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1 | 6205-6208 | Draw the
resonance structures of the corresponding phenoxide ions 7 9
Write the equations involved in the following reactions:
(i) Reimer - Tiemann reaction
(ii) Kolbe’s reaction
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Rationalised 2023-24
214
Chemistry
Methanol and ethanol are among the two commercially important
alcohols 1 |
1 | 6206-6209 | 7 9
Write the equations involved in the following reactions:
(i) Reimer - Tiemann reaction
(ii) Kolbe’s reaction
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Rationalised 2023-24
214
Chemistry
Methanol and ethanol are among the two commercially important
alcohols 1 Methanol
Methanol, CH3OH, also known as ‘wood spirit’, was produced by
destructive distillation of wood |
1 | 6207-6210 | 9
Write the equations involved in the following reactions:
(i) Reimer - Tiemann reaction
(ii) Kolbe’s reaction
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Rationalised 2023-24
214
Chemistry
Methanol and ethanol are among the two commercially important
alcohols 1 Methanol
Methanol, CH3OH, also known as ‘wood spirit’, was produced by
destructive distillation of wood Today, most of the methanol is
produced by catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide at high
pressure and temperature and in the presence of ZnO – Cr2O3
catalyst |
1 | 6208-6211 | 1 Methanol
Methanol, CH3OH, also known as ‘wood spirit’, was produced by
destructive distillation of wood Today, most of the methanol is
produced by catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide at high
pressure and temperature and in the presence of ZnO – Cr2O3
catalyst Methanol is a colourless liquid and boils at 337 K |
1 | 6209-6212 | Methanol
Methanol, CH3OH, also known as ‘wood spirit’, was produced by
destructive distillation of wood Today, most of the methanol is
produced by catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide at high
pressure and temperature and in the presence of ZnO – Cr2O3
catalyst Methanol is a colourless liquid and boils at 337 K It is highly
poisonous in nature |
1 | 6210-6213 | Today, most of the methanol is
produced by catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide at high
pressure and temperature and in the presence of ZnO – Cr2O3
catalyst Methanol is a colourless liquid and boils at 337 K It is highly
poisonous in nature Ingestion of even small quantities of methanol
can cause blindness and large quantities causes even death |
1 | 6211-6214 | Methanol is a colourless liquid and boils at 337 K It is highly
poisonous in nature Ingestion of even small quantities of methanol
can cause blindness and large quantities causes even death Methanol
is used as a solvent in paints, varnishes and chiefly for making
formaldehyde |
1 | 6212-6215 | It is highly
poisonous in nature Ingestion of even small quantities of methanol
can cause blindness and large quantities causes even death Methanol
is used as a solvent in paints, varnishes and chiefly for making
formaldehyde 2 |
1 | 6213-6216 | Ingestion of even small quantities of methanol
can cause blindness and large quantities causes even death Methanol
is used as a solvent in paints, varnishes and chiefly for making
formaldehyde 2 Ethanol
Ethanol, C2H5OH, is obtained commercially by fermentation, the
oldest method is from sugars |
1 | 6214-6217 | Methanol
is used as a solvent in paints, varnishes and chiefly for making
formaldehyde 2 Ethanol
Ethanol, C2H5OH, is obtained commercially by fermentation, the
oldest method is from sugars The sugar in molasses, sugarcane
or fruits such as grapes is converted to glucose and fructose, (both
of which have the formula C6H12O6), in the presence of an enzyme,
invertase |
1 | 6215-6218 | 2 Ethanol
Ethanol, C2H5OH, is obtained commercially by fermentation, the
oldest method is from sugars The sugar in molasses, sugarcane
or fruits such as grapes is converted to glucose and fructose, (both
of which have the formula C6H12O6), in the presence of an enzyme,
invertase Glucose and fructose undergo fermentation in the
presence of another enzyme, zymase, which is found in yeast |
1 | 6216-6219 | Ethanol
Ethanol, C2H5OH, is obtained commercially by fermentation, the
oldest method is from sugars The sugar in molasses, sugarcane
or fruits such as grapes is converted to glucose and fructose, (both
of which have the formula C6H12O6), in the presence of an enzyme,
