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9540_6	May May 1 – Hank Aaron goes 4-for-4, driving in two runs in the Milwaukee Brewers' 17–3 win over the Detroit Tigers. This brings his career RBI total to 2,211, breaking Babe Ruth's published record of 2,209. On February 3, 1976, the Records Committee will revise Ruth's total to 2,204, meaning that in actuality, Aaron set the record on April 18. May 2 - The Los Angeles Dodgers trade pitchers Eddie Solomon and Geoff Zahn to the Chicago Cubs in exchange for pitcher Burt Hooton. May 4 : At 5:00 AM, the New York Mets' Cleon Jones is arrested for indecent exposure in St. Petersburg, Florida after police find him naked in a van with a white, teenage girl who is holding a stash of narcotics. The charges are later dropped, however, chairman of the New York Mets M. Donald Grant fines Jones $2,000, four times as much as a Met has ever been assessed before, and forces Jones to publicly apologize during a press conference held in New York, with his wife, Angela, by his side.
9540_7	The San Francisco Giants beat the Houston Astros 8–6 in the first game of a doubleheader at Candlestick Park. In the second inning, Houston's Bob Watson scores what is calculated as the major leagues' one-millionth run of all time, as Milt May hits John Montefusco's first pitch to drive him home. Meanwhile, Dave Concepción of the Cincinnati Reds hits a home run at about the same moment and races around the bases, but Watson, running from second base, scores first. Cincinnati lose to Atlanta, 3–2. (On April 22, 1876, the opening game of the National League's first-ever season, the Boston Red Caps came out ahead of the Philadelphia Athletics by the score of 6–5. Athletics first baseman Wes Fisler scored the very first run in major league history.)
9540_8	May 5 – The Oakland Athletics release pinch runner Herb Washington. Washington, who played in 104 major league games without batting, pitching, or fielding, compiled 31 stolen bases and scored 33 runs. His 1975 trading card (no. 407) is the only Topps card ever issued showing the player's position as 'pinch runner'. May 25 : Dennis Eckersley, in his first major league start, hurls a three-hit shutout as the Cleveland Indians beat Oakland 6–0. Mickey Lolich's 200th career victory is a rain-shortened, 4–1 win over the Chicago White Sox. His catcher is Bill Freehan, who also caught him in his first major league start on May 21, 1963. May 30 – Willie McCovey pinch-hits a grand slam to lift the San Diego Padres over the New York Mets, 6–2. It is McCovey's 3rd career pinch slam, tying the major league record held by Ron Northey and Rich Reese. It is also his 16th lifetime bases-loaded homer, tying the National League record held by Hank Aaron.
9540_9	May 31 – César Tovar gets the only hit for Texas, the fifth time in his career he has had his team's lone hit in a game. Yankees newly acquired pitcher Catfish Hunter hurls the one-hit 6–0 victory.
9540_10	June June 1 – The Angels' Nolan Ryan pitches his fourth career no-hitter, winning 1–0 over the Orioles, to tie the record set by Sandy Koufax. Today's win is his 100th. June 6 – Luis Tiant wins his 100th game with the Boston Red Sox, defeating Kansas City 1–0. Boston's other 100+ winners include Cy Young, Mel Parnell, Smoky Joe Wood, Joe Dobson and Lefty Grove. Carl Yastrzemski draws a walk in the game, his 1,452nd, tying him for 10th on the all-time list with Jimmie Foxx. June 7 - The Kansas City Royals sign pitcher Dan Quisenberry as an undrafted free agent.
9540_11	June 8 – Against the Detroit Tigers at Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum, Ken Holtzman of the Oakland Athletics has a no-hitter broken up with two out in the ninth on a Tom Veryzer double, the only hit he will allow in a 4–0 Athletic victory. Holtzman, having pitched two no-hitters in the National League (as a Chicago Cub in and ), was bidding to join Cy Young and Jim Bunning as the only pitchers to hurl no-hitters in both leagues. June 18 – Rookie Fred Lynn drives in 10 runs with three home runs, a triple and a single during a Boston 15–1 drubbing of the Detroit Tigers. Lynn's 16 total bases tie an American League record.
9540_12	July July 2 – For the second time in less than a month, an American League pitcher has a no-hitter broken up with two out in the ninth after having pitched one in the National League. In the first game of a doubleheader at Milwaukee County Stadium, Boston Red Sox pitcher Rick Wise has the bid foiled by a George Scott two-run home run. Wise gives up another home run to Bobby Darwin one batter later, but holds on to win, 6–3. Like Ken Holtzman, whose bid for a third career no-hitter was foiled with two out in the ninth on June 8, Wise had no-hit the Cincinnati Reds at Riverfront Stadium in . In the same game, Boston's Jim Rice hits a home run that comes within four rows of exiting the stadium. Cecil Fielder will become the only player to hit a home run completely out of the stadium, in .
9540_13	July 4 – At Veterans Stadium, Jerry Grote steps in as a pinch hitter against longtime battery-mate Tug McGraw, who had been traded to the Philadelphia Phillies during the off-season. With the Mets down 3–2, Grote connected for a game-winning two-run home run. Without McGraw to go to in the Mets' bullpen, Rick Baldwin stepped in, and earned the save. July 15 – At Milwaukee County Stadium, the National League rallies for three runs in the ninth inning to win the All-Star Game over the American League, 6–3. Bill Madlock and the Mets' Jon Matlack share the MVP award. The game also marks the last of Hank Aaron's record-tying (along with Stan Musial and Willie Mays) 24th All-Star appearance; he lines out to Dave Concepción as a pinch hitter in the second inning. This appearance, like his first in , was before a home crowd at Milwaukee County Stadium.
9540_14	July 17 – For the second consecutive Chicago White Sox game, Wilbur Wood is the starter, and he tosses his second straight shutout, beating the Detroit Tigers 5–0. The two starts were separated by the All-Star game. July 21 – Félix Millán of the New York Mets has four straight singles but is wiped out each time when Joe Torre grounds into four straight double plays, tying a major league record. New York loses 6–2 to the Houston Astros. Torre is the first National Leaguer to do so. July 24 – Tom Seaver fans Dan Driessen of the Reds in the second inning for his 2,000th career strikeout. The Reds win, 2–1. July 27- Ron Guidry, later to be known as "Louisiana Lightning" makes his MLB debut for the New York Yankees. He pitches 2 innings, gives up 3 hits but strikes out three in relief. The New York Mets release Cleon Jones months after his arrest incident earlier in the year.
9540_15	August August 2 – At Shea Stadium, the New York Yankees defeat the Cleveland Indians 5–3 in Billy Martin's debut as Yankee manager. This will be the first of five stints as Yankee manager for Martin, who had played for the Yankees from – and –. Martin had replaced the fired Bill Virdon as Yankee skipper the day before. (The Yankees played at Shea Stadium for the 1974 and 1975 seasons while Yankee Stadium was being renovated.) August 6 – The 56–53 Mets fire manager Yogi Berra and replace him with Roy McMillan. August 9 – Davey Lopes steals his 32nd consecutive base for the Dodgers without being caught, in a 2–0 win over the Mets. This breaks the major league record set by Max Carey in 1922. Lou Brock gets his 2500th hit versus the San Diego Padres, a single in the 6th off of Dave Freisleben at Busch Stadium.
9540_16	August 21 – Pitching brothers Rick Reuschel and Paul Reuschel combine to hurl the Cubs to a 7–0 victory over the Dodgers — the first time brothers have collaborated on a shutout. Paul takes over when Rick is forced to leave in the 7th inning because of a blister on his finger. August 24 – In the second game of a doubleheader at Candlestick Park, Ed Halicki of the San Francisco Giants no-hits the New York Mets 6–0.
