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72_9 | One G protein-gated potassium channel is the inward-rectifing potassium channel (IKACh) found in cardiac muscle (specifically, the sinoatrial node and atria), which contributes to the regulation of heart rate. These channels are almost entirely dependent on G protein activation, making them unique when compared to other G protein-gated channels. Activation of the IKACh channels begins with release of acetylcholine (ACh) from the vagus nerve onto pacemaker cells in the heart. ACh binds to the M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, which interact with G proteins and promote the dissociation of the Gα subunit and Gβγ-complex. IKACh is composed of two homologous GIRK channel subunits: GIRK1 and GIRK4. The Gβγ-complex binds directly and specifically to the IKACh channel through interactions with both the GIRK1 and GIRK4 subunits. Once the ion channel is activated, K+ ions flow out of the cell and cause it to hyperpolarize. In its hyperpolarized state, the neuron cannot fire action |
72_10 | potentials as quickly, which slows the heartbeat. |
72_11 | GIRKs found in the brain
The G protein inward rectifying K+ channel found in the CNS is a heterotetramer composed of GIRK1 and GIRK2 subunits and is responsible for maintaining the resting membrane potential and excitability of the neuron. Studies have shown the largest concentrations of the GIRK1 and GIRK2 subunits to be in the dendritic areas of neurons in the CNS. These areas, which are both extrasynaptic (exterior to a synapse) and perisynaptic (near a synapse), correlate with the large concentration of GABAB receptors in the same areas. Once the GABAB receptors are activated by their ligands, they allow for the dissociation of the G protein into its individual α-subunit and βγ-complex so it can in turn activate the K+ channels. The G proteins couple the inward rectifying K+ channels to the GABAB receptors, mediating a significant part of the GABA postsynaptic inhibition. |
72_12 | Furthermore, GIRKs have been found to play a role in a group of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus, specifically those associated with the neuropeptide hormone orexin. The 5-HT1A receptor, a serotonin receptor and type of GPCR, has been shown to be coupled directly with the α-subunit of a G protein, while the βγ-complex activates GIRK without use of a second messenger. The subsequent activation of the GIRK channel mediates hyperpolarization of orexin neurons, which regulate the release of many other neurotransmitters including noradrenaline and acetylcholine.
Calcium channels
Structure |
72_13 | In addition to the subset of potassium channels that are directly gated by G proteins, G proteins can also directly gate certain calcium ion channels in neuronal cell membranes. Although membrane ion channels and protein phosphorylation are typically indirectly affected by G protein-coupled receptors via effector proteins (such as phospholipase C and adenylyl cyclase) and second messengers (such as inositol triphosphate, diacylglycerol and cyclic AMP), G proteins can short circuit the second-messenger pathway and gate the ion channels directly. Such bypassing of the second-messenger pathways is observed in mammalian cardiac myocytes and associated sarcolemmal vesicles in which Ca2+ channels are able to survive and function in the absence of cAMP, ATP or protein kinase C when in the presence of the activated α-subunit of the G protein. For example, Gα, which is stimulatory to adenylyl cyclase, acts on the Ca2+ channel directly as an effector. This short circuit is membrane-delimiting, |
72_14 | allowing direct gating of calcium channels by G proteins to produce effects more quickly than the cAMP cascade could. This direct gating has also been found in specific Ca2+ channels in the heart and skeletal muscle T tubules. |
72_15 | Function
Several high-threshold, slowly inactivating calcium channels in neurons are regulated by G proteins. The activation of α-subunits of G proteins has been shown to cause rapid closing of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, which causes difficulties in the firing of action potentials. This inhibition of voltage-gated Calcium channels by G protein-coupled receptors has been demonstrated in the dorsal root ganglion of a chick among other cell lines. Further studies have indicated roles for both Gα and Gβγ subunits in the inhibition of Ca2+ channels. The research geared to defining the involvement of each subunit, however, has not uncovered the specificity or mechanisms by which Ca2+ channels are regulated. |
72_16 | The acid-sensing ion channel ASIC1a is a specific G protein-gated Ca2+ channel. The upstream M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binds to Gq-class G proteins. Blocking this channel with the agonist oxotremorine methiodide was shown to inhibit ASIC1a currents. ASIC1a currents have also been shown to be inhibited in the presence of oxidizing agents and potentiated in the presence of reducing agents. A decrease and increase in acid-induced intracellular Ca2+ accumulation were found, respectively.
Sodium channels
Patch clamp measurements suggest a direct role for Gα in the inhibition of fast Na+ current within cardiac cells. Other studies have found evidence for a second-messenger pathway which may indirectly control these channels. Whether G proteins indirectly or directly activate Na+ ion channels not been defined with complete certainty.
Chloride channels |
72_17 | Chloride channel activity in epithelial and cardiac cells has been found to be G protein-dependent. However, the cardiac channel that has been shown to be directly gated by the Gα subunit has not yet been identified. As with Na+ channel inhibition, second-messenger pathways cannot be discounted in Cl− channel activation.
Studies done on specific Cl− channels show differing roles of G protein activation. It has been shown that G proteins directly activate one type of Cl− channel in skeletal muscle. Other studies, in CHO cells, have demonstrated a large conductance Cl− channel to be activated differentially by CTX- and PTX-sensitive G proteins. The role of G proteins in the activation of Cl− channels is a complex area of research that is ongoing.
Clinical significance and ongoing research |
72_18 | Mutations in G proteins associated with G protein-gated ion channels have been shown to be involved in diseases such as epilepsy, muscular diseases, neurological diseases, and chronic pain, among others.
Epilepsy, chronic pain, and addictive drugs such as cocaine, opioids, cannabinoids, and ethanol all affect neuronal excitability and heart rate. GIRK channels have been shown to be involved in seizure susceptibility, cocaine addiction, and increased tolerance for pain by opioids, cannabinoids, and ethanol. This connection suggests that GIRK channel modulators may be useful therapeutic agents in the treatment of these conditions. GIRK channel inhibitors may serve to treat addictions to cocaine, opioids, cannabinoids, and ethanol while GIRK channel activators may serve to treat withdrawal symptoms.
Alcohol intoxication |
72_19 | Alcohol intoxication has been shown to be directly connected to the actions of GIRK channels. GIRK channels have a hydrophobic pocket that is capable of binding ethanol, the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. When ethanol acts as an agonist, GIRK channels in the brain experience prolonged opening. This causes decreased neuronal activity, the result of which manifests as the symptoms of alcohol intoxication. The discovery of the hydrophobic pocket capable of binding ethanol is significant in the field of clinical pharmacology. Agents that can act as agonists to this binding site can be potentially useful in the creation of drugs for the treatment of neurological disorders such as epilepsy in which neuronal firing exceeds normal levels.
Breast cancer |
72_20 | Studies have shown that a link exists between channels with GIRK1 subunits and the beta-adrenergic receptor pathway in breast cancer cells responsible for growth regulation of the cells. Approximately 40% of primary human breast cancer tissues have been found to carry the mRNA which codes for GIRK1 subunits. Treatment of breast cancer tissue with alcohol has been shown to trigger increased growth of the cancer cells. The mechanism of this activity is still a subject of research.
Down syndrome |
72_21 | Altered cardiac regulation is common in adults diagnosed with Down syndrome and may be related to G protein-gated ion channels. The KCNJ6 gene is located on chromosome 21 and encodes for the GIRK2 protein subunit of G protein-gated K+ channels. People with Down Syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21, resulting in an overexpression of the GIRK2 subunit. Studies have found that recombinant mice overexpressing GIRK2 subunits show altered responses to drugs that activate G protein-gated K+ channels. These altered responses were limited to the sino-atrial node and atria, both areas which contain many G protein-gated K+ channels. Such findings could potentially lead to the development of drugs that can help regulate the cardiac sympathetic-parasympathetic imbalance in Down Syndrome adults.