invertase Glucose and fructose undergo fermentation in the
presence of another enzyme, zymase, which is found in yeast In wine making, grapes are the source of sugars and yeast |
1 | 6217-6220 | The sugar in molasses, sugarcane
or fruits such as grapes is converted to glucose and fructose, (both
of which have the formula C6H12O6), in the presence of an enzyme,
invertase Glucose and fructose undergo fermentation in the
presence of another enzyme, zymase, which is found in yeast In wine making, grapes are the source of sugars and yeast As
grapes ripen, the quantity of sugar increases and yeast grows on the
outer skin |
1 | 6218-6221 | Glucose and fructose undergo fermentation in the
presence of another enzyme, zymase, which is found in yeast In wine making, grapes are the source of sugars and yeast As
grapes ripen, the quantity of sugar increases and yeast grows on the
outer skin When grapes are crushed, sugar and the enzyme come in
contact and fermentation starts |
1 | 6219-6222 | In wine making, grapes are the source of sugars and yeast As
grapes ripen, the quantity of sugar increases and yeast grows on the
outer skin When grapes are crushed, sugar and the enzyme come in
contact and fermentation starts Fermentation takes place in
anaerobic conditions i |
1 | 6220-6223 | As
grapes ripen, the quantity of sugar increases and yeast grows on the
outer skin When grapes are crushed, sugar and the enzyme come in
contact and fermentation starts Fermentation takes place in
anaerobic conditions i e |
1 | 6221-6224 | When grapes are crushed, sugar and the enzyme come in
contact and fermentation starts Fermentation takes place in
anaerobic conditions i e in absence of air |
1 | 6222-6225 | Fermentation takes place in
anaerobic conditions i e in absence of air Carbon dioxide is released
during fermentation |
1 | 6223-6226 | e in absence of air Carbon dioxide is released
during fermentation The action of zymase is inhibited once the percentage of alcohol
formed exceeds 14 percent |
1 | 6224-6227 | in absence of air Carbon dioxide is released
during fermentation The action of zymase is inhibited once the percentage of alcohol
formed exceeds 14 percent If air gets into fermentation mixture, the
oxygen of air oxidises ethanol to ethanoic acid which in turn destroys
the taste of alcoholic drinks |
1 | 6225-6228 | Carbon dioxide is released
during fermentation The action of zymase is inhibited once the percentage of alcohol
formed exceeds 14 percent If air gets into fermentation mixture, the
oxygen of air oxidises ethanol to ethanoic acid which in turn destroys
the taste of alcoholic drinks Ethanol is a colourless liquid with boiling point 351 K |
1 | 6226-6229 | The action of zymase is inhibited once the percentage of alcohol
formed exceeds 14 percent If air gets into fermentation mixture, the
oxygen of air oxidises ethanol to ethanoic acid which in turn destroys
the taste of alcoholic drinks Ethanol is a colourless liquid with boiling point 351 K It is used
as a solvent in paint industry and in the preparation of a number of
carbon compounds |
1 | 6227-6230 | If air gets into fermentation mixture, the
oxygen of air oxidises ethanol to ethanoic acid which in turn destroys
the taste of alcoholic drinks Ethanol is a colourless liquid with boiling point 351 K It is used
as a solvent in paint industry and in the preparation of a number of
carbon compounds The commercial alcohol is made unfit for drinking
by mixing in it some copper sulphate (to give it a colour) and pyridine
(a foul smelling liquid) |
1 | 6228-6231 | Ethanol is a colourless liquid with boiling point 351 K It is used
as a solvent in paint industry and in the preparation of a number of
carbon compounds The commercial alcohol is made unfit for drinking
by mixing in it some copper sulphate (to give it a colour) and pyridine
(a foul smelling liquid) It is known as denaturation of alcohol |
1 | 6229-6232 | It is used
as a solvent in paint industry and in the preparation of a number of
carbon compounds The commercial alcohol is made unfit for drinking
by mixing in it some copper sulphate (to give it a colour) and pyridine
(a foul smelling liquid) It is known as denaturation of alcohol Nowadays, large quantities of ethanol are obtained by hydration of
ethene (Section 7 |
1 | 6230-6233 | The commercial alcohol is made unfit for drinking
by mixing in it some copper sulphate (to give it a colour) and pyridine
