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9563_3 | Constance Hoffman Berman, Professor of History, University of Iowa: Women's work and European economic expansion, 1050-1250.
Kenneth M. Bilby, Independent Scholar, Rhinebeck, New York; Rockefeller Resident Fellow, Columbia College Chicago: Jamaican musical ethnography.
Eric Bogosian, Playwright, New York City: Play writing.
Carles Boix, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Chicago: The emergence of party democracy in advanced countries, 1880-1930.
Gideon Bok, Artist, Northampton, Massachusetts; Assistant Professor of Art, Hampshire College: Painting.
Michael P. Brenner, Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Mathematics and Applied Physics, Harvard University: Mathematical models in developmental biology.
Margaret Brouwer, Composer, Cleveland Heights, Ohio; Vincent K. and Edith H. Smith Chair in Composition and Department Head, Cleveland Institute of Music: Music composition. |
9563_4 | Mary Ellen Brown, Professor of Folklore and Ethnomusicology, Indiana University: The making of Francis James Child's Ballads.
Stephen B. Brush, Professor of Human and Community Development, University of California, Davis: The cultural contours of maize in contemporary Mexico.
Linda Goode Bryant, Film Maker, New York City: Film making.
Felipe C. Cabello, Professor of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College: Public-health implications of antibiotic use in aquaculture.
Cameron D. Campbell, Associate Professor of Sociology and Vice-Chairman and Director of Graduate Studies, University of California, Los Angeles: Social and family change in Liaoning, 1850-2000 (in collaboration with James Lee).
Huai-Dong Cao, A. Everett Pitcher Professor of Mathematics, Lehigh University: The Ricci flow on Kaehler manifolds.
Judith A. Carney, Professor of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles: Africa's botanical heritage in the Atlantic world. |
9563_5 | Mary Carruthers, Dean for Humanities, Faculty of Arts and Science, and Erich Maria Remarque Professor of Literature, New York University: Aesthetic theory, medicine, and persuasion in the later Middle Ages.
Zeynep Celik, Professor of Architecture, New Jersey Institute of Technology: Architecture and the city in the Middle East and North Africa, 1830-1914.
H. Perry Chapman, Professor of Art History, University of Delaware; Editor-in-Chief, The Art Bulletin: The painter's place in the Dutch Republic, 1604-1718.
Susan Choi, Writer, Brooklyn, New York; Lecturer in the Council of the Humanities and Creative Writing, Princeton University: Fiction.
Robert Clark, Writer, Seattle, Washington: Essays on art, belief, and Italy.
Matthew Coolidge, Artist, Culver City, California; Director, Center for Land Use Interpretation, Culver City: New media art.
Erin Cosgrove, Artist, Los Angeles; Adjunct Professor of Art History, West Los Angeles Community College: Installation art. |
9563_6 | Edwin A. Cowen, Associate Professor and Director, DeFrees Hydraulics Laboratory, Cornell University: Swash-zone turbulence and sediment transport.
Daniel Cox, Professor of Physics, University of California, Davis: Studies in theoretical biological physics.
Alvin Curran, Composer, Rome, Italy; Milhaud Professor of Music Composition, Mills College: Music composition.
Jane Dailey, Associate Professor of History, The Johns Hopkins University: Sex and civil rights in America.
Panagiota Daskalopoulos, Professor of Mathematics, Columbia University: Studies in nonlinear diffusion equations.
Peter Ho Davies, Writer, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Associate Professor of English and Director, MFA Program, University of Michigan: Fiction.
Olena Kalytiak Davis, Poet, Anchorage, Alaska: Poetry.
Joan Dayan, Professor of English and Comparative Literature, University of Pennsylvania: Slavery, incarceration, and the law of persons. |
9563_7 | Toi Derricotte, Poet, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Professor of English, University of Pittsburgh: Poetry.
Stuart Dischell, Poet, Greensboro, North Carolina; Associate Professor of English, University of North Carolina, Greensboro: Poetry.
Eugene Walter Domack, Professor of Geology, Hamilton College: A study of the snowball-earth hypothesis.
Henry John Drewal, Evjue-Bascom Professor of Art History and Afro-American Studies, University of Wisconsin–Madison: The senses in understandings of African art.
Jenny Dubnau, Artist, Jackson Heights, New York: Painting.
Jason Eckardt, Composer, New York City; Lecturer in Music Composition, Northwestern University: Music composition.
Marty Ehrlich, Composer and Performer, New York City: Music composition.
Susan L. Einbinder, Professor of Hebrew Literature, Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati: Poetry and history in medieval Jewish literature from Provence.
Kenneth Feingold, Artist, New York: Sculpture. |
9563_8 | Robert Fenz, Film Maker, Allston, Massachusetts; Personal Assistant to Robert Gardner, Film Studies Center, Harvard University: Film making.
Paola Ferrario, Photographer, Warwick, Rhode Island; Associate Professor of Art, Rhode Island College: Photography.
Nicholas Fisher, Professor, Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook: Metal biomagnification in contrasting marine food-chains.
Talya Fishman, Associate Professor of Religious Studies, University of Pennsylvania: The inscription of Oral Torah and the formation of Jewish culture in the Middle Ages.
Daniel E. Fleming, Professor of Hebrew and Judaic Studies, New York University: Israel's inland heritage.
Angus J. S. Fletcher, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of English and Comparative Literature, The Graduate School, City University of New York: Temporal representations in poems of the environment. |
9563_9 | Neil Fligstein, Class of 1939 Chancellor's Professor, University of California, Berkeley: The process of Europeanization.
Wayne Franklin, Davis Distinguished Professor of American Literature, Northeastern University: A biography of James Fenimore Cooper.
Ann Eden Gibson, Professor of Art History, University of Delaware: Hale Woodruff's diasporic images.
John G. Gibson, Independent Researcher and Writer, Judique, Nova Scotia; Research Associate in Celtic Studies, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia: The history and significance of Cape Breton Gaelic step-dancing.
Roger Gilbert, Professor of English, Cornell University: The life and art of A. R. Ammons.
Brad Gooch, Writer, New York City; Professor of English, William Paterson University: A biography of Flannery O'Connor.
Fritz Graf, Professor of Greek and Latin, Ohio State University: Festivals in cities of the Greek East during the Roman imperial epoch. |
9563_10 | Greg Grandin, Assistant Professor of History, New York University: The United States in Latin America during the Cold War.
Mac Keith Griswold, Director of Archival Research, The Sylvester Manor Project, Shelter Island, New York: The history of Sylvester Manor, a Long Island plantation.
Alexandra Halkin, Video Maker, Chicago; International Coordinator, Chiapas Media Project, Promedios de Comunicación Comunitaria, Chicago: Video.
Deborah E. Harkness, Associate Professor of History, University of California, Davis: Science, medicine, and technology in Elizabethan London.
Jeffrey Herbst, Professor of Politics and International Affairs, Princeton University: Geography and the development of states.
David W. Hertzog, Professor of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: Precision measurements of the Fermi constant and the muon anomaly. |
9563_11 | Bruce W. Holsinger, Associate Professor of English, University of Colorado, Boulder: Liturgical culture and vernacular writing in England, 1000-1550.
Andrew Hudgins, Poet, Columbus, Ohio; Humanities Distinguished Professor of English, Ohio State University: Poetry.
Lorna Hutson, Professor of English Literature, University of California, Berkeley: Forensic realism in English Renaissance drama.
Russell Impagliazzo, Professor of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego: Heuristics, proof complexity, and algorithmic techniques.
Lawson Fusao Inada, Poet, Medford, Oregon; Professor Emeritus of English, Southern Oregon University: Poetry.
Alexandra Jaffe, Associate Professor of Linguistics, California State University, Long Beach: Language, citizenship, and identity in a bilingual Corsican school.
Leroy Jenkins, Composer and Performer, Brooklyn, New York: Music composition. |
9563_12 | Steven Johnstone, Associate Professor of History, University of Arizona: A history of trust in classical Greece.
Deborah Kahn, Artist, Silver Spring, Maryland; Associate Professor of Fine Arts, American University: Painting.
Mary Karr, Poet, Syracuse, New York; Jess Truesdell Peck Professor of Literature, Syracuse University: Poetry.
Elizabeth A. Kellogg, E. Desmond Lee and Family Professor of Botanical Studies, University of Missouri–St. Louis: Development of grass flowers and inflorescences.
Ellen D. Ketterson, Professor of Biology and Professor of Gender Studies, Indiana University: Sex and gender in animals.
Ann Marie Kimball, Professor of Epidemiology and Health Sciences and Adjunct Professor of Biomedical Health Informatics and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle: Emerging infections in an era of global trade.
