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1 | 5905-5908 | The positions of –OH groups
are indicated by appropriate locants, e g , HO–CH2–CH2–OH is named as
ethane–1, 2-diol Table 7 |
1 | 5906-5909 | g , HO–CH2–CH2–OH is named as
ethane–1, 2-diol Table 7 1 gives common and IUPAC names of a few
alcohols as examples |
1 | 5907-5910 | , HO–CH2–CH2–OH is named as
ethane–1, 2-diol Table 7 1 gives common and IUPAC names of a few
alcohols as examples Table 7 |
1 | 5908-5911 | Table 7 1 gives common and IUPAC names of a few
alcohols as examples Table 7 1: Common and IUPAC Names of Some Alcohols
CH3 – OH
Methyl alcohol
Methanol
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – OH
n-Propyl alcohol
Propan-1-ol
Isopropyl alcohol
Propan-2-ol
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – OH
n-Butyl alcohol
Butan-1-ol
sec-Butyl alcohol
Butan-2-ol
Isobutyl alcohol
2-Methylpropan-1-ol
tert-Butyl alcohol
2-Methylpropan-2-ol
HO–H2C–CH2–OH
Ethylene glycol
Ethane-1,2-diol
Glycerol
Propane -1, 2, 3-triol
Compound
Common name
IUPAC name
Cyclic alcohols are named using the prefix cyclo and considering
the —OH group attached to C–1 |
1 | 5909-5912 | 1 gives common and IUPAC names of a few
alcohols as examples Table 7 1: Common and IUPAC Names of Some Alcohols
CH3 – OH
Methyl alcohol
Methanol
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – OH
n-Propyl alcohol
Propan-1-ol
Isopropyl alcohol
Propan-2-ol
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – OH
n-Butyl alcohol
Butan-1-ol
sec-Butyl alcohol
Butan-2-ol
Isobutyl alcohol
2-Methylpropan-1-ol
tert-Butyl alcohol
2-Methylpropan-2-ol
HO–H2C–CH2–OH
Ethylene glycol
Ethane-1,2-diol
Glycerol
Propane -1, 2, 3-triol
Compound
Common name
IUPAC name
Cyclic alcohols are named using the prefix cyclo and considering
the —OH group attached to C–1 OH
OH
CH3
Cyclohexanol
2-Methylcyclopentanol
(b) Phenols: The simplest hydroxy derivative of benzene is phenol |
1 | 5910-5913 | Table 7 1: Common and IUPAC Names of Some Alcohols
CH3 – OH
Methyl alcohol
Methanol
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – OH
n-Propyl alcohol
Propan-1-ol
Isopropyl alcohol
Propan-2-ol
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – OH
n-Butyl alcohol
Butan-1-ol
sec-Butyl alcohol
Butan-2-ol
Isobutyl alcohol
2-Methylpropan-1-ol
tert-Butyl alcohol
2-Methylpropan-2-ol
HO–H2C–CH2–OH
Ethylene glycol
Ethane-1,2-diol
Glycerol
Propane -1, 2, 3-triol
Compound
Common name
IUPAC name
Cyclic alcohols are named using the prefix cyclo and considering
the —OH group attached to C–1 OH
OH
CH3
Cyclohexanol
2-Methylcyclopentanol
(b) Phenols: The simplest hydroxy derivative of benzene is phenol It is its common name and also an accepted IUPAC name |
1 | 5911-5914 | 1: Common and IUPAC Names of Some Alcohols
CH3 – OH
Methyl alcohol
Methanol
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – OH
n-Propyl alcohol
Propan-1-ol
Isopropyl alcohol
Propan-2-ol
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – OH
n-Butyl alcohol
Butan-1-ol
sec-Butyl alcohol
Butan-2-ol
Isobutyl alcohol
2-Methylpropan-1-ol
tert-Butyl alcohol
2-Methylpropan-2-ol
HO–H2C–CH2–OH
Ethylene glycol
Ethane-1,2-diol
Glycerol
Propane -1, 2, 3-triol
Compound
Common name
IUPAC name
Cyclic alcohols are named using the prefix cyclo and considering
the —OH group attached to C–1 OH
OH
CH3
Cyclohexanol
2-Methylcyclopentanol
(b) Phenols: The simplest hydroxy derivative of benzene is phenol It is its common name and also an accepted IUPAC name As structure
of phenol involves a benzene ring, in its substituted compounds the
terms ortho (1,2- disubstituted), meta (1,3-disubstituted) and para
(1,4-disubstituted) are often used in the common names |
1 | 5912-5915 | OH
OH
CH3
Cyclohexanol
2-Methylcyclopentanol
(b) Phenols: The simplest hydroxy derivative of benzene is phenol It is its common name and also an accepted IUPAC name As structure
of phenol involves a benzene ring, in its substituted compounds the
terms ortho (1,2- disubstituted), meta (1,3-disubstituted) and para
(1,4-disubstituted) are often used in the common names Rationalised 2023-24
197
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Common name
Phenol
o-Cresol
m-Cresol
p-Cresol
IUPAC name
Phenol
2-Methylphenol
3-Methylphenol
4-Methylphenol
Dihydroxy derivatives of benzene are known as 1, 2-, 1, 3- and
1, 4-benzenediol |
1 | 5913-5916 | It is its common name and also an accepted IUPAC name As structure
of phenol involves a benzene ring, in its substituted compounds the
terms ortho (1,2- disubstituted), meta (1,3-disubstituted) and para
(1,4-disubstituted) are often used in the common names Rationalised 2023-24
