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9558_5	During his early years, Sinclair earned money mowing lawns and washing up in a café, earning 6d (2½p) more than the permanent staff. Later he went for holiday jobs at electronic companies. At Solartron he inquired about the possibility of electrically propelled personal vehicles. Sinclair applied for a holiday job at Mullard and took one of his circuit designs; he was rejected for precociousness. While still at school he wrote his first article for Practical Wireless. After he left school at the age of 18, he sold miniature electronic kits by mail order to the hobby market. Career Sinclair Radionics
9558_6	Sinclair's Micro Kit was formalised in an exercise book dated 19 June 1958, three weeks before his A-levels. Sinclair drew a radio circuit, Model Mark I, with a components list: cost per set 9/11 (49½p), plus coloured wire and solder, nuts and bolts, plus celluloid chassis (drilled) for nine shillings (45p). Also in the book are the advertisement rates for Radio Constructor at the time (9d (3¾p)/word, minimum 6/- (30p)) and Practical Wireless (5/6 (27½p) per line or part line). Sinclair estimated producing 1,000 a month, placing orders with suppliers for 10,000 of each component to be delivered.
9558_7	Sinclair wrote a book for Bernard's Publishing, Practical transistor receivers Book 1, which appeared in January 1959. It was re-printed late that year and nine times subsequently. His practical stereo handbook was published in June 1959 and reprinted seven times over 14 years. The last book Sinclair wrote as an employee of Bernard's was Modern Transistor Circuits for Beginners, published in May 1962. At Bernard Babani, he wrote 13 constructor books.
9558_8	In 1961, Sinclair registered Sinclair Radionics Ltd. His original choice, Sinclair Electronics, had been taken; Sinclair Radio was available but did not sound right. Sinclair Radionics was formed on 25 July 1961. Sinclair made two attempts to raise startup capital to advertise his inventions and buy components. He designed PCB kits and licensed some technology. Then he took his design for a miniature transistor pocket radio and sought a backer for its production in kit form. Eventually he found someone who agreed to buy 55% of his company for £3,000, but the deal didn't finalise.
9558_9	Sinclair, unable to find capital, joined United Trade Press (UTP) as technical editor of Instrument Practice. Sinclair appeared in the publication as an assistant editor in March 1962. Sinclair described making silicon planar transistors, their properties and applications and hoped they might be available by the end of 1962. Sinclair undertook a survey of semiconductor devices for Instrument Practice, which appeared in four sections between September 1962 and January 1963.
9558_10	His last appearance as assistant editor was in April 1969. Through UTP, Sinclair had access to thousands of devices from 36 manufacturers. He contacted Semiconductors Ltd (who at that time sold semiconductors made by Plessey) and ordered rejects to repair. He produced a design for a miniature radio powered by a couple of hearing aid cells and made a deal with Semiconductors to buy its micro-alloy transistors at 6d (2½p) each in boxes of 10,000. He then carried out his own quality control tests, and marketed his renamed MAT 100 and 120 at 7s 9d (38¾p) and 101 and 121 at 8s 6d (42½p).
9558_11	By the late 1960s and early 1970s, Sinclair Radionics was producing handheld electronic calculators, miniature televisions, and the digital Black Watch wristwatch. The latter product, introduced in 1975, was a significant failure for Sinclair: in addition to being unable to meet demand, the watch itself was found to be inaccurate and difficult to service, and its battery life was too short. Sinclair Radionics suffered its first financial loss in 1975–1976, and Sinclair sought potential investors to help recover the lost funds. He eventually worked with the National Enterprise Board (NEB), which bought a 43% interest in the company in 1976, but this injection of funds was found to be too late as by this point, other companies were starting to make similar products at lower costs on the market. The NEB streamlined Sinclair Radionics' product line, selling off the watch and television lines, and brought in Norman Hewitt as a managing director to assist Sinclair. While Sinclair made
9558_12	efforts to work with Hewitt and the NEB, his relationship with these worsened, as the NEB had little faith in Sinclair's vision. By 1979, the NEB opted to break up Sinclair Radionics, holding its instruments division as Sinclair Electronics, and selling its television division to Binatone and its calculator division to ESL Bristol. Sinclair himself left the company at this point. Effectively NEB wrote off its estimated £7 million investment into Sinclair Radionics as a loss. Sinclair was given a golden handshake and an estimated £10,000 package with the dissolution of his company.
9558_13	Sinclair Research While Sinclair was dealing with the NEB and had seen problems developing, he had a former employee, Christopher Curry, establish a "lifeboat" company, called Science of Cambridge Ltd, in July 1977, called such as they were located near University of Cambridge, and planned for Curry to develop technology from ideas from the school. An early product from Science of Cambridge was a wrist calculator kit, which helped to keep the company financially afloat.
9558_14	By the time that Sinclair had left Radionics and joined Curry at Science of Cambridge, inexpensive microprocessors had started appearing on the market. Sinclair came up with the idea of selling a microprocessor teaching kit, and in June 1978, Science of Cambridge launched the MK14 kit, based on the National SC/MP chip, in June 1978. As Sinclair began working on the MK14's successor, Curry was in discussions with Hermann Hauser, and opted to leave Science of Cambridge to co-found Acorn Computers with Hauser in 1978. Acorn became a direct competitor to Sinclair's products, with the Acorn System 75 as its answer to the MK14, effectively an MK14 chip with a keyboard.
9558_15	To follow up on the MK14, Sinclair starting looking to build a personal computer. At around that time (1979), premade systems such as the Commodore PET cost about £700, and Sinclair believed he could get the price of a system to under £100. Keeping the cost low was also essential for Sinclair to avoid his products from becoming outpriced by American or Japanese equivalents as had happened to several of the Sinclair Radionics products. In May 1979, Jim Westwood, a former Sinclair Radionics employee Sinclair hired for this new company, started the ZX80 project at Science of Cambridge; it was launched in February 1980 at £79.95 in kit form and £99.95 ready-built. The ZX80 was immediately successful, and besides sales in the UK, Sinclair also sought to introduce the computer into the United States. Science of Cambridge was subsequently renamed Sinclair Computers Ltd, and then again to Sinclair Research Ltd.
9558_16	On hearing that the BBC was preparing to run a television series to teach viewers about computing and programming, both Sinclair and Curry pressured the BBC to choose computers from their respective companies to use as the primary tool. This pushed the development of the Sinclair ZX81 ahead as Sinclair's standard for the BBC. The ZX81 was launched at £49.95 in kit form and £69.95 ready-built, by mail order. Ultimately, the BBC chose Acorn and standardized on a successor to the Acorn Atom—originally named Acorn Proton, but ultimately branded as the BBC Micro. Despite losing out to the BBC, Sinclair's push had established the ZX80 and ZX81 as one of the highest-selling brands of computers across the UK and the United States as well as establishing a deal with distribution in Japan with Mitsui. A number of user groups, magazines and third party accessories for both computers started to appear.
9558_17	In February 1982, Timex obtained a licence to manufacture and market Sinclair's computers in the United States under the name Timex Sinclair. In April, the ZX Spectrum was launched at £125 for the 16 kB RAM version and £175 for the 48 kB version. It was the first computer in the ZX line to support colour output. The ZX Spectrum remained more affordable than other computers on the market, including the BBC Micro, the Commodore VIC-20 or Apple II, and during a time of recession and high unemployment in the UK, was positioned by Sinclair as a low-cost home computer for productivity applications. However, it also proved to be a popular gift for teenagers and young adults that year. This led to a number of these young people learning to program on the ZX Spectrum, using its newfound colour support, to make quirky video games inspired by British humour which they sold through word of mouth and mail order. So-called "bedroom coders" using the ZX Spectrum gave rise to the start of the UK's
9558_18	video game industry. By 1984, over 3,500 games had been released for the ZX Spectrum.
9558_19	The popularity of the ZX Spectrum spread to Western Europe. While Sinclair could not import into Eastern European countries still within the Soviet bloc at the time, numerous low-cost clones of the ZX Spectrum sprung up within these countries, further boosting the start of video game development by similar bedroom coders. The ZX Spectrum went on to become the UK's highest-selling computer, selling more than 5 million units before it was discontinued in 1992. Sinclair Research computers accounted for 45% of the British market in 1984, including those from British and American companies.
