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9537_39	Early warning systems Warning systems can detect avalanches which develop slowly, such as ice avalanches caused by icefalls from glaciers. Interferometric radars, high-resolution cameras, or motion sensors can monitor instable areas over a long term, lasting from days to years. Experts interpret the recorded data and are able to recognize upcoming ruptures in order to initiate appropriate measures. Such systems (e.g. the monitoring of the Weissmies glacier in Switzerland) can recognize events several days in advance. Alarm systems
9537_40	Modern radar technology enables the monitoring of large areas and the localization of avalanches at any weather condition, by day and by night. Complex alarm systems are able to detect avalanches within a short time in order to close (e.g. roads and rails) or evacuate (e.g. construction sites) endangered areas. An example of such a system is installed on the only access road of Zermatt in Switzerland. Two radars monitor the slope of a mountain above the road. The system automatically closes the road by activating several barriers and traffic lights within seconds such that no people are harmed. Survival, rescue, and recovery
9537_41	Avalanche accidents are broadly differentiated into 2 categories: accidents in recreational settings, and accidents in residential, industrial, and transportation settings. This distinction is motivated by the observed difference in the causes of avalanche accidents in the two settings. In the recreational setting most accidents are caused by the people involved in the avalanche. In a 1996 study, Jamieson et al. (pages 7–20) found that 83% of all avalanches in the recreational setting were caused by those who were involved in the accident. In contrast, all of the accidents in the residential, industrial, and transportation settings were due to spontaneous natural avalanches. Because of the difference in the causes of avalanche accidents, and the activities pursued in the two settings, avalanche and disaster management professionals have developed two related preparedness, rescue, and recovery strategies for each of the settings. Notable avalanches
9537_42	Two avalanches occurred in March 1910 in the Cascade and Selkirk Mountain ranges; On March 1 the Wellington avalanche killed 96 in Washington state, United States. Three days later 62 railroad workers were killed in the Rogers Pass avalanche in British Columbia, Canada. During World War I, an estimated 40,000 to 80,000 soldiers died as a result of avalanches during the mountain campaign in the Alps at the Austrian-Italian front, many of which were caused by artillery fire.Eduard Rabofsky et al., Lawinenhandbuch, Innsbruck, Verlaganstalt Tyrolia, 1986, p. 11 Some 10,000 men, from both sides, lost their lives in avalanches in December 1916. In the northern hemisphere winter of 1950–1951 approximately 649 avalanches were recorded in a three-month period throughout the Alps in Austria, France, Switzerland, Italy and Germany. This series of avalanches killed around 265 people and was termed the Winter of Terror.
9537_43	A mountain climbing camp on Lenin Peak, in what is now Kyrgyzstan, was wiped out in 1990 when an earthquake triggered a large avalanche that overran the camp. Forty-three climbers were killed. In 1993, the Bayburt Üzengili avalanche killed 60 individuals in Üzengili in the province of Bayburt, Turkey. A large avalanche in Montroc, France, in 1999, 300,000 cubic metres of snow slid on a 30° slope, achieving a speed in the region of . It killed 12 people in their chalets under 100,000 tons of snow, deep. The mayor of Chamonix was convicted of second-degree murder for not evacuating the area, but received a suspended sentence. The small Austrian village of Galtür was hit by the Galtür avalanche in 1999. The village was thought to be in a safe zone but the avalanche was exceptionally large and flowed into the village. Thirty-one people died.
9537_44	On December 1, 2000, the Glory Bowl Avalanche formed on Mt. Glory which is located within the Teton Mountain Range in Wyoming, United States. Joel Roof was snowboarding recreationally in this backcountry, bowl-shaped run and triggered the avalanche. He was carried nearly 2,000 feet to the base of the mountain and was not successfully rescued. Classification European avalanche risk In Europe, the avalanche risk is widely rated on the following scale, which was adopted in April 1993 to replace the earlier non-standard national schemes. Descriptions were last updated in May 2003 to enhance uniformity. In France, most avalanche deaths occur at risk levels 3 and 4. In Switzerland most occur at levels 2 and 3. It is thought that this may be due to national differences of interpretation when assessing the risks. [1] Stability: Generally described in more detail in the avalanche bulletin (regarding the altitude, aspect, type of terrain etc.)
9537_45	[2] additional load: heavy: two or more skiers or boarders without spacing between them, a single hiker or climber, a grooming machine, avalanche blasting light: a single skier or snowboarder smoothly linking turns and without falling, a group of skiers or snowboarders with a minimum 10 m gap between each person, a single person on snowshoes Gradient: gentle slopes: with an incline below about 30° steep slopes: with an incline over 30° very steep slopes: with an incline over 35° extremely steep slopes: extreme in terms of the incline (over 40°), the terrain profile, proximity of the ridge, smoothness of underlying ground European avalanche size table Avalanche size: North American Avalanche Danger Scale In the United States and Canada, the following avalanche danger scale is used. Descriptors vary depending on country. Avalanche Problems There are nine different types of avalanche problems:
9537_46	Storm slab Wind slab Wet slab avalanches Persistent slab Deep persistent slab Loose dry avalanches Loose wet avalanches Glide avalanches Cornice fall Canadian classification for avalanche size The Canadian classification for avalanche size is based upon the consequences of the avalanche. Half sizes are commonly used. United States classification for avalanche size The size of avalanches are classified using two scales; size relative to destructive force or D-scale and size relative to the avalanche path or R-scale. Both size scales range from 1 to 5 with the D size scale half sizes can be used. Rutschblock Test Slab avalanche hazard analysis can be done using the Rutschblock Test. A 2 m wide block of snow is isolated from the rest of the slope and progressively loaded. The result is a rating of slope stability on a seven step scale. (Rutsch means slide in German).
