drastically affect the economy of these extremely connected and interdependent nations. Soon the Admiral would have to work to raise support for the Brazilian Empire as much as possible without putting pressure on these countries, as he could throw them against him. However, López's assault on the territories of the Province of Corrientes in Argentina, facilitated the conviction on the part of Tamandaré and the leaders of those Republics of the need to fight against Paraguay, but even this act of national outrage for the Argentine Republic did not support Brazil directly. In contrast, Flores in Uruguay insisted on reinforcing his support for any party that the Brazilian Empire took. Despite all political outlook on May 19, 1865, the Treaty of the Triple Alliance was signed, ensuring mutual cooperation |
9764_33 | between Uruguay, Argentina and Brazil for the duration of the conflict with the aggressor power, Paraguay. It belonged to Admiral Joaquim Marques Lisboa, Visconde de Tamandaré, then Marquês de Tamandaré, command of the Brazilian Naval Forces in War Operations against the Government of Paraguay. The Brazilian Navy represented practically all of the Naval Power present in the theater of operations. The General Command of the Allied Armies was exercised by the President of the Republic of Argentina, General Bartolomeu Miter. The Brazilian Naval Forces were not subordinate to it, in accordance with the Treaty of the Triple Alliance. The naval strategy adopted by the allies was the blockade. The Paraná River and Paraguay were the arteries of communication with Paraguay. The Brazilian Naval Forces were organized in three Divisions - one remained in the Rio de la Plata and the other two went up the Parana River to effect the blockade. On June 11, 1865, in the waters of the Paraná River, near |
9764_34 | the confluence of the Riachuelo, the bloody combat was called that received the name of the small affluent. The Brazilian Fleet, under the command of the Chief of Staff Francisco Manuel Barroso da Silva (later Barão do Amazonas), was valiantly beaten throughout the day against the ships of the Paraguayan Fleet, at the orders of Commander Mezza. Several of these were put to the bottom, getting a few seriously broken escape. In the course of the fight, in the Captaincy of Barroso - frigate Amazonas - numerous signs were raised transmitting orders to the other Brazilian commanders. Two of them were especially celebrated: |
9764_35 | 779- "Brazil expects each one to fulfill his duty"
10- "Hold up the fire that victory is ours"
In 1866, for health and political reasons, he asked for his removal from office, being replaced by Admiral Joaquim José Inácio, later Visconde de Inhaúma.
At the time of the Proclamation of the Republic of Brazil, on November 15, 1889, the Marquis of Tamandaré remained faithful to Pedro II of Brazil, remaining for about an hour alone with the Emperor, asking him permission for the Imperial Navy to a coup d'état, which was denied him. At the age of 82, and the last of the great royal monarchs of the past still alive (Duque de Caxias, Marquis of Herval, Admiral Barroso, Marshal Polidoro and all others had already died), he refused to accept the end of the Monarchy and remained hopeful of the possibility of a backlash. He remained with the imperial family until their definitive boarding on the ship Alagoas for exile. |
9764_36 | He was reformed in 1890, according to decree of December 30, 1889, for having reached the age limit, being appointed Minister of the Supreme Military Court in 1893.
Nobility, medals and other prizes |
9764_37 | For the high services rendered to the empire, he was awarded the titles of baron with greatness (14 March 1860), Viscount with greatness (18/02/1865), Conde (12/13/1887) and Marquês de Tamandaré (16 May 1888), being the first officer of the Armada to gain a title of nobility. D. Pedro II chose the name Tamandaré in honor of the beach in Pernambuco where he was in transit with the future Admiral, who asked the Emperor for the favor of collecting the remains of his brother Manoel Marques Lisboa, buried in the cemetery of that locality.
By ministerial notice of 1957, the coat of arms or coat of arms of the Marquês de Tamandaré was approved.
1841 - Officer of the Imperial Order of the Cruise; for services rendered in Maranhão, during the Cabanas revolution. |
9764_38 | 1846 - Officer of the Imperial Order of the Rose; in his Decree dated November 14, 1846, the Emperor does not explain the reason for this concession, but says that "wishing to decorate and honor the Captain of the Fragata Joaquim Marques Lisboa, I should like to name him Officer of the said Order."
1849 - Dignitary of the Imperial Order of the Cruise; for services rendered in defense of public order in Pernambuco, during the Praieira Revolution.
1849 - Commander of the Military Order of the Tower and Sword; conferred by D. Maria II, as a testimony of the appreciation for their relevant services rendered on the occasion of the rescue of the Portuguese vessel Vasco da Gama, in front of Barra de Rio de Janeiro. |
9764_39 | Commander of the Imperial Order of the Cruise; Tamandaré gave the greatest affection to this Comenda, because he belonged to D. Pedro II. During a reception in Uruguaiana, Dom Pedro II received in a special audience the English Ambassador Thornton, to try to reestablish relations between Brazil and England, interrupted since the Christie Question. Realizing Tamandaré that the Commendation of the Emperor presented a small defect, he exchanged his with D. Pedro, who ended up permanently staying with her
1859 - Commander of the Imperial Order of the Rose; for services rendered during the epidemic of cholera morbus that affected different Provinces of the Empire in the years 1855 and 1856.
Great Cross of the Order of Francis Joseph of Austria; granted gracefully by said Emperor, was authorized to use it on November 26, 1860.
1861 - Commander of the Order of St. Benedict of Aviz; in reward for its 35 years of good services rendered to the country. |
9764_40 | 1865 - Gentleman of the Imperial Order of the Rose; for the relevant services rendered to the country, during the Uruguayan State Campaign.
1867 - Great Cruz effective of the Imperial Order of the Rose; in attention to the good services rendered in the Naval Force in Operations of War against the Government of Paraguay.
1868 - Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz, in reward for his 45 years of good service to the country.
Necklace of the Imperial Order of the Rose; in view of the relevant services rendered to the country in the wars against Uruguay and the Government of Paraguay.
Gold medal commemorating the taking of the city of Paissandu, with the help of naval forces under his command.
Gold medal in commemoration of the surrender of Uruguaiana, to which it contributed effectively with its River Flotilla. |
9764_41 | Medal of Military Merit, of bronze with silver passer, bearing the number 3, granted to all the officers who obtained prizes by acts of bravery in the Campaign of Paraguay.
General Medal of the Paraguayan Campaign, in gold, with the character of the Cross of Malta, in recognition of the services rendered to the Homeland in the Campaign of Paraguay, bringing in the passer the number of years spent in the campaign, counting nine months for a year.
Commemorative Medal of War against the Government of Paraguay, granted by the Argentine Republic to all members of the Armada and Allied Armies.
Medal Commemorative of the War against the Government of Paraguay, conferred by the Eastern Republic of Uruguay to all members of the Armada and Allied Armies, who took an effective part in said Campaign. (Medal awarded post-mortem) |
9764_42 | Oval Medal of the War of Independence; at the gala ceremonies, gave her special importance, always putting her in more evidence, hanging from her neck, displaying her pride of having contributed, on board the Niterói, to Brazil's freedom.
Gold medal with lace of brilliant; offered by the Montevidean ladies.
Gold medal; offered by the Liverpool Shipwreck Human Society, with dedication, in honor of the rescue of the passengers and crew of the Steam Ocean Monarch.
Gold medal; offered by the Lord Mayor of Liverpool, with dedication, in honor of the rescue of the passengers and crew of the Steam Ocean Monarch.
Gold chronometer; offered by the British Government, containing the following dedication: "Present of the British Government to Commander Joaquim Marques Lisboa, of the Fragata Afonso da Marinha Imperial Brasileira, in testimony of his admiration for the bravery and humanitarian manifestation to the rescue to many subjects of the fire of the ship Ocean Monarch, August 1848. " |
9764_43 | Sword of gold, carved with dedication; offered by the Portuguese Colony of Rio de Janeiro, in honor of the rescue of Nau Vasco da Gama. |
9764_44 | Ships
Over time the Navy of Brazil, in honor of its patron, named several ships with the name Tamandaré. |
9764_45 | Tamandaré Battleship: Built in the Court's Navy Arsenal and incorporated into the Imperial Navy in 1865. It was the first battleship ship built in Brazil. He played an important role operating in the Paraguay River, in the War of the Triple Alliance.
