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9551_121	César Chávez (1927–1993) – labor leader and activist Linda Chavez-Thompson (born 1944) – former executive vice-president of the AFL-CIO Miguel Contreras (1952–2005) – labor leader Jeanne Córdova (1948–2016) – lesbian and gay rights activist, writer Bert Corona (1918–2001) – labor and community organizer Ricardo Cruz (1943–1993) – attorney, civil rights activist Jessie Lopez De La Cruz (1919–2013) – labor organizer Maria Echaveste (born 1954) – former White House Deputy Chief of Staff and Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress Josefina Fierro de Bright (1914–1998) – civil rights activist during The Great Depression Nick Fuentes – white nationalist, far-right political commentator and podcaster. Paternal grandfather was Mexican Ernesto Galarza (1905–1984) – labor activist, professor, and writer Gustavo C. Garcia (1915–1964) – attorney in the landmark Hernandez v. Texas supreme court case Hector P. Garcia (1914–1996) – physician, veteran, and civil rights advocate
9551_122	Eva Carrillo de García (1883–1979) – missionary, nurse, and civil-rights activist Erika Guevara Rosas – human rights lawyer, Americas director at Amnesty International Anna Nieto-Gómez (born 1946) – activist and journalist Rodolfo Gonzales (1928–2005) – leader of the Chicano civil rights movement, boxer, poet José Ángel Gutiérrez (born 1944) – political activist, founder of the Raza Unida party, writer, and professor John J. Herrera (1910–1986) – civil rights leader Dolores Huerta (born 1930) – civil rights leader Jovita Idar (1885–1946) – journalist, political activist and civil rights worker Ralph Lazo (1924–1992) – advocated on behalf of Japanese American internment victims. Nativo Lopez (1951–2019) – civil rights activist Raul Loya – civil rights activist Mimi Lozano (born 1933) – co-founded the Society of Hispanic Historical and Ancestral Research Angel G. Luévano (born 1949) – labor leader and activist Rueben Martinez (born 1940) – activist and businessman
9551_123	Vilma Socorro Martínez (born 1943) – civil rights activist, lawyer and diplomat Eliseo Medina (born 1946) – labor activist Enrique Morones – immigrant human rights activist Janet Murguía (born 1960) – civil rights activist Ernesto Nieto (born 1940) – founder of the National Hispanic Institute Alex Pacheco (born 1958) – activist Emiliano Reyes (born 1984) – business executive and humanitarian activist. He is of Mexican and Swedish descent. Julian Samora (1920–1996) – community activist, teacher, and scholar Leila Steinberg (born 1961) – educator dedicated to helping at-risk youth find their voice using an emotional literacy curriculum, best known as mentor of rapper Tupac Shakur. Olga Talamante (born 1950) – political activist Emma Tenayuca (1916–1999) – labor organizer Reies López Tijerina (1926–2015) – activist, founder of the Alianza Federal de Mercedes John Trudell (1946–2015) – musician, author, poet, and political activist
9551_124	Cristina Tzintzún (born 1982) – organizer, author, and co-founder of the Workers Defense Project Baldemar Velasquez (born 1947) – president of the Farm Labor Organizing Committee Gustavo Velasquez (born 1972) – Secretary of the Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity Delia Villegas Vorhauer (1940–1992) – activist, social worker, and writer Vicente T. Ximenes (1919–2014) – civil rights activist, commissioner of EEOC, and chairman of first Presidential Cabinet on Mexican American Affairs Raul Yzaguirre (born 1939) – civil rights activist Geraldine Salazar (born 1950's) – Mestiza, American Mexican, Chicana teenage E.L.A. Community Activist
9551_125	Religious figures
9551_126	Eusebio L. Elizondo Almaguer (born 1954) – Bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle Oscar Cantú (born 1966) – Auxiliary Bishop in San Antonio, Texas. Minerva G. Carcaño (born 1954) – Bishop in the United Methodist Church Arturo Cepeda (born 1969) – Auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of Detroit Gilbert Espinosa Chávez (1932–2020) – Roman Catholic bishop Virgilio Elizondo (1935–2016) – Roman Catholic priest, and theologian Cirilo Flores (1948–2014) – 5th Bishop of San Diego Daniel E. Flores (born 1961) – Bishop of Brownsville Patrick Flores (1929–2017) – Roman Catholic bishop Elias Gabriel Galvan (born 1938) – retired Bishop of the United Methodist Church Naason Joaquin Garcia (born 1969) – current international leader of the La Luz Del Mundo church, and former pastor of several La Luz Del Mundo churches in California and Arizona between 1994 and 2014 Richard John Garcia (1947–2018) – bishop of Monterey, California
9551_127	Gustavo García-Siller (born 1950) – Archbishop of the Archdiocese of San Antonio José Horacio Gómez (born 1951) – Archbishop of Los Angeles René Henry Gracida (born 1923) – bishop Joel Nestali Martinez (born 1940) – Bishop in the United Methodist Church Peter Morales – president of the Unitarian Universalist Association Eduardo Nevares (born 1954) – Auxiliary Bishop of the Diocese of Phoenix Jorge Rodríguez-Novelo (born 1955) – Auxiliary Bishop for the Archdiocese of Denver Armando Xavier Ochoa (born 1943) – Bishop of El Paso, TX Ricardo Ramírez (born 1936) – Bishop of Las Cruzes, New Mexico. Plácido Rodriguez (born 1940) – Bishop of Lubbock, Texas Alberto Rojas (born 1965) – Auxiliary Bishop and Episcopal Vicar for the Archdiocese of Chicago. Jaime Soto (born 1955) – Roman Catholic coadjutor bishop of Sacramento James Anthony Tamayo (born 1949) – Bishop of Laredo, Texas Ricardo Watty Urquidi (1938–2011) – Bishop of the Diocese of Tepic in Nayarit, Mexico
9551_128	Joe S. Vásquez (born 1957) – Bishop of the Roman Catholic diocese of Austin, Texas. Gabino Zavala (born 1951) – Auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles
9551_129	Businesspeople and entrepreneurs
9551_130	Manuel Abud – media, television, and cable executive Linda G. Alvarado (born 1951) – president and chief executive officer of a large commercial and industrial general contracting firm, co-owner of the Colorado Rockies baseball team. María Elena Avila (born 1953) – entrepreneur, philanthropist, and civic leader in California Michael Ball – fashion mogul Hector Barreto Jr. (born 1961) – 21st Administrator of the US Small Business Administration Emilio Diez Barroso – chairman and CEO of NALA Investments, a private investment holding company Xochi Birch – computer programmer and entrepreneur Adolfo Camarillo (1864–1958) – businessman, wealthy landowner, and philanthropist Juan Camarillo Jr. (1867–1936) – businessman, wealthy landowner, and philanthropist. Jovita Carranza (born 1949) – President & CEO of the JCR Group, a consulting firm. Former Deputy Administrator for the United States Small Business Administration Rudy Chapa (born 1957) – track runner and businessman
9551_131	Anna Maria Chávez (born 1968) – CEO of the Girl Scouts of the USA Chicano Roy (Roy Suarez Garcia) (1945–2003) – motorbike builder and inventor Maria Contreras-Sweet (born 1955) – 24th Administrator of the Small Business Administration, former executive chairwoman and founder of ProAmérica Bank. Mike Curb (born 1944) – record company executive, NASCAR car owner, and former Lieutenant Governor of California. William Davila (1931–2014) – first Mexican-American president of a large supermarket chain Gérard Louis-Dreyfus (1932–2016) – chairman of Louis Dreyfus Energy Services Juan Enríquez (born 1959) – Managing Director of Excel Venture Management, academic, and speaker Tavo Hellmund (born 1966) – former racing driver and promoter Enrique Hernandez Jr. (born 1955) – business executive, president, and chief executive officer of Inter-Con Security Systems, Inc., and a director of Wells Fargo and McDonald's Traci Des Jardins (born 1967) – restaurateur and award-winning chef
