Chapter
stringclasses 18
values | sentence_range
stringlengths 3
9
| Text
stringlengths 7
7.34k
|
|---|---|---|
1 | 5205-5208 | These classes of compounds
find wide applications in industry as well as in day-
to-day life They are used as solvents for relatively
non-polar compounds and as starting materials for
the synthesis of wide range of organic compounds Chlorine containing antibiotic, chloramphenicol,
produced by microorganisms is very effective for the
treatment of typhoid fever Our body produces iodine
containing hormone, thyroxine, the deficiency of which
causes a disease called goiter |
1 | 5206-5209 | They are used as solvents for relatively
non-polar compounds and as starting materials for
the synthesis of wide range of organic compounds Chlorine containing antibiotic, chloramphenicol,
produced by microorganisms is very effective for the
treatment of typhoid fever Our body produces iodine
containing hormone, thyroxine, the deficiency of which
causes a disease called goiter Synthetic halogen
compounds, viz |
1 | 5207-5210 | Chlorine containing antibiotic, chloramphenicol,
produced by microorganisms is very effective for the
treatment of typhoid fever Our body produces iodine
containing hormone, thyroxine, the deficiency of which
causes a disease called goiter Synthetic halogen
compounds, viz chloroquine is used for the treatment
of malaria; halothane is used as an anaesthetic
during surgery |
1 | 5208-5211 | Our body produces iodine
containing hormone, thyroxine, the deficiency of which
causes a disease called goiter Synthetic halogen
compounds, viz chloroquine is used for the treatment
of malaria; halothane is used as an anaesthetic
during surgery Certain fully fluorinated compounds
are being considered as potential blood substitutes
in surgery |
1 | 5209-5212 | Synthetic halogen
compounds, viz chloroquine is used for the treatment
of malaria; halothane is used as an anaesthetic
during surgery Certain fully fluorinated compounds
are being considered as potential blood substitutes
in surgery In this Unit, you will study the important methods
of preparation, physical and chemical properties and
uses of organohalogen compounds |
1 | 5210-5213 | chloroquine is used for the treatment
of malaria; halothane is used as an anaesthetic
during surgery Certain fully fluorinated compounds
are being considered as potential blood substitutes
in surgery In this Unit, you will study the important methods
of preparation, physical and chemical properties and
uses of organohalogen compounds After studying this Unit, you will be
·able to
name haloalkanes and haloarenes
according to the IUPAC system of
nomenclature from their given
structures;
·
describe the reactions involved in
the preparation of haloalkanes and
haloarenes
and
understand
various reactions that they
undergo;
·
correlate
the
structures
of
haloalkanes and haloarenes with
various types of reactions;
·
use stereochemistry as a tool for
understanding
the
reaction
mechanism;
·
appreciate the applications of
organo-metallic compounds;
·
highlight the environmental effects
of polyhalogen compounds |
1 | 5211-5214 | Certain fully fluorinated compounds
are being considered as potential blood substitutes
in surgery In this Unit, you will study the important methods
of preparation, physical and chemical properties and
uses of organohalogen compounds After studying this Unit, you will be
·able to
name haloalkanes and haloarenes
according to the IUPAC system of
nomenclature from their given
structures;
·
describe the reactions involved in
the preparation of haloalkanes and
haloarenes
and
understand
various reactions that they
undergo;
·
correlate
the
structures
of
haloalkanes and haloarenes with
various types of reactions;
·
use stereochemistry as a tool for
understanding
the
reaction
mechanism;
·
appreciate the applications of
organo-metallic compounds;
·
highlight the environmental effects
of polyhalogen compounds Objectives
6
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit6