(a foul smelling liquid) It is known as denaturation of alcohol Nowadays, large quantities of ethanol are obtained by hydration of
ethene (Section 7 4) |
1 | 6231-6234 | It is known as denaturation of alcohol Nowadays, large quantities of ethanol are obtained by hydration of
ethene (Section 7 4) 7 |
1 | 6232-6235 | Nowadays, large quantities of ethanol are obtained by hydration of
ethene (Section 7 4) 7 5
7 |
1 | 6233-6236 | 4) 7 5
7 5
7 |
1 | 6234-6237 | 7 5
7 5
7 5
7 |
1 | 6235-6238 | 5
7 5
7 5
7 5
7 |
1 | 6236-6239 | 5
7 5
7 5
7 5 Some
Some
Some
Some
Some
Commercially
Commercially
Commercially
Commercially
Commercially
Important
Important
Important
Important
Important
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Ingestion of ethanol acts
on the central nervous
system |
1 | 6237-6240 | 5
7 5
7 5 Some
Some
Some
Some
Some
Commercially
Commercially
Commercially
Commercially
Commercially
Important
Important
Important
Important
Important
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Ingestion of ethanol acts
on the central nervous
system In moderate
amounts, it affects
judgment and lowers
inhibitions |
1 | 6238-6241 | 5
7 5 Some
Some
Some
Some
Some
Commercially
Commercially
Commercially
Commercially
Commercially
Important
Important
Important
Important
Important
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Ingestion of ethanol acts
on the central nervous
system In moderate
amounts, it affects
judgment and lowers
inhibitions Higher
concentrations cause
nausea and loss of
consciousness |
1 | 6239-6242 | 5 Some
Some
Some
Some
Some
Commercially
Commercially
Commercially
Commercially
Commercially
Important
Important
Important
Important
Important
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Ingestion of ethanol acts
on the central nervous
system In moderate
amounts, it affects
judgment and lowers
inhibitions Higher
concentrations cause
nausea and loss of
consciousness Even at
higher concentrations,
it interferes with
spontaneous respiration
and can be fatal |
1 | 6240-6243 | In moderate
amounts, it affects
judgment and lowers
inhibitions Higher
concentrations cause
nausea and loss of
consciousness Even at
higher concentrations,
it interferes with
spontaneous respiration
and can be fatal Rationalised 2023-24
215
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
1 |
1 | 6241-6244 | Higher
concentrations cause
nausea and loss of
consciousness Even at
higher concentrations,
it interferes with
spontaneous respiration
and can be fatal Rationalised 2023-24
215
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
1 By dehydration of alcohols
Alcohols undergo dehydration in the presence of protic acids
(H2SO4, H3PO4) |
1 | 6242-6245 | Even at
higher concentrations,
it interferes with
spontaneous respiration
and can be fatal Rationalised 2023-24
215
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
1 By dehydration of alcohols
Alcohols undergo dehydration in the presence of protic acids
(H2SO4, H3PO4) The formation of the reaction product, alkene or ether
depends on the reaction conditions |
1 | 6243-6246 | Rationalised 2023-24
215
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
1 By dehydration of alcohols
Alcohols undergo dehydration in the presence of protic acids
(H2SO4, H3PO4) The formation of the reaction product, alkene or ether
depends on the reaction conditions For example, ethanol is
dehydrated to ethene in the presence of sulphuric acid at 443 K |
1 | 6244-6247 | By dehydration of alcohols
Alcohols undergo dehydration in the presence of protic acids
(H2SO4, H3PO4) The formation of the reaction product, alkene or ether
depends on the reaction conditions For example, ethanol is
dehydrated to ethene in the presence of sulphuric acid at 443 K At 413 K, ethoxyethane is the main product |
1 | 6245-6248 | The formation of the reaction product, alkene or ether
depends on the reaction conditions For example, ethanol is
dehydrated to ethene in the presence of sulphuric acid at 443 K At 413 K, ethoxyethane is the main product The formation of ether is a nucleophilic bimolecular reaction (SN2)
involving the attack of alcohol molecule on a protonated alcohol, as
indicated below:
7 |
1 | 6246-6249 | For example, ethanol is
dehydrated to ethene in the presence of sulphuric acid at 443 K At 413 K, ethoxyethane is the main product The formation of ether is a nucleophilic bimolecular reaction (SN2)
