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78_7 | Australia
AGBU Alexander Primary School (Sydney, NSW, Australia)
Galstaun College (Ingleside, NSW, Australia)
St. Gregory's Armenian School (Beaumont Hills, NSW, Australia)
India
Armenian College and Philanthropic Academy |
78_8 | Armenian Intermediate Schools
Sahakian Levon Meguerditchian College (Sin el Fil, Lebanon)
AGBU Boghos K. Garmirian School (Antelias, Lebanon)
Armenian Evangelical Peter and Elizabeth Torosian School (Amanos, Lebanon)
Armenian National Haratch-Gulbengian School (Ainjar, Lebanon)
AGBU Alex & Marie Manoogian School (Southfield, MI)
AGBU Manoogian-Demirdjian School (Canoga Park, CA)
Armenian Mesrobian Elementary & High School (Pico Rivera, CA)
Armenian Sisters Academy (Montrose, CA)
Armenian Sisters Academy (Radnor, PA)
Armenian Sisters Academy (Boston / Lexington, MA)
Chamlian Armenian School (Glendale, CA)
Holy Martyrs Armenian Elementary and Ferrahian High School (Encino, CA)
Krouzian-Zekarian-Vasbouragan_Armenian_School (San Francisco, CA)
Rose_and_Alex_Pilibos_Armenian_School (Hollywood, CA)
TCA Arshag Dickranian Armenian School (Hollywood, CA)
Collège Privé Hamaskaïne (Marseilles, France]
École Franco-Arménienne Tebrotzassere (Le Raincy, France) |
78_9 | St. Gregory's Armenian School (Beaumont Hills, NSW, Australia)
Mekhitarist Fathers' Armenian School (Tujunga, CA)
Sahag-Mesrob Armenian Christian School (Pasadena, CA)
C & E Merdinian Evangelical School (Sherman Oaks, CA)
Armenian College and Philanthropic Academy (Kolkata, India) |
78_10 | Armenian High Schools
Armenian Evangelical Central High School (Ashrafieh, Lebanon)
Yeprem and Martha Philibosian Armenian Evangelical College (Beirut, Lebanon)
Armenian Evangelical Secondary School of Anjar (Anjar, Lebanon)
Sahakian Levon Meguerditchian College (Sin el Fil, Lebanon)
Sts. Tarkmanchatz Armenian School of Jerusalem 1929 (Jerusalem)
Levon & Sophia Hagopian Armenian National College (Bourj Hamoud, Beirut-Lebanon)
Caloust Gulbengian Armenian National College(Ainjar, Lebanon)
AGBU Alex & Marie Manoogian School (Southfield, MI)
AGBU The Lazar Najarian - Calouste Gulbenkian Armenian Central High School (Aleppo, Syria)
AGBU Manoogian-Demirdjian School (Canoga Park, CA)
AGBU Instituto Marie Manoogian (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
AGBU Tarouhi-Hovagimian Secondary School Horsh Tabet (Sin El Fil, Lebanon)
AGBU Vatche and Tamar Manoukian High School (Pasadena, CA)
Armenian Catholic Mesrobian High School & Technical College (Bourj Hammoud, Lebanon) |
78_11 | Armenian Mesrobian Elementary & High School (Pico Rivera, CA)
Holy Martyrs Armenian Elementary and Ferrahian High School (Encino, CA)
Rose_and_Alex_Pilibos_Armenian_School (Hollywood, CA)
TCA_Arshag_Dickranian_Armenian_School (Hollywood, CA)
Hay Azkayin Turian Varjaran - Externato José Bonifácio (São Paulo, Brazil)
Melkonian_Educational_Institute (Cyprus)
Armenian_Evangelical_Shamlian_Tatikian_School (Bourj Hammoud, Lebanon)
Armenian Evangelical Central High School (Ashrafieh, Lebanon)
Armenian Evangelical College (Beirut, Lebanon)
Armenian Evangelical Secondary School Anjar (Anjar, Lebanon)
École Arménienne Sourp Hagop (Montreal, Quebec, Canada)
Collège Privé Hamaskaïne (Marseilles, France]
Hamazkaine Arshak & Sophie Galstaun School (Ingleside, NSW, Australia)
Djemaran (Beirut, Lebanon)
Lycée Nevarte Gulbenkian (Le Raincy, France)
Getronagan Armenian High School (Karaköy/Istanbul, Turkey)
Surp Hac High School (Uskudar, Istanbul, Turkey) |
78_12 | Colegio Jrimian (Buenos Aires, Argentina)http://jrimian.edu.ar/
Instituto Privado Terizakian (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
Colegio Mekhitarista (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
Colegio Arzruní (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
Alishan School (Tehran, Iran)
Armenian College (Calcutta, India)
Sahag-Mesrob Armenian Christian School (Pasadena, CA)
Karen Jeppe Gemaran (Aleppo, Syria)
Yeghishe Manoukian College (Dbayyeh, Lebanon)
Melankton & Haig Arslanian Djemaran (Mezher, Lebanon) |
78_13 | Armenian Colleges and Universities
Haigazian University (Beirut, Lebanon)
Mashdots College (Glendale, CA)
Virtual Schools
Armenian Virtual College of AGBU
Armenian Studies Programs |
78_14 | Armenian Research Center University of Michigan - Dearborn, Dearborn, MI
Armenian Studies UCLA
Armenian Studies Harvard University
Armenian Studies Program California State University, Fresno
Armenian Studies Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
Armenian University of Oxford, U.K.
Armenian Studies Program U.C. Berkeley
Armenian Language and Culture Summer Intensive Course Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
USC Institute of Armenian Studies Los Angeles, California
Section d'arménien de l'Université de Provence à Aix-en-Provence Aix-en-Provence, France
Études Arméniennes Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
Arménien Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (INALCO) Paris, France
Armenian Studies Courses Glendale Community College, Glendale, California
Charles K. and Elisabeth M. Kenosian Professor in Modern Armenian History and Literature Boston University
Armenian |
79_0 | Hackberry is an unincorporated community in Mohave County, Arizona, United States. Hackberry is located on Arizona State Route 66 (former U.S. Route 66) northeast of Kingman. Hackberry has a post office which serves 68 residential mailboxes with ZIP code 86411.
History
A former mining town, Hackberry takes its name from the Hackberry Mine which was named for a hackberry tree in a nearby spring.
Prospector Jim Music helped develop the Hackberry Silver Mine in 1875. Mining of various metals developed the town, sending it from boom to bust based on fluctuating commodity prices.
The Indianapolis Monroes Iron Clad Age of June 12, 1886 includes a brief article titled "They Changed the Minds of Several" referring to an educated miner from the area. |
79_1 | J.J. Watts writes from Hackberry, Arizona: "The books you sent me last year have changed the minds of several to whom I loaned them. It is a pity that liberal books and papers cannot be more generally circulated and read. If they could be we should soon have more outspoken, honest men that would dare to speak their true sentiments."
Based on an article taken from the July 24, 1909 edition of the Mohave County Miner out of Kingman, Arizona, JJ Watts was an old prospector. Here is that article. |
79_2 | "Some time ago the report was current in Kingman that Indians had killed an old prospector, in the Wallapai mountains, first burying the body and later burning up everything of an incriminating nature. The man was supposed to be J. J. Watts, who mined and prospected in the Music mountain range many years. William Grant, the Hackberry merchant, this week received a letter from B.F. Watts, of Marshall, Oklahoma, conveying the information that J.J. Watts died at Lander, Wyoming, last winter. The man who was killed by the Indians is believed to be a stranger that came to Kingman and was lured to the mountains by the Indians by a story of a lost mine that they had found in that section. The man was killed by Willietopsy and his sons, so it is reported by the other Indians.