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloar
Haloar
Haloar
Haloar
Haloarenes
enes
enes
enes
enes
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloar
Haloar
Haloar
Haloar
Haloarenes
enes
enes
enes
enes
Halogenated compounds persist in the environment due to their
resistance to breakdown by soil bacteria |
1 | 5212-5215 | In this Unit, you will study the important methods
of preparation, physical and chemical properties and
uses of organohalogen compounds After studying this Unit, you will be
·able to
name haloalkanes and haloarenes
according to the IUPAC system of
nomenclature from their given
structures;
·
describe the reactions involved in
the preparation of haloalkanes and
haloarenes
and
understand
various reactions that they
undergo;
·
correlate
the
structures
of
haloalkanes and haloarenes with
various types of reactions;
·
use stereochemistry as a tool for
understanding
the
reaction
mechanism;
·
appreciate the applications of
organo-metallic compounds;
·
highlight the environmental effects
of polyhalogen compounds Objectives
6
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit6
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloar
Haloar
Haloar
Haloar
Haloarenes
enes
enes
enes
enes
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloar
Haloar
Haloar
Haloar
Haloarenes
enes
enes
enes
enes
Halogenated compounds persist in the environment due to their
resistance to breakdown by soil bacteria Rationalised 2023-24
160
Chemistry
Haloalkanes and haloarenes may be classified as follows:
These may be classified as mono, di, or polyhalogen (tri-,tetra-, etc |
1 | 5213-5216 | After studying this Unit, you will be
·able to
name haloalkanes and haloarenes
according to the IUPAC system of
nomenclature from their given
structures;
·
describe the reactions involved in
the preparation of haloalkanes and
haloarenes
and
understand
various reactions that they
undergo;
·
correlate
the
structures
of
haloalkanes and haloarenes with
various types of reactions;
·
use stereochemistry as a tool for
understanding
the
reaction
mechanism;
·
appreciate the applications of
organo-metallic compounds;
·
highlight the environmental effects
of polyhalogen compounds Objectives
6
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit6
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloar
Haloar
Haloar
Haloar
Haloarenes
enes
enes
enes
enes
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloar
Haloar
Haloar
Haloar
Haloarenes
enes
enes
enes
enes
Halogenated compounds persist in the environment due to their
resistance to breakdown by soil bacteria Rationalised 2023-24
160
Chemistry
Haloalkanes and haloarenes may be classified as follows:
These may be classified as mono, di, or polyhalogen (tri-,tetra-, etc )
compounds depending on whether they contain one, two or more halogen
atoms in their structures |
1 | 5214-5217 | Objectives
6
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit6
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloar
Haloar
Haloar
Haloar
Haloarenes
enes
enes
enes
enes
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloalkanes and
Haloar
Haloar
Haloar
Haloar
Haloarenes
enes
enes
enes
enes
Halogenated compounds persist in the environment due to their
resistance to breakdown by soil bacteria Rationalised 2023-24
160
Chemistry
Haloalkanes and haloarenes may be classified as follows:
These may be classified as mono, di, or polyhalogen (tri-,tetra-, etc )
compounds depending on whether they contain one, two or more halogen
atoms in their structures For example,
Monohalocompounds may further be classified according to the
hybridisation of the carbon atom to which the halogen is bonded, as
discussed below |
1 | 5215-5218 | Rationalised 2023-24
160
Chemistry
Haloalkanes and haloarenes may be classified as follows:
These may be classified as mono, di, or polyhalogen (tri-,tetra-, etc )
compounds depending on whether they contain one, two or more halogen
atoms in their structures For example,
Monohalocompounds may further be classified according to the