9551_132	Ninfa Laurenzo (1924–2001) – restaurateur Bismarck Lepe – information technology CEO and product manager Ignacio E. Lozano Sr. (1886–1953) – founder of La Opinión, the largest Spanish language newspaper in the US Ignacio E. Lozano Jr. (born 1927) – newspaper publisher, ambassador, and corporate director José I. Lozano (born 1954) – executive vice-president of Impremedia LLC Daniel Lubetzky (born 1968) – entrepreneur, author, and activist, best known as the Founder and CEO of KIND LLC. David Martinez (born 1957) – Managing partner Mariano Martinez (entrepreneur) (born 1944) – inventor, entrepreneur, and restaurateur Emilio Azcárraga Milmo (1930–1997) – CEO, media mogul Richard Montañez – best known for claiming to have invented Flamin' Hot Cheetos. Kate and Laura Mulleavy (born 1979, born 1980) – fashion designers Oscar Munoz (executive) (born 1960) – CEO of United Airlines Hugo Morales (radio) – radio executive
9551_133	Arturo Moreno (born 1946) – businessman and owner of the Los Angeles Angels George Paz – CEO of Express Scripts, the largest pharmacy benefit management organization in the US. Lisa Garcia Quiroz (1961–2018) – media executive, launched People en Español Emiliano Reyes (born 1984) – American business executive, humanitarian activist, and Wikipedia author. Emilio Romano – managing director of Bank of America Merrill Lynch Mexico John Romero (born 1967) – video game developer, co-founder of id Software Rosa Rios (born 1965) – 43rd and current treasurer of the United States, businesswoman, executive, and entrepreneur. Louis Ruiz (born 1953) – creator of Ruiz Foods, Inc. (Largest Latino owned company in California) Leslie Sanchez (born 1971) – founder and CEO of Impacto Group LLC, a Washington, D.C.-based market research and consulting firm Tony Sanchez (born 1943) – businessman, philanthropist, and Democratic politician
9551_134	Dr. Tony E. H. Serna – co-inventor of the Stored Value Card Technology "Pre Paid Visa/MC cards", Introduced Cryo Therapy Machines to the USA-Mexico-and China, Businessman of the year 2016 by the NHCLC 40,000 churches strong, Oil and Gas Mogul, Marine Corps Veteran Felix Tijerina (1905–1965) – restaurateur, activist, and philanthropist Solomon Trujillo (born 1951) – CEO and businessman Louis Verdad – fashion designer Sam Zamarripa (born 1952) – entrepreneur, author, and public official Sergio Zyman (born 1945) – marketing executive
9551_135	Historical figures Gregorio Cortez (1875–1916) – Mexican-American outlaw and folk hero Joaquin Murrieta (1829–1853) – Mexican-American bandit or Robin Hood during the California Gold Rush of the 1850s. Other
9551_136	Rodney Alcala (1943–2021) – convicted rapist and serial killer Jimmy Santiago Baca (born 1952) – American poet and writer of Apache and Chicano descent. Gustavo Brambila (born 1953) – winemaker in the Napa Valley Johnny Canales (born 1947) – talk show host Gregorio Cortez (1875–1916) – Mexican-born and a folk hero to the border communities of the United States and Mexico. Pati Jinich (born 1972) – Emmy nominated chef, TV personality, cookbook author. Mark Hugo Lopez (born 1967) – Director of Hispanic Research at the Pew Research Center Oscar Ozzy Lusth (born 1981) – 1st runner-up on Survivor; Cook Islands Jair Marrufo (born 1977) – professional soccer referee Raul Melgoza (1975–2020) – fashion designer Cesar Millan (born 1969) – TV personality, dog trainer, and author Carmen Osbahr (born 1962) – puppeteers Rosita in the children's series Sesame Street Albert Pissis (1852–1914) – architect who introduced the Beaux-Arts architectural style to San Francisco
9551_137	Dionicio Rodriguez (1891–1955) – architect John Romero (born 1967) – American director, designer, programmer, and developer in the video game industry. He is co-founder of id Software Aarón Sanchez (born 1976) – chef and television personality Baldomero Toledo (born 1970) – professional soccer referee Marcela Valladolid (born 1978) – chef and television host Luis Velador (born 1964) – two-time World Series of Poker bracelet winner Eric Volz (born 1979) – entrepreneur, author, and managing director of an international crisis resource agency Eduardo Xol (born 1966) – most known for his work as a designer on Extreme Makeover: Home Edition
9551_138	See also Notable Hispanics List of Mexicans List of Mexican Britons References Lists of American people by ethnic or national origin Chicano List of Mexican Americans Americans Lists of American people of Latin American descent Lists of people by ethnicity
9552_0	The docks and sorrels, genus Rumex, are a genus of about 200 species of annual, biennial, and perennial herbs in the buckwheat family, Polygonaceae. Members of this genus are very common perennial herbs with a native almost worldwide distribution, and introduced species growing in the few places where the genus is not native. Some are nuisance weeds (and are sometimes called dockweed or dock weed), but some are grown for their edible leaves. Rumex species are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species, and are the only host plants of Lycaena rubidus. Description They are erect plants, usually with long taproots. The fleshy to leathery leaves form a basal rosette at the root. The basal leaves may be different from those near the inflorescence. They may or may not have stipules. Minor leaf veins occur. The leaf blade margins are entire or crenate.
9552_1	The usually inconspicuous flowers are carried above the leaves in clusters. The fertile flowers are mostly hermaphrodites, or they may be functionally male or female. The flowers and seeds grow on long clusters at the top of a stalk emerging from the basal rosette; in many species, the flowers are green, but in some (such as sheep's sorrel, Rumex acetosella) the flowers and their stems may be brick-red. Each seed is a three-sided achene, often with a round tubercle on one or all three sides.
9552_2	Taxonomy The genus was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. Within the family Polygonaceae, it is placed in the subfamily Polygonoideae. The genus Emex was separated from Rumex by Francisco Campderá in 1819 on the basis that it was polygamous (i.e. had both bisexual and unisexual flowers on the same plant). However, some species of Rumex subg. Acetosa also have this characteristic, and most other features that are supposed to distinguish Emex are found in species of Rumex. Accordingly, in 2015, Schuster et al. demoted Emex to a subgenus of Rumex. Within the subfamily Polygonoideae, Rumex is placed in the tribe Rumiceae, along with the two genera Oxyria and Rheum. It is most closely related to Rheum, which includes Rhubarb. Species , Plants of the World Online accepted the following species. A large number of hybrids are also recorded.
9552_3	Rumex abyssinicus Jacq. Rumex acetosa L. – sorrel, common sorrel, garden sorrel, narrow-leaved dock, spinach dock Rumex acetosella L. – sheep's sorrel, common sheep sorrel, field sorrel, red sorrel Rumex aegyptiacus L. Rumex aeroplaniformis Eig Rumex albescens Hillebr. – Oahu dock Rumex alcockii Rech.f. Rumex algeriensis Barratte & Murb. Rumex alpinus L. – alpine dock, monk's rhubarb Rumex altissimus Alph.Wood – pale dock, smooth dock, peach-leaf dock Rumex alveolatus Losinsk. Rumex amanus Rech.f. Rumex andinus Rech.f. Rumex angulatus Rech.f. Rumex angustifolius Campd. Rumex aquaticiformis Rech.f. Rumex aquaticus L. – western dock, Scottish dock Rumex aquitanicus Rech.f. Rumex arcticus Trautv. Rumex arcuatoramosus Rech.f. Rumex argentinus Rech.f. Rumex aristidis Coss. Rumex armenus K.Koch Rumex atlanticus Coss. ex Batt. Rumex aureostigmatica Kom. Rumex azoricus Rech.f. Rumex balcanicus Rech.f. Rumex beringensis Jurtzev & V.V.Petrovsky – Bering Sea dock Rumex bidens R.Br.
9552_4	Rumex bipinnatus L.f. Rumex bithynicus Rech.f. Rumex brachypodus Rech.f. Rumex brasiliensis Link Rumex britannica L. Rumex brownii Campd. – Browne's dock Rumex bucephalophorus L. – red dock Rumex californicus Rech.f. Rumex caucasicus Rech.f. Rumex chalepensis Mill.