Protected Cruiser Almirante Tamandaré: Mixed propulsion vessel, built in the Navy Arsenal of Rio de Janeiro, under the plan of the Naval Engineer João Cândido Brasil. It was incorporated into the Armada in 1891, with service drop in 1915. It was the largest warship ever built in Brazil, with a displacement of 4,500 tons.
Light Cruiser Tamandaré: Built in the United States in 1938, it participated in World War II, incorporated into the Navy of that country with the name Saint Louis. Transferred to the Brazilian Navy based on the Mutual Assistance Law, he was incorporated into the Navy in 1951, and retired from active service in 1976. |
9764_46 | UNESCO'S Memory of the World |
9764_47 | The Archive of the Navy has in its collection a cataloged collection of approximately 1500 documents of its correspondence, called "Tamandaré Archive", consisting of a fund of 1492 documents, divided into 17 books, being a rich source of historical material about the Patron of the Brazilian Navy. The collection began in 1949, when the Navy announced the purchase by the then Ministry of the Navy, along with Leon Victor Louis Robichez, widow of Luiza Marques Lisbon Robichez, granddaughter of the Marquês de Tamandaré, documents and objects; among them 153 offices of the Minister of the Navy of the War of Paraguay, the Stranding of Jequitinhonha, diplomas of promotions and appointments of Joaquim Marques Lisboa among other innumerable documents of incalculable value for the Navy and for the history of Brazil. These documents, very important for Brazilian historiography, were presented in 2010, the Board of Directors of the UNESCO Memory of the World Committee and nominated as the "Memory |
9764_48 | of the World-Brazil", and became part of a Registry of the Documentary Heritage, similar to the one existing for places considered as of universal value, included in the list of World Heritage of Humanity, UNESCO. |
9764_49 | References
Brazilian military personnel of the Paraguayan War
Brazilian admirals
Brazilian monarchists
1897 deaths
Brazilian nobility
1807 births
People from Rio Grande (Rio Grande do Sul)
19th-century Brazilian military personnel |
9765_0 | National Translation Mission is a Government of India initiative to make knowledge texts accessible, in all Indian languages listed in the VIII schedule of the Constitution, through translation. NTM was set up on the recommendation of the National Knowledge Commission. The Ministry of Human Resource Development has designated Central Institute of Indian Languages as the nodal organization for the operationalization of NTM.
Origins
English, the primary medium of higher education in India, remains inaccessible to even the literate majority of the country. Therefore, there is an urgent need to translate material in all fields like literary, technical, scientific and business etc. so that such material is accessible to a wide range of different language speaking population across the country. Translation, thus, is seen not just as an instrument of democratizing and secularizing knowledge, but also of empowering languages and speech communities. |
9765_1 | NTM intends to establish translation as an industry in the country. Its main objectives include generation of translation tools such as dictionaries and thesauri; development of software for translation, memory, etc.; promotion of machine translation and machine aided translation; translator education through orientation programs & courses; fellowships & grants for research projects, etc. Bringing visibility to translators and translation activities by organizing book launches for translations; instituting prizes and fellowships; organizing Regional Festivals of Translation; book exhibitions, etc. also are part of the activities of NTM. |
9765_2 | Project Advisory Committee (NTM-PAC) of NTM is the highest decision making body of NTM. It is a committee of 25 members representing various sections of the academic community, ministerial bodies and publishing houses related to translation. NTM-PAC is supported by four sub-committees in matters related to copyrights and legal matters; selecting knowledge texts; fixing rates for translators, copy editors etc.; and Grant in Aid schemes of NTM.
NTM Website in 23 languages |
9765_3 | NTM is in the process of establishing itself as the clearing house of all translation related activities in the country. Interaction with the public is a requisite and NTM has developed its website (www.ntm.org.in) in 23 languages for the purpose. NTM website introduces the Mission, its objectives, beneficiaries, and structure etc. Updates on list of books selected for translation, experts consulted, announcement of translation assignments etc. are available for the public here. The Discussion Forum facilitates the users to discuss various topics like the books selected for translation in a subject, an existing translation, and terminology issues in Indian languages etc.'Translation & Publication of Pedagogic Material
105 titles have been approved for translations in 21 disciplines (Botany, Chemistry, Computer Science, Economics, History, Law, Mathematics, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Science, Philosophy, Physics, Political Science, Psychology, Sociology and Zoology) so far. |
9765_4 | To know more about the books taken up for translation, visit - www.ntm.org.in
NTM Databases
NTM also maintains National Register of Translators(NRT) through its website. NRT is a databank wherein translators register themselves online. NRT is a searchable directory of translators, evaluators and discipline experts with classified information on profession, experience, languages known and expertise in translation, etc. |
9765_5 | Lists of the most prescribed texts in Indian universities in various disciplines are generated out of the Knowledge Text Module, another major facet of NTM-databases. Two searchable database components have been created under it: Indian Universities Database and Knowledge Text Database. Indian Universities Database furnishes information on courses, syllabi and textbooks etc. of over 350 Union Grants Commission (UGC) accredited universities and institutions. Knowledge Text Database provides complete details of the prescribed books. When made public, this would become one of the first state initiatives to provide information about all the universities/institutions and courses which can be accessed through a single window. It would help scholars and academicians from various regions to access the latest information on courses and syllabi of any university/institution of the country. University Boards can review the course details and syllabi structure of other universities before |
9765_6 | revising their curriculum. This may help in creating parity among universities of rural and urban regions. |
9765_7 | NTM-databases, created in Microsoft SQL 2005, can contain a maximum of 2^31 objects and span multiple Operating System-level files with a maximum file size of 220 Terabyte. Control mechanisms have been incorporated to the database for concurrent access to shared data, for ensuring data integrity. NTM aims to increase the usability of the databases by making them both as web and standalone applications.
Translation Tools
Basic Bilingual Dictionaries
The bilingual dictionaries are modelled after the hugely popular Longman Corpus Network - based Basic English-English dictionary. Six bilingual dictionaries developed by the NTM in collaboration Pearson Education, India were launched on 10 March 2012. |
9765_8 | The dictionaries are the first publications from the NTM stable. In fact, the project had begun before the coming of NTM. Dorling Kindersley India Pvt Ltd (publishing as Pearson Education) and the Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL) had agreed to develop bilingual dictionaries in 11 languages. The work started in 2006. Later when NTM was launched in the year 2008, the lexical build activities were merged with NTM. The dictionaries are modeled on the British National Corpus based hugely popular Longman Basic English Dictionary. Following are the dictionaries that were launched:(listed alphabetically)
Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Bangla Dictionary
Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Hindi Dictionary
Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Kannada Dictionary
Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Malayalam Dictionary
Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Oriya Dictionary
Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Tamil Dictionary |
9765_9 | The dictionaries can be bought from popular online retailers like www.flipkart.com, www.homeshop18.com, www.pearson.vrvbookshop.com etc. or book sellers across the country.
Work is under progress in other Indian languages - Assamese, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Konkani, Maithili, Meitei, Marathi, Nepali, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Telugu, and Urdu.
Bilingual e-dictionaries
e-dictionaries of NTM are based on ‘Longman Advanced Bilingual Framework’(LABF). LABF Dataset will be used through the Dictionary Production System(DPS), originally developed by Longman and marketed by Ingenierie Diffusion Multimedia(IDM), France. The NTM-Longman e-dictionary deals with 338,000 words, phrases and meanings; 78,000 head entries, 5,400 encyclopaedic entries, 54,000 phrases, over 515,000 examples and 26,000 synonyms, antonyms and related words.