9558_20	The continued success of the computer market continued to help boost Sinclair Research's profit. In 1982, the company has a pre-tax profit of £9.2 million on a turnover of £27.6 million. Sinclair himself was estimated to a net value of over £100 million in 1983, two years after launching the first of the ZX computers. With the additional funds, Sinclair converted the Barker & Wadsworth mineral water bottling factory into the company's headquarters in 1982. Sinclair Vehicles and market decline
9558_21	As Sinclair Research continued to be successful, Sinclair launched a new company, Sinclair Vehicles Ltd., in March 1983 to develop electric vehicles, using 10% of the capital generated by Sinclair Research and selling some of his own shares to fund the new venture. Sinclair had an interest in electric vehicles since the 1970s at Sinclair Radionics, and had been working with Tony Wood Rogers, a former Radionics employee, since 1979 to start developing prototypes of a new vehicle for the market. The company's only product was the Sinclair C5 which launched in January 1985. The Sinclair C5 was considered a significant failure, having been developed without any market research. It was widely criticised and widely ridiculed for its high price, its toy-like appearance, lack of safety features and exposure to the elements, and the need for the user to pedal the vehicle up steeper hills. Whilst Sinclair had anticipated 100,000 C5's would be sold in the first year, only 14,000 units were
9558_22	produced and 4,500 sold before the C5 line was terminated in August that same year.
9558_23	Another noted misfire for Sinclair was the Sinclair Research TV80, a flatscreen portable mini television utilising a cathode ray tube, which took several years to develop, and by the time the TV80 was ready for market in 1983, the Sony Watchman had been released in Japan in 1982. Furthermore, LCD television technology was already in advanced development to bypass the limitations of CRT. The TV80 was a commercial flop, only 15,000 units being produced. Despite these commercial failures, both the C5 and TV80 have since been considered products ahead of their time, with the C5 a precursor to the modern day electric car and the TV80 comparable to watching videos on smartphones.
9558_24	Sinclair continued to direct Sinclair Research as they continued the ZX Spectrum line of computers through 1983 and 1984 as well as launching the Sinclair QL (short for Quantum Leap) brand in 1984 intended to compete with business lines of computers from IBM and Apple but at about half their cost. However, towards the end of 1984, the market for personal computers in the United Kingdom became cautious; Sinclair Research had entered into a small price war with Acorn Computers. The price drops meant that consumers saw these computers as more toys rather than productivity tools, and Sinclair Research missed its planned sales milestones for the 1984 holiday season. Into 1985, Acorn fell under investigation which propagated solvency concerns throughout the computer industry, including Sinclair Research. Robert Maxwell, the owner of The Daily Mirror and Pergamon Press, planned to help Sinclair Research through its £12 million acquisition via Pergamon's Hollis Brothers division, announced in
9558_25	June 1985. However the deal was aborted in August 1985 as Sinclair found an offer with the Dixons Group of only £10 million.
9558_26	The lack of funds for Sinclair Research and the failure of the C5 created financial difficulties for Sinclair. Sinclair Vehicles was placed into receivership by October 1985, and in April 1986, Sinclair sold the bulk of Sinclair Research to Amstrad for £5 million. Sinclair Research Ltd. was reduced to an R&D business and holding company, with shareholdings in several spin-off companies, formed to exploit technologies developed by the company. These included Anamartic Ltd. (wafer-scale integration) and Cambridge Computer Ltd. (Z88 portable computer and satellite television receivers). Later years
9558_27	By 1990, Sinclair Research consisted of Sinclair and two other employees down from 130 employees at its peak in 1985, and its activities later concentrated on personal transport, including the Zike electric bicycle. By 2003, Sinclair Research was collaborating with Hong Kong-based firm Daka. A laboratory was set up for Daka near Croydon to develop products on a royalty basis. The two firms collaborated on a Sea Scooter and a wheelchair drive. In 1997, he invented the Sinclair XI, which was a radio the size of a 10p coin.
9558_28	Sinclair had planned to introduce the Sinclair X-1 through Sinclair Research, another attempt at a personal electric vehicle following the Sinclair C5. The X-1 was first announced in 2010, and incorporated design aspects that the C5 had been panned for, including an open egg-like shell for the rider with a more ergonomic seat, a more powerful motor and larger battery storage, and an effectively lower cost accounting for inflation than the C5. However, the X-1 failed to reach the market.
9558_29	Recognition Sinclair received several honours for his contributions towards helping establish the personal computer industry in the United Kingdom. In 1983, he was awarded Honorary Degrees of Doctor of Science by the University of Bath, Heriot-Watt University and University of Warwick. He was knighted in the Queen's 1983 Birthday Honours List. In 1984, he was honoured by Imperial College London by being made a fellow. In 1988, London's National Portrait Gallery purchased a portrait of Sinclair by photographer Simon Lewis for its permanent collection. Personal life Sinclair was a poker player and appeared in the first three series of the Late Night Poker on Channel 4. He won the first series final of the Celebrity Poker Club spin-off. Sinclair was an atheist. He had an IQ of 159, and was a member of British Mensa, and chairman from 1980 to 1997. He also participated in marathons including several New York City Marathons.
9558_30	Despite his involvement in computing, Sinclair did not use the Internet, stating that he does not like to have "technical or mechanical things around me" as it distracts from the process of invention. In 2010, he stated that he did not use computers himself, and preferred using the telephone rather than email. In 2014, he predicted, "Once you start to make machines that are rivalling and surpassing humans with intelligence, it's going to be very difficult for us to survive. It's just an inevitability." His first marriage with Ann of twenty years ended in divorce around 1985 due to the pressure from the ongoing financial issues he had with his companies. From his marriage with Ann, he had three children, Crispin, Bartholomew and Belinda. In 2010 Sinclair married Angie Bowness, a former dancer at a Stringfellows nightclub and who represented England for Miss Europe 1995. This second marriage lasted for seven years before also ending in divorce.
9558_31	On 16 September 2021, Sinclair died in London following an illness related to cancer that he had for over a decade. He was 81 years old. Sinclair was remembered on his death for his contributions towards computing and video games by numerous people, including Elon Musk, Satya Nadella, the Oliver Twins, Debbie Bestwick, Charles Cecil, and David Braben. A Times leader following his death described Sinclair as a tenacious inventor whose career was a triumph of perseverance similar to that of many of Britain's greatest inventors, such as Sir James Dyson and Alexander Graham Bell, 'who are a reminder that failure is an essential prelude to success'.
9558_32	Publications Sinclair authored electronics constructor books for Bernard Babani publishers: Barnards 148 : Practical Transistor Receivers Book 1; 1959. (30 circuits) Barnards 149 : Practical Stereo Handbook; 1959. Barnards 151 : Transistor Receivers Book 2 - Transistor Superhet Receivers; 1960. (50 circuits) Barnards 163 : Transistor Circuits Manual 2; 1960. (13 circuits) Barnards 167 : Transistor Circuits Manual 3 - Eleven Tested Transistor Circuits using Prefabricated Circuit Units; 1960. (11 circuits) Barnards 168 : Transistor Circuits Manual 4; 1960. (11 circuits) Barnards 173 : Practical Transistor Audio Amplifiers for the Home Constructor Book 1; 1961. (32 circuits) Barnards 174 : Transistor Subminiature Receivers Handbook for the Home Constructor; 1961. Barnards 175 : Transistorized Test Equipment and Servicing Manual; 1961. Barnards 176 : Transistor Audio Amplifier Manual; 1962. (32 circuits)
9558_33	Barnards 177 : Modern Transistor Circuits for Beginners; 1962. (35 circuits) Barnards 179 : Transistor Circuits Manual 5; 1963. (14 circuits) Barnards 181 : 22 Tested Circuits Using Micro Alloy Transistors; 1963. (22 circuits)
9558_34	See also Micro Men, a one-off TV drama about Sinclair and Chris Curry. Notes References Adamson, Ian; Kennedy, Richard (1986). Sinclair and the "Sunrise" Technology. London: Penguin Books. 224 pp. . External links Sinclair Research website Sinclair in 1966 in Life magazine Sir Clive Sinclair at Planet Sinclair website David Tebbutt, "The Rising Star of Cambridge" (column), MicroScope 02/83. John Gilbert, "Sinclair bows out", Sinclair User, Issue 51, June 1986 Jonathan Duffy, "'Move over Segway, I'm planning the C6'", BBC News Online, 5 August 2003 British Mensa biography of Clive Sinclair Simon Garfield, "Interview – Sir Clive Sinclair: 'I don't use a computer at all'", The Observer, 28 February 2010.
