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1 | 5805-5808 | 17
Out of C6H5CH2Cl and C6H5CHClC6H5, which is more easily hydrolysed by aqueous
KOH 6 18
p-Dichlorobenzene has higher m p |
1 | 5806-5809 | 6 18
p-Dichlorobenzene has higher m p than those of o- and m-isomers |
1 | 5807-5810 | 18
p-Dichlorobenzene has higher m p than those of o- and m-isomers Discuss |
1 | 5808-5811 | p than those of o- and m-isomers Discuss 6 |
1 | 5809-5812 | than those of o- and m-isomers Discuss 6 19
How the following conversions can be carried out |
1 | 5810-5813 | Discuss 6 19
How the following conversions can be carried out (i) Propene to propan-1-ol
(ii) Ethanol to but-1-yne
(iii) 1-Bromopropane to 2-bromopropane
Rationalised 2023-24
191 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
(iv) Toluene to benzyl alcohol
(v) Benzene to 4-bromonitrobenzene
(vi) Benzyl alcohol to 2-phenylethanoic acid
(vii) Ethanol to propanenitrile
(viii) Aniline to chlorobenzene
(ix) 2-Chlorobutane to 3, 4-dimethylhexane
(x) 2-Methyl-1-propene to 2-chloro-2-methylpropane
(xi) Ethyl chloride to propanoic acid
(xii) But-1-ene to n-butyliodide
(xiii) 2-Chloropropane to 1-propanol
(xiv) Isopropyl alcohol to iodoform
(xv) Chlorobenzene to p-nitrophenol
(xvi) 2-Bromopropane to 1-bromopropane
(xvii) Chloroethane to butane
(xviii) Benzene to diphenyl
(xix) tert-Butyl bromide to isobutyl bromide
(xx) Aniline to phenylisocyanide
6 |
1 | 5811-5814 | 6 19
How the following conversions can be carried out (i) Propene to propan-1-ol
(ii) Ethanol to but-1-yne
(iii) 1-Bromopropane to 2-bromopropane
Rationalised 2023-24
191 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
(iv) Toluene to benzyl alcohol
(v) Benzene to 4-bromonitrobenzene
(vi) Benzyl alcohol to 2-phenylethanoic acid
(vii) Ethanol to propanenitrile
(viii) Aniline to chlorobenzene
(ix) 2-Chlorobutane to 3, 4-dimethylhexane
(x) 2-Methyl-1-propene to 2-chloro-2-methylpropane
(xi) Ethyl chloride to propanoic acid
(xii) But-1-ene to n-butyliodide
(xiii) 2-Chloropropane to 1-propanol
(xiv) Isopropyl alcohol to iodoform
(xv) Chlorobenzene to p-nitrophenol
(xvi) 2-Bromopropane to 1-bromopropane
(xvii) Chloroethane to butane
(xviii) Benzene to diphenyl
(xix) tert-Butyl bromide to isobutyl bromide
(xx) Aniline to phenylisocyanide
6 20
The treatment of alkyl chlorides with aqueous KOH leads to the formation of
alcohols but in the presence of alcoholic KOH, alkenes are major products |
1 | 5812-5815 | 19
How the following conversions can be carried out (i) Propene to propan-1-ol
(ii) Ethanol to but-1-yne
(iii) 1-Bromopropane to 2-bromopropane
Rationalised 2023-24
191 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
(iv) Toluene to benzyl alcohol
(v) Benzene to 4-bromonitrobenzene
(vi) Benzyl alcohol to 2-phenylethanoic acid
(vii) Ethanol to propanenitrile
(viii) Aniline to chlorobenzene
(ix) 2-Chlorobutane to 3, 4-dimethylhexane
(x) 2-Methyl-1-propene to 2-chloro-2-methylpropane
(xi) Ethyl chloride to propanoic acid
(xii) But-1-ene to n-butyliodide
(xiii) 2-Chloropropane to 1-propanol
(xiv) Isopropyl alcohol to iodoform
(xv) Chlorobenzene to p-nitrophenol
(xvi) 2-Bromopropane to 1-bromopropane
(xvii) Chloroethane to butane
(xviii) Benzene to diphenyl
(xix) tert-Butyl bromide to isobutyl bromide
(xx) Aniline to phenylisocyanide
6 20
The treatment of alkyl chlorides with aqueous KOH leads to the formation of
alcohols but in the presence of alcoholic KOH, alkenes are major products Explain |
1 | 5813-5816 | (i) Propene to propan-1-ol
(ii) Ethanol to but-1-yne
(iii) 1-Bromopropane to 2-bromopropane
Rationalised 2023-24
191 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
(iv) Toluene to benzyl alcohol
(v) Benzene to 4-bromonitrobenzene
(vi) Benzyl alcohol to 2-phenylethanoic acid
(vii) Ethanol to propanenitrile
(viii) Aniline to chlorobenzene
(ix) 2-Chlorobutane to 3, 4-dimethylhexane
(x) 2-Methyl-1-propene to 2-chloro-2-methylpropane
(xi) Ethyl chloride to propanoic acid
(xii) But-1-ene to n-butyliodide
(xiii) 2-Chloropropane to 1-propanol
(xiv) Isopropyl alcohol to iodoform
(xv) Chlorobenzene to p-nitrophenol
(xvi) 2-Bromopropane to 1-bromopropane
(xvii) Chloroethane to butane
(xviii) Benzene to diphenyl
(xix) tert-Butyl bromide to isobutyl bromide
(xx) Aniline to phenylisocyanide
6 20
The treatment of alkyl chlorides with aqueous KOH leads to the formation of
alcohols but in the presence of alcoholic KOH, alkenes are major products Explain 6 |
1 | 5814-5817 | 20
The treatment of alkyl chlorides with aqueous KOH leads to the formation of
alcohols but in the presence of alcoholic KOH, alkenes are major products Explain 6 21
Primary alkyl halide C4H9Br (a) reacted with alcoholic KOH to give compound (b) |
1 | 5815-5818 | Explain 6 21
Primary alkyl halide C4H9Br (a) reacted with alcoholic KOH to give compound (b) Compound (b) is reacted with HBr to give (c) which is an isomer of (a) |
1 | 5816-5819 | 6 21
Primary alkyl halide C4H9Br (a) reacted with alcoholic KOH to give compound (b) Compound (b) is reacted with HBr to give (c) which is an isomer of (a) When