By 1919, infighting between the mine's owners had become litigation and the ore was beginning to be depleted. The mine closed; Hackberry briefly almost became a ghost town. |
79_3 | Various service stations in town served U.S. Route 66 travellers after the highway came to town in 1926; all were shut down after Interstate 40 in Arizona bypassed the town. Interstate 40's 69-mile path between Kingman and Seligman diverges widely from the old 82-mile Highway 66 segment between these points, leaving Hackberry stranded sixteen miles from the new highway. Hackberry Road would not even be given an off-ramp. John Grigg operated a Union 76 service station on Route 66 in Hackberry from the 1920s until his death in 1967. The Northside Grocery (established 1934) and its Conoco station were among the last to close, in 1978.
Hackberry almost became a ghost town again, but members of the Grigg family have lived there since the 1890s and continue to live there. Six generations of the Grigg family are buried in the Hackberry cemetery. |
79_4 | In 1992, itinerant artist Bob Waldmire re-opened the Hackberry General Store as a Route 66 tourism information post and souvenir shop on the former Northside Grocery site.
Waldmire sold the store to John and Kerry Pritchard in 1998 due to local disputes regarding the environmental and aesthetic impact of quarries, which by that time were establishing themselves in the area to remove local stone for use in landscaping.
The store remains in operation with a collection of vintage cars from the heyday of U.S. Route 66 in Arizona; in 2008, its owners donated land for a new fire hall to be built for the community.
Education
Most of the community is in the Hackberry School District. A portion of the community is in the Valentine Elementary School District.
Images of Hackberry
Demographics
References
Further reading
- See clipping from Newspapers.com
See also
Bullhead City, Arizona
Fort Mohave, Arizona
Mohave Valley, Arizona
Yucca, Arizona
Santa Claus, Arizona |
79_5 | Unincorporated communities in Mohave County, Arizona
Ghost towns on U.S. Route 66
Unincorporated communities in Arizona |
80_0 | Mars Ravelo's Darna: The TV Series is an upcoming Philippine superhero television series based on the comic book character of the same name. Keiko Aquino serves as head writer with Chito S. Roño leading the directing team.
Jane De Leon stars as Narda Custodio / Darna, with Joshua Garcia, Zaijian Jaranilla, and Janella Salvador also starring. The series was announced on December 4, 2020, after the cancellation of Star Cinema's Darna movie project in August 2020 due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. This is considered to be the biggest project of ABS-CBN for 2022.
The series is set to premiere on Kapamilya Channel, A2Z, TV5 and The Filipino Channel in 2022.
Cast and characters |
80_1 | Main cast
Jane De Leon as Darna / Narda Custodio
Joshua Garcia as Brian Samonte Robles, a policeman and EMT. He is Narda's love interest.
Zaijian Jaranilla as Ricardo "Ding" Custodio, Narda's brother and sidekick. He is good with technology and computer games.
Janella Salvador as Valentina / Regina Vanguardia, a lawyer and vlogger who is cursed with venomous snakes for her hair and Darna’s archenemy.
Supporting cast
Rio Locsin as Roberta Ferrer-Custodio
Paolo Gumabao as Noah Ballesteros
Simon Ibarra as Zaldy Ballesteros
Zeppi Borromeo as Oleg Mendoza
Gerald Acao as Pacio Paras
Tart Carlos as Ruby Carbonel
Marvin Yap as Gardo Laracruz
Yogo Singh as Jiro Romero
L.A. Santos as Richard Miscala
Young JV as Andrei Abesamis
Joj Agpangan as Mara Fernandez
Mark Manicad as Ali Corpuz
Richard Quan as Rex Vanguardia
Levi Ignacio as Rolando Villacruz |
80_2 | Guest cast
Iza Calzado as Leonor Custodio, a “prime warrior” from Planet Marte and the mother of Ding and Darna's human alter ego Narda. She is the “first Darna” who will pass on her magical stone to her daughter Narda.
Production |
80_3 | Development
Erik Matti signed to direct a new Darna film in 2014, with Star Cinema and Matti's Reality Entertainment co-producing the project. Matti stated that the film is aimed "to revive not just the people who Darna but also with the people who will know Darna for the first time." Producing a unique storyline posed a challenge to the director, as he did not want to be accused of copying from other big superhero movies such as those produced by Marvel Studios. Matti envisioned the film, to be titled Darna, as a coming-of-age story that is serious in tone (similar to that of The Dark Knight Trilogy) but with gore aplenty. Angel Locsin, who played Darna in the 2005 TV series, agreed to reprise her role when approached by Matti. Locsin was forced out of the project following a back injury in October 2015, however, much to the consternation of Matti. |
80_4 | A teaser trailer for Darna was shown during the 2015 Metro Manila Film Festival, whose visual effects were provided by Mothership VFX, the same company that worked on some of Matti's earlier films. According to Matti, the teaser was released ahead of the then-upcoming 2016 election as a ruse to make audiences think that Matti's next film was "politics-related". In addition, Matti uploaded a teaser photo in January 2016 of a hooded woman to Instagram. Around this time, the lead actress for the role of Darna had yet to be revealed. |
80_5 | Sources reported that Matti had begun principal photography on the film in March 2018, starting with the "simpler scenes". On October 4, 2018, however, ABS-CBN released a press statement announcing that Matti had parted ways with the network as well as Star Cinema "due to creative differences", and that the studio was closing in on a new director. On October 5, 2018, Jerrold Tarog came on board to replace Matti. In December 2018, Tarog revealed that he had begun working on a new script and costume for the film, the latter he said would be "more practical". |
80_6 | Tarog has said he would retain Matti's vision of making the film a coming-of-age story while also creating a more nuanced origin story that deviates from the previous Darna films and their source comic, which he felt "rushes Darna's origins". He also added that his version will eschew the "campy" portrayal of most Filipino superheroes in favor of telling a nuanced and introspective story where the actions of the superhero have consequences in the real world.
With the postponed production of the film, ABS-CBN announced on December 4, 2020 that it will develop a Darna TV series titled Mars Ravelo's Darna: The TV Series set to air in 2021 to star Jane De Leon. It's said that the film will push through once the series is finished. |
80_7 | Casting
While Darna was still in development as a film, several actresses had auditioned to replace Locsin when she backed out in 2015, including Liza Soberano, KC Concepcion, Jessy Mendiola, Nadine Lustre, Sarah Lahbati, and Sarah Geronimo. Soberano replaced Locsin by May 2017. In April 2019, however, ABS-CBN released a press statement announcing that Soberano had left the project due to a finger bone injury she acquired during production for the network's 2018 TV series Bagani, and that the studio had begun casting on a new actress. On July 17, 2019, Jane De Leon was unanimously chosen from a pool of over 300 actresses who auditioned.