9540_17	September September 1 – Mets ace Tom Seaver shuts out the Pittsburgh Pirates 3–0, and reaches 200 strikeouts for a major league record eighth straight season. September 2 – The San Francisco Giants' Johnny LeMaster sets a major league record by hitting an inside-the-park home run in his first at bat, during a 7–3 win over the Dodgers. Brian Downing, two years earlier, was the first major league player to hit his first homer inside-the-park, but not in his first at bat. September 3 – On the final pitch of his Hall of Fame career, Cardinals great Bob Gibson gives up a grand slam to Pete LaCock. It will be LaCock's only bases-loaded homer of his career. September 5- Larry Andersen makes his major league debut for the Cleveland Indians. Anderson would go on to a 20-year career as a relief pitcher September 7 - The Cincinnati Reds clinch the National League Western Division title, the earliest (by calendar day) a team has ever clinched their division in MLB history.
9540_18	September 14 – The Boston Red Sox top the Milwaukee Brewers at Fenway Park, 8–6, as Brewers' 19-year-old shortstop Robin Yount breaks Mel Ott's 47-year-old record by playing in his 242nd game as a teenager. September 16 – Rennie Stennett ties Wilbert Robinson's major league record, set June 10, 1892, by going 7-for-7 in a nine-inning game. He collects two hits each in the first and fifth innings, and scores five of his club's runs in a 22–0 massacre of the Cubs, a major league record for the biggest score in a shutout game in the 20th century. John Candelaria pockets the easy win, while Rick Reuschel is the loser. September 18 – Released by the Minnesota Twins in January, Harmon Killebrew returns to Metropolitan Stadium a final time with his new team, the Kansas City Royals. He homers off Eddie Bane in the second inning—the final hit, run and home run of his career.
9540_19	September 24 – In a scoreless game against the Chicago Cubs at Wrigley Field, Tom Seaver of the New York Mets has a no-hitter broken up with two out in the ninth on a Joe Wallis single. This is the third time Seaver has had a no-hit bid broken up in the ninth inning; one of the previous two was a perfect game bid in , also against the Cubs. The Cubs win the game in the 11th inning 1–0, as Rick Monday scores on Bill Madlock's bases-loaded walk. September 26 - New York Mets rookie Mike Vail strikes out seven times in a doubleheader against the Philadelphia Phillies, setting a National League record that still stands. September 27 – The Yankees sweep a doubleheader from the Orioles, giving the Red Sox the AL East title. September 28 – For the first time in major league history, four pitchers share in a no-hitter, as the Oakland Athletics shut down the California Angels, 5–0, on the final day of the season. Vida Blue, Glenn Abbott, Paul Lindblad and Rollie Fingers are the unique quartet.
9540_20	October October 21 – Delayed a day by rain, Game Six of the World Series will be among the most memorable. Bernie Carbo of the Red Sox hits a three-run home run in the bottom of the eighth to tie the game. Boston loads the bases with no outs in the ninth but cannot score until Carlton Fisk leads off the twelfth with his memorable walk-off home run, which deflects off the left field foul pole for a 7–6 victory to tie the series. October 22 – At Fenway Park, the Cincinnati Reds win Game Seven of the World Series over the Boston Red Sox, 4–3. Cincinnati has come from behind in all four of their victories. Pete Rose is named the World Series MVP.
9540_21	November November 10 – The Kansas City Royals release slugger Harmon Killebrew, ending a 22-year career marked by 573 home runs, good for fifth place on the all-time list. November 12 – Tom Seaver of the New York Mets wins his third Cy Young Award, after led the National League pitchers with 22 victories and 243 strikeouts while posting a 2.38 ERA. Seaver had previously won the award in and . November 19 - Joe Morgan of the Cincinnati Reds who led the Reds to their first World Championship since 1940 was named National League MVP. November 20 – The San Francisco Giants fire manager Wes Westrum, coaxing Bill Rigney out of retirement to replace him November 22 - The Cleveland Indians trade outfielder Oscar Gamble to the New York Yankees in exchange for pitcher Pat Dobson.
9540_22	November 26 – Boston Red Sox center fielder Fred Lynn becomes the first rookie ever to be named American League MVP. Lynn, who hit .331 with 21 home runs and 105 RBI, also posted league-leading figures in runs (103), doubles (47), and slugging (.566), helping Boston to the American League East title. He also won Rookie of the Year honors.
9540_23	December December 4 – Ted Turner enters a tentative purchase agreement to buy the Atlanta Braves. December 10 – A deal to move the Chicago White Sox to Seattle, and the Oakland Athletics to Chicago's South Side, is nixed when Bill Veeck repurchases the White Sox and keeps them in Chicago. Seattle would eventually be awarded with an expansion franchise, called the Mariners. December 11 – The New York Yankees send starting pitcher Doc Medich to the Pittsburgh Pirates for pitchers Ken Brett and Dock Ellis and perennial All-Star second baseman Willie Randolph. December 23 – Arbitrator Peter Seitz announces a landmark decision in favor of the Players' Association, making pitchers Andy Messersmith and Dave McNally free agents. Seitz is immediately fired by John Gaherin, chairman of the owners' Player Relations Committee. McNally, who retired on June 8, will not return to the majors, finishing with a 184–119 career record. Births
9540_24	January January 1 – Fernando Tatís January 2 – Jeff Suppan January 8 – Geremi González January 9 – Kiko Calero January 9 – Ken Cloude January 12 – Jorge Velandia January 13 – Jason Childers January 15 – Edwin Díaz January 16 – Lee Gardner January 17 – Brad Fullmer January 17 – Scott Mullen January 19 – Brian Mallette January 19 – Fernando Seguignol January 20 – David Eckstein January 27 – Jason Conti January 28 – Junior Spivey January 29 – Miguel Ojeda February February 5 – Derrick Gibson February 6 – Chad Allen February 8 – Tony Mounce February 9 – Vladimir Guerrero February 10 – Hiroki Kuroda February 14 – Dámaso Marte February 15 – Rafael Medina February 16 – Ángel Peña February 18 – Ila Borders February 18 – Chad Moeller February 20 – Leo Estrella February 20 – Liván Hernández February 20 – Donzell McDonald February 21 – Brandon Berger February 23 – Dave Maurer February 26 – Mark DeRosa February 28 – Juan Moreno February 28 – Ricky Stone
9540_25	March March 6 – Edgar Ramos March 8 – Jesús Peña March 9 – Rob Sasser March 12 – Kevin Pickford March 15 – Vladimir Núñez March 15 – Dan Perkins March 25 – Adrián Hernández March 25 – Miguel Mejia March 28 – Steve Sparks March 28 – Julio Zuleta March 29 – Marcus Jones March 29 – Danny Kolb March 31 – Tim Christman March 31 – Ryan Rupe April April 2 – Hisanori Takahashi April 3 – Koji Uehara April 4 – Scott Rolen April 5 – Domingo Guzmán April 7 – Ronnie Belliard April 8 – Jeremy Fikac April 8 – Timo Pérez April 9 – Talmadge Nunnari April 10 – Mike Lincoln April 11 – Todd Dunwoody April 16 – Kelly Dransfeldt April 19 – Brent Billingsley April 19 – John LeRoy April 21 – Carlos Castillo April 21 – Aquilino López April 25 – Jacque Jones April 27 – Chris Carpenter April 27 – Pedro Feliz April 27 – Benj Sampson April 28 – Jordan Zimmerman April 29 – Rafael Betancourt April 29 – Josh Booty