197
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Common name
Phenol
o-Cresol
m-Cresol
p-Cresol
IUPAC name
Phenol
2-Methylphenol
3-Methylphenol
4-Methylphenol
Dihydroxy derivatives of benzene are known as 1, 2-, 1, 3- and
1, 4-benzenediol OH
CH3
OH
CH3
OH
CH3
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
Common name
Catechol
Benzene-
1,2-diol
Resorcinol
Benzene-
1,3-diol
Hydroquinone or quinol
Benzene-
1,4-diol
IUPAC name
(c) Ethers: Common names of ethers are derived from the names of alkyl/
aryl groups written as separate words in alphabetical order and adding the
word ‘ether’ at the end |
1 | 5914-5917 | As structure
of phenol involves a benzene ring, in its substituted compounds the
terms ortho (1,2- disubstituted), meta (1,3-disubstituted) and para
(1,4-disubstituted) are often used in the common names Rationalised 2023-24
197
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Common name
Phenol
o-Cresol
m-Cresol
p-Cresol
IUPAC name
Phenol
2-Methylphenol
3-Methylphenol
4-Methylphenol
Dihydroxy derivatives of benzene are known as 1, 2-, 1, 3- and
1, 4-benzenediol OH
CH3
OH
CH3
OH
CH3
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
Common name
Catechol
Benzene-
1,2-diol
Resorcinol
Benzene-
1,3-diol
Hydroquinone or quinol
Benzene-
1,4-diol
IUPAC name
(c) Ethers: Common names of ethers are derived from the names of alkyl/
aryl groups written as separate words in alphabetical order and adding the
word ‘ether’ at the end For example, CH3OC2H5 is ethylmethyl ether |
1 | 5915-5918 | Rationalised 2023-24
197
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Common name
Phenol
o-Cresol
m-Cresol
p-Cresol
IUPAC name
Phenol
2-Methylphenol
3-Methylphenol
4-Methylphenol
Dihydroxy derivatives of benzene are known as 1, 2-, 1, 3- and
1, 4-benzenediol OH
CH3
OH
CH3
OH
CH3
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
Common name
Catechol
Benzene-
1,2-diol
Resorcinol
Benzene-
1,3-diol
Hydroquinone or quinol
Benzene-
1,4-diol
IUPAC name
(c) Ethers: Common names of ethers are derived from the names of alkyl/
aryl groups written as separate words in alphabetical order and adding the
word ‘ether’ at the end For example, CH3OC2H5 is ethylmethyl ether Table 7 |
1 | 5916-5919 | OH
CH3
OH
CH3
OH
CH3
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
Common name
Catechol
Benzene-
1,2-diol
Resorcinol
Benzene-
1,3-diol
Hydroquinone or quinol
Benzene-
1,4-diol
IUPAC name
(c) Ethers: Common names of ethers are derived from the names of alkyl/
aryl groups written as separate words in alphabetical order and adding the
word ‘ether’ at the end For example, CH3OC2H5 is ethylmethyl ether Table 7 2: Common and IUPAC Names of Some Ethers
Compound
Common name
IUPAC name
CH3OCH3
Dimethyl ether
Methoxymethane
C2H5OC2H5
Diethyl ether
Ethoxyethane
CH3OCH2CH2CH3
Methyl n-propyl ether
1-Methoxypropane
C6H5OCH3
Methyl phenyl ether
Methoxybenzene
(Anisole)
(Anisole)
C6H5OCH2CH3
Ethyl phenyl ether
Ethoxybenzene
(Phenetole)
C6H5O(CH2)6 – CH3
Heptyl phenyl ether
1-Phenoxyheptane
CH3
CH O
3
CH
CH3
Methyl isopropyl ether
2-Methoxypropane
Phenyl isopentyl ether
3- Methylbutoxybenzene
CH3– O – CH2 – CH2 – OCH3
—
1,2-Dimethoxyethane
—
2-Ethoxy-
-1,1-dimethylcyclohexane
Rationalised 2023-24
198
Chemistry
If both the alkyl groups are the same, the prefix ‘di’ is added before the alkyl
group |
1 | 5917-5920 | For example, CH3OC2H5 is ethylmethyl ether Table 7 2: Common and IUPAC Names of Some Ethers
Compound
Common name
IUPAC name
CH3OCH3
Dimethyl ether
Methoxymethane
C2H5OC2H5
Diethyl ether
Ethoxyethane
CH3OCH2CH2CH3
Methyl n-propyl ether
1-Methoxypropane
C6H5OCH3
Methyl phenyl ether
Methoxybenzene
(Anisole)
(Anisole)
C6H5OCH2CH3
Ethyl phenyl ether
Ethoxybenzene
(Phenetole)
C6H5O(CH2)6 – CH3
Heptyl phenyl ether
1-Phenoxyheptane
CH3
CH O
3
CH
CH3
Methyl isopropyl ether
2-Methoxypropane
Phenyl isopentyl ether
3- Methylbutoxybenzene
CH3– O – CH2 – CH2 – OCH3
—
1,2-Dimethoxyethane
—
2-Ethoxy-
-1,1-dimethylcyclohexane
Rationalised 2023-24
198
Chemistry
If both the alkyl groups are the same, the prefix ‘di’ is added before the alkyl
group For example, C2H5OC2H5 is diethyl ether |
1 | 5918-5921 | Table 7 2: Common and IUPAC Names of Some Ethers
Compound
Common name
IUPAC name
CH3OCH3
Dimethyl ether
Methoxymethane
C2H5OC2H5
Diethyl ether
Ethoxyethane
CH3OCH2CH2CH3
Methyl n-propyl ether
1-Methoxypropane
C6H5OCH3
Methyl phenyl ether
Methoxybenzene
(Anisole)
(Anisole)
C6H5OCH2CH3
Ethyl phenyl ether
Ethoxybenzene
(Phenetole)
C6H5O(CH2)6 – CH3
Heptyl phenyl ether
1-Phenoxyheptane
CH3
CH O
3
CH
CH3