Peter Kivy, Board of Governors Professor of Philosophy, Rutgers University: The performance of reading. |
9563_13 | Mark Klett, Photographer, Tempe, Arizona; Regent's Professor of Art, Arizona State University: Photography.
Stephen M. Kosslyn, John Lindsley Professor of Psychology in Memory of William James, Harvard University: Mental imagery and the brain.
Stephen Kotkin, Professor of History, Princeton University: A historical study of the Ob River basin.
Joey Kötting, Artist, Brooklyn, New York: Painting.
Joyce Kozloff, Artist, New York City: Painting and installation art.
Kannan M. Krishnan, Campbell Professor of Materials Science, University of Washington, Seattle: Magnetic nanoparticles for cancer therapeutics.
Timur Kuran, Professor of Economics and Law, and King Faisal Professor of Islamic Thought and Culture, University of Southern California: Islamic influences on Middle Eastern governance.
Joan La Barbara, Composer and Performer, New York City: Music composition. |
9563_14 | Michael T. Lacey, Professor of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology: Singular integrals on smoothly varying lines.
Lisa Lapinski, Artist, Los Angeles: Installation art.
Niklaus Largier, Professor of German Literature, University of California, Berkeley: A history of taste and touch in medieval traditions.
thi diem thúy lê, Writer, Northampton, Massachusetts: Fiction.
Benjamin Lee, Professor of Anthropology, Rice University: Cultures of circulation.
James Z. Lee, Professor of History and Sociology and Research Professor, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan: Social and family change in Liaoning, 1850-2000 (in collaboration with Cameron Campbell).
Robert A. LeVine, Roy E. Larsen Professor Emeritus of Education and Human Development, Harvard University: The anthropology of parenting.
Mark Lilla, Professor, Committee on Social Thought, University of Chicago: Modern political theology. |
9563_15 | M. Susan Lindee, Professor of History and Sociology of Science, University of Pennsylvania: Science, medicine, and war in the twentieth century.
Hong Ma, Professor of Biology, Pennsylvania State University: Analysis of plant meiosis using three-dimensional light-microscopic techniques.
Alberto Manguel, Writer, Mondion, France: A memoir of libraries.
Douglas Mao, Associate Professor of English, Cornell University: Aesthetic environment and human development in 20th-century writing.
Matthew Marello, Video Maker, New York City: Video.
Curtis T. McMullen, Maria Moors Cabot Professor of Natural Science, Harvard University: Dynamics over moduli space.
Sarah McPhee, Associate Professor of Art History, Emory University; Visiting Associate Professor of Art History, Columbia University: A portrait of Bernini's mistress, Costanza Piccolomini.
Douglas Medin, Professor of Psychology and Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University: Mental models of biological resources. |
9563_16 | Maile Meloy, Writer, Los Angeles: Fiction.
Ernesto Mestre, Writer, Brooklyn, New York; Assistant Professor of Fiction, Brooklyn College, City University of New York; Member of the Guest Faculty in Writing, Sarah Lawrence College: Fiction.
Christopher Miller, Professor of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator, Brandeis University: Structures of potassium and chloride channels.
Joseph C. Miller, T. Cary Johnson, Jr. Professor of History, University of Virginia: Slavery as a historical process.
Ross L. Miller, Professor of English and Comparative Literature, University of Connecticut: The Jewish discovery of America, 1881-1914.
Gregg A. Mitman, Professor of History of Science, Medical History, and Science & Technology Studies, University of Wisconsin–Madison: An ecological history of allergy in America.
Robert Moeller, Professor of History, University of California, Irvine: Modern Germanies, 1933-1973. |
9563_17 | Jennifer Monson, Choreographer, New York City: Choreography.
Honor Moore, Member of the Core Faculty, Graduate Writing Program, New School University: A memoir of her relationship with her father.
Alexander V. Neimark, Director of Research, Center for Modeling and Characterization of Nanoporous Materials, Textile Research Institute (TRI), Princeton, New Jersey: Equilibrium and phase transitions in nanoscale systems.
Ann Nelson, Professor of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle: Cosmology and particle physics.
Jeremy Nelson, Choreographer, Brooklyn, New York; Guest Artist, Connecticut College: Choreography.
Andrew Neumann, Artist, Boston, Massachusetts: Video installation art.
Carolyn Nordstrom, Associate Professor of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame: The power and cultures of the extra-legal in the 21st century. |
9563_18 | John O'Loughlin, Professor of Geography and Faculty Research Associate, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder: Ukraine's new borders and geopolitics.
Dael Orlandersmith, Playwright, New York City: Play writing.
Mark Osborne, Film Maker, Los Angeles: Film making.
Julie Otsuka, Writer, New York City: Fiction.
J. B. "Jack" Owens, Professor of History, Idaho State University: Clandestine political economies and the exercise of public authority in Philip II's Spain.
Mitko Panov, Film Maker, Austin, Texas; Associate Professor of Film Production, University of Texas at Austin: Film making.
Philip Pavia, Artist, New York City: Sculpture.
Fred Pelka, Writer, Florence, Massachusetts; Principal Researcher and Interviewer, Oral History Project on Disability Rights and Independent Living, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley: An oral history of the disability-rights movement in America. |
9563_19 | Peggy Phelan, Ann O'Day Maples Chair in the Arts, and Professor of Drama, Stanford University: Politics and aesthetics after 9/11.
Larry Polansky, Composer, Hanover, New Hampshire; Associate Professor of Music, Dartmouth College: Music composition.
William Pope.L, Artist, Lewiston, Maine; Lecturer in Theatre and Rhetoric, Bates College: Installation art.
Marlo Poras, Film Maker, Brookline, Massachusetts; Editor, Camerawoman.: Film making.
Stephen Quay, Film Maker, London, England: Film making (in collaboration with Timothy Quay).
Timothy Quay, Film Maker, London, England: Film making (in collaboration with Stephen Quay).
Robert J. Richards, Morris Fishbein Professor of History of Science, University of Chicago: Ernst Haeckel and the battle over evolution in Germany.
Loren H. Rieseberg, Distinguished Professor of Biology, Indiana University: The origin and evolution of plant species. |
9563_20 | Nancy Lin Rose, Professor of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Regulatory reform and restructuring.
David Roussève, Choreographer, Los Angeles, California; Distinguished Professor of Choreography, and Chairman, Department of World Arts and Cultures, University of California, Los Angeles: Choreography.
Kay Ryan, Poet, Fairfax, California; Instructor in Writing, College of Marin: Poetry.
Katy Schneider, Artist, Northampton, Massachusetts; Lecturer in Art, Smith College: Painting.
Grace Schulman, Poet, New York City; Distinguished Professor of English, Baruch College, City University of New York: Poetry.
Rebecca J. Scott, Charles Gibson Distinguished University Professor of History and Professor of Law, University of Michigan: The legal history of slavery and emancipation in Cuba and Louisiana.
Tamar Seideman, Professor of Chemistry, Northwestern University: Current-driven dynamics in molecular-scale devices. |
9563_21 | Jerrold Seigel, William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor of History, New York University: Modernity and bourgeois life in Europe.
Martha Ann Selby, Associate Professor of South Asian Studies, University of Texas at Austin: Form, style, and symbol in a late Old Tamil romantic anthology.
Vijay Seshadri, Poet, Brooklyn, New York; Professor and Director of Graduate Non-Fiction Writing Program, Sarah Lawrence College: Poetry.
Jim Shaw, Artist, Los Angeles; Member of the Adjunct Faculty, Art Center College of Design: Painting and installation art.
Arlene J. Shechet, Artist, New York City: Sculpture.
Laura Ackerman Smoller, Associate Professor of History, University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Adjunct Associate Professor of Medical Humanities, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences: The cult of Vincent Ferrer and the religious life of the later Middle Ages.
SOL'SAX, Artist, Brooklyn, New York; Lecturer in Art, Medgar Evers College, City University of New York: Sculpture. |
9563_22 | Scott Spencer, Writer, Rhinebeck, New York: Fiction.
Ellen Spiro, Film Maker, Austin, Texas; Associate Professor of Film, University of Texas at Austin: Film making.
Timothy A. Springer, Latham Family Professor of Pathology, CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard University Medical School: X-ray crystallography of integrins and their cytoplasmic activators.
Peter Stallybrass, Walter H. and Lenore C. Annenberg Professor of Humanities and Professor of English, University of Pennsylvania: Technologies of reading and writing in early modern England and America.
David Stern, Roth Meltzer Professor of Classical Hebrew Literature, University of Pennsylvania: Four classic Jewish books and the Jewish historical experience.
Joann M. Stock, Professor of Geology and Geophysics, California Institute of Technology: A comparative tectonic history of two rift basins. |
9563_23 | Richard Stone, Writer, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida; European News Editor, Science International: Marco Polo's magicians and sorcerers.