9540_26	May May 2 – Mark Johnson May 3 – Gabe Molina May 6 – Jim Chamblee May 11 – Francisco Cordero May 13 – Mickey Callaway May 13 – Jack Cressend May 15 – Graham Koonce May 15 – Steve Woodard May 17 – Scott Seabol May 19 – Josh Paul May 20 – Amaury García May 20 – Luis García May 25 – Adrian Johnson May 25 – Randall Simon May 26 – Travis Lee May 29 – Sean Spencer May 31 – Mac Suzuki June June 2 – Steve Rain June 3 – José Molina June 5 – Jason Green June 6 – David Lamb June 8 – Matt Perisho June 10 – Freddy García June 14 – Peter Munro June 16 – José Nieves June 17 – Mark Brownson June 17 – Donnie Sadler June 18 – Félix Heredia June 19 – Willis Roberts June 22 – Kenshin Kawakami June 22 – Esteban Yan June 25 – Kane Davis June 26 – Jason Middlebrook June 27 – Daryle Ward June 28 – Richard Hidalgo June 30 – Mike Judd
9540_27	July July 3 – Christian Parker July 5 – Alberto Castillo July 8 – David Moraga July 14 – Tim Hudson July 18 – Torii Hunter July 22 – Scot Shields July 24 – Bill Ortega July 26 – Kevin Barker July 27 – Shea Hillenbrand July 27 – Alex Rodriguez July 29 – Seth Greisinger July 30 – Matt Erickson July 30 – Oswaldo Mairena July 31 – Randy Flores July 31 – Gabe Kapler August August 2 – Joe Dillon August 3 – Roosevelt Brown August 4 – Eric Milton August 6 – Víctor Zambrano August 7 – Gerónimo Gil August 7 – Édgar Rentería August 8 – Chad Meyers August 9 – Brian Fuentes August 9 – Mike Lamb August 12 – Luis Ordaz August 14 – Eric Cammack August 14 – McKay Christensen August 14 – Scott Stewart August 15 – Ben Ford August 15 – Aaron Scheffer August 16 – Michael Coleman August 16 – Cho Jin-ho August 19 – Juan Sosa August 26 – Morgan Ensberg August 26 – Troy Mattes August 27 – Trent Durrington August 29 – John Riedling August 30 – Bucky Jacobsen
9540_28	September September 5 – Rod Barajas September 5 – Randy Choate September 6 – Derrek Lee September 12 – Luis Castillo September 12 – Mark Johnson September 14 – George Lombard September 15 – Javier Cardona September 15 – Dan Smith September 17 – Ryan Jensen September 18 – Randy Williams September 19 – Javier Valentín September 20 – Yovanny Lara September 21 – Doug Davis September 22 – Luis García September 22 – Danny Klassen September 23 – Dave Elder September 24 – Mario Encarnación September 30 – Carlos Guillén
9540_29	October October 1 – Brandon Knight October 3 – Scott Cassidy October 3 – Mike Thompson October 5 – Brandon Puffer October 6 – Jeff Farnsworth October 7 – Justin Brunette October 8 – Andy Thompson October 9 – Danny Mota October 9 – J. J. Trujillo October 10 – Plácido Polanco October 17 – Héctor Almonte October 18 – Alex Cora October 19 – Horacio Estrada October 21 – Toby Hall October 23 – Todd Belitz October 23 – Kazuo Matsui October 23 – Todd Sears October 26 – Ryan Bradley October 29 – Karim García October 29 – Gary Johnson October 29 – Scott Randall October 30 – Andy Dominique October 30 – Marco Scutaro November November 2 – Paul Rigdon November 10 – Edison Reynoso November 16 – Julio Lugo November 18 – Shawn Camp November 18 – David Ortiz November 18 – Matt Wise November 19 – Clay Condrey November 20 – J. D. Drew November 21 – Brian Meadows November 23 – Colin Porter
9540_30	December December 2 – Mark Kotsay December 4 – Ed Yarnall December 8 – Brian Barkley December 10 – Joe Mays December 11 – Nate Field December 12 – Carlos Hernández December 13 – Matt LeCroy December 14 – Rodrigo López December 15 – Edgard Clemente December 17 – Brandon Villafuerte December 19 – Russell Branyan December 25 – Hideki Okajima December 26 – Yoshinori Tateyama December 27 – Jeff D'Amico December 28 – B. J. Ryan December 29 – Tom Jacquez December 29 – Jason Pearson December 29 – Jaret Wright December 30 – Santiago Pérez December 31 – Sam McConnell Deaths
9540_31	January January 2 – Jim Poole, 79, first baseman in 283 games for 1925–1927 Philadelphia Athletics; active in Organized Baseball as a player or player-manager for 28 years between 1914 and 1946 January 5 – Don Wilson, 29, Houston Astros' starting pitcher who had won 104 games for them since breaking into the majors September 29, 1966, and thrown two no-hitters (in 1967 and 1969); National League All-Star (1971); in 1974, he won 11 games and posted a 3.08 ERA in 204 innings pitched January 9 – Walton Cruise, 84, outfielder who played in 736 career games for the St. Louis Cardinals (1914 and 1916–1919) and Boston Braves (1919–1924) January 9 – Curt Fullerton, 76, pitcher in 115 games for the Boston Red Sox (1921–1925 and 1933) January 21 – Pat Tobin, 58, pitcher who worked only one game (and one inning) in the majors, on August 21, 1941, as member of the Philadelphia Athletics
9540_32	January 23 – Clarence "Heinie" Mueller, 75, outfielder and first baseman who appeared in 693 career games over 11 years between 1920 and 1935 for the St. Louis Cardinals, New York Giants, Boston Braves and St. Louis Browns January 26 – Astyanax Douglass, 77, catcher who played 11 games for the Cincinnati Reds over two seasons (1921 and 1925)
9540_33	February February 12 – Dutch Mele, 60, minor-league slugger who had a six-game "cup of coffee" with the 1937 Cincinnati Reds February 21 – Steve Filipowicz, 55, outfielder who played in 57 total games for the MLB New York Giants and Cincinnati Reds between 1944 and 1948; previously a running back with the NFL New York Giants in 1943
9540_34	March March 7 – Joe Benes, 74, infielder who played in ten games during May and June for 1931 St. Louis Cardinals March 10 – Clint Evans, 85, coach at the University of California from 1930 to 1954 who led team to the first College World Series title in 1947 March 10 – Johnny Markham, 66, a Negro league pitcher for the Kansas City Monarchs and Birmingham Black Barons March 12 – Dick Lanahan, 63, southpaw pitcher who appeared in 56 career games for the Washington Senators (1935, 1937) and Pittsburgh Pirates (1940–1941) March 13 – Red Marion, 60, outfielder in 18 games for the 1935 and 1943 Washington Senators, then a longtime minor-league manager; brother of Marty Marion
9540_35	March 21 – Joe Medwick, 63, Hall of Fame left fielder and 10-time All-Star who in 1937 became the most recent National League player to win the triple crown, also winning the MVP; lifetime .324 hitter, who had six 100-RBI seasons for the St. Louis Cardinals; also played for Brooklyn Dodgers, New York Giants and Boston Braves during a 17-year (1932–1948) MLB career March 25 – Tommy Holmes, 71, sportswriter who covered the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1924 until the team's move to Los Angeles in 1958 March 26 – Harley Young, 91, pitcher in 14 total games for the Pittsburgh Pirates and Boston Doves of the National League in 1908 March 27 – Oscar Fuhr, 81, pitched in 63 contests for the Chicago Cubs and Boston Red Sox between 1921 and 1925 March 28 – Hy Gunning, 86, first baseman who played four games for the 1911 Boston Red Sox
9540_36	April April 3 – Merritt "Sugar" Cain, 67, pitcher for the Philadelphia Athletics (1932–1935), St. Louis Browns (1935–1936) and Chicago White Sox (1936–1938) who appeared in 178 career MLB games April 8 – Jim Peterson, 66, pitcher who hurled in 41 MLB games for the Philadelphia Athletics and Brooklyn Dodgers between 1931 and 1937 April 16 – Frank Wayenberg, 76, pitched in two games for the 1924 Cleveland Indians April 18 – Jack Burns, 67, first baseman for the St. Louis Browns and Detroit Tigers, 1930 to 1936, appearing in 890 games; later a coach and scout for the Boston Red Sox April 19 – Wes Kingdon, 74, infielder who played 20 years in the minor leagues and batted .324 in 18 games in his only MLB trial with the 1932 Washington Senators April 25 – Bruce Edwards, 51, catcher for the Brooklyn Dodgers (1946–1951), Chicago Cubs (1951–1952, 1954), Washington Senators (1955) and Cincinnati Redlegs (1956); two-time National League All-Star