(a) is reacted with sodium metal it gives compound (d), C8H18 which is different
from the compound formed when n-butyl bromide is reacted with sodium |
1 | 5817-5820 | 21
Primary alkyl halide C4H9Br (a) reacted with alcoholic KOH to give compound (b) Compound (b) is reacted with HBr to give (c) which is an isomer of (a) When
(a) is reacted with sodium metal it gives compound (d), C8H18 which is different
from the compound formed when n-butyl bromide is reacted with sodium Give the structural formula of (a) and write the equations for all the reactions |
1 | 5818-5821 | Compound (b) is reacted with HBr to give (c) which is an isomer of (a) When
(a) is reacted with sodium metal it gives compound (d), C8H18 which is different
from the compound formed when n-butyl bromide is reacted with sodium Give the structural formula of (a) and write the equations for all the reactions 6 |
1 | 5819-5822 | When
(a) is reacted with sodium metal it gives compound (d), C8H18 which is different
from the compound formed when n-butyl bromide is reacted with sodium Give the structural formula of (a) and write the equations for all the reactions 6 22
What happens when
(i) n-butyl chloride is treated with alcoholic KOH,
(ii) bromobenzene is treated with Mg in the presence of dry ether,
(iii) chlorobenzene is subjected to hydrolysis,
(iv) ethyl chloride is treated with aqueous KOH,
(v) methyl bromide is treated with sodium in the presence of dry ether,
(vi) methyl chloride is treated with KCN |
1 | 5820-5823 | Give the structural formula of (a) and write the equations for all the reactions 6 22
What happens when
(i) n-butyl chloride is treated with alcoholic KOH,
(ii) bromobenzene is treated with Mg in the presence of dry ether,
(iii) chlorobenzene is subjected to hydrolysis,
(iv) ethyl chloride is treated with aqueous KOH,
(v) methyl bromide is treated with sodium in the presence of dry ether,
(vi) methyl chloride is treated with KCN Answers to Some Intext Questions
6 |
1 | 5821-5824 | 6 22
What happens when
(i) n-butyl chloride is treated with alcoholic KOH,
(ii) bromobenzene is treated with Mg in the presence of dry ether,
(iii) chlorobenzene is subjected to hydrolysis,
(iv) ethyl chloride is treated with aqueous KOH,
(v) methyl bromide is treated with sodium in the presence of dry ether,
(vi) methyl chloride is treated with KCN Answers to Some Intext Questions
6 1
6 |
1 | 5822-5825 | 22
What happens when
(i) n-butyl chloride is treated with alcoholic KOH,
(ii) bromobenzene is treated with Mg in the presence of dry ether,
(iii) chlorobenzene is subjected to hydrolysis,
(iv) ethyl chloride is treated with aqueous KOH,
(v) methyl bromide is treated with sodium in the presence of dry ether,
(vi) methyl chloride is treated with KCN Answers to Some Intext Questions
6 1
6 2
(i) H2SO4 cannot be used along with KI in the conversion of an alcohol to
an alkyl iodide as it converts KI to corresponding acid, HI which is then
oxidised by it to I2 |
1 | 5823-5826 | Answers to Some Intext Questions
6 1
6 2
(i) H2SO4 cannot be used along with KI in the conversion of an alcohol to
an alkyl iodide as it converts KI to corresponding acid, HI which is then
oxidised by it to I2 6 |
1 | 5824-5827 | 1
6 2
(i) H2SO4 cannot be used along with KI in the conversion of an alcohol to
an alkyl iodide as it converts KI to corresponding acid, HI which is then
oxidised by it to I2 6 3
(i) ClCH2CH2CH2Cl (ii) ClCH2CHClCH3 (iii) Cl2CHCH2CH3 (iv) CH3CCl2CH3
Rationalised 2023-24
192
Chemistry
6 |
1 | 5825-5828 | 2
(i) H2SO4 cannot be used along with KI in the conversion of an alcohol to
an alkyl iodide as it converts KI to corresponding acid, HI which is then
oxidised by it to I2 6 3
(i) ClCH2CH2CH2Cl (ii) ClCH2CHClCH3 (iii) Cl2CHCH2CH3 (iv) CH3CCl2CH3
Rationalised 2023-24
192
Chemistry
6 4
6 |
1 | 5826-5829 | 6 3
(i) ClCH2CH2CH2Cl (ii) ClCH2CHClCH3 (iii) Cl2CHCH2CH3 (iv) CH3CCl2CH3
Rationalised 2023-24
192
Chemistry
6 4
6 5
6 |
1 | 5827-5830 | 3
(i) ClCH2CH2CH2Cl (ii) ClCH2CHClCH3 (iii) Cl2CHCH2CH3 (iv) CH3CCl2CH3
Rationalised 2023-24
192
Chemistry
6 4
6 5
6 6
(i) Chloromethane, Bromomethane, Dibromomethane, Bromoform |
1 | 5828-5831 | 4
6 5
6 6
(i) Chloromethane, Bromomethane, Dibromomethane, Bromoform Boiling point increases with increase in molecular mass |
1 | 5829-5832 | 5
6 6
(i) Chloromethane, Bromomethane, Dibromomethane, Bromoform Boiling point increases with increase in molecular mass (ii) Isopropylchloride,
1-Chloropropane,
1-Chlorobutane |
1 | 5830-5833 | 6
(i) Chloromethane, Bromomethane, Dibromomethane, Bromoform Boiling point increases with increase in molecular mass (ii) Isopropylchloride,
1-Chloropropane,
1-Chlorobutane Isopropylchloride being branched has lower b |
1 | 5831-5834 | Boiling point increases with increase in molecular mass (ii) Isopropylchloride,
1-Chloropropane,
1-Chlorobutane Isopropylchloride being branched has lower b p |
1 | 5832-5835 | (ii) Isopropylchloride,
1-Chloropropane,
1-Chlorobutane Isopropylchloride being branched has lower b p than 1-