Machine Translation |
9765_10 | An English-Kannada Machine Translation(MT) package which bids to break new ground on the MT scene in India is being developed under NTM. The main aim of this project is to automate the translation of a given English sentence into Kannada. This Package is divided into 3 main modules– Parallel Aligned Corpora, Digitization of Source Language(SL) resources and Architecture. The Architecture is divided into 8 modules and implemented using Java with Netbeans Integrated Development Environment(IDE). The front end is designed using Swings and back-end SQL. The dictionary is put into action using random access file. Since Hash tables are particularly efficient when the maximum number of entries can be predicted, this technique is used to accomplish searching. Collection classes are used as data storage structures. |
9765_11 | NTM has been interacting with several teams (like C-DAC, Pune, Noida, Mumbai; LTRC, ILMT, EILMT, Anusaaraka, Shakti—all at IIIT, Hyderabad) engaged in developing Machine Translation software to explore the extent to which the MT research and NTM can interface for mutual benefit. |
9765_12 | Dictionary of Translation Studies
Dictionary of Translation Studies being prepared by NTM intends to serve as a companion to students and scholars interested in and associated with the discipline of Translation Studies. It is a compilation of the technically charged terms used in the discipline. It endeavours to be a comprehensive dictionary, exhausting the technical terms used in Indian as well as western discourse of translation and also the terms used in the sub-domains of Translation Studies like Interpreting, Machine Translation, etc.
Training and Certification of Translators
With an aim to train and orient translators, NTM has been organising 3 weeks Intensive Training Programme – ‘Introduction to Translation’. Translation theoreticians & academicians, eminent translators, linguists and language scholars from across the country have been delivering talks on various theoretical and practical aspects of translation. All the details are available in NTM website |
9765_13 | NTM has also started piloting the methods and means of its nationwide Certification of Translators Programme. The certification module is being developed in collaboration with the National Accreditation Board for Certification Bodies (NABCB) of the Quality Council of India (QCI) along the lines of the international standards set for Personnel Certification. Training of evaluators will be a major component of the Certification of Translators Programme as a new system of grading translators will be introduced.
NTM Surveys
Knowledge Text Scenario Survey |
9765_14 | NTM conducted a survey with the following objectives:
To find out the availability of original and translated knowledge texts
To find whether the books suggested by discipline experts are already available in the regional languages or not, so as to avoid duplicity.
To find out whether original books written in regional languages are prescribed in the syllabi or not
To analyze the general publication scenario in regional languages, in order to formulate strategies for productive interventions by NTM
To assess the need and demand of translation of knowledge texts in regional languages
17 languages are covered in the survey and they are Assamese, Bengali, Hindi, Kannada, Konkani, Malayalam, Maithili, Meitei, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. All the finding of the survey are compiled in a report titled Regional Language Knowledge Text Scenario – An Assessment.
Royalty: Industry Practice across India |
9765_15 | NTM conducted a nationwide survey so as to find out the prevalent practice among some of the major as well as regional publishers towards the payment of royalty to authors/copyright holders, translators etc. In all, NTM has gathered information from over 100 publishers, which is essential in framing NTM-policies, especially in case of turnkey projects. A detailed report titled Royalty: Industry Practice Across India has been prepared.
Royalty: Lexicography in India
NTM conducted a survey to study the past and present scenario of lexicographic activities in 16 Indian Languages. The languages are - Assamese, Bengali, Hindi, Kannada, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Meitei, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Sanskrit, Santhali, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. A detailed report titled Lexicography in Indian Languages: a brief report has been prepared explaining the finding.
Medium of Instruction & Medium of Examination (MoI & MoE) in Higher Education in India |
9765_16 | NTM has collected data from 239 Universities/Colleges etc., then categorized, analyzed and a detailed report has been prepared and compared with survey report prepared by UPSC. Data provided by UGC on MoI/MoE are also categorized, analyzed and prepared a report.
Workshops and Seminars |
9765_17 | NTM has organised workshops in regional languages in different parts of the country involving discipline experts and translators to chalk out strategies for NTM translation assignments. A few seminal knowledge texts formed the focus of discussions in these workshops. NTM has been conducting workshops to assess the existing knowledge text translations in regional languages. These assessment workshops also aim to bring about collaboration between NTM and eminent scholars, writers, translators and publishers in different fields which will help in forming expert panels for its translations. NTM has also been organizing seminars on various aspects of translation with special reference to regional languages in different parts of the country. Apart from these, Translator Orientation Programmes; Publishers, Media and Translators Meet; Book Festivals; Workshops on Literary and Linguistic Terms; programmes on Classical Text and Literary Text Translation have been organized across the country by |
9765_18 | NTM. These workshops help NTM to popularize its initiatives among beneficiaries. |
9765_19 | Publications
Dictionaries
Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Bangla Dictionary (Hardback), (Paperback)
Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Hindi Dictionary (Hardback), (Paperback)
Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Kannada Dictionary (Hardback), (Paperback)
Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Malayalam Dictionary (Hardback), (Paperback)
Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Oriya Dictionary (Hardback), (Paperback)
Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Tamil Dictionary (Hardback), (Paperback)
The Longman-NTM-CIIL English English [Indian Languages] Dictionary Series has been published by Pearson Education India
Knowledge Text Translations
Bengali
Samajtatter Mulsutra;
Translation of "Fundamentals of Sociology" by Gisbert P., Translator: Himangshu Ghosh, Publisher: Suhrid Publications, Kolkata, West Bengal |
9765_20 | Bodo
Gibi bharatni jarimin: Sigangnifrai AD 1300 sim;
Translation of "The Penguin History of Early India From the Origins to AD 1300" by Thapar R., Translator: Kameswar Brahma, Publisher: Bodo Sahitya Sabha, Kokrajhar, Assam
Dogri
Bharti Itihaas Da Adhyan: Ik Parichey;
Translation of “An Introduction to the Study of Indian History” by Kosambi D. D., Translator: PChandu Bhau, Yashpal Nirmal, Publisher: Nidhi Publications, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir.
Hindi
Bhartiya Samvidhan: Rashtra Ki Aadarshila;
Translation of “The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation” by Granville Austin. Translator: Naresh Goswami, Publisher: Vani Prakashan.
Asaamaanya Manovigyan;
Translation of “Abnormal Psychology” by Carson, Robert C.; Butcher, James Neal; Mineka, Susan. Translator: Pallavi Bhatnagar, Jaya Chauhan, Prateeksha Shrivastava, Publisher: Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd. |
9765_21 | Carbonic Rasayan Vigyan - Khand 1;
Translation of “Organic Chemistry - Vol.1” by I. L. Finar. Translator: Kaushal Kishore Shrivastava and Shubha Shrivastava, Publisher: Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd.
Kannada
ಅಣು ರೋಹಿತ ದರ್ಶನದ ಮೂಲಾಂಶಗಳು (Anu Rohitha Darshanada Mulamshagalu);
Translation of “Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy” by Colin N Banwell and Elaine M MaCash. Translator: H.S. Umesha and M.K. Ramaswamy, Publisher: Vismaya Prakashana, Mysore, Karnataka.