9558_35	1940 births 2021 deaths English inventors English company founders British cycle designers Knights Bachelor Businesspeople awarded knighthoods Sinclair Research Mensans People educated at Highgate School People educated at St George's College, Weybridge Sustainable transport pioneers British poker players People from the London Borough of Ealing English atheists
9559_0	Antônio Carlos Brasileiro de Almeida Jobim (25 January 1927 – 8 December 1994), also known as Tom Jobim (), was a Brazilian composer, pianist, guitarist, songwriter, arranger and singer. Considered one of the great exponents of Brazilian music, Jobim internationalized bossa nova and, with the help of important American artists, merged it with jazz in the 1960s to create a new sound with popular success. As such he is sometimes known as the "father of bossa nova". Jobim was a primary force behind the creation of the bossa nova style, and his songs have been performed by many singers and instrumentalists internationally.
9559_1	In 1965, the album Getz/Gilberto was the first jazz album to win the Grammy Award for Album of the Year. It also won for Best Jazz Instrumental Album – Individual or Group and for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical. The album's single "Garota de Ipanema" ("The Girl from Ipanema"), composed by Jobim, has become one of the most recorded songs of all time, and the album won the Record of the Year. Jobim composed many songs that are now included in jazz and pop standard repertoires. The song "Garota de Ipanema" has been recorded over 240 times by other artists. His 1967 album with Frank Sinatra, Francis Albert Sinatra & Antônio Carlos Jobim, was nominated for Album of the Year in 1968.
9559_2	Early life Antônio Carlos Jobim was born in the middle-class district of Tijuca in Rio de Janeiro. His father, Jorge de Oliveira Jobim (São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul; 1889–1935), was a writer, diplomat, professor and journalist. He came from a prominent family, being the great-nephew of José Martins da Cruz Jobim, senator, privy councillor and physician of Emperor Dom Pedro II. While studying medicine in Europe, José Martins added Jobim to his last name, paying homage to the village where his family came from in Portugal, the parish of Santa Cruz de Jovim, Porto. His mother, Nilza Brasileiro de Almeida ( 1910–1989), was of partly Indigenous descent from Northeastern Brazil.
9559_3	When Antônio was still an infant, his parents separated and his mother moved with her children (Antônio Carlos and his sister Helena Isaura, born 23 February 1931) to Ipanema, the beachside neighborhood the composer would later celebrate in his songs. In 1935, when the elder Jobim died, Nilza married Celso da Frota Pessoa (died 2 February 1979), who would encourage his stepson's career. He was the one who gave Jobim his first piano. As a young man of limited means, Jobim earned his living by playing in nightclubs and bars and later as an arranger for a recording label before starting to achieve success as a composer.
9559_4	Musical influences Jobim's musical roots were planted firmly in the work of Pixinguinha, the legendary musician and composer who began modern Brazilian music in the 1930s. Among his teachers were Lúcia Branco and, from 1941 on, Hans-Joachim Koellreutter, a German composer who lived in Brazil and introduced atonal and twelve-tone composition in the country. Jobim was also influenced by the French composers Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel, and by the Brazilian composers Ary Barroso and Heitor Villa-Lobos, who has been described as Jobim's "most important musical influence." Among many themes, his lyrics talked about love, self-discovery, betrayal, joy and especially about the birds and natural wonders of Brazil, like the "Mata Atlântica" forest, characters of Brazilian folklore and his home city of Rio de Janeiro.
9559_5	Career In the 1940s, Jobim started to play piano in bars and nightclubs of Rio de Janeiro, and in the first years of the 1950s, he worked as an arranger in the Continental Studio, where he had his first composition recorded, in April 1953, when the Brazilian singer Mauricy Moura recorded Incerteza, a composition by Tom Jobim with lyrics by Newton Mendonça.
9559_6	Jobim became prominent in Brazil when he teamed up with poet and diplomat Vinicius de Moraes to write the music for the play Orfeu da Conceição (1956). The most popular song from the show was "Se Todos Fossem Iguais A Você" ("If Everyone Were Like You"). Later, when the play was adapted into a film, producer Sacha Gordine did not want to use any of the existing music from the play. Gordine asked de Moraes and Jobim for a new score for the film Orfeu Negro, or Black Orpheus (1959). Moraes was at the time away in Montevideo, Uruguay, working for the Itamaraty (the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs) and so he and Jobim were only able to write three songs, primarily over the telephone ("A felicidade", "Frevo" and "O nosso amor"). This collaboration proved successful, and de Moraes went on to pen the lyrics to some of Jobim's most popular songs.
9559_7	In 1958 the Brazilian singer and guitarist João Gilberto recorded his first album with two of the most famous songs of Tom Jobim: Desafinado and Chega de Saudade. This album inaugurates the Bossa Nova movement in Brazil. The sophisticated harmonies of his songs caught the attention of jazz musicians in the United States, principally after the first performance of Tom Jobim at Carnegie Hall, in 1962.
9559_8	A key event in making Jobim's music known in the English-speaking world was his collaboration with the American jazz saxophonist Stan Getz, the Brazilian singer João Gilberto, and Gilberto's wife at the time, Astrud Gilberto, which resulted in two albums, Getz/Gilberto (1963) and Getz/Gilberto Vol. 2 (1964). The release of Getz/Gilberto created a bossa nova craze in the United States and subsequently internationally. Getz had previously recorded Jazz Samba with Charlie Byrd (1962), and Jazz Samba Encore! with Luiz Bonfá (1964). Jobim wrote many of the songs on Getz/Gilberto, which became one of the best-selling jazz albums of all time, and turned Astrud Gilberto, who sang on "Garota de Ipanema" (The Girl from Ipanema) and "Corcovado" (Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars), into an international sensation. At the Grammy Awards of 1965 Getz/Gilberto won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year, the Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Album, Individual or Group and the Grammy Award for Best
9559_9	Engineered Album, Non-Classical. "The Girl from Ipanema" won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year. Among his later hits is "Águas de Março" (Waters of March, 1972), for which he wrote both the Portuguese and English lyrics, and which was then translated into French by Georges Moustaki (Les Eaux de Mars, 1973).
9559_10	Personal life Jobim was married to Thereza Otero Hermanny on 15 October 1949 and had two children with her: Paulo Jobim (born 1950), an architect and musician, (father of Daniel Jobim (born 1973) and Dora Jobim (born 1976)); and Elizabeth "Beth" Jobim (born 1957), a painter. Jobim and Thereza divorced in 1978. On 30 April 1986, he married 29-year-old photographer Ana Beatriz Lontra, with whom he had two more children: João Francisco Jobim (1979–1998) and Maria Luiza Helena Jobim (born 1987). Daniel, Paulo's son, followed his grandfather to become a pianist and composer, and performed "The Girl from Ipanema" during the opening ceremony of the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. Death
9559_11	In early 1994, after finishing his album Antonio Brasileiro, Jobim complained to his doctor, Roberto Hugo Costa Lima, of urinary problems. He underwent an operation at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City on 2 December 1994. On 8 December, while recovering from surgery, he had a cardiac arrest caused by a pulmonary embolism, and two hours later, another cardiac arrest, from which he died. He was survived by his children and grandchildren. His last album, Antonio Brasileiro, was released posthumously three days after his death. His body lay in state until given a proper burial on 20 December 1994. He is buried in the Cemitério São João Batista in Rio de Janeiro. Legacy Jobim is widely regarded as one of the most important songwriters of the 20th century. Many of his songs are jazz standards.