Chloropropane |
1 | 5833-5836 | Isopropylchloride being branched has lower b p than 1-
Chloropropane 6 |
1 | 5834-5837 | p than 1-
Chloropropane 6 7
(i) CH3CH2CH2CH2Br
Being primary halide, there won’t be any
steric hindrance |
1 | 5835-5838 | than 1-
Chloropropane 6 7
(i) CH3CH2CH2CH2Br
Being primary halide, there won’t be any
steric hindrance (ii)
Secondary halide reacts faster than tertiary
halide |
1 | 5836-5839 | 6 7
(i) CH3CH2CH2CH2Br
Being primary halide, there won’t be any
steric hindrance (ii)
Secondary halide reacts faster than tertiary
halide (iii)
The presence of methyl group closer to the
halide group will increase the steric
hindrance and decrease the rate |
1 | 5837-5840 | 7
(i) CH3CH2CH2CH2Br
Being primary halide, there won’t be any
steric hindrance (ii)
Secondary halide reacts faster than tertiary
halide (iii)
The presence of methyl group closer to the
halide group will increase the steric
hindrance and decrease the rate The equivalent hydrogens are grouped as a, b and
c |
1 | 5838-5841 | (ii)
Secondary halide reacts faster than tertiary
halide (iii)
The presence of methyl group closer to the
halide group will increase the steric
hindrance and decrease the rate The equivalent hydrogens are grouped as a, b and
c The replacement of equivalent hydrogens will
give the same product |
1 | 5839-5842 | (iii)
The presence of methyl group closer to the
halide group will increase the steric
hindrance and decrease the rate The equivalent hydrogens are grouped as a, b and
c The replacement of equivalent hydrogens will
give the same product All the hydrogen atoms are equivalent and replacement
of any hydrogen will give the same product |
1 | 5840-5843 | The equivalent hydrogens are grouped as a, b and
c The replacement of equivalent hydrogens will
give the same product All the hydrogen atoms are equivalent and replacement
of any hydrogen will give the same product Similarly the equivalent hydrogens are grouped as
a, b, c and d |
1 | 5841-5844 | The replacement of equivalent hydrogens will
give the same product All the hydrogen atoms are equivalent and replacement
of any hydrogen will give the same product Similarly the equivalent hydrogens are grouped as
a, b, c and d Thus, four isomeric products are
possible |
1 | 5842-5845 | All the hydrogen atoms are equivalent and replacement
of any hydrogen will give the same product Similarly the equivalent hydrogens are grouped as
a, b, c and d Thus, four isomeric products are
possible 6 |
1 | 5843-5846 | Similarly the equivalent hydrogens are grouped as
a, b, c and d Thus, four isomeric products are
possible 6 8
(i)
Tertiary halide reacts faster than secondary halide
because of the greater stability of tert-carbocation |
1 | 5844-5847 | Thus, four isomeric products are
possible 6 8
(i)
Tertiary halide reacts faster than secondary halide
because of the greater stability of tert-carbocation (ii)
Because of greater stability of secondary carbocation than
primary |
1 | 5845-5848 | 6 8
(i)
Tertiary halide reacts faster than secondary halide
because of the greater stability of tert-carbocation (ii)
Because of greater stability of secondary carbocation than
primary 6 |
1 | 5846-5849 | 8
(i)
Tertiary halide reacts faster than secondary halide
because of the greater stability of tert-carbocation (ii)
Because of greater stability of secondary carbocation than
primary 6 9
Rationalised 2023-24
After studying this Unit, you will be
•able to
name
alcohols,
phenols
and
ethers according to the IUPAC
system of nomenclature;
•
discuss the reactions involved in
the preparation of alcohols from
alkenes, aldehydes, ketones and
carboxylic acids;
•
discuss the reactions involved in
the preparation of phenols from
haloarenes, benzene sulphonic
acids,
diazonium
salts
and
cumene;
•
discuss
the
reactions
for
preparation
of
ethers
from
(i) alcohols and (ii) alkyl halides
and sodium alkoxides/aryloxides;
•
correlate physical properties of
alcohols, phenols and ethers with
their structures;
•
discuss chemical reactions of the
three classes of compounds on
the basis of their functional
groups |
1 | 5847-5850 | (ii)
Because of greater stability of secondary carbocation than
primary 6 9
Rationalised 2023-24
After studying this Unit, you will be
•able to
name
alcohols,
phenols
and
ethers according to the IUPAC
system of nomenclature;
•
discuss the reactions involved in
the preparation of alcohols from
alkenes, aldehydes, ketones and
carboxylic acids;
•
discuss the reactions involved in
the preparation of phenols from
haloarenes, benzene sulphonic
acids,
diazonium
salts
and
cumene;
•
discuss
the
reactions
for
preparation
of
ethers
from
(i) alcohols and (ii) alkyl halides
and sodium alkoxides/aryloxides;
•
correlate physical properties of
alcohols, phenols and ethers with
their structures;
•
discuss chemical reactions of the
three classes of compounds on
the basis of their functional
groups Objectives
Alcohols, phenols and ethers are the basic compounds for the
formation of detergents, antiseptics and fragrances, respectively |
1 | 5848-5851 | 6 9