ಶಾಖ ವರ್ಗಾವಣೆ (Shakha Vargaavane);
Translation of "Heat Transfer" by J.P. Holman, Translator: K.P. Srikantha, Publisher: K.S.M. Trust, Bengaluru, Karnataka
ಪೆಂಗ್ವಿನ್ ಅವರ ಪ್ರಾಚಿನ ಭಾರತದ ಇತಿಹಾಸ (Penguin avara Pracheena Bharatada Ithihasa);
Translation of "The Penguin History of Early India From the Origins to AD 1300" by R. Thapar, Translator: H.S. Umesha, ShashiKumar J. and Deepa, Publisher: Vismaya Prakashana, Mysuru, Karnataka |
9765_22 | ಹಿಂದೂ ಸಮಾಜ- ಒಂದು ವ್ಯಾಖ್ಯಾನ (Hindu Samaja- Ondu Vyakhyana);
Translation of "Hindu Society- An Interpretation" by Irawati Karve, Translator: Jnana Murthy B.R., NTM, CIIL, Mysuru, Karnataka
ಆಧುನಿಕ ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಬದಲಾವಣೆ (Adhunika Bharatadalli Samajika Badalaavane);
Translation of "Social Change in Modern India" by M.N. Srinivas, Chief Editor: Prof. R. Indira, Editors: Dr. Manjulakshi L. and Jnana Murthy B.R., Translators: Chandrashekhara Damle, Gururaja Bidikar, Tippiswamy B., Sowmya Kumar, Mahesha Tippeswamy, Ashok Kumar U.B., Chandrashekhar and B. Gopal Singh, NTM, CIIL, Mysuru, Karnataka
ಅಕಶೇರುಕ ಪ್ರಾಣಿಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ (Akasheruka Pranishastra);
Translation of "Invertebrate Zoology" by E.L. Jordan & P.S. Verma, Translators: H.S. Umesh, S. Basavarajappa, P. Umadevi, Kollegal Sharma, Sathanur Devaraju and C.N. Sunitha, Publisher: Vismaya Prakashana, Mysuru, Karnataka |
9765_23 | ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ಮತ್ತು ಮಾನವ ಸಂಪನ್ಮೂಲ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ (Shikshaṇa mattu Maanava Sampanmoola Abhivruddhi);
Translation of "Education and Human Resource Development" by V.K.R.V. Rao, Translator: Girijamma M. V., NTM, CIIL, Mysuru, Karnataka
ಉದಯೋನ್ಮುಖ ಸಮಾಜದಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾರತೀಯ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ (Udayonmukha Samaajadalli Bharateeya Shikshana);
Translation of "Indian Education in the Emerging Society" by J. Mohanty, Translator: Manjulakshi L., NTM, CIIL, Mysuru, Karnataka
ಆಧುನಿಕ ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಜಾತಿ ಮತ್ತು ಇತರ ಪ್ರಬಂಧಗಳು (Aadhunika Bhaaratadalli Jaati mattu itara Prabandhagalu);
Translation of "Caste in Modern India and Other Essays" by M.N. Srinivas, Translator: Sandya G., NTM, CIIL, Mysuru, Karnataka
Maithili
Adhunik Bharatme Jati o anya Nibandh;
Translation of “Cast in Modern India and other Essays” by M N Srinivas. Translator: Shambhu Kumar Singh, Publisher:National Translation Mission, Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysuru, Karnataka |
9765_24 | Malayalam
ഇന്ത്യൻ ഭരണഘടന: രാഷ്ട്രത്തിന്റെ അധരശ്ശില (Intyan Bharaṇaghaṭana Rāṣṭrattinṟe Adharaśśila),
Translation of “The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation” by Granville Austin. Translator: Govindan S Thampi, Publisher:State Institute of Language, Kerala
ഭാരതതീയ ദർശന സംഗ്രഹം (Bhaaratheeyadarsana Samgraham),
Translation of “Outlines of Indian Philosophy”; M Hiriyanna, Translator: R. Parvathikutty, Publisher: State Institute of Language, Kerala
Marathi
भारतीय राज्यघटनाः राष्ट्राची कोनशीला (Bhaaratiiya Raajyaghatanaa: Raashtraachi Khonshiilaa),
Translation of "The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation" by Granville Austin, Translator: भारती केळकर (Bharati Kelkar), Publisher: Diamond Publications, Pune, Maharashtra
Ushmantaran,
Translation of "Heat Transfer" by J P Holman, Translator: Subash Phadke, Publisher: Diamond Publications, Pune, Maharashtra |
9765_25 | Nepali
Bharatiya sambidhan-rashtrako aadharsilaa;
Translation of “The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation” by Granville Austin. Translator: Rajendra Dhakal, Publisher: Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysuru
Bharatiya darsanko ruprekha;
Translation of "Outlines of Indian Philosophy" by M Hiriyanna, Translator: Ghanashyam Nepal, Publisher: Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysuru, Karnataka
Odia
ଆଦ୍ୟକାଳୀନ ଭାରତ ଇତିହାସ:ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭରୁ ୧୩୦୦ ମସିହା ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ (Adyakaalina Bharat Itihaasa:Praarambharu 1300 Masiha Paryanta),
Translation of "The Penguin History of Early India: From Origins to AD 1300" by Romila Thapar, Translator: ପ୍ରୀତିଶ ଆଚାର୍ଯ୍ୟ (Pritish Acharya), Publisher: A K Mishra Publishers Pvt Ltd, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha
Bharatiya Darshanara Ruparekha;
Translation of "Outlines of Indian Philosophy" by M Hiriyanna, Translator: Banbihari Choudhury, Publisher: A K Mishra Publishers Pvt Ltd, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha |
9765_26 | ଭାରତୀୟ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ଏକ ଦେଶର ଭିତ୍ତିପ୍ରସ୍ତର (Bharatiya Sambidhana Eka Deshara Bhittiprastara),
Translation of "The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation" by Granville Austin, Translator: Arun Kumar Behera, Publisher: A K Mishra Publishers Pvt Ltd, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha
Punjabi
ਪ੍ਰਾਚੀਨ ਭਾਰਤ: ਮੁੱਢ ਤੋਂ 1300 ਈਸਵੀ ਤੱਕ (Praachiin Bhaarat: Mudd Ton 1300 Isvi Tak),
Translation of "The Penguin History of Early India: From Origins to AD 1300" by Romila Thapar, Translator: ਕਰਮਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ (Karminder Singh), Publisher: Lokgeet Parkashan (Unistar Books Pvt. Ltd.), Chandigarh
ਭਾਰਤੀ ਦਰਸ਼ਨ ਦੀ ਰੂਪ-ਰੇਖਾ (Bharti Darshan Di Roop-Rekha),
Translation of "Outlines of Indian Philosophy" by M Hiriyanna, Translator: ਪ੍ਰਭਕੀਰਤਨ ਸਿੰਘ (Prabhkirtan Singh), Publisher: Lokgeet Parkashan (Unistar Books Pvt. Ltd.), Chandigarh |
9765_27 | ਭਾਰਤੀ ਸੰਵਿਧਾਨ: ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰ ਦੀ ਬੁਨਿਆਦ (Bharti Sanvidhan: Rashatar Di Buniad),
Translation of "The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation" by Granville Austin, Translator: ਕਰਮਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ (Karminder Singh), Publisher: Lokgeet Parkashan (Unistar Books Pvt. Ltd.), Chandigarh
Tamil
சமூகவியலின் அடிப்படைகள் (samuuhaviyalin aDippaDaihal);
Translation of "Fundamentals of Sociology" by Gisbert P, Translator: Poornachandran G., Publisher: Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysuru, Karnataka
Telugu
భారత రాజ్యాంగం - దేశానికి మూల స్తంభం (Bhaarata Raajyaangm: Deshaaniki Muulastambham),
Translation of "The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation" by Granville Austin, Translator: ప్రభాకర్ మందార (Prabhakar Mandhara), Publisher: Hyderabad Book Trust, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh |
9765_28 | భారత చరిత్ర అధ్యయనానికి ఒక పరిచయం (Bhaarata Caritra Adhyayanaaniki Oka ParicayaM),
Translation of "An Introduction to the Study of Indian History" by D D Kosambi, Translator: ఎన్ వేణుగోపాల్ (N. Venugopal), Publisher: Hyderabad Book Trust, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
Thematic Volumes
English
History of Translation in India;
Editor: Tariq Khan, Publisher:National Translation Mission, Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysuru, Karnataka
Upcoming Publications
Dictionaries
Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Punjabi Dictionary Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Gujarati Dictionary Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Marathi Dictionary Longman-NTM-CIIL English English Telugu DictionaryAssamese
Translation of Mechanical Engineering Design; Joseph E Shigley
Translation of Structure and Function in Primitive Society; A R Radcliffe-Brown |
9765_29 | Kannada
Translation of Invertebrate Zoology; Jordan & Verma
Translation of Mechanical Engineering Design; Joseph Shigley
Translation of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics; Satoskar, Bhandarkar, Nirmala Rege
Malayalam
Translation of Heat Transfer; J P Holman
Translation of Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy; J P Holman
Nepali
Translation of An Introduction to the Study of Indian History; D D Kosambi
Translation of The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation; Granville Austin
Tamil
Translation of Heat Transfer; J P Holman
Translation of A Grammar of Politics'''; H J Laski
See also
List of government schemes in India
References
External links
Languages of India
Translation organizations
Education policy in India
Manmohan Singh administration
Ministry of Education (India)
Linguistic research in India
Government schemes in India |
9766_0 | The Battle of Goliad was the second skirmish of the Texas Revolution. In the early-morning hours of October 9, 1835, Texas settlers attacked the Mexican Army soldiers garrisoned at Presidio La Bahía, a fort near the Mexican Texas settlement of Goliad. La Bahía lay halfway between the only other large garrison of Mexican soldiers (at Presidio San Antonio de Béxar) and the then-important Texas port of Copano.