9559_12	American jazz singers Ella Fitzgerald and Frank Sinatra prominently featured Jobim's songs on their albums Ella Abraça Jobim (1981) and Francis Albert Sinatra & Antônio Carlos Jobim (1967), respectively. The 1996 CD Wave: The Antonio Carlos Jobim Songbook included performances of Jobim tunes by Oscar Peterson, Herbie Hancock, Chick Corea and Toots Thielemans. Jobim was an innovator in the use of sophisticated harmonic structures in popular song. Some of his melodic twists, like the melody insisting on the major seventh of the chord, became commonplace in jazz after he used them. The Brazilian collaborators and interpreters of Jobim's music include Vinicius de Moraes, João Gilberto (often credited as a co-creator or creator of bossa nova), Chico Buarque, Edu Lobo, Gal Costa, Elis Regina, Sérgio Mendes, Astrud Gilberto and Flora Purim. Significant arrangements of Jobim's compositions were written by Eumir Deodato, Nelson Riddle, and especially the conductor/composer Claus Ogerman.
9559_13	He won a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 54th Grammy Awards in 2012. As a posthumous homage, on 5 January 1999, the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro changed the name of Rio's Galeão International Airport, located on Governador Island, to bear the composer's name. Galeão Airport is explicitly mentioned in his composition "Samba do Avião". In 2014, Jobim was posthumously inducted to the Latin Songwriters Hall of Fame. In 2015, Billboard named Jobim as one of The 30 Most Influential Latin Artists of All Time. American contemporary jazz singer Michael Franks dedicated his 1995 album Abandoned Garden to the memory of Jobim. English singer/songwriter George Michael frequently acknowledged Jobim's influence. His 1996 album Older was dedicated to Jobim, and he recorded "Desafinado" on Red Hot + Rio (1996) with Astrud Gilberto. The official mascot of the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, Tom, was named after him. Discography and compositions
9559_14	Studio albums 1963: The Composer of Desafinado, Plays (Verve) 1965: The Wonderful World of Antônio Carlos Jobim (Warner Bros.) 1966: Love, Strings and Jobim (Warner Bros.) 1967: A Certain Mr. Jobim (Warner Bros.) 1967: Wave (CTI/A&M) 1970: Stone Flower (CTI) 1970: Tide (A&M) 1973: Jobim (MCA) 1976: Urubu (Warner Bros.) 1980: Terra Brasilis (Warner Bros.) 1987: Passarim (Verve) 1995: Antônio Brasileiro (Columbia) 1995: Inédito (Ariola) 1997: Minha Alma Canta (Lumiar)
9559_15	Collaborations 1954: Sinfonia do Rio de Janeiro (Continental), with Billy Blanco 1956: Orfeu da Conceição (Odeon), with Vinicius de Moraes 1957: "O Pequeno Príncipe" (Festa), an audiobook, which Jobim composed it's soundtrack 1961: Brasília – Sinfonia Da Alvorada (Columbia), with Vinicius de Moraes 1964: Getz/Gilberto (Verve) 1964: Caymmi Visita Tom (Elenco/Polygram/Philips), with Dorival Caymmi 1967: Francis Albert Sinatra & Antônio Carlos Jobim (Reprise) 1974: Elis & Tom (Philips), with Elis Regina 1977: Miúcha & Antônio Carlos Jobim (RCA), with Miúcha 1979: Miúcha & Tom Jobim (RCA), with Miúcha 1981: Edu & Tom (Philips), with Edu Lobo 1983: Gabriela (RCA), original soundtrack from the movie "Gabriela, Cravo e Canela" References
9559_16	Sources De Stefano, Gildo, Il popolo del samba, La vicenda e i protagonisti della storia della musica popolare brasiliana, preface by Chico Buarque de Hollanda, introduction by Gianni Minà, RAI-ERI, Rome 2005, De Stefano, Gildo, Saudade Bossa Nova: musiche, contaminazioni e ritmi del Brasile, preface by Chico Buarque, introduction by Gianni Minà, Logisma Editore, Florence 2017, External links Antônio Carlos Jobim – tribute site Antônio Carlos Jobim – remembrance site Antônio Carlos Jobim at The Brazilian Sound Antônio Carlos Jobim – "Clube do Tom" Antônio Carlos Jobim – behind the scenes of the legendary bossa nova concert at Carnegie Hall in 1962
9559_17	1927 births 1994 deaths 20th-century Brazilian male singers 20th-century composers 20th-century guitarists 20th-century pianists Bossa nova guitarists Bossa nova pianists Bossa nova singers Brazilian composers Brazilian expatriates in the United States Brazilian jazz guitarists Brazilian jazz pianists Brazilian jazz singers Brazilian lyricists Brazilian male guitarists Brazilian male singer-songwriters Brazilian people of Portuguese descent Brazilian record producers CTI Records artists Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Jazz record producers Latin American folk singers Latin folk guitarists Latin folk pianists Latin jazz guitarists Latin jazz pianists Latin jazz singers Latin music songwriters Male jazz musicians Male pianists Música Popular Brasileira guitarists Música Popular Brasileira pianists Música Popular Brasileira singers Musicians from Rio de Janeiro (city) Verve Records artists
9560_0	Sullivan & Cromwell LLP is an American multinational law firm headquartered in New York City. Known as a white-shoe firm, Sullivan & Cromwell is recognized as a leader in business law, and is known for its impact on international affairs, such as the financing of the Panama Canal. The firm handles high profile work such as complex mergers and acquisitions, securities litigation, and white-collar defense and government investigations. It is one of the most profitable law firms in the world, with 2020 profits per partner exceeding $5 million.
9560_1	History Founded in 1879 by Algernon Sydney Sullivan and William Nelson Cromwell, Sullivan & Cromwell advised John Pierpont Morgan during the creation of Edison General Electric (1882) and later guided key players in the formation of U.S. Steel (1901). Cromwell developed the concept of a holding company, persuading New Jersey to include it in state law and enabling companies incorporating there to avoid antitrust laws. The firm also worked with less-successful businesses during the volatile decades before the establishment of modern federal bankruptcy laws; it pioneered efforts to reorganize insolvent companies through what became known as the "Cromwell plan." Cromwell was called "the physician of Wall Street" for his ability to rescue failing companies.
9560_2	The post-World War I era saw an expanded need for financing. Sullivan & Cromwell designed many of the equity and debt agreements used during this period, including 94 loan agreements to European borrowers during one seven-year period. The firm's business expanded substantially during the 1930s, when it began to represent companies facing increased regulation and became for a time the world's biggest law firm. During the Great Depression and its aftermath, the firm litigated in the newly emerging fields of shareholder derivatives, antitrust actions, federal income tax law, and registration under the Securities Act of 1933. The firm developed the first major registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933 and influenced the development of tax law in the mutual fund industry.
9560_3	Sullivan & Cromwell performed the legal work for the Ford Motor Company's $643 million offering in 1956, the biggest ever to that date. Evolving business trends continued to be reflected in the firm's organization; a banking practice was formed in 1968, and a mergers and acquisitions unit was established in 1980, as M&A began to accelerate. By the middle of that decade, the M&A unit generated a third of the firm's revenue.
9560_4	International practice The firm's international practice dates back to its early years and the development of America's industrial and transportation infrastructure. Sullivan & Cromwell represented European bankers financing the construction of railroads and other elements of the nation's infrastructure. By the turn of the century, Cromwell represented French interests that owned land in Panama and was involved in the financing of the Panama Canal; the firm represents the Panama Canal Authority to this day.
9560_5	Sullivan & Cromwell was one of the earliest U.S. firms to open overseas offices, beginning with Paris in 1911. By 1928, offices also were open in Buenos Aires and Berlin. In 1935, Allen Dulles, then a partner in the firm and later Director of Central Intelligence, visited Germany and returned somewhat disturbed by the direction of the regime. Over the sole opposition of Allen's brother and fellow partner, John Foster Dulles, the firm's partners voted in 1935 to close the Berlin office and a subsidiary in Frankfurt. However, later the firm backdated the announcement of the closing of their German offices by one year, to 1934. Under Foster Dulles, the firm had helped the regime's arms buildup effort by including the German company I.G. Farben into an international nickel cartel, which included American, Canadian, and French producers.