hybridisation of the carbon atom to which the halogen is bonded, as
discussed below This class includes
(a) Alkyl halides or haloalkanes (R—X)
In alkyl halides, the halogen atom is bonded to an alkyl group (R) |
1 | 5216-5219 | )
compounds depending on whether they contain one, two or more halogen
atoms in their structures For example,
Monohalocompounds may further be classified according to the
hybridisation of the carbon atom to which the halogen is bonded, as
discussed below This class includes
(a) Alkyl halides or haloalkanes (R—X)
In alkyl halides, the halogen atom is bonded to an alkyl group (R) They form a homologous series represented by CnH2n+1X |
1 | 5217-5220 | For example,
Monohalocompounds may further be classified according to the
hybridisation of the carbon atom to which the halogen is bonded, as
discussed below This class includes
(a) Alkyl halides or haloalkanes (R—X)
In alkyl halides, the halogen atom is bonded to an alkyl group (R) They form a homologous series represented by CnH2n+1X They are
further classified as primary, secondary or tertiary according to the
nature of carbon to which halogen is attached |
1 | 5218-5221 | This class includes
(a) Alkyl halides or haloalkanes (R—X)
In alkyl halides, the halogen atom is bonded to an alkyl group (R) They form a homologous series represented by CnH2n+1X They are
further classified as primary, secondary or tertiary according to the
nature of carbon to which halogen is attached If halogen is attached to
a primary carbon atom in an alkyl halide, the alkyl halide is called
primary alkyl halide or 1° alkyl halide |
1 | 5219-5222 | They form a homologous series represented by CnH2n+1X They are
further classified as primary, secondary or tertiary according to the
nature of carbon to which halogen is attached If halogen is attached to
a primary carbon atom in an alkyl halide, the alkyl halide is called
primary alkyl halide or 1° alkyl halide Similarly, if halogen is attached
to secondary or tertiary carbon atom, the alkyl halide is called
secondary alkyl halide (2°) and tertiary (3°) alkyl halide, respectively |
1 | 5220-5223 | They are
further classified as primary, secondary or tertiary according to the
nature of carbon to which halogen is attached If halogen is attached to
a primary carbon atom in an alkyl halide, the alkyl halide is called
primary alkyl halide or 1° alkyl halide Similarly, if halogen is attached
to secondary or tertiary carbon atom, the alkyl halide is called
secondary alkyl halide (2°) and tertiary (3°) alkyl halide, respectively (b) Allylic halides
These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is bonded to an
sp3-hybridised carbon atom adjacent to carbon-carbon double bond
(C=C) i |
1 | 5221-5224 | If halogen is attached to
a primary carbon atom in an alkyl halide, the alkyl halide is called
primary alkyl halide or 1° alkyl halide Similarly, if halogen is attached
to secondary or tertiary carbon atom, the alkyl halide is called
secondary alkyl halide (2°) and tertiary (3°) alkyl halide, respectively (b) Allylic halides
These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is bonded to an
sp3-hybridised carbon atom adjacent to carbon-carbon double bond
(C=C) i e |
1 | 5222-5225 | Similarly, if halogen is attached
to secondary or tertiary carbon atom, the alkyl halide is called
secondary alkyl halide (2°) and tertiary (3°) alkyl halide, respectively (b) Allylic halides
These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is bonded to an
sp3-hybridised carbon atom adjacent to carbon-carbon double bond
(C=C) i e to an allylic carbon |
1 | 5223-5226 | (b) Allylic halides
These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is bonded to an
sp3-hybridised carbon atom adjacent to carbon-carbon double bond
(C=C) i e to an allylic carbon (c) Benzylic halides
These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is bonded to an
sp3-hybridised carbon atom attached to an aromatic ring |