9537_47	Avalanches and climate change Climate change-caused temperature increases and changes in precipitation patterns will likely differ between the different mountain regions. But overall a rising seasonal snow line and a decrease in the number of days with snow cover are predicted. The impacts of these changes on avalanches are different at different elevations. At lower elevations a long-term reduction in the number of avalanches corresponding to a decrease in snow, and a short-term increase in the number of wet avalanches are predicted. Higher elevations predicted to remain about the seasonal snow line, will likely see an increase in avalanche activity in regions seeing increases in precipitation during the winter season. Predictions also show an increase in the number of rain on snow events, and wet avalanche cycles occurring earlier in the spring during the remainder of this century. Avalanches on the planet Mars See also Related flows
9537_48	Debris flow Gravity current Lahar Landslide Mudflow Pyroclastic flow Rockslide Slush flow Avalanche disasters 1999 Galtür avalanche Montroc 2012 Gayari Sector avalanche References
9537_49	Bibliography McClung, David. Snow Avalanches as a Non-critical, Punctuated Equilibrium System: Chapter 24 in Nonlinear Dynamics in Geosciences, A.A. Tsonsis and J.B. Elsner (Eds.), Springer, 2007 Daffern, Tony: Avalanche Safety for Skiers, Climbers and Snowboarders, Rocky Mountain Books, 1999, Billman, John: Mike Elggren on Surviving an Avalanche. Skiing magazine February 2007: 26. McClung, David and Shaerer, Peter: The Avalanche Handbook, The Mountaineers: 2006. 978-0-89886-809-8 Tremper, Bruce: Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain, The Mountaineers: 2001. Munter, Werner: Drei mal drei (3x3) Lawinen. Risikomanagement im Wintersport, Bergverlag Rother, 2002. (partial English translation included in PowderGuide: Managing Avalanche Risk ) Michael Falser: Historische Lawinenschutzlandschaften: eine Aufgabe für die Kulturlandschafts- und Denkmalpflege'' In: kunsttexte 3/2010, unter: http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/kunsttexte/2010-3/falser-michael-1/PDF/falser.pdf Notes External links
9537_50	The Avalanche Education Project Surviving an Avalanche – A guide for children and youth Avalanche Defense Photographs Avalanche Canada Canadian Avalanche Association Colorado Avalanche Information Center Center for Snow and Avalanche Studies EAWS – European Avalanche Warning Services Directory of European avalanche services Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research Scottish Avalanche Information Service But note the myths cited above Utah Avalanche Center New Zealand Avalanche Advisory Gulmarg Avalanche Center US Avalanche.org Sierra Avalanche Center (Tahoe National Forest) Avalanche#Classification Weather hazards Natural disasters French words and phrases Hazards of outdoor recreation
9538_0	John Patrick Beilein ( ; born February 5, 1953) is an American professional basketball coach who currently serves as the Senior Player Development Advisor for the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Before being hired by Detroit, Beilein served as the head coach of the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Prior to joining the Cavaliers, he coached the Michigan Wolverines (2007–2019), West Virginia Mountaineers (2002–2007), Richmond Spiders (1997–2002), Canisius Golden Griffins (1992–1997) in NCAA Division I as well as Le Moyne College (1983–1992), Nazareth College (1982–1983) and Erie Community College (1978–1982). Beilein has won 754 career games at four-year universities and 829 games altogether, including those at the junior college level. Beilein’s overall career wins counting the time spent in Cleveland is 843 games.
9538_1	Beilein was the only active collegiate coach to have achieved 20-win seasons at four different levels—junior college, NCAA Division III, NCAA Division II, and NCAA Division I. At the time, Beilein was one of only six active Division I coaches with 700 or more career wins at all levels. He has been recognized as conference coach of the year five times: in 1981 at Erie Community College, in 1988 at LeMoyne, in 1994 at Canisius, in 1998 at Richmond, and in 2014 at Michigan. In addition, Beilein was the seventh of only ten coaches to have taken four different schools to the NCAA Division I Tournament. He is known for his attention to details, focus on fundamentals and knack for developing under-the-radar players. Beilein is also widely respected in collegiate sports as one of the cleanest and most rule-abiding coaches. In a poll conducted by CBS in 2017, Beilein was voted the cleanest coach in college basketball, gathering 26.6% of the votes vs. the next highest candidate's 10.5%.
9538_2	Beilein's first Division I head coaching position was at Canisius, a hometown school of which he had been a fan. He turned around the school's losing program and helped it earn two National Invitation Tournament (NIT) bids and one NCAA Tournament appearance in five years. Next, at Richmond, he reached the NCAA Tournament once and NIT twice in five years. He moved on to West Virginia, where his teams reached the second weekend of the NCAA Tournament twice, and also twice went to the NIT, including one championship. At Michigan, where he became the school's winningest coach, he won two Big Ten regular-season championships, two Big Ten Tournament titles, and in the NCAA Tournament twice advanced as far as the national championship game. He has a 26–13 career record in the NCAA tournament, with championship game appearances in 2013 and 2018, as well as a 13–6 record in the NIT.
9538_3	Education Beilein was raised in Burt, New York. He is the eighth of nine children of a millworker and an apple farmer. His mother's cousins were the inspiration for Saving Private Ryan, and two of his uncles (Tom and Joe Niland) were lifelong basketball coaches in the Western New York area. Beilein attended DeSales High School in Lockport, New York. He went on to attend Wheeling College (now Wheeling University) where he competed on the school's basketball team from 1971 to 1975 and served as team captain during the 1974–75 season. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in history in 1975. After graduating, Beilein returned to Western New York where he began his coaching career at Newfane High School in 1975. He remained there for three years. Beilein went on to earn a Master of Science degree in education from Niagara University in 1981.
9538_4	Early college coaching career
9538_5	Beilein has never served as an assistant coach; he has held head-coaching positions throughout his career. He served as the coach of Erie Community College from 1978 to 1982, Western New York's Division III Nazareth College in Rochester, New York for the 1982–1983 school year, and Le Moyne College from 1983 to 1992. Le Moyne was a Division II contestant in the Mideast Collegiate Conference (MCC). Beilein first applied to coach Division I basketball at Canisius in 1987, but he was not hired. During his time at Le Moyne, he held annual coaching clinics that welcomed coaches and athletes. Beilein was named the 1988 MCC Coach of the Year, when his team finished as co-conference champions with a 21–5 regular season record and number 14 national ranking. The team tied with Gannon University with an 8–2 conference record. Although it was Beilein's third 20-win team at Le Moyne, they had never gone to the NCAA tournament before. The team captured the conference post-season tournament
9538_6	after receiving a first round bye. As the number three seed, they faced the number one seeded California University of Pennsylvania in the NCAA Division II Eastern Regionals. They lost their first-round game to fall to a 23–6 record, but won the consolation game against Kutztown University of Pennsylvania.
9538_7	The MCC disbanded following the 1990–1991 season. In Beilein's final season at Le Moyne, the team was an independent team unaffiliated with a conference. The team was scheduled to join the New England Collegiate Conference for the 1992–1993 season. After his first application for the job at Canisius, Beilein had tried to land other Division I jobs at schools such as Colgate University, where he had been a finalist in 1989. In 1992, he was finally hired to a Division I post at Canisius. NCAA Division I coaching career
9538_8	Canisius (1992–1997) During the 1991–92 season, Canisius compiled an 8–22 record prior to Beilein's arrival. In 1992, he arrived at Canisius College as head coach for the 1992–93 season, and was able for the first time to hire assistant coaches. A Western New York native, he had grown up a Canisius basketball fan because his uncle, Joe Niland, had been a former player and coach there. At Canisius—his first Division I coaching position—Beilein reached the NCAA Tournament once and the NIT twice in his five seasons.
9538_9	In his first two seasons at Canisius, Beilein turned a last place 1991–92 squad into a 1993–94 team that recorded the first undefeated home schedule (15–0) in the school's modern era. The team entered the 1994 MAAC Tournament on a 15-game winning streak, and Beilein earned Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Coach of the Year. Beilein's number one seeded Canisius team lost in the second round semi-final contest against and thus failed to make the 1994 NCAA Tournament. Although Canisius failed to be invited to participate in the NCAA tournament, Canisius was invited, along with two other schools from the MAAC, to the NIT tournament, and it was matched up against a taller, more experienced Villanova team. The eventual 1994 NIT champion Villanova prevailed in a 103–79 victory over Canisius in the first round.