Joan E. Strassmann, Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University: A microbial model for the genetics and evolution of social interactions.
Manil Suri, Writer, Silver Spring, Maryland; Professor of Mathematics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County: Fiction.
Alan M. Taylor, Professor of Economics, University of California, Davis: International trade and international finance.
Margo Todd, Walter H. Annenberg Professor of History, University of Pennsylvania: Council, kirk, and guild in early modern Perth.
Leo Treitler, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Music, Graduate Center, City University of New York: A study of discourse about music.
J. Marshall Unger, Professor of Japanese and Chairman, Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures, Ohio State University: Language contact in early Japanese history. |
9563_24 | Veronica Vaida, Professor of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder: Molecular properties of atmospheric organic aerosols.
Jeffrey Vallance, Artist, Reseda, California; Visiting Assistant Professor of Art, University of California, Los Angeles: Installation art.
Katherine Verdery, Eric R. Wolf Collegiate Professor of Anthropology, University of Michigan: Collectivization in Romania, 1948-1962.
Gregory A. Voth, Professor of Chemistry and Director, Center for Biophysical Modeling & Simulation, University of Utah: Biomolecular systems over large length and time scales.
Susan Jane Walp, Artist, Chelsea, Vermont; Lecturer in Studio Art, Dartmouth College: Painting.
Mary Anne Weaver, Writer, New York City: The world of militant Islam.
Timberlake Wertenbaker, Playwright, London, England: Play writing.
Frances White, Composer, Princeton, New Jersey: Music composition.
William T. Wiley, Artist, Woodacre, California: Painting and sculpture. |
9563_25 | Carolyn Williams, Associate Professor of English, Rutgers University: The aesthetics of melodramatic form.
Clara Williams, Artist and Writer, Bronx, New York: Sculpture and installation art.
Gwendolyn Wright, Professor of Architecture, Columbia University: Modern housing in America.
Carolyn Yarnell, Composer, Laguna Hills, California: Music composition.
Yin Mei, Choreographer, Port Washington, New York; Associate Professor of Dance, Queens College, City University of New York; Artistic Director, Yin Mei Dance: Choreography.
Pamela Z, Composer and Performer, San Francisco: Music composition.
William R. Zame, Professor of Economics and Professor of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles: Theoretical and experimental studies of financial markets.
Xiao Cheng Zeng, Willa Cather Professor of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Novel nanostructures of silicon. |
9563_26 | David W. Zingg, Canada Research Chair in Computational Aerodynamics and Associate Director, Institute for Aerospace Studies, University of Toronto: The design of environmentally friendly aircraft.
David Zuckerman, Professor of Computer Science, University of Texas at Austin: Randomness and computation. |
9563_27 | Latin American and Caribbean Fellows
Coriún Aharonián, Composer and Musicologist, Montevideo, Uruguay: Socio-cultural, political, and aesthetic dimensions of the tango, past and present.
Carlos Darío Albornoz, Scientific Photographer, Miguel Lillo Institute, National University of Tucumán; Principal Technician, National Council of Argentina (CONICET): Photography.
Carlos Washington Altamirano, Co-Director, Program of Intellectual History, National University of Quilmes: Social science and socialist science in Argentina, 1890-1914.
Raúl Antelo, Professor of Brazilian Literature, Federal University of Saint Catherine: Maria Martins and Marcel Duchamp.
J. Eduardo P. W. Bicudo, Professor of Physiology, University of São Paulo: Nutritional adaptation in humans subjected to malnutrition.
Liset Castillo, Sculptor and Photographer, Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Sculpture. |
9563_28 | Nicolás Antonio Casullo, Professor of the History of Modern Ideas, University of Buenos Aires; Professor of Cultural Studies, National University of Quilmes: Revolutionary vanguards in the 1970s and the popular movements of 2001-2002 in Argentina.
Emilio de Ipola, Professor of Sociological Theory, University of Buenos Aires; Principal Researcher, National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET): Political and ideological formation of youth during the first Peronism, 1946-1955.
Paolo Di Mascio, Professor of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo: The reactions of reactive oxygen species with critical cellular biomolecules.
Carmen Dragonetti, Superior Researcher, National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), President, Buddhist Studies Institute Foundation (FIEB): The myth of the opposition between Indian thought and Western philosophy. |
9563_29 | Lucila Irene Edelman, Psychologist, Buenos Aires; Executive Committee Member, Argentine Team of Psycho-Social Work and Research (EATIP); Professor of Psychiatry and Psychology, National University of de Mar del Plata: Multigenerational psychological effects of dictatorial repression (in collaboration with Diana Ruth Kordon).
Rosario Ferre, Writer, San Juan, Puerto Rico: Fiction.
Ricardo T. Gazzinelli, Principal Investigator, René Rachou Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, and Professor, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil: The role of toll-like receptors in malaria pathogenesis.
Mario Handler, Film Maker, Montevideo, Uruguay: Film making.
Jorge Hernández Díaz, Research Professor of Anthropology, Autonomous University "Benito Juarez" of Oaxaca, Mexico: Multiple citizenship construction in a pluricultural space. |
9563_30 | Beatriz Jaguaribe, Professor of Communications, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: Public photography and the images of the nation in Brazil, 1937-1945.
Liliana Katinas, Assistant Professor of Biogeography and Botany, National University of La Plata; Adjunct Researcher, National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET): Evolution and biogeography in Nassauviinae.
Diana Ruth Kordon, Psychiatrist, Buenos Aires; Coordinator, Argentine Team of Psycho-Social Work and Research (EATIP); Professor of Psychology and Group Psychoanalysis, National University of de Mar del Plata: Multigenerational psychological effects of dictatorial repression (in collaboration with Lucila Edelman).
Claudio Landim, Research Professor, Institute of Pure and Applied Mathematics (IMPA): The hydrodynamic limit of interacting particle systems. |
9563_31 | Daniel Link, Associate Professor of Twentieth Century Literature, University of Buenos Aires; Director, Radarlibros, Literary Supplement of Pagina/12: Grammar of imagined sexualities in Latin America.
Oscar E. Martínez, Professor of Physics, University of Buenos Aires: Development of new nanoscopies and nano-spectroscopies.
Silvio Luis Mattoni, Poet, Córdoba, Argentina; Adjunct Professor of Aesthetics, National University of Córdoba; Literary Critic, La voz del interior: Poetry.
Lina Meruane, Writer, Santiago, Chile; Columnist and Cultural Reporter, Diario El Mercurio: Fiction.
Cristina Messineo, Associate Researcher, National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET); Professor of Linguistics, University of Buenos Aires: Language and style in Toba verbal art.
Gabriela Ortiz Torres, Composer, Mexico City; Professor of Composition, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM): Music composition.
Ignacio Padilla, Writer, Querétaro, Mexico: Fiction. |
9563_32 | Margarita Paksa, Multimedia and Conceptual Artist, Buenos Aires, Argentina: Multimedia and conceptual art.
Yolanda Pantin, Poet, Caracas, Venezuela: Poetry.
Juan Pablo Paz, Member of the Technical Staff, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico; Associate Professor of Physics, University of Buenos Aires: Decoherence and quantum computation.
Marco A. M. Prado, Associate Professor of Pharmacology, Federal University of Minas Gerais: Trafficking and activity regulation of the high-affinity choline transporter.
Leticia Reina, Research Professor of History, National Institute of Anthropology and History, Mexico City: Political engagement by indigenous peoples in the 19th century.
Luis A. Humberto Rodríguez Pastor, Director of Social Sciences, National Council of Science and Technology (CONCYTEC); Professor of Anthropology, National University of San Marcos: The Chinese of Lima and the Peruvian Chinese community. |
9563_33 | Homero Rubbo, Associate Professor of Biochemistry, University of the Republic, Montevideo: Nitric oxide and nitrated species in inflammation and human vascular disease.
Aristides Osvaldo Félix Salerno Nuñez, Installation Artist, Asunción, Paraguay; Director, Museo del Barro, Asunción: Installation art.
Ricardo D. Salvatore, Professor of History, Torcuato Di Tella University, Buenos Aires: Economic development and nutritional convergence in Argentina between the Great War and Peronism.