9540_37	May May 6 – Les Burke, 72, second baseman for the Detroit Tigers from 1923 to 1926 May 10 – Harold Kaese, 66, sportswriter for the Boston Transcript and The Boston Globe from 1933 to 1973 May 15 – Johnny Gooch, 77, catcher who played in 11 MLB seasons for the Pittsburgh Pirates (1921–1928), Brooklyn Robins (1928–1929), Cincinnati Reds (1929–1930) and Boston Red Sox (1933); member of 1925 World Series champions May 16 – Al Helfer, 63, play-by-play announcer for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Cincinnati Reds, Brooklyn Dodgers, New York Giants, New York Yankees, Philadelphia Phillies, Houston Colt .45s, Oakland Athletics, and Mutual's "Game of the Day" during a sportscasting career that stretched from 1933 to 1970 May 17 – Sig Broskie, 64, catcher in 11 games for 1940 Boston Bees
9540_38	May 22 – Lefty Grove, 75, Hall of Fame pitcher for the Philadelphia Athletics and Boston Red Sox who became the second left-hander to win 300 games, leading AL in ERA nine times and in winning percentage five times, both records; won the pitching triple crown twice, also winning MVP in 1931 after 31–4 campaign; also led AL in strikeouts seven straight years May 25 – Bruce Hartford, 83, shortstop in eight games for the 1914 Cleveland Naps May 30 – Bert Cole, 78, left-handed pitcher who worked in 177 career games for the Detroit Tigers (1921–1925), Cleveland Indians (1925) and Chicago White Sox (1927)
9540_39	June June 2 – Spoke Emery, 78, outfielder in five games for 1925 Philadelphia Phillies; collected two hits in his three MLB at bats (.667) June 9 – Ownie Carroll, 72, pitcher for the Detroit Tigers, New York Yankees, Cincinnati Reds and Brooklyn Dodgers between 1925 and 1934, who later coached at Seton Hall University for 25 years June 16 – Clint Courtney, 48, catcher for five American League teams between 1951 and 1961 and the first major leaguer at his position to wear eyeglasses; manager of Triple-A Richmond Braves at the time of his death June 17 – Sid Gordon, 57, All-Star left fielder and third baseman, primarily for the New York Giants (1941–1943, 1946–1949 and 1955) and Boston and Milwaukee Braves (1950–1953), who had five 20-HR seasons
9540_40	June 20 – Lou Klein, 57, second baseman for St. Louis Cardinals (1943, 1946 and 1949) whose career was interrupted by World War II service and suspension for "jumping" to outlaw Mexican League in May 1946; also played for Cleveland Indians and Philadelphia Athletics in 1951; later spent two decades with Chicago Cubs, including serving as "head coach" for 147 games over three terms (1961, 1962 and 1965) during Cubbies' "College of Coaches" experiment June 23 – Marty Callaghan, 75, outfielder who appeared in 295 career games for the Chicago Cubs (1922–1923) and Cincinnati Reds (1926 and 1928) June 28 – Audrey Bleiler, 42, infielder for two All-American Girls Professional Baseball League champion teams
9540_41	July July 5 – Joe Kiefer, 75, pitcher in 15 games for the Chicago White Sox (1920) and Boston Red Sox (1925–1926) July 18 – Ted Wingfield, 75, pitcher who played in 113 games from 1923 to 1927 for the Washington Senators and Boston Red Sox July 23 – Art Mills, 72, pitcher in 19 games for the 1927–1928 Boston Braves; coach for the Detroit Tigers from 1944–1948, including service on 1945 World Series champion July 31 – Max Flack, 85, right fielder for the Chicago Whales of the Federal League (1914–1915), Chicago Cubs (1916–1922) and St. Louis Cardinals (1922–1925) who batted over .300 three times
9540_42	August August 5 – Bill Morrell, 82, pitcher for the 1926 Washington Senators and 1930–1931 New York Giants who worked in 48 career games August 11 – Rollin Cook, 84, pitcher who appeared in five contests for the 1915 St. Louis Browns August 12 – Lew Riggs, 65, third baseman for St. Louis Cardinals (1934), Cincinnati Reds (1935–1940) and Brooklyn Dodgers (1941–1942 and 1946); 1936 National League All-Star and member of 1940 World Series champions August 20 – Daniel Canónico, 59, pitcher who led the Venezuelan team to the 1941 Amateur World Series title, winning five of the team's games including the series-tying and deciding games against Cuba August 20 – Jake Miller, 77, pitched in an even 200 games over nine seasons in the American League, eight of them for the Cleveland Indians (1924–1931)
9540_43	September September 3 – Irv Medlinger, 48, left-handed relief pitcher who got into nine games for the 1949 and 1951 St. Louis Browns September 9 – Ken Jungels, 59, relief pitcher who appeared in 25 total games over five seasons between 1937 and 1942 for the Cleveland Indians and Pittsburgh Pirates September 10 – Lance Richbourg, 77, right fielder who played 629 of his 698 MLB games for the Boston Braves (1927–1931); batted .308 lifetime September 28 – Moose Solters, 69, left fielder with four AL teams between 1934 and 1943 who batted .300 and drove in over 100 runs three times, before his eyesight gradually failed after he was hit with a ball during a 1941 warmup
9540_44	September 29 – Casey Stengel, 85, Hall of Fame manager who won a record ten pennants in twelve seasons leading the Yankees (1949–1960), capturing a record seven titles; also managed Dodgers, Braves and Mets, applying his trademark humor to the Mets in their woeful first season; in his playing days, an outfielder for five NL clubs from 1912 to 1925; batted .393 in 28 World Series at bats (1916, 1922, 1923), hitting two game-winning home runs for the New York Giants (against the Yankees) in the 1923 Fall Classic
9540_45	October October 1 – Larry MacPhail, 85, Hall of Fame executive who introduced night games, plane travel and pensions to the major leagues while running the Cincinnati Reds (1933–1936), Brooklyn Dodgers (1938–1942) and New York Yankees (1945–1947); won 1941 National League pennant in Brooklyn and 1947 World Series with Yankees, then left baseball; father of Lee, also a Hall of Fame executive, and grandfather of Andy MacPhail, high-level executive for multiple teams between 1986 and 2020 October 3 – Elmer Knetzer, 90, pitcher who won 38 games for the Pittsburgh Rebels of the "outlaw" Federal League in 1914–1915; also pitched for Brooklyn, Boston and Cincinnati of the National League from 1909–1912 and 1916–1917 October 4 – Joan Whitney Payson, 72, founding principal owner of the New York Mets from 1961 until her death; former stockholder in New York Giants, who in 1957 voted against their transfer to San Francisco
9540_46	October 13 – Swede Risberg, 81, shortstop for the 1917–1920 Chicago White Sox, and member of 1917 world champions and 1919 AL champions; last survivor among the eight players barred from baseball for their involvement in the Black Sox Scandal October 15 – Mickey Grasso, 55, catcher and World War II POW who resumed his baseball career in 1946; played in 322 MLB games for the Washington Senators (1950–1953), Cleveland Indians (1954) and New York Giants (1946 and 1955) October 19 – Hod Kibbie, 72, second baseman and shortstop who had an 11-game stint with the 1925 Boston Braves
9540_47	November November 8 – Vern Morgan, 47, third baseman who appeared in 31 games for the 1954–1955 Chicago Cubs; coach for the Minnesota Twins from 1969 until his death November 8 – Ray Shepardson, 78, catcher in three games for 1924 St. Louis Cardinals November 14 – Garland Buckeye, 78, southpaw pitcher who appeared in 108 MLB games between 1918 and 1928, 106 of them for the 1925–1928 Cleveland Indians November 27 – Gene Osborn, 53, play-by-play announcer who described games for the Mutual Network "Game of the Day" and the Detroit Tigers, Pittsburgh Pirates, Chicago White Sox and Kansas City Royals between 1959 and 1975