1 | 5224-5227 | e to an allylic carbon (c) Benzylic halides
These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is bonded to an
sp3-hybridised carbon atom attached to an aromatic ring 6 |
1 | 5225-5228 | to an allylic carbon (c) Benzylic halides
These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is bonded to an
sp3-hybridised carbon atom attached to an aromatic ring 6 1
6 |
1 | 5226-5229 | (c) Benzylic halides
These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is bonded to an
sp3-hybridised carbon atom attached to an aromatic ring 6 1
6 1
6 |
1 | 5227-5230 | 6 1
6 1
6 1
6 |
1 | 5228-5231 | 1
6 1
6 1
6 1
6 |
1 | 5229-5232 | 1
6 1
6 1
6 1 Classification
Classification
Classification
Classification
Classification
6 |
1 | 5230-5233 | 1
6 1
6 1 Classification
Classification
Classification
Classification
Classification
6 1 |
1 | 5231-5234 | 1
6 1 Classification
Classification
Classification
Classification
Classification
6 1 1
On the
Basis of
Number of
Halogen
Atoms
6 |
1 | 5232-5235 | 1 Classification
Classification
Classification
Classification
Classification
6 1 1
On the
Basis of
Number of
Halogen
Atoms
6 1 |
1 | 5233-5236 | 1 1
On the
Basis of
Number of
Halogen
Atoms
6 1 2 Compounds
Containing
sp3 C—X
Bond (X= F,
Cl, Br, I)
Allylic carbon
Allylic carbon
Rationalised 2023-24
161 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
This class includes:
(a) Vinylic halides
These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is bonded to
a sp2-hybridised carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond
(C = C) |
1 | 5234-5237 | 1
On the
Basis of
Number of
Halogen
Atoms
6 1 2 Compounds
Containing
sp3 C—X
Bond (X= F,
Cl, Br, I)
Allylic carbon
Allylic carbon
Rationalised 2023-24
161 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
This class includes:
(a) Vinylic halides
These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is bonded to
a sp2-hybridised carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond
(C = C) (b) Aryl halides
These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is directly
bonded to the sp2-hybridised carbon atom of an aromatic ring |
1 | 5235-5238 | 1 2 Compounds
Containing
sp3 C—X
Bond (X= F,
Cl, Br, I)
Allylic carbon
Allylic carbon
Rationalised 2023-24
161 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
This class includes:
(a) Vinylic halides
These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is bonded to
a sp2-hybridised carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond
(C = C) (b) Aryl halides
These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is directly
bonded to the sp2-hybridised carbon atom of an aromatic ring Having learnt the classification of halogenated compounds, let us now learn
how these are named |
1 | 5236-5239 | 2 Compounds
Containing
sp3 C—X
Bond (X= F,
Cl, Br, I)
Allylic carbon
Allylic carbon
Rationalised 2023-24
161 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
This class includes:
(a) Vinylic halides
These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is bonded to
a sp2-hybridised carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond
(C = C) (b) Aryl halides
These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is directly
bonded to the sp2-hybridised carbon atom of an aromatic ring Having learnt the classification of halogenated compounds, let us now learn
how these are named The common names of alkyl halides are derived by
naming the alkyl group followed by the name of halide |
1 | 5237-5240 | (b) Aryl halides
These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is directly
bonded to the sp2-hybridised carbon atom of an aromatic ring Having learnt the classification of halogenated compounds, let us now learn
how these are named The common names of alkyl halides are derived by
naming the alkyl group followed by the name of halide In the IUPAC system
of nomenclature, alkyl halides are named as halosubstituted hydrocarbons |
1 | 5238-5241 | Having learnt the classification of halogenated compounds, let us now learn