Jorge Volpi, Writer, Mexico City: Fiction. |
9563_34 | External links
John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation home page
2004
2004 awards
Academic awards |
9564_0 | The European Union–Mercosur free trade agreement is a free trade agreement on which the EU and Mercosur reached agreement in principle in 2019. The deal was announced on 28 June at the 2019 G20 Osaka summit after twenty years of negotiations. Although there is agreement in principle, the final texts have not been finalised, signed or ratified and therefore have not entered into force. If ratified, it would represent the largest trade deal struck by both the EU and Mercosur in terms of citizens involved. The trade deal is part of a wider Association Agreement between the two blocs. Besides trade, the association agreement would also deal with cooperation and political dialogue. Negotiations on these two parts were concluded on 18 June 2020. |
9564_1 | Background
The agreement came after twenty years of negotiation. Talks began in 1999 but stalled before regaining momentum in 2016. Talks had foundered for years due to opposition from European beef producers, especially small farmers who feared being undercut on price by imports from Brazil, the world's biggest beef producer. Many governments in South America at this time preferred "south-south co-operation" to developing ties with Europe, while European governments similarly had other priorities. |
9564_2 | The growing use of protectionist policies by national leaders is considered to have spurred the renewal of talks in 2016. The EU may be hoping that the deal represents a significant break in this global renewal of protectionism. European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker cited the deal as an endorsement of "rules-based trade" in a time of growing protectionism. Mercosur may be hoping to use the deal as a model for future deals going forward. Mercosur's presidents have already stated that they want to reach trade agreements with Canada and the EFTA. Argentina's president Mauricio Macri has said that the agreement with the EU is "not a point of arrival but of departure". |
9564_3 | The EU is already Mercosur's largest trading and investment partner. 20.1% of the trade bloc's exports went to the EU in 2018. Mercosur exports to the EU were worth €42.6 billion in that year, while EU exports to the Mercosur countries were worth €45 billion. Mercosur's biggest exports to EU countries are agricultural products such as food, beverages and tobacco, vegetable products including soya and coffee, and meat and other animal products. Europe's biggest exports to Mercosur include machinery, transport equipment, and chemical and pharmaceutical products. The EU exported €23 billion worth of services to the South American trade bloc in 2017 while about €11 billion worth of services came from Mercosur into Europe. |
9564_4 | Despite the value of the trading, significant tariffs remain in place, meaning potential expansion of markets should these tariffs be removed. The EU wants more access for its manufactured goods especially cars, which face tariffs of 35%, and more access to contracts for its firms and wine and cheese to sell. The primary aim of the Mercosur countries is to boost sales of farm commodities.
Features
The combined population of the two regions means that the deal would involve a population of 780 million. It is the largest free trade deal agreed by Mercosur since the bloc's launch in 1991. It also represents the EU's largest trade deal to date in terms of tariff reduction. |
9564_5 | For Mercosur the deal eliminates 93% of tariffs to the EU and grants “preferential treatment” for the remaining 7%. The deal will allow increased access to the European market for Mercosur's agricultural goods, notably beef, poultry, sugar and ethanol. The deal will likely also be good for Brazilian juice exporters and Argentine fish exporters. The deal will also remove 91% of tariffs on EU exports to the Mercosur countries. According to the Financial Times, “some of the most important wins for Europe include the slashing of duties on cars and car parts, chemicals, machinery and textiles, and improved market access for EU wine and cheese”. €4.5 billion worth of duties will be saved, according to the European Commission. The deal includes a standstill clause whereby remaining tariffs will not be raised above an agreed rate. |
9564_6 | The scope of the agreement is very broad. Besides tariffs, it covers Rules of Origin, Trade Remedies, Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS), Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), Services and Investment liberalization, Competition Policy, Subsidies, State Owned Enterprises (SOE), Trade and Sustainable Development. It also includes increased access to public procurement contracts and Intellectual Property Rights including "Geographical Indications" or protection for regional food specialities. Legal guarantees will be put in place protecting 357 European food and drink products from imitation including Prosciutto di Parma and Fromage de Herve. Customs procedures will also be simplified under the deal.
If ratified, it will be phased in over 15 years.
Opposition
The deal has been denounced by European beef farmers, environmental activists and indigenous rights campaigners. |
9564_7 | Protests against the deal have taken place. Governments and parliaments of the EU members states have also criticised the agreement. In October 2020 both the European Parliament and the European Commissioner for Trade Valdis Dombrovskis have stated that the EU-Mercosur agreement "cannot be approved as its stands".
European farmers
The deal is expected to trigger a huge surge of Argentinean and Brazilian beef exports to all EU countries. Under the agreement, the EU will open its markets to a quota of up to 99,000 tonnes of beef per year at a preferential rate of 7.5% tariffs. Farmers throughout the EU oppose this, particularly smaller farmers who fear being undercut on price. The COPA-COGECA union, which represents 23 million farmers across the EU, warned the deal “will go down in history as a very dark moment”. The Irish Farmers' Association denounced the deal as a “disgraceful and feeble sell-out”.
Environmentalists |
9564_8 | Of concern also is the potential environmental impact of the agreement, in particular that it could represent a setback in the fight against climate change. The Amazon rainforest is one of the world's largest carbon sinks. But the amount of carbon that the Amazon is absorbing from the atmosphere and storing each year has fallen by around a third in the last decade. This decline in the Amazon carbon sink amounts to one billion tonnes of carbon dioxide – equivalent to over twice the UK’s annual emissions. Since the election of Jair Bolsonaro as President of Brazil deforestation of the Amazon has intensified. The deforestation of the Amazon is now at its highest rate in a decade, with 2018 seeing a 13% increase in deforestation. |
9564_9 | Cattle farming is the single largest driver of Amazon deforestation, and has been responsible for as much as 80% of the deforestation. The current increased rate of rainforest destruction comes at a time of record beef exports from Brazil. The fear is that the deal could lead to even more deforestation as it expands market access to Brazilian beef. EU leaders have responded to criticism by stating that the terms of the deal do not contravene the targets of the Paris climate agreement and that the trade deal highlights a commitment to “rules-based trade”. Yet, as Jonathan Watts points out, “there are countless reports of rule-breaking by Brazilian meat companies”. Many experts consider the environmental provisions in the current text of the deal to be “toothless” as they lack enforcement powers Brazil is a signatory to the Paris climate agreement but President Bolsonaro has criticised it and threatened to pull Brazil out. As mentioned above, deforestation of the Amazon has intensified |
9564_10 | under Bolsonaro. He has been accused of weakening Brazil's environmental ministry, encouraging farming and mining expansion in the area and turning a blind eye to illegal destruction. The current environment minister, Ricardo Salles, has imposed the lowest number of fines for illegal deforestation in a decade. |
9564_11 | According to Jonathan Watts ‘negotiations took almost two decades, which may explain why the outcome signed last week reflects the pro-industry values of the past rather than the environmental concerns of the present’. An editorial in The Irish Times states “EU countries are committing to achieving net-zero carbon by 2050, but this will prove meaningless if the planet’s greatest carbon sink is destroyed.” Former French environment minister Nicolas Hulot denounced the agreement in an interview with Le Monde, claiming that is "completely contradictory" to the EU's climate goals and warning that it would enable further destruction of the Amazon rainforest. Fears have been expressed in the Financial Times that the “EU-Mercosur deal will cancel out climate efforts”.
Indigenous rights activists |
9564_12 | Aside from the threat to the climate, deforestation would directly impact Brazil's indigenous communities, who are already facing a worsening situation. Since becoming president, Bolsonaro has attempted to strip the indigenous agency FUNAI of its responsibility to identify and demarcate indigenous land and hand that power to the Agriculture ministry. Such a move would "put the fox in charge of the chicken coop", according to opposition Senator Randolfe Rodrigues. He has also defunded agencies responsible for law enforcement in the Amazon. Indigenous communities are facing direct threats. In 2019 an estimated 20,000 goldminers illegally invaded Yanomami Indigenous Territory, one of Brazil's largest indigenous territories. Yanomami campaigners have accused the president of encouraging the invasion by stating that indigenous people had too much land and that large-scale mining and extensive monoculture should be allowed on indigenous territory. |
9564_13 | Dinaman Tuxá, an indigenous leader, has said that "Accords like this only raise the level of violence against indigenous people. We need to tell the EU that signing this free-trade agreement could lead to genocide in Brazil. If they sign this agreement, blood will be spilled.” |
9564_14 | On June 18, 2019 over 340 civil society organizations wrote to call on the EU to halt the trade negotiations immediately and use their leverage as Brazil's second largest trading partner to improve the human rights situation in Brazil under Bolsonaro. The letter noted the decision to put indigenous land demarcation under the remit of the Agriculture ministry where the agribusiness lobby has powerful sway and repeated attacks and invasions of indigenous land by profit seekers. It also noted previous suspension of trade preferences with countries involved in human rights violations such as Myanmar and the Philippines in addition to restricting import of products related to human rights abuses such as conflict minerals. This letter echoed a similar plea made in May by 600 European scientists and 300 indigenous groups, which called on the EU to demand that Brazil respect environmental and human rights standards as a precondition for concluding the Mercosur trade negotiations. |
9564_15 | Governments and parliaments
After Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro received much criticism concerning the protection of the Amazon rain forest, both Ireland and France voiced concern, and threatened a veto on the agreement unless action is taken by the Brazilian government.