involving the attack of alcohol molecule on a protonated alcohol, as
indicated below:
7 6
7 |
1 | 6247-6250 | At 413 K, ethoxyethane is the main product The formation of ether is a nucleophilic bimolecular reaction (SN2)
involving the attack of alcohol molecule on a protonated alcohol, as
indicated below:
7 6
7 6
7 |
1 | 6248-6251 | The formation of ether is a nucleophilic bimolecular reaction (SN2)
involving the attack of alcohol molecule on a protonated alcohol, as
indicated below:
7 6
7 6
7 6
7 |
1 | 6249-6252 | 6
7 6
7 6
7 6
7 |
1 | 6250-6253 | 6
7 6
7 6
7 6 Ethers
Ethers
Ethers
Ethers
Ethers
7 |
1 | 6251-6254 | 6
7 6
7 6 Ethers
Ethers
Ethers
Ethers
Ethers
7 6 |
1 | 6252-6255 | 6
7 6 Ethers
Ethers
Ethers
Ethers
Ethers
7 6 1
Preparation
of Ethers
Acidic dehydration of alcohols, to give an alkene is also associated
with substitution reaction to give an ether |
1 | 6253-6256 | 6 Ethers
Ethers
Ethers
Ethers
Ethers
7 6 1
Preparation
of Ethers
Acidic dehydration of alcohols, to give an alkene is also associated
with substitution reaction to give an ether The method is suitable for the preparation of ethers having
primary alkyl groups only |
1 | 6254-6257 | 6 1
Preparation
of Ethers
Acidic dehydration of alcohols, to give an alkene is also associated
with substitution reaction to give an ether The method is suitable for the preparation of ethers having
primary alkyl groups only The alkyl group should be unhindered
and the temperature be kept low |
1 | 6255-6258 | 1
Preparation
of Ethers
Acidic dehydration of alcohols, to give an alkene is also associated
with substitution reaction to give an ether The method is suitable for the preparation of ethers having
primary alkyl groups only The alkyl group should be unhindered
and the temperature be kept low Otherwise the reaction favours the
formation of alkene |
1 | 6256-6259 | The method is suitable for the preparation of ethers having
primary alkyl groups only The alkyl group should be unhindered
and the temperature be kept low Otherwise the reaction favours the
formation of alkene The reaction follows SN1 pathway when the alcohol
is secondary or tertiary about which you will learn in higher classes |
1 | 6257-6260 | The alkyl group should be unhindered
and the temperature be kept low Otherwise the reaction favours the
formation of alkene The reaction follows SN1 pathway when the alcohol
is secondary or tertiary about which you will learn in higher classes However, the dehydration of secondary and tertiary alcohols to give
corresponding ethers is unsuccessful as elimination competes over
substitution and as a consequence, alkenes are easily formed |
1 | 6258-6261 | Otherwise the reaction favours the
formation of alkene The reaction follows SN1 pathway when the alcohol
is secondary or tertiary about which you will learn in higher classes However, the dehydration of secondary and tertiary alcohols to give
corresponding ethers is unsuccessful as elimination competes over
substitution and as a consequence, alkenes are easily formed Can you explain why is bimolecular dehydration not appropriate
for the preparation of ethyl methyl ether |
1 | 6259-6262 | The reaction follows SN1 pathway when the alcohol
is secondary or tertiary about which you will learn in higher classes However, the dehydration of secondary and tertiary alcohols to give
corresponding ethers is unsuccessful as elimination competes over
substitution and as a consequence, alkenes are easily formed Can you explain why is bimolecular dehydration not appropriate
for the preparation of ethyl methyl ether 2 |
1 | 6260-6263 | However, the dehydration of secondary and tertiary alcohols to give
corresponding ethers is unsuccessful as elimination competes over
substitution and as a consequence, alkenes are easily formed Can you explain why is bimolecular dehydration not appropriate
for the preparation of ethyl methyl ether 2 Williamson synthesis
It is an important laboratory method for the preparation of
symmetrical and unsymmetrical ethers |
1 | 6261-6264 | Can you explain why is bimolecular dehydration not appropriate
for the preparation of ethyl methyl ether 2 Williamson synthesis
It is an important laboratory method for the preparation of
symmetrical and unsymmetrical ethers In this method, an alkyl
halide is allowed to react with sodium alkoxide |
1 | 6262-6265 | 2 Williamson synthesis
It is an important laboratory method for the preparation of
symmetrical and unsymmetrical ethers In this method, an alkyl