Chronic atrial fibrillation |
72_22 | Atrial fibrillation (abnormal heart rhythm) is associated with shorter action potential duration and believed to be affected by the G protein-gated K+ channel, IK,ACh. The IK,ACh channel, when activated by G proteins, allows for the flow of K+ across the plasma membrane and out of the cell. This current hyperpolarizes the cell, thus terminating the action potential. It has been shown that in chronic atrial fibrillation there an increase in this inwardly rectifying current because of constantly activated IK,ACh channels. Increase in the current results in shorter action potential duration experienced in chronic atrial fibrillation and leads to the subsequent fibrillating of the cardiac muscle. Blocking IK,ACh channel activity could be a therapeutic target in atrial fibrillation and is an area under study.
Pain management |
72_23 | GIRK channels have been demonstrated in vivo to be involved in opioid- and ethanol-induced analgesia. These specific channels have been the target of recent studies dealing with genetic variance and sensitivity to opioid analgesics due to their role in opioid-induced analgesia. Several studies have shown that when opioids are prescribed to treat chronic pain, GIRK channels are activated by certain GPCRs, namely opioid receptors, which leads to the inhibition of nociceptive transmission, thus functioning in pain relief. Furthermore, studies have shown that G proteins, specifically the Gi alpha subunit, directly activate GIRKs which were found to participate in propagation of morphine-induced analgesia in inflamed spines of mice. Research pertaining to chronic pain management continues to be performed in this field.
See also
G protein
G protein-coupled receptor
Metabotropic receptor
References
Ion channels
Electrophysiology
Integral membrane proteins |
73_0 | The Irish Rovers is a group of Irish musicians that originated in Toronto, Canada. Formed in 1963 named after the traditional song "The Irish Rover" they are best known for their international television series, contributing to the popularisation of Irish Music in North America, and for the songs "The Unicorn", "Drunken Sailor", "Wasn't That a Party", "The Orange and the Green", "Whiskey on a Sunday", "Lily the Pink" and "The Black Velvet Band".
The primary voices heard in the group's early songs were Will Millar (tenor), Jimmy Ferguson (baritone), George Millar and Joe Millar, and in the last twenty years, also John Reynolds and Ian Millar. Wilcil McDowell's accordion has been a signature sound of the band throughout their more than fifty years. |
73_1 | Founding member George Millar and his cousin Ian are both from Ballymena, Davey Walker from Armagh, Sean O'Driscoll from Cork, Gerry O'Connor from Dundalk, with Morris Crum from Carnlough and percussionist Fred Graham from Belfast. Flute and whistle player Geoffrey Kelly was born in Dumfries, Scotland.
In the 1980s, the group briefly renamed itself The Rovers. During this period, their "Wasn't That a Party" led to crossover success in the country rock genre.
The Irish Rovers have represented Canada at five World Expos, and in 2018 were honoured as one of Ireland's greatest exports at Dublin, Ireland's EPIC The Irish Emigration Museum.
History |
73_2 | Northern Ireland
The brothers George Millar and Will Millar were both born in Ballymena, County Antrim, Northern Ireland. The children grew up in a musical household as their father Bob played button-key accordion for several bands throughout the years. Their cousin Joe Millar, who also sang, took part in the family kitchen parties playing button-key accordion and harmonica. As children, George and Will performed with their sister, Sandra Beech as "The Millar Kids" in Ireland, before the family emigrated to Canada.
Early years
In 1963, George met fellow Irish native Jimmy Ferguson at an Irish function in Toronto. They sang together until dawn, and founded the Irish Rovers. According to a Calgary Herald article in 1971, "George and Jimmy formed the first Irish Rovers for an amateur variety show in Toronto and won."
George's cousin, Joe also soon emigrated to Toronto and was recruited as he stepped off the plane. |
73_3 | The name "The Irish Rovers" was suggested by George's mother. The traditional Irish song about a sailing ship had been a favourite from their kitchen parties in Ballymena. For a short time, George, Jimmy and Joe were joined by Vic Marcus and Doug Henderson. George's father, Bob, became The Irish Rovers's first manager booking the new band at folk song festivals, clubs, hootenannies and The Port o' Call. According to a 1964 newspaper in the Millars' home town in Ireland, "The folk singing 'boom' in the United States and Canada proved profitable for three young Ballymena men who form the nucleus of a popular, Toronto-based group who call themselves 'The Irish Rovers.'” |
73_4 | In the early 60s, Will Millar and his friend Brian Evans performed in a Toronto Calypso group, The Kalypso Kews. After moving to Calgary, Will formed a folk trio in Calgary along with another Ulster native, Derek Swinson. He also developed quite a following singing at Phil's Pancake House, and then landing a job singing on Calgary's Just 4 Fun, a local TV show for children.
In 1964, after more than six months performing in the Toronto area, George and Jimmy left to visit Will in Calgary. In 1979, Jimmy told Canadian Music Magazine, "We actually formed the group in Toronto. I sang, George played guitar and at that time Joe was playing a little button key accordion. We were ambitious in those days, we'd played the clubs to death in Toronto and we didn't know what to do next; what direction to take. So we decided to visit Will in Calgary, ended up staying there, and the Irish Rovers became four. "". Joe moved his family out from Toronto, and the band continued in Calgary. |
73_5 | George was enrolled in a local Calgary high school and Jimmy worked at a local Calgary slaughter house. Jimmy's job would last but a few hours. George soon quit school and Will's home became the new home base for the band.
The Irish Rovers became regulars at Calgary's Depression Coffeehouse, a folk club operated by John Uren that also contributed to the start of Joni Mitchell's career.
"US America"
Will introduced the group to his manager Les Weinstein who became the band's full-time manager, while Will became the band leader. |
73_6 | The Rovers drove to California in 1966, hoping to perform in the folk clubs there. On the way, their car broke down near an Italian restaurant owned by two Irish immigrants in northern California. The boys were given room and board and an introduction to Jan Brainerd, a booking agent who helped them secure an appearance at The Purple Onion in San Francisco where they played sold-out houses for five months. The group was then booked at other folk clubs across California. |
73_7 | In 1966, the Rovers signed a recording contract with Decca Records with Charles Dant and recorded their first album, The First of the Irish Rovers, at The Ice House in Pasadena. The album was successful enough to warrant another album, which included their first hit, which was from a song originally written and recorded in 1962 by Shel Silverstein, The Unicorn. Glen Campbell played guitar on the original recording. After recording the album, Joe left the band for a more "reliable" income for a family man. It was at this time that they invited All-Ireland Champion Wilcil McDowell to join the band. After the success of "The Unicorn", Joe returned to the band. The album included the Irish tunes "The Orange and the Green" and "The Black Velvet Band". Wilcil's accordion has continued to be a signature sound of the band. |
73_8 | Starting in the late 60s, the Irish Rovers performed on various North American television programs including several appearances on the TV western The Virginian, as well as The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, The Mike Douglas Show, The Dating Game, The Pig And Whistle, and The Beachcombers.
In 1968, they were named "Folk Group of the Year" by the predecessor of the JUNO Awards, and in 1969 they received a Grammy Award nomination for "Folk Performance of the Year".
The Rovers Era
In the early 1980s, the group adjusted its style and began aiming itself towards the country-rock field. Renamed The Rovers, the group scored a major international hit with "Wasn't That a Party" and also found success with the Christmas novelty recording "Grandma Got Run Over By a Reindeer". By the late 1980s, however, the group had reverted to their original Irish Rovers branding. |
73_9 | Television
In 1971, The Irish Rovers were offered their own CBC-produced television series, The Irish Rovers Show. While entertaining a family audience, the show promoted Ireland and Irish music to North Americans. Guest stars included their friends The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem, Johnny Cash, Carl Perkins, Bobby Darin, Glen Campbell, Vera Lynn and Anne Murray. Visits from Shari Lewis and her puppets, including Lamb Chop, were audience favourites. There were regularly taped visits to Northern and Southern Ireland, Scotland, England, New Zealand, P.E.I., Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Banff and even Alert – at the tip of Ellesmere Island – the farthest, northerly inhabited base in the world. |
73_10 | "The Irish Rovers Show" ran for 7 years, winning an ACTRA Award for Best Variety Performance. Brothers Will and George Millar co-wrote the majority of their original Irish compositions. Producer and Director Ken Gibson and Michael Watt often hosted special effects technicians from L.A. who were learning the new green screen technology, which were used for comedic leprechaun segments featuring Will, George and Jimmy, and is later used in The Mother Goose Video Treasury in 1987. The Rovers then continued with another television series on the Global Television Network in conjunction with Ulster Television in Ireland. |
73_11 | Although most of their music focuses on the band's Irish roots, in the early 1980s The Irish Rovers recorded an unknown novelty Christmas song written by Randy Brooks. Record producer Jack Richardson produced The Rovers' album, It Was A Night Like This. The single release of "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer" rose to the top 20 in Canada within a week of airplay. Exposure of the music on television also added to the popularity of their music.