Rationalised 2023-24
After studying this Unit, you will be
•able to
name
alcohols,
phenols
and
ethers according to the IUPAC
system of nomenclature;
•
discuss the reactions involved in
the preparation of alcohols from
alkenes, aldehydes, ketones and
carboxylic acids;
•
discuss the reactions involved in
the preparation of phenols from
haloarenes, benzene sulphonic
acids,
diazonium
salts
and
cumene;
•
discuss
the
reactions
for
preparation
of
ethers
from
(i) alcohols and (ii) alkyl halides
and sodium alkoxides/aryloxides;
•
correlate physical properties of
alcohols, phenols and ethers with
their structures;
•
discuss chemical reactions of the
three classes of compounds on
the basis of their functional
groups Objectives
Alcohols, phenols and ethers are the basic compounds for the
formation of detergents, antiseptics and fragrances, respectively 7
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit7
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols,,,,, Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
and
and
and
and
and EEEEEther
ther
ther
ther
thersssss
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols,,,,, Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
and
and
and
and
and EEEEEther
ther
ther
ther
thersssss
You have learnt that substitution of one or more
hydrogen atom(s) from a hydrocarbon by another atom
or a group of atoms result in the formation of an entirely
new compound having altogether different properties
and applications |
1 | 5849-5852 | 9
Rationalised 2023-24
After studying this Unit, you will be
•able to
name
alcohols,
phenols
and
ethers according to the IUPAC
system of nomenclature;
•
discuss the reactions involved in
the preparation of alcohols from
alkenes, aldehydes, ketones and
carboxylic acids;
•
discuss the reactions involved in
the preparation of phenols from
haloarenes, benzene sulphonic
acids,
diazonium
salts
and
cumene;
•
discuss
the
reactions
for
preparation
of
ethers
from
(i) alcohols and (ii) alkyl halides
and sodium alkoxides/aryloxides;
•
correlate physical properties of
alcohols, phenols and ethers with
their structures;
•
discuss chemical reactions of the
three classes of compounds on
the basis of their functional
groups Objectives
Alcohols, phenols and ethers are the basic compounds for the
formation of detergents, antiseptics and fragrances, respectively 7
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit7
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols,,,,, Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
and
and
and
and
and EEEEEther
ther
ther
ther
thersssss
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols,,,,, Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
and
and
and
and
and EEEEEther
ther
ther
ther
thersssss
You have learnt that substitution of one or more
hydrogen atom(s) from a hydrocarbon by another atom
or a group of atoms result in the formation of an entirely
new compound having altogether different properties
and applications Alcohols and phenols are formed
when a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon, aliphatic and
aromatic respectively, is replaced by –OH group |
1 | 5850-5853 | Objectives
Alcohols, phenols and ethers are the basic compounds for the
formation of detergents, antiseptics and fragrances, respectively 7
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit7
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols,,,,, Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
and
and
and
and
and EEEEEther
ther
ther
ther
thersssss
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols,,,,, Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
and
and
and
and
and EEEEEther
ther
ther
ther
thersssss
You have learnt that substitution of one or more
hydrogen atom(s) from a hydrocarbon by another atom
or a group of atoms result in the formation of an entirely
new compound having altogether different properties
and applications Alcohols and phenols are formed
when a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon, aliphatic and
aromatic respectively, is replaced by –OH group These
classes of compounds find wide applications in industry
as well as in day-to-day life |
1 | 5851-5854 | 7
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit7
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols,,,,, Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
and
and
and
and
and EEEEEther
ther
ther
ther
thersssss
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols
Alcohols,,,,, Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
Phenols
and
and
and
and
and EEEEEther
ther
ther
ther
thersssss
You have learnt that substitution of one or more
hydrogen atom(s) from a hydrocarbon by another atom
or a group of atoms result in the formation of an entirely
new compound having altogether different properties
and applications Alcohols and phenols are formed
when a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon, aliphatic and
aromatic respectively, is replaced by –OH group These
classes of compounds find wide applications in industry