9560_6	Two former chairmen of the firm held senior foreign policy positions during the Eisenhower administration: John Foster Dulles, who served as U.S. Secretary of State; and Arthur Dean, who represented the United States in negotiations resulting in the Korean Armistice Agreement.
9560_7	Notable clients and cases Advised Kraft Foods in 2015 during its $55 billion merger with Heinz, making the combined Kraft Heinz North America's third-largest food and beverage company. Represented BP in its global $18.7 billion settlement in the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The firm continues to represent BP in related securities and class action suits. Advised AT&T in its acquisition of DirecTV in a $67 billion transaction in 2014. Advised a special directors' committee of Dole Food Company during the effort by major shareholder David Murdock to take the company private in 2013, together with related follow-up litigation. Beginning in 2011, advised Kodak during its Chapter 11 bankruptcy restructuring and subsequent reemergence as a public company. The transaction was named Technology, Media, Telecom Deal of the Year (over $1 billion) by M&A ADVISOR and Turnaround of the Year: Mega Company, by the Turnaround Management Association.
9560_8	Served as national coordinating counsel for German automaker Volkswagen Group in connection with the settlement of multidistrict litigation arising from the company's emissions violations. The settlement built upon Sullivan & Cromwell's earlier representation of Porsche SE (a majority shareholder in Volkswagen), which set precedents on cross-border securities litigation. Represented Ferrari and its principal shareholder in an initial public offering, part of nearly $370 billion worth of equity and debt offerings in which Sullivan & Cromwell represented issuing companies during 2015. Represented Los Angeles Dodgers co-owner Frank McCourt in the $2.15 billion Chapter 11 bankruptcy sale of the team to Guggenheim Baseball Management. Represented Barclays in investigations regarding manipulation of Libor and the foreign exchange market.
9560_9	Represented a number of leading commercial and investment banks, asset managers and other companies in transactions during and after the financial crisis of 2008, including Bear Stearns, Lehman Brothers, Fannie Mae, American International Group (AIG), Wachovia, National City and Barclays. Represented Cory Maples on a pro bono basis in the appeal of his murder conviction. The firm missed a deadline in Maples' death row appeal after the two attorneys handling the case left the firm without notifying the court in Alabama. A ruling on a denial petition was sent to Sullivan & Cromwell. However, the mailroom returned the envelopes to the court. In the 2012 Supreme Court case Maples v. Thomas, Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg wrote: "Abandoned by counsel, Maples was left unrepresented at a critical time for his state post-conviction petition, and he lacked a clue of any need to protect himself pro se. In these circumstances, no just system would lay the default at Maples' death-cell door."
9560_10	Controversies 1954 Guatemala coup d'état Sullivan & Cromwell's involvement in the 1954 coup d'état in Guatemala is documented. At the time, the firm represented the United Fruit Company (UFC), which had major holdings in Guatemala. UFC used its lobbying power, through the firm and through other means, to convince President Eisenhower, as well as Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, and his brother, CIA director Allen Dulles, both alumni of the firm, to depose the democratically elected President of Guatemala, Jacobo Arbenz.
9560_11	Insider trading In 2008, police uncovered an insider trading conspiracy involving a former Sullivan & Cromwell attorney; Toronto Dorsey & Whitney partner Gil Cornblum had discovered inside information at both Sullivan & Cromwell and Dorsey and, with his co-conspirator, a former lawyer and Cornblum's law school classmate, was found to have gained over $10 million in illegal profits over a 14-year span. Cornblum committed suicide by jumping from a bridge as he was under investigation and shortly before he was to be arrested but before criminal charges were laid against him, one day before his alleged co-conspirator pleaded guilty. Tobacco companies Sullivan & Cromwell has worked on behalf of tobacco companies. In 2008, the law firm advised on a merger on the tobacco companies Altria and UST.
9560_12	Rankings and awards Received 39 total practice rankings in the 2016 edition of Chambers USA: America's Leading Lawyers for Business, including 28 in the top two bands; also received 105 total lawyer recommendations in the directory, with a total of 70 partners ranking Listed as a top law firm in 11 categories in the 2016 edition of Chambers Europe, including five in the top two bands, with 18 total recommendations in the directory Listed as a top law firm in nine categories in the 2016 edition of Chambers Asia-Pacific, including four rankings in the top two bands; firm attorneys received 11 total recommendations in the directory Ranked highly in several key categories on Thomson's First Quarter 2016 Global Capital Markets Legal Counsel League Tables, including #1 in the United States in 14 separate categories of equity or debt issuance
9560_13	Ranked highly in several key categories on Bloomberg's First Quarter 2016 Global Capital Markets Legal Counsel League Tables, including in the top two in 12 separate bond issuance classes Honored by Best Lawyers in America for having 90 attorneys listed on the publication's 2017 list, with four Sullivan & Cromwell attorneys being named "Lawyer of the Year" Ranked highly in two important categories on Thomson's 2015 Global Syndicated Loans Legal Counsel League Tables Ranked first or second in nine categories in Bloomberg's 2015 Capital Markets Legal Counsel League Tables Ranked among the top 10 in three categories on Bloomberg's 2015 Loans Legal Counsel League Tables, including #2 as legal adviser to borrowers in U.S. Loans Ranked highly in several key categories on Thomson's 2015 Global Capital Markets Legal Counsel League Tables, including ranking in the top three in 14 categories of capital markets issuance
9560_14	Recognized by The American Lawyer's Global Legal Awards for its work in M&A, including being named as one of the firms awarded Global M&A Deal of the Year: Grand Prize winner, for its role in AB InBev's acquisition of SABMiller Named one of America's Best Corporate Law Firms in the 16th annual "Law in the Boardroom" study conducted by NYSE Governance Services and FTI Consulting, Inc.; ranked third on the 2016 National Law Firm Directors' Rankings, up from fourth place in 2015 Named a Diversity Leader by Profiles in Diversity Journal in its Winter 2016 issue, reflecting the firm's having aligned diversity initiatives with business goals Cited for the 10th consecutive year by The Dave Thomas Foundation for Adoption as one of the nation's "Best Adoption-Friendly Workplaces"
9560_15	Sullivan & Cromwell has been recognized for its pro bono activities, receiving a "Pro Bono Leadership Award" from Legal Services NYC in 2016 and ranked by Law360 as being among the Top 20 Pro Bono Law Firms in 2015.
9560_16	Notable employees M. Bernard Aidinoff, partner and chairman of Section of Taxation of the American Bar Association Ann Althouse, blogger and professor of law Louis Auchincloss, lawyer, novelist, historian, and essayist Michael Bryant, lawyer and politician Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud, Judge of the Supreme Court of India Jay Clayton, Chair of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (2017-2020) during the Donald Trump administration Amal Clooney H. Rodgin Cohen, corporate lawyer Norris Darrell, president, American Law Institute Florence A. Davis, president of the Starr Foundation Arthur Dean, lawyer and diplomat Allen Welsh Dulles, Director of Central Intelligence (1953-1961) John Foster Dulles, U.S. Secretary of State (1953-1959) Ronald Dworkin, philosopher and law professor Judith Kaye, chief judge of the New York Court of Appeals
9560_17	Robert MacCrate, counsel to New York Governor Nelson D. Rockefeller, special counsel to the Department of the Army for its investigation of the My Lai Massacre Paul Mahoney, former dean, University of Virginia Law School Robert McC. Marsh, member of the New York State Assembly, Justice of the New York Supreme Court Bruce Menin, businessman Steven Peikin, co-director of the SEC Enforcement Division (2017-2020) Keith Rabois, technology entrepreneur and investor Frederic C. Rich, author, lawyer, and environmentalist Samuel W. Seymour, former president of the NYC Bar Association Roy Steyer, Nuremburg Trial proscuter Harlan Fiske Stone, Chief Justice of the United States Peter Thiel, technology entrepreneur, venture capitalist and co-founder of PayPal Joseph Tsai, vice chairman of Alibaba Group Elizabeth Carroll Wingo, judge on the Superior Court of the District of Columbia
9560_18	Mark Wiseman, Head of Global Active Equity and Chairman of the Global Investment Committee, BlackRock; former president & chief executive officer, Canada Pension Plan Investment Board Lori Fisler Damrosch, law professor Benjamin L. Liebman, law professor
9560_19	See also List of largest law firms by profits per partner White shoe firms Tip and Trade Insider trading References Further reading White Shoe: How a New Breed of Wall Street Lawyers Changed Big Business--and the American Century<ref>White Shoe: How a New Breed of Wall Street Lawyers Changed Big Business and the American Century, by John Oller, Penguin Random House, 2019. </ref External links Sullivan & Cromwell's website National Law Review profile Law firms established in 1879 Law firms based in New York City Foreign law firms with offices in Hong Kong Foreign law firms with offices in Japan
9561_0	The Country Music Association Awards is a major awards show in country music. Formerly known as the Music Video of the Year Award, Video of the Year was originally presented at the 1985 Country Music Association Awards. The category honours excellence in country music videos that have been released during the eligibility years and is awarded to both the artist and the director. Below are the winners and nominees of the award. In 1994, Martina McBride was the first female artist to win the Video of the Year Award and, in 2009, Trey Fanjoy became the first female director to win the award.