In 1980, their crossover hit recording of Tom Paxton's "Wasn't That a Party", which was inspired by the boys' own after-show partying, put them at the top of the charts again. In 1981, the group starred in their second Canadian TV series: The Rovers Comedy House, a seven-part CBC series of comedy and boisterous Irish music produced by Ken Gibson. For most of the 1980s the band was known as "The Rovers" and followed up hits with songs such as "Chattanoogie Shoe Shine Boy" and "No More Bread and Butter". |
73_12 | Their third television series, Party with the Rovers, ran from 1984 to 1986 with Jack Richardson as Musical Director and Ken Gibson as Executive Producer. The show was set in a traditional pub setting featuring music sessions with the band performing together with Liam Clancy, Tommy Makem, John Allan Cameron, Kenny Rogers, Lonnie Donegan, Andy Gibb, Rita Coolidge, Ronnie Prophet, and many others. The series was produced for Global in conjunction with Ulster Television in Ireland, and was syndicated around the world. |
73_13 | The band members became Canadian citizens after Canada's Prime Minister, Pierre Elliott Trudeau, asked them to do so, to officially represent Canada around the world. By 1989 they had represented Canada at five world Expos: Montreal (1967), Osaka, Japan (1970), Okinawa, Japan (1976), Vancouver (1986), and Brisbane, Australia (1988). In recognition of their quarter century of contributions of Canadian music to the International music world, they were awarded Canada's top music honour, the Performing Rights Organization's (PROCAN) Harold Moon Award. With their double album 25th Anniversary Collection in 1989, which featured the backing of The Chieftains and songs written by, amongst others, Randy Bachman, Bryan Adams and Jim Vallance, the band was, once again, officially known as The Irish Rovers, but many fans still refer to them as The Rovers. |
73_14 | Will announced his departure in 1994 and has become a successful artist focusing on the Ireland of old as a favourite subject matter. Upon departure, George replaced him as bandleader and hired fellow musicians John Reynolds and Wallace Hood.
After a court battle for the name of "The Irish Rovers", the full band continued to tour, then filmed the video "The Irish Rovers, Live and Well", plus the CD, 'Celtic Collection: The Next Thirty Years'. Over the following two years they followed up with two more albums, "Gems", and "Come Fill Up Your Glasses". While the band was on tour in Worcester, Massachusetts in October 1997, Jimmy Ferguson died of a heart attack. |
73_15 | For a return to television in 2011, the band filmed the television special, The Irish Rovers, Home in Ireland. Locations for the special included Dunluce Castle, Carnlough Harbour, Portglenone, and various spots along the northeast coast of Northern Ireland. The show was transmitted in 2011 and 2012 across the PBS Network in North America.
In 2012 The Irish Rovers Christmas television special, which was filmed at various locations in Banff National Park, Sunshine Village and Chatham-Kent's Capitol Theatre, was shown across the PBS Network throughout the US and Canada and was broadcast in New Zealand on Sky TV.
In 2015 The Rovers filmed their own 50th Anniversary LIVE on St. Patrick's Day concert in Nanaimo, Canada. Shaw Communications also filmed behind the scenes at the event for a music documentary titled "The Irish Rovers 50th Anniversary Special". It was broadcast nationally in Canada on SHAW Video on Demand in 2015 and 2016. |
73_16 | The two-DVD set "LIVE on St. Patrick's Day" which was filmed at The Port Theatre on Vancouver Island and Lismore, Ireland, was released in 2017. All three television specials were released on DVD and may be rebroadcast during the holiday seasons.
Rover Records and touring
The band continued to tour and record. Joe Millar retired from the band in 2005 when his son, Ian Millar, took up the family ranks. Joe and Ian performed once together on stage before Ian took over his father's spot.
The present line-up of George Millar, Wilcil McDowell, Ian Millar, Sean O'Driscoll, Fred Graham, Morris Crum, Geoffrey Kelly and Gerry O'Connor continues to tour Canada, the United States, Australia and New Zealand. |
73_17 | In 1993 the band formed their own record company, Rover Records, which allowed them artistic freedom that as a younger band they could not afford. George Millar continues to write songs for the band, with Rover Records producing their last sixteen albums including Celtic Collection, Come Fill Up Your Glasses, Down by the Lagan Side, Still Rovin' After All These Years, and their Greatest Hits albums, 40 Years a-Rovin', and The Irish Rovers's Gems. Their Irish homeland continues to be the primary subject of their music, as in "Erin's Green Isle", "I'll Return", "Dear Little Shamrock Shore", "Dunluce Castle", "Home to Bantry Bay", "The Dublin Pub Crawl", and "Gracehill Fair". Recently, their recording of "Drunken Sailor" reached a younger audience on YouTube.
In 2010, The Irish Rovers marked their 45th anniversary with the release of the CD Gracehill Fair, which won a local music award on their home base of Vancouver Island. |
73_18 | The band returned to the World Music charts in 2011 with their album, Home in Ireland.
In 2012, their single, "The Titanic", released from their Drunken Sailor album, focused attention on Belfast and the Harland and Wolff shipyard that had built the Titanic a century before. After the song, and accompanying video made headlines in Belfast, N. Ireland, it was also featured in a Canadian documentary for the CBC which aided in returning the credit of building the ship to the Northern Ireland shipyards of Belfast. The album was produced in response to YouTube activity.
The band slowed down their touring schedule in their fiftieth year. The release of The Irish Rovers, 50 Years compilation album supported their Farewell To Rovin' Tour which will take a few years to complete. In 2018, Wilcil McDowell retired from touring and keyboardist Morris Crum replaced him, leaving George Millar as the only remaining current member tied to the 1960s lineup. |
73_19 | After the long tours are done, the band intends to continue recording and performing for special events.
Personnel
Current members
George Millar – vocals, guitar, bouzouki (1963–present)
Wilcil McDowell – accordion (1968–present, retired from touring since 2018)
Sean O'Driscoll – mandolin, tenor banjo, bouzouki, guitar, vocals (1997–present)
Ian Millar – vocals, bass guitar, guitar (2005–present)
Fred Graham – drums, bodhran, bones, vocals (2007–present)
Geoffrey Kelly – tin whistle, flute, uilleann pipes, vocals (2008–present)
Morris Crum – accordion, keyboards, vocals (2012–present)
Gerry O'Connor – fiddle (2013–present)
Davey Walker – keyboards, vocals (2019–present) |
73_20 | Former members
Will Millar – vocals, guitar, banjo, mandolin, tin whistle (1964–94)
Jimmy Ferguson – vocals (1963–97; died 1997)
Joe Millar – vocals, accordion, harmonica, bass guitar (1963–68, 1969–2005)
Kevin McKeown – drums, bodhran, bones, vocals (1984–2008)
John Reynolds – vocals, guitar, harmonica (1986–2012)
Wallace Hood – mandolin, Irish bouzouki, cittern, tenor banjo, guitar, tin whistle (1995–2005)
Paul Lawton – drums, bodhran, bones (2002–2005)
Television specials / VHS or DVD
America's Music: Folk 1 [Volume 7] – VHS, 1983
Party with the Rovers – VHS, 1988
The Irish Rovers Silver Anniversary – CBC, 1989
The Irish Rovers Celebrate 30 Years – CBC,1994
Celebrate! The First Thirty Years – VHS, 1994
Live and Well – VHS, 1995
Home In Ireland – PBS TV / DVD, 2011
The Irish Rovers Christmas – PBS TV / DVD, 2012
50th Anniversary, LIVE on St. Patrick's Day – SHAW TV on Demand / 2 DVD Set, 2017 |
73_21 | Television Series, International
The Irish Rovers – 1971, 7 years. CBC
The Rovers Comedy House – 1981, 2 years. Global Television / Ulster TV
Party with The Rovers – 1984, 3 years. Global Television / Ulster TV
Superspecial – 1980's. CBC
Discography
Albums
Singles
References
External links
Will Millar's Website
The Irish Rovers' discography at the Balladeers
Canadian Encyclopedia entry
canadianbands.com entry
Entries at 45cat.com
Irish Rovers YouTube Channel
Irish folk musical groups
Canadian folk music groups
Canadian Celtic music groups
Musical groups established in 1963
Attic Records (Canada) artists
1963 establishments in Ontario |
74_0 | Dalli-Rajhara is a town and a municipality in Balod district in the state of Chhattisgarh, India. Dalli Rajhara is home of iron ore captive mines for Bhilai Steel Plant, the largest integrated steel plant in India. Dalli mines deposit was discovered by Pramatha Nath Bose, the first Indian graded officer of the Geological Survey of India around 1900.