On February 6, 2020, Leo Dominguez, Paulo Avelino's manager, confirmed that Avelino has been cast in the film. Tarog later confirmed Avelino's casting during a fundraiser. |
80_8 | Even as the film was reconceived as a television series, De Leon was kept on board to portray the titular character for the series. On August 12, 2021, Iza Calzado was cast to portray the first Darna and Narda's mother. Other cast members were announced on October 5, 2021, which include Joshua Garcia as the male lead and Zaijian Jaranilla as Ding. On November 19, 2021, Janella Salvador was formally introduced as the one who will play the titular heroine's archnemesis, Valentina. On February 17, 2022, as seen on the behind the scenes photos, Paolo Gumabao joins the cast of Darna with an undisclosed role. On March 1, 2022, Gumabao replaced Estrada for the role of Noah Ballesteros. |
80_9 | Filming
Principal photography for the film began on January 19, 2020, shot at ABS-CBN Soundstage in San Jose del Monte, Bulacan, However, on August 21, 2020, ABS-CBN officially postponed production on the film due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a week after the network announced that it had "scrapped" the project "because of the film's big budget () and the coronavirus pandemic."
On December 4, 2020, during the contract signing of Star Magic artists, it was announced that the Darna film project will become a TV series in 2021. On December 21, 2020, during the teaser for Darna in the "Together as One in 2021" video, De Leon said that filming will start in January 2021, but due to De Leon guesting on the series FPJ's Ang Probinsyano, filming for the series was postponed. On February 5, 2021, during a press conference, De Leon stated that the new Darna project will be very modern and her Darna character will be very "millennial". |
80_10 | On July 28, 2021, ABS-CBN announced that the series will start filming in early September 2021 but the schedule was changed to November to give more training time for De Leon, meanwhile De Leon is filming her remaining episodes on her guest role in Ang Probinsyano. On October 4, 2021, ABS-CBN announced that Chito S. Roño will direct the series. Avel Sunpongco will act as co-director and Keiko Aquino as head writer. Roño envisions the series to be less soapy and more gritty and real. Principal photography for the series officially commenced in November 15, 2021 at the ABS-CBN Soundstage.
Marketing
On December 21, 2020, a teaser was shown in the "Together as One in 2021" video. On December 19, 2021, a 45-second teaser was shown on the ABS-CBN Christmas Special 2021 together with their other upcoming projects for 2022.
See also
List of programs broadcast by Kapamilya Channel
List of programs broadcast by A2Z (Philippine TV channel)
References |
80_11 | Darna
2020s Philippine television series
ABS-CBN drama series
Fantaserye and telefantasya
Filipino-language television shows
Philippine action television series
Philippine television series
Superhero television series
Television shows based on comics
Television shows set in the Philippines
Upcoming television series |
81_0 | Sir Āpirana Turupa Ngata (3 July 1874 – 14 July 1950) was a prominent New Zealand statesman. He has often been described as the foremost Māori politician to have served in Parliament in the mid-20th century, and is also known for his work in promoting and protecting Māori culture and language. |
81_1 | Ngata practiced as a lawyer before entering politics in 1897, when he established the Young Māori Party alongside numerous alumni of Te Aute College, including future fellow cabinet minister Māui Pōmare. Here he challenged the traditional views of his people, advocating the abandonment of some traditional practices and customary healing in favour of science and Pākehā-style sanitation, which made him a controversial figure. In 1905, he was elected the Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for Eastern Maori, retaining this seat for nearly 40 years. He served in government as Minister of Native Affairs from 1928 to 1934. In this he tried to accomplish as many reforms for Māori as possible, although he was forced to resign as minister in a widely publicised spending scandal. Nevertheless, he continued to serve as MP for Eastern Maori until he was ousted in 1943 by Rātana candidate (affiliated with Labour) Tiaki Omana, as Labour swept the Māori electorates. At the age of 69 he returned to his |
81_2 | Ngāti Porou home 129 kilometres north of Gisborne, where he lived with his four sons and four daughters, and multiple grandchildren, until his death seven years later. |
81_3 | Early life
Ngata was born in Te Araroa (then called Kawakawa), a small coastal town about north of Gisborne, New Zealand. His iwi was Ngāti Porou. His father was Paratene Ngata, a tribal leader and expert in traditional lore, and his mother was Katerina Naki, the daughter of an itinerant Scot, Abel Enoch. Ngata was greatly influenced both by his father and by his great-uncle Ropata Wahawaha (who had led loyal kupapa Ngāti Porou forces against their Pai Mārire enemy (commonly known as Hauhau) in the East Cape War and later Te Kooti's escapees from the Chatham Islands). Ngata was raised in a Māori environment, speaking the Māori language, but his father also ensured that Ngata learnt about the Pākehā world, believing that this understanding would be of benefit to Ngāti Porou. |
81_4 | Ngata attended primary school in Waiomatatini before moving on to Te Aute College, where he received a Pākehā-style education. Ngata performed well, and his academic results were enough to win him a scholarship to Canterbury University College (now the University of Canterbury), where he studied political science and law. He gained a BA in politics in 1893, the first Māori to complete a degree at a New Zealand university, then gained an LL.B. at the University of Auckland in 1896 (the first New Zealander, Māori or Pākehā, to gain a double degree).
First marriage and children
In 1895, a year before finishing his second degree (law), Ngata married 16-year-old Arihia Kane Tamati who was also of the Ngāti Porou iwi. Ngata had previously been engaged to Arihia's elder sister, Te Rina, but she died. Āpirana and Arihia had fifteen children, eleven of whom survived to adulthood; six girls and five boys. |
81_5 | Shortly after Ngata's legal qualifications were recognised, he and his wife returned to Waiomatatini where they built a house, initially called 'Te Wharehou' and later known as 'The Bungalow'. Ngata quickly became prominent in the community, making a number of efforts to improve the social and economic conditions of Māori across the country. He also wrote extensively on the place of Māori culture in the modern age. At the same time, he gradually acquired a leadership role within Ngāti Porou, particularly in the area of land management and finance. |
81_6 | Political career
Ngata's first involvement with national politics came through his friendship with James Carroll, who was Minister of Native Affairs in the Liberal Party government. Ngata assisted Carroll in the preparation of two pieces of legislation, both of which were intended to increase the legal rights enjoyed by Māori. In the 1905 election, Ngata himself stood as the Liberal candidate for the Eastern Maori electorate, challenging the incumbent Wi Pere. He was elected to Parliament.
Early career
Ngata quickly distinguished himself in Parliament as a skilled orator. He worked closely with his friend Carroll, and also worked closely with Robert Stout. Ngata and Stout, members of the Native Land Commission, were often critical of the government's policies towards Māori, particularly those designed at encouraging the sale of Māori land. In 1909, Ngata assisted John Salmond in the drafting of the Native Land Act. |
81_7 | In late 1909, Ngata was appointed to Cabinet, holding a minor ministerial responsibility for Māori land councils. He retained this position until 1912, when the Liberal government was defeated. Ngata followed the Liberals into Opposition.
In the First World War, Ngata was highly active in gathering Māori recruits for military service, working closely with Reform Party MP, Maui Pomare. Ngata's own Ngāti Porou were particularly well represented among the volunteers. The Māori commitment to the war by some iwi, can be attributed to Ngata and Pomare and this created a certain amount of goodwill from Pākehā towards iwi who had loyally supported the country; this assisted Ngata's later attempts to resolve land grievances. |
81_8 | Although in Opposition, Ngata enjoyed relatively good relations with his counterparts across the House in the Reform Party. He had a particularly good relationship with Gordon Coates, who became Prime Minister in 1925 and later Princess Te Puea of Waikato. The establishment of several government bodies, such as the Māori Purposes Fund Control Board and the Board of Māori Ethnological Research, owed much to Ngata's involvement.