9552_5	Rumex chrysocarpos Moris Rumex confertus Willd. – Asiatic dock Rumex conglomeratus Murray – clustered dock, sharp dock Rumex cordatus Poir. Rumex costaricensis Rech.f. Rumex crassus Rech.f. Rumex crispellus Rech.f. Rumex crispissimus Kuntze Rumex crispus L. – curled dock, curly dock, yellow dock, sour dock, narrow dock, garden patience, narrow-leaved dock Rumex cristatus DC. Rumex crystallinus Lange – shiny dock Rumex cuneifolius Campd. Rumex cyprius Murb. Rumex darwinianus Rech.f. Rumex densiflorus Osterh. – dense-flower dock, dense-flowered dock Rumex dentatus L. – toothed dock Rumex dregeanus Meisn. Rumex drummondii Meisn. Rumex dumosus A.Cunn. ex Meisn. – wiry dock Rumex elbrusensis Boiss. Rumex ellipticus Greene Rumex ephedroides Bornm. Rumex evenkiensis Elis. Rumex fascicularis Small Rumex fischeri Rchb. Rumex flexicaulis Rech.f. Rumex flexuosus Sol. ex G.Forst. Rumex floridanus Meisn. Rumex frutescens Thouars – wedgeleaf dock Rumex fueginus Phil.
9552_6	Rumex gangotrianus Aswal & S.K.Srivast. Rumex garipensis Meisn. Rumex giganteus W.T.Aiton – pawale Rumex ginii Jahandiez & Maire Rumex gmelinii Turcz. ex Ledeb. Rumex gracilescens Rech.f. Rumex graminifolius Georgi ex Lamb. – grassleaf sorrel Rumex hastatulus Baldwin – heartwing dock, heartwing sorrel Rumex hastatus D.Don Rumex hesperius Greene Rumex hispanicus C.C.Gmel. Rumex hultenii Tzvelev Rumex hydrolapathum Huds. – great water dock Rumex hymenosepalus Torr. – canaigre, canaigre dock Rumex hypogaeus T.M.Schust. & Reveal Rumex inconspicuus Rech.f. Rumex intermedius DC. Rumex jacutensis Kom. Rumex japonicus Houtt. Rumex kandavanicus (Rech.f.) Rech.f. Rumex kerneri Borbás – Kerner's dock Rumex komarovii Schischk. & Serg. Rumex krausei Jurtzev & V.V.Petrovsky – Krause's sorrel Rumex lacustris Greene Rumex lanceolatus Thunb. Rumex lapponicus (Hiitonen) Czernov Rumex lativalvis Meisn. Rumex leptocaulis Brandbyge & Rech.f. Rumex limoniastrum Jaub. & Spach
9552_7	Rumex longifolius DC. – dooryard dock, northern dock Rumex lorentzianus Lindau Rumex lunaria L. Rumex madaio Makino Rumex maderensis Lowe Rumex magellanicus Campd. Rumex maricola J.Rémy Rumex maritimus L. – golden dock, bristle dock, seashore dock Rumex marschallianus Rchb. Rumex mexicanus Meisn. Rumex microcarpus Campd. Rumex nebroides Campd.
9552_8	Rumex neglectus Kirk Rumex nematopodus Rech.f. – Arizona dock Rumex nepalensis Spreng. Rumex nervosus Vahl Rumex nigricans Hook.f. Rumex nivalis Hegetschw. Rumex oblongifolius Tolm. Rumex obovatus Danser – tropical dock Rumex obtusifolius L. – broad-leaved dock, bitter dock, bluntleaf dock, butter dock Rumex occidentalis S.Watson Rumex occultans Sam. Rumex olympicus Boiss. Rumex orbiculatus A.Gray – great water dock Rumex orthoneurus Rech.f. – Chiricahua mountain dock Rumex pallidus Bigelow – seaside dock Rumex palustris Sm. – marsh dock Rumex pamiricus Rech.f. Rumex papilio Coss. & Balansa Rumex paraguayensis D.Parodi – Paraguayan dock Rumex patagonicus Rech.f. Rumex patientia L. – patience dock, garden patience, monk's rhubarb Rumex paucifolius Nutt. – alpine sheep's sorrel, few-leaved dock, meadow dock Rumex paulsenianus Rech.f. Rumex persicarioides L. Rumex peruanus Rech.f. Rumex pictus Forssk. Rumex polycarpus Rech.f. Rumex ponticus E.H.L.Krause Rumex popovii Pachom.
9552_9	Rumex praecox Rydb. Rumex pseudoalpinus Höfft. Rumex pseudonatronatus (Borbás) Murb. – field dock Rumex pulcher L. – fiddle dock Rumex punjabensis K.M.Vaid & H.B.Naithani Rumex pycnanthus Rech.f. Rumex rectinervius Rech.f. Rumex rhodesius Rech.f. Rumex romassa Remy Rumex roseus L. Rumex rossicus Murb. Rumex rugosus Campd. Rumex rupestris Le Gall – shore dock Rumex ruwenzoriensis Chiov. Rumex sagittatus Thunb. Rumex salicifolius Weinm. – willow dock, willow-leaved dock Rumex sanguineus L. – wood dock, redvein dock Rumex scutatus L. – French sorrel, leaf-shield sorrel Rumex sellowianus Rech.f. Rumex sibiricus Hultén – Siberian dock Rumex similans Rech.f. Rumex simpliciflorus Murb. Rumex skottsbergii O.Deg. & I.Deg. – lava dock Rumex songaricus Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Rumex spathulatus Thunb. Rumex spinosus L. Rumex spiralis Small – winged dock Rumex stenoglottis Rech.f. Rumex stenophyllus Ledeb. Rumex subarcticus Lepage Rumex subtrilobus Boiss. Rumex suffruticosus J.Gay ex Meisn.
9552_10	Rumex syriacus Meisn. Rumex tenax Rech.f. Rumex thyrsiflorus Fingerh. Rumex thyrsoides Desf. Rumex tianschanicus Losinsk. Rumex tingitanus L. Rumex tmoleus Boiss. Rumex tolimensis Wedd. Rumex transitorius Rech.f. Rumex triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech.f. Rumex trisetifer Stokes Rumex tuberosus L. Rumex tunetanus Barratte & Murb. Rumex turcomanicus (Rech.f.) Czerep. Rumex ucranicus Fisch. ex Spreng. Rumex ujskensis Rech.f. Rumex uruguayensis Rech.f. Rumex usambarensis (Engl.) Dammer Rumex utahensis Rech.f. Rumex venosus Pursh – veiny dock, sand dock Rumex verticillatus L. – swamp dock, water dock Rumex vesicarius L. – bladder dock Rumex violascens Rech.f. – violet dock Rumex woodii N.E.Br. Rumex yungningensis Sam.
9552_11	Uses These plants have many uses. Broad-leaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius) used to be called butter dock because its large leaves were used to wrap and conserve butter. Rumex hymenosepalus has been cultivated in the Southwestern US as a source of tannin (roots contain up to 25%), for use in leather tanning, while leaves and stems are used for a mordant-free mustard-colored dye. These plants are edible. The leaves of most species contain oxalic acid and tannin, and many have astringent and slightly purgative qualities. Some species with particularly high levels of oxalic acid are called sorrels (including sheep's sorrel Rumex acetosella, common sorrel Rumex acetosa, and French sorrel Rumex scutatus), and some of these are grown as leaf vegetables or garden herbs for their acidic taste.
9552_12	In the United Kingdom, Rumex obtusifolius is often found growing near stinging nettles, owing to both species favouring a similar environment, and there is a widely held belief that the underside of the dock leaf, squeezed to extract a little juice, can be rubbed on the skin to counteract the itching caused by brushing against a nettle plant. This home remedy is not supported by any science, although it is possible that the act of rubbing may act as a distracting counterstimulation, or that belief in the dock's effect may provide a placebo effect. In traditional Austrian medicine, R. alpinus leaves and roots have been used internally for treatment of viral infections. Rumex nepalensis is also has a variety of medicinal uses in the Greater Himalayas, including Sikkim in Northeastern India.