halide is allowed to react with sodium alkoxide R–X +
R –ONa
’
R–O–R + Na X
’
+
–
Ethers containing substituted alkyl groups (secondary or tertiary)
may also be prepared by this method |
1 | 6263-6266 | Williamson synthesis
It is an important laboratory method for the preparation of
symmetrical and unsymmetrical ethers In this method, an alkyl
halide is allowed to react with sodium alkoxide R–X +
R –ONa
’
R–O–R + Na X
’
+
–
Ethers containing substituted alkyl groups (secondary or tertiary)
may also be prepared by this method The reaction involves SN2 attack
of an alkoxide ion on primary alkyl halide |
1 | 6264-6267 | In this method, an alkyl
halide is allowed to react with sodium alkoxide R–X +
R –ONa
’
R–O–R + Na X
’
+
–
Ethers containing substituted alkyl groups (secondary or tertiary)
may also be prepared by this method The reaction involves SN2 attack
of an alkoxide ion on primary alkyl halide Diethyl ether has been
used widely as an
inhalation anaesthetic |
1 | 6265-6268 | R–X +
R –ONa
’
R–O–R + Na X
’
+
–
Ethers containing substituted alkyl groups (secondary or tertiary)
may also be prepared by this method The reaction involves SN2 attack
of an alkoxide ion on primary alkyl halide Diethyl ether has been
used widely as an
inhalation anaesthetic But due to its slow
effect and an
unpleasant recovery
period, it has been
replaced, as an
anaesthetic, by other
compounds |
1 | 6266-6269 | The reaction involves SN2 attack
of an alkoxide ion on primary alkyl halide Diethyl ether has been
used widely as an
inhalation anaesthetic But due to its slow
effect and an
unpleasant recovery
period, it has been
replaced, as an
anaesthetic, by other
compounds Alexander William
Williamson (1824–1904)
was born in London of
Scottish parents |
1 | 6267-6270 | Diethyl ether has been
used widely as an
inhalation anaesthetic But due to its slow
effect and an
unpleasant recovery
period, it has been
replaced, as an
anaesthetic, by other
compounds Alexander William
Williamson (1824–1904)
was born in London of
Scottish parents In
1849, he became
Professor of Chemistry
at University College,
London |
1 | 6268-6271 | But due to its slow
effect and an
unpleasant recovery
period, it has been
replaced, as an
anaesthetic, by other
compounds Alexander William
Williamson (1824–1904)
was born in London of
Scottish parents In
1849, he became
Professor of Chemistry
at University College,
London Rationalised 2023-24
216
Chemistry
O
CH –Br
3
Na +
Better results are obtained if the alkyl halide is primary |
1 | 6269-6272 | Alexander William
Williamson (1824–1904)
was born in London of
Scottish parents In
1849, he became
Professor of Chemistry
at University College,
London Rationalised 2023-24
216
Chemistry
O
CH –Br
3
Na +
Better results are obtained if the alkyl halide is primary In case
of secondary and tertiary alkyl halides, elimination competes over
substitution |
1 | 6270-6273 | In
1849, he became
Professor of Chemistry
at University College,
London Rationalised 2023-24
216
Chemistry
O
CH –Br
3
Na +
Better results are obtained if the alkyl halide is primary In case
of secondary and tertiary alkyl halides, elimination competes over
substitution If a tertiary alkyl halide is used, an alkene is the only
reaction product and no ether is formed |
1 | 6271-6274 | Rationalised 2023-24
216
Chemistry
O
CH –Br
3
Na +
Better results are obtained if the alkyl halide is primary In case
of secondary and tertiary alkyl halides, elimination competes over
substitution If a tertiary alkyl halide is used, an alkene is the only
reaction product and no ether is formed For example, the reaction of
CH3ONa with (CH3)3C–Br gives exclusively 2-methylpropene |
1 | 6272-6275 | In case
of secondary and tertiary alkyl halides, elimination competes over
substitution If a tertiary alkyl halide is used, an alkene is the only
reaction product and no ether is formed For example, the reaction of
CH3ONa with (CH3)3C–Br gives exclusively 2-methylpropene It is because alkoxides are not only nucleophiles but strong bases
as well |
1 | 6273-6276 | If a tertiary alkyl halide is used, an alkene is the only
reaction product and no ether is formed For example, the reaction of
CH3ONa with (CH3)3C–Br gives exclusively 2-methylpropene It is because alkoxides are not only nucleophiles but strong bases
as well They react with alkyl halides leading to elimination reactions |
1 | 6274-6277 | For example, the reaction of