Geography
Dalli Rajhara is located at . It has an average elevation of .
Demographics
As of the census of India 2011 population of Dalli Rajhara is 44,363. It has just 11,018 Households including House-less which shows declining trend of population.
As of the 2001 India census, Dalli-Rajhara had a population of 50,615. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Dalli-Rajhara has an average literacy rate of 68%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 77% and, female literacy is 58%. In Dalli-Rajhara, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Mining township |
74_1 | Dalli-Rajhara is the twin mine and part of the Rajhara group of mines. These are captive iron ore mines for Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP)a SAIL enterprise. Iron ores mined from the area are of the hematite and magnetite variety. The other mines in the neighbourhood produce dolomite, lime and other raw materials which go into steel production.
Dalli-Rajhara is about 83 km south of Durg and comes under the south-eastern section of the Indian Railways. While both Dalli and Rajhara have mines, the residential area is predominantly in Rajhara.
Dalli-Rajhara is a self-sufficient township with BSP having set up hospitals and a considerable number of educational institutes.
Dalli-Rajhara rose to prominence as a result of the labour rights movement in the 1970s.
The mines are open cast mines and the poignant view as one enters the township at dusk is that of thousands of glittering lights on the hills. |
74_2 | The expert appraisal committee (EAC) of the ministry had met during the last three days to clear a shelf of stranded projects entailing an investment of nearly Rs 80,000 crore. The EAC has cleared 12 of these projects. The committee is expected to meet shortly again to take a call on the remaining projects. Among those cleared on Saturday are SAIL's proposed 1 million tonne per annum pellet plant along with upstream slime beneficiation facilities at its Dalli-Rajhara iron ore mine in Chhattisgarh.
Transport
This area is connected via rail and road with its district balod. It is well connected by bus to the Durg and Bastar region. The road is in quite good shape. Only one passenger train runs between Dalli and Durg. Much development is due on the rail connectivity front. There is an ongoing rail link with Jagdalpur.
Extending rail transport
Union Railway Budget of 2012–13 has proposed new links to existing Durg-Dalli Rajhara railway line. |
74_3 | Ongoing project of Dalli Rajhara–Rowghat–Jagdalpur. (Phase 1 first stretch Dalli Rajhara–Keoti work has been started).
Extension of trains: 78816/78815 Dalli Rajhara–Durg DEMU to Raipur.
New line surveys for extending proposed Dalli Rajhara railway line by constructing it up to Balod–Dhamtari.
New line surveys for Dalli Rajhara–Chandrapur (Maharashtra) via Khadgaon, BharriTola and Manpur.
New line surveys for linking Bhanupratappur with Dalli Rajhara–Rowghat under construction rail line and connecting it with Jagdalpur.
Culture
The majority of the population is dependent on BSP for their livelihood. Being a public sector company, BSP has attracted people across India from Bihar to Bengal to Kerala. The pace of life is slower than in the cities. Festivals ranging from Durgapuja to Chatt Puja to ONAM to Christmas are all celebrated.
In brief, the culture is quite cosmopolitan with a flavour of modesty in lifestyle. The cost of living is relatively low. |
74_4 | Among the employees of BSP, many religions are present in the community, as well as people from different parts of India. There are various clubs for social activities. Durga Puja of Camp 1 ground, Flower show organized by BSP in Saptgiri Park are regular events every year. |
74_5 | Sports
Sports such as football (soccer) for which rajahara Mines is famous in whole of India, cricket and athletics are quite popular in Dalli-Rajhara. During the 1980s the annual Iron Ore All-India gold cup Football tournament (sponsored by BSP) was very popular. Several top football clubs from all over India would compete in this tournament. Well-known soccer players like Zilani, Trinath Naidu, Appal Naidu, Shant Kumar, Rubi David, Prem Nair and their 2nd generation such as Prem Sharma, Tajjuddin, Krishna Naidu (Tittu), Ravikant & Shrikant Naidu who had excelled in football and makes Rajhara mines Football team Famous all around the country. Current Football team includes players named Anil, Deepak Mahato, Praveen Sharma, Nageshwar Rao, Dilip Thapa, Himanshu kola, Sanjay kunjam, Shivam Nayak, Bhalesh, Deshant, Siddharth, Gaurav kachlam and many other young talents. Under the same sponsorship, sports such as weight-lifting and athletics also had a good following. |
74_6 | Most young people leave the area after their Higher Secondary or bachelor's degree in search of jobs in various parts of India.
During the 2000s the annual Iron Ore All-India Cricket tournament (sponsored by RCA-BSP) was very popular. Several top cricket clubs from all over India would compete in this tournament.
Stadiums
Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru Football Stadium
Rajhara Cricket Stadium, South Avenue Road
Shaheed Sudama Football Stadium, Camp Area
Vir Narayan Stadium, High School Sector
Hospital Sector Ground, Hospital Sector
Places of interest
The Bordih dam is a beautiful picnic spot. The surrounding hills and forests are home to many species of wildlife. Dalli Rajhara is surrounded by seven beautiful hills. Rajhara is rich in green patches across the town. Rajhara Baba Mandir Saptagiri Park, Dev Pandum, Munda Pahad, Boirdeeh Dam, Mahamaya Mandir, Pandwan Dev, Danitola Dargah and Siyadevi are all places of interest.
Gallery |
74_7 | Notable people
Pramatha Nath Bose
Shankar Guha Niyogi
References
Cities and towns in Balod district
Mining communities in India |
75_0 | Love Is the Law is the fifth studio album by British new wave band Toyah, fronted by Toyah Willcox, released in 1983 by Safari Records. It reached number 28 in the UK Albums Chart and included the Top 40 hit single "Rebel Run". It was the last album to be released by the band before singer Willcox embarked on a solo career and retained 'Toyah' as her stage name. |
75_1 | Background |
75_2 | Willcox said the making of the album was the happiest period of her life. She reflected that "in 1983 everything was going right. I was starring in a stage play called Trafford Tanzi, which won me especially huge critical acclaim, and I was about to star in a film, The Ebony Tower with Lord Laurence Olivier just as soon as the album was finished. Because my schedule was incredibly full, the band moved into my house in Finchley, London, where we transformed my gym into a makeshift recording studio to pre-write and programme all the material in the daytime. I'd then go to the theatre for five o'clock and meet the band at the Marquee Studios to do the main recording of the vocals after midnight. It was a killer timetable but I loved it with a passion. (...) Sometimes my head would be racing so much that the only way to get me to calm down was to give me a sleeping pill. This is not something I would readily admit, but it was the only way the producer could get me to sit long enough to |
75_3 | finish a track and is the reason "Rebel of Love" and "Martian Cowboy" sound so relaxed for a Toyah song!" |
75_4 | The phrase "love is the law" is from The Book of the Law, the central sacred text of Thelema, written (or received) by Aleister Crowley. "I was never a fan of what he represented, which was mainly dark, devious and debauched, but I thought the phrase 'Love Is the Law' was possibly one of the most beautiful to ever be uttered because it crosses every social and tribal divide", she said. The title track features guest vocals from Toyah fans camping outside the recording studio, who were spontaneously invited in to chant "love is the law" in the song's chorus. "I Explode" was inspired by the idea that Crowley was so powerful as a Satanic person that he managed to explode and disappear, and is "about intense emotions that destroy the essence of who you are". Cover photography was taken by John Swannell. |
75_5 | The album was promoted by two singles: the uptempo "Rebel Run" which was a Top 40 hit and the ballad "The Vow" which only peaked at number 50. The album itself was moderately successful and reached number 28 in the UK Albums Chart. It was supported with the Rebel Run Tour which ran across England in November and December 1983.