Māori interests |
81_9 | Ngata was also active in a huge variety of other endeavours. The most notable, perhaps, was his involvement in academic and literary circles – in this period, he published a number of works on significant Māori culture, with , a collection of Māori songs, being one of his better known works. Ngata was also heavily involved in the protection and advancement of Māori culture among Māori themselves, giving particular attention to promoting the haka, poi dancing, and traditional carving that had been begun by Te Puea. One aspect of his advocacy of Māori culture was the construction of many new traditional meeting houses throughout the country. Yet another of Ngata's interests was the promotion of Māori sport, which he fostered by encouraging intertribal competitions and tournaments. Finally, Ngata also promoted Māori issues within the Anglican Church in New Zealand, encouraging the creation of a Māori bishopric. In December 1928, Frederick Bennett, was consecrated as suffragan bishop to |
81_10 | the Waiapu diocese with the title Bishop of Aotearoa. Ngata and Bishop Herbert Williams campaigned for the recognition of Māori language as a subject for study in the University of New Zealand, with the study of Māori becoming eligible for a degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1928. |
81_11 | Throughout all this, Ngata also remained deeply involved in the affairs of his Ngāti Porou iwi, particularly as regards land development. He was instrumental in establishing the land incorporation scheme whereby unused Māori land with multiple owners was amalgamated under a farm manager—often Pākehā, who developed and ran the farm. In government he was able to arrange for the transfer of four blocks of farm land to Te Puea Herangi and her husband. He arranged grants and government loans to help her develop farms for Waikato. He fired the Pākehā farm manager and replaced him with Te Puea. He arranged a car for her so she could travel around her estates. In 1934, during the depression, the public, media and parliament became alarmed at the large sums of money being gifted to Te Puea and others. A royal commission was held and Ngata was found guilty of irregularities in expenditure and negligence in administration, but no major scandals were unearthed. His land projects up to 1934 had |
81_12 | involved the expenditure of £500,000, most of which was recoverable. Ngata resigned in December 1934. Ngata fought for higher living standards for the Māori people, and was very active during an economic depression in New Zealand in the Thirties, developing large farms which provided jobs and helped to restore the dignity of many Māori. |
81_13 | Ngata was knighted as a Knight Bachelor in the 1927 King's Birthday Honours, only the third Māori (after Carroll and Pomare) to receive this honour.
Ministerial career
In the 1928 election, the United Party (a rebranding of the old Liberal Party, to which Ngata belonged) won an unexpected victory. Ngata was returned to Cabinet, becoming Minister of Native Affairs. He was ranked third within Cabinet, and occasionally served as acting Deputy Prime Minister. Ngata remained extremely diligent in his work, and was noted for his tirelessness. Much of his ministerial work related to land reforms, and the encouragement of Māori land development. Ngata continued to believe in the need to rejuvenate Māori society, and worked strongly towards this goal.
In 1929, Ngata's wife Arihia Ngata and his eldest son Mākarini died of dysentery. After Arihia's death, Ngata married Te Rīringi Tūhou in 1932. |
81_14 | In 1932 Ngata and his Department of Native Affairs came under increasing criticism from other politicians. Many believed that Ngata was pressing ahead too fast, and the large amount of activity that Ngata ordered had caused organizational difficulties within the department. An inquiry into Ngata's department was held, and it was discovered that one of Ngata's subordinates had falsified accounts. Ngata himself was severely criticised for disregarding official regulations which he had often felt were inhibiting progress. It was also alleged that Ngata had shown favouritism to Ngāti Porou and Waikato, especially Te Puea and her husband Rawiri Tumokai Katipa. Bob Semple, a leading Labour politician, said the Royal Commission investigation showed one of the worst specimens of abuse of political power, maladministration, misappropriation of public funds as well as a betrayal of trust. Ngata, while denying any personal wrongdoing, accepted responsibility for the actions of his department and |
81_15 | was dismissed from his ministerial position. |
81_16 | Māori leaders, such as Te Puea, were angry at Ngata for discrediting and embarrassing Māori.
Later life and legacy
Although Ngata had resigned from Cabinet, he still remained in Parliament. He was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal in 1935. In the 1935 election, the Labour Party was triumphant – Ngata went into Opposition, although the new Labour government retained many of his land reform programs. Ngata remained in Parliament until the 1943 election, when he was finally defeated by a Labour-Rātana candidate, Tiaki Omana. He had been a member of parliament for almost 38 consecutive years, breaking the previous record of 32 years set by James Carroll and coming close to Maurice O'Rorke overall record of nearly 39 years. Both marks were later surpassed by Rex Mason. |
81_17 | Ngata stood again for his seat in the 1946 election, but was unsuccessful. He remained involved in politics despite leaving Parliament. He gave advice on Māori affairs to both Peter Fraser (a Labour Prime Minister) and Ernest Corbett (a National Minister of Māori Affairs), and arranged celebrations of the Treaty of Waitangi's centenary in 1940. In the Second World War, he once again helped gather Māori recruits. On 22 June 1950, he was appointed to Parliament's upper house, the Legislative Council, but was too ill by this time to take his seat.
In 1948, Ngata's second wife, Lady Te Rīringi, died, and he married Hēne Te Kira not long before his own death.
On 7 May 1948, Ngata received an honorary doctorate in literature (LittD) from the Victoria College. At the same ceremony, his youngest son Hēnare graduated with a Bachelor of Arts. |
81_18 | Ngata died in Waiomatatini on 14 July 1950, following a brief illness, and was buried beside his first wife Lady Arihia behind their home 'The Bungalow' in Waiomatatini. He is remembered for his great contributions to Māori culture and language. His image appears on New Zealand's $50 banknote.
Sir Āpirana and Lady Arihia Ngata guided the design of the St. Michael and All Angels' Chapel at Hukarere Girls College, and the chapel was consecrated on 1 November 1953.
Several schools have houses named after him, including Rangiora High School, Tauranga Boys' College, Rotorua Intermediate, Cashmere High School, Te Aute College (where Ngata went), Te Puke High School, Wainuiomata High School and Otumoetai Intermediate. |
81_19 | Ngata has inspired all sorts of politicians today, who follow his blend of progressive conservatism. As controversial as he was adulated, Ngata's legacy is still very complicated. While many have praised him for tireless work to promote the Māori language (especially in a white-based, right-wing political environment), others have criticised and even derided him for corruption, conservatism and not taking the views of all his iwi into account while making incredibly important decisions on his own. He has also given some apparent credence to the views of right-wing politicians such as Winston Peters and Don Brash. |
81_20 | Family legacy
On 19 October 2009, Āpirana Ngata's last surviving daughter, Mate Huatahi Kaiwai (born Ngata), died at her residence at Ruatoria, East Cape, New Zealand, aged 94. She was interred next to her late husband Kaura-Ki-Te-Pakanga Kaiwai and her son Tanara Kaiwai at Pukearoha Urupa. In the 2004 New Year Honours she had been made a Companion of the Queen's Service Order (QSO) for community service.
Ngata's youngest son, Sir Hēnare Ngata, died on 11 December 2011 aged 93. He was Māori vice-president of the National Party from 1967 to 1969 and stood as the National Party candidate for Eastern Māori in 1969.