In September, Texians began plotting to kidnap Mexican General Martín Perfecto de Cos, who was en route to Goliad to attempt to quell the unrest in Texas. The plan was initially dismissed by the central committee coordinating the rebellion. However, within days of the Texian victory at the Battle of Gonzales, Captain George Collinsworth and members of the Texian militia in Matagorda began marching towards Goliad. The Texians soon learned that Cos and his men had already departed for San Antonio de Béxar but continued their march. |
9766_1 | The garrison at La Bahía was understaffed and could not mount an effective defense of the fort's perimeter. Using axes borrowed from townspeople, Texians were able to chop through a door and enter the complex before the bulk of the soldiers were aware of their presence. After a 30-minute battle, the Mexican garrison, under Colonel Juan López Sandoval, surrendered. One Mexican soldier had been killed and three others wounded, while only one Texian, Samuel McCulloch Jr. had been injured. The majority of the Mexican soldiers were instructed to leave Texas, and the Texians confiscated $10,000 worth of provisions and several cannons, which they soon transported to the Texian Army for use in the siege of Béxar. The victory isolated Cos's men in Béxar from the coast, forcing them to rely on a long overland march to request or receive reinforcements or supplies.
Background |
9766_2 | In 1835, Mexico operated two major garrisons within its Texas territory, the Alamo at San Antonio de Béxar and Presidio La Bahía near Goliad. Béxar was the political center of Texas, and Goliad laid halfway between it and the major Texas port of Copano. Military and civilian supplies and military personnel were usually sent by sea from the Mexican interior to Copano Bay and then could be transported overland to the Texas settlements. |
9766_3 | In early 1835, as the Mexican government transitioned from a federalist model to centralism, wary colonists in Texas began forming Committees of Correspondence and Safety. A central committee in San Felipe de Austin coordinated their activities. The Texians staged a minor revolt against customs duties in June; these Anahuac Disturbances prompted Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna to send additional troops to Texas. In July, Colonel Nicolas Condelle, led 200 men to reinforce Presidio La Bahía. The following month, a contingent of soldiers arrived in Béxar with Colonel Domingo de Ugartechea. Fearing that stronger measures were needed to quell the unrest, Santa Anna ordered his brother-in-law, General Martín Perfecto de Cos to "repress with strong arm all those who, forgetting their duties to the nation which has adopted them as her children, are pushing forward with a desire to live at their own option without subjection to the laws". Cos landed at Copano Bay on September 20 |
9766_4 | with approximately 500 soldiers. Cos briefly toured the port at Copano Bay and the small garrison at nearby Refugio and left small groups of soldiers to reinforce each of these locations. The main body of soldiers arrived in Goliad on October 2. |
9766_5 | Unbeknownst to Cos, as early as September 18, several Texians, including James Fannin, Philip Dimmitt, and John Lin, had independently begun advocating a plan to seize Cos at either Copano or Goliad. As soon as Cos's warships were spotted approaching Copano Bay, Refugio colonists sent messengers to San Felipe de Austin and Matagorda to inform the other settlements of Cos's imminent arrival. Concerned that a lack of artillery would make the presidio at Goliad impossible to capture, the central committee chose not to order an assault. |
9766_6 | Although Fannin, Dimmitt, and Linn continued to push for an attack on Goliad, Texian attention soon shifted towards Gonzales, where a small group of Texians were refusing to obey orders from Ugartechea. Colonists eagerly rushed to assist, and on October 2 the Battle of Gonzales officially opened the Texas Revolution. After learning of the Texian victory, Cos made haste for Béxar. He left with the bulk of his soldiers on October 5, but because he was unable to find adequate transportation most of his supplies remained at La Bahía.
Prelude |
9766_7 | On October 6, members of the Texian militia in Matagorda convened at the home of Sylvanus Hatch. As their first order of business they elected George Collinsworth as their captain; Dr. William Carleton was then named first lieutenant and D.C. Collinsworth became the unit's second lieutenant. After appointing their leaders, the men decided to march on La Bahía. They intended to kidnap Cos and, if possible, steal the estimated $50,000 that was rumored to accompany him. The Texians sent messengers to alert nearby settlements of their quest. By afternoon, 50 Texians were ready to march from Matagorda. During the march, for unknown reasons the men fired Carleton and appointed James W. Moore as the new first lieutenant. |
9766_8 | The following day the expedition stopped at Victoria, where they were soon joined by English-speaking settlers from other settlements and 30 Tejanos led by Plácido Benavides. Although no accurate muster rolls were kept, historian Stephen Hardin estimated that the Texian ranks swelled to 125 men. Forty-nine of them signed a "Compact of Volunteers under Collinsworth" on October 9. These men pledged that they were loyal to the Mexican federal government and would harm no one who remained loyal to the federalist cause. |
9766_9 | One of the new arrivals, merchant Philip Dimmitt, received a missive from the Goliad customs agent with news that Cos and his war chest had already departed La Bahía to travel to San Antonio de Béxar. Undeterred, the group marched out on October 9. Ira Ingram led the vanguard, which halted outside Goliad. The events that follow are not very clear. According to the memoirs of Mexican General Vicente Filisola, who was not in Texas in 1835, the Texians plotted to draw the presidio commander, Colonel Juan López Sandoval, and his officers from the fort. The Texians allegedly planned a dance in Goliad on October 9 and invited the Mexican officers. Although Sandoval, Captain Manuel Sabriego, and Lieutenant Jesus de la Garza briefly attended the dance, they suspected mischief and returned to the fort. No Texian source mentions such a plot. Several of the Texians, including Dimmitt, did enter the town that evening to try to find guides and support for the effort. Dimmitt's efforts were |
9766_10 | successful, and several of the Tejanos who lived near Goliad joined the Texian force. They reported that Sandoval commanded only 50 men—far fewer than the number necessary to defend the entire perimeter of the fort—and provided directions to the fort. |
9766_11 | The main body of Texian soldiers, under Collinsworth, became disoriented in the dark and wandered from the road. They were soon tangled in a mesquite thicket. While working their way back towards the road, the Texians met Ben Milam, a Texas colonist who had recently escaped from prison in Monterrey. Milam joined the militia as a private, and the group soon rejoined the vanguard. |
9766_12 | Battle
As the combined Texian force prepared for battle, they sent a messenger to instruct the alcalde of the city to surrender. At 11 pm, the alcade responded that the town would remain neutral, neither surrendering nor fighting. Several of the locals did, however, supply axes to the Texian militia. The Texians divided themselves into four groups, each assigned a different approach to the presidio. In the pre-dawn hours of October 10, the Texians attacked. The lone sentinel managed to give the alarm but was immediately shot dead. The Texians quickly hacked through a door on the north wall of the fortress and ran to the interior courtyard. Hearing the commotion, the Mexican soldiers had lined the walls to defend the fort. |
9766_13 | The Mexican soldiers opened fire, hitting Samuel McCulloch Jr., a former slave whom George Collinsworth had freed, in the shoulder. Texians returned fire for approximately 30 minutes. During a pause in the fighting, a Texian spokesman yelled out that they would "massacre everyone of you, unless you come out immediately and surrender". The Mexican garrison immediately surrendered.