Love Is the Law was first released on CD in 2005 with five additional bonus tracks, including B-sides and the standalone single "Be Proud Be Loud (Be Heard)". In 2013, Toyah embarked on the Love Is the Law & More tour to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the album.
Track listing
All songs by Toyah Willcox and Joel Bogen, except where indicated.
Side one
"Broken Diamonds" – 4:05
"I Explode" – 4:09
"Rebel of Love" – 3:42
"Rebel Run" (Willcox, Simon Darlow) – 3:11
"Martian Cowboy" (Willcox, Bogen, Darlow, Phil Spalding) – 4:40 |
75_6 | Side two
"Dreamscape" – 5:04
"Time Is Ours" – 3:38
"Love Is the Law" (Willcox, Bogen, Darlow, Spalding) – 3:09
"Remember" (Willcox, Bogen, Darlow) – 4:08
"The Vow" (Willcox, Bogen, Spalding) – 3:47
2005 CD edition bonus tracks
"Be Proud, Be Loud (Be Heard)" – 3:30
"Laughing with the Fools" – 4:03
"To the Mountains High" – 3:36
"Baptised in Fire" (Willcox) – 2:45
"Haunted" (Willcox, Darlow) – 3:39
Personnel
Band members
Toyah Willcox – vocals
Joel Bogen – guitar
Simon Darlow – keyboards
Adrian Lee – keyboards on track 11 and 12
Phil Spalding – bass on tracks 7, 8, 9, 11 and 12
Brad Lang – bass on tracks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 10, 13–15
Andy Duncan – drums and percussion
Additional musicians
Preston Heyman – drums on track 11 and 12
Denys Darlow – string arrangements and conductor on track 10 |
75_7 | Production
Nick Tauber – producer
Simon Darlow, Joel Bogen – arrangements
Simon Hanhart, Phil Harding, Mark Wade – engineers
Andy Lovell, Mike Higgs, Mike Duffy, Rob Waldron – assistant engineers
Charts
References
External links
Official audio stream on YouTube
The official Toyah website
1983 albums
Toyah (band) albums |
76_0 | Wu Sansi (died August 7, 707), known posthumously as Prince Xuan of Liang (), was a Chinese prince and politician of the Tang and Wu Zhou dynasties. Wu Sansi served as a chancellor and imperial prince during the reign of his aunt, Empress Wu Zetian of Zhou, and was again a powerful chancellor during the second reign of Empress Wu's son, Emperor Zhongzong of Tang. He was aided in navigating the fraught period that followed Emperor Zhongzong's restoration by successive affairs with the influential consort Shangguan Wan'er and the powerful Empress Wei. Although he amassed significant authority and enjoyed the trust of Emperor Zhongzong, he was killed during an unsuccessful rebellion by the crown prince Li Chongjun in 707. |
76_1 | Background |
76_2 | It is not known when Wu Sansi was born. His father Wu Yuanqing (武元慶) was a half-brother of Wu Zetian—both had, as father, the early Tang Dynasty general Wu Shihuo (武士彠), but Wu Yuanqing and his brother Wu Yuanshuang (武元爽) were born of Wu Shihuo's first wife Lady Xiangli, while Wu Zetian and her two sisters were born of Wu Shihuo's second wife Lady Yang. After Wu Zetian became empress to Emperor Gaozong in 655, despite previous intrafamily unpleasantries—Wu Yuanqing and Wu Yuanshuang, as well as Wu Shihuo's nephews Wu Weiliang (武惟良) and Wu Huaiyun (武懷運) were often disrespectful of Lady Yang previously—Empress Wu's brothers and cousins were often promoted by Emperor Gaozong, with Wu Yuanqing promoted to Zongzheng Shaoqing (宗正少卿), the deputy minister of imperial clan affairs. However, sometime before 666, Empress Wu, angry that her brothers and cousins did not appreciate the promotions, had them all demoted, with Wu Yuanqing demoted to be the prefect of Long Prefecture (龍州, roughly |
76_3 | modern Mianyang, Sichuan). After he arrived at Long Prefecture, he, in fear that Empress Wu had further retaliation in the works, died. It is not completely clear, but it was likely that Wu Sansi went to Long Prefecture with his father Wu Yuanqing. He was later made a commanding general of the imperial guards. |
76_4 | During Empress dowager Wu's regency |
76_5 | Emperor Gaozong died in 683, and was initially succeeded by his and Empress Wu's son Li Zhe the Crown Prince (as Emperor Zhongzong), but Empress Wu retained power as empress dowager and regent. In spring 684, after Emperor Zhongzong showed signs of independence, she deposed him and replaced him with another son, Li Dan the Prince of Yu, but wielded power even more tightly thereafter. Sometime during her regency, Wu Sansi became minister of defense (夏官尚書, Xiaguan Shangshu). Both he and his cousin Wu Chengsi (Wu Yuanshuang's son) advised Empress Dowager Wu to find excuses to kill two senior members of the imperial Li clan—Emperor Gaozong's uncles Li Yuanjia (李元嘉) the Prince of Han and Li Lingkui (李靈夔) the Prince of Lu due to their senior status. (Eventually, after two other princes—Emperor Gaozong's brother Li Zhen the Prince of Yue and Li Zhen's son Li Chong the Prince of Langye unsuccessfully rose against Empress Dowager Wu in 688, Empress Dowager Wu took the opportunity to also |
76_6 | force Li Yuanjia and Li Lingkui, as well as many other members of the Li clan, to commit suicide or to execute them.) Wu Sansi and Wu Chengsi were also said to be often advocating that Empress Dowager Wu take over the throne herself as "emperor." |
76_7 | During Wu Zetian's reign
In 690, Empress Dowager Wu had Emperor Ruizong yield the throne to her, and she took the throne as "emperor," establishing a new Zhou Dynasty and interrupting Tang. She created a number of her Wu clan relatives imperial princes, and Wu Sansi was created the Prince of Liang and made the minister of civil service affairs (, Tianguan Shangshu). He did not appear to have as much power as Wu Chengsi (who became chancellor), but was nevertheless honored. For example, in 693, when Wu Zetian made sacrifices to heaven and earth, she offered the sacrifices herself first, followed by Wu Chengsi, and then Wu Sansi. It was said that he had done some studies in literature and history and was good at flattery. As the years went by, he often flattered Wu Zetian's successive lovers Huaiyi, Zhang Yizhi, and Zhang Changzong. |
76_8 | In 694, Wu Sansi led a group of non-Han chieftains in requesting that a massive iron pillar be erected to commemorate Wu Zetian's reign with text on it to deprecate Tang and to praise Zhou, and Wu Zetian agreed, putting the chancellor Yao Shu in charge of the project. It was said that the chieftains gathered up their wealth and bought iron, but the iron they bought was not enough, and so the people's farm equipment were requisitioned and melted for the project.
In 695, Wu Sansi was made the Minister of Rites and was put in charge of editing the imperial history.
In 696, when Khitan attacked under the leadership of Li Jinzhong and Sun Wanrong, Wu Sansi was put in command of one of the major armies defending against the Khitan attack, assisted by Yao. |
76_9 | In 697, Wu Sansi was given the designation Tong Fengge Luantai Sanpin (), making him a chancellor de facto, but about a month later, he was stripped of the chancellor designation. It was said that he and Wu Chengsi both had designs on being crown prince, and often had their associates try to persuade Wu Zetian that in ages past, there had never been an emperor who had, as his heir, someone with a different family name. (At that time, Wu Zetian's crown prince was her son Li Dan (the former Emperor Ruizong).) In 698, however, at the suggestion of the chancellor Di Renjie, concurred in by Wang Jishan and Wang Fangqing, as well as Wu Zetian's close advisor Ji Xu and her lovers Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong, Wu Zetian recalled Li Zhe the Prince of Luling (the former Emperor Zhongzong) from exile and soon, after Li Dan offered to yield the position of crown prince to him, created him crown prince and changed his name to Li Xian and then to Wu Xian. |
76_10 | In 698, Wu Zetian made Wu Sansi acting Neishi (), the head of the legislative bureau of government (, Fengge); the next year, he was made full Neishi. In 700, however, he was no longer chancellor and was made an advisor to Li Xian. He received the honorific title of Tejin ().