9552_13	Fossil record Several fossil fruits of Rumex sp. have been described from middle Miocene strata of the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland, Denmark. One fossil fruit of a Rumex species has been extracted from a borehole sample of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians, Poland. This fossil fruit is similar to the fruits of the extant species Rumex maritimus and Rumex ucranicus which both have fossil records from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Europe. Nutrition Nutrition information is shown in the infobox on the right. See also Antipruritic References External links Rumex acetosella; Missouri Botanical Garden's efloras.org. Edibility of Dock: Identification and edible parts of Rumex spp. Video:- Dock (Rumex) As Wild Edible Food Part 1 \| Frank Cook Polygonaceae genera Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Taxa described in 1753
9553_0	Al-Maghtas (, meaning "baptism" or "immersion"), officially known as Baptism Site "Bethany Beyond the Jordan", is an archaeological World Heritage site in Jordan, on the east bank of the Jordan River, considered to be the original location of the Baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist and venerated as such since at least the Byzantine period. The place has also been referred to as Bethany (Beyond the Jordan) and Bethabara (). Al-Maghtas includes two principal archaeological areas: the remnants of a monastery on a mound known as Jabal Mar-Elias (Elijah's Hill) and an area close to the river with remains of churches, baptism ponds and pilgrim and hermit dwellings. The two areas are connected by a stream called Wadi Kharrar.
9553_1	The strategic location between Jerusalem and the King's Highway is already evident from the Book of Joshua report about the Israelites crossing the Jordan there. Jabal Mar-Elias is traditionally identified as the site of the ascension of the prophet Elijah to heaven. The complete area was abandoned after the 1967 Six-Day War, when both banks of the Jordan became part of the frontline. The area was heavily mined then. After the signing of the Israel–Jordan peace treaty in 1994, de-mining of area soon took place after an initiative of Jordanian royalty, namely Prince Ghazi. The site has then seen several archaeological digs, four papal visits and state visits, and attracts tourists and pilgrimage activity. In 2015, the site was designated as a World Heritage site by UNESCO, excluding the western side of the river. Approximately 81,000 people visited the site in 2016, mostly European, American, and Arab tourists. Thousands flock to the site on January 6 to mark Epiphany. Names
9553_2	Bethany Two passages from the Gospel of John indicate a place "beyond the Jordan" or "across the Jordan": : These things took place in Bethany beyond the Jordan, where John was baptising. This is the only mention of this “Bethany on the East bank of the Jordan” in the New Testament. : He [Jesus] went away again across the Jordan to the place where John had been baptizing earlier, and he remained there. "Bethany" may come from beth-ananiah, Hebrew for "house of the poor/afflicted". The name "Bethany" is shared with a different town located on the Mount of Olives, mentioned many times in the New Testament. Most English versions of the New Testament refer to "Bethany on the east bank of the Jordan River" (including the Douay-Rheims, NIV, NASB, NLT, RSV, IBS, and Darby). Bethabara
9553_3	Origen was a 3rd-century Christian scholar from Palestine. Noticing that in his time there was no place called Bethany east of the Jordan, he suggested to amend the name to Bethabara, an existing place at the time. His suggestion was picked up by some, and it was used in several translations, including the King James Version.
9553_4	"Bethabara" ( ; בית עברה; bēt ‛ăbārāh; Βηθαβαρά; Bēthabará; "house of the ford", "place of crossing") is the name used by some versions of the New Testament for the site "beyond (i.e. east of) the Jordan" where John the Baptist preached and performed baptisms, where he met with a group of priests and Levites sent by the Pharisees to investigate his ministry, and where he baptised Jesus (Yeshua) (). The name "Bethabara" also appears on the 6th-century Madaba Map and in the Talmud. The name is used in a number of versions, including the King James Version (following the Textus Receptus and in the Geneva Bible of the New Testament) the place where John the Baptist was baptizing in John 1:28 was not called Bethany, but Bethabara.
9553_5	It follows the New York and Moscow uncials, corrected forms of Ephraemi and Athos, along with uncial fragments from St Petersburg, Paris, minuscule 1, and family 13, backed up by Eusebius, Cyril, some Byzantine texts and lectionaries, and the Curetonian Old Syriac, Aramaic Peshitta, Armenian, and Georgian manuscripts, among others, ". The reading Bethabara became current owing to the advocacy of both Origen (3rd century) and John Chrysostom (4th century), and that same Bethabara is attested in both the 6th-century Madaba Map and in the Jewish Talmud. G. A. Smith suggests in his "Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land" (HGHL; 1915) that Bethany (house of the ship) and Bethabara (house of the ford) are names for the same place. The second place may also refer to the more northerly territory of Batanaea. Bethabara is also mentioned as the location of Jesus' baptism in the Book of Mormon's First Book of Nephi.
9553_6	Al-Maghtas Al-Maghtas is the Arabic word for a site of baptism or immersion. Geography Al-Maghtas is located on the eastern bank of the Jordan River, north of the Dead Sea and southeast of Jericho. The entire site, which is spread over an area of , has two distinct zones – Tell al-Kharrar, also called Jabal Mar Elias (Elijah's Hill), and the area close to the river ( to the east), the Zor area, where the ancient Church of Saint John the Baptist is situated. The site is close to the ancient road between Jerusalem and Transjordan, via Jericho, across a Jordan River ford and connecting to other biblical sites such as Madaba, Mount Nebo and the King's Highway.
9553_7	While the initial site of veneration was on the eastern side of the River Jordan, focus had shifted to the western side by the 6th century. The term Al-Maghtas itself has been used historically for the area stretching over both banks of the river. The western part, also known under the name Qasr el-Yahud, has been mentioned in the UNESCO proposal, but so far has not been declared as a World Heritage Site. In November 2015, the site became available on Google Street View. Religious significance
9553_8	Israelites' crossing of the Jordan According to the Hebrew Bible, Joshua instructed the Israelites how to cross the Jordan by following the priests who were carrying the Ark of the Covenant through the river, thus making its waters stop their flow (Joshua 3, mainly ). Ancient traditions identified Al-Maghtas, known in antiquity as bet-'abarah or Bethabara, "House of the Crossing" (see Madaba Map), as the place where the people of Israel and later Prophet Elijah crossed the Jordan River and entered the Promised Land.
9553_9	Prophet Elijah The Hebrew Bible also described how Prophet Elijah, accompanied by Prophet Elisha, stopped the waters of the Jordan, crossing to the eastern side, and then went up by a whirlwind into the heavens. Elisha, now his heir, again separated the waters and crossed back (). An ancient Jewish tradition identified the site of crossing with the same one used by Joshua, thus with Al-Maghtas, and the site of Elijah's ascension with Tell el-Kharrar, also known as Jabal Mar Elias, "Hill of Prophet Elijah". Baptism of Jesus John probably baptised in springs and brooks at least as much as he did in the more dangerous Jordan River. The concrete example is "Aenon near Salim" of , where "aenon" stands for spring. At Al-Maghtas there is a short brook, Wadi al-Kharrar, which flows to the Jordan, and is associated with the baptism activities of John.
9553_10	Historicity The Washington Post states, "There is no archaeological evidence of Jesus ever having been baptized in these waters"; however, the Jordanian, eastern side of the traditional baptism area of Al-Maghtas has been accepted by various Christian denominations as the authentic site of the baptism of Jesus. ICOMOS in its consideration of "Bethany Beyond the Jordan" as a UNESCO World Heritage Site notes that sites historically associated with Jesus' baptism also exist on the west bank across the river as well and puts forth that their investigation into the Al-Maghtas site for recognition as a World heritage Center does not prove without doubt that the archaeological structures there actually relate historically to Jesus' baptism and further notes that other sites along the Jordan River have historically made similar claims. The Baptism Site's official website shows 13 authentication testimonials from representatives of major international denominations. History and archaeology
9553_11	Pre-Roman settlement The archaeological excavations have unearthed antiquities which attest to the conclusion that this site was first settled by a small group of agriculturists during the Chalcolithic period, around 3,500 BC. There are again signs of settlement from the Hellenistic period. Roman and Byzantine periods The site contains buildings with both aspects of a Jewish mikveh (ritual bath) resembling Second Temple period pools from Qumran, and later of Christian use, with large pools for baptism, linking both customs. Possibly in the 2nd-3rd and certainly starting with the 5th-6th centuries, Christian religious structures were built at Tell al-Kharrar. It must be remembered that in the 1st-4th centuries of the Christian Era, Christianity was often persecuted by the Roman state, and only after it became first tolerated and then outright the state religion of the Roman, or now so-called Byzantine Empire, open Christian worship became possible.