9538_10	During the 1994–95 season, the Golden Griffins were led by the team's first MAAC Player of the Year, senior Craig Wise. In the first round of the MAAC tournament, a pair of future Michigan Wolverine coaches opposed each other when Canisius met Loyola, coached by Brian Ellerbe. Canisius won and reached the MAAC semi-final for the fifth time in six years. The team lost in the semis for the third straight season, and it continued its record of never having won the conference tournament. Canisius earned the team's first post-season victory in 32 years, in the 1995 NIT, against . A pair of subsequent wins enabled Canisius to earn a trip to the semifinals of the 1995 NIT at Madison Square Garden. Canisius lost in the semifinals against by a 71–59 despite a school postseason record 32 points from Wise. Canisius lost the consolation game against . The three wins and two losses enabled Beilein to even up his NIT career record at 3–3.
9538_11	In 1995–96, the team also was led by a MAAC Player of the Year, Darrell Barley. Beilein coached the 16–10 (7–7 MAAC) team to the conference tournament championship to earn a berth in the 1996 NCAA Tournament despite the absence of the injured Barley for the tournament. Canisius earned a thirteen seed and matchup against the fourth-seeded Utah Utes in the team's first NCAA Tournament appearance since 1957. Utah defeated Canisius in the game, 72–43. In Beilein's final season coaching Canisius, the Golden Griffins were the top defensive team in the MAAC. The team's season ended in the conference tournament finals. After the 1996–97 season, he interviewed with the University of Richmond. Beilein was inducted into the Canisius Sports Hall of Fame on September 24, 2019, for his tenure and success with the program.
9538_12	Richmond (1997–2002) In 1997, Beilein moved to become the coach of the Richmond Spiders. There, he compiled a 100–53 record in five seasons, recording a winning record each season, and again reached the NCAA tournament once, where his 14th-seeded team upset third-seeded and nationally ranked South Carolina. His teams also reached the NIT twice.
9538_13	During the 1997–98 season, A third Beilein player was named conference player of the year in six seasons when Jarod Stevenson was named Colonial Athletic Association (CAA) Player of the Year. The 1997–98 Spiders posted its first winning season since 1993. The Spiders entered the 1998 CAA tournament as the third seed in the nine-team conference. The team won the tournament, earning the school a 1998 NCAA Tournament selection, its first NCAA tournament berth since 1991. He won his fourth Coach of the Year award that season. This one was for the Richmond Times-Dispatch Virginia Coach of the Year. Beilein was selected for the award over Charlie Woollum of William and Mary who beat Beilein for the CAA coach of the year award. During the NCAA Tournament, Richmond, which was seeded 14th upset the South Carolina team in the first round of the tournament. The Spiders lost their second game in the tournament to the Washington Huskies team. Beilein's career NCAA tournament record was 1–2.
9538_14	Beilein relied on a nucleus that included two freshmen and two sophomores after two returning starters were removed from the team for disciplinary reason during the 1998–99 season. The team finished third in the CAA with a 15–11 (10–6 CAA) record. However, they were upset in the 1999 CAA conference tournament by sixth-seeded cross-town rival . Richmond again earned the third seed in the conference tournament over the course of the 1999–2000 season. In the 2000 CAA Conference tournament they ousted number-six and number-two . Then with the CAA conference's automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Tournament at stake, Richmond lost to fourth seeded in the championship game.
9538_15	During the 2000–01 season, Richmond finished the regular season with a 21–6 record, finishing first in the CAA with a 12–4 record. The Spiders won ten of their final eleven games. However, since Richmond was going to change its athletic affiliation from the CAA to the Atlantic 10 the following season, it was ineligible for the 2001 CAA conference tournament. Only one team from the CAA had ever earned an at large bid to the NCAA tournament. The Spiders wound up playing in the 2001 NIT, where they defeated West Virginia before losing to Dayton. With one win and one loss Beilein stayed at .500 in the NIT, at 4–4. At the end of the season, Beilein declined an offer to coach at Rutgers. The victory over West Virginia is credited with being a large part of why Beilein was eventually hired at West Virginia.
9538_16	The following year during the 2001–02 season, Richmond finished in second place of the West Division of the 12-team Atlantic 10 Conference to earn a first-round bye in the 2002 Atlantic 10 Tournament. In the tournament Richmond won its first two games to advance to the finals where it lost to Xavier. During the 2002 NIT, Richmond defeated , , and before losing to Syracuse in the quarterfinals. This improved Beilein's record to 7–5 in the NIT.
9538_17	West Virginia (2002–2007) Dan Dakich was hired at West Virginia (WVU) of the Big East Conference and then quit 8 days later. In April 2002, Beilein accepted the head coaching position at WVU. At WVU he posted a 104–60 record over five seasons. In the 2004–05 season, WVU went 24–11 and reached the "Elite Eight" (fourth round) of the NCAA tournament. The following year, WVU went 22–11 and reached the "Sweet Sixteen" (third round). In 2006–07, Beilein's Mountaineers, despite losing about 80% of their scoring from the previous season, went 27–9 and won the NIT championship.
9538_18	Prior to 2009, the Big East Tournament only included the top 12 teams. During the 2002–03 season, West Virginia qualified for the tournament in their final conference game of the season by beating to secure 6th place in the western division. The team had improved from 8–20 to finish the regular season at 14–14 (5–11 Big East) under Beilein. The team lost in the first round of the 2003 Big East Tournament to by a 73–50 margin to end their season.
9538_19	Following the 2003–04 regular season, West Virginia qualified for the 2004 Big East Tournament as the number 10 seed. The team lost its first round match against team by a 65–64 margin on a three-point shot with 15 seconds remaining. The team's 15–13 record earned it an invitation to the 2004 NIT. In the first round of the tournament, the team traveled to play a 22–8 . Despite early foul trouble the team won 65–54 to advance to the second round. West Virginia defeated in the second game of the tournament by a 79–72 margin. The season ended with a 74–53 loss to in the following game. Beilein's career record in the NIT tournament was 9–6 after this tournament.
9538_20	In 2004–05, Beilein's team entered the 2005 Big East Tournament with an 18–9 record as the eighth seed and as a team on the bubble for the 2005 NCAA Tournament. The team won its opening-round game against number nine seed Providence 82–59, its second-round game against number one seed 78–72, and its third-round game against number four Villanova 78–72. West Virginia lost the conference tournament finals to Syracuse 68–59, but it earned a seven seed in the NCAA tournament against number ten seed of the Missouri Valley Conference. The loss gave Beilein his fifth loss in as many games against his mentor Syracuse coach Jim Boeheim, who had helped him acquire each of his first three Division I coaching positions. In the NCAA tournament, West Virginia beat Creighton 63–61 with a defensive stop and fast break dunk in the final five seconds. West Virginia then defeated the number two seed Wake Forest team led by Chris Paul in double overtime 111–105. In the Sweet Sixteen round, West
9538_21	Virginia defeated Bobby Knight's number six seeded Texas Tech 65–60. In the elite eight round, they lost 93–85 in overtime to Rick Pitino's number four seeded Louisville, who were led by Taquan Dean and Larry O'Bannon. With the three wins in 2005, Beilein raised his career NCAA Tournament record to 4–3.