In 702, Wu Zetian considered launching a major attack against Eastern Tujue and she initially put Wu Sansi in command, assisted by Jing Hui. She later changed the orders to have Li Dan in command, assisted by Wu Sansi, his cousin Wu Youning the prince of Jiancheng, and the chancellor Wei Yuanzhong. However, the army was eventually not launched.
In 704, at Wu Sansi's suggestion, Wu Zetian constructed the vacation palace Xingtai () at Mount Wan'an (, near the capital Luoyang), at much expense and labor. |
76_11 | During Emperor Zhongzong's second reign |
76_12 | Wu Zetian was overthrown in a coup in 705 led by the officials Zhang Jianzhi, Cui Xuanwei, Jing Hui, Huan Yanfan, and Yuan Shuji. Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong were killed in the coup, and Emperor Zhongzong was restored to the throne; Wu Zetian was sent to a secondary palace under heavy guard, and while she also retained the title of "emperor," no longer had power. By that time, Wu Sansi had been carrying out an affair with Wu Zetian's secretary and Emperor Zhongzong's concubine Consort Shangguan Wan'er. Through her introduction, Wu Sansi began an affair with Emperor Zhongzong's wife Empress Wei as well and also became a trusted advisor to Emperor Zhongzong who, while he was restored through the efforts of Zhang Jianzhi and his colleagues, feared them. In addition, Wu Sansi's son Wu Chongxun (武崇訓) had been married to Emperor Zhongzong's and Empress Wei's daughter Li Guo'er the Princess Anle, who also had much power in her father's administration and had influence over her father |
76_13 | and it is said that she used this power and influence in a corrupt manner and because of this, she gained a lot of wealth and had a extravagant luxurious and luxury life. |
76_14 | Meanwhile, the coup leaders initially did not regard Wu Sansi as a threat, and they brushed aside suggestions by two lower level officials participating in the coup, Xue Jichang (薛季昶) and Liu Youqiu. However, they soon realized that Wu Sansi's power was on the rise, and they unsuccessfully suggested Emperor Zhongzong to kill some of the more powerful Wu clan members (which would have included Wu Sansi) or to demote them—and indeed, he made Wu Sansi Sikong (司空, one of the Three Excellencies) and chancellor again with the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin (同中書門下三品, a modification of the Tong Fengge Luantai Sanpin designation that Wu Zetian used), although Wu Sansi declined the titles. Meanwhile, Emperor Zhongzong designated 16 officials, including the coup leaders but also Wu Sansi and his cousin Wu Youji (the husband of Emperor Zhongzong's sister Princess Taiping), as contributors to his return to the throne and gave them iron certificates that were supposed to guarantee that |
76_15 | they would be spared of death penalties 10 times except for treason. |
76_16 | Jing, fearful of Wu Sansi's power, retained the mid-level official Cui Shi to watch for Wu Sansi's moves—but Cui Shi, realizing that Emperor Zhongzong trusted Wu Sansi and feared the coup leaders, instead became Wu Sansi's associate, along with Zheng Yin, who suggested that Wu Sansi find some way to remove the five coup leaders, now all chancellors, from their posts. Wu Sansi and Empress Wei, in turn, argued to Emperor Zhongzong that the five coup leaders were overpowering in the government and should be given honorific titles but be removed from office. At their suggestion, Emperor Zhongzong created the five coup leaders princes and awarded them much wealth, but removed them from governmental posts, including chancellor positions—and soon sent Zhang Jianzhi and Cui Xuanwei out of the capital. Wu Sansi, now in power, had much of Wu Zetian's policies, which the five coup leaders had reversed, reinstated. Meanwhile, to diffuse some of the popular sentiment against the Wu clan, |
76_17 | Emperor Zhongzong demoted their titles slightly, and Wu Sansi's title was reduced from Prince of Liang to the lesser title of Prince of Dejing. As Emperor Zhongzong also trusted Wei Yuanzhong (whom Wu Zetian had exiled in 703 but whom Emperor Zhongzong recalled upon his restoration to the throne), when Wu Zetian died in late 705, Wu Sansi tried to ingratiate Wei by writing into Wu Zetian's will a provision giving Wei an additional fief of 100 households. Wei, in gratitude, did not oppose the Wu clan further from that point. |
76_18 | In spring 706, Wu Sansi, fearful that Jing, Huan, and Yuan were still in the capital, sent them out of the capital to serve as prefectural prefects. Meanwhile, an incident occurred that allowed Wu Sansi to act further against the five coup leaders—as Emperor Zhongzong's son-in-law Wang Tongjiao (王同皎), himself a participant in the coup, was accused of plotting with Zhang Zhongzhi (張仲之), Zu Yanqing (祖延慶), and Zhou Jing (周璟) to kill Wu Sansi and deposing Empress Wei. The alleged plotters were all killed, and Wu Sansi and Empress Wei thereafter accused the five coup leaders of having been part of Wang Tongjiao's plot, and the five were demoted further, to more distant prefecture, with no possibility of return from exile. Meanwhile, Wu Sansi, knowing that Emperor Zhongzong was very sensitive about any accusation of adultery by Empress Wei, intentionally had people post public accusations that she had been involved in adultery—and then framed the five coup leaders of doing so, and the |
76_19 | five coup leaders, already in exile, were stripped of all of their titles and honors. Wu Sansi, at Cui Shi's suggestion, then sent the secret police official Zhou Lizhen (周利貞) to the Lingnan region, where the five had been exiled, to survey the area, but with instructions to have the five killed. When Zhou reached Lingnan, Zhang Jianzhi and Cui Xuanwei had already died, but he killed Huan, Jing, and Yuan in cruel manners. It was said that after news of the five coup leaders' deaths reached Wu Sansi, he commented, "I do not know who are good people and who are bad people on this earth. I only know that people who are good to me are good, and people who are bad to me are bad." |
76_20 | In spring 707, with an ongoing drought, Emperor Zhongzong sent Wu Sansi and Wu Youji to Emperor Gaozong's and Wu Zetian's tomb to pray for rain, and when rain came, Emperor Zhongzong restored Wu Zetian's ancestral temple to near-imperial ancestral temple status. |
76_21 | Meanwhile, Emperor Zhongzong had created his son Li Chongjun, by a concubine, crown prince, as Empress Wei's only son Li Chongrun had been killed by Wu Zetian in 701, but Li Guo'er, encouraged by Wu Chongxun, had designs on becoming crown princess, and repeatedly asked Emperor Zhongzong to make her crown princess. Both she and Wu Chongxun also repeatedly insulted Li Chongjun, sometimes calling him "slave." In fall 707, Li Chongjun, in anger, started a rebellion with the generals Li Duozuo, Li Sichong (李思沖), Li Chengkuang (李承況), Dugu Yizhi (獨孤禕之), and Shazha Zhongyi (沙吒忠義), as well as Emperor Zhongzong's cousin Li Qianli (李千里) the Prince of Cheng and Li Qianli's son Li Xi (李禧) the Prince of Tianshui. They attacked Wu Sansi's mansion and killed Wu Sansi, Wu Chongxun, and some of their relatives. Li Chongjun's subsequent attempt to reach the palace and arrest Consort Shangguan, Empress Wei, and Li Guo'er, however, were unsuccessful, and his troops collapsed; he was killed. Li |
76_22 | Chongjun was beheaded, and his head was presented to Wu Sansi's and Wu Chongxun's caskets. Wu Sansi and Wu Chongxun were buried in grand funerals, and Wu Sansi was posthumously recreated the Prince of Liang with the posthumous name of Xuan (宣, "responsible"). After Emperor Zhongzong's death in 710, a coup led by Princess Taiping and Li Dan's son Li Longji the Prince of Linzi overthrew Empress Wei and restored Emperor Ruizong to the throne, and Wu Sansi's tomb was destroyed. |
76_23 | In fiction and popular culture
One of the protagonists in the Ming dynasty erotic novel Su'e pian.