9553_12	Archaeological excavations also established that the hill of Tell al-Kharrar, known as Elijah's Hill, was venerated as the spot from which Prophet Elijah ascended to heaven. In the 5th century, in commemoration, a Byzantine monastery was erected here. The archaeologists have named it the "Monastery of Rhetorios" after a name from a Byzantine mosaic inscription. The Byzantine emperor Anastasius I Dicorus erected between 491 and 518 a first church dedicated to John the Baptist on the eastern banks of the River Jordan. However, due to two flood and earthquake events the church was destroyed. The church was reconstructed three times, until it crumbled, together with the chapel built over piers, during a major flood event in the 6th or 7th century.
9553_13	The pilgrimage sites have shifted during history. The main Christian archaeological finds from the Byzantine and possibly even Roman period indicated that the initial venerated pilgrimage site was on the east bank, but by the beginning of the 6th century the focus had moved onto the more accessible west bank of the river. During the Byzantine period the site was a popular pilgrimage centre. The Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem in 614, river floodings, earthquakes and the Muslim Siege of Jerusalem (636–637) put an end to Byzantine building activity on the east bank of the Jordan, particularly in the Wadi al-Kharrar area.
9553_14	Early Muslim period The Muslim conquest put an end to Byzantine building activity on the east bank of the Jordan River, but several of the Byzantine structures remained in use during the Early Islamic period. With time worship took place just across the river on the western side at Qasr el-Yahud. After 670 AD the commemoration of the baptism site moved to the western side. Mamluk and Ottoman periods The structures were rebuilt many times but were finally deserted by end of the 15th century. In the 13th century an Orthodox monastery was built over remnants of an earlier Byzantine predecessor, but how long it lasted is not known. However, pilgrimage to the site declined and according to one pilgrim the site was in ruins in 1484. From the 15th to the 19th century there were hardly any visits by pilgrims to the site. A small chapel dedicated to St. Mary of Egypt, a hermit from the Byzantine period, was built during the 19th century and was also destroyed in the 1927 earthquake.
9553_15	In the early part of the twentieth century a farming community had occupied the area east of the Jordan River. Rediscovery after 1994 and tourism
9553_16	As a result of the Six-Day War in 1967, the river became the ceasefire line and both banks became militarised and inaccessible to pilgrims. After 1982, while Qasr el-Yahud was still off-limits, Israel enabled Christian baptisms at the Yardenit site further north. Following the Israel–Jordan peace treaty in 1994 access to Al-Maghtas was restored after Prince Ghazi of Jordan, who is deeply interested in religious history, visited the area in the company of a Franciscan archaeologist who had convinced him to take a look at what was thought to be the baptism site. When they found evidence of Roman-period habitation, this was enough to encourage de-mining and further development. Soon afterwards, there were several archaeological digs led by Dr. Mohammad Waheeb who rediscovered the ancient site in 1997. The 1990s marked the period of archaeological excavations of the site followed by primary conservation and restoration measures during the early 21st century. Jordan fully reopened
9553_17	al-Maghtas in 2002. This was then followed by the Israeli-run western side, known as Qasr el-Yahud, which was opened for daily visits in 2011 - the traditional Epiphany celebrations had already been allowed to take place since 1985, but only at the specific Catholic and Orthodox dates and under military supervision. In 2007, a documentary film entitled The Baptism of Jesus Christ – Uncovering Bethany Beyond the Jordan was made about the site.
9553_18	The western side attracts larger touristic interest than its Jordanian counterpart, half a million visitors compared to some ten thousands on the Jordanian side. Other estimates put the numbers as 300,000 on the Israeli-occupied Palestinian side and 100,000 on the Jordanian side. To put that into perspective, Yardenit has more than 400,000 visitors per year. In the millennium year 2000, John Paul II was the first pope to visit the site. Several more papal and state visits were to follow. In 2002 Christians commemorated the baptism of Christ at the site for the first time since its rediscovery. Since then, thousands of Christian pilgrims from around the world annually have marked Epiphany at Bethany Beyond the Jordan. Also in 2002, the Baptism Site opened for daily visits, attracting a constant influx of tourists and pilgrimage activity. In 2015, the UNESCO declared the Al-Maghtas site on the east bank of the River Jordan as a World Heritage Site, while Qasr el-Yahud was left out.
9553_19	Features Archaeological excavations at the site of the 1990s have revealed religious edifices of Roman and Byzantine period which include "churches and chapels, a monastery, caves used by hermits and pools", which were venues of baptisms. The excavations have been supported by institutions from various countries, such as the US and Finland, and by the German Protestant Institute. Tell el-Kharrar or Elijah's Hill and the baptismal pools The digs unearthed three churches, three baptismal pools, a circular well and an external compound encircling the hill. Existence of water supply sourced from springs and conveyed to the baptism sites through ceramic pipes was revealed; this facility is available even now.
9553_20	Bankside area (Zor) In the Zor area of the site, the finds covered a church with a hall with columns, a basilica church known as the Church of St. John the Baptist, the Lower Basilica Church with marble floors having geometrical designs. Also exposed were the Upper Basilica Church, the marble steps, the four piers of the Chapel of the Mantle, the Small Chapel, the Laura of St. Mary of Egypt, and a large pool. The stairway of marble steps was built in 570 AD. 22 of the steps are made of black marble. The stairway leads to the Upper Basilica and a baptismal pool. This pool had once four piers that supported the Chapel of the Mantle.
9553_21	Hermitages The Quattara hills revealed a number of monk caves, also known as hermit cells, which are away from the Jordan River. When the caves were in use access was through a rope way or by stairway or ladders from the western and south-western sides, but none of these are seen now. Each of these caves was carved with a semicircular niche on its eastern wall. The cave has two chambers, one for prayer and another a living space for the monks. Tombs Tombs unearthed in and outside the churches are believed to be of monks of the churches. These tombs are of the Byzantine and early Islamic periods.(5th–7th centuries). Numismatics finds of coins and ceramics at the site are epigraphic proofs of the site's history.
9553_22	UNESCO involvement In 1994, UNESCO sponsored archaeological excavations in the area. Initially UNESCO had listed the site in the tentative list on 18 June 2001 and a new nomination was presented on 27 January 2014. ICOMOS evaluated the report presented by Jordan from 21 to 25 September 2014. The finds are closely associated with the commemoration of the baptism. Following this evaluation, the site was inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site under the title "Bethany Beyond the Jordan (Al-Maghtas)". It was inscribed as a cultural property under UNESCO Criteria (iii) and (vi). The Palestinian Tourist agency deplores the UNESCO's decision to leave out the western baptismal site. During the negotiations of the UNESCO listings, the original proposal to UNESCO stated the will to expand the site in the future in cooperation with "the neighboring country".
9553_23	Site management The Baptism Site is operated by the Baptism Site Commission, an independent board of trustees appointed by King Abdullah II. In 2017, the Commission reported that approximately 81,000 people visited the site in 2016, a 23% increase from 2015, by mostly European, American, and Arab tourists. See also Ænon, a baptism site mentioned in the Gospel of John Baptism of Jesus Chronology of Jesus List of World Heritage Sites in Jordan Mandaeans Ministry of Jesus New Testament places associated with Jesus Qasr al-Yahud, the West Bank side of al-Maghtas References External links Official website Documentary UNESCO report The baptism site of Jesus in Jordan. Religious and political building of a Christian pilgrimage site (PhD thesis) The Baptism of Christ - Uncovering Bethany beyond the Jordan - 47 min Documentary The Baptism of Jesus Christ: Uncovering Bethany beyond the Jordan. Full film (Authorized by content owners.)
9553_24	Populated places established in the 4th millennium BC New Testament places Archaeological sites in Jordan World Heritage Sites in Jordan Jordan River Ancient history of Jordan Geography of Jordan
9554_0	Lloyd Millard Bentsen Jr. (February 11, 1921 – May 23, 2006) was an American politician who was a four-term United States Senator (1971–1993) from Texas and the Democratic Party nominee for vice president in 1988 on the Michael Dukakis ticket. He also served as the 69th United States Secretary of the Treasury under President Bill Clinton.