In July 2019 a symbolic motion rejecting the trade deal was passed in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish legislature, by 84 votes to 46. On 8 August 2019 the Luxemburg trade minister indicated that the implementation of the Paris Climate Agreement was a necessary condition for signing the EU-Mercosur trade deal. On 28 August Slovak Agriculture Minister Gabriela Matecna said Slovakia would block the agreement because of Brazil's unacceptable approach to the Amazon fires. |
9564_16 | In September 2019, lawmakers on the Austrian parliament's EU subcommittee almost unanimously voted to reject the draft free trade agreement citing concerns over their national farming sector and the Amazon forest fires. As such the government is obliged to veto the pact at EU level, where all 28 member states and their parliaments must agree to trade deals. Lawmakers from the centre-right ÖVP and the far-right Freedom Party also voted to reject the deal.
On 20 January 2020 the government of the Belgian region Wallonia took formal position against the agreement. The Walloon parliament unanimously (70-0) endorsed this position on 5 February 2020. |
9564_17 | On 2 June 2020 the Dutch House of Representatives adopted a motion rejecting the agreement with a narrow majority. The government of the Belgian capital region Brussels stated on 14 July 2020 that the agreement was unacceptable in its current form and listed a series of preconditions. This position was endorsed by a Parliamentary commission on 10 October 2020.
On 20 August 2020 the German Chancellor Angela Merkel expressed doubts about the EU-Mercosur trade deal and whether it could go through in its current form.
On 29 September 2020 deputy prime minister Leo Varadkar said that Ireland would not ratify the EU-Mercosur trade deal unless new enforceable environmental guarantees were added.
Finalization, signature and ratification |
9564_18 | After the adoption and publication of the 17-page "agreement in principle" on 1 July 2019, 29 unfinished texts of chapters and annexes of the trade agreement were published in July and September with a disclaimer that they were published "for information purposes only and may undergo further modifications including as a result of the process of legal revision". The essential liberalization schedules for goods, services and investment have not yet been released. |
9564_19 | In the meantime negotiations for the other parts of the EU-Mercosur Association Agreement have continued and were concluded on 18 June 2020 with an agreement on the pillars of political dialogue and cooperation, the preamble and the institutional and final provisions. This text has not been published yet by the official instances, but was leaked by Greenpeace. Greenpeace condemned the fact that commitments to protect nature or to tackle the climate emergency, as laid down in the UNFCC Paris Agreement, were not included in the conditions under which either of the parties could sanction the other, or suspend the agreement.
Once the texts are final and legally revised they will need to be translated in all EU and Mercosur official languages. |
9564_20 | The texts will then be presented by the European Commission to the Council of Ministers of the European Union for approval. In the Council unanimity is required. If approved the Council will sign the agreement and send it over to the Mercosur countries and to the European Parliament. An EU association agreement must also be approved by the national parliaments of all EU member states. Ratification of the agreement by the national parliaments of the Mercosur countries is also required. All together this is a process that may take many years in itself. However in the EU the trade part of the agreement (and some elements of the preamble, institutional and final provisions) may already be implemented provisionally after the ratification by the Mercosur and the approval of the European Parliament. |
9564_21 | The European Commission may also decide to present the trade pillar as a separate trade agreement. If the Mercosur countries and the Council agree with that, the separate trade agreement does not need to be approved by the parliaments of the EU member states (as trade is an exclusive EU competence), the approval of the European Parliament suffices. What is left of the association agreement must still be approved by all the national parliaments and cannot be implemented provisionally. |
9564_22 | There are a number of potential barriers that could stop the deal from being ratified. For example, the election of a more left-wing candidate in the 2019 Argentine general election. The increased presence of environmentalists in the European Parliament following the 2019 election has also been noted. The Economist speculates that distance and other priorities may cause of a loss of interest similar to that which delayed the talks for so long.
See also
European Union–Mercosur relations
European Union free trade agreements
External links
EU-Mercosur trade agreement: The Agreement in Principle and its texts, preliminary text on the website of the European Commission, 2019-07-12
References
Free trade agreements of the European Union
Free trade agreements of Mercosur
Mercosur
Proposed free trade agreements |
9565_0 | A multigate device, multi-gate MOSFET or multi-gate field-effect transistor (MuGFET) refers to a metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) that has more than one gate into a single device. The multiple gates may be controlled by a single gate electrode, wherein the multiple gate surfaces act electrically as a single gate, or by independent gate electrodes. A multigate device employing independent gate electrodes is sometimes called a multiple-independent-gate field-effect transistor (MIGFET). The most widely used multi-gate devices are the FinFET (fin field-effect transistor) and the GAAFET (gate-all-around field-effect transistor), which are non-planar transistors, or 3D transistors. |
9565_1 | Multi-gate transistors are one of the several strategies being developed by MOS semiconductor manufacturers to create ever-smaller microprocessors and memory cells, colloquially referred to as extending Moore's law (in its narrow, specific version concerning density scaling, exclusive of its careless historical conflation with Dennard scaling). Development efforts into multigate transistors have been reported by the Electrotechnical Laboratory, Toshiba, Grenoble INP, Hitachi, IBM, TSMC, UC Berkeley, Infineon Technologies, Intel, AMD, Samsung Electronics, KAIST, Freescale Semiconductor, and others, and the ITRS predicted correctly that such devices will be the cornerstone of sub-32 nm technologies. The primary roadblock to widespread implementation is manufacturability, as both planar and non-planar designs present significant challenges, especially with respect to lithography and patterning. Other complementary strategies for device scaling include channel strain engineering, |
9565_2 | silicon-on-insulator-based technologies, and high-κ/metal gate materials. |
9565_3 | Dual-gate MOSFETs are commonly used in very high frequency (VHF) mixers and in sensitive VHF front-end amplifiers. They are available from manufacturers such as Motorola, NXP Semiconductors, and Hitachi.
Types
Dozens of multigate transistor variants may be found in the literature. In general, these variants may be differentiated and classified in terms of architecture (planar vs. non-planar design) and the number of channels/gates (2, 3, or 4). |
9565_4 | Planar double-gate MOSFET (DGMOS)
A planar double-gate MOSFET (DGMOS) employs conventional planar (layer-by-layer) manufacturing processes to create double-gate MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor) devices, avoiding more stringent lithography requirements associated with non-planar, vertical transistor structures. In planar double-gate transistors the drain–source channel is sandwiched between two independently fabricated gate/gate-oxide stacks. The primary challenge in fabricating such structures is achieving satisfactory self-alignment between the upper and lower gates. |
9565_5 | After the MOSFET was first demonstrated by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng of Bell Labs in 1960, the concept of a double-gate thin-film transistor (TFT) was proposed by H.R. Farrah (Bendix Corporation) and R.F. Steinberg in 1967. The concept of a double-gate MOSFET was later proposed by Toshihiro Sekigawa of the Electrotechnical Laboratory (ETL) in a 1980 patent describing the planar XMOS transistor. Sekigawa fabricated the XMOS transistor with Yutaka Hayashi at the ETL in 1984. They demonstrated that short-channel effects can be significantly reduced by sandwiching a fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (SOI) device between two gate electrodes connected together. |
9565_6 | The ETL demonstration inspired Grenoble INP researchers including Francis Balestra, Sorin Cristoloveanu, M. Benachir and Tarek Elewa to fabricate a double-gate MOSFET using silicon thin film in 1987. The double-gate control of SOI transistors was used to force the whole silicon film (interface layers and volume) in strong inversion (called “Volume-Inversion MOSFET”) or strong accumulation (called “Volume-Accumulation MOSFET”). This method of transistor operation, demonstrating the electrostatic properties and scalability of multigate devices, offered strong device performance, particularly substantial increases in subthreshold slope, transconductance, and drain current. A simulation program and experiments on SIMOX structures was used to study this device. |
9565_7 | Sekigawa fabricated an XMOS device with 2µm gate length in 1987. In 1988, an IBM research team led by Bijan Davari fabricated 180nm to 250nm dual-gate CMOS devices. In 1992, Sekigawa fabricated a 380nm XMOS device. In 1998, E. Suzuki fabricated a 40 nm XMOS device. The focus of DGMOS research and development (R&D) subsequently shifted away from planar DGMOS technology, towards non-planar FinFET (fin field-effect transistor) and GAAFET (gate-all-around field-effect transistor) technologies. |
9565_8 | FlexFET
FlexFET is a planar, independently double-gated transistor with a damascene metal top gate MOSFET and an implanted JFET bottom gate that are self-aligned in a gate trench. This device is highly scalable due to its sub-lithographic channel length; non-implanted ultra-shallow source and drain extensions; non-epi raised source and drain regions; and gate-last flow. FlexFET is a true double-gate transistor in that (1) both the top and bottom gates provide transistor operation, and (2) the operation of the gates is coupled such that the top gate operation affects the bottom gate operation and vice versa. Flexfet was developed and is manufactured by American Semiconductor, Inc.