as well as in day-to-day life For instance, have you
ever noticed that ordinary spirit used for polishing
wooden furniture is chiefly a compound containing
hydroxyl group, ethanol |
1 | 5852-5855 | Alcohols and phenols are formed
when a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon, aliphatic and
aromatic respectively, is replaced by –OH group These
classes of compounds find wide applications in industry
as well as in day-to-day life For instance, have you
ever noticed that ordinary spirit used for polishing
wooden furniture is chiefly a compound containing
hydroxyl group, ethanol The sugar we eat, the cotton
used for fabrics, the paper we use for writing, are all
made up of compounds containing –OH groups |
1 | 5853-5856 | These
classes of compounds find wide applications in industry
as well as in day-to-day life For instance, have you
ever noticed that ordinary spirit used for polishing
wooden furniture is chiefly a compound containing
hydroxyl group, ethanol The sugar we eat, the cotton
used for fabrics, the paper we use for writing, are all
made up of compounds containing –OH groups Just
think of life without paper; no note-books, books, news-
papers, currency notes, cheques, certificates, etc |
1 | 5854-5857 | For instance, have you
ever noticed that ordinary spirit used for polishing
wooden furniture is chiefly a compound containing
hydroxyl group, ethanol The sugar we eat, the cotton
used for fabrics, the paper we use for writing, are all
made up of compounds containing –OH groups Just
think of life without paper; no note-books, books, news-
papers, currency notes, cheques, certificates, etc The
magazines carrying beautiful photographs and
interesting stories would disappear from our life |
1 | 5855-5858 | The sugar we eat, the cotton
used for fabrics, the paper we use for writing, are all
made up of compounds containing –OH groups Just
think of life without paper; no note-books, books, news-
papers, currency notes, cheques, certificates, etc The
magazines carrying beautiful photographs and
interesting stories would disappear from our life It
would have been really a different world |
1 | 5856-5859 | Just
think of life without paper; no note-books, books, news-
papers, currency notes, cheques, certificates, etc The
magazines carrying beautiful photographs and
interesting stories would disappear from our life It
would have been really a different world An alcohol contains one or more hydroxyl (OH)
group(s) directly attached to carbon atom(s), of an
aliphatic system (CH3OH) while a phenol contains –OH
group(s) directly attached to carbon atom(s) of an
aromatic system (C6H5OH) |
1 | 5857-5860 | The
magazines carrying beautiful photographs and
interesting stories would disappear from our life It
would have been really a different world An alcohol contains one or more hydroxyl (OH)
group(s) directly attached to carbon atom(s), of an
aliphatic system (CH3OH) while a phenol contains –OH
group(s) directly attached to carbon atom(s) of an
aromatic system (C6H5OH) The substitution of a hydrogen atom in a
hydrocarbon by an alkoxy or aryloxy group
(R–O/Ar–O) yields another class of compounds known
as ‘ethers’, for example, CH3OCH3 (dimethyl ether) |
1 | 5858-5861 | It
would have been really a different world An alcohol contains one or more hydroxyl (OH)
group(s) directly attached to carbon atom(s), of an
aliphatic system (CH3OH) while a phenol contains –OH
group(s) directly attached to carbon atom(s) of an
aromatic system (C6H5OH) The substitution of a hydrogen atom in a
hydrocarbon by an alkoxy or aryloxy group
(R–O/Ar–O) yields another class of compounds known
as ‘ethers’, for example, CH3OCH3 (dimethyl ether) You
may also visualise ethers as compounds formed by
Rationalised 2023-24
194
Chemistry
substituting the hydrogen atom of hydroxyl group of an alcohol or
phenol by an alkyl or aryl group |
1 | 5859-5862 | An alcohol contains one or more hydroxyl (OH)
group(s) directly attached to carbon atom(s), of an
aliphatic system (CH3OH) while a phenol contains –OH
group(s) directly attached to carbon atom(s) of an
aromatic system (C6H5OH) The substitution of a hydrogen atom in a
hydrocarbon by an alkoxy or aryloxy group
(R–O/Ar–O) yields another class of compounds known
as ‘ethers’, for example, CH3OCH3 (dimethyl ether) You
may also visualise ethers as compounds formed by
Rationalised 2023-24
194
Chemistry
substituting the hydrogen atom of hydroxyl group of an alcohol or
phenol by an alkyl or aryl group In this unit, we shall discuss the chemistry of three classes of
compounds, namely — alcohols, phenols and ethers |
1 | 5860-5863 | The substitution of a hydrogen atom in a
hydrocarbon by an alkoxy or aryloxy group
(R–O/Ar–O) yields another class of compounds known
as ‘ethers’, for example, CH3OCH3 (dimethyl ether) You
may also visualise ethers as compounds formed by
Rationalised 2023-24
194
Chemistry
substituting the hydrogen atom of hydroxyl group of an alcohol or
phenol by an alkyl or aryl group In this unit, we shall discuss the chemistry of three classes of