9554_1	Born in Mission, Texas, Bentsen graduated from the University of Texas School of Law before serving in the Air Force during World War II. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for his service in Europe. After the war, he won election to the United States House of Representatives, serving from 1948 to 1955. He defeated incumbent Senator Ralph Yarborough in the 1970 Democratic Senatorial primary and won the general election against George H. W. Bush. He was reelected in 1976, 1982, and 1988, and served as the Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee from 1987 to 1993. In the Senate, he helped win passage of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act and played a role in the creation of the individual retirement account. Bentsen sought the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination but was unable to organize an effective national campaign.
9554_2	Democratic presidential nominee Michael Dukakis chose Bentsen as his running mate in the 1988 presidential election, while the Republicans nominated Vice President George H. W. Bush and Senator Dan Quayle. During the 1988 vice presidential debate, Quayle responded to a question about his purported inexperience by comparing his time in office up to that point to that of John F. Kennedy, leading Bentsen to famously castigate Quayle: "Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy." Though Dukakis hoped that the selection of Bentsen would help the Democratic ticket win Texas, the Republican ticket won the state and prevailed by a wide margin in the nationwide electoral and popular vote. Bentsen considered running for president in 1992 but chose not to challenge Bush, who was popular after the Gulf War.
9554_3	After Bill Clinton defeated Bush in the 1992 general election, Clinton offered Bentsen the position of Secretary of the Treasury. Bentsen accepted, and as Treasury Secretary he helped win the ratification of the North American Free Trade Agreement and the passage of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993. Bentsen retired from Clinton's Cabinet in December 1994 and was succeeded by Robert Rubin. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1999 and died in his home in Houston in 2006.
9554_4	Early life
9554_5	Bentsen was born in Mission in Hidalgo County to Lloyd Millard Bentsen, Sr. (known as "Big Lloyd"), a first-generation Danish-American, and his wife, Edna Ruth (Colbath). The elder Bentsen's parents, Peter and Tena, had come from Denmark to be homesteaders and farmers at Argo Township, near White and Brookings, South Dakota; they experienced many hardships, including loss of their first dwelling and belongings to fire, crop failure, and poor medical care. Their son started out harvesting and taming mustangs for local farmers, then served in the United States Signal Corps during World War I. He and Edna accompanied his parents on their relocation to the "citrus and vegetable utopia" of Sharyland, Texas, where Peter Bentsen worked as a land agent for Sharyland's founder, John H. Shary, and started a nursery seedling business. Lloyd Sr. and his brother Elmer helped with the family business, investing in land purchase, becoming the "premier colonizers and developers of Hidalgo County",
9554_6	and gaining a substantial fortune from the "Pride O Texas" citrus trademark. The brothers were directors of the Elsa State Bank; Lloyd Sr. was also a principal at several First National banks, president of the Rio Grande Valley Chamber of Commerce from 1944 to 1946, and played a major role in the unity and development of Cameron, Hidalgo, Starr, and Willacy Counties. Both brothers donated land that became the Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley State Park. Eventually moving out of land development due to some disputes mainly resulting from crop failure due to a severe freeze, Lloyd Sr. invested $7 million in an insurance and financial holding company in Houston, of which his son, Lloyd Jr., served as chief executive until running for the U.S. Senate in 1971. In 1959, Texas Governor Allan Shivers appointed Lloyd Sr. major general in the Texas State Guard Reserve Corps. He died after a car accident, aged 95.
9554_7	At age 15, Lloyd Jr. graduated from Sharyland High School in Mission. He was an Eagle Scout and received the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America. Bentsen graduated from the University of Texas School of Law with an LL.B. degree in 1942 and was admitted to the bar, but joined the military for World War II. (When law schools accredited by the American Bar Association began requiring a bachelor's degree for admission to law school in the 1950s and 1960s, law schools began awarding the Juris Doctor degree rather than the LL.B. As with most law school graduates of his era, Bentsen's LL.B. was amended to reflect award of the J.D.)
9554_8	Military service After brief service as a private in intelligence work in Brazil, he trained to be a pilot and in early 1944 began flying combat missions in B-24s from Foggia, Italy, with the 449th Bomb Group. At age 23, he was promoted to major and given command of a squadron of 600 men, overseeing the operations of 15 bombers, their crews, and their maintenance units. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel before being discharged in 1947.
9554_9	Bentsen flew thirty-five missions against many heavily defended targets, including the Ploiești oil fields in Romania, which were critical to the Nazi war production. The 15th Air Force, which included the 449th Bomb Group, destroyed all petroleum production within its range, eliminating about half of Nazi Germany's sources of fuel. Bentsen's unit also flew against communications centers, aircraft factories and industrial targets in Germany, Italy, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria. Bentsen participated in raids in support of the Anzio campaign and flew missions against targets in preparation for the landing in southern France. He was shot down twice. Bentsen was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross, one of the Air Force's highest commendations for achievement or heroism in flight. In addition to the Distinguished Flying Cross, Bentsen was awarded the Air Medal with three Oak Leaf Clusters.
9554_10	Bentsen served in the United States Air Force Reserve from 1950 to 1959, and was promoted to colonel in 1953. (His father, a World War I veteran, served as a major general in the Texas Home Guard during World War II.) Early political career After the war, Bentsen returned to his native Rio Grande Valley. He served the people of his home area from 1946 to 1955, first as Hidalgo County Judge (a largely administrative post as opposed to a judicial one). First elected in the Truman landslide of 1948, he served three successive terms in the United States House of Representatives. With the South, including Texas, still mostly home to Yellow dog Democrats, winning the Democratic nomination was tantamount to election, and Bentsen was unopposed by Republicans in each of his three House campaigns. He became a protégé of Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn and developed a reputation as an excellent poker player.
9554_11	Bentsen upset incumbent Ralph Yarborough, a liberal icon, in a bruising primary campaign for the 1970 Texas Democratic Senatorial nomination. The campaign came in the wake of Yarborough's politically hazardous votes in favor of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and his opposition to the Vietnam War. Bentsen made Yarborough's opposition to the war a major issue. His television advertising featured video images of rioting in the streets at the 1968 Democratic National Convention, implying that Yarborough was associated with the rioters. While this strategy was successful in defeating Yarborough, it caused long-term damage to Bentsen's relationship with liberals in his party.
9554_12	Bentsen's campaign and his reputation as a centrist Democrat served to alienate him not only from supporters of Yarborough, but from prominent national liberals, as well. Indeed, during the 1970 Senate race, the Keynesian economist John Kenneth Galbraith endorsed the Republican candidate, then U.S. Representative and future president George H. W. Bush, arguing that if Bentsen were elected to the Senate, he would invariably become the face of a new, more moderate-to-conservative Texas Democratic Party and that the long-term interests of Texas liberalism demanded Bentsen's defeat. Nevertheless, Bentsen convincingly won the general election against Bush.
9554_13	1976 presidential campaign Beginning in 1974, Bentsen campaigned for the Democratic presidential nomination. In 1974 he visited 30 states and raised $350,000 at a single fundraiser in Texas. Bentsen formally announced his candidacy on February 17, 1975, and in the early part of that year he had already raised over $1 million for his campaign; only George Wallace of Alabama and Henry M. "Scoop" Jackson of Washington state had raised more money by that point. Bentsen did not organize effectively on a national level, and many observers believed the freshman senator was running without any real hope of winning the nomination, hoping instead to secure a vice-presidential nomination. Wallace and Jackson were considered to be the two main contenders for the moderate to conservative voters to whom Bentsen would appeal; early in the campaign few foresaw Jimmy Carter of Georgia also effectively appealing to that group.