9540_48	December December 1 – Nellie Fox, 47, Hall of Fame second baseman, 12-time All-Star for the Chicago White Sox who formed half of a spectacular middle infield with Luis Aparicio; batted .300 six times, led AL in hits four times, and was 1959 MVP; overall played in 19 MLB seasons (1947–1965) and made 2,663 hits December 1 – Dave Koslo, 55, left-handed pitcher who won over 90 games for the New York Giants (1941–1942 and 1946–1953), missing 1943-1945 seasons due to wartime service; started and won Game 1 of the 1951 World Series. December 8 – Johnny Couch, 84, pitcher for Detroit Tigers (1917), Cincinnati Reds (1922–1923) and Philadelphia Phillies (1923–1925) who worked in 147 career games
9540_49	December 9 – Jeff Heath, 60, two-time All-Star left fielder (1941 and 1943) with the Cleveland Indians (1936–1945); also played with Washington Senators (1946), St. Louis Browns (1946–1947) and Boston Braves (1948–1949); led the American League in triples twice (1938, 1941); helped lead Boston to 1948 National League pennant, but broke his ankle late in September and missed the 1948 World Series, played against the Indians; later a broadcaster for Seattle of the Pacific Coast League December 12 – Julie Wera, 75, backup third baseman who played in 38 games as a member of the 1927 World Series champion New York Yankees December 15 – Buster Chatham, 73, third baseman-shortstop in 129 games for Boston Braves during 1930 and 1931; longtime scout and minor-league manager
9540_50	December 17 – Kerby Farrell, 62, manager of the 1957 Cleveland Indians; first baseman and left-handed pitcher in 188 games for 1943 Boston Braves and 1945 Chicago White Sox; coach for White Sox and Indians between 1966 and 1971; won three Minor League Manager of the Year awards during his long career as a skipper in minors December 23 – Rae Blaemire, 64, catcher in two games for 1941 New York Giants. December 23 – Jim McGlothlin, 32, pitcher for the California Angels (1965–1969), Cincinnati Reds (1970–1973) and Chicago White Sox (1973); American League All-Star (1967); appeared in 1970 and 1972 World Series. December 24 – Russ Lyon, 62, catcher who appeared in seven games with the 1944 Cleveland Indians December 27 – Lou Lowdermilk, 88, left-handed pitcher who played in 20 career games for the 1911–1912 St. Louis Cardinals
9540_51	References
9541_0	Mistralazhdarcho is a genus of azhdarchid pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous period (Campanian stage) of France. The type and only species is Mistralazhdarcho maggii. Discovery In 1992, Xavier Valentin at Velaux–La Bastide Neuve, in the south of France, discovered a rich fossil site. Between 2009 and 2012, pterosaur remains were excavated. The pterosaur was reported in the scientific literature in 2015. In 2018, the type species Mistralazhdarcho maggii was named and described by Romain Vullo, Géraldine Garcia, Pascal Godefroit, Aude Cincotta and Xavier Valentin. The generic name connects the mistral, a northern wind typical for the area of discovery, with Azhdarcho, the type genus of the Azhdarchidae. The specific name honors Jean-Pierre Maggi, the mayor of Velaux, for his support of the La Bastide Neuve paleontological project.
9541_1	The holotype, MMS/VBN.09.C.001, was discovered in a sandstone layer of the Aix-en-Provence basin, dating from the late Campanian, about seventy-two million years old. It consists of a partial skeleton with skull. It contains the symphysis of the lower jaws, the atlas-axis complex of the front neck, a middle neck vertebra, the left humerus, a piece of the right humerus, the left radius, the right pteroid, the shaft of the fourth metacarpal, the proximal part of the first phalanx of the wing finger, the distal part of the same phalanx, and four bone fragments that could not be identified including some articular surface and two shafts. The skeleton was not found articulated but the bones were discovered on a limited surface of within the total surface of formed by the fossil layer. Therefore, it was concluded they represent a single individual. It is probably a subadult.
9541_2	Description Mistralazhdarcho is a large pterosaur. The humerus was estimated to have had an original length of . This indicates a wingspan of using a formula devised by Alexandr Averianov. Another possible method is to extrapolate the wingspan from the known skeleton of the azhdarchid Zhejiangopterus. This results in an estimate of . Both estimates seem to corroborate the hypothesis that the holotype individual had a span of about . However, it was not yet fully grown. It was estimated that an adult exemplar could have had a wide wingspan.
9541_3	The describing authors indicated some distinguishing traits. One of these was an autapomorphy, a unique derived character. The upper surface of the symphysis of the lower jaws shows a well-developed elevation on the midline in a relatively forward position of behind the mandible tip, compared to with the related form Alanqa. A second trait is a possible autapomorphy only. The tip of the lower jaws is somewhat curved to below. However, its uniqueness is conditional on Aerotitan not having such a curved tip. This latter pterosaur was originally described as not having one but the authors, while studying Mistralazhdarcho, concluded that the Aerotitan description was likely mistaken and that its curved holotype did not represent the middle of the jaws but their front end.
9541_4	Additionally, a unique combination was given of traits that in themselves are not unique. The upper surface of the symphysis or fusion of the lower jaws shows elevated but blunt ridges on its edges. This symphysis has a V-shaped cross-section, thus lacking a lower crest. The underside of the atlas-axis complex of the neck is flat. In the middle neck vertebrae the front articulation processes, the prezygapophyses, lightly diverge. The humerus is relatively short compared to the radius, with 66% of its length. Classification Mistralazhdarcho was placed in the Azhdarchidae in 2018, without an exact cladistic analysis. The elevation on the symphysis shared with Alanqa suggests a close relationship between the two genera.
9541_5	Paleobiology Mistralazhdarcho is the first pterosaur named from the Campanian to Maastrichtian of Western Europe. Mistralazhdarcho possibly represents an intermediate size-class of European azhdarchids, in-between the smaller Eurazhdarcho with a wingspan of and the giant form Hatzegopteryx. References Late Cretaceous pterosaurs of Europe Azhdarchids Fossil taxa described in 2018
9542_0	Information flow in an information theoretical context is the transfer of information from a variable to a variable in a given process. Not all flows may be desirable; for example, a system should not leak any secret (partially or not) to public observers. Introduction Securing the data manipulated by computing systems has been a challenge in the past years. Several methods to limit the information disclosure exist today, such as access control lists, firewalls, and cryptography. However, although these methods do impose limits on the information that is released by a system, they provide no guarantees about information propagation. For example, access control lists of file systems prevent unauthorized file access, but they do not control how the data is used afterwards. Similarly, cryptography provides a means to exchange information privately across a non-secure channel, but no guarantees about the confidentiality of the data are given once it is decrypted.