Ngata's grandson Hōri Mahue Ngata wrote a widely used Māori-English dictionary.
Notes
References
External links
from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography |
81_21 | 1874 births
1950 deaths
Members of the Cabinet of New Zealand
Members of the New Zealand Legislative Council
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82_0 | John Wanamaker Department Store was one of the first department stores in the United States. Founded by John Wanamaker in Philadelphia, it was influential in the development of the retail industry including as the first store to use price tags. At its zenith in the early 20th century, Wanamaker's also had a store in New York City at Broadway and Ninth Street. Both employed extremely large staffs. By the end of the 20th century, there were 16 Wanamaker's outlets, but after years of change the chain was bought by Albert Taubman, and added to his previous purchase of Woodward & Lothrop, the Washington, D.C., department store. In 1994, Woodies, as it was known, filed for bankruptcy. The assets of Woodies were purchased by the May Company Department Stores and JCPenney. In 1995, Wanamaker's transitioned to Hecht's, one of the May Company brands. In 2006, Macy's Center City became the occupant of the former Philadelphia Wanamaker's Department Store, which is now a National Historic |
82_1 | Landmark. |
82_2 | History
Beginnings
John Wanamaker was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1838. Due to a persistent cough, he was unable to join the U.S. Army to fight in the American Civil War, so instead started a career in business. In 1861, he and his brother-in-law Nathan Brown founded a men's clothing store in Philadelphia called Oak Hall. Wanamaker carried on the business alone after Brown's death in 1868. Eight years later, Wanamaker purchased the abandoned Pennsylvania Railroad station for use as a new, larger retail location. The concept was to renovate the terminal into a "Grand Depot" similar to London's Royal Exchange or Paris's Les Halles—two central markets, and forerunners of the modern department store, that were well known in Europe at that time. |
82_3 | The Wanamaker's Grand Depot opened in time to service the public visiting Philadelphia for the American Centennial Exposition of 1876, and in fact resembled one of the many pavilions at that world's fair because of its fanciful new Moorish facade. In 1877 the interior of Wanamaker's was refurbished and expanded to include not only men's clothing, but women's clothing and dry goods as well. This was Philadelphia's first modern-day department store, and one of the earliest founded in America. A circular counter was placed at the center of the building, and concentric circles radiated around it with 129 counters of goods. The store also accepted mail orders, though it was not a large business until the early twentieth century.
Enlightened retailing |
82_4 | Wanamaker first thought of how he would run a store on new principles when, as a youth, a merchant refused his request to exchange a purchase. A practicing Christian, he chose not to advertise on Sundays. Before he opened his Grand Depot for retail business, he let evangelist Dwight L. Moody use its facilities as a meeting place, while Wanamaker provided 300 ushers from his store personnel. His retail advertisements—the first to be copyrighted beginning in 1874—were factual, and promises made in them were kept.
Wanamaker guaranteed the quality of his merchandise in print, allowed his customers to return purchases for a cash refund and offered the first restaurant to be located inside a department store. Wanamaker also invented the price tag. |
82_5 | His employees were to be treated respectfully by management (including not being scolded in public), and John Wanamaker & Company offered its employees access to the John Wanamaker Commercial Institute, as well as free medical care, recreational facilities, profit sharing plans, and pensions—long before these types of benefits were considered standard in corporate employment.
Innovation and "firsts" marked Wanamaker's. The store was the first department store with electrical illumination (1878), first store with a telephone (1879), and the first store to install pneumatic tubes to transport cash and documents (1880).
Wanamaker's commissioned a Philadelphia/New Jersey artist, George Washington Nicholson (1832–1912), to paint a large landscape mural, "The Old Homestead", which was finished in March 1892. The mural was still owned by Wanamaker's in 1950, but has since passed into a private collection. |
82_6 | In 1910, Wanamaker replaced his Grand Depot in stages, and constructed a new, purpose-built structure on the same site in Center City Philadelphia. The new store, built in the Florentine style with granite walls by Chicago architect Daniel H. Burnham, had 12 floors (nine for retail), numerous galleries and two lower levels totaling nearly two million square feet. The palatial emporium featured the Wanamaker Organ, the former St. Louis World's Fair pipe organ, at the time one of the world's largest organs. The organ was installed in the store's marble-clad central atrium known as the Grand Court. Another item from the St. Louis Fair in the Grand Court is the large bronze eagle, which quickly became the symbol of the store and a favorite meeting place for shoppers. All one had to say was "Meet You at The Eagle" and everyone knew where to go. The store was dedicated by President William Howard Taft on December 13, 1911. |
82_7 | Despite its size, the organ was deemed insufficient to fill the Grand Court with its music. Wanamaker's responded by assembling its own staff of organ builders and expanding the organ several times over a period of years. The "Wanamaker Organ" is the largest fully operational pipe organ in the world, with some 28,750 pipes. It is famed for the delicate, orchestra-like beauty of its tone as well as its incredible power. The organ still stands in place in the store today and free recitals are held twice every day except Sunday. Visitors are also invited to tour the organ's console area and meet with staff after recitals. Once a year, usually in June, "Wanamaker Organ Day" is held, which is a free recital which lasts most of the day.
News of the Titanic's sinking was transmitted to Wanamaker's wireless station in New York City, and given to anxious crowds waiting outside—yet another first for an American retail store. Public Christmas Caroling in the store's Grand Court began in 1918. |
82_8 | In 1919, , a Spanish newspaper said of its New York store that it was 100 special departments all under one roof, including (The Department of Personal Service for Latin-Americans).