9538_22	During the 2005–06 season, West Virginia won its first eight Big East conference games and entered the top ten in the 2005–06 national rankings in February. It was the first time West Virginia had ranked in the top ten in the Coaches' Poll, which had been created in 1993. They were the final unbeaten team in conference play. After the strong start, the team lost four of its next five games to fall to 9–4 in conference play. They won their next two games to clinch a first-round bye in the 2006 Big East Tournament. With seemingly little to play for, they lost their regular season finale to finish with a 20–9 (11–5 Big East) regular season record. West Virginia lost its quarterfinal round game in the conference tournament to Pitt, and earned a number six seed in the 2006 NCAA Tournament. West Virginia won its opening weekend games against number eleven seed and the number fourteen seed by 64–46 and 67–54 margins, respectively. West Virginia then lost in the Sweet Sixteen round
9538_23	to the number two seed Texas Longhorns in a wild finish that saw West Virginia erase a five-point deficit in the final fourteen seconds only to lose the game on a buzzer-beater. The two wins helped Beilein raise his NCAA tournament record to 6–4.
9538_24	During the 2006–07 season, WVU finished the regular season with a 21–8 (9–7 Big East) record to earn the number seven seed in the 2007 Big East Tournament. In the first round of the tournament, they defeated the number ten seed 92–79 making a Big East Tournament record 17 three-point shots. They lost to the second-seeded Louisville Cardinals, 82–71, in double overtime. Their 22–9 record earned them a top seed in the 32-team 2007 NIT. As the number one seed, West Virginia was able to play its first three games at home where it defeated the 74–50, team 90–77, and 71–60. Before West Virginia started play in the semifinals in New York, rumors started that Beilein would take the Michigan job after the season ended. In the semifinal contest against Mississippi State, they won 63–62 on a last-minute shot by Darris Nichols after recovering from a 14-point second-half deficit. The day before the championship game, Beilein was announced as one of three finalists (along with Kevin
9538_25	Stallings and Chris Lowery) for the Michigan Wolverines' head coaching job. In the championship game, WVU defeated Clemson 78–73. The five wins raised Beilein's NIT career record to 14–6.
9538_26	Michigan (2007–2019) Rebuilding the program (2007–2010) On April 3, 2007, the University of Michigan announced that it had hired Beilein to fill its coaching vacancy. He replaced Tommy Amaker, who was fired after failing to reach the NCAA Tournament in his six seasons. Beilein inherited a Big Ten Conference team that was in the final year of a scholarship reduction due to the involvement of former players in the Ed Martin scandal, in which NCAA rules had been violated. The team struggled to a 10–22 (5–13) record during the 2007–08 season.
9538_27	Beilein's second Michigan team, the 2008–09 Wolverines took a significant step forward. On November 20, the unranked Wolverines upset #4-ranked UCLA, recording their first win over a top-five team in eleven years. On December 6, Michigan posted its second win of the season over a top-five opponent in a rematch against #4 ranked Duke. The Wolverines reached the top 25 in the national rankings on December 22, its first appearance since the February 6, 2006. On February 26, Michigan defeated the #16-ranked Purdue team 87–78, raising its record to 3–4 against ranked opponents on the season. At the conclusion of the 2008–09 Big Ten season, Michigan was given a seven seed in the 2009 Big Ten Tournament. A win over Iowa in the Big Ten Tournament on March 12 was the Wolverines' twentieth of the season. With that win, Beilein had achieved a 20-win season at seven different schools, including four at the Division I level (Canisius, Richmond, West Virginia, Michigan). Three days later,
9538_28	Beilein's Wolverines earned a bid to the 2009 NCAA Tournament, the school's first appearance in 11 years. There, tenth-seeded Michigan defeated the seventh-seeded Clemson Tigers 62–59 before losing in the second round to Oklahoma 73–63.
9538_29	First title run (2010–2014)
9538_30	The 2010–11 team was not expected to be very successful, projected by the Detroit News to finish 10th in the 11-team conference. After starting the conference schedule with a 1–6 record the team won eight of its last 11 games, including two games against Michigan State (its first season sweep against them in 14 years), to finish tied for fourth in the conference with a 9–9 record. The victory at Michigan State was Michigan's first since 1997. In the Big Ten Tournament, Michigan's win over Illinois gave Beilein his second 20-win season at Michigan, in his 1,000th game as a head coach. As a #8 seed in the 2011 NCAA Tournament, Michigan defeated Tennessee 75–45, establishing two NCAA Tournament records: the largest victory margin by an eight seed, and becoming the first team to ever win a tournament game without making a free throw. Michigan won by its third-largest margin in its NCAA tournament history (second-most if vacated games are excluded), and the game marked the ninth straight
9538_31	time that John Beilein led a team to victory in its first game of a postseason tournament (5 NCAA and 4 NIT). In the next round the Wolverines lost to #1-seeded Duke, 73–71, missing a potential game-tying shot in the final seconds.
9538_32	The 2011–12 Wolverines began the season ranked in the top 25, and remained there all season. The team recorded a win over 9th-ranked Michigan State on January 17, 60–59. It was Beilein's third consecutive win over the Spartans and came nine days after Beilein recorded his first victory over Wisconsin, 59–41. On February 18, the Wolverines defeated another top-10 opponent, edging 6th-ranked Ohio State, 56–51. The win clinched Beilein's first winning record in Big Ten play. On March 1, Michigan won at Illinois for the first time since 1995, ending a 13-game losing streak in Champaign. The Wolverines finished 24–10 overall and 13–5 in Big Ten play, winning a share of the regular-season Big Ten championship for the first time since the 1985–86 team.
9538_33	By helming the 2012–13 Wolverines, Beilein reached his sixth season with the same team for the first time. Beilein achieved several milestones with the 2012–13 Wolverines: 650th win as a college basketball head coach (December 4 vs. Western Michigan), 100th win as head coach at Michigan (December 8 vs. Arkansas), 400th Division I win as a head coach (January 9 vs. Nebraska) and his best career start (December 15 vs. West Virginia). The 400th win came on a night when Michigan achieved its 16th straight victory which tied the school record for best start. Michigan went on to record its first 19–1 start to a season in school history. On January 28, Michigan was ranked number one in the AP Poll with 51 of the 65 first place votes. It marked the first time Michigan ranked atop the AP Poll since the 1992–93 team did so on December 5, 1992. John Beilein was selected as an assistant coach for the 2013 World University Games. In the 2013 NCAA Tournament, fourth-seeded Michigan defeated South
9538_34	Dakota State, 71–56. in its South Regional opening game, and in so doing the team matched Beilein's career high with 27 wins. Michigan then surpassed this record, and continued to advance, by defeating fifth-seeded Virginia Commonwealth, 78–53 and top-seeded Kansas, 87–85 before beating third-seeded Florida 79–59 to send Michigan to the Final Four for the first time since 1993. In the 2013 Final Four, the Wolverines defeated East region champion Syracuse, 61–56, to advance to the national championship game against Louisville, which they lost, 82–76. Despite the NCAA forcing Louisville to vacate all NCAA men's basketball wins from 2011–2015 Beilein declined in public statement that the University of Michigan would not claim the 2013 championship, stating, "We didn't win it all. We lost to a great team. If someone else wants to come and say 'hey, you won it all, you're the champion.' We'll take it," Beilein said Tuesday. "But I'm not going to declare that." During the following
9538_35	offseason, Bleacher Report named Beilein the most creative coach in college basketball. During the offseason, Beilein signed a second contract extension through the 2018–19 season, raising his annual salary to $2,450,000.