9542_1	In low level information flow analysis, each variable is usually assigned a security level. The basic model comprises two distinct levels: low and high, meaning, respectively, publicly observable information, and secret information. To ensure confidentiality, flowing information from high to low variables should not be allowed. On the other hand, to ensure integrity, flows to high variables should be restricted. More generally, the security levels can be viewed as a lattice with information flowing only upwards in the lattice. For example, considering two security levels and (low and high), if , flows from to , from to , and to would be allowed, while flows from to would not. Throughout this article, the following notation is used: variable (low) shall denote a publicly observable variable variable (high) shall denote a secret variable Where and are the only two security levels in the lattice being considered. Explicit flows and side channels
9542_2	Information flows can be divided in two major categories. The simplest one is explicit flow, where some secret is explicitly leaked to a publicly observable variable. In the following example, the secret in the variable h flows into the publicly observable variable l. var l, h l := h The other flows fall into the side channel category. For example, in the timing attack or in the power analysis attack, the system leaks information through, respectively, the time or power it takes to perform an action depending on a secret value. In the following example, the attacker can deduce if the value of h is one or not by the time the program takes to finish: var l, h if h = 1 then (* do some time-consuming work *) l := 0
9542_3	Another side channel flow is the implicit information flow, which consists in leakage of information through the program control flow. The following program (implicitly) discloses the value of the secret variable h to the variable l. In this case, since the h variable is boolean, all the bits of the variable of h is disclosed (at the end of the program, l will be 3 if h is true, and 42 otherwise). var l, h if h = true then l := 3 else l := 42 Non-interference
9542_4	Non-interference is a policy that enforces that an attacker should not be able to distinguish two computations from their outputs if they only vary in their secret inputs. However, this policy is too strict to be usable in realistic programs. The classic example is a password checker program that, in order to be useful, needs to disclose some secret information: whether the input password is correct or not (note that the information that an attacker learns in case the program rejects the password is that the attempted password is not the valid one). Information flow control
9542_5	A mechanism for information flow control is one that enforces information flow policies. Several methods to enforce information flow policies have been proposed. Run-time mechanisms that tag data with information flow labels have been employed at the operating system level and at the programming language level. Static program analyses have also been developed that ensure information flows within programs are in accordance with policies. Both static and dynamic analysis for current programming languages have been developed. However, dynamic analysis techniques cannot observe all execution paths, and therefore cannot be both sound and precise. In order to guarantee noninterference, they either terminate executions that might release sensitive information or they ignore updates that might leak information.
9542_6	A prominent way to enforce information flow policies in a program is through a security type system: that is, a type system that enforces security properties. In such a sound type system, if a program type-checks, it meets the flow policy and therefore contains no improper information flows. Security type system In a programming language augmented with a security type system every expression carries both a type (such as boolean, or integer) and a security label. Following is a simple security type system from that enforces non-interference. The notation means that the expression has type . Similarly, means that the command is typable in the security context . Well-typed commands include, for example, . Conversely, the program is ill-typed, as it will disclose the value of variable into .
9542_7	Note that the rule is a subsumption rule, which means that any command that is of security type can also be . For example, can be both and . This is called polymorphism in type theory. Similarly, the type of an expression that satisfies can be both and according to and respectively. Declassification As shown previously, non-interference policy is too strict for use in most real-world applications. Therefore, several approaches to allow controlled releases of information have been devised. Such approaches are called information declassification. Robust declassification requires that an active attacker may not manipulate the system in order to learn more secrets than what passive attackers already know. Information declassification constructs can be classified in four orthogonal dimensions: What information is released, Who is authorized to access the information, Where the information is released, and When is the information released. What
9542_8	A what declassification policy controls which information (partial or not) may be released to a publicly observable variable. The following code example shows a declassify construct from. In this code, the value of the variable h is explicitly allowed by the programmer to flow into the publicly observable variable l. var l, h if l = 1 then l := declassify(h) Who A who declassification policy controls which principals (i.e., who) can access a given piece of information. This kind of policy has been implemented in the Jif compiler. The following example allows Bob to share its secret contained in the variable b with Alice through the commonly accessible variable ab. var ab (* {Alice, Bob} ) var b ( {Bob} ) if ab = 1 then ab := declassify(b, {Alice, Bob}) ( {Alice, Bob} *) Where
9542_9	A where declassification policy regulates where the information can be released, for example, by controlling in which lines of the source code information can be released. The following example makes use of the flow construct proposed in. This construct takes a flow policy (in this case, variables in H are allowed to flow to variables in L) and a command, which is run under the given flow policy. var l, h flow H L in l := h When A when declassification policy regulates when the information can be released. Policies of this kind can be used to verify programs that implement, for example, controlled release of secret information after payment, or encrypted secrets which should not be released in a certain time given polynomial computational power.
9542_10	Declassification approaches for implicit flows An implicit flow occurs when code whose conditional execution is based on private information updates a public variable. This is especially problematic when multiple executions are considered since an attacker could leverage the public variable to infer private information by observing how its value changes over time or with the input. The naïve approach The naïve approach consists on enforcing the confidentiality property on all variables whose value is affected by other variables. This method leads to partially leaked information due to on some instances of the application a variable is Low and in others High.
9542_11	No sensitive upgrade No sensitive upgrade halts the program whenever a High variable affects the value of a Low variable effectively preventing information leakage. Since it simply looks for expressions where an information leakage might happen without looking at the context it may halt a program that despite having potential information leakage it never actually leaks information. In the following example x is High and y is Low. var x, y y := false if h = true then y := true return true In this case the program would be halted since it uses the value of a High variable to change a Low variable despite the program never leaking information.
9542_12	Permissive upgrade Permissive-upgrade introduces an extra security class P which will identify information leaking variables. When a High variable affects the value of a Low variable, the latter is labeled P. If a P labeled variable affects a Low variable the program would be halted. To prevent the halting the Low and P variables should be converted to High using a privatization function to ensure no information leakage can occur. On subsequent instances the program will run without interruption. Privatization inference Privatization inference extends permissive upgrade to automatically apply the privatization function to any variable that might leak information. This method should be used during testing where it will convert most variables. Once the program moves into production the permissive-upgrade should be used to halt the program in case of an information leakage and the privatization functions can be updated to prevent subsequent leaks. Application in computer systems
9542_13	Beyond applications to programming language, information flow control theories have been applied to OS, Distributed Systems and Cloud Computing. References Information theory
9543_0	A school counselor is a professional who works in primary (elementary and middle) schools or secondary schools to provide academic, career, college access/affordability/admission, and social-emotional competencies to all students through a school counseling program. Academic, career, college, and social-emotional interventions and services The four main school counseling program interventions include school counseling curriculum classroom lessons and annual academic, career/college access/affordability/admission, and social-emotional planning for every student; and group and individual counseling for some students. School counseling is an integral part of the education system in countries representing over half of the world's population and in other countries it is emerging as a critical support for elementary, middle, and high school learning, post-secondary options, and social-emotional/mental health.
9543_1	In the Americas, Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Pacific, some countries with no formal school counseling programs use teachers or psychologists to do school counseling emphasizing career development. Countries vary in how a school counseling program and services are provided based on economics (funding for schools and school counseling programs), social capital (independent versus public schools), and school counselor certification and credentialing movements in education departments, professional associations, and local, state/province, and national legislation. School counseling is established in 62 countries and emerging in another seven.
9543_2	An international scoping project on school-based counseling showed school counseling is mandatory in 39 countries, 32 USA states, one Australian state, three German states, two countries in the United Kingdom, and three provinces in Canada. The largest accreditation body for Counselor Education/School Counseling programs is the Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). International Counselor Education programs are accredited through a CACREP affiliate, the International Registry of Counselor Education Programs (IRCEP).