Other innovations included employing buyers to travel overseas to Europe each year for the latest fashions, the first White sale (1878) and other themed sales such as the February "Opportunity Sales" to keep prices as low as possible while keeping volume high. The store also broadcast its organ concerts on the Wanamaker-owned radio station WOO beginning in 1922. Under the leadership of James Bayard Woodford, Wanamaker's opened piano stores in Philadelphia and New York that did a huge business with an innovative fixed-price system of sales. Salons in period decor were used to sell the higher-price items. Wanamaker also tried selling small organs built by the Austin Organ Company for a time. |
82_9 | Slow decline |
82_10 | After John Wanamaker's death in 1922, the business carried on under Wanamaker family ownership. Rodman Wanamaker, John's son, enhanced the reputation of the stores as artistic centers and temples of the beautiful, offering imported luxuries from around the world. After his death in 1928, the stores (managed for the family by a trust) continued to thrive for a time. The men's clothing and accessories department was expanded into its own separate store on the lower floors of the Lincoln-Liberty Building, two doors down on Chestnut Street, in 1932. This building, which also had a private apartment for the Wanamaker family on its top floor, was sold to Philadelphia National Bank in 1952; the initials on the building's crown read "PNB" until November 2014, even though the bank no longer existed (PNB was acquired by CoreStates, which was then acquired by First Union, which was rebranded as Wachovia Bank after acquiring Wachovia Corporation, and later acquired by Wells Fargo & Co.). Over |
82_11 | time, Wanamaker's lost business to other retail chains, including Bloomingdale's and Macy's, in the Philadelphia market. The Wanamaker Family Trust finally sold John Wanamaker and Company, with its underpatronized stores, to Los Angeles, California-based Carter Hawley Hale Stores for US$60 million cash in 1978. Carter Hawley Hale poured another $80 million into renovating the stores, but to no avail—customers had gone elsewhere in the intervening decades and did not come back. |
82_12 | Later innovations |
82_13 | Finally, in 1986, the now 15-store chain was sold to Woodward & Lothrop, owned by Detroit shopping-mall magnate A. Alfred Taubman. Taubman reorganized the business with a shortened corporate name (Wanamaker's Inc.), and poured millions more into store renovations and public relations campaigns. This too was no help, as Taubman's retail interests were heavily in debt and the stores' combined sales were a disappointment. Believing that the Wanamaker Building space was more valuable than portions of the historic Wanamaker store, the Philadelphia flagship store was reduced to its first five stories, the Juniper Street side became the lobby of an office building for the upper stories, and the former basement budget "Downstairs Store" became a parking garage. The Crystal Tea Room restaurant was closed and eventually leased to the Marriott Corporation for use as a ballroom. Personal effects of Mr. Wanamaker from his until-then preserved office on the eighth floor, and the store archives, |
82_14 | were donated to the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Beloved huge Easter paintings of the trial and Passion of the Christ by Mihály Munkácsy that had been personal favorites of Mr. Wanamaker and were displayed every year in the Grand Court during Lent were unceremoniously sold at auction. |
82_15 | Woodward & Lothrop collapsed in bankruptcy, filing for Chapter 11 on January 17, 1994, and with it the Wanamaker stores, which were sold to May Department Stores Company on June 21, 1995. Wanamaker's Inc. was formally dissolved, and operations were consolidated with May's Hecht's division in Arlington, Virginia. After 133 consecutive years, the Wanamaker's name was removed from all stores and replaced with Hecht's. In 1997, May acquired Wanamaker's historic rival Strawbridge & Clothier and re-branded all Philadelphia-area Hecht's locations with the Strawbridge's name. The Center City Hecht's (temporarily named Strawbridge's) was closed for a lengthy renovation and refurbishment that saw the former Wanamaker retail space reduced in size again to three floors, and the former selling floors on the upper floors further subdivided into commercial office space. This was to prepare the way, in 1997, for New York-based Lord & Taylor, another division of May Department Stores, to open in the |
82_16 | former Wanamaker's flagship in Center City Philadelphia. In August 2006 the store was converted to Macy's, operated by the Macy's East Division of Federated Department Stores Inc., (now Macy's Inc.), which acquired May in late 2005. The New York Wanamaker's store on Broadway was replaced by Kmart by 1996. |
82_17 | The store was not immune to the major change in retailing away from regional chains to national chains. The uniformity of brand offerings and the cost savings available to national chains all worked against the viability of the store as an independent personality, although customers generally had a major say in determining store offerings and the magnificence of its commercial space did tend to cause it to be stocked with better offerings. Other retailers had also learned to offer goods with much smaller staff rosters. The ability of retailers to "go national" in opposition to regional tastes is still an experiment-in-progress with mixed results. |
82_18 | The Wanamaker's flagship store, with its famous organ and eagle from the St. Louis World's Fair, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978. Retailers continue to reap significant monetary returns from the elegance of this unparalleled retail space. In 1992, a nonprofit group, the Friends of the Wanamaker Organ, was founded to promote the preservation, restoration and presentation of the famous pipe organ.
As a retail site, the Philadelphia flagship store has proved quite profitable for later tenants Lord & Taylor and now Macy's. With a long tradition of parades and fireworks displays, Macy's has taken a prominent civic role in fostering historic Wanamaker traditions, especially the Wanamaker Organ and the Holiday Pageant of Lights Christmas Show. In 2008, Macy's celebrated its 150th birthday in the Philadelphia flagship store with a concert featuring the Wanamaker Organ and the Philadelphia Orchestra that attracted a capacity audience.
Christmas Light Show |
82_19 | In 1956, the Philadelphia Wanamaker's premiered a Christmas Light Show, a large musical and blinking light display several stories high, viewable from several levels of the building, but with the best viewing on the central ground floor. Its popularity with Philadelphia parents and children, as well as tourists, ensured a continuous run, even after the building was sold to different business interests. |
82_20 | For decades until 1994, the melodic baritone "voice", or narrator, of the show was John Facenda, known to Philadelphians for decades reporting the news on radio and television, as well as nationally known as the voice of NFL Films. NFL Films' Ed Sabol referred to Facenda as "The Voice of God" (Facenda is in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio). His wordsmithing and dramatic baritone delivery were highlights of the shows and did much to boost Facenda's stock and mystique. Various announcers narrated the show between 1995 and 2005. Beginning in 2006, under Macy's, Julie Andrews became the show's narrator. Also in 2006, the Santa Express Train at the top of the Grand Court returned. |
82_21 | In 2007, the entire Christmas Light Show was completely modernized and rebuilt by Macy's Parade Studio on new trusses with lighter materials and LED lighting. In 2008, a new and bigger Magic Christmas Tree with LED lights debuted. However, due to safety concerns and logistical issues, the dancing water fountains were retired and will not return. |
82_22 | Floor setup
Ground floor: 2,500-pound "Durana" bronze eagle statue in the Grand Court, made by German sculptor August Gaul for the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exhibition and purchased by John Wanamaker; for many decades, Philadelphians would agree to "meet me at the eagle" (at Wanamaker's).
3rd floor: Egyptian Hall auditorium behind the executive offices, also a Greek Hall auditorium. The architecture of Egyptian Hall is presently (2008) obscured by the Executive Offices and Dickens Christmas Village.
8th floor: Toy department had a Rocket Express monorail (from 1946 to 1984) for the kids that traveled around the entire department, camera dept, piano and organ dept. The monorail car is a feature at Philadelphia's Please Touch Museum.
9th floor: Crystal Tea Room
10th floor: In-house physician and nurses
12th floor: Wanamaker Organ Shop, where the Wanamaker Organ was enlarged by an in-house expert staff |
82_23 | Sub-floors: The Downstairs Store, post office, lost and found, shoe repair, the Dairy Bar restaurant. This area became a parking garage.
Radio broadcasting station
Model house on the furniture floor
Home of the world's largest playable pipe organ |
82_24 | Crystal Tea Room
Wanamaker's also was home to the Crystal Tea Room restaurant on the 9th floor, which closed to the public in 1995; it was restored as a private banquet hall, accommodating sit-down receptions of up to 1,000 people. A Wanamaker's guidebook from the 1920s states that the Crystal Tea Room was the largest dining room in Philadelphia, and one of the largest in the world. It once could serve 1,400 people at a time. It served breakfast in the morning, luncheon, and afternoon tea. The kitchen's big ovens could roast 75 turkeys at a time and the facility was equipped with lockers and baths for the employees. In acknowledgment of John Wanamaker's promotion of temperance causes, alcohol was not served in the Tea Room until after the family trust sold the store. There was informal modeling in the Tea Room. |
82_25 | There was also a balcony cafe, the Terrace on the Court, on the third floor facing the Grand Court, where shoppers could hear the Wanamaker Organ as they dined. Macy's closed this restaurant in 2008.
In popular culture
Scenes in the 1981 film Blow Out were filmed outside Wanamaker's.
Much of the 1987 movie Mannequin was filmed at Wanamaker's, as was the 1991 sequel, Mannequin Two: On the Move.