Portrayed by Eric Li in The Greatness of a Hero (2009).
See also
Prince of Liang
References
Old Book of Tang, vol. 183.
New Book of Tang, vol. 206.
Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208.
Tang dynasty imperial princes
Chancellors under Wu Zetian
Chancellors under Emperor Zhongzong of Tang
Tang dynasty generals
Tang dynasty historians
8th-century Chinese historians
7th-century births
707 deaths
Wu Zetian |
77_0 | Bishnupur (also spelled Vishnupur) is a community development block (CD block) that forms an administrative division in the Bishnupur subdivision of the Bankura district in the Indian state of West Bengal.
History
From Bishnupur kingdom to the British Raj
From around 7th century AD till around the advent of British rule, for around a millennium, history of Bankura district is identical with the rise and fall of the Hindu Rajas of Bishnupur. The Bishnupur Rajas, who were at the summit of their fortunes towards the end of the 17th century, started declining in the first half of the 18th century. First, the Maharaja of Burdwan seized the Fatehpur Mahal, and then the Maratha invasions laid waste their country. |
77_1 | Bishnupur was ceded to the British with the rest of Burdwan chakla in 1760. In 1787, Bishnupur was united with Birbhum to form a separate administrative unit. In 1793 it was transferred to the Burdwan collectorate. In 1879, the district acquired its present shape with the thanas of Khatra and Raipur and the outpost of Simplapal being transferred from Manbhum, and the thanas of Sonamukhi, Kotulpur and Indas being retransferred from Burdwan. However, it was known for sometime as West Burdwan and in 1881 came to be known as Bankura district.
Geography
Bishnupur is located at .
Bishnupur CD block is located in the north-eastern part of the district and belongs to the fertile low lying alluvial plains, similar to the predominating rice lands in the adjacent districts of West Bengal. Here, the eye constantly rests on wide expanses of rice fields, green in the rains but parched and dry in summer. |
77_2 | Bishnupur CD block is bounded by Sonamukhi CD block on the north, Indas, Patrasayer and Joypur CD blocks on the east, Garhbeta I CD block in Paschim Medinipur district, on the south and Taldangra and Onda CD blocks on the west.
Large forest areas exist in Sonamukhi, Joypur, Bishnupur, Khatra and Ranibandh areas.
Bishnupur CD block has an area of 365.73 km2. It has 1 panchayat samity, 9 gram panchayats, 113 gram sansads (village councils), 161 mouzas and 147 inhabited villages. Bishnupur police station serves this block. The headquarters of this CD block is at Bishnupur.
Gram panchayats of Bishnupur block/ panchayat samiti are: Ajodhya, Bankadha, Belsulia, Bhora, Dwarika Gosainpur, Layekbandh, Marar, Radhanagar and Uliara.
Demographics |
77_3 | Population
According to the 2011 Census of India, Bishnupur CD block had a total population of 156,822, all of which were rural. There were 79,941 (51%) males and 76,881 (49%) females. Population in the age range of 0 to 6 years was 19,102. Scheduled Castes numbered 55,940 (35.67%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 11,812 (7.53%).
Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Bishnupur CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Chua Masina (5,726), Radhanagar (5,335), Marar (7,799), Majura (4,245) and Chak Uparsol (5,416).
Other villages in Bishnupur CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Dwarika (2,366), Dihar (815), Layek Bandh (3,325), Ajodhya (2,862), Bhara (2,970), Uliara (2,067), Belshula (1,028), Gumut (1,723), Dwadashbari (604), Ajodhya (2,862) and Joykrishnapur (2,749). |
77_4 | Literacy
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Bishnupur CD block was 91,309 (66.30% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 53,099 (75.51% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 38,210 (56.69%) of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 18.82%.
See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate
Language and religion
According to the District Census Handbook 2011, Bankura, as of 2001, Bengali was the mother-tongue of 89.9% of the population, followed by Santali (8.1%), Kurmali Thar (1.1%), Hindi (0.5%) and Telugu (0.1%). |
77_5 | According to the West Bengal Official Language Act 1961 and the West Bengal Official Language (Amendment Act) 2012, the Bengali language is to be used for official purposes in the whole of West Bengal. In addition to Bengali, the Nepali language is to be used for official purposes in the three hills subdivisions, namely Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Kurseong, in the district of Darjeeling, and Urdu is to be used for official purposes in district/subdivision/ block/ municipality where the population speaking Urdu exceeds 10% of the total population. The English language will continue to be used for official purposes as it was being used prior to the enactment of these laws. |
77_6 | The West Bengal Official Language (Second Amendment) Bill, 2012, included Hindi, Santhali, Odiya and Punjabi as official languages if it is spoken by a population exceeding 10 per cent of the whole in a particular block or sub-division or a district. Subsequently, Kamtapuri, Rajbanshi and Kurmali were also included in the list of minority languages by the West Bengal Official Language (Second Amendment) Bill, 2018. However, as of 2019, there is no official / other reliable information about the areas covered.
In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 124,197 and formed 79.20% of the population in Bishnupur CD block. Muslims numbered 27,849 and formed 17.76% of the population. Christians numbered 100 and formed 0.06% of the population. Others numbered 4,676 and formed 2.98% of the population. Others include Addi Bassi, Marang Boro, Santal, Saranath, Sari Dharma, Sarna, Alchchi, Bidin, Sant, Saevdharm, Seran, Saran, Sarin, Kheria, and other religious communities. |
77_7 | Rural poverty
In Bishnupur CD block 45.21% families were living below poverty line in 2007. According to the Rural Household Survey in 2005, 28.87% of the total number of families were BPL families in the Bankura district.
Economy
Livelihood
In the Bishnuur CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 14,261 and formed 21.24%, agricultural labourers numbered 29,960 and formed 44.61%, household industry workers numbered 3,876 and formed 5.77% and other workers numbered 19,059 and formed 28.38%. Total workers numbered 67,156 and formed 42.82% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 89,666 and formed 57.18% of the population. |
77_8 | Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on. |
77_9 | Infrastructure
There are 147 inhabited villages in the Bishnupur CD block, as per the District Census Handbook, Bankura, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 146 villages (99.32%) have drinking water supply. 22 villages (14.97%) have post offices. 124 villages (84.35%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 40 villages (27.21%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 68 villages (46.26%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 16 villages (10.88%) have agricultural credit societies and 8 villages (5.44%) have banks.
Agriculture
There were 117 fertiliser depots, 22 seed stores and 46 fair price shops in the Bishnupur CD block. |
77_10 | In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in Bishnupur CD block could be classified as follows: bargadars 15.71%, patta (document) holders 21.77%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 4.90%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 16.61% and agricultural labourers 41.02%.
In 2003-04 net area sown Bishnupur CD block was 16,123 hectares and the area in which more than one crop was grown was 11,904 hectares. |
77_11 | In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Bishnupur CD block was 20,384 hectares, out of which 6,760 hectares was by canal water, 350 hectares by tank water, 820 hectares by river lift irrigation, 1,050 hectares by deep tube well, 11,094 hectares by shallow tubewell, 20 hectares by open dug wells and 290 hectares by other methods.
In 2013-14, Bishnupur CD block produced 103,234 tonnes of Aman paddy, the main winter crop, from 37,032 hectares, 358 tonnes of Aus paddy from 236 hectares, 1,707 tonnes of Boro paddy from 561 hectares, 30 tonnes of wheat from 14 hectares and 26,873,000 tonnes of potatoes from 2,005 hectares. It also produced pulses and mustard. |
77_12 | Handloom and pottery industries
The handloom industry engages the largest number of persons in the non farm sector and hence is important in Bankura district. The handloom industry is well established in all the CD blocks of the district and includes the famous Baluchari saris. In 2004-05 Bishnupur CD block had 154 silk looms in operation. In Bishnupur municipal area (outside the CD block) there were 1,220 looms in operation.
Bankura district is famous for the artistic excellence of its pottery products that include the famous Bankura horse. The range of pottery products is categorised as follows: domestic utilities, terracota and other decorative items and roofing tiles and other heavy pottery items. Around 3,200 families were involved in pottery making in the district in 2002. 135 families were involved in Bishnupur CD block.