9543_3	In some countries, school counseling is provided by school counseling specialists (for example, Botswana, China, Finland, Israel, Malta, Nigeria, Romania, Taiwan, Turkey, United States). In other cases, school counseling is provided by classroom teachers who either have such duties added to their typical teaching load or teach only a limited load that also includes school counseling activities (India, Japan, Mexico, South Korea, Zambia). The IAEVG focuses on career development with some international school counseling articles and conference presentations. Both the IAEVG and the Vanguard of Counsellors promote school counseling internationally. History, school counselor-to-student ratios, and mandates Armenia After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the post-Soviet Psychologists of Armenia and the government developed the School Counselor position in Armenian Schools.
9543_4	Australia While national policy supports school counseling, only one Australian state requires it. The school counselor-to-student ratio ranges from 1:850 in the Australian Capital Territory to 1:18,000 in Tasmania. School counselors play an integral part in the Australian schooling system; they provide support to teachers, parents, and students. Their roles include counseling students and assisting parents/guardians to make informed decisions about their child's education for learning and behavioral issues. School counselors assist schools and parents/guardians in assessing disabilities and they collaborate with outside agencies to provide the best support for schools, teachers, students, and parents. Austria Austria mandates school counseling at the high school level. Bahamas The Bahamas mandate school counseling. Belgium Although not mandated, some school counseling occurs in schools and community centers in three regions of the country.
9543_5	Bhutan Bhutan mandates a school counseling program for all schools. All schools have full-time school guidance counselors. Botswana Botswana mandates school counseling. Brazil School counselors in Brazil have large caseloads.
9543_6	Canada
9543_7	The roots of school counseling stemmed from a response to the conditions created by the industrial revolution in the early 1900s. Originally, school counseling was often referred to as vocational guidance, where the goal of the profession was to help individuals find their path in a time where individuals previous ways of making a living had been displaced. As people moved towards industrialized cities, counseling was required to help students navigate these new vocations. With a great discrepancy between the rich and the poor, vocational counseling was initiated to help support disadvantaged students. After World War II, vocational guidance began to shift towards a new movement of counseling, which provided a theoretical backing. As the role of school counselors progressed into the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s there has become more uncertainty as to what the role entails. This role confusion continues into the 21st century, where there is a lack of clear consensus between counselors, other
9543_8	teachers, administration, students and parents on what school counselors should be prioritizing.
9543_9	Throughout Canada, the emerging trend among school counseling programs is to provide a comprehensive and cohesive approach. These programs address the personal, social, educational and career development of students. A comprehensive program consists of four components, including developmental school counseling classroom lessons, individual student planning, responsive services, and school and community support. Developmental School Counseling lessons involve small group and class presentations about valuable life skills, which is generally supported through classroom curriculum. Individual student planning involves assessing students abilities, providing advice on goals and planning transitions to work and school. Responsive services includes counseling with students, consulting with parents and teachers, and referrals to outside agencies. Support from the school and community includes such things as professional development, community outreach and program management.
9543_10	The process to become a school counselor varies drastically across each province, with some requiring a graduate level degree in counseling while others require a teaching certification or both. Some provinces also require registration with the relevant provincial College of Registered Psychotherapists. These differences highlight the vast range of expertise required within the role of a school counselor. Regardless of the professional requirements, all school counselors are expected to advise students within the realm of mental health support, course choices, special education and career planning. The Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association, Canada's leading association for counseling and psychotherapy, is working towards alignment among the provinces through partnership and collaboration between provinces. Recent conferences share information on the differences and similarities within each province and how progress is being made to ensure proper regulations are in place
9543_11	at a national level.
9543_12	In the province of Ontario, Canada, school counselors are found in both elementary and secondary settings, to varying degrees. The Greater Toronto Area, the largest metropolis in the country, has school counselors in 31% of elementary schools, however the remainder of the province averages 6%. Additionally, the elementary schools that have a school counselor are scheduled for an average of 1.5 days per week. These counselors are generally classroom teachers for the remainder of the time. In secondary schools in Ontario, Canada, the average ratio of students to school counselors is 396:1. In 10% of Ontario schools, this average increases to 826:1. There is concern among administration that these staffing levels are not sufficient to meet the needs of students. This has been proven in recent articles appearing in the news featuring student stories of frustration as they prepare for graduation without the support they expected from school counselors. Considering the extensive
9543_13	expectations placed on school counselors, future research needs to address whether or not they can be met within one profession while effectively equipping students with support and information.
9543_14	School counselors reported in 2004 at a conference in Winnipeg on issues such as budget cuts, lack of clarity about school counselor roles, high student-to-school counselor ratios, especially in elementary schools, and how using a comprehensive school counseling model helped clarify school counselor roles with teachers and administrators and strengthened the profession. More than 15 years later, the profession is continuing to evolve and meet the changing needs of 21st century students in Canada. China China has put substantial financial resources into school counseling with strong growth in urban areas but less than 1% of rural students receive it; China does not mandate school counseling. In China, Thomason & Qiong discussed the main influences on school counseling as Chinese philosophers Confucius and Lao-Tzu, who provided early models of child and adult development who influenced the work of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
9543_15	Only 15% of high school students are admitted to college in China, so entrance exams are fiercely competitive. Students entering university graduate at a rate of 99%. Much pressure is put on children and adolescents to study and attend college. This pressure is a central focus of school counseling in China. An additional stressor is that there are not enough places for students to attend college, and over one-third of college graduates cannot find jobs, so career and employment counseling and development are also central in school counseling.
9543_16	In China, there is a stigma related to social-emotional and mental health issues; therefore, even though most universities and many (urban) primary and secondary schools have school counselors, many students are reluctant to seek counseling for issues such as anxiety and depression. There is no national system of certifying school counselors. Most are trained in Western-developed cognitive methods including REBT, Rogerian, Family Systems, Behavior Modification, and Object Relations. School counselors also recommend Chinese methods such as qigong (deep breathing) and acupuncture, as well as music therapy. Chinese school counselors work within a traditional Chinese worldview of a community and family-based system that lessens the focus on the individual. In Hong Kong, Hui (2000) discussed work moving toward comprehensive school counseling programs and eliminating the older remediation-style model. Middle school students are a priority for school counseling services in China.
9543_17	Costa Rica Costa Rica mandates school counseling. Croatia School counseling is only available in certain schools. Cyprus In 1991, Cyprus mandated school counseling with a goal of a 1:60 school counselor-to-student ratio and one full-time school counselor for every high school, but neither of these goals has been accomplished. Czech Republic The Czech Republic mandates school counseling. Denmark Denmark mandates school counseling. Egypt School counseling services are delivered by elementary school psychologists with a ratio of 1 school psychologist to every 3,080 students. Estonia School counseling is only available in certain schools.
9543_18	Finland In Finland, legislation has been passed for a school counseling system. The Basic Education Act of 1998 stated that every student must receive school counseling services. All Finnish school counselors must have a teaching certificate, a master's degree in a specific academic subject, and a specialized certificate in school counseling. Finland has a school counselor-to-student ratio of 1:245. France France mandates school counseling in high schools. Gambia Gambia mandates school counseling. Georgia The school counselor-to-student ratio in Georgia is 1:615. Germany Two German states require school counseling at all education levels; high school counseling is established in all states. Ghana Ghana mandates school counseling.
9543_19	Greece
9543_20	There are provisions for academic and career counseling in middle and high schools but school counseling is not mandated. Social-emotional and mental-health counseling is done in community agencies. The National Guidance Resources Center in Greece was established by researchers at Athens University of Economics & Business (ASOEE) in 1993 under the leadership of Professor Emmanuel J. Yannakoudakis. The team received funding under the European Union (PETRA II Programme): The establishment of a national occupational guidance resources center in 1993–94. The team organized seminars and lectures to train the first career counselors in Greece in 1993. Further research projects at Athens University of Economics & Business were implemented as part of the European Union (LEONARDO Programme): a) A pilot project on the use of multimedia for career analysis, 1995–1999, b) guidance toward the future, 1995–1999, c) On the move to a guidance system, 1996-2001 and, d) Eurostage for guidance systems,
9543_21	1996–1999.