See also
Wanamaker Mile
Millrose Games
Wanamaker Trophy for golf's PGA Champion
Please Touch Museum (Wanamaker's Rocket Express Monorail)
List of National Historic Landmarks in Philadelphia
National Register of Historic Places listings in Center City, Philadelphia
References |
82_26 | Further reading
Arceneaux, Noah. "Wanamaker's Department Store and the Origins of Electronic Media, 1910–1922." Technology and culture''' 51.4 (2010): 809-828 online.
Arrigale, Lawrence M., and Thomas H. Keels. Philadelphia's Golden Age of Retail (Arcadia Publishing, 2012).
Ershkowitz, Herbert. John Wanamaker: Philadelphia Merchant (Signpost Biographies-Da Capo Press, 1999)
Kirk, Nicole C. Wanamaker's Temple: The Business of Religion in an Iconic Department Store (NYU Press, 2018).
Robert Sobel The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition'' (Weybright & Talley 1974), chapter 3, John Wanamaker: The Triumph of Content Over Form
External links
About May - Company History
Crystal Tea Room today |
82_27 | A history of the Christmas Light Show
A history of the Wanamaker Organ
Video Clip 1991
Video Clip 1995
Capano ownership of old Wanamaker bldg
The John Wanamaker Collection, 1827-1987, including an extensive collection of correspondence, accounts, scrapbooks, legal papers, photographs and other materials which detail the history of Wanamaker's store, is available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
American companies established in 1861
Retail companies established in 1861
Retail companies disestablished in 1996
Defunct department stores based in Philadelphia
Historic American Buildings Survey in Philadelphia
History of Philadelphia
National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
Commercial buildings completed in 1902
Market East, Philadelphia
1861 establishments in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Philadelphia
May Department Stores
Wanamaker family |
83_0 | KTVQ, UHF analog channel 25, was an ABC-affiliated television station licensed to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States, which operated from November 1, 1953, to December 15, 1955. The station was owned by the Republic Television and Radio Company. KTVQ's studios were located on Northwest 19th Street and North Classen Boulevard in northwest Oklahoma City's Mesta Park neighborhood (in a building that presently houses a commercial retail complex), and its transmitter was located atop the First National Bank Building on North Robinson and Park Avenues in downtown Oklahoma City.
Two years after the station ceased operations due to financial difficulties that led to KTVQ's bankruptcy, Republic Television and Radio sold the UHF channel 25 license and construction permit to Independent School District No. 89 of Oklahoma County (now Oklahoma City Public Schools) in July 1958; the school district launched a new station on that channel, KOKH-TV, in February 1959.
History |
83_1 | Early history |
83_2 | On June 26, 1952, the Oklahoma County TV and Broadcasting Company—a Chickasha-based company co-owned by Philip D. Jackson and Clarence E. Wilson, joint owners of Chickasha radio station KWCO (1560 AM, now Oklahoma City-licensed KEBC; the KWCO call letters now reside on a radio station on 105.5 FM in Chickasha)—submitted an application to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for a construction permit to build and license to operate a broadcast television station in the Oklahoma City market that would transmit on UHF channel 25. The FCC eventually granted the license to Oklahoma County TV and Broadcasting on February 11, 1953; the group subsequently requested and received approval to assign KTVQ (for "Television Quality") as the call letters for his television station. Subsequently, on April 27, the company's principals reached an agreement to transfer the license and permit to the Republic Television and Radio Company, owned by John Esau (then the stockholder and manager of |
83_3 | radio stations KTUL [now KTBZ] in Tulsa and KFPW in Fort Smith, Arkansas), oil prospectors Frank E. Brown, Frank Smith and R. P. Green, and attorney A. C. Saunders. Jackson and Wilson received 12¼% interest in Republic in consideration for the transfer. The FCC granted the permit transfer to Republic Television and Radio on August 5. |
83_4 | KTVQ first signed on the air on November 1, 1953, operating as an ABC affiliate. (Plans originally called for the station to sign on October 1, later pushed back to October 11.) Channel 25 was ABC's first full-time outlet in the Oklahoma City television market and at the time was one of the relatively few ABC-affiliated stations operating on the UHF dial; it assumed the affiliation from primary NBC affiliate WKY-TV (channel 4, now KFOR-TV)—which had continued to carry select ABC programs under a secondary basic affiliation afterward—as it had carried programming from the network since its sign-on in June 1949. |
83_5 | KTVQ was the first television station to sign on in Oklahoma City since the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)-imposed freeze on television broadcast licenses was lifted in 1953. KTVQ was the first of three commercial television station to sign on in the Oklahoma City market during 1953: another UHF station, KMPT (channel 19, later used by Cornerstone Television affiliate KUOT-CD), debuted as a DuMont Television Network affiliate on November 8; KWTV (channel 9) launched as a CBS affiliate on December 20. As with many early UHF stations, reception of KTVQ required television set owners to purchase a standalone UHF tuning adapter. (Set manufacturers were not required to equip televisions with UHF tuners until the Congress passed the All-Channel Receiver Act in 1961, with UHF tuners not included on all newer sets until 1964.) The station conducted a series of promotions to encourage converter adoption including events intended for electronics dealers as well as radio and television |
83_6 | commercials directed at the general public. |
83_7 | Local programs on KTVQ included Moods in Music (an innovative music series that utilized projection cards containing song lyrics that were superimposed on-screen, accompanied by a hat pin, acting similarly to the "bouncing ball" seen in singalong versions of movie musicals, moving across the card within the projector), Sidewalk Cafe (a half-hour, weekly variety series featuring instrumental music, interviews and anecdotes, and conducted from a set in the style of a European sidewalk cafe), and sporting events that included Oklahoma A&M Aggies basketball games (which, due to limitations that prevented live broadcasts of away games, aired as pre-filmed telecasts accompanied by separately recorded play-by-play description), local high school football games, and Monday and Tuesday night home games from the now-defunct Oklahoma City Indians minor league franchise. To promote programs scheduled to air on the station, as area newspapers (such as The Daily Oklahoman and the Oklahoma City |
83_8 | Times) were not willing to distribute free radio/TV listings logs at the time, KTVQ announced such shows in a format mirroring local children's programs of the period (and was used for a mid-afternoon children's program featured on the station), in which a puppet carried on a conversation with staff announcer Dick Kirchner discussing upcoming KTVQ programs while written program notes rolled past an opening in the back of the stage housing the puppet. |
83_9 | Financial troubles and shutdown |
83_10 | Along with its existing struggles being a UHF outlet, KTVQ also had to deal with other local stations. WKY-TV had a stronghold on network programming in the market, which Esau contended had exhibited "malicious in [NBC's] monopolistic collusion" with channel 4. In December 1954, Republic Television and Radio filed a petition for bankruptcy reorganization in the United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma, citing a lack of adequate working capital and temporary financial difficulties, with an estimated debt load totaling $400,000. Later that month, KTVQ was placed under a trusteeship managed by Esau and attorney Duke Duvall, who were appointed by the court as trustees. The FCC granted transfer of control of Republic Television and Radio to the Esau-Duvall trusteeship on January 11, 1955. As part of the reorganization, National Affiliated Television Stations (NATS)—an organization backed by General Electric and National Telefilm Associates to assist financially |