how these are named The common names of alkyl halides are derived by
naming the alkyl group followed by the name of halide In the IUPAC system
of nomenclature, alkyl halides are named as halosubstituted hydrocarbons For mono halogen substituted derivatives of benzene, common and IUPAC
names are the same |
1 | 5239-5242 | The common names of alkyl halides are derived by
naming the alkyl group followed by the name of halide In the IUPAC system
of nomenclature, alkyl halides are named as halosubstituted hydrocarbons For mono halogen substituted derivatives of benzene, common and IUPAC
names are the same For dihalogen derivatives, the prefixes o-, m-, p- are
used in common system but in IUPAC system, as you have learnt in Class
XI, the numerals 1,2; 1,3 and 1,4 are used |
1 | 5240-5243 | In the IUPAC system
of nomenclature, alkyl halides are named as halosubstituted hydrocarbons For mono halogen substituted derivatives of benzene, common and IUPAC
names are the same For dihalogen derivatives, the prefixes o-, m-, p- are
used in common system but in IUPAC system, as you have learnt in Class
XI, the numerals 1,2; 1,3 and 1,4 are used 6 |
1 | 5241-5244 | For mono halogen substituted derivatives of benzene, common and IUPAC
names are the same For dihalogen derivatives, the prefixes o-, m-, p- are
used in common system but in IUPAC system, as you have learnt in Class
XI, the numerals 1,2; 1,3 and 1,4 are used 6 1 |
1 | 5242-5245 | For dihalogen derivatives, the prefixes o-, m-, p- are
used in common system but in IUPAC system, as you have learnt in Class
XI, the numerals 1,2; 1,3 and 1,4 are used 6 1 3
Compounds
Containing
sp2 C—X
Bond
The dihaloalkanes having the same type of halogen atoms are named
as alkylidene or alkylene dihalides |
1 | 5243-5246 | 6 1 3
Compounds
Containing
sp2 C—X
Bond
The dihaloalkanes having the same type of halogen atoms are named
as alkylidene or alkylene dihalides The dihalo-compounds having both
the halogen atoms are further classified as geminal halides or gem-dihalides
when both the halogen atoms are present on the same carbon atom of the
6 |
1 | 5244-5247 | 1 3
Compounds
Containing
sp2 C—X
Bond
The dihaloalkanes having the same type of halogen atoms are named
as alkylidene or alkylene dihalides The dihalo-compounds having both
the halogen atoms are further classified as geminal halides or gem-dihalides
when both the halogen atoms are present on the same carbon atom of the
6 2
Nomenclature
6 |
1 | 5245-5248 | 3
Compounds
Containing
sp2 C—X
Bond
The dihaloalkanes having the same type of halogen atoms are named
as alkylidene or alkylene dihalides The dihalo-compounds having both
the halogen atoms are further classified as geminal halides or gem-dihalides
when both the halogen atoms are present on the same carbon atom of the
6 2
Nomenclature
6 2
Nomenclature
6 |
1 | 5246-5249 | The dihalo-compounds having both
the halogen atoms are further classified as geminal halides or gem-dihalides
when both the halogen atoms are present on the same carbon atom of the
6 2
Nomenclature
6 2
Nomenclature
6 2
Nomenclature
6 |
1 | 5247-5250 | 2
Nomenclature
6 2
Nomenclature
6 2
Nomenclature
6 2
Nomenclature
6 |
1 | 5248-5251 | 2
Nomenclature
6 2
Nomenclature
6 2
Nomenclature
6 2
Nomenclature
Rationalised 2023-24
162
Chemistry
chain and vicinal halides or vic-dihalides when halogen atoms are present
on adjacent carbon atoms |
1 | 5249-5252 | 2
Nomenclature
6 2
Nomenclature
6 2
Nomenclature
Rationalised 2023-24
162
Chemistry
chain and vicinal halides or vic-dihalides when halogen atoms are present
on adjacent carbon atoms In common name system, gem-dihalides are
named as alkylidene halides and vic-dihalides are named as alkylene
dihalides |
1 | 5250-5253 | 2
Nomenclature
6 2
Nomenclature
Rationalised 2023-24
162
Chemistry
chain and vicinal halides or vic-dihalides when halogen atoms are present
on adjacent carbon atoms In common name system, gem-dihalides are
named as alkylidene halides and vic-dihalides are named as alkylene