9538_36	The 2013–14 team was ranked in the top 10 to start the season, but lost four non-conference games to fall out of the polls for the first time in over two seasons. Then, the team won three in a row against top-10 ranked conference opponents including a road victory over 3rd-ranked Wisconsin en route to a 10-game winning streak. Beilein led Michigan to a 15–3 conference record and won Michigan's first outright regular season Big Ten championship since 1986. The Wolverines earned a #2 seed in the NCAA Tournament, where they lost in the Elite Eight to eventual runner-up Kentucky. Beilein was one of ten finalists for the USBWA's Henry Iba Award for Coach of the Year. He clinched his fourth career conference championship and second at Michigan on March 1 against Minnesota, and won the title outright three days later at Illinois. Following the regular season, Beilein was named Big Ten Coach of the Year by the media. On March 11 Beilein was named District V (OH, IN, IL, MI, MN, WI) Coach of
9538_37	the Year by the United States Basketball Writers Association (USBWA). Beilein was named one of five finalists for the Naismith College Coach of the Year and one of fifteen finalists for the Jim Phelan Award. On March 22 in Michigan's second game of the 2014 NCAA Tournament, against Texas, Beilein earned his 700th career win to advance to the Sweet 16 of the NCAA tournament for the second consecutive season. Beilein led Michigan on to beat the #11 seed University of Tennessee before falling to #8 seed Kentucky 75–72 in the Elite Eight.
9538_38	Second title run (2014–2019) The 2014–15 team entered the season ranked number 23 in the Coaches' Poll and number 24 in the AP Poll. The team struggled in the preconference schedule, losing four games in a row in December. In January, the team lost Caris LeVert and Derrick Walton to injuries in January and after a 6–3 conference start finished 8–10 in conference and 16–16 overall (going 5–9 in games without LeVert and Walton). Prior to the 2015–16 season, Michigan extended Beilein's contract through the 2020–21 season.
9538_39	During the Wolverines' 2016–17 season Beilein achieved several milestones: 750th career win as a head coach (December 22 vs. Furman), his 200th career win as head coach at Michigan (January 4 vs. Penn State), and his 500th career Division I win as a head coach (February 22 vs. Rutgers). Beilein became the second coach in program history to reach 200 wins with the Wolverines, joining Johnny Orr, who was the all-time leader with 209 until Beilein surpassed him with a win over Illinois on March 9, 2017 at the 2017 Big Ten Tournament. Michigan went on to win its next three games to achieve its first Big Ten Tournament title since its 1998 title that has been vacated. With wins over 10th-seeded Oklahoma State and 2nd-seeded Louisville, the Wolverines advanced to the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Tournament.
9538_40	In June 2017, Beilein's title was renamed as the David and Meredith Kaplan Men's Basketball Head Coach at Michigan. UM alums David Kaplan and his wife, Meredith Kaplan, gave a $7.5 million gift to the University of Michigan Athletic Department for funding for the head basketball position and other items.
9538_41	The 2017–18 Wolverines won the 2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament to claim their second consecutive Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament championship. They became the first team to win consecutive tournament championships since Ohio State in 2010 and 2011. On March 24, Michigan defeated Florida State 58–54 in the West regional finals of the 2018 NCAA Tournament. With the win, Michigan advanced to the Final Four for the eighth time in program history and set a single-season program record with its 32nd victory of the season, surpassing the previous record of 31 wins set by the 1992–93 and 2012–13 teams. After outlasting Loyola Chicago in the Final Four game, they fell to Villanova in the 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game.
9538_42	Accolades came Beilein's way. Prior to the commencement of the Final Four, Beilein was named the CBSSports.com's Coach of the Year. Then during the offseason, Beilein was inducted into the Basketball Coaches Association of Michigan Hall of Fame.
9538_43	Following their late season burst and strong tournament play, the 2018–19 Wolverines were ranked number 18 in the Coaches' Poll and number 19 in the AP Poll to start the season. With a victory over Norfolk State on November 6, 2018, Beilein earned his 800th career win as a head coach. In the third game of the season, Michigan defeated Villanova 73–46 in a rematch of the 2018 national championship game. Michigan went on to win its first 17 games of the season, which included wins over ranked North Carolina, Purdue, and Indiana teams. In doing so, the 2018–19 team set the school record for most wins to start a season (surpassing the 2012–13 and 1985–86 teams by a game) and tied the 1984–85 team for most consecutive wins altogether. Michigan finally lost on January 19 to Wisconsin but shared the distinction of being the last undefeated team in the country with Virginia. After finishing the regular season 28–6, the Wolverines defeated Montana and Florida in the first two rounds of the
9538_44	NCAA Tournament to clinch their second straight 30-win season (a first in school history) and third consecutive Sweet 16 appearance. Beilein finished his career at Michigan with a 278–150 record in 12 seasons as head coach, including two trips to the national title game, two Big Ten titles and two Big Ten Tournament titles.
9538_45	NBA coaching career Cleveland Cavaliers On May 13, 2019, Beilein was named head coach of the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA), signing a five-year contract. Beilein was criticized for bringing his college game coaching style to the pros, including too much of an emphasis on fundamentals and an offense not suited to the NBA. During a film session, he apologized for stating that his team was no longer playing "like a bunch of thugs", stating that he had intended to say "slugs" but misspoke. During his tenure, Beilein hired Lindsay Gottlieb as the first woman coach to join the NBA from a college head coaching position.