Methyl isopropyl ether
2-Methoxypropane
Phenyl isopentyl ether
3- Methylbutoxybenzene
CH3– O – CH2 – CH2 – OCH3
—
1,2-Dimethoxyethane
—
2-Ethoxy-
-1,1-dimethylcyclohexane
Rationalised 2023-24
198
Chemistry
If both the alkyl groups are the same, the prefix ‘di’ is added before the alkyl
group For example, C2H5OC2H5 is diethyl ether According to IUPAC system of nomenclature, ethers are regarded as
hydrocarbon derivatives in which a hydrogen atom is replaced by an
–OR or –OAr group, where R and Ar represent alkyl and aryl groups,
respectively |
1 | 5919-5922 | 2: Common and IUPAC Names of Some Ethers
Compound
Common name
IUPAC name
CH3OCH3
Dimethyl ether
Methoxymethane
C2H5OC2H5
Diethyl ether
Ethoxyethane
CH3OCH2CH2CH3
Methyl n-propyl ether
1-Methoxypropane
C6H5OCH3
Methyl phenyl ether
Methoxybenzene
(Anisole)
(Anisole)
C6H5OCH2CH3
Ethyl phenyl ether
Ethoxybenzene
(Phenetole)
C6H5O(CH2)6 – CH3
Heptyl phenyl ether
1-Phenoxyheptane
CH3
CH O
3
CH
CH3
Methyl isopropyl ether
2-Methoxypropane
Phenyl isopentyl ether
3- Methylbutoxybenzene
CH3– O – CH2 – CH2 – OCH3
—
1,2-Dimethoxyethane
—
2-Ethoxy-
-1,1-dimethylcyclohexane
Rationalised 2023-24
198
Chemistry
If both the alkyl groups are the same, the prefix ‘di’ is added before the alkyl
group For example, C2H5OC2H5 is diethyl ether According to IUPAC system of nomenclature, ethers are regarded as
hydrocarbon derivatives in which a hydrogen atom is replaced by an
–OR or –OAr group, where R and Ar represent alkyl and aryl groups,
respectively The larger (R) group is chosen as the parent hydrocarbon |
1 | 5920-5923 | For example, C2H5OC2H5 is diethyl ether According to IUPAC system of nomenclature, ethers are regarded as
hydrocarbon derivatives in which a hydrogen atom is replaced by an
–OR or –OAr group, where R and Ar represent alkyl and aryl groups,
respectively The larger (R) group is chosen as the parent hydrocarbon The names of a few ethers are given as examples in Table 7 |
1 | 5921-5924 | According to IUPAC system of nomenclature, ethers are regarded as
hydrocarbon derivatives in which a hydrogen atom is replaced by an
–OR or –OAr group, where R and Ar represent alkyl and aryl groups,
respectively The larger (R) group is chosen as the parent hydrocarbon The names of a few ethers are given as examples in Table 7 2 |
1 | 5922-5925 | The larger (R) group is chosen as the parent hydrocarbon The names of a few ethers are given as examples in Table 7 2 (i) 4-Chloro-2,3-dimethylpentan-1-ol (ii) 2-Ethoxypropane
(iii) 2,6-Dimethylphenol
(iv) 1-Ethoxy-2-nitrocyclohexane
NO2
OC H
2
5
Example 7 |
1 | 5923-5926 | The names of a few ethers are given as examples in Table 7 2 (i) 4-Chloro-2,3-dimethylpentan-1-ol (ii) 2-Ethoxypropane
(iii) 2,6-Dimethylphenol
(iv) 1-Ethoxy-2-nitrocyclohexane
NO2
OC H
2
5
Example 7 1
Example 7 |
1 | 5924-5927 | 2 (i) 4-Chloro-2,3-dimethylpentan-1-ol (ii) 2-Ethoxypropane
(iii) 2,6-Dimethylphenol
(iv) 1-Ethoxy-2-nitrocyclohexane
NO2
OC H
2
5
Example 7 1
Example 7 1
Example 7 |
1 | 5925-5928 | (i) 4-Chloro-2,3-dimethylpentan-1-ol (ii) 2-Ethoxypropane
(iii) 2,6-Dimethylphenol
(iv) 1-Ethoxy-2-nitrocyclohexane
NO2
OC H
2
5
Example 7 1
Example 7 1
Example 7 1
Example 7 |
1 | 5926-5929 | 1
Example 7 1
Example 7 1
Example 7 1
Example 7 |
1 | 5927-5930 | 1
Example 7 1
Example 7 1
Example 7 1
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
OH
CH3
H3C
(i)
(iii)
(ii) CH3
CH
O
CH2CH3
CH3
(ii)
CH3
CH
CH OH
2
Cl
CH
CH
CH3
CH3
(i)
(iv)
7 |
1 | 5928-5931 | 1
Example 7 1
Example 7 1
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
OH
CH3
H3C
(i)
(iii)
(ii) CH3
CH
O
CH2CH3
CH3
(ii)
CH3
CH
CH OH
2
Cl
CH
CH
CH3
CH3
(i)
(iv)
7 3 Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system |
1 | 5929-5932 | 1
Example 7 1
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
OH
CH3
H3C
(i)
(iii)
(ii) CH3
CH
O
CH2CH3
CH3
(ii)
CH3
CH
CH OH
2
Cl
CH
CH
CH3
CH3
(i)
(iv)
7 3 Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
In alcohols, the oxygen of the –OH group is attached to carbon by a
sigma (s ) bond formed by the overlap of a sp
3 hybridised orbital of
carbon with a sp
3 hybridised orbital of oxygen |
1 | 5930-5933 | 1
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
OH
CH3
H3C
(i)
(iii)
(ii) CH3
CH
O
CH2CH3
CH3
(ii)
CH3
CH
CH OH
2
Cl
CH
CH
CH3
CH3
(i)
(iv)
7 3 Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
In alcohols, the oxygen of the –OH group is attached to carbon by a
sigma (s ) bond formed by the overlap of a sp
3 hybridised orbital of
carbon with a sp
3 hybridised orbital of oxygen Fig |
1 | 5931-5934 | 3 Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