Aftermath
McCulloch was the only Texian soldier to be wounded, and he later claimed to be the "first whose blood was shed in the Texas War for Independence". This distinction earned him a permanent home; a later law prohibited any freed slave from residing in the Republic of Texas, but in 1840 the Texas legislature specifically excluded McCulloch, his family, and his descendants from its enforcement. The exclusion was reward for McCulloch's service and his injury. |
9766_14 | Estimates of Mexican casualties range from one to three soldiers killed and from three to seven wounded. Approximately 20 soldiers escaped. They warned the garrisons at Copano and Refugio of the advancing Texians; those garrisons abandoned their posts and joined the soldiers at Fort Lipantitlán. Milam escorted the remaining Mexican soldiers to Gonzales, where the newly formed Texian Army was located. The Texian Army commander, Stephen F. Austin, later released all of the men, on the condition that they leave Texas and vow to stop fighting Texas residents. One wounded Mexican soldier was allowed to remain in Goliad, as was Captain Manuel Sabriego, who was married to a local woman. In secret, Sabriego began organizing a group of settlers in the Goliad area who sympathized with Mexico. |
9766_15 | Texian troops confiscated the provisions they found at the fort. Although they found 300 muskets, most of them were broken and unable to be repaired. Dimmitt hired two gunsmiths who were able to bring the remaining weapons into service. The food, clothing, blankets, and other provisions were valued at US$10,000. The new quartermaster at the fort, John J. Linn, reported that 175 barrels of flour were confiscated, along with a large supply of sugar, coffee, whiskey, and rum. For the next three months, the provisions were parceled out among companies in the Texian Army. The Texians also gained control of several cannons. |
9766_16 | Over the next several days, more and more Texian settlers joined the group at La Bahía. Many of them were from Refugio, a sprawling settlement that was furthest from Matagorda. Historian Hobart Huson speculates that these men were the last to receive word of the planned attack. Austin ordered that 100 men remain at Goliad, under the command of Dimmitt, while the rest should join the Texian Army in marching on Cos's troops in Béxar. Collinsworth returned to Matagorda to recruit additional soldiers, but on October 14 the remaining Texians at Goliad began the march towards Béxar.
The loss of Goliad meant that Cos lost his means of communicating with Copano Bay, the closest port to Béxar. The Mexican troops garrisoned at Béxar would now need to get supplies and reinforcements overland.
See also
List of Texas Revolution battles
Timeline of the Texas Revolution
Footnotes
References
Further reading
Goliad
1835 in Texas
Goliad Campaign
Goliad
October 1835 events |
9767_0 | William Thomas Medley (born September 19, 1940) is an American singer and songwriter, best known as one half of The Righteous Brothers. He is noted for his bass-baritone voice, exemplified in songs such as "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'". Medley produced a number of the duo's songs, including "Unchained Melody" and "Soul and Inspiration".
Medley is a successful solo artist, and his million-selling #1 duet with Jennifer Warnes "(I've Had) The Time of My Life" won a number of awards.
Early life
Medley was born on September 19, 1940 in Santa Ana, California, to Arnol and Irma Medley. He attended Santa Ana High School and graduated in 1958. Medley was raised as a Presbyterian and started singing in a church choir. His parents had a swing band. He became interested in R&B music listening to black music radio stations. An early influence he cited is Little Richard whom he first heard when he was fifteen or sixteen years old, and later Ray Charles, Bobby Bland, and B.B. King. |
9767_1 | Medley first formed a singing duo called The Romancers with his friend Don Fiduccia, who also played the guitar. He began to write songs and record multi-track recordings in his living room. At 19, he had two songs, "Womaling" and "Chimes of My Heart", recorded by vocal group The Diamonds. Medley and Fiduccia then formed a group called The Paramours in 1960, with Sal Fasulo and Nick Tuturro, later joined by Mike Rider and Barry Rillera. The band had its first paying gig at Little Italy restaurant in Anaheim, California. The Paramours was signed to Mercury Records' subsidiary label Smash Records, and released songs such as "That's The Way We Love" and "Miss Social Climber" in 1961.
The Righteous Brothers |
9767_2 | Medley first met his singing partner Bobby Hatfield through Barry Rillera who was in both Hatfield's and Medley's band (the Variations and the aforementioned Paramours, respectively) and asked them to see each other's shows. In 1962, they formed a new group, but kept the name "the Paramours", which included saxophonist John Wimber who later went on to found "The Vineyard Church movement". They performed at The Black Derby nightclub in Santa Ana, and released a single "There She Goes (She's Walking Away)" in December 1962 with a small record label Moonglow. However, the band did not have much success and soon broke up, leaving Hatfield and Medley to perform as a duo in 1963. Medley and Hatfield adopted the name The Righteous Brothers, and its first single was the Medley-penned "Little Latin Lupe Lu" released under the label Moonglow Records. Medley also recorded as a solo artist with Moonglow, and released a single "Gotta Tell You How I Feel" which did not chart. |
9767_3 | In 1964, The Righteous Brothers appeared in a show with other groups in the Cow Palace in San Francisco where Phil Spector was conducting the band for the entire show. Spector was impressed by the duo and arranged to have them record for his own label Philles Records. In 1965, they had their first No. 1 hit, You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin', which was produced by Phil Spector. According to music publishing watchdog Broadcast Music, Inc., "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" is the most-played song in the history of American radio. They also recorded other songs such as "Unchained Melody" with Philles Records. Medley, who had produced the duo before they signed with Spector and Philles, was the actual producer on many tracks and 'B-sides' credited to Spector, including "Unchained Melody" which was originally intended to be an album track. On singles such as "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" and "Just Once in My Life", the vocals were concentrated mainly on Medley, but on a few singles, |
9767_4 | such as "Unchained Melody" and "Ebb Tide", Hatfield performed solo. |
9767_5 | The duo left Spector in 1966 to sign with Verve Records where they had a hit with "Soul and Inspiration", but broke up in 1968 when Medley left to pursue his own career. Medley was performing three shows a night in Las Vegas; according to Medley, he found it too much of a strain on his voice singing solo, and lost his voice for a while. Under advice, he sought out Hatfield to reform The Righteous Brothers in 1974. They signed with Haven Records, quickly recorded "Rock and Roll Heaven" which became a hit. In 1976, Medley decided to quit music for some time after the death of his first wife. He reunited with Hatfield in 1981 for the 30th special of American Bandstand, where they performed an updated version of "Rock and Roll Heaven". Although Medley focused his attention on his solo career in the 1980s, they continued to appear together as a duo. After a resurgence in popularity in 1990s due to the use of "Unchained Melody" in the film Ghost, they toured extensively as a duo until |
9767_6 | Hatfield's death in November 2003. The Righteous Brothers were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in March 2003 by Billy Joel. |
9767_7 | Solo career
Medley also had a moderately successful solo career. In 1968, Medley first recorded "I Can't Make It Alone" written by Carole King, but the song failed to make much of an impact. The following singles, "Brown Eyed Woman" written by Mann and Weil, and "Peace, Brother, Peace", both performed better and were Top 40 Pop hits. In 1969, he won 2nd place at the Festival Internacional da Canção (FIC) in Rio de Janeiro, with the song "Evie", by Jimmy Webb. Medley performed "Hey Jude" at the 1969 Grammy Awards, and was then signed to A&M Records which released a number of his records. One of his recordings, "Freedom and Fear" from Michel Colombier's album Wings, was nominated for a Grammy in 1972. |
9767_8 | Medley released several solo albums during the 1970s and 1980s, and enjoyed a resurgence in his career in the 1980s. He released an album, Sweet Thunder in 1980, containing a version of "Don't Know Much", which was originally written and performed by Barry Mann the same year. He signed with Planet Records in 1982 and later with RCA Records. In 1984 and 1985, he charted five singles on the country charts with the biggest of these being the Top 20 country hit, "I Still Do", which also crossed over to the adult contemporary charts and later became a cult hit with the Carolina Beach/Shag dance club circuit. One of Medley's minor entries, "All I Need to Know" was later recorded as "Don't Know Much" by Grammy-winning duet Linda Ronstadt and Aaron Neville was a long running No. 2 Hot 100 and No. 1 Adult Contemporary in 1989-90. |
9767_9 | In 1987 his duet with Jennifer Warnes, "(I've Had) The Time of My Life", was included on the Dirty Dancing soundtrack album, and the single reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100. The song won Medley and Warnes a 1988 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and an Academy Award for Best Original Song for the composers. "(I've Had) The Time of My Life" is now seen and heard ubiquitously on TV and radio commercials—covered by singers other than Medley and Warnes—usually connected with vacation, cruise, resort, and other such holiday-themed advertisers. |
9767_10 | Among his other notable songs are "Most of All You", the closing theme to the movie Major League; "Friday Night's A Great Night For Football" from Tony Scott's movie, The Last Boy Scout; and the theme song for the Growing Pains spinoff, Just The Ten of Us. He also collaborated with Giorgio Moroder and scored a moderate UK hit in 1988 with a version of "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother". Medley recorded a video for the song which was also used as the end credit theme for Rambo III. Medley continues to perform solo after Bobby Hatfield's death in 2003.