9561_1	Recipients {\| class="wikitable sortable" ! bgcolor="#efefef" width=20px\|Year ! bgcolor="#efefef" width=200px\|Winner ! bgcolor="#efefef" width=150px class=unsortable\|Work ! bgcolor="#efefef" width=500px class=unsortable\|Nominees \|- !2021 \| Kelsea Ballerini Kenny Chesney Patrick Tracy \| "Half of My Hometown" \| Maren Morris, Ryan Hurd, TK McKamy - "Chasing After You" Chris Young, Kane Brown, Peter Zavadil - "Famous Friends" Dierks Bentley, Wes Edwards, Ed Pryor - "Gone" Brothers Osborne, Reid Long - "Younger Me" \|- !2020 \| Miranda Lambert Trey Fanjoy \| "Bluebird" \| Dan + Shay, Justin Bieber, Patrick Tracy - "10,000 Hours" Jake Owen, Justin Clough - "Homemade" Carly Pearce, Lee Brice, Sam Siske - "I Hope You're Happy Now" Chris Stapleton, David Coleman - "Second One to Know" \|- !2019 \| Kacey Musgraves Hannah Lux Davis \| "Rainbow" \| Dierks Bentley, Wes Edwards - "Burning Man" Maren Morris, Dave Meyers - "Girl" Blake Shelton, Sophie Muller - "God's Country"
9561_2	Eric Church, Reid Long - "Some of It" \|- ! scope="row" \|2018 \| Thomas Rhett TK McKamy \| "Marry Me" \| Sugarland, Taylor Swift, Anthony Mandler - "Babe" Carrie Underwood, Randee St. Nicholas - "Cry Pretty" Chris Janson, Jeff Venable - "Drunk Girl" Dan + Shay, Patrick Tracy - "Tequila" \|- ! scope="row" \|2017 \| Brothers Osborne Wes Edwards Ryan Silver \| "It Ain't My Fault" \| Little Big Town, Becky Fluke, Reid Long - "Better Man" Keith Urban, Carter Smith - "Blue Ain't Your Color" Thomas Rhett, Maren Morris, TK McKamy - "Craving You" Miranda Lambert, Trey Fanjoy - "Vice" \|- ! scope="row" \|2016 \| Chris Stapleton Tim Mattia \| "Fire Away" \| Cam, Trey Fanjoy - "Burning House" Tim McGraw, Wes Edwards - "Humble and Kind" Eric Church, Reid Long, John Peets - "Record Year" Dierks Bentley, Wes Edwards - "Somewhere on a Beach" \|- ! scope="row" \|2015 \| Maddie & Tae TK McKamy \| "Girl in a Country Song" \| Kacey Musgraves, Marc Klasfeld - "Biscuits"
9561_3	Little Big Town, Kayla Welch, Matthew Welch - "Girl Crush" Miranda Lambert, Trey Fanjoy - "Little Red Wagon" Carrie Underwood, Raj Kapoor - "Something in the Water" \|- ! scope="row" \|2014 \| Dierks Bentley Wes Edwards \| "Drunk on a Plane" \| Miranda Lambert, Trey Fanjoy - "Automatic" Lady Antebellum, Shane Drake - "Bartender" Kacey Musgraves, Honey - "Follow Your Arrow" Miranda Lambert, Carrie Underwood, Trey Fanjoy - "Somethin' Bad" \|- ! scope="row" \|2013 \| Tim McGraw Taylor Swift Keith Urban Shane Drake \| "Highway Don't Care" \| Carrie Underwood, Randee St. Nicholas - "Blown Away" Blake Shelton, Pistol Annies, Trey Fanjoy - "Boys 'Round Here" Lady Antebellum, Peter Zavadil - "Downtown" Miranda Lambert, Trey Fanjoy - "Mama's Broken Heart" Little Big Town, Shane Drake - "Tornado" \|- ! scope="row" \|2012 \| Toby Keith Michael Salomon \| "Red Solo Cup" \| Kenny Chesney, Shaun Silva - "Come Over" Miranda Lambert, Trey Fanjoy - "Over You"
9561_4	Little Big Town, Declan Whitebloom - "Pontoon" Eric Church, Peter Zavadil - "Springsteen" \|- ! scope="row" \|2011 \| Kenny Chesney Grace Potter Shaun Silva \| "You and Tequila" \| Blake Shelton, Trey Fanjoy - "Honey Bee" The Band Perry, David McClister - "If I Die Young" Taylor Swift, Declan Whitebloom - "Mean" Brad Paisley, Alabama, Jim Shea - "Old Alabama" \|- ! scope="row" \|2010 \| Miranda Lambert Trey Fanjoy \| "The House That Built Me" \| Blake Shelton, Trace Adkins, Roman White - "Hillbilly Bone" Lady Antebellum, David McClister - "Need You Now" Brad Paisley, Jim Shea - "Water" Miranda Lambert, Chris Hicky - "White Liar" \|- ! scope="row" \|2009 \| Taylor Swift Trey Fanjoy \| "Love Story" \| Randy Houser, Eric Welch - "Boots On" Billy Currington, The Brads - "People Are Crazy" Brad Paisley, Keith Urban, Jim Shea - "Start a Band" George Strait, Trey Fanjoy - "Troubadour" \|- ! scope="row" \|2008 \| Brad Paisley Andy Griffith Jim Shea Peter Tilden
9561_5	\| "Waitin' on a Woman" \| Kenny Chesney, Shaun Silva - "Don't Blink" Alan Jackson, Trey Fanjoy - "Good Time" Sugarland, Shaun Silva - "Stay" Trace Adkins, Peter Zavadil - "You're Gonna Miss This" \|- ! scope="row" \|2007 \| Brad Paisley Jason Alexander \| "Online" \| Martina McBride, Robert Deaton, George Flanigen IV - "Anyway" Carrie Underwood, Roman White - "Before He Cheats" Emerson Drive, Steven Goldmann - "Moments" Kenny Chesney, Shaun Silva - "You Save Me" \|- ! scope="row" \|2006 \| Brooks & Dunn Robert Deaton George J. Flanigen IV \| "Believe" \| Big & Rich, Robert Deaton, George Flanigen IV, Marc Oswald - "8th of November" Carrie Underwood, Roman White - "Jesus, Take the Wheel" Miranda Lambert, Trey Fanjoy - "Kerosene" Brad Paisley, Dolly Parton, Jim Shea - "When I Get Where I'm Going" \|- ! scope="row" \|2005 \| Toby Keith Michael Salomon \| "As Good as I Once Was" \| Brad Paisley, Jim Shea - "Alcohol" Keith Urban, Wayne Isham - "Days Go By"
9561_6	Lee Ann Womack, Trey Fanjoy - "I May Hate Myself in the Morning" Gretchen Wilson, Robert Deaton, George Flanigen IV - "When I Think About Cheatin'" \|- ! scope="row" \|2004 \| Brad Paisley Alison Krauss Ricky Schroder \| "Whiskey Lullaby" \| Toby Keith, Michael Salomon - "I Love This Bar" Alan Jackson, Jimmy Buffett, Trey Fanjoy - "It's Five O'Clock Somewhere" Gretchen Wilson, David Hogan - "Redneck Woman" Alan Jackson, Trey Fanjoy - "Remember When" \|- ! scope="row" \|2003 \| Johnny Cash Mark Romanek \| "Hurt" \| Willie Nelson, Toby Keith, Michael Salomon - "Beer for My Horses" Brad Paisley, Peter Zavadil - "Celebrity" Martina McBride, Robert Deaton, George Flanigen IV - "Concrete Angel" Brooks & Dunn, Steven Goldmann - "Red Dirt Road" \|- ! scope="row" \|2002 \| Brad Paisley Peter Zavadil \| "I'm Gonna Miss Her (The Fishin' Song)" \| Alan Jackson, Steven Goldmann - "Drive (For Daddy Gene)" Toby Keith, Michael Salomon - "I Wanna Talk About Me"