In alcohols, the oxygen of the –OH group is attached to carbon by a
sigma (s ) bond formed by the overlap of a sp
3 hybridised orbital of
carbon with a sp
3 hybridised orbital of oxygen Fig 7 |
1 | 5932-5935 | Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
In alcohols, the oxygen of the –OH group is attached to carbon by a
sigma (s ) bond formed by the overlap of a sp
3 hybridised orbital of
carbon with a sp
3 hybridised orbital of oxygen Fig 7 1 depicts
structural aspects of methanol, phenol and methoxymethane |
1 | 5933-5936 | Fig 7 1 depicts
structural aspects of methanol, phenol and methoxymethane 7 |
1 | 5934-5937 | 7 1 depicts
structural aspects of methanol, phenol and methoxymethane 7 3
7 |
1 | 5935-5938 | 1 depicts
structural aspects of methanol, phenol and methoxymethane 7 3
7 3
7 |
1 | 5936-5939 | 7 3
7 3
7 3
7 |
1 | 5937-5940 | 3
7 3
7 3
7 3
7 |
1 | 5938-5941 | 3
7 3
7 3
7 3 Structures of
Structures of
Structures of
Structures of
Structures of
Functional
Functional
Functional
Functional
Functional
Groups
Groups
Groups
Groups
Groups
Fig |
1 | 5939-5942 | 3
7 3
7 3 Structures of
Structures of
Structures of
Structures of
Structures of
Functional
Functional
Functional
Functional
Functional
Groups
Groups
Groups
Groups
Groups
Fig 7 |
1 | 5940-5943 | 3
7 3 Structures of
Structures of
Structures of
Structures of
Structures of
Functional
Functional
Functional
Functional
Functional
Groups
Groups
Groups
Groups
Groups
Fig 7 1: Structures of methanol, phenol and methoxymethane
Give IUPAC names of the following compounds:
Rationalised 2023-24
199
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
The bond angle
in alcohols is slightly less than the tetrahedral
angle (109°-28¢) |
1 | 5941-5944 | 3 Structures of
Structures of
Structures of
Structures of
Structures of
Functional
Functional
Functional
Functional
Functional
Groups
Groups
Groups
Groups
Groups
Fig 7 1: Structures of methanol, phenol and methoxymethane
Give IUPAC names of the following compounds:
Rationalised 2023-24
199
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
The bond angle
in alcohols is slightly less than the tetrahedral
angle (109°-28¢) It is due to the repulsion between the unshared
electron pairs of oxygen |
1 | 5942-5945 | 7 1: Structures of methanol, phenol and methoxymethane
Give IUPAC names of the following compounds:
Rationalised 2023-24
199
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
The bond angle
in alcohols is slightly less than the tetrahedral
angle (109°-28¢) It is due to the repulsion between the unshared
electron pairs of oxygen In phenols, the –OH group is attached to sp
2
hybridised carbon of an aromatic ring |
1 | 5943-5946 | 1: Structures of methanol, phenol and methoxymethane
Give IUPAC names of the following compounds:
Rationalised 2023-24
199
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
The bond angle
in alcohols is slightly less than the tetrahedral
angle (109°-28¢) It is due to the repulsion between the unshared
electron pairs of oxygen In phenols, the –OH group is attached to sp
2
hybridised carbon of an aromatic ring The carbon– oxygen bond
length (136 pm) in phenol is slightly less than that in methanol |
1 | 5944-5947 | It is due to the repulsion between the unshared
electron pairs of oxygen In phenols, the –OH group is attached to sp
2
hybridised carbon of an aromatic ring The carbon– oxygen bond
length (136 pm) in phenol is slightly less than that in methanol This
is due to (i) partial double bond character on account of the conjugation
of unshared electron pair of oxygen with the aromatic ring
(Section 7 |
1 | 5945-5948 | In phenols, the –OH group is attached to sp
2
hybridised carbon of an aromatic ring The carbon– oxygen bond
length (136 pm) in phenol is slightly less than that in methanol This
is due to (i) partial double bond character on account of the conjugation
of unshared electron pair of oxygen with the aromatic ring
(Section 7 4 |
1 | 5946-5949 | The carbon– oxygen bond
length (136 pm) in phenol is slightly less than that in methanol This
is due to (i) partial double bond character on account of the conjugation
of unshared electron pair of oxygen with the aromatic ring
(Section 7 4 4) and (ii) sp
2 hybridised state of carbon to which oxygen
is attached |
1 | 5947-5950 | This
is due to (i) partial double bond character on account of the conjugation
of unshared electron pair of oxygen with the aromatic ring
(Section 7 4 4) and (ii) sp
2 hybridised state of carbon to which oxygen
is attached In ethers, the four electron pairs, i |
1 | 5948-5951 | 4 4) and (ii) sp