9554_14	By October 1975 Bentsen, generating little national attention or significance in the polls, scaled back his campaign to a limited effort in areas of 8 to 10 states, hoping for a deadlocked convention. In the first state contest Bentsen vigorously contested, Mississippi, he managed only 1.6% of the vote. Two weeks later Bentsen staked the remainder of his campaign and resources in neighboring Oklahoma but finished third with only 12%. A few days later Bentsen shut down his national campaign, staying in the race only as a favorite son in Texas. In the May 1, 1976, primary, Jimmy Carter won 92 of Texas's 98 delegates. The eventual nominee and president, Carter was later quoted as saying he had expected a much stronger showing by Bentsen but that Bentsen's failure to campaign nationally had ended his hopes. Senate career
9554_15	Bentsen was overwhelmingly reelected to the Senate in 1976, 1982, and 1988. He defeated sitting Republican congressmen from safe House seats in all four of his Senate elections, including Bush in 1970. In 1976, he ended the career of Alan Steelman of Dallas. In 1982, he defeated James M. Collins of Dallas, who had first dispatched the strongly conservative State Senator Walter Mengden of Houston in the Republican primary. In 1988, he defeated Beau Boulter of Amarillo. Bentsen was also on the ballot as the Democratic vice presidential nominee that year; he could seek both offices under the 1960 "Johnson law" in Texas. 1988 vice presidential campaign Bentsen was on Walter Mondale's short list of seven or eight possible vice presidential candidates in 1984 and was the only southerner and one of three white males considered. In the end, Mondale chose New York U.S. Representative Geraldine Ferraro as his running mate.
9554_16	In 1988, Governor Michael Dukakis of Massachusetts chose Bentsen to be his running mate in that year's presidential election, beating out Ohio Senator John Glenn, who was considered the early favorite. Bentsen was selected in large part to try to lure away the state of Texas and its electoral vote for the Democrats, even with fellow Texan George H. W. Bush at the top of the Republican ticket. Because of Bentsen's status as something of an elder statesman who was more experienced in electoral politics, many believed Dukakis's selection of Bentsen as his running mate was a mistake in that Bentsen, number two on the ticket, appeared more presidential than did Dukakis. During the vice presidential debate (see below), Republican vice presidential nominee Dan Quayle spent most of his speaking time criticizing Dukakis as too liberal while avoiding a match up with the seasoned Bentsen. One elector in West Virginia even cast a ballot for him rather than Dukakis, giving Bentsen one electoral
9554_17	vote for president.
9554_18	Bentsen was responsible for one of the most widely discussed moments of the campaign during the vice presidential televised debate with fellow Senator Dan Quayle. In answering a question about his experience, Quayle stated that he had as much political experience as John F. Kennedy had when he ran for the presidency. Bentsen, at the age of 67, retorted, "Senator, I served with Jack Kennedy. I knew Jack Kennedy. Jack Kennedy was a friend of mine. Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy." Quayle replied, "That was really uncalled for, Senator." Bentsen responded, "You're the one that was making the comparison, Senator." Peter Goldman and Tom Mathews wrote in The Quest for the Presidency 1988 that Bentsen "was the forgotten man" of the campaign until the exchange with Quayle. Thereafter, his "gray solidity" was "made luminescent by the pallor of the other three men. However, there have been questions raised as to how well Bentsen really knew Kennedy. Some have claimed they only had a nodding
9554_19	acquaintance." Bentsen had in fact considered in advance how to respond, because Congressman Dennis E. Eckart, who played Quayle in Bentsen's rehearsals, knew that Quayle had previously compared himself to Kennedy, so he worked it into Bentsen's debate preparation. Quayle had been prepped by Senator Bob Packwood, as Packwood served with Bentsen on the Senate Finance Committee.
9554_20	The Dukakis-Bentsen ticket lost the election. Bentsen was unable to swing his home state, with 43 percent of the Texas vote going for the Dukakis ticket while Bush and Quayle took 56 percent. But he was simultaneously reelected to the United States Senate with 59 percent of the vote. Bentsen considered running for president in the 1992 presidential election, but he, along with many other Democrats, backed out because of Bush's apparent popularity following the 1991 Gulf War. A poor economy in 1991-92 eroded Bush's standing among voters and he ended up losing the election to Bill Clinton. Secretary of the Treasury Appointed to Clinton's cabinet as Secretary of the Treasury, Bentsen helped win crucial Republican votes to pass the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Bentsen also was pivotal in winning passage of the 1994 crime bill which temporarily banned assault rifles.
9554_21	After the resignation of Les Aspin in early 1994, Bentsen was seriously considered for the position of Secretary of Defense. But this prospect did not materialize, and William Perry, then Deputy Secretary of Defense, was chosen to succeed Aspin. In early December 1994, Bentsen announced his retirement as Secretary of the Treasury. Before election day he had discussed with President Clinton that he was not prepared to stay in office through the end of Clinton's first term in 1997. He was succeeded in the position by Robert Rubin. Later life and death In 1995, former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher said in an interview with Larry King when asked which Democrats she admired: "I like Lloyd Bentsen very much indeed, I was sad when he resigned. He's a real marvelous politician, a person of great dignity, a person we can look up to respect and like as well."
9554_22	In 1998, Bentsen suffered two strokes, which left him needing a wheelchair. In 1999 President Clinton awarded Bentsen the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the nation's highest honors given to civilians. President Clinton singled Bentsen out for applause during his final State of the Union address in 2000, saying: "In 1993 we began to put our fiscal house in order with the Deficit Reduction Act, which you'll all remember won passages in both Houses by just a single vote. Your former colleague, my first Secretary of the Treasury, led that effort and sparked our long boom. He's here with us tonight. Lloyd Bentsen, you have served America well, and we thank you." Bentsen appeared in the summer of 2004 at the portrait unveilings at the White House of former President Bill Clinton and former First Lady Senator Hillary Clinton.
9554_23	Bentsen died on May 23, 2006, at his home in Houston at the age of 85. He was survived by his wife, the former Beryl Ann Longino (February 4, 1922 — May 5, 2020), three children, and seven grandchildren. His memorial service was held on May 30 at the First Presbyterian Church of Houston, where Bentsen and his wife had been members for many years, and was presided by his then pastor, William Vanderbloemen. He is interred in Forest Park Lawndale Cemetery. Former president Bill Clinton, who was a close friend, delivered a eulogy.
9554_24	Legacy As a freshman Senator, Bentsen guided to passage the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), a long-stalled pension reform bill providing federal protections for the pensions of American workers. He also championed the creation of Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs), legislation improving access to health care for low income women and children, and tax incentives for independent oil and gas producers to reduce dependence on foreign oil. In recognition of his success in securing federal funding, two hundred seventy miles of U.S. Highway 59, from I-35 to I-45 in Texas (between Laredo and Houston, respectively), are officially named Senator Lloyd Bentsen Highway. As a primary architect of the Clinton economic plan, Bentsen contributed to a $500 billion reduction in the deficit, launching the longest period of economic growth since World War II. More than 5 million new jobs were created during his tenure as Secretary.
9554_25	His legacy also includes many water, wastewater and other infrastructure projects in the impoverished Colonia of south Texas, the preservation of natural areas across the state, and major funding for numerous medical facilities. Bentsen's retort to Vice President Dan Quayle during the 1988 vice presidential debate, "You're no Jack Kennedy," has entered the lexicon as a widely used phrase to deflate politicians who are perceived as thinking too highly of themselves. Bentsen is also known for coining the term astroturfing. Bentsen's family continues to be active in politics. His nephew, Ken Bentsen Jr., was a U.S. Representative (D) from 1995 to 2003 in Texas's 25th District, and a U.S. Senate candidate in 2002. His grandson, Lloyd Bentsen IV, served on John Kerry's advance staff during Kerry's 2004 campaign for the presidency of the United States.