dihalides In IUPAC system, they are named as dihaloalkanes |
1 | 5251-5254 | 2
Nomenclature
Rationalised 2023-24
162
Chemistry
chain and vicinal halides or vic-dihalides when halogen atoms are present
on adjacent carbon atoms In common name system, gem-dihalides are
named as alkylidene halides and vic-dihalides are named as alkylene
dihalides In IUPAC system, they are named as dihaloalkanes Structure
Common name
IUPAC name
CH3CH2CH(Cl)CH3
sec-Butyl chloride
2-Chlorobutane
(CH3)3CCH2Br
neo-Pentyl bromide
1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane
(CH3)3CBr
tert-Butyl bromide
2-Bromo-2-methylpropane
CH2 = CHCl
Vinyl chloride
Chloroethene
CH2 = CHCH2Br
Allyl bromide
3-Bromopropene
CH2Cl2
Methylene chloride
Dichloromethane
CHCl3
Chloroform
Trichloromethane
CHBr3
Bromoform
Tribromomethane
CCl4
Carbon tetrachloride Tetrachloromethane
CH3CH2CH2F
n-Propyl fluoride
1-Fluoropropane
o-Chlorotoluene
1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene
or
2-Chlorotoluene
Benzyl chloride
Chlorophenylmethane
Table 6 |
1 | 5252-5255 | In common name system, gem-dihalides are
named as alkylidene halides and vic-dihalides are named as alkylene
dihalides In IUPAC system, they are named as dihaloalkanes Structure
Common name
IUPAC name
CH3CH2CH(Cl)CH3
sec-Butyl chloride
2-Chlorobutane
(CH3)3CCH2Br
neo-Pentyl bromide
1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane
(CH3)3CBr
tert-Butyl bromide
2-Bromo-2-methylpropane
CH2 = CHCl
Vinyl chloride
Chloroethene
CH2 = CHCH2Br
Allyl bromide
3-Bromopropene
CH2Cl2
Methylene chloride
Dichloromethane
CHCl3
Chloroform
Trichloromethane
CHBr3
Bromoform
Tribromomethane
CCl4
Carbon tetrachloride Tetrachloromethane
CH3CH2CH2F
n-Propyl fluoride
1-Fluoropropane
o-Chlorotoluene
1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene
or
2-Chlorotoluene
Benzyl chloride
Chlorophenylmethane
Table 6 1: Common and IUPAC Names of some Halides
Example 6 |
1 | 5253-5256 | In IUPAC system, they are named as dihaloalkanes Structure
Common name
IUPAC name
CH3CH2CH(Cl)CH3
sec-Butyl chloride
2-Chlorobutane
(CH3)3CCH2Br
neo-Pentyl bromide
1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane
(CH3)3CBr
tert-Butyl bromide
2-Bromo-2-methylpropane
CH2 = CHCl
Vinyl chloride
Chloroethene
CH2 = CHCH2Br
Allyl bromide
3-Bromopropene
CH2Cl2
Methylene chloride
Dichloromethane
CHCl3
Chloroform
Trichloromethane
CHBr3
Bromoform
Tribromomethane
CCl4
Carbon tetrachloride Tetrachloromethane
CH3CH2CH2F
n-Propyl fluoride
1-Fluoropropane
o-Chlorotoluene
1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene
or
2-Chlorotoluene
Benzyl chloride
Chlorophenylmethane
Table 6 1: Common and IUPAC Names of some Halides
Example 6 1
Example 6 |
1 | 5254-5257 | Structure
Common name
IUPAC name
CH3CH2CH(Cl)CH3
sec-Butyl chloride
2-Chlorobutane
(CH3)3CCH2Br
neo-Pentyl bromide
1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane
(CH3)3CBr
tert-Butyl bromide
2-Bromo-2-methylpropane
CH2 = CHCl
Vinyl chloride
Chloroethene
CH2 = CHCH2Br
Allyl bromide
3-Bromopropene
CH2Cl2
Methylene chloride
Dichloromethane
CHCl3
Chloroform
Trichloromethane
CHBr3
Bromoform
Tribromomethane
CCl4
Carbon tetrachloride Tetrachloromethane
CH3CH2CH2F
n-Propyl fluoride
1-Fluoropropane
o-Chlorotoluene
1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene
or
2-Chlorotoluene
Benzyl chloride
Chlorophenylmethane
Table 6 1: Common and IUPAC Names of some Halides
Example 6 1
Example 6 1
Example 6 |
1 | 5255-5258 | 1: Common and IUPAC Names of some Halides
Example 6 1
Example 6 1
Example 6 1
Example 6 |
1 | 5256-5259 | 1
Example 6 1
Example 6 1
Example 6 1
Example 6 |
1 | 5257-5260 | 1
Example 6 1
Example 6 1
Example 6 1
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Draw the structures of all the eight structural isomers that have the
molecular formula C5H11Br |
1 | 5258-5261 | 1
Example 6 1
Example 6 1
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Draw the structures of all the eight structural isomers that have the
molecular formula C5H11Br Name each isomer according to IUPAC system