2 hybridised state of carbon to which oxygen
is attached In ethers, the four electron pairs, i e |
1 | 5949-5952 | 4) and (ii) sp
2 hybridised state of carbon to which oxygen
is attached In ethers, the four electron pairs, i e , the two bond pairs and two
lone pairs of electrons on oxygen are arranged approximately in a
tetrahedral arrangement |
1 | 5950-5953 | In ethers, the four electron pairs, i e , the two bond pairs and two
lone pairs of electrons on oxygen are arranged approximately in a
tetrahedral arrangement The bond angle is slightly greater than the
tetrahedral angle due to the repulsive interaction between the two
bulky (–R) groups |
1 | 5951-5954 | e , the two bond pairs and two
lone pairs of electrons on oxygen are arranged approximately in a
tetrahedral arrangement The bond angle is slightly greater than the
tetrahedral angle due to the repulsive interaction between the two
bulky (–R) groups The C–O bond length (141 pm) is almost the same
as in alcohols |
1 | 5952-5955 | , the two bond pairs and two
lone pairs of electrons on oxygen are arranged approximately in a
tetrahedral arrangement The bond angle is slightly greater than the
tetrahedral angle due to the repulsive interaction between the two
bulky (–R) groups The C–O bond length (141 pm) is almost the same
as in alcohols 7 |
1 | 5953-5956 | The bond angle is slightly greater than the
tetrahedral angle due to the repulsive interaction between the two
bulky (–R) groups The C–O bond length (141 pm) is almost the same
as in alcohols 7 4 |
1 | 5954-5957 | The C–O bond length (141 pm) is almost the same
as in alcohols 7 4 1
Preparation of Alcohols
Alcohols are prepared by the following methods:
1 |
1 | 5955-5958 | 7 4 1
Preparation of Alcohols
Alcohols are prepared by the following methods:
1 From alkenes
(i) By acid catalysed hydration: Alkenes react with water in the
presence of acid as catalyst to form alcohols |
1 | 5956-5959 | 4 1
Preparation of Alcohols
Alcohols are prepared by the following methods:
1 From alkenes
(i) By acid catalysed hydration: Alkenes react with water in the
presence of acid as catalyst to form alcohols In case of
unsymmetrical alkenes, the addition reaction takes place in
accordance with Markovnikov’s rule |
1 | 5957-5960 | 1
Preparation of Alcohols
Alcohols are prepared by the following methods:
1 From alkenes
(i) By acid catalysed hydration: Alkenes react with water in the
presence of acid as catalyst to form alcohols In case of
unsymmetrical alkenes, the addition reaction takes place in
accordance with Markovnikov’s rule Mechanism
The mechanism of the reaction involves the following three steps:
Step 1: Protonation of alkene to form carbocation by electrophilic
attack of H3O
+ |
1 | 5958-5961 | From alkenes
(i) By acid catalysed hydration: Alkenes react with water in the
presence of acid as catalyst to form alcohols In case of
unsymmetrical alkenes, the addition reaction takes place in
accordance with Markovnikov’s rule Mechanism
The mechanism of the reaction involves the following three steps:
Step 1: Protonation of alkene to form carbocation by electrophilic
attack of H3O
+ H2O + H
+ ® H3O
+
Step 2: Nucleophilic attack of water on carbocation |
1 | 5959-5962 | In case of
unsymmetrical alkenes, the addition reaction takes place in
accordance with Markovnikov’s rule Mechanism
The mechanism of the reaction involves the following three steps:
Step 1: Protonation of alkene to form carbocation by electrophilic
attack of H3O
+ H2O + H
+ ® H3O
+
Step 2: Nucleophilic attack of water on carbocation Step 3: Deprotonation to form an alcohol |
1 | 5960-5963 | Mechanism
The mechanism of the reaction involves the following three steps:
Step 1: Protonation of alkene to form carbocation by electrophilic
attack of H3O
+ H2O + H
+ ® H3O
+
Step 2: Nucleophilic attack of water on carbocation Step 3: Deprotonation to form an alcohol 7 |
1 | 5961-5964 | H2O + H
+ ® H3O
+
Step 2: Nucleophilic attack of water on carbocation Step 3: Deprotonation to form an alcohol 7 4
7 |
1 | 5962-5965 | Step 3: Deprotonation to form an alcohol 7 4
7 4
7 |
1 | 5963-5966 | 7 4
7 4
7 4
7 |
1 | 5964-5967 | 4
7 4
7 4
7 4
7 |
1 | 5965-5968 | 4
7 4
7 4
7 4 Alcohols and
Alcohols and
Alcohols and
Alcohols and
Alcohols and
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Rationalised 2023-24
200
Chemistry
(ii) By hydroboration–oxidation: Diborane (BH3)2 reacts with alkenes
to give trialkyl boranes as addition product |
1 | 5966-5969 | 4
7 4
7 4 Alcohols and
Alcohols and
Alcohols and
Alcohols and
Alcohols and
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Rationalised 2023-24