CH3ONa with (CH3)3C–Br gives exclusively 2-methylpropene It is because alkoxides are not only nucleophiles but strong bases
as well They react with alkyl halides leading to elimination reactions The following is not an appropriate reaction for the preparation of
t-butyl ethyl ether |
1 | 6275-6278 | It is because alkoxides are not only nucleophiles but strong bases
as well They react with alkyl halides leading to elimination reactions The following is not an appropriate reaction for the preparation of
t-butyl ethyl ether (i) What would be the major product of this reaction |
1 | 6276-6279 | They react with alkyl halides leading to elimination reactions The following is not an appropriate reaction for the preparation of
t-butyl ethyl ether (i) What would be the major product of this reaction (ii) Write a suitable reaction for the preparation of t-butylethyl ether |
1 | 6277-6280 | The following is not an appropriate reaction for the preparation of
t-butyl ethyl ether (i) What would be the major product of this reaction (ii) Write a suitable reaction for the preparation of t-butylethyl ether (i) The major product of the given reaction is 2-methylprop-1-ene |
1 | 6278-6281 | (i) What would be the major product of this reaction (ii) Write a suitable reaction for the preparation of t-butylethyl ether (i) The major product of the given reaction is 2-methylprop-1-ene It is because sodium ethoxide is a strong nucleophile as well as
a strong base |
1 | 6279-6282 | (ii) Write a suitable reaction for the preparation of t-butylethyl ether (i) The major product of the given reaction is 2-methylprop-1-ene It is because sodium ethoxide is a strong nucleophile as well as
a strong base Thus elimination reaction predominates over
substitution |
1 | 6280-6283 | (i) The major product of the given reaction is 2-methylprop-1-ene It is because sodium ethoxide is a strong nucleophile as well as
a strong base Thus elimination reaction predominates over
substitution Example 7 |
1 | 6281-6284 | It is because sodium ethoxide is a strong nucleophile as well as
a strong base Thus elimination reaction predominates over
substitution Example 7 6
Example 7 |
1 | 6282-6285 | Thus elimination reaction predominates over
substitution Example 7 6
Example 7 6
Example 7 |
1 | 6283-6286 | Example 7 6
Example 7 6
Example 7 6
Example 7 |
1 | 6284-6287 | 6
Example 7 6
Example 7 6
Example 7 6
Example 7 |
1 | 6285-6288 | 6
Example 7 6
Example 7 6
Example 7 6
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
(ii)
Phenols are also converted to ethers by this method |
1 | 6286-6289 | 6
Example 7 6
Example 7 6
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
(ii)
Phenols are also converted to ethers by this method In this, phenol
is used as the phenoxide moiety |
1 | 6287-6290 | 6
Example 7 6
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
(ii)
Phenols are also converted to ethers by this method In this, phenol
is used as the phenoxide moiety Rationalised 2023-24
217
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
The C-O bonds in ethers are polar and thus, ethers have a net dipole
moment |
1 | 6288-6291 | 6
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
(ii)
Phenols are also converted to ethers by this method In this, phenol
is used as the phenoxide moiety Rationalised 2023-24
217
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
The C-O bonds in ethers are polar and thus, ethers have a net dipole
moment The weak polarity of ethers do not appreciably affect their
boiling points which are comparable to those of the alkanes of
comparable molecular masses but are much lower than the boiling
points of alcohols as shown in the following cases:
Formula
CH3(CH2)3CH3
C2H5-O-C2H5
CH3(CH2)3-OH
n-Pentane
Ethoxyethane
Butan-1-ol
b |
1 | 6289-6292 | In this, phenol
is used as the phenoxide moiety Rationalised 2023-24
217
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
The C-O bonds in ethers are polar and thus, ethers have a net dipole
moment The weak polarity of ethers do not appreciably affect their
boiling points which are comparable to those of the alkanes of
comparable molecular masses but are much lower than the boiling
points of alcohols as shown in the following cases:
Formula
CH3(CH2)3CH3
C2H5-O-C2H5
CH3(CH2)3-OH
n-Pentane
Ethoxyethane
Butan-1-ol
b p |
1 | 6290-6293 | Rationalised 2023-24
217
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