and classify them as primary, secondary or tertiary bromide |
1 | 5259-5262 | 1
Example 6 1
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Draw the structures of all the eight structural isomers that have the
molecular formula C5H11Br Name each isomer according to IUPAC system
and classify them as primary, secondary or tertiary bromide CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2Br
1-Bromopentane (1
o)
CH3CH2CH2CH(Br)CH3
2-Bromopentane(2
o)
CH3CH2CH(Br)CH2CH3
3-Bromopentane (2
o)
(CH3)2CHCH2CH2Br
1-Bromo-3-methylbutane (1
o)
Some common examples of halocompounds are mentioned in Table 6 |
1 | 5260-5263 | 1
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Draw the structures of all the eight structural isomers that have the
molecular formula C5H11Br Name each isomer according to IUPAC system
and classify them as primary, secondary or tertiary bromide CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2Br
1-Bromopentane (1
o)
CH3CH2CH2CH(Br)CH3
2-Bromopentane(2
o)
CH3CH2CH(Br)CH2CH3
3-Bromopentane (2
o)
(CH3)2CHCH2CH2Br
1-Bromo-3-methylbutane (1
o)
Some common examples of halocompounds are mentioned in Table 6 1 |
1 | 5261-5264 | Name each isomer according to IUPAC system
and classify them as primary, secondary or tertiary bromide CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2Br
1-Bromopentane (1
o)
CH3CH2CH2CH(Br)CH3
2-Bromopentane(2
o)
CH3CH2CH(Br)CH2CH3
3-Bromopentane (2
o)
(CH3)2CHCH2CH2Br
1-Bromo-3-methylbutane (1
o)
Some common examples of halocompounds are mentioned in Table 6 1 Rationalised 2023-24
163 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
6 |
1 | 5262-5265 | CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2Br
1-Bromopentane (1
o)
CH3CH2CH2CH(Br)CH3
2-Bromopentane(2
o)
CH3CH2CH(Br)CH2CH3
3-Bromopentane (2
o)
(CH3)2CHCH2CH2Br
1-Bromo-3-methylbutane (1
o)
Some common examples of halocompounds are mentioned in Table 6 1 Rationalised 2023-24
163 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
6 1 Write structures of the following compounds:
(i) 2-Chloro-3-methylpentane
(ii) 1-Chloro-4-ethylcyclohexane
(iii) 4-tert |
1 | 5263-5266 | 1 Rationalised 2023-24
163 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
6 1 Write structures of the following compounds:
(i) 2-Chloro-3-methylpentane
(ii) 1-Chloro-4-ethylcyclohexane
(iii) 4-tert Butyl-3-iodoheptane
(iv) 1,4-Dibromobut-2-ene
(v) 1-Bromo-4-sec |
1 | 5264-5267 | Rationalised 2023-24
163 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
6 1 Write structures of the following compounds:
(i) 2-Chloro-3-methylpentane
(ii) 1-Chloro-4-ethylcyclohexane
(iii) 4-tert Butyl-3-iodoheptane
(iv) 1,4-Dibromobut-2-ene
(v) 1-Bromo-4-sec butyl-2-methylbenzene |
1 | 5265-5268 | 1 Write structures of the following compounds:
(i) 2-Chloro-3-methylpentane
(ii) 1-Chloro-4-ethylcyclohexane
(iii) 4-tert Butyl-3-iodoheptane
(iv) 1,4-Dibromobut-2-ene
(v) 1-Bromo-4-sec butyl-2-methylbenzene Halogen atoms are more electronegative than carbon, therefore,
carbon-halogen bond of alkyl halide is polarised; the carbon atom bears
a partial positive charge whereas the halogen atom bears a partial
negative charge |
1 | 5266-5269 | Butyl-3-iodoheptane
(iv) 1,4-Dibromobut-2-ene
(v) 1-Bromo-4-sec butyl-2-methylbenzene Halogen atoms are more electronegative than carbon, therefore,
carbon-halogen bond of alkyl halide is polarised; the carbon atom bears
a partial positive charge whereas the halogen atom bears a partial
negative charge As we go down the group in the periodic table, the size of halogen
atom increases |
1 | 5267-5270 | butyl-2-methylbenzene Halogen atoms are more electronegative than carbon, therefore,
carbon-halogen bond of alkyl halide is polarised; the carbon atom bears
a partial positive charge whereas the halogen atom bears a partial
negative charge As we go down the group in the periodic table, the size of halogen
atom increases Fluorine atom is the smallest and iodine atom is the
largest |