200
Chemistry
(ii) By hydroboration–oxidation: Diborane (BH3)2 reacts with alkenes
to give trialkyl boranes as addition product This is oxidised to
alcohol by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of aqueous sodium
hydroxide |
1 | 5967-5970 | 4
7 4 Alcohols and
Alcohols and
Alcohols and
Alcohols and
Alcohols and
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Rationalised 2023-24
200
Chemistry
(ii) By hydroboration–oxidation: Diborane (BH3)2 reacts with alkenes
to give trialkyl boranes as addition product This is oxidised to
alcohol by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of aqueous sodium
hydroxide The addition of borane to the double bond takes place in such
a manner that the boron atom gets attached to the sp
2 carbon
carrying greater number of hydrogen atoms |
1 | 5968-5971 | 4 Alcohols and
Alcohols and
Alcohols and
Alcohols and
Alcohols and
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Rationalised 2023-24
200
Chemistry
(ii) By hydroboration–oxidation: Diborane (BH3)2 reacts with alkenes
to give trialkyl boranes as addition product This is oxidised to
alcohol by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of aqueous sodium
hydroxide The addition of borane to the double bond takes place in such
a manner that the boron atom gets attached to the sp
2 carbon
carrying greater number of hydrogen atoms The alcohol so formed
looks as if it has been formed by the addition of water to the
alkene in a way opposite to the Markovnikov’s rule |
1 | 5969-5972 | This is oxidised to
alcohol by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of aqueous sodium
hydroxide The addition of borane to the double bond takes place in such
a manner that the boron atom gets attached to the sp
2 carbon
carrying greater number of hydrogen atoms The alcohol so formed
looks as if it has been formed by the addition of water to the
alkene in a way opposite to the Markovnikov’s rule In this reaction,
alcohol is obtained in excellent yield |
1 | 5970-5973 | The addition of borane to the double bond takes place in such
a manner that the boron atom gets attached to the sp
2 carbon
carrying greater number of hydrogen atoms The alcohol so formed
looks as if it has been formed by the addition of water to the
alkene in a way opposite to the Markovnikov’s rule In this reaction,
alcohol is obtained in excellent yield 2 |
1 | 5971-5974 | The alcohol so formed
looks as if it has been formed by the addition of water to the
alkene in a way opposite to the Markovnikov’s rule In this reaction,
alcohol is obtained in excellent yield 2 From carbonyl compounds
(i) By reduction of aldehydes and ketones: Aldehydes and ketones
are reduced to the corresponding alcohols by addition of
hydrogen in the presence of catalysts (catalytic hydrogenation) |
1 | 5972-5975 | In this reaction,
alcohol is obtained in excellent yield 2 From carbonyl compounds
(i) By reduction of aldehydes and ketones: Aldehydes and ketones
are reduced to the corresponding alcohols by addition of
hydrogen in the presence of catalysts (catalytic hydrogenation) The usual catalyst is a finely divided metal such as platinum,
palladium or nickel |
1 | 5973-5976 | 2 From carbonyl compounds
(i) By reduction of aldehydes and ketones: Aldehydes and ketones
are reduced to the corresponding alcohols by addition of
hydrogen in the presence of catalysts (catalytic hydrogenation) The usual catalyst is a finely divided metal such as platinum,
palladium or nickel It is also prepared by treating aldehydes
and ketones with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) or lithium
aluminium hydride (LiAlH4) |
1 | 5974-5977 | From carbonyl compounds
(i) By reduction of aldehydes and ketones: Aldehydes and ketones
are reduced to the corresponding alcohols by addition of
hydrogen in the presence of catalysts (catalytic hydrogenation) The usual catalyst is a finely divided metal such as platinum,
palladium or nickel It is also prepared by treating aldehydes
and ketones with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) or lithium
aluminium hydride (LiAlH4) Aldehydes yield primary alcohols
whereas ketones give secondary alcohols |
1 | 5975-5978 | The usual catalyst is a finely divided metal such as platinum,
palladium or nickel It is also prepared by treating aldehydes
and ketones with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) or lithium
aluminium hydride (LiAlH4) Aldehydes yield primary alcohols
whereas ketones give secondary alcohols (ii) By reduction of carboxylic acids and esters: Carboxylic acids
are reduced to primary alcohols in excellent yields by lithium