The C-O bonds in ethers are polar and thus, ethers have a net dipole
moment The weak polarity of ethers do not appreciably affect their
boiling points which are comparable to those of the alkanes of
comparable molecular masses but are much lower than the boiling
points of alcohols as shown in the following cases:
Formula
CH3(CH2)3CH3
C2H5-O-C2H5
CH3(CH2)3-OH
n-Pentane
Ethoxyethane
Butan-1-ol
b p /K
309 |
1 | 6291-6294 | The weak polarity of ethers do not appreciably affect their
boiling points which are comparable to those of the alkanes of
comparable molecular masses but are much lower than the boiling
points of alcohols as shown in the following cases:
Formula
CH3(CH2)3CH3
C2H5-O-C2H5
CH3(CH2)3-OH
n-Pentane
Ethoxyethane
Butan-1-ol
b p /K
309 1
307 |
1 | 6292-6295 | p /K
309 1
307 6
390
The large difference in boiling points of alcohols and ethers is due
to the presence of hydrogen bonding in alcohols |
1 | 6293-6296 | /K
309 1
307 6
390
The large difference in boiling points of alcohols and ethers is due
to the presence of hydrogen bonding in alcohols The miscibility of ethers with water resembles those of alcohols of
the same molecular mass |
1 | 6294-6297 | 1
307 6
390
The large difference in boiling points of alcohols and ethers is due
to the presence of hydrogen bonding in alcohols The miscibility of ethers with water resembles those of alcohols of
the same molecular mass Both ethoxyethane and butan-1-ol are
miscible to almost the same extent i |
1 | 6295-6298 | 6
390
The large difference in boiling points of alcohols and ethers is due
to the presence of hydrogen bonding in alcohols The miscibility of ethers with water resembles those of alcohols of
the same molecular mass Both ethoxyethane and butan-1-ol are
miscible to almost the same extent i e |
1 | 6296-6299 | The miscibility of ethers with water resembles those of alcohols of
the same molecular mass Both ethoxyethane and butan-1-ol are
miscible to almost the same extent i e , 7 |
1 | 6297-6300 | Both ethoxyethane and butan-1-ol are
miscible to almost the same extent i e , 7 5 and 9 g per 100 mL water,
respectively while pentane is essentially immiscible with water |
1 | 6298-6301 | e , 7 5 and 9 g per 100 mL water,
respectively while pentane is essentially immiscible with water Can
you explain this observation |
1 | 6299-6302 | , 7 5 and 9 g per 100 mL water,
respectively while pentane is essentially immiscible with water Can
you explain this observation This is due to the fact that just like
alcohols, oxygen of ether can also form hydrogen bonds with water
molecule as shown:
1 |
1 | 6300-6303 | 5 and 9 g per 100 mL water,
respectively while pentane is essentially immiscible with water Can
you explain this observation This is due to the fact that just like
alcohols, oxygen of ether can also form hydrogen bonds with water
molecule as shown:
1 Cleavage of C–O bond in ethers
Ethers are the least reactive of the functional groups |
1 | 6301-6304 | Can
you explain this observation This is due to the fact that just like
alcohols, oxygen of ether can also form hydrogen bonds with water
molecule as shown:
1 Cleavage of C–O bond in ethers
Ethers are the least reactive of the functional groups The cleavage of
C-O bond in ethers takes place under drastic conditions with excess
of hydrogen halides |
1 | 6302-6305 | This is due to the fact that just like
alcohols, oxygen of ether can also form hydrogen bonds with water
molecule as shown:
1 Cleavage of C–O bond in ethers
Ethers are the least reactive of the functional groups The cleavage of
C-O bond in ethers takes place under drastic conditions with excess
of hydrogen halides The reaction of dialkyl ether gives two alkyl
halide molecules |
1 | 6303-6306 | Cleavage of C–O bond in ethers
Ethers are the least reactive of the functional groups The cleavage of
C-O bond in ethers takes place under drastic conditions with excess
of hydrogen halides The reaction of dialkyl ether gives two alkyl
halide molecules Alkyl aryl ethers are cleaved at the alkyl-oxygen bond due to the
more stable aryl-oxygen bond |
1 | 6304-6307 | The cleavage of
C-O bond in ethers takes place under drastic conditions with excess
of hydrogen halides The reaction of dialkyl ether gives two alkyl
halide molecules Alkyl aryl ethers are cleaved at the alkyl-oxygen bond due to the
more stable aryl-oxygen bond The reaction yields phenol and alkyl
halide |
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