compounds, namely — alcohols, phenols and ethers Monohydric alcohols may be further classified according to the
hybridisation of the carbon atom to which the hydroxyl group is
attached |
1 | 5861-5864 | You
may also visualise ethers as compounds formed by
Rationalised 2023-24
194
Chemistry
substituting the hydrogen atom of hydroxyl group of an alcohol or
phenol by an alkyl or aryl group In this unit, we shall discuss the chemistry of three classes of
compounds, namely — alcohols, phenols and ethers Monohydric alcohols may be further classified according to the
hybridisation of the carbon atom to which the hydroxyl group is
attached (i) Compounds containing
C3
spOH
bond: In this class of alcohols,
the –OH group is attached to an sp
3 hybridised carbon atom of an
alkyl group |
1 | 5862-5865 | In this unit, we shall discuss the chemistry of three classes of
compounds, namely — alcohols, phenols and ethers Monohydric alcohols may be further classified according to the
hybridisation of the carbon atom to which the hydroxyl group is
attached (i) Compounds containing
C3
spOH
bond: In this class of alcohols,
the –OH group is attached to an sp
3 hybridised carbon atom of an
alkyl group They are further classified as follows:
Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols: In these three types of
alcohols, the –OH group is attached to primary, secondary and
tertiary carbon atom, respectively as depicted below:
Allylic alcohols: In these alcohols, the —OH group is attached to
a sp
3 hybridised carbon adjacent to the carbon-carbon double
bond, that is to an allylic carbon |
1 | 5863-5866 | Monohydric alcohols may be further classified according to the
hybridisation of the carbon atom to which the hydroxyl group is
attached (i) Compounds containing
C3
spOH
bond: In this class of alcohols,
the –OH group is attached to an sp
3 hybridised carbon atom of an
alkyl group They are further classified as follows:
Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols: In these three types of
alcohols, the –OH group is attached to primary, secondary and
tertiary carbon atom, respectively as depicted below:
Allylic alcohols: In these alcohols, the —OH group is attached to
a sp
3 hybridised carbon adjacent to the carbon-carbon double
bond, that is to an allylic carbon For example
Benzylic alcohols: In these alcohols, the —OH group is attached
to a sp
3—hybridised carbon atom next to an aromatic ring |
1 | 5864-5867 | (i) Compounds containing
C3
spOH
bond: In this class of alcohols,
the –OH group is attached to an sp
3 hybridised carbon atom of an
alkyl group They are further classified as follows:
Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols: In these three types of
alcohols, the –OH group is attached to primary, secondary and
tertiary carbon atom, respectively as depicted below:
Allylic alcohols: In these alcohols, the —OH group is attached to
a sp
3 hybridised carbon adjacent to the carbon-carbon double
bond, that is to an allylic carbon For example
Benzylic alcohols: In these alcohols, the —OH group is attached
to a sp
3—hybridised carbon atom next to an aromatic ring For
example |
1 | 5865-5868 | They are further classified as follows:
Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols: In these three types of
alcohols, the –OH group is attached to primary, secondary and
tertiary carbon atom, respectively as depicted below:
Allylic alcohols: In these alcohols, the —OH group is attached to
a sp
3 hybridised carbon adjacent to the carbon-carbon double
bond, that is to an allylic carbon For example
Benzylic alcohols: In these alcohols, the —OH group is attached
to a sp
3—hybridised carbon atom next to an aromatic ring For
example The classification of compounds makes their study systematic and
hence simpler |
1 | 5866-5869 | For example
Benzylic alcohols: In these alcohols, the —OH group is attached
to a sp
3—hybridised carbon atom next to an aromatic ring For
example The classification of compounds makes their study systematic and
hence simpler Therefore, let us first learn how are alcohols, phenols
and ethers classified |
1 | 5867-5870 | For
example The classification of compounds makes their study systematic and
hence simpler Therefore, let us first learn how are alcohols, phenols
and ethers classified Alcohols and phenols may be classified as mono–, di–, tri- or
polyhydric compounds depending on whether they contain one, two,
three or many hydroxyl groups respectively in their structures as
given below:
7 |
1 | 5868-5871 | The classification of compounds makes their study systematic and
hence simpler Therefore, let us first learn how are alcohols, phenols
and ethers classified Alcohols and phenols may be classified as mono–, di–, tri- or
polyhydric compounds depending on whether they contain one, two,
three or many hydroxyl groups respectively in their structures as
given below:
7 1
7 |
1 | 5869-5872 | Therefore, let us first learn how are alcohols, phenols
and ethers classified Alcohols and phenols may be classified as mono–, di–, tri- or