Recent work
Bill Medley appeared in the two-part episode "Finally!" of the hit television show, Cheers. In 1998 Medley along with Jennifer Warnes sang "Show Me The Light" during the end credits of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie. He also recorded a vocal track for the song Lullabye on Jimmy Chamberlin's (of Smashing Pumpkins fame) solo album, Life Begins Again. |
9767_11 | Through the mid to late 2000s, Medley performed mainly in Branson, Missouri, at Dick Clark's American Bandstand Theater, Andy Williams' Moon River Theater, and The Starlite Theatre. Later Medley also began touring with his daughter McKenna and her 3-Bottle Band. On November 24, 2013, he performed in concert for the first time in the UK at the Wembley Arena.
Bill Medley wrote a memoir which was published in April 2014, titled The Time of My Life: A Righteous Brother's Memoir.
In January 2016, Medley announced he would revive the Righteous Brothers for the first time since 2003, partnering with new singer Bucky Heard. |
9767_12 | Personal life
Bill Medley met his first wife Karen O'Grady in church, started dating in 1963 and they were married at the beginning of his music career. Their son Darrin was born in 1965, but they were divorced when Darrin was about five. Medley also married Suzi Robertson in 1970, and then Janice Gorham, but both marriages were soon annulled. He had a number of relationships with other women, including Darlene Love, Mary Wilson and Connie Stevens. Medley was also a close friend of Elvis Presley. |
9767_13 | In January 1976, his first wife Karen, by then remarried and named Karen Klaas, was raped and murdered by a stranger, and Medley decided to take time off from his music career to look after his 10-year-old son Darrin. The murder had not been solved and Medley employed a private investigator in an effort to track down the killer. On January 27, 2017, the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department announced that investigators used a controversial DNA testing method to solve the decades-old murder. The sheriff's department said that the case "was solved through the use of familial DNA, which identified the killer," who was named as Kenneth Troyer, a sex offender and fugitive killed by police in 1982.
Medley married his current wife Paula in 1986 and they have a daughter, McKenna. Their daughter is also a singer and she performs with Medley as his duetting partner on "Time of My Life" in his tour.
Awards and nominations |
9767_14 | Medley was nominated for Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist in the 1972 Grammy Awards for his recording of "Freedom and Fear", a track from Michel Colombier's album Wings.
In 1988, Medley received a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for his duet with Jennifer Warnes on "(I've Had) The Time of My Life".
Discography
Albums
Singles
References
External links
Interview with Bill Medley for WGBH's series "Rock and Roll: In The Groove"
Righteous Brothers Discography, contains Bill Medley Discographies
Bill Medley bio on The Righteous Brothers website
Bill Medley serves on the Board of Directors of the OC Pavilion
Interview with Bill Medley
Dick Clark's American Bandstand - Branson Homepage |
9767_15 | 1940 births
Living people
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers
American country singer-songwriters
American male singer-songwriters
American soul singers
American bass-baritones
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Los Angeles
People from Santa Ana, California
Country musicians from California
20th-century American male singers
21st-century American male singers
Singer-songwriters from California
The Righteous Brothers members |
9768_0 | Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is a method for studying materials with unpaired electrons. The basic concepts of EPR are analogous to those of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), but the spins excited are those of the electrons instead of the atomic nuclei. EPR spectroscopy is particularly useful for studying metal complexes and organic radicals.
EPR was first observed in Kazan State University by Soviet physicist Yevgeny Zavoisky in 1944, and was developed independently at the same time by Brebis Bleaney at the University of Oxford.
Theory
Origin of an EPR signal
Every electron has a magnetic moment and spin quantum number , with magnetic components or . In the presence of an external magnetic field with strength , the electron's magnetic moment aligns itself either antiparallel () or parallel () to the field, each alignment having a specific energy due to the Zeeman effect: |
9768_1 | where
is the electron's so-called g-factor (see also the Landé g-factor), for the free electron,
is the Bohr magneton.
Therefore, the separation between the lower and the upper state is for unpaired free electrons. This equation implies (since both and are constant) that the splitting of the energy levels is directly proportional to the magnetic field's strength, as shown in the diagram below.
An unpaired electron can change its electron spin by either absorbing or emitting a photon of energy such that the resonance condition, , is obeyed. This leads to the fundamental equation of EPR spectroscopy: . |
9768_2 | Experimentally, this equation permits a large combination of frequency and magnetic field values, but the great majority of EPR measurements are made with microwaves in the 9000–10000 MHz (9–10 GHz) region, with fields corresponding to about 3500 G (0.35 T). Furthermore, EPR spectra can be generated by either varying the photon frequency incident on a sample while holding the magnetic field constant or doing the reverse. In practice, it is usually the frequency that is kept fixed. A collection of paramagnetic centers, such as free radicals, is exposed to microwaves at a fixed frequency. By increasing an external magnetic field, the gap between the and energy states is widened until it matches the energy of the microwaves, as represented by the double arrow in the diagram above. At this point the unpaired electrons can move between their two spin states. Since there typically are more electrons in the lower state, due to the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution (see below), there is a net |
9768_3 | absorption of energy, and it is this absorption that is monitored and converted into a spectrum. The upper spectrum below is the simulated absorption for a system of free electrons in a varying magnetic field. The lower spectrum is the first derivative of the absorption spectrum. The latter is the most common way to record and publish continuous wave EPR spectra. |
9768_4 | For the microwave frequency of 9388.2 MHz, the predicted resonance occurs at a magnetic field of about = 0.3350 T = 3350 G
Because of electron-nuclear mass differences, the magnetic moment of an electron is substantially larger than the corresponding quantity for any nucleus, so that a much higher electromagnetic frequency is needed to bring about a spin resonance with an electron than with a nucleus, at identical magnetic field strengths. For example, for the field of 3350 G shown above, spin resonance occurs near 9388.2 MHz for an electron compared to only about 14.3 MHz for 1H nuclei. (For NMR spectroscopy, the corresponding resonance equation is where and depend on the nucleus under study.)