FinFET |
9565_9 | FinFET (fin field-effect transistor) is a type of non-planar transistor, or "3D" transistor (not to be confused with 3D microchips). The FinFET is a variation on traditional MOSFETs distinguished by the presence of a thin silicon "fin" inversion channel on top of the substrate, allowing the gate to make two points of contact: the left and right sides of the fin. The thickness of the fin (measured in the direction from source to drain) determines the effective channel length of the device. The wrap-around gate structure provides a better electrical control over the channel and thus helps in reducing the leakage current and overcoming other short-channel effects. |
9565_10 | The first finfet transistor type was called a "Depleted Lean-channel Transistor" or "DELTA" transistor, which was first fabricated by Hitachi Central Research Laboratory's Digh Hisamoto, Toru Kaga, Yoshifumi Kawamoto and Eiji Takeda in 1989. In the late 1990s, Digh Hisamoto began collaborating with an international team of researchers on further developing DELTA technology, including TSMC's Chenming Hu and a UC Berkeley research team including Tsu-Jae King Liu, Jeffrey Bokor, Xuejue Huang, Leland Chang, Nick Lindert, S. Ahmed, Cyrus Tabery, Yang‐Kyu Choi, Pushkar Ranade, Sriram Balasubramanian, A. Agarwal and M. Ameen. In 1998, the team developed the first N-channel FinFETs and successfully fabricated devices down to a 17nm process. The following year, they developed the first P-channel FinFETs. They coined the term "FinFET" (fin field-effect transistor) in a December 2000 paper. |
9565_11 | In current usage the term FinFET has a less precise definition. Among microprocessor manufacturers, AMD, IBM, and Freescale describe their double-gate development efforts as FinFET development, whereas Intel avoids using the term when describing their closely related tri-gate architecture. In the technical literature, FinFET is used somewhat generically to describe any fin-based, multigate transistor architecture regardless of number of gates. It is common for a single FinFET transistor to contain several fins, arranged side by side and all covered by the same gate, that act electrically as one, to increase drive strength and performance. The gate may also cover the entirety of the fin(s). |
9565_12 | A 25 nm transistor operating on just 0.7 volt was demonstrated in December 2002 by TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company). The "Omega FinFET" design is named after the similarity between the Greek letter omega (Ω) and the shape in which the gate wraps around the source/drain structure. It has a gate delay of just 0.39 picosecond (ps) for the N-type transistor and 0.88 ps for the P-type. |
9565_13 | In 2004, Samsung Electronics demonstrated a "Bulk FinFET" design, which made it possible to mass-produce FinFET devices. They demonstrated dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) manufactured with a 90nm Bulk FinFET process. In 2006, a team of Korean researchers from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) and the National Nano Fab Center developed a 3 nm transistor, the world's smallest nanoelectronic device, based on FinFET technology. In 2011, Rice University researchers Masoud Rostami and Kartik Mohanram demonstrated that FINFETs can have two electrically independent gates, which gives circuit designers more flexibility to design with efficient, low-power gates. |
9565_14 | In 2012, Intel started using FinFETs for its future commercial devices. Leaks suggest that Intel's FinFET has an unusual shape of a triangle rather than rectangle, and it is speculated that this might be either because a triangle has a higher structural strength and can be more reliably manufactured or because a triangular prism has a higher area-to-volume ratio than a rectangular prism, thus increasing switching performance.
In September 2012, GlobalFoundries announced plans to offer a 14-nanometer process technology featuring FinFET three-dimensional transistors in 2014. The next month, the rival company TSMC announced start early or "risk" production of 16 nm FinFETS in November 2013.
In March 2014, TSMC announced that it is nearing implementation of several 16 nm FinFETs die-on wafers manufacturing processes:
16 nm FinFET (Q4 2014),
16 nm FinFET+ ( Q4 2014),
16 nm FinFET "Turbo" (estimated in 2015–2016). |
9565_15 | AMD released GPUs using their Polaris chip architecture and made on 14 nm FinFET in June 2016. The company has tried to produce a design to provide a "generational jump in power efficiency" while also offering stable frame rates for graphics, gaming, virtual reality, and multimedia applications.
In March 2017, Samsung and eSilicon announced the tapeout for production of a 14 nm FinFET ASIC in a 2.5D package.
Tri-gate transistor
A tri-gate transistor, also known as a triple-gate transistor, is a type of MOSFET with a gate on three of its sides. A triple-gate transistor was first demonstrated in 1987, by a Toshiba research team including K. Hieda, Fumio Horiguchi and H. Watanabe. They realized that the fully depleted (FD) body of a narrow bulk Si-based transistor helped improve switching due to a lessened body-bias effect. In 1992, a triple-gate MOSFET was demonstrated by IBM researcher Hon-Sum Wong. |
9565_16 | Tri-gate fabrication is used by Intel for the non-planar transistor architecture used in Ivy Bridge, Haswell and Skylake processors. These transistors employ a single gate stacked on top of two vertical gates (a single gate wrapped over three sides of the channel), allowing essentially three times the surface area for electrons to travel. Intel reports that their tri-gate transistors reduce leakage and consume far less power than current transistors. This allows up to 37% higher speed or a power consumption at under 50% of the previous type of transistors used by Intel. |
9565_17 | Intel explains: "The additional control enables as much transistor current flowing as possible when the transistor is in the 'on' state (for performance), and as close to zero as possible when it is in the 'off' state (to minimize power), and enables the transistor to switch very quickly between the two states (again, for performance)." Intel has stated that all products after Sandy Bridge will be based upon this design.
Intel announced this technology in September 2002. Intel announced "triple-gate transistors" which maximize "transistor switching performance and decreases power-wasting leakage". A year later, in September 2003, AMD announced that it was working on similar technology at the International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. No further announcements of this technology were made until Intel's announcement in May 2011, although it was stated at IDF 2011, that they demonstrated a working SRAM chip based on this technology at IDF 2009. |
9565_18 | On April 23, 2012, Intel released a new line of CPUs, termed Ivy Bridge, which feature tri-gate transistors. Intel has been working on its tri-gate architecture since 2002, but it took until 2011 to work out mass-production issues. The new style of transistor was described on May 4, 2011, in San Francisco. Intel factories are expected to make upgrades over 2011 and 2012 to be able to manufacture the Ivy Bridge CPUs. As well as being used in Intel's Ivy Bridge chips for desktop PCs, the new transistors will also be used in Intel's Atom chips for low-powered devices.
The term tri-gate is sometimes used generically to denote any multigate FET with three effective gates or channels. |
9565_19 | Gate-all-around FET (GAAFET)
A gate-all-around (GAA) FET, abbreviated GAAFET, and also known as a surrounding-gate transistor (SGT), is similar in concept to a FinFET except that the gate material surrounds the channel region on all sides. Depending on design, gate-all-around FETs can have two or four effective gates. Gate-all-around FETs have been successfully characterized both theoretically and experimentally. They have also been successfully etched onto InGaAs nanowires, which have a higher electron mobility than silicon. |
9565_20 | A gate-all-around (GAA) MOSFET was first demonstrated in 1988, by a Toshiba research team including Fujio Masuoka, Hiroshi Takato, and Kazumasa Sunouchi, who demonstrated a vertical nanowire GAAFET which they called a "surrounding gate transistor" (SGT). Masuoka, best known as the inventor of flash memory, later left Toshiba and founded Unisantis Electronics in 2004 to research surrounding-gate technology along with Tohoku University. In 2006, a team of Korean researchers from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) and the National Nano Fab Center developed a 3 nm transistor, the world's smallest nanoelectronic device, based on gate-all-around (GAA) FinFET technology.
GAAFETs are the successor to FinFETs, as they can work at sizes below 7 nm. They were used by IBM to demonstrate 5 nm process technology. |
9565_21 | As of 2020, Samsung and Intel have announced plans to mass produce GAAFET transistors (specifically MBCFET transistors) while TSMC has announced that they will continue to use FinFETs in their 3nm node, despite TSMC developing GAAFET transistors.