aluminium hydride, a strong reducing agent |
1 | 5976-5979 | It is also prepared by treating aldehydes
and ketones with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) or lithium
aluminium hydride (LiAlH4) Aldehydes yield primary alcohols
whereas ketones give secondary alcohols (ii) By reduction of carboxylic acids and esters: Carboxylic acids
are reduced to primary alcohols in excellent yields by lithium
aluminium hydride, a strong reducing agent RCOOH
(i) LiAlH4
(ii) H O
2
RCH OH
2
However, LiAlH4 is an expensive reagent, and therefore, used
for preparing special chemicals only |
1 | 5977-5980 | Aldehydes yield primary alcohols
whereas ketones give secondary alcohols (ii) By reduction of carboxylic acids and esters: Carboxylic acids
are reduced to primary alcohols in excellent yields by lithium
aluminium hydride, a strong reducing agent RCOOH
(i) LiAlH4
(ii) H O
2
RCH OH
2
However, LiAlH4 is an expensive reagent, and therefore, used
for preparing special chemicals only Commercially, acids are
reduced to alcohols by converting them to the esters (Section
7 |
1 | 5978-5981 | (ii) By reduction of carboxylic acids and esters: Carboxylic acids
are reduced to primary alcohols in excellent yields by lithium
aluminium hydride, a strong reducing agent RCOOH
(i) LiAlH4
(ii) H O
2
RCH OH
2
However, LiAlH4 is an expensive reagent, and therefore, used
for preparing special chemicals only Commercially, acids are
reduced to alcohols by converting them to the esters (Section
7 4 |
1 | 5979-5982 | RCOOH
(i) LiAlH4
(ii) H O
2
RCH OH
2
However, LiAlH4 is an expensive reagent, and therefore, used
for preparing special chemicals only Commercially, acids are
reduced to alcohols by converting them to the esters (Section
7 4 4), followed by their reduction using hydrogen in the
presence of catalyst (catalytic hydrogenation) |
1 | 5980-5983 | Commercially, acids are
reduced to alcohols by converting them to the esters (Section
7 4 4), followed by their reduction using hydrogen in the
presence of catalyst (catalytic hydrogenation) R'OH
H
+
Hydroboration -
oxidation was first
reported by H |
1 | 5981-5984 | 4 4), followed by their reduction using hydrogen in the
presence of catalyst (catalytic hydrogenation) R'OH
H
+
Hydroboration -
oxidation was first
reported by H C |
1 | 5982-5985 | 4), followed by their reduction using hydrogen in the
presence of catalyst (catalytic hydrogenation) R'OH
H
+
Hydroboration -
oxidation was first
reported by H C Brown in 1959 |
1 | 5983-5986 | R'OH
H
+
Hydroboration -
oxidation was first
reported by H C Brown in 1959 For
his studies on boron
containing organic
compounds, Brown
shared the 1979 Nobel
prize in Chemistry
with G |
1 | 5984-5987 | C Brown in 1959 For
his studies on boron
containing organic
compounds, Brown
shared the 1979 Nobel
prize in Chemistry
with G Wittig |
1 | 5985-5988 | Brown in 1959 For
his studies on boron
containing organic
compounds, Brown
shared the 1979 Nobel
prize in Chemistry
with G Wittig The numbers in front
of the reagents along
the arrow indicate
that the second
reagent is added only
when the reaction
with first is complete |
1 | 5986-5989 | For
his studies on boron
containing organic
compounds, Brown
shared the 1979 Nobel
prize in Chemistry
with G Wittig The numbers in front
of the reagents along
the arrow indicate
that the second
reagent is added only
when the reaction
with first is complete Rationalised 2023-24
201
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
3 |
1 | 5987-5990 | Wittig The numbers in front
of the reagents along
the arrow indicate
that the second
reagent is added only
when the reaction
with first is complete Rationalised 2023-24
201
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
3 From Grignard reagents
Alcohols are produced by the reaction of Grignard reagents (Unit 6,
Class XII) with aldehydes and ketones |
1 | 5988-5991 | The numbers in front
of the reagents along
the arrow indicate
that the second
reagent is added only
when the reaction
with first is complete Rationalised 2023-24
201
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
3 From Grignard reagents
Alcohols are produced by the reaction of Grignard reagents (Unit 6,
Class XII) with aldehydes and ketones The first step of the reaction is the nucleophilic addition of Grignard
reagent to the carbonyl group to form an adduct |
1 | 5989-5992 | Rationalised 2023-24
201
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
3 From Grignard reagents
Alcohols are produced by the reaction of Grignard reagents (Unit 6,