9561_7	Travis Tritt, Michael Merriman - "Modern Day Bonnie and Clyde" Alan Jackson, Paul Miller - "Where Were You (When the World Stopped Turning)" \|- ! scope="row" \|2001 \| Sara Evans Peter Zavadil \| "Born to Fly" \| Lee Ann Womack, Greg Horne - "Ashes by Now" Trisha Yearwood, Chris Rogers - "I Would've Loved You Anyway" Jamie O'Neal, Lawrence Carroll - "There Is No Arizona" Alan Jackson, Morgan Lawley - "www.memory" \|- ! scope="row" \|2000 \| Dixie Chicks Evan Bernard \| "Goodbye Earl" \| Faith Hill, Lili Zanuck - "Breathe" Brad Paisley, Robert Deaton, George Flanigen IV - "He Didn't Have to Be" Toby Keith, Michael Salomon - "How Do You Like Me Now?!" Lee Ann Womack, Gary Wenner - "I Hope You Dance" \|- ! scope="row" \|1999 \| Dixie Chicks Thom Oliphant \| "Wide Open Spaces" \| Mark Wills, Jim Hershleder - "Don't Laugh at Me" Kenny Chesney, Martin Kahan - "How Forever Feels" Alan Jackson, Steven Goldmann - "I'll Go On Loving You"
9561_8	Tim McGraw, Faith Hill, Jim Shea - "Just to Hear You Say That You Love Me" \|- ! scope="row" \|1998 \| Faith Hill Steven Goldmann \| "This Kiss" \| Martina McBride, Robert Deaton, George Flanigen IV - "A Broken Wing" Jo Dee Messina, Jon Small - "Bye, Bye" George Strait, Christopher Cain - "Carrying Your Love with Me" Deana Carter, Roger Pistole - "Did I Shave My Legs for This?" \|- ! scope="row" \|1997 \| Kathy Mattea Steven Goldmann \| "455 Rocket" \| Pam Tillis, Steven Goldmann - "All the Good Ones Are Gone" Trace Adkins, Michael Merriman - "Every Light in the House" Tim McGraw, Faith Hill, Sherman Halsey - "It's Your Love" Deana Carter, Roger Pistole - "Strawberry Wine" \|- ! scope="row" \|1996 \| Junior Brown Michael McNamara \| "My Wife Thinks You're Dead" \| George Strait, John Lloyd Miller - "Check Yes or No" Vince Gill, John Lloyd Miller - "Go Rest High on That Mountain" Brooks & Dunn, Michael Oblowitz - "My Maria"
9561_9	Jeff Foxworthy, Alan Jackson, Coke Sams - "Redneck Games" \|- ! scope="row" \|1995 \| The Tractors Michael Salomon \| "Baby Likes to Rock It" \| Shania Twain, Charlie Randazzo - "Any Man of Mine" Alan Jackson, Piers Plowden - "I Don't Even Know Your Name" Garth Brooks, Jon Small - "The Red Strokes" Vince Gill, John Lloyd Miller - "When Love Finds You" \|- ! scope="row" \|1994 \| Martina McBride Robert Deaton George J. Flanigan IV \| "Independence Day" \| Reba McEntire, Linda Davis, Jon Small - "Does He Love You" Patty Loveless, Jim Shea - "How Can I Help You Say Goodbye" Garth Brooks, Jon Small - "Standing Outside the Fire" \|- ! scope="row" \|1993 \| Alan Jackson Martin Kahan \| "Chattahoochee" \| Pam Tillis, Michael Salomon - "Cleopatra, Queen of Denial" Vince Gill, John Lloyd Miller - "Don't Let Our Love Start Slippin' Away" George Jones, Marc Ball - "I Don't Need Your Rockin' Chair" John Anderson, Jim Shea - "Seminole Wind" \|- ! scope="row" \|1992 \| Alan Jackson Jim Shea
9561_10	\| "Midnight in Montgomery" \| Billy Ray Cyrus, Marc Ball - "Achy Breaky Heart" Travis Tritt, Jack Cole - "Anymore" Reba McEntire, Jack Cole - "Is There Life Out There" Vince Gill, John Lloyd Miller - "Look at Us" \|- ! scope="row" \|1991 \| Garth Brooks Bud Schaetzle \| "The Thunder Rolls" \| KT Oslin, Jack Cole - "Come Next Monday" Alan Jackson, Julien Temple - "Don't Rock the Jukebox" Reba McEntire, Jack Cole - "Fancy" The Judds, Bud Schaetzle - "Love Can Build a Bridge" \|- ! scope="row" \|1990 \| Garth Brooks John Lloyd Miller \| "The Dance" \| Kentucky Headhunters, John Lloyd Miller - "Dumas Walker" Randy Travis, Mark Coppos - "He Walked on Water" Marty Stuart, Joanne Gardner - "Hillbilly Rock" Kathy Mattea, Jim May - "Where've You Been" \|- ! scope="row" \|1989 \| Hank Williams Jr. Hank Williams Sr. Ethan Russell \| "There's a Tear in My Beer" \| Rodney Crowell, Bill Pope - "After All This Time" Lorrie Morgan, Steven Buck - "Dear Me"
9561_11	Dolly Parton, Jack Cole - "Why'd You Come in Here Lookin' Like That" Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, Bill Pope - "Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Volume II" \|- ! scope="row" \|1988 \| colspan=3\| Not Awarded \|- ! scope="row" \|1987 \| Hank Williams Jr. ''Bill Fishman\| "My Name is Bocephus" \| Michael Martin Murphey, Michael Merriman - "A Long Line of Love" Randy Travis, Jack Cole - "Forever and Ever, Amen" The O'Kanes, Bill Pope - "Oh Darlin'" Reba McEntire, Jon Small - "What Am I Gonna Do About You" \|- ! scope="row" \|1986 \| George Jones Marc Ball \| "Who's Gonna Fill Their Shoes" \| Gary Morris, Ethan Russell - "100% Chance of Rain" The Judds, David Hogan - "Grandpa (Tell Me 'Bout the Good Old Days)" Dwight Yoakam, Sherman Halsey - "Honky Tonk Man" Reba McEntire, Jon Small - "Whoever's in New England" \|- ! scope="row" \|1985 \| Hank Williams Jr. John Goodhue\| "All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight" \| Waylon Jennings, David Hogan - "America"
9561_12	Ricky Skaggs, Martin Kahan - "Country Boy" The Highwaymen, Peter Israelson - "Highwayman" Gary Morris, Mark Rezyka - "Second Hand Heart" \|- \|}
9561_13	Category facts ArtistsMost WinsDirectorsMost Wins''' References Country Music Association Awards
9562_0	The Indonesian National Armed Forces Day (Hari Tentara Nasional Indonesia, formerly Hari Angkatan Perang RI/Angkatan Bersenjata RI) abbreviated HUT TNI is a national day of Indonesia that is celebrated on 5 October, the day of foundation of the Tentara Keamanan Rakyat (People's Security Armed Forces), the predecessor of the TNI, in 1945, itself a replacement for the Badan Keamanan Rakyat (People's Security Bureau) established on 29 August the same year. Military parades, fun games, concerts and other events are held nationwide in major cities and provincial capitals in honor of the INAF's serving men and women and military veterans.