Multi-bridge channel (MBC) FET
A multi-bridge channel FET (MBCFET) is similar to a GAAFET except for the use of nanosheets instead of nanowires. MBCFET is a word mark (trademark) registered in the U.S. to Samsung Electronics. Samsung plans on mass producing MBCFET transistors at the 3 nm node for its foundry customers. Intel is also developing MBCFET "nanoribbon" transistors. |
9565_22 | Industry need
Planar transistors have been the core of integrated circuits for several decades, during which the size of the individual transistors has steadily decreased. As the size decreases, planar transistors increasingly suffer from the undesirable short-channel effect, especially "off-state" leakage current, which increases the idle power required by the device. |
9565_23 | In a multigate device, the channel is surrounded by several gates on multiple surfaces. Thus it provides better electrical control over the channel, allowing more effective suppression of "off-state" leakage current. Multiple gates also allow enhanced current in the "on" state, also known as drive current. Multigate transistors also provide a better analog performance due to a higher intrinsic gain and lower channel length modulation. These advantages translate to lower power consumption and enhanced device performance. Nonplanar devices are also more compact than conventional planar transistors, enabling higher transistor density which translates to smaller overall microelectronics.
Integration challenges
The primary challenges to integrating nonplanar multigate devices into conventional semiconductor manufacturing processes include:
Fabrication of a thin silicon "fin" tens of nanometers wide
Fabrication of matched gates on multiple sides of the fin
Compact modeling |
9565_24 | BSIMCMG106.0.0, officially released on March 1, 2012 by UC Berkeley BSIM Group, is the first standard model for FinFETs. BSIM-CMG is implemented in Verilog-A. Physical surface-potential-based formulations are derived for both intrinsic and extrinsic models with finite body doping. The surface potentials at the source and drain ends are solved analytically with poly-depletion and quantum mechanical effects. The effect of finite body doping is captured through a perturbation approach. The analytic surface potential solution agrees closely with the 2-D device simulation results. If the channel doping concentration is low enough to be neglected, computational efficiency can be further improved by a setting a specific flag (COREMOD = 1). |
9565_25 | All of the important multi-gate (MG) transistor behavior is captured by this model. Volume inversion is included in the solution of Poisson's equation, hence the subsequent I–V formulation automatically captures the volume-inversion effect. Analysis of electrostatic potential in the body of MG MOSFETs provided a model equation for short-channel effects (SCE). The extra electrostatic control from the end gates (top/bottom gates) (triple or quadruple-gate) is also captured in the short-channel model.
See also |
9565_26 | Three-dimensional integrated circuit
Semiconductor device
Clock gating
High-κ dielectric
Next-generation lithography
Extreme ultraviolet lithography
Immersion lithography
Strain engineering
Very-large-scale integration (VLSI)
Neuromorphic engineering
Bit slicing
3D printing
Silicon on insulator (SOI)
MOSFET
Floating-gate MOSFET
Transistor
BSIM
High electron mobility transistor
Field-effect transistor
JFET
Tetrode transistor
Pentode transistor
Memristor
Quantum circuit
Quantum gate
Transistor model
Die shrink
References
External links
Inverted T-FET (Freescale Semiconductor)
Omega FinFET (TSMC)
Tri-Gate transistor (Intel Corp.)
Flexfet Transistor (American Semiconductor)
Intel video explaining 3D ("Tri-Gate") chip and transistor design used in 22 nm architecture of Ivy Bridge
MOSFETs
Transistor types
Japanese inventions |
9566_0 | Baggage or luggage consists of bags, cases, and containers which hold a traveller's personal articles while the traveler is in transit. A modern traveller can be expected to have packages containing clothing, toiletries, small possessions, trip necessities. On the return trip, travelers may have souvenirs and gifts. For some people, luggage and the style thereof is representative of the owner's wealth and status. Luggage is constructed to protect the items during travel, either with a hard shell or a durable soft material. Luggage often has internal subdivisions or sections to aid in securing items. Handles are typically provided to facilitate carrying, and some luggage may have wheels and/or telescoping handles or leashes to make moving them easier.
Baggage (not luggage), or baggage train, can also refer to the train of people and goods, both military and of a personal nature, which commonly followed pre-modern armies on campaign. |
9566_1 | Overview
Luggage has changed over time. Historically the most common types of luggage were chests or trunks made of wood or other heavy materials. These would be shipped by professional movers. Since the Second World War smaller and more lightweight suitcases and bags that can be carried by an individual have become the main form of luggage.
Etymology
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word baggage comes from the Old French (from 'tie up') or from 'bundles'. It may also be related to the word bag.
Also according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word luggage originally meant inconveniently heavy baggage and comes from the verb lug and the suffix -age.
Types |
9566_2 | Trunk - A wooden box, generally much larger than other kinds of luggage. Trunks come in smaller sizes as in the case of footlockers and larger ones called steamers. These days trunks are more commonly used for storage than transportation. Items large enough to require a trunk are now usually shipped in transport cases. Some of the better known trunk makers are Louis Vuitton, Goyard, Moynat, M. M. Secor and Leatheroid.
Suitcase - A wheeled or non-wheeled luggage, as well as soft or hard side luggage.
Train case - A smaller, box-like, handled case for personal grooming articles.
Garment bag - A style of luggage that folds over on itself to allow long garments such as suits or dresses to be packed flat to avoid creasing. Garment bags come in both wheeled and non-wheeled models and are usually one of the largest pieces in any set of luggage
Tote - A small bag, usually worn on the shoulder |
9566_3 | Duffle bag - A barrel-shaped bag, almost exclusively soft side, is well suited to casual travel, with little organization inside.
Carpet bag - Travel luggage traditionally made from carpets.
Packing cubes - Small rectangular bags of different sizes and different colors created to keep the contents of other baggage organized and compact
Gate check bags - Bags specially designed to protect frequent gate checking items, such as strollers and car seats. |
9566_4 | Features
Locks - locks serve multiple purposes; a deterrent to dishonest airport workers and locks also help keep baggage closed during handling. Since 2003 most locks integrated into luggage use the TSA Lock standard developed by Travel Sentry to allow opening by the US Transportation Security Administration.
Expandable luggage - suitcases that can be unzipped to expand for more packing space.
Wheels
Luggage carriers – light-weight wheeled carts or harnesses on which luggage could be temporarily placed or that can be temporarily attached to luggage – date at least to the 1930s, such as in US patent 2,132,316 "Luggage carrier" by Anne W. Newton (filed 1937, published 1938). These were refined over the following decades, as reflected in patents such as a 1948 US patent by Herbert Ernest Mingo, for a "device for the handling of trunks, suitcases, and the like". |
9566_5 | A US patent for a "luggage carriage" filed in 1949 (and published 1953), and another for a "luggage carriage harness", were both made by Kent R. Costikyan. However, the wheels were external to the suitcases. Patents had been published for wheeled luggage – a wheeled trunk in 1887, and a wheeled suitcase in 1945 – but these were not successfully commercialized.
The first commercially successful rolling suitcase was invented in 1970, when Bernard D. Sadow applied for a patent that was granted in 1972 as United States patent 3,653,474 for "Rolling Luggage". The patent application cited the increase in air travel, and "baggage handling [having] become perhaps the single biggest difficulty encountered by an air passenger", as background of the invention. Sadow's four-wheeled suitcases, pulled using a loose strap, were later surpassed in popularity by suitcases that feature two wheels and are pulled in an upright position using a long handle. |
9566_6 | These were invented in 1987 by US pilot Robert Plath, and initially sold to crew members. Plath later commercialized them, after travelers became interested after seeing them in use by crew members, and founded the Travelpro company, which marketing the suitcases under the trademark "Rollaboard". The terms rollaboard and roll-aboard are used generically, however. While initially designed for carry-on use (to navigate through a large terminal), as implied by the analogous name, similar designs are also used for checked baggage. |
9566_7 | More recently, four-wheeled luggage with casters has become popular, notably since their use by Samsonite in the 2004 version of their signature Silhouette line. These are otherwise similar in design to two-wheel roll-aboards, with a vertical orientation and a retracting handle, but are designed to be pushed beside or in front of the traveler, rather than pulled behind them. These are often referred to as "spinner" luggage, since they can spin about their vertical axis.
Sadow attributes the late invention of luggage on wheels to a "macho thing" where "men would not accept suitcases with wheels". Others attribute the late invention to "the abundance of luggage porters with carts in the 1960s, the ease of curbside drop-offs at much smaller airports and the heavy iron casters then available."
Hand/carry-on |
9566_8 | Passengers are allowed to carry a limited number of smaller bags with them in the vehicle, these are known as hand luggage (more commonly referred to as carry-on in North America), and contain valuables and items needed during the journey. There is normally storage space provided for hand luggage, either under seating, or in overhead lockers. Trains often have luggage racks at the ends of the carriage near the doors, or above the seats if there are compartments. On aircraft, the size and weight of hand luggage is regulated, along with the number of bags. Some airlines charge for carry-on bags over a certain number.