Class XII) with aldehydes and ketones The first step of the reaction is the nucleophilic addition of Grignard
reagent to the carbonyl group to form an adduct Hydrolysis of the
adduct yields an alcohol |
1 | 5990-5993 | From Grignard reagents
Alcohols are produced by the reaction of Grignard reagents (Unit 6,
Class XII) with aldehydes and ketones The first step of the reaction is the nucleophilic addition of Grignard
reagent to the carbonyl group to form an adduct Hydrolysis of the
adduct yields an alcohol (i) |
1 | 5991-5994 | The first step of the reaction is the nucleophilic addition of Grignard
reagent to the carbonyl group to form an adduct Hydrolysis of the
adduct yields an alcohol (i) (ii)
The overall reactions using different aldehydes and ketones are as
follows:
You will notice that the reaction produces a primary alcohol with
methanal, a secondary alcohol with other aldehydes and tertiary alcohol
with ketones |
1 | 5992-5995 | Hydrolysis of the
adduct yields an alcohol (i) (ii)
The overall reactions using different aldehydes and ketones are as
follows:
You will notice that the reaction produces a primary alcohol with
methanal, a secondary alcohol with other aldehydes and tertiary alcohol
with ketones Give the structures and IUPAC names of the products expected from
the following reactions:
(a) Catalytic reduction of butanal |
1 | 5993-5996 | (i) (ii)
The overall reactions using different aldehydes and ketones are as
follows:
You will notice that the reaction produces a primary alcohol with
methanal, a secondary alcohol with other aldehydes and tertiary alcohol
with ketones Give the structures and IUPAC names of the products expected from
the following reactions:
(a) Catalytic reduction of butanal (b) Hydration of propene in the presence of dilute sulphuric acid |
1 | 5994-5997 | (ii)
The overall reactions using different aldehydes and ketones are as
follows:
You will notice that the reaction produces a primary alcohol with
methanal, a secondary alcohol with other aldehydes and tertiary alcohol
with ketones Give the structures and IUPAC names of the products expected from
the following reactions:
(a) Catalytic reduction of butanal (b) Hydration of propene in the presence of dilute sulphuric acid (c) Reaction of propanone with methylmagnesium bromide followed
by hydrolysis |
1 | 5995-5998 | Give the structures and IUPAC names of the products expected from
the following reactions:
(a) Catalytic reduction of butanal (b) Hydration of propene in the presence of dilute sulphuric acid (c) Reaction of propanone with methylmagnesium bromide followed
by hydrolysis Example 7 |
1 | 5996-5999 | (b) Hydration of propene in the presence of dilute sulphuric acid (c) Reaction of propanone with methylmagnesium bromide followed
by hydrolysis Example 7 2
Example 7 |
1 | 5997-6000 | (c) Reaction of propanone with methylmagnesium bromide followed
by hydrolysis Example 7 2
Example 7 2
Example 7 |
1 | 5998-6001 | Example 7 2
Example 7 2
Example 7 2
Example 7 |
1 | 5999-6002 | 2
Example 7 2
Example 7 2
Example 7 2
Example 7 |
1 | 6000-6003 | 2
Example 7 2
Example 7 2
Example 7 2
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
(a)
(b)
Phenol, also known as carbolic acid, was first isolated in the early
nineteenth century from coal tar |
1 | 6001-6004 | 2
Example 7 2
Example 7 2
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
(a)
(b)
Phenol, also known as carbolic acid, was first isolated in the early
nineteenth century from coal tar Nowadays, phenol is commercially
produced synthetically |
1 | 6002-6005 | 2
Example 7 2
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
(a)
(b)
Phenol, also known as carbolic acid, was first isolated in the early
nineteenth century from coal tar Nowadays, phenol is commercially
produced synthetically In the laboratory, phenols are prepared from
benzene derivatives by any of the following methods:
7 |
1 | 6003-6006 | 2
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
(a)
(b)
Phenol, also known as carbolic acid, was first isolated in the early
nineteenth century from coal tar Nowadays, phenol is commercially
produced synthetically In the laboratory, phenols are prepared from
benzene derivatives by any of the following methods:
7 4 |
1 | 6004-6007 | Nowadays, phenol is commercially
produced synthetically In the laboratory, phenols are prepared from
benzene derivatives by any of the following methods:
7 4 2
Preparation
of Phenols
The reaction of
Grignard reagents
with methanal
produces a primary
alcohol, with other
aldehydes, secondary
alcohols and with
ketones, tertiary
alcohols |
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