9538_46	On February 19, 2020, Beilein resigned as the head coach of the Cavaliers, with the team stating that he "will be reassigned to a different role within the organization". Beilein became the third first-year head coach since 1990, after Jerry Tarkanian of the Spurs (1992–1993) and Randy Ayers of the 76ers (2003–2004), to coach the season opener without completing the season. After coaching In Fall 2020, Beilein taught a course at Michigan titled "Coaching as Leading and Leading as Coaching" in the School of Education. He repeated teaching the course in Spring 2021. He also serves as a college basketball analyst on the Big Ten Network. On June 2, 2021, the Detroit Pistons appointed Beilein to be the senior advisor for player development. Coaching style
9538_47	Beilein modeled his offense from the Princeton system, which emphasizes constant motion, back-door cuts, picks on and off the ball, and precise shooting. The offense usually starts out with four players outside the three-point arc, and one player at the top of the key (though at times a post player may operate closer to the basket). From this formation, Beilein's teams not only try to open up space for players to cut to the basket, but also are known for their high number of three-point attempts. On defense, Beilein's West Virginia teams were known for regularly employing the 1–3–1 halfcourt zone defense, which is considered to be an unconventional zone defense – though his Michigan teams have more frequently employed man-to-man and 2-3 zone defenses. Personal life
9538_48	Beilein is married to Kathleen Beilein (née Griffin) since 1978. The Beileins have three sons (Patrick, who played for his father at WVU and was the head basketball coach at Niagara University; Mark, a former football player at Richmond and WVU grad who currently works for Alro Steel; and Andrew, a Michigan grad who currently works for the Business Roundtable in Washington, D.C.) and a daughter (Seana Hendricks). Patrick, who was the 2002 Virginia Independent Schools Division I Player of the Year, had intended to play at Richmond with his father, and instead went to West Virginia when his father moved there. Patrick was a 2008–2009 season graduate assistant coach at University of Michigan. He has since held posts as assistant coach at Dartmouth, Director of Men's Basketball Operations at Bradley University, and head coach of West Virginia Wesleyan College before his current role at Le Moyne.
9538_49	When Patrick was a highly recruited high school basketball player, John was restricted by NCAA rules from some normal behaviors regarding his son, such as giving his son's teammates a ride home from practice, talking with his son at a basketball camp or discussing his son's abilities with news media, because the interactions of college coaches with recruits are restricted. The relevant NCAA rules for recruiting (Bylaw article 13) are quite extensive. Beilein had to follow recruiting rules when visiting his son at a basketball camp. According to rule 13.12.1.3 coaches wishing to attend a camp as observers must comply with appropriate recruiting contact and evaluation periods. According to 13.02.3, a contact includes any face-to-face encounter between a prospective student-athlete . . . and an institutional staff member or athletics representative during which any dialogue occurs in excess of an exchange of a greeting. In short, talking to coaches not employed by a camp is not
9538_50	allowed during the camp, which left Beilein unable to offer his son milk money.
9538_51	Head coaching record Junior college College NBA \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|Cleveland \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| 54 \|\| 14 \|\| 40\|\| \|\| (resigned) \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\|Career \| 54 \|\| 14 \|\| 40 \|\| \|\| \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — See also List of college men's basketball coaches with 600 wins List of NCAA Division I Men's Final Four appearances by coach References External links Michigan profile
9538_52	1953 births Living people American men's basketball coaches American men's basketball players Basketball coaches from New York (state) Basketball players from New York (state) Canisius Golden Griffins men's basketball coaches Cleveland Cavaliers head coaches College men's basketball head coaches in the United States High school basketball coaches in New York (state) Erie Kats men's basketball coaches Le Moyne Dolphins men's basketball coaches Nazareth Golden Flyers men's basketball coaches Michigan Wolverines men's basketball coaches Niagara University alumni People from Niagara County, New York Richmond Spiders men's basketball coaches West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball coaches Wheeling Cardinals men's basketball players
9539_0	The rufous-crowned sparrow (Aimophila ruficeps) is a small American sparrow. This passerine is primarily found across the Southwestern United States and much of the interior of Mexico, south to the transverse mountain range, and to the Pacific coast to the southwest of the transverse range. Its distribution is patchy, with populations often being isolated from each other. Twelve subspecies are generally recognized, though up to eighteen have been suggested. This bird has a brown back with darker streaks and gray underparts. The crown is rufous, and the face and supercilium are gray with a brown or rufous streak extending from each eye and a thick black malar streak.
9539_1	These sparrows feed primarily on seeds in the winter and insects in the spring and summer. The birds are often territorial, with males guarding their territory through song and displays. Flight is awkward for this species, which prefers to hop along the ground for locomotion. They are monogamous and breed during spring. Two to five eggs are laid in the bird's nest, which is cup-shaped and well hidden. Adult sparrows are preyed upon by house cats and small raptors, while young may be taken by a range of mammals and reptiles. They have been known to live for up to three years, two months. Although the species has been classified as least concern, or unthreatened with extinction, some subspecies are threatened by habitat destruction and one may be extinct. Taxonomy
9539_2	This bird belongs to the family Passerellidae, which consists of the American sparrows. The American sparrows are seed-eating New World birds with conical bills, brown or gray plumage, and distinctive head patterns. Birds in the genus Aimophila tend to be medium-sized at in length, live in arid scrubland, have long bills and tails in proportion to their body size as well as short, rounded wings, and build cup-shaped nests.
9539_3	The rufous-crowned sparrow was described in 1852 by American ornithologist John Cassin as Ammodramus ruficeps. It has also been described as belonging to the genus Peucaea, which contains several sparrows in the genus Aimophila that share characteristics, such as a larger bill and a patch of yellow under the bend of the wing, that other members of the genus do not. However, splitting the Peucaea sparrows into a separate genus is not generally recognized. A 2008 phylogenetic analysis of the genus Aimophila divided it into four genera, with the rufous-crowned sparrow and its two closest relatives, the Oaxaca sparrow and rusty sparrow, being maintained as the genus Aimophila. In addition, this study suggested that the rufous-crowned sparrow may be more closely related to the brown towhees of the genus Pipilo than the other members of the historical genus Aimophila.
9539_4	The derivation of the current genus name, Aimophila, is from the Greek aimos/ἀιμος, meaning "thicket", and -philos/-φιλος, meaning "loving". The specific epithet is a literal derivation of the common name, derived from the Latin rufus, meaning "reddish" or "tawny", and -ceps, from caput, meaning "head". The bird is also occasionally referred to colloquially as the rock sparrow because of its preference for rocky slopes.
9539_5	Subspecies Twelve subspecies are generally recognized, although sometimes up to eighteen are named. A. r. ruficeps, the nominate subspecies, was described by Cassin in 1852. It is found in the coastal ranges of California and on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada. This subspecies is darker and noticeably smaller than A. r. eremoeca and has distinct rufous-brown streaking on its upperparts. A. r. canescens was described by American ornithologist W. E. Clyde Todd in 1922, and it is found in southwestern California and northeast Baja California as far east as the base of the San Pedro Mártir. While the species itself is listed as of least concern, this subspecies is listed as a "species of special concern" by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, signifying that this population is threatened with extinction. It appears to be extremely similar to A. r. ruficeps but is darker.
9539_6	A. r. obscura, described by Donald R. Dickey and Adriaan van Rossem in 1923, is found in the Channel Islands of California on Santa Cruz, Anacapa, and formerly on Santa Catalina. While the Santa Catalina population has not been observed since 1863, the subspecies seems to have colonized Anacapa Island. No records exist of them before 1940. This subspecies is similar to A. r. canescens but is darker. A. r. sanctorum was described by van Rossem in 1947. It was found on the Todos Santos Islands off the coast of northwest Baja California. This subspecies is believed to be extinct. This is the darkest of the coastal subspecies, especially on its underbelly. A. r. sororia was described by Robert Ridgway in 1898, and is found in the mountains of southern Baja California, specifically the Sierra de la Laguna. It is the palest of the coastal subspecies.