Banking
In 2013-14, Bishnupur CD block had offices of 6 commercial banks and 3 gramin banks. |
77_13 | Backward Regions Grant Fund
The Bankura district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the Backward Regions Grant Fund. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.
Transport
In 2013-14, Bishnupur CD block had 2 ferry services and 11 originating/ terminating bus routes.
The Kharagpur-Bankura-Adra line of South Eastern Railway passes through this CD block. There is a station at Bishnupur .
The Bishnupur-Maynapur line of South Eastern Railway passes through this CD block , which will soon connect to the Goghat-Arambagh line of Eastern Railway, after construction of the railway track from Maynapur to Goghat.
NH 14, (old numbering NH 60), running from Morgram to Kharagpur, passes through this CD block. |
77_14 | State Highway 2 (West Bengal) running from Bankura to Malancha (in North 24 Parganas district) passes through this CD block.
Education
In 2013-14, Bishnupur CD block had 150 primary schools, 18 middle schools, 8 high schools and 10 higher secondary schools. It also has 1 general college and 3 professional/ technical institutions. Bishnupur (municipal town) had a general college outside the CD block.
See also – Education in India
According to the 2011 census, in the Bishnupur CD block, among the 147 inhabited villages, 21 villages did not have a school, 40 villages had two or more primary schools, 41 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 14 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.
Swami Dhananjoy Das Kathiababa Mahavidyalaya was established at Bhara in 2009.
Healthcare
In 2014, Bishnupur CD block had 1 rural hospital and 3 primary health centre. |
77_15 | Radhanagar Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at Radhanagar, is the major government medical facility in the Bishnupur CD block. There are primary health centres at Ajodhya (with 6 beds), Kankila (with 6 beds) and Bhora (with 10 beds).
External links
References
Community development blocks in Bankura district |
78_0 | Schools and universities in Armenia
Some of universities in Armenia:
American University of Armenia
Yerevan State University
Yerevan State Medical University
Russian-Armenian State University Yerevan, Armenia
Université Française en Arménie Yerevan, Armenia
State Engineering University of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
Yerevan Physics Institute Yerevan, Armenia
Yerevan State Academy of Fine Arts Yerevan, Armenia
Yerevan State Linguistic University Yerevan, Armenia
National Academy of Sciences of Armenia
Yerevan State Institute of Economy
Armenian State Pedagogical University
Schools outside Armenia
Armenian Elementary Schools
Greece
Zavarian Elementary School, (Nikaia-Pireos, Greece) |
78_1 | Turkey
Ortakoy Tarkmancas Elementary School (Ortakoy, Istanbul, Turkey)
Aramyan Uncuyan Elementary School (Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey)
Karagozyan Orphanage for Boys and Elementary School (Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey)
Ferikoy Merametciyan Elementary School (Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey)
Pangalti Mihitaryan Elementary and High School (Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey)
Bomonti Mihitaryan Elementary School (Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey)
Bezciyan Elementary School (Kumkapi, Istanbul, Turkey)
Anarad Higutyun Elementary School (Kocamustafapasa, Istanbul, Turkey)
Sahakyan Nunyan Elementary and High School (Kocamustafapasa, Istanbul, Turkey)
Levon Vartuhyan Elementary School (Topkapi, Istanbul, Turkey)
Dadyan Elementary School (Bakirkoy, Istanbul, Turkey
Kalfayan Orhanage for Girls and Elementary School (Uskudar, Istanbul, Turkey)
Yesilkoy Armenian Elementary School (Yesilkoy, Istanbul, Turkey)
Esayan Elementary and High School (Beyoglu, Istanbul, Turkey) |
78_2 | Lebanon
Forty Martyrs National Armenian School (Nor Marash, Bourj Hammoud, Lebanon)
Aksor Kassarjian School (Ashrafieh, Lebanon)
AGBU Levon G. Nazarian School Horsh Tabet (Sin El Fil, Lebanon)
Apkarian School (Nor Adana, Bourj Hammoud, Lebanon)
Middle East
Sts. Tarkmanchatz Armenian School of Jerusalem 1929 (Jerusalem)
Sahagian Armenian School of Aleppo (Aleppo, Syria)
AGBU Gullabi Gulbenkian School (Damascus, Syria)
Yuzbashian-Gulbenkian Elementary School (Amman, Jordan)
École Arménienne Catholique Saint Sahag et Saint Mesrob (Amman, Jordan)
Nubarian Armenian School (Cairo, Egypt)
AGBU Marie Manoogian School (Tehran, Iran)
AGBU Nevart Gulbenkian School (Tehran, Iran)
http://baghdadarmenianschool.com/ Baghdad United Armenian School (Baghdad, Iraq) |
78_3 | United States
Ari Guiragos Minassian Armenian School (Santa Ana, CA)
AGBU Manoogian-Demirdjian School (Canoga Park, CA)
Armenian Mesrobian Elementary & High School (Pico Rivera, CA)
Armenian Sisters Academy (Montrose, CA)
Chamlian Armenian School (Glendale, CA)
Holy Martyrs Armenian Elementary and Ferrahian High School (North Hills, CA)
Krouzian-Zekarian-Vasbouragan_Armenian_School (San Francisco, CA)
Rose_and_Alex_Pilibos_Armenian_School (Hollywood, CA)
TCA Arshag Dickranian Armenian School (Hollywood, CA)
Charlie Keyan Armenian Community School (Fresno, CA)
St. Gregory's Alfred & Marguerite Hovsepian School (Pasadena, CA)
Mekhitarist Fathers' Armenian School (Tujunga, CA)
Sahag-Mesrob Armenian Christian School (Altadena, CA)
C & E Merdinian Armenian Evangelical School (Sherman Oaks, CA)
Armenian Sisters Academy (Boston / Lexington, MA)
St. Stephens Armenian Elementary School (Watertown, MA)
St. Illuminator's Armenian Day School (Woodside, NY) |
78_4 | Holy Martyrs Armenian Day School (Bayside, NY)
The Hovnanian School (New Milford, NJ)
Armenian Sisters Academy (Radnor, PA)
AGBU Alex & Marie Manoogian School (Southfield, MI)
Taniel Varoujan Armenian School (Glenview, IL) |
78_5 | Canada
École Arménienne Sourp Hagop (Montreal, Quebec, Canada)
AGBU École Alex Manoogian (Montreal, Quebec, Canada)
École Notre-Dame-de-Nareg (Laval, Quebec, Canada)
A.R.S. Kololian Armenian School (Toronto, Ontario, Canada)
AGBU Zaroukian School (Toronto, Ontario, Canada)
Europe
École Barsamian (Nice, France)
Collège Privé Hamaskaïne (Marseilles, France]
École Franco-Arménienne Tebrotzassere (Le Raincy, France)
École Arménienne Markarian-Papazian (Lyon, France)
École Arménienne Tarkmanchatz (Issy-les-Moulineaux, France)
École Notre-Dame-du-Sacré-Coeur (Marseille, France)
École Saint Mesrob (Alfortville, France)
École Bilingue Hrant Dink (Arnouville-lès-Gonesse, France)
AGBU Artaki Kalpakian School (Athens, Greece) |
78_6 | Latin America
Escuela Armenia Sahag Mesrob (Cordoba, Argentina)
AGBU Instituto Marie Manoogian (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
Colegio Armenio de Vicente López (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
Escuela Armenio Argentina N°8 D.E. 9 (Buenos Aires) Public School, named by law in 1968
Colegio Mekhitarista (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
Instituto Isaac Backchellian (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
Instituto Educativo San Gregorio El Iluminador (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
Colegio Arzruní (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
Colegio Armenio Jrimian ( Valentin Alsina, Buenos Aires, Argentina)
AGBU Colegio Nubarian (Montevideo, Uruguay)
Instituto Educacional Nersesian (Montevideo, Uruguay)
Esc N° 156 “Armenia” (Montevideo, Uruguay) Public School, named by law in 1965
Esc N° 16 “República de Armenia” (Salto, Uruguay) Public School, named by law in 1998
AGBU Paren and Regina Bazarian School (São Paulo, Brazil)
Pré-escola Gregório Mavian (São Paulo, Brazil) |
Subsets and Splits