83_11 | struggling television stations with finances, management, programming and advertising services—and ABC agreed to a two-year agreement to provide programming and financial services (including the sale of common stock in the company to Republic stockholders and a one-year equipment payment deference) while the station attempted to emerge from bankruptcy; attorney, oilman and rancher E. A. Farris would also become controlling owner of KTVQ, planning to cancel all debts owed in the station in exchange for the station's common voting stock. ABC's cooperation in the reorganization also intended to substantially increase the number of network programs shown on KTVQ's schedule. The Western District Court approved the reorganization plan in May 1955. |
83_12 | In January 1955, shortly before the FCC proposed rules to limit television transmission antennas from being located more than from the outskirts of a station's principal city of license, Streets Electronics—owner of Enid-based ABC affiliate KGEO-TV (channel 5, now KOCO-TV)—filed a construction permit application to build a new -tall transmission tower west-northwest of Crescent. Republic Television and Radio Company charged that KGEO wanted to "straddle" its transmitter between Enid and Oklahoma City to serve both cities, as between 75% and 85% of television set owners in the Enid area owners had oriented their home antennas to receive signals from Oklahoma City and the new tower would provide improved reception in Enid by allowing the signal to propagate into the area at the same direction that these home antennas were aimed, a claim Streets denied. Republic management expressed concern that KGEO's move to the Crescent site would create unfair competition that could hamper the |
83_13 | station's already untenable financial situation. |
83_14 | Petitions by Republic Television and Radio to set aside the recommendation to grant of the transmitter application and to reopen the record and call attention to the issues the move would cause was denied by the FCC on December 15, 1955. (The agency later granted the Streets transmitter relocation request in a 6–1 vote on May 4, 1956.) That same day, KTVQ suspended operations under court order from the Western Oklahoma District Court "until a VHF channel [assignment was] made available to it"; the FCC—was considering a proposal to allocate a minimum of three commercial VHF channels in all major markets—did not act on KTVQ's request, resulting in the station being forced to cease transmissions. Station representatives asked the FCC for special temporary authorization to operate on VHF channel 11—which had been assigned to Tulsa as a non-commercial educational allocation—until the Oklahoma Educational Television Authority (OETA) could sign on KOED-TV, a satellite of its Oklahoma City |
83_15 | flagship KETA-TV (channel 13), intending to broadcast over the transmitter facility of the then-recently defunct KMPT. Governor Raymond D. Gary was among those who supported the proposal; in contrast, OETA and the Joint Committee on Educational Television filed objections to the request, contending that the proposal was "tantamount to scrapping the whole table of educational television assignments". Sales and acting manager Troy Hoskins stated the station's shutdown had resulted in about 80% of ABC's programming lineup being unavailable to Oklahoma City viewers. |
83_16 | The FCC refused the STA request on February 1, 1956; KTVQ management re-submitted the STA request for channel 11 on May 11, with the intent to operate the station on that channel either through the remainder of the term of the construction permit or until OETA—which had withdrawn its opposition to temporary use of the Tulsa channel—was ready to sign on KOED-TV. The station's fate was ultimately sealed when the request was rejected for the second time on July 5, 1956. ABC programming subsequently returned to WKY-TV as a secondary affiliation (KGEO-TV displaced WKY as the network's Oklahoma City affiliate when it moved its operations and changed its city of license from Enid to Oklahoma City in 1958).
Current history of UHF channel 25 in Oklahoma City |
83_17 | On July 25, 1958, the Republic Television and Radio Company donated the construction permit and license to Independent School District No. 89 of Oklahoma County (now Oklahoma City Public Schools), while the company was in the midst of protracted hearings regarding KTVQ's bankruptcy. Although the FCC reserved the UHF channel 25 allocation in Oklahoma City for commercial broadcasting purposes, the school district proposed upon acquiring the permit to operate it as a non-commercial educational independent station. The district requested for KOKH-TV—the base of which assigned at the time to its public radio station on 88.9 FM (now KYLV)—to be assigned as the television station's call letters. KOKH signed on the air on February 2, 1959, with programming originally consisting of instructional and lecture-based telecourse programs developed in cooperation with the Oklahoma State Department of Education for college credit attribution. |
83_18 | The school district—citing that operating expenditures outran any benefits and its inability to raise $350,000 in matching funds to replace its existing transmission tower—sold the station for $3.5 million to Blair Broadcasting (a subsidiary of New York City-based John Blair & Co.) on December 14, 1978; Blair later converted KOKH into a general entertainment independent station on October 1, 1979, initially carrying a mix of feature films, cartoons, classic sitcoms, religious programs, some sports programming, and certain network programs preempted by NBC affiliate KTVY (channel 4, now KFOR-TV), ABC affiliate KOCO-TV (channel 5) and CBS affiliate KWTV (channel 9) to carry local or syndicated programming. KOKH became a Fox affiliate on August 15, 1991, as a result of the Oklahoma Educational Television Authority (OETA)'s purchase of the network's Oklahoma City charter affiliate, KAUT (channel 43, now an independent station), which became a PBS member station as a companion to OETA |
83_19 | flagship station KETA-TV (channel 13). (, KOKH-TV is currently owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group.) |
83_20 | References
TVQ (Oklahoma City)
Defunct television stations in the United States
Television channels and stations established in 1953
1953 establishments in Oklahoma
Television channels and stations disestablished in 1955
1955 disestablishments in Oklahoma
TVQ |
84_0 | The 2000 Toronto International Film Festival, the 25th annual festival, ran from September 7 to September 16, 2000. Along with special events to commemorate the anniversary, there were a total of 330 films screened. There was a special screening of Sergei Eisenstein's Alexander Nevsky featuring musical accompaniment by the Toronto Symphony Orchestra with the Toronto Mendelssohn Choir. Also, 25 digital video shorts were made by attending filmmakers.
Awards
Programmes |
84_1 | Gala Presentations
Almost Famous by Cameron Crowe
Best In Show by Christopher Guest
Bread and Tulips by Silvio Soldini
The Contender by Rod Lurie
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon by Ang Lee
The Dish by Rob Sitch
Dr. T and the Women by Robert Altman
The House of Mirth by Terence Davies
How to Kill Your Neighbor's Dog by Michael Kalesniko
In the Mood for Love by Wong Kar-wai
The Luzhin Defence by Marleen Gorris
Men of Honor by George Tillman Jr.
Pandaemonium by Julien Temple
Sexy Beast by Jonathan Glazer
Stardom by Denys Arcand
La Veuve de Saint-Pierre by Patrice Leconte
The Weight of Water by Kathryn Bigelow |
84_2 | Special Presentations
Beautiful by Sally Field
Before Night Falls by Julian Schnabel
Chinese Coffee by Al Pacino
Dancing at the Blue Iguana by Michael Radford
Duets by Bruce Paltrow
Faithless by Liv Ullmann
Greenfingers by Joel Hershman
Innocence by Paul Cox
ivansxtc. (To Live and Die in Hollywood) by Bernard Rose
Liam by Stephen Frears
Lumumba by Raoul Peck
Pollock by Ed Harris
Possible Worlds by Robert Lepage
Princes et princesses by Michel Ocelot
The Princess and the Warrior by Tom Tykwer
Shadow of the Vampire by E. Elias Merhige
A Shot at Glory by Michael Corrente
Sous le sable by François Ozon
State and Main by David Mamet
Tigerland by Joel Schumacher
The Yards by James Gray
You Can Count on Me by Kenneth Lonergan |
Subsets and Splits