9539_7	A. r. scottii, described by George Sennett in 1888, is found from northern Arizona to New Mexico south to northeastern Sonora and northwestern Coahuila. It appears to be a darker gray than A. r. eremoeca and has narrower and darker rufous streaks on its breast. A. r. rupicola was described by van Rossem in 1946. It is found in the mountains of southwestern Arizona. It is similar in appearance to A. r. scottii but is darker and grayer on its back. A. r. simulans was described by van Rossem in 1934, and it is found in northwestern Mexico from southeastern Sonora and southwestern Chihuahua to Nayarit and northern Jalisco. It has more rufous coloration on its back and is paler on its underbelly than A. r. scottii.
9539_8	A. r. eremoeca was described by N. C. Brown in 1882. It is found from southeastern Colorado to New Mexico, Texas, northern Chihuahua, and central Coahuila. It has grayish upperparts and a dark breast. A. r. fusca, described by Edward William Nelson in 1897, is found in western Mexico from southern Nayarit to southwestern Jalisco, northern Colima, and Michoacan. It is darker and more rufous on its upperparts than A. r. australis. It also possesses a darker rufous crown which does not show a gray stripe down the middle. A. r. boucardi was described by Philip Sclater in 1867, and it is found in eastern Mexico from southern Coahuila to San Luis Potosí, northern Puebla, and southern Oaxaca. This subspecies is darker than A. r. eremoeca and has dull brown, not rufous, streaking on the chest.
9539_9	A. r. australis, described by Edward William Nelson in 1897, occurs in southern Mexico from Guerrero to southern Puebla and Oaxaca. A. r. scottii is similar in appearance, but this subspecies is smaller and has a shorter bill. The other six subspecies that are occasionally recognized are A. r. extima and A. r. pallidissima, which were described by A. R. Phillips in 1966, A. r. phillipsi, which was described by J.P. Hubbard and Crossin in 1974, and A. r. duponti, A. r. laybournae, and A. r. suttoni, which were described by J.P. Hubbard in 1975.
9539_10	Description
9539_11	The rufous-crowned sparrow is a smallish sparrow at in length, with males tending to be larger than females. It ranges from in weight and averages about . It has a brown back with darker streaks and gray underparts. Its wings are short, rounded, and brown and lack wingbars, or a line of feathers of a contrasting color in the middle of the bird's wing. The sparrow's tail is long, brown, and rounded. The face and supercilium (the area above the eye) are gray with a brown or rufous streak extending from each eye and a thick black streak on each cheek. The crown ranges from rufous to chestnut, a feature which gives it its common name, and some subspecies have a gray streak running through the center of the crown. The bill is yellow and cone-shaped. The sparrow's throat is white with a dark stripe. Its legs and feet are pink-gray. Both sexes are similar in appearance, but the juvenile rufous-crowned sparrow has a brown crown and numerous streaks on its breast and flanks during the spring
9539_12	and autumn.
9539_13	The song is a short, fast, bubbling series of chip notes that can accelerate near the end, and the calls include a nasal chur and a thin tsi. When threatened or separated from its mate, the sparrow makes a dear-dear-dear call. Distribution and habitat
9539_14	This bird is found in the southwestern United States and Mexico from sea level up to , though it tends to be found between . It lives in California, southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, Texas, and central Oklahoma south along Baja California and in western Mexico to southern Puebla and Oaxaca. In the midwestern United States, the sparrow is found as far east as a small part of western Arkansas, and also in a small region of northeastern Kansas, its most northeastern habitat. The range of this species is discontinuous and is made up of many small, isolated populations. The rufous-crowned sparrow is a non-migratory species, though the mountain subspecies are known to descend to lower elevations during severe winters. Male sparrows maintain and defend their territories throughout the year.
9539_15	This sparrow is found in open oak woodlands and dry uplands with grassy vegetation and bushes. It is often found near rocky outcroppings. The species is also known from coastal scrublands and chaparral areas. The rufous-crowned sparrow thrives in open areas cleared by burning. Ecology and behavior The average territory size of rufous-crowned sparrows in the chaparral of California ranges from to . The density of territories varies by habitat, including 2.5 to 5.8 territories per of three- to five-year-old burned chaparral to 3.9 to 6.9 territories for the same amount of coastal scrubland. One pair tends to be supported by a territory, although birds without a mate have been seen sharing a territory with a mated pair.
9539_16	This sparrow is awkward in flight and primarily uses running and hopping to move. The rufous-crowned sparrow will at times forage in pairs during the breeding season, and in family-sized flocks in late summer and early autumn. During the winter they can occasionally be found in loose mixed-species foraging flocks.
9539_17	Predators of adult sparrows include house cats and small raptors like Cooper's and sharp-shinned hawks, American kestrels, and white-tailed kites. The nests may be raided by a range of species including mammals and reptiles such as snakes, though nest predation has not yet been directly observed, and nesting sparrows have been observed using three kinds of displays to distract potential predators; the rodent run, the broken wing, and the tumbling off the bush. Birds adopt a rodent run display to distract predators. The head, neck and tail are lowered, wings held out, and feathers fluffed as the bird runs rapidly and voices a continuous alarm call. In the broken wing display, the sparrow imitates having a broken wing by dropping one to the ground and hopping away from the nest with one wing dragging, leading the predator away until the bird ceases the act and escapes the predator. The adult rufous-crowned sparrow distracts a nest predator by falling from the top of a bush to attract
9539_18	the predator to itself in the tumbling off the bush display.
9539_19	The longest lifespan recorded for a rufous-crowned sparrow is three years, two months. Two species of tick, Amblyomma americanum and Ixodes pacificus, are known to parasitize the sparrow. Diet This sparrow feeds primarily on small grass and forb seeds, fresh grass stems, and tender plant shoots during autumn and winter. During these seasons, insects such as ants, grasshoppers, ground beetles, and scale insects as well as spiders make up a small part of its diet. In the spring and summer, the bird's diet includes a greater quantity and variety of insects.
9539_20	The rufous-crowned sparrow forages slowly on or near the ground by walking or hopping under shrubs or dense grasses. Though it occasionally forages in weedy areas, it is almost never observed foraging in the open. It has occasionally been observed feeding in branches and low shrubs. During the breeding season, it gleans its food from grasses and low shrubs. However, normally the species obtains its food by either pecking or less frequently scratching at leaf litter. This bird tends to forage in a small family group and in a limited area. It is unknown whether this species obtains all of the water it needs from its food or if it must also drink; however, it has been observed both drinking and bathing in pools of water after rain storms.
9539_21	Reproduction The rufous-crowned sparrow breeds in sparsely vegetated scrubland. Males attract a mate by singing from regular positions at the edge of their territories throughout the breeding season. These birds are monogamous, taking only one mate at a time, and pairs often remain together for several years. If singing males come within contact of each other, they may initially raise their crowns and face the ground to display this feature; if that fails to make the other bird leave, they stiffen their body, droop their wings, raise their tails, and stick their head straight out. Males guard their territories year-round.