9543_22	Netherlands School counseling is present in high schools. Hong Kong Hong Kong mandates school counseling. Iceland Iceland mandates school counseling. India In India, the Central Board of Secondary Education guidelines expect one school counselor appointed for every affiliated school, but this is less than 3% of all Indian students attending public schools. Indonesia Indonesia mandates school counseling in middle and high school. Iran Middle school students are the priority for school counseling in Iran. It is mandated in high schools but there are not enough school counselors particularly in rural areas. Ireland In Ireland, school counseling began in County Dublin in the 1960s and went countrywide in the 1970s. However, legislation in the early 1980s severely curtailed the movement due to budget constraints. The main organization for the school counseling profession is the Institute of Guidance Counsellors (IGC), which has a code of ethics.
9543_23	Israel In Israel, a 2005 study by Erhard & Harel of 600 elementary, middle, and high school counselors found that a third of school counselors were delivering primarily traditional individual counseling services, about a third were delivering preventive classroom counseling curriculum lessons, and a third were delivering both individual counseling services and school counseling curriculum lessons in a comprehensive developmental school counseling program. School counselor roles varied due to three elements: the school counselor's personal preferences, school level, and the principal's expectations. Erhard & Harel stated that the profession in Israel, like many other countries, is transforming from marginal and ancillary services to a comprehensive school counseling approach integral in the total school's education program. In 2011–12, Israel had a school counselor-to-student ratio of 1:570. Italy School counseling is not well developed in Italy.
9543_24	Japan In Japan, school counseling is a recent phenomenon with school counselors being introduced in the mid-1990s and often part-time focused on behavioral issues. Middle school students are the priority for school counseling in Japan and it is mandated. Jordan Jordan mandates school counseling with 1,950 school counselors working in 2011–12. Latvia School counseling was introduced in Latvia in 1929 but disappeared in World War II.
9543_25	Lebanon In Lebanon, the government sponsored the first training of school counselors for public elementary and middle schools in 1996. There are now school counselors in one-fifth of the elementary and middle schools in Lebanon but none in high schools. School counselors have been trained in delivering preventive, developmental, and remedial services. Private schools have some school counselors serving all grade levels but the focus is individual counseling and remedial. Challenges include regular violence and wartime strife, not enough resources, and a lack of a professional school counseling organization, assigned school counselors covering two or more schools, and only two school counseling graduate programs in the country. Last, for persons trained in Western models of school counseling, there are dangers of overlooking unique cultural and family aspects of Lebanese society. Lithuania School counseling was introduced in 1931 but disappeared during World War II.
9543_26	Macau Macau mandates school counseling. Malaysia Malaysia mandates school counseling in middle and high school. Malta In Malta, school counseling services began in 1968 in the Department of Education based on recommendations from a UNESCO consultant and used these titles: Education Officer, School Counsellor, and Guidance Teacher. Through the 1990s they included school counselor positions in primary and trade schools in addition to secondary schools. Guidance teachers are mandated at a 1:300 teacher to student ratio. Malta mandates school counseling. Nepal Nepal mandates school counseling. New Zealand New Zealand mandates school counseling but since 1988 when education was decentralized, there has been a decline in the prevalence of school counselors and the quality and service delivery of school counseling.
9543_27	Nigeria In Nigeria, school counseling began in 1959 in some high schools. It rarely exists at the elementary level. Where there are federally funded secondary schools, there are some professionally trained school counselors. However, in many cases, teachers function as career educators. School counselors often have teaching and other responsibilities that take time away from their school counseling tasks. The Counseling Association of Nigeria (CASSON) was formed in 1976 to promote the profession, but there is no code of ethics. However, a certification/licensure board has been formed. Aluede, Adomeh, & Afen-Akpaida (2004) discussed the over-reliance on textbooks from the US and the need for school counselors in Nigeria to take a whole-school approach, lessen individual approaches, and honor the traditional African world view valuing the family and community's roles in decision-making as paramount for effective decision-making in schools. Norway Norway mandates school counseling.
9543_28	Oman There are some school counseling services at the high school level. Philippines The Philippines mandates school counseling in middle and high school. The Congress of the Philippines passed the Guidance and Counseling Act of 2004 with a specific focus on Professional Practice, Ethics, National Certification, and the creation of a Regulatory Body, and specialists in school counseling are subject to this law. Poland School counseling was introduced in 1918 but disappeared during World War II. Portugal Portugal mandates school counseling at the high school level. Romania Romania mandates school counseling. Rwanda School counseling focuses on trauma-based counseling. It focuses on academic performance, prevention, and intervention with HIV/AIDS, and establishing peace-building clubs. Saudi Arabia School counseling is developing in Saudi Arabia. In 2010, 90% of high schools had some type of school counseling service. Serbia School counseling is available in certain schools.
9543_29	Singapore Singapore mandates school counseling. Slovakia Slovakia mandates school counseling. South Korea In South Korea, school counselors must teach a subject besides counseling, but not all school counselors are appointed to counseling positions, even though Korean law requires school counselors in all middle and high schools. Spain Spain provides school counseling at the high school level although it is unclear if mandated. There was around one counselor for every 1,000 primary and secondary (high school) students . St. Kitts St. Kitts mandates school counseling.
9543_30	Sweden Sweden mandates school counseling. In Sweden, school counselors' work was divided into two work groups in the 1970s. The work groups are called and . They worked with communication methodology but the 's work is more therapeutic, often psychological and social-emotional issues, and the 's work is future-focused with educational and career development. work in primary, secondary, adult education, higher education and various training centers and most have a Bachelor of Arts degree in Study and Career Guidance. Switzerland School counseling is found at the high school level. Syria School counseling has focused on trauma-based counseling of students. Prior to the war it was done in schools but it is now found in either a school club or refugee camp sponsored and staffed by UNICEF.
9543_31	Taiwan In Taiwan, school counseling traditionally was done by guidance teachers. Recent advocacy by the Chinese Guidance and Counseling Association pushed for licensure for school counselors in Taiwan's public schools. Prior to this time, the focus had been primarily individual and group counseling, play therapy, career counseling and development, and stress related to national university examinations. Tanzania Tanzania mandates school counseling. Thailand The Thai government has put substantial funding into school counseling but does not mandate it. Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago mandate school counseling. Turkey Turkey mandates school counseling and it is in all schools. Uganda Uganda mandates school counseling. United Arab Emirates There is some school counseling at the high-school level in the United Arab Emirates.
9543_32	United Kingdom School counseling originated in the UK to support underachieving students and involved specialist training for teachers. Head of Year (e.g., Head of Year 7, Head of Year 8, etc.) are school staff members, usually teachers, who oversee a year group within a secondary school. These Heads of Year ensure students within the year cohort behave properly within the school, but these Heads also support students in their social and emotional well-being and course and career planning options. Wales and Northern Ireland require school counseling. There has also been a huge leap forward in the United Kingdom within schools, where now professional trained counsellors are being employed to oversee mental health of children. Counsellors do need to be a member of an Accrediting Organisation such as the ISPC to gain the relevant credentials to work in schools. United States
9543_33	In the United States, the school counseling profession began with the vocational guidance movement in the early 20th century, now known as career development. Jesse B. Davis was the first to provide a systematic school counseling program focused on career development. In 1907, he became the principal of a high school and encouraged the school English teachers to use compositions and lessons to relate career interests, develop character, and avoid behavioral problems. Many others during this time focused on what is now called career development. For example, in 1908, Frank Parsons, the "father of career counseling", established the Bureau of Vocational Guidance to assist young people transition from school to work.

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