9562_1	History of Armed Forces Day
9562_2	The date of October 5 was chosen for the National Armed Forces Day in honor of the 1945 establishment of Southeast Asia's 5th oldest regular and standing armed forces per a government decree of the nascent Republic. The first ever parades, albeit in wartime conditions of the Indonesian National Revolution, was held in Yogyakarta in 1946, no parades were held in 1948 while a victory parade was held in 1949 in lieu of the anniversary parade, owing to the conclusion of military operations. It would be only in 1950 when the first regular parade was held in Jakarta, the national capital, to celebrate the 5th year of the armed forces and the adoption of the unitary status of the young country and they have been held annually ever since (with a break in 1965, when due to the aftermath of the events of the 30 September Movement a few days before the 20th Armed Forces Day, it was cancelled at the last minute but was made up the day after, parades were also not held in 1997, 1998, 2016, 2018
9562_3	and 2020). From 1961 to 1998 the Indonesian National Police, as the then 4th branch of the armed forces, joined the parades, and flypasts have been held since 1951. The national parade's guest of honor is the President of Indonesia in his/her capacity as Commander in Chief of the National Armed Forces. While in Jakarta the parade has been held at the Halim Perdanakusuma AFB and formerly at the Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex and the DPR/MPR Building complex.
9562_4	Since 2014, to place emphasis on the role of the armed forces in the modern era and in the modernization and expansion of its combat units the holiday parades have now been held outside of the capital and have also included a fleet review.
9562_5	History of the celebrations since 1959 1959 - First parade to feature Soviet made jet aircraft (Mig-17s and MiG-19s) 1962 - First parade on television and to feature a drivepast of the S-75 Dvina SAM system 1963 - First to feature combat helicopters and female armed forces personnel 1967 - 22nd anniversary, Suharto's first parade as President 1970 - 25th anniversary (silver jubilee) 1975 - 30th anniversary (pearl jubilee) 1979 - First parade to be broadcast in color television 1980 - 35th anniversary, First parade to be broadcast via satellite nationwide 1985 - 40th anniversary (Ruby jubilee) 1990 - 45th anniversary (sapphire jubilee), first parade also to be broadcast on private television stations aside from TVRI 1995 - 50th anniversary (Golden Jubilee), first parade to be broadcast on cable television 2005 - 60th anniversary 2010 - 65th anniversary (platinum jubilee) 2014 - 69th anniversary, first parade to be held outside of Jakarta since 1980
9562_6	2015 - 70th anniversary 2017 - 72nd anniversary, First parade to be broadcast in digital high definition 2018 - 73rd anniversary, Simple Ceremony to honor those 2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami victims 2019 - 74th anniversary, Parade included Indonesia's UN Forces, Garuda Contingent 2020 - 75th anniversary (diamond jubilee), simple ceremony and remote broadcasts to honor the Indonesian victims of the COVID-19 pandemic and in gratitude of the services rendered by the INAF's medical servicemen and women 2021 - 76th anniversary, outdoor ceremony and remote broadcasts to honor the Indonesian victims of the COVID-19 pandemic and in gratitude of the services rendered by the INAF's medical servicemen and women followed by the return of the flypast and parade
9562_7	Expanded summary As Armed Forces Day is the national armed forces holiday of Indonesia the celebrations in Jakarta or other major cities thus serve as a national event to mark the holiday. The celebrations begin as the parade commander (The commander is, in recent years, as in the case in 2015 and 2017, been led by a Lieutenant General/Vice Admiral/Air Marshal, usually the commanding general of Kostrad) arrives to take his place in the parade formation. The parade first renders honors to the Tri-Service Colour Guard (Pasukan Penjaga Lambang-Lambang Kesatuan) as the Paspampres Presidential Band plays honors music, if a massed colour guard unit is present the honors are the same.
9562_8	At 10:00 am the President and Vice President arrive together with the Minister of Defense in the dais, where they are received by the Commander of the Armed Forces. The parade then first salutes as the band plays Indonesia Raya, and then to the President as arrival honors are rendered. The PC then informs him/her of the commencement of the parade and ceremony and the readiness of the formations for the review. The president, riding in an open-top Land Rover, then inspects the formations with the PC and as the review ends, leaves the vehicle and returns to the dais, where he/she orders a minute of silence (mengheningkan cipta) in honor of all armed forces personnel who were killed in action and to deceased veterans of the armed services. When the band stops playing the Sapta Marga (Armed Forces Pledge) is recited in a rededication service, wherein 3 select officers renew the pledge on behalf of all servicing men and women of the armed forces. Afterwards, before the President would make
9562_9	the holiday address, he/she first awards 3 armed forces personnel with the following decorations, each per service branch, for merit and dedicated service to the nation and people in the armed forces:
9562_10	Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi ("Army Meritorious Service Star") Bintang Jalasena ("Navy Meritorious Service Star") Bintang Swa Bhuwana Paksa ("Air Force Meritorious Service Star") Andika Bhayangkari is played after the address by the band, and this is followed by the PC receiving permission from the President to march off the parade in preparation for the march past later on, the departure honors then follow. Order of the parade in order of inspection by the President Military bands in attendance Paspampres Presidential Band
9562_11	Ground march past column Combined Field Music Unit of the National Armed Forces Academies System Corps of Drums Canka Lokananta, Military Academy Naval Academy Gita Jala Taruna Drum and Bugle Corps Air Force Academy Gita Dirgantara Drum and Bugle Corps Tri-service Color Guard Massed color guard Joint Services brigade Officers contingent Armed Forces Staff Colleges Women's contingent Joint Service Military Police Command Presidential Security Force (Paspampres) Garuda Contingent Corps of Cadets, National Armed Forces Academies System Military Academy Naval Academy Air Force Academy Army Special Force Command (Kopassus) Army Strategic Command (Kostrad) Army Raider Infantry Battalions Army Infantry Battalions Territorial Reserve Navy Marine Corps Navy Frogmen Command (Kopaska) 1st Fleet Command 2nd Fleet Command 3rd Fleet Command Military Sealift Command Air Force Two battalions of airmen (one in flight suits and one in combat uniforms)
9562_12	Air Force Infantry (Paskhas) Veterans contingent Civil service contingent Civil defense contingent (Firefighters, Maritime Security Agency) Reserve and uniformed cadets contingent
9562_13	See also Indonesian National Armed Forces Armed Forces Day External links Indonesian National Armed Forces day parade 2017 Armed Forces days Public holidays in Indonesia Military parades Military of Indonesia
9563_0	List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 2004.
9563_1	U.S. and Canadian Fellows Thomas A. Abercrombie, Associate Professor of Anthropology, New York University: Social-climbing, self-narrative, and modernity in the Spanish transatlantic world, 1550-1808. Amir D. Aczel, Science Writer, Brookline, Massachusetts: Descartes' missing notebook and the beginnings of modern mathematics. Qianshen Bai, Assistant Professor of Chinese Art, Boston University: Wu Dacheng and the modern fate of Chinese literati art. Mary Jo Bang, Poet, St. Louis, Missouri: Associate Professor of English, Washington University in St. Louis: Poetry. Stuart Banner, Professor of Law, University of California, Los Angeles: Law, power, and American Indian land loss. Uta Barth, Photographer, Los Angeles; Professor of Studio Art, University of California, Riverside: Photography. Howell S. Baum, Professor of Urban Studies and Planning, University of Maryland, College Park: Racial beliefs, liberalism, and school civil-rights policy.
9563_2	Thomas W. Baumgarte, Professor of Physics, Bowdoin College; Adjunct Assistant Professor of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: Computer simulations of gravitational waves. Lucian A. Bebchuk, William J. Friedman and Alicia Townsend Friedman Professor of Law, Economics, and Finance, Harvard University Law School: The allocation of power between management and shareholders. Christopher I. Beckwith, Professor of Central Eurasian Studies, Indiana University: A history of central Eurasia. Jason David BeDuhn, Associate Professor of Religious Studies, Northern Arizona University: Augustine's Manichaeism and the making of Western Christianity. Ruth Ben-Ghiat, Associate Professor of Italian Studies and History, New York University: Italian prisoners of war and the transition from dictatorship. Neil Berger, Artist, Alpine, New York: Painting. Bill Berkeley, Writer, New York City; Adjunct Professor of International Affairs, Columbia University: The Iran hostage crisis.

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