9539_22	While it is not known when precisely the breeding season starts, the earliest that a sparrow has been observed carrying nesting material was on March 2 in southern California. The female bird builds a bulky, thick-walled open-cup nest typically on the ground, though occasionally in a low bush up to above it, from dried grasses and rootlets, sometimes with strips of bark, small twigs, and weed stems. Nests are well hidden, as they are built near bushes or tall grasses or overhanging rock with concealing vegetation. Once a sparrow chooses a nesting site, it tends to return to the site for many years. It lays between two and five eggs at a time and typically only raises one brood a year, though some birds in California have been observed raising two or even three broods a year. In case of a nesting failure, replacement clutches may be laid. The eggs are an unmarked, pale bluish-white. Broods of the rufous-crowned sparrow have very occasionally been observed to be parasitized by the
9539_23	brown-headed cowbird.
9539_24	Incubation of the eggs lasts 11 to 13 days and is performed solely by the female. The hatchlings are naked and quills do not begin to show until the third day. Only females brood the nestlings, though both parents may bring whole insects to their young. When a young rufous-crowned sparrow leaves the nest after eight or nine days, it is still incapable of flight, though it can run through the underbrush; during this time it is still fed by the parents. Juveniles tend to leave their parent's territory and move into adjacent habitat in autumn or early winter. Reproductive success varies strongly with annual rainfall and is highest in wet El Niño years, since cool rainy weather reduces the activity of snakes, the main predator of the sparrow's nests.
9539_25	Conservation
9539_26	The rufous-crowned sparrow is treated as a species of least concern, or not threatened with extinction, by BirdLife International due to its large geographical range of about , estimated population of 2.4 million individuals, and lack of a 30% population decline over the last ten years. In years without sufficient rains, many birds fail to breed and those that do produce fewer offspring. Some of the local populations of this bird are threatened and declining in number. The island subspecies and populations have declined in some cases: A. r. sanctorum of the Todos Santos Islands is believed to be extinct, and the populations on Santa Catalina Island and Baja California's Islas de San Martin have not been observed since the early 1900s. Populations of the species in southern California are also becoming more restricted in range because of urbanization and agricultural development in the region. Additionally, the sparrow is known to have been poisoned by the rodenticide warfarin, though
9539_27	more research is needed to determine the effects of pesticides on the rufous-crowned sparrow.
9539_28	References Further reading External links Old illustration of the "Brown-headed Finch" from Cassin's Birds of California and Texas rufous-crowned sparrow Native birds of the Plains-Midwest (United States) Native birds of the Southwestern United States Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands Birds of Mexico Birds of the Sierra Madre Occidental Birds of the Sierra Madre Oriental Birds of the Sierra Madre del Sur Birds of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt Near threatened fauna of North America rufous-crowned sparrow rufous-crowned sparrow
9540_0	Champions Major League Baseball World Series: Cincinnati Reds over Boston Red Sox (4–3); Pete Rose, MVP All-Star Game, July 15 at County Stadium: National League, 6–3; Bill Madlock and Jon Matlack, MVPs Other champions College World Series: Texas Japan Series: Hankyu Braves over Hiroshima Toyo Carp (4-0-1) Big League World Series: Taipei, Taiwan Little League World Series: Lakewood, New Jersey Senior League World Series: Pingtung, Taiwan Pan American Games: Cuba over United States Winter Leagues 1975 Caribbean Series: Vaqueros de Bayamón Dominican Republic League: Águilas Cibaeñas Mexican Pacific League: Naranjeros de Hermosillo Puerto Rican League: Vaqueros de Bayamón Venezuelan League: Tigres de Aragua
9540_1	Awards and honors Baseball Hall of Fame Earl Averill Bucky Harris Billy Herman Judy Johnson Ralph Kiner Most Valuable Player Fred Lynn (AL) Boston Red Sox Joe Morgan (NL) Cincinnati Reds Cy Young Award Jim Palmer (AL) Baltimore Orioles Tom Seaver (NL) New York Mets Rookie of the Year Fred Lynn (AL) Boston Red Sox John Montefusco (NL) San Francisco Giants Gold Glove Award George Scott (1B) (AL) Bobby Grich (2B) (AL) Brooks Robinson (3B) (AL) Mark Belanger (SS) (AL) Paul Blair (OF) (AL) Fred Lynn (OF) (AL) Joe Rudi (OF) (AL) Thurman Munson (C) (AL) Jim Kaat (P) (AL) Statistical leaders Major league baseball final standings
9540_2	Events The proposed sale of the Chicago White Sox presented opportunities for the Oakland Athletics. A group from Seattle was ready to purchase the White Sox and move them to Seattle. As Charlie Finley had business interests in Chicago, he was prepared to move the Athletics to Chicago. Due to his 20-year lease with the city of Oakland (to expire in 1987), Finley was blocked. In the end, White Sox owner Arthur Allyn sold to Bill Veeck, who kept the White Sox in Chicago. January January 16 - Harmon Killebrew is released by the Minnesota Twins. He would later sign with the Kansas City Royals. January 22 - The New York Mets signed free agent pitcher Juan Berenguer. January 23 – Ralph Kiner is elected to the Hall of Fame by the Baseball Writers' Association of America. He earns his HoF membership by a single vote.
9540_3	February February 3 – Billy Herman, Earl Averill and Bucky Harris are selected for the Hall of Fame by the Special Veterans Committee. February 10 – The Special Committee on the Negro Leagues picks Judy Johnson for the Hall of Fame. February 25 - The Baltimore Orioles trade pitcher Don Hood and First Baseman Boog Powell to the Cleveland Indians in exchange for Dave Duncan and minor leaguer Alvin McGrew. March March 15 - The Los Angeles Dodgers sign pitcher Juan Marichal. March 21 – Georgia Tech shuts out Earlham, 41–0, setting an NCAA record for scoring and for winning margin.
9540_4	April April 4 - The Pittsburgh Pirates release Tony La Russa from his minor league contract with the team. April 8 – Hall of Fame outfielder Frank Robinson becomes the first African American man to manage a Major League Baseball team, leading the Cleveland Indians to a 5–3 victory over the New York Yankees. Lyman Bostock makes his MLB debut for the Minnesota Twins, getting one hit in four at bats against the Texas Rangers. Bostock's career and life would come to a tragic end three years later when he is murdered while sitting in a parked car. April 11 – Hank Aaron returns to Milwaukee as a member of the Milwaukee Brewers. A crowd of 48,160 fans watches Aaron drive in a run in the Brewers' 6–2 victory over the Cleveland Indians. Aaron starred for the Milwaukee Braves before the franchise moved to Atlanta for the 1966 season. April 14 - Days after he is released by the New York Yankees, pitcher Skip Lockwood is signed by the Oakland A's.
9540_5	April 15 - In his final major league appearance, Dodgers pitcher Juan Marichal gives up six hits in 2.1 innings against the Cincinnati Reds before Rick Rhoden is brought in to relieve him. Marichal would later retire from baseball.

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