9554_26	On January 22, 2009, the Senator Lloyd and B.A. Bentsen Stroke Research Center officially opened in the Fayez S. Sarofim Research Building in the medical district of Houston, Texas as part of the University of Texas Health Science Center of Houston. Notable speakers included Dr. Cheng Chi Lee and Houston Mayor Bill White. Electoral history References External links Biography in the Handbook of Texas Online Houston Chronicle: "Former Democratic Sen. Lloyd Bentsen dies" May 23, 2006 \|- \|- \|- \|- \|- \|- \|- \|- \|-
9554_27	1921 births 2006 deaths 20th-century American politicians American people of Danish descent American Presbyterians Clinton administration cabinet members County judges in Texas Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives Democratic Party United States senators from Texas Members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas Military personnel from Houston Politicians from Houston People from Mission, Texas Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States) Recipients of the Air Medal Texas Democrats United States Air Force colonels United States Army Air Forces officers United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II Candidates in the 1976 United States presidential election United States Secretaries of the Treasury United States senators from Texas 1988 United States vice-presidential candidates
9554_28	University of Texas School of Law alumni Michael Dukakis United States Air Force reservists
9555_0	USS Lafayette County (LST-859) was an built for the United States Navy during World War II. Named after counties in Arkansas, Florida, Mississippi, Missouri, and Wisconsin, and a parish in Louisiana, she was the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. Originally laid down as LST-859 by the Chicago Bridge & Iron Company of Seneca, Illinois on 26 September 1944; launched on 15 December 1944, sponsored by Mrs. Elsie M. Marcum; and commissioned at Algiers, Louisiana on 6 January 1945 with Lieutenant Daniel D. Kipnis in command. Service history
9555_1	World War II, 1945 After shakedown in the Gulf of Mexico, LST-859 departed New Orleans on 17 February for the Pacific. Steaming via San Diego and San Francisco, she reached Pearl Harbor on 31 March and during the next six weeks took part in amphibious training. Between 12 and 24 May she steamed to Seattle, Washington, where she embarked Army troops, thence returned to Pearl Harbor on 20 June. Three days later she sailed in convoy for the western Pacific. LST-859 touched at American bases in the Marshalls and Marianas before arriving Okinawa on 28 July. After discharging troops and cargo, she sailed for Saipan on 5 August and remained in the Marianas during the closing days of the war in the Pacific.
9555_2	1945–1949 She departed for the Philippines on 3 September and, after embarking Army troops at Batangas Bay, Luzon she sailed on 20 September for Japan. LST-859 arrived at Tokyo Bay on 29 September, and during the next two months she supported occupation operations along the Honshū coast from Yokohama to Shiogama. Between 24 October and 19 November she sailed to Subic Bay and back with additional troops. Departing Tokyo Bay on 29 November, she steamed via the Marianas and Pearl Harbor to Seattle where she arrived on 12 January 1946.
9555_3	Following an extended overhaul, LST-895 departed on 15 May for training along the California coast. On 31 July she departed San Diego for Pearl Harbor; and after arriving on 11 August, she sailed the 18th on a cargo run to American bases in the Hawaiian Islands. During the next four years she carried men and supplies to far-flung American bases in the Pacific. Cargo and passenger runs sent her to the Marshalls, the Solomons, American Samoa, the Aleutians, and Midway, as well as to the nearby islands of the Hawaiian chain.
9555_4	Korean War, 1950–1954
9555_5	After the outbreak of Communist aggression against the Republic of Korea (South Korea) in June 1950, LST-859 departed Pearl Harbor on 18 August for the Far East. She arrived Kobe, Japan on 5 September and there embarked elements of the 1st Marine Division for the scheduled invasion at Inchon, South Korea, which was designed to spearhead the American counteroffensive against Communist troops from North Korea. Assigned to Task Element 90.32, LST-859 sortied in convoy on 10 September and arrived off Inchon on 15 September while a combined air-sea bombardment blasted enemy defenses. Late that afternoon, the LST closed "Red Beach;" and, as lead ship, she came under heavy mortar and machine gun fire. Despite the concentrated fire, she debarked assault troops and unloaded vital support equipment. In addition her guns wiped out enemy batteries on the right flank of "Red Beach". She completed unloading and cleared the beach at high tide early on 16 September. For daring bravery and heroic
9555_6	performance of duty on "Red Beach", the gallant and aggressive landing ship tanks of Task Element 90.32, including LST-859, received the Navy Unit Commendation. LST-859 departed for Japan the 17th; and, after reaching Sasebo on 20 September, she sailed six days later for Pearl Harbor, where she arrived on 13 October.
9555_7	After undergoing overhaul, she resumed cargo runs in the Pacific. Between 20 January and 21 June 1951 she shuttled cargo among bases in the Marshalls, the Gilberts, and the Carolines. During December she carried supplies to Guam and Iwo Jima; thence, she sailed via the Philippines to Sasebo where she arrived on 22 January 1952. For almost 2½ years LST-859 served in the western Pacific in support of American peacekeeping efforts in the troubled Far East. Operating primarily out of Sasebo, she bolstered the seaborne supply line to U.S. forces in South Korea and carried vital military supplies to ports on both coasts, including Chuminjin, Ulsan Man, and Inchon. In addition, she shuttled cargo along the Japanese coast; and, following the end of conflict on the Korean peninsula, she continued her important supply runs until departing Yokosuka on 18 May 1954 for Pearl Harbor where she arrived on 3 June.
9555_8	1954–1957 LST-859 resumed her pattern of cargo runs to Pacific bases on 20 June, and during the remainder of the year steamed primarily between Pearl Harbor and Midway. On 24 March 1955 she again deployed to the Far East, arriving Yokosuka on 11 April. During the next four months supply runs out of Yokosuka and Sasebo sent her to ports in South Korea, Formosa, Hong Kong, and the Philippines. Named USS Lafayette County (LST-859) on 1 July 1955, she returned to Pearl Harbor on 31 August to resume cargo shuttle runs among the Hawaiian Islands. Lafayette County served principally in the Hawaiian chain during the next three years, although from 3 March to 13 April 1957 she carried out cargo runs to bases in the Marshalls.
9555_9	Decommissioning and transfer She decommissioned on 15 August 1958 at Pearl Harbor and was transferred to the custody of the Republic of China under the Military Assistance Program, where she served the Chinese Nationalist Navy as ROCS Chung Cheng (LST-224). Chung Cheng () served as a military supply ship. She participated in the recovery of Dongsha Island, but some believe that it will only provide support for Dongsha Island in the later period. However, historical data records show that the ship also served as a replenishment mission for the Nansha Islands and the Paracel Islands in 1947. In any case, the ship contributed to the recovery mission of the South China Sea Islands. She was decommission and sealed up on 16 September 1986. Awards LST-859 received one battle star for World War II service and six battle stars for Korean War service. References
9555_10	LST-542-class tank landing ships Ships built in Seneca, Illinois 1944 ships World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States Cold War amphibious warfare vessels of the United States Korean War amphibious warfare vessels of the United States United States Navy Arkansas-related ships Lafayette County, Arkansas United States Navy Florida-related ships Lafayette County, Florida United States Navy Mississippi-related ships Lafayette County, Mississippi United States Navy Missouri-related ships Lafayette County, Missouri United States Navy Wisconsin-related ships Lafayette County, Wisconsin United States Navy Louisiana-related ships Lafayette Parish, Louisiana LST-542-class tank landing ships of the Republic of China Navy
9556_0	The United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa (USAFE-AFAFRICA) is a United States Air Force major command (MAJCOM) and a component command of both United States European Command (USEUCOM) and United States Africa Command (USAFRICOM). As part of its mission, USAFE-AFAFRICA commands U.S. Air Force units pledged to NATO, maintaining combat-ready wings based from Great Britain to Turkey. USAFE-AFAFRICA plans, conducts, controls, coordinates and supports air and space operations in Europe, parts of Asia and all of Africa with the exception of Egypt to achieve U.S. national and NATO objectives based on taskings by the two combatant commanders.
9556_1	USAFE-AFAFRICA is headquartered at Ramstein Air Base, Germany. It is the oldest continuously active USAF major command, originally activated on 1 February 1942 at Langley Field, Virginia, as the Eighth Air Force of the United States Army Air Forces. Two years later, it was designated as United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe (USSTAF) and on 7 August 1945 it was designated as United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE). On 20 April 2012 it formally assumed its current designation when the 17th Air Force inactivated. The command has more than 35,000 active duty personnel, Air Reserve Component personnel, and civilian employees assigned.
9556_2	Origins The origins of USAFE can be traced to 19 January 1942, with the establishment of Eighth Air Force. Eighth Air Force was activated on 28 January at Savannah Army Air Base, Georgia. On 5 May, Major General Carl Spaatz assumed command of HQ Eighth Air Force. On 8 January, the order activating the "U.S. Air Forces in the British Isles" (USAFBI) was announced. On 12 May, the first contingent of USAAF personnel arrived in England to join the Eighth Air Force. On 15 June, Spaatz arrived in England to establish Headquarters, Eighth Air Force at Bushy Park, west-south-west of London.

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