polyhydric compounds depending on whether they contain one, two,
three or many hydroxyl groups respectively in their structures as
given below:
7 1
7 1
7 |
1 | 5870-5873 | Alcohols and phenols may be classified as mono–, di–, tri- or
polyhydric compounds depending on whether they contain one, two,
three or many hydroxyl groups respectively in their structures as
given below:
7 1
7 1
7 1
7 |
1 | 5871-5874 | 1
7 1
7 1
7 1
7 |
1 | 5872-5875 | 1
7 1
7 1
7 1 Classification
Classification
Classification
Classification
Classification
7 |
1 | 5873-5876 | 1
7 1
7 1 Classification
Classification
Classification
Classification
Classification
7 1 |
1 | 5874-5877 | 1
7 1 Classification
Classification
Classification
Classification
Classification
7 1 1
Alcohols—
Mono, Di,
Tri or
Polyhydric
alcohols
Monohydric
Dihydric
Trihydric
Rationalised 2023-24
195
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Allylic and benzylic alcohols may be primary, secondary or tertiary |
1 | 5875-5878 | 1 Classification
Classification
Classification
Classification
Classification
7 1 1
Alcohols—
Mono, Di,
Tri or
Polyhydric
alcohols
Monohydric
Dihydric
Trihydric
Rationalised 2023-24
195
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Allylic and benzylic alcohols may be primary, secondary or tertiary (ii) Compounds containing
C2
spOH
bond: These alcohols contain
—OH group bonded to a carbon-carbon double bond, i |
1 | 5876-5879 | 1 1
Alcohols—
Mono, Di,
Tri or
Polyhydric
alcohols
Monohydric
Dihydric
Trihydric
Rationalised 2023-24
195
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Allylic and benzylic alcohols may be primary, secondary or tertiary (ii) Compounds containing
C2
spOH
bond: These alcohols contain
—OH group bonded to a carbon-carbon double bond, i e |
1 | 5877-5880 | 1
Alcohols—
Mono, Di,
Tri or
Polyhydric
alcohols
Monohydric
Dihydric
Trihydric
Rationalised 2023-24
195
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Allylic and benzylic alcohols may be primary, secondary or tertiary (ii) Compounds containing
C2
spOH
bond: These alcohols contain
—OH group bonded to a carbon-carbon double bond, i e , to a
vinylic carbon or to an aryl carbon |
1 | 5878-5881 | (ii) Compounds containing
C2
spOH
bond: These alcohols contain
—OH group bonded to a carbon-carbon double bond, i e , to a
vinylic carbon or to an aryl carbon These alcohols are also known
as vinylic alcohols |
1 | 5879-5882 | e , to a
vinylic carbon or to an aryl carbon These alcohols are also known
as vinylic alcohols Vinylic alcohol: CH2 = CH – OH
7 |
1 | 5880-5883 | , to a
vinylic carbon or to an aryl carbon These alcohols are also known
as vinylic alcohols Vinylic alcohol: CH2 = CH – OH
7 1 |
1 | 5881-5884 | These alcohols are also known
as vinylic alcohols Vinylic alcohol: CH2 = CH – OH
7 1 3
Ethers
CH3
C
CH OH
2
CH3
CH3
(i)
H C
2
CH
CH OH
2
(ii)
CH3
CH2
CH
OH
2
(iii)
CH
OH
CH3
(iv)
CH2
OH
CH CH3
(v)
CH
OH
CH C
CH3
CH3
(vi)
7 |
1 | 5882-5885 | Vinylic alcohol: CH2 = CH – OH
7 1 3
Ethers
CH3
C
CH OH
2
CH3
CH3
(i)
H C
2
CH
CH OH
2
(ii)
CH3
CH2
CH
OH
2
(iii)
CH
OH
CH3
(iv)
CH2
OH
CH CH3
(v)
CH
OH
CH C
CH3
CH3
(vi)
7 1 Classify the following as primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols:
7 |
1 | 5883-5886 | 1 3
Ethers
CH3
C
CH OH
2
CH3
CH3
(i)
H C
2
CH
CH OH
2
(ii)
CH3
CH2
CH
OH
2
(iii)
CH
OH
CH3
(iv)
CH2
OH
CH CH3
(v)
CH
OH
CH C
CH3
CH3
(vi)
7 1 Classify the following as primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols:
7 2 Identify allylic alcohols in the above examples |
1 | 5884-5887 | 3
Ethers
CH3
C
CH OH
2
CH3
CH3
(i)
H C
2
CH
CH OH
2
(ii)
CH3
CH2
CH
OH
2
(iii)
CH
OH
CH3
(iv)
CH2
OH
CH CH3
(v)
CH
OH
CH C
CH3
CH3
(vi)
7 1 Classify the following as primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols:
7 2 Identify allylic alcohols in the above examples Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
7 |
1 | 5885-5888 | 1 Classify the following as primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols:
7 2 Identify allylic alcohols in the above examples Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
7 2 Nomenclature
7 |
1 | 5886-5889 | 2 Identify allylic alcohols in the above examples Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
7 2 Nomenclature
7 2 Nomenclature
7 |
1 | 5887-5890 | Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
7 2 Nomenclature
7 2 Nomenclature
7 2 Nomenclature
7 |
1 | 5888-5891 | 2 Nomenclature
7 2 Nomenclature
7 2 Nomenclature
7 2 Nomenclature
7 |
1 | 5889-5892 | 2 Nomenclature
7 2 Nomenclature
7 2 Nomenclature
7 2 Nomenclature
(a) Alcohols: The common name of an alcohol is derived from the
common name of the alkyl group and adding the word alcohol to it |
1 | 5890-5893 | 2 Nomenclature
7 2 Nomenclature
7 2 Nomenclature
(a) Alcohols: The common name of an alcohol is derived from the
common name of the alkyl group and adding the word alcohol to it For example, CH3OH is methyl alcohol |
1 | 5891-5894 | 2 Nomenclature
7 2 Nomenclature
(a) Alcohols: The common name of an alcohol is derived from the