Field modulation |
9768_5 | As previously mentioned an EPR spectrum is usually directly measured as the first derivative of the absorption. This is accomplished by using field modulation. A small additional oscillating magnetic field is applied to the external magnetic field at a typical frequency of 100 kHz. By detecting the peak to peak amplitude the first derivative of the absorption is measured. By using phase sensitive detection only signals with the same modulation (100 kHz) are detected. This results in higher signal to noise ratios. Note field modulation is unique to continuous wave EPR measurements and spectra resulting from pulsed experiments are presented as absorption profiles.
Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution
In practice, EPR samples consist of collections of many paramagnetic species, and not single isolated paramagnetic centers. If the population of radicals is in thermodynamic equilibrium, its statistical distribution is described by the Maxwell–Boltzmann equation: |
9768_6 | where is the number of paramagnetic centers occupying the upper energy state, is the Boltzmann constant, and is the thermodynamic temperature. At 298 K, X-band microwave frequencies ( ≈ 9.75 GHz) give ≈ 0.998, meaning that the upper energy level has a slightly smaller population than the lower one. Therefore, transitions from the lower to the higher level are more probable than the reverse, which is why there is a net absorption of energy.
The sensitivity of the EPR method (i.e., the minimal number of detectable spins ) depends on the photon frequency according to
where is a constant, is the sample's volume, is the unloaded quality factor of the microwave cavity (sample chamber), is the cavity filling coefficient, and is the microwave power in the spectrometer cavity. With and being constants, ~ , i.e., ~ , where ≈ 1.5. In practice, can change varying from 0.5 to 4.5 depending on spectrometer characteristics, resonance conditions, and sample size. |
9768_7 | A great sensitivity is therefore obtained with a low detection limit and a large number of spins. Therefore, the required parameters are:
A high spectrometer frequency to maximize the Eq. 2. Common frequencies are discussed below
A low temperature to decrease the number of spin at the high level of energy as shown in Eq. 1. This condition explains why spectra are often recorded on sample at the boiling point of liquid nitrogen or liquid helium. |
9768_8 | Spectral parameters
In real systems, electrons are normally not solitary, but are associated with one or more atoms. There are several important consequences of this:
An unpaired electron can gain or lose angular momentum, which can change the value of its g-factor, causing it to differ from . This is especially significant for chemical systems with transition-metal ions.
Systems with multiple unpaired electrons experience electron–electron interactions that give rise to "fine" structure. This is realized as zero field splitting and exchange coupling, and can be large in magnitude.
The magnetic moment of a nucleus with a non-zero nuclear spin will affect any unpaired electrons associated with that atom. This leads to the phenomenon of hyperfine coupling, analogous to J-coupling in NMR, splitting the EPR resonance signal into doublets, triplets and so forth. Additional smaller splittings from nearby nuclei is sometimes termed "superhyperfine" coupling. |
9768_9 | Interactions of an unpaired electron with its environment influence the shape of an EPR spectral line. Line shapes can yield information about, for example, rates of chemical reactions.
These effects (g-factor, hyperfine coupling, zero field splitting, exchange coupling) in an atom or molecule may not be the same for all orientations of an unpaired electron in an external magnetic field. This anisotropy depends upon the electronic structure of the atom or molecule (e.g., free radical) in question, and so can provide information about the atomic or molecular orbital containing the unpaired electron. |
9768_10 | The g factor
Knowledge of the g-factor can give information about a paramagnetic center's electronic structure. An unpaired electron responds not only to a spectrometer's applied magnetic field but also to any local magnetic fields of atoms or molecules. The effective field experienced by an electron is thus written
where includes the effects of local fields ( can be positive or negative). Therefore, the resonance condition (above) is rewritten as follows:
The quantity is denoted and called simply the g-factor, so that the final resonance equation becomes |
9768_11 | This last equation is used to determine in an EPR experiment by measuring the field and the frequency at which resonance occurs. If does not equal , the implication is that the ratio of the unpaired electron's spin magnetic moment to its angular momentum differs from the free-electron value. Since an electron's spin magnetic moment is constant (approximately the Bohr magneton), then the electron must have gained or lost angular momentum through spin–orbit coupling. Because the mechanisms of spin–orbit coupling are well understood, the magnitude of the change gives information about the nature of the atomic or molecular orbital containing the unpaired electron. |
9768_12 | In general, the g factor is not a number but a second-rank tensor represented by 9 numbers arranged in a 3×3 matrix. The principal axes of this tensor are determined by the local fields, for example, by the local atomic arrangement around the unpaired spin in a solid or in a molecule. Choosing an appropriate coordinate system (say, x,y,z) allows one to "diagonalize" this tensor, thereby reducing the maximal number of its components from 9 to 3: gxx, gyy and gzz. For a single spin experiencing only Zeeman interaction with an external magnetic field, the position of the EPR resonance is given by the expression gxxBx + gyyBy + gzzBz. Here Bx, By and Bz are the components of the magnetic field vector in the coordinate system (x,y,z); their magnitudes change as the field is rotated, so does the frequency of the resonance. For a large ensemble of randomly oriented spins, the EPR spectrum consists of three peaks of characteristic shape at frequencies gxxB0, gyyB0 and gzzB0: the low-frequency |
9768_13 | peak is positive in first-derivative spectra, the high-frequency peak is negative, and the central peak is bipolar. Such situations are commonly observed in powders, and the spectra are therefore called "powder-pattern spectra". In crystals, the number of EPR lines is determined by the number of crystallographically equivalent orientations of the EPR spin (called "EPR center"). |
9768_14 | The determination of the absolute value of the g factor is challenging due to the lack of a precise estimate of the local magnetic field at the sample location. Therefore, typically so-called g factor standards are measured together with the sample of interest. In the common spectrum, the spectral line of the g factor standard is then used as a reference point to determine the g factor of the sample. For the initial calibration of g factor standards, Herb et al introduced a precise procedure by using double resonance techniques based on the Overhauser shift. |
9768_15 | Hyperfine coupling
Since the source of an EPR spectrum is a change in an electron's spin state, the EPR spectrum for a radical (S = 1/2 system) would consist of one line. Greater complexity arises because the spin couples with nearby nuclear spins. The magnitude of the coupling is proportional to the magnetic moment of the coupled nuclei and depends on the mechanism of the coupling. Coupling is mediated by two processes, dipolar (through space) and isotropic (through bond).
This coupling introduces additional energy states and, in turn, multi-lined spectra. In such cases, the spacing between the EPR spectral lines indicates the degree of interaction between the unpaired electron and the perturbing nuclei. The hyperfine coupling constant of a nucleus is directly related to the spectral line spacing and, in the simplest cases, is essentially the spacing itself. |
9768_16 | Two common mechanisms by which electrons and nuclei interact are the Fermi contact interaction and by dipolar interaction. The former applies largely to the case of isotropic interactions (independent of sample orientation in a magnetic field) and the latter to the case of anisotropic interactions (spectra dependent on sample orientation in a magnetic field). Spin polarization is a third mechanism for interactions between an unpaired electron and a nuclear spin, being especially important for -electron organic radicals, such as the benzene radical anion. The symbols "a" or "A" are used for isotropic hyperfine coupling constants, while "B" is usually employed for anisotropic hyperfine coupling constants.
In many cases, the isotropic hyperfine splitting pattern for a radical freely tumbling in a solution (isotropic system) can be predicted.
Multiplicity |
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