Smart
Smart luggage is baggage that has a built-in or a removable battery within. It often includes features designed to help with travel, including GPS tracking and USB ports to charge electronics. Some bags include a WiFi hotspot and electric wheels for personal transportation. |
9566_9 | Several smart luggage companies have shut down as a result of a ban which came into effect in January 2018 on smart luggage with non-removable batteries being carried as check-in luggage on flights.
Claim and reclaim
In airport terminals, a baggage claim or reclaim area is an area where arriving passengers claim checked-in baggage after disembarking from an airline flight. At most airports and many train stations, baggage is delivered to the passenger on a baggage carousel.
Storage |
9566_10 | Left luggage, also luggage storage or bag storage, is a place where one can temporarily store one's luggage so as to not have to carry it. Left luggage is not synonymous with lost luggage. Often at an airport or train station there may be a staffed 'left luggage counter' or simply a coin-operated or automated locker system. While threats of terrorism all around the globe have caused this type of public storage to decrease over the past few decades, the sharing economy is causing a revival of the industry. Driven in part by the rapid growth of Airbnb and homestay traveling in general, a number of services offering short-term luggage storage by utilizing unused space at local businesses such as hotels, restaurants and retail shops have emerged. |
9566_11 | Forwarding
Luggage forwarding, also known as luggage shipping or luggage logistics, is a type of speciality shipping service that has been available for approximately 10 years and has grown in demand, particularly after the September 11, 2001 attacks. Luggage forwarding is an alternative to checking in baggage during air travel.
Military
Baggage can also refer to the train of people and goods, both military and of a personal nature, which commonly followed pre-modern armies on campaign. The baggage was considered a strategic resource and guarded by a rear guard. Its loss was considered to weaken and demoralize an army, leading to rearguard attacks such as that at the Battle of Agincourt.
See also
Airport check-in
Emotional baggage, colloquialism referring to unresolved psychological issues
Gate check bags
Gate checking
Luggage scale
Luggage lock
Okoban
Suitcase
Travel pack
Transportation Security Administration (TSA)
References
External links
Luggage |
9567_0 | The Reader's Digest Select Editions are a series of hardcover fiction anthology books, published bi-monthly and available by subscription, from Reader's Digest. Each volume consists of four or five current bestselling novels selected by Digest editors and abridged (or "condensed") to shorter form to accommodate the anthology format.
This series is the renamed version of the long-running anthology series Reader's Digest Condensed Books.
Novels by volume
1997
Volume 229 - #1
The Runaway Jury - John Grisham
Critical Judgment - Michael Palmer
Icon - Frederick Forsyth
Capitol Offense - Senator Barbara Mikulski & Mary Louise Oates
Volume 230 - #2
The Third Twin - Ken Follett
Small Town Girl - LaVyrle Spencer
To the Hilt - Dick Francis
The Burning Man - Phillip Margolin
Volume 231 - #3
A Woman's Place - Barbara Delinsky
The Unlikely Spy - Daniel Silva
The Cat Who Tailed a Thief - Lilian Jackson Braun
Beyond Recognition - Ridley Pearson |
9567_1 | Volume 232 - #4
The Escape Artist - Diane Chamberlain
Airframe - Michael Crichton
Weeding Out the Tears - Jeanne White with Susan Dworkin
Infinity's Child - Harry Stein
Volume 233 - #5
The Partner - John Grisham
All God's Children - Thomas Eidson
Medusa's Child - John J. Nance
Only Son - Kevin O'Brien
Volume 234 - #6
Pretend You Don't See Her - Mary Higgins Clark
The Big Picture - Douglas Kennedy
A Place to Call Home - Deborah Smith
Chromosome 6 - Robin Cook
1998
Volume 235 - #1
Guilt - John Lescroart
Only Love - Erich Segal
Five Past Midnight - James Thayer
Three Wishes - Barbara Delinsky
Volume 236 - #2
Plum Island - Nelson DeMille
Homecoming - Belva Plain
10 Lb. Penalty - Dick Francis
The Starlite Drive-In - Marjorie Reynolds
Volume 237 - #3
The Winner - David Baldacci
Homeport - Nora Roberts
Flight of Eagles - Jack Higgins
Then Came Heaven - LaVyrle Spencer |
9567_2 | Volume 238 - #4
The Street Lawyer - John Grisham
Message in a Bottle - Nicholas Sparks
The Cobra Event - Richard Preston
Sooner or Later - Elizabeth Adler
Volume 239 - #5
You Belong to Me - Mary Higgins Clark
American Dreams - John Jakes
Toxin - Robin Cook
Firebird - Janice Graham
Volume 240 - #6
No Safe Place - Richard North Patterson
Somebody's Baby - Elaine Kagan
Riptide - Douglas Preston & Lincoln Child
The Coffin Dancer - Jeffery Deaver
1999
Volume 241 - #1
The Loop - Nicholas Evans
"N" Is for Noose - Sue Grafton
Coast Road - Barbara Delinsky
The Eleventh Commandment - Jeffrey Archer
Volume 242 - #2
Rainbow Six - Tom Clancy
Cloud Nine - Luanne Rice
The Simple Truth - David Baldacci
The Cat Who Saw Stars - Lilian Jackson Braun
Volume 243 - #3
The Hammer of Eden - Ken Follett
Welcome to the World, Baby Girl! - Fannie Flagg
Stonewall's Gold - Robert J. Mrazek
River's End - Nora Roberts |
9567_3 | Volume 244 - #4
The Testament - John Grisham
The Snow Falcon - Stuart Harrison
Terminal Event - James Thayer
Liberty Falling - Nevada Barr
Volume 245 - #5
We'll Meet Again - Mary Higgins Clark
The Marching Season - Daniel Silva
Miss Julia Speaks Her Mind - Ann B. Ross
8.4 - Peter Hernon
Volume 246 - #6
Lake News - Barbara Delinsky
The Devil's Teardrop - Jeffery Deaver
A Walk to Remember - Nicholas Sparks
Thunderhead - Douglas Preston & Lincoln Child
2000
Volume 247 - #1
Black Notice - Patricia Cornwell
Eddie's Bastard - William Kowalski
Boundary Waters - William Kent Krueger
The Innocents Within - Robert Daley
Volume 248 - #2
Follow the Stars Home - Luanne Rice
Hunting Badger - Tony Hillerman
The Quiet Game - Greg Iles
Second Wind - Dick Francis
Volume 249 - #3
Blackout - John J. Nance
Angel Falls - Kristin Hannah
Void Moon - Michael Connelly
The Kingsley House - Arliss Ryan |
9567_4 | Volume 250 - #4
The Lion's Game - Nelson DeMille
Handyman - Linda Nichols
The Patient - Michael Palmer
Round Robin - Jennifer Chiaverini
Volume 251 - #5
Ghost Moon - Karen Robards
The Empty Chair - Jeffery Deaver
Hawke's Cove - Susan Wilson
The Color of Hope - Susan Madison
Volume 252 - #6
Before I Say Good-bye - Mary Higgins Clark
Julie and Romeo - Jeanne Ray
Demolition Angel - Robert Crais
Winter Solstice - Rosamunde Pilcher
2001
Volume 253 - #1
The Rescue - Nicholas Sparks
Code to Zero - Ken Follett
My Mother's Daughter - Judith Henry Wall
Even Steven - John Gilstrap
Volume 254 - #2
Running Blind - Lee Child
Dream Country - Luanne Rice
Shattered - Dick Francis
A Certain Slant of Light - Cynthia Thayer
Volume 255 - #3
The Villa - Nora Roberts
24 Hours - Greg Iles
Nora, Nora - Anne Rivers Siddons
Force 12 - James Thayer |
9567_5 | Volume 256 - #4
Peace Like a River - Leif Enger
"P" Is for Peril - Sue Grafton
Summer Island - Kristin Hannah
The Incumbent - Brian McGrory
Volume 257 - #5
The Ice Child - Elizabeth McGregor
The Blue Nowhere - Jeffery Deaver
Suzanne's Diary for Nicholas - James Patterson
Back When We Were Grownups - Anne Tyler
Volume 258 - #6
Summer Light - Luanne Rice
Echo Burning - Lee Child
The Rich Part of Life - Jim Kokoris
On the Street Where You Live - Mary Higgins Clark
2002
Volume 259 - #1
Envy - Sandra Brown
Secret Sanction - Brian Haig
Entering Normal - Anne D. LeClair
A Mulligan for Bobby Jobe - Bob Cullen
Volume 260 - #2
A Bend in the Road - Nicholas Sparks
The Woman Next Door - Barbara Delinsky
Jackdaws - Ken Follett
Long Time No See - Susan Isaacs
Volume 261 - #3
Safe Harbor - Luanne Rice
The Analyst - John Katzenbach
Fallen Angel - Don J. Snyder
Open Season - C. J. Box |
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