common name of the alkyl group and adding the word alcohol to it For example, CH3OH is methyl alcohol 7 |
1 | 5892-5895 | 2 Nomenclature
(a) Alcohols: The common name of an alcohol is derived from the
common name of the alkyl group and adding the word alcohol to it For example, CH3OH is methyl alcohol 7 1 |
1 | 5893-5896 | For example, CH3OH is methyl alcohol 7 1 2
Phenols—
Mono, Di
and
trihydric
phenols
Ethers are classified as simple or symmetrical, if the alkyl or aryl
groups attached to the oxygen atom are the same, and mixed or
unsymmetrical, if the two groups are different |
1 | 5894-5897 | 7 1 2
Phenols—
Mono, Di
and
trihydric
phenols
Ethers are classified as simple or symmetrical, if the alkyl or aryl
groups attached to the oxygen atom are the same, and mixed or
unsymmetrical, if the two groups are different Diethyl ether,
C2H5OC2H5, is a symmetrical ether whereas C2H5OCH3 and C2H5OC6H5
are unsymmetrical ethers |
1 | 5895-5898 | 1 2
Phenols—
Mono, Di
and
trihydric
phenols
Ethers are classified as simple or symmetrical, if the alkyl or aryl
groups attached to the oxygen atom are the same, and mixed or
unsymmetrical, if the two groups are different Diethyl ether,
C2H5OC2H5, is a symmetrical ether whereas C2H5OCH3 and C2H5OC6H5
are unsymmetrical ethers Monohydric
Rationalised 2023-24
196
Chemistry
According to IUPAC system, the name of an alcohol is derived from the
name of the alkane from which the alcohol is derived, by substituting ‘e’
of alkane with the suffix ‘ol’ |
1 | 5896-5899 | 2
Phenols—
Mono, Di
and
trihydric
phenols
Ethers are classified as simple or symmetrical, if the alkyl or aryl
groups attached to the oxygen atom are the same, and mixed or
unsymmetrical, if the two groups are different Diethyl ether,
C2H5OC2H5, is a symmetrical ether whereas C2H5OCH3 and C2H5OC6H5
are unsymmetrical ethers Monohydric
Rationalised 2023-24
196
Chemistry
According to IUPAC system, the name of an alcohol is derived from the
name of the alkane from which the alcohol is derived, by substituting ‘e’
of alkane with the suffix ‘ol’ The position of substituents are indicated
by numerals |
1 | 5897-5900 | Diethyl ether,
C2H5OC2H5, is a symmetrical ether whereas C2H5OCH3 and C2H5OC6H5
are unsymmetrical ethers Monohydric
Rationalised 2023-24
196
Chemistry
According to IUPAC system, the name of an alcohol is derived from the
name of the alkane from which the alcohol is derived, by substituting ‘e’
of alkane with the suffix ‘ol’ The position of substituents are indicated
by numerals For this, the longest carbon chain (parent chain) is
numbered starting at the end nearest to the hydroxyl group |
1 | 5898-5901 | Monohydric
Rationalised 2023-24
196
Chemistry
According to IUPAC system, the name of an alcohol is derived from the
name of the alkane from which the alcohol is derived, by substituting ‘e’
of alkane with the suffix ‘ol’ The position of substituents are indicated
by numerals For this, the longest carbon chain (parent chain) is
numbered starting at the end nearest to the hydroxyl group The positions
of the –OH group and other substituents are indicated by using the
numbers of carbon atoms to which these are attached |
1 | 5899-5902 | The position of substituents are indicated
by numerals For this, the longest carbon chain (parent chain) is
numbered starting at the end nearest to the hydroxyl group The positions
of the –OH group and other substituents are indicated by using the
numbers of carbon atoms to which these are attached For naming
polyhydric alcohols, the ‘e’ of alkane is retained and the ending ‘ol’ is
added |
1 | 5900-5903 | For this, the longest carbon chain (parent chain) is
numbered starting at the end nearest to the hydroxyl group The positions
of the –OH group and other substituents are indicated by using the
numbers of carbon atoms to which these are attached For naming
polyhydric alcohols, the ‘e’ of alkane is retained and the ending ‘ol’ is
added The number of –OH groups is indicated by adding the
multiplicative prefix, di, tri, etc |
1 | 5901-5904 | The positions
of the –OH group and other substituents are indicated by using the
numbers of carbon atoms to which these are attached For naming
polyhydric alcohols, the ‘e’ of alkane is retained and the ending ‘ol’ is
added The number of –OH groups is indicated by adding the
multiplicative prefix, di, tri, etc , before ‘ol’ |
1 | 5902-5905 | For naming
polyhydric alcohols, the ‘e’ of alkane is retained and the ending ‘ol’ is
added The number of –OH groups is indicated by adding the
multiplicative prefix, di, tri, etc , before ‘ol’ The positions of –OH groups
are indicated by appropriate locants, e |
1 | 5903-5906 | The number of –OH groups is indicated by adding the
multiplicative prefix, di, tri, etc , before ‘ol’ The positions of –OH groups
are indicated by appropriate locants, e g |
1 | 5904-5907 | , before ‘ol’ The positions of –OH groups
are indicated by appropriate locants, e g , HO–CH2–CH2–OH is named as
ethane–1, 2-diol |
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