1 | 5268-5271 | Halogen atoms are more electronegative than carbon, therefore,
carbon-halogen bond of alkyl halide is polarised; the carbon atom bears
a partial positive charge whereas the halogen atom bears a partial
negative charge As we go down the group in the periodic table, the size of halogen
atom increases Fluorine atom is the smallest and iodine atom is the
largest Consequently the carbon-halogen bond length also increases
from C—F to C—I |
1 | 5269-5272 | As we go down the group in the periodic table, the size of halogen
atom increases Fluorine atom is the smallest and iodine atom is the
largest Consequently the carbon-halogen bond length also increases
from C—F to C—I Some typical bond lengths, bond enthalpies and
dipole moments are given in Table 6 |
1 | 5270-5273 | Fluorine atom is the smallest and iodine atom is the
largest Consequently the carbon-halogen bond length also increases
from C—F to C—I Some typical bond lengths, bond enthalpies and
dipole moments are given in Table 6 2 |
1 | 5271-5274 | Consequently the carbon-halogen bond length also increases
from C—F to C—I Some typical bond lengths, bond enthalpies and
dipole moments are given in Table 6 2 Alkyl halides are best prepared from alcohols, which are easily accessible |
1 | 5272-5275 | Some typical bond lengths, bond enthalpies and
dipole moments are given in Table 6 2 Alkyl halides are best prepared from alcohols, which are easily accessible 6 |
1 | 5273-5276 | 2 Alkyl halides are best prepared from alcohols, which are easily accessible 6 3
6 |
1 | 5274-5277 | Alkyl halides are best prepared from alcohols, which are easily accessible 6 3
6 3
6 |
1 | 5275-5278 | 6 3
6 3
6 3
6 |
1 | 5276-5279 | 3
6 3
6 3
6 3
6 |
1 | 5277-5280 | 3
6 3
6 3
6 3
Nature of
Nature of
Nature of
Nature of
Nature of
C-X Bond
C-X Bond
C-X Bond
C-X Bond
C-X Bond
(CH3)2CHCHBrCH3
2-Bromo-3-methylbutane(2
o)
(CH3)2CBrCH2CH3
2-Bromo-2-methylbutane (3
o)
CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2Br
1-Bromo-2-methylbutane(1
o)
(CH3)3CCH2Br
1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane (1
o)
Write IUPAC names of the following:
(i) 4-Bromopent-2-ene
(ii) 3-Bromo-2-methylbut-1-ene
(iii) 4-Bromo-3-methylpent-2-ene
(iv) 1-Bromo-2-methylbut-2-ene
(v) 1-Bromobut-2-ene
(vi) 3-Bromo-2-methylpropene
Example 6 |
1 | 5278-5281 | 3
6 3
6 3
Nature of
Nature of
Nature of
Nature of
Nature of
C-X Bond
C-X Bond
C-X Bond
C-X Bond
C-X Bond
(CH3)2CHCHBrCH3
2-Bromo-3-methylbutane(2
o)
(CH3)2CBrCH2CH3
2-Bromo-2-methylbutane (3
o)
CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2Br
1-Bromo-2-methylbutane(1
o)
(CH3)3CCH2Br
1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane (1
o)
Write IUPAC names of the following:
(i) 4-Bromopent-2-ene
(ii) 3-Bromo-2-methylbut-1-ene
(iii) 4-Bromo-3-methylpent-2-ene
(iv) 1-Bromo-2-methylbut-2-ene
(v) 1-Bromobut-2-ene
(vi) 3-Bromo-2-methylpropene
Example 6 2
Example 6 |
1 | 5279-5282 | 3
6 3
Nature of
Nature of
Nature of
Nature of
Nature of
C-X Bond
C-X Bond
C-X Bond
C-X Bond
C-X Bond
(CH3)2CHCHBrCH3
2-Bromo-3-methylbutane(2
o)
(CH3)2CBrCH2CH3
2-Bromo-2-methylbutane (3
o)
CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2Br
1-Bromo-2-methylbutane(1
o)
(CH3)3CCH2Br
1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane (1
o)
Write IUPAC names of the following:
(i) 4-Bromopent-2-ene
(ii) 3-Bromo-2-methylbut-1-ene
(iii) 4-Bromo-3-methylpent-2-ene
(iv) 1-Bromo-2-methylbut-2-ene
(v) 1-Bromobut-2-ene
(vi) 3-Bromo-2-methylpropene
Example 6 2
Example 6 2
Example 6 |
1 | 5280-5283 | 3
Nature of
Nature of
Nature of
Nature of
Nature of
C-X Bond
C-X Bond
C-X Bond
C-X Bond
C-X Bond
(CH3)2CHCHBrCH3
2-Bromo-3-methylbutane(2
o)
(CH3)2CBrCH2CH3
2-Bromo-2-methylbutane (3
o)
CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2Br
1-Bromo-2-methylbutane(1
o)
(CH3)3CCH2Br
1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane (1
o)
Write IUPAC names of the following:
(i) 4-Bromopent-2-ene
(ii) 3-Bromo-2-methylbut-1-ene
(iii) 4-Bromo-3-methylpent-2-ene
(iv) 1-Bromo-2-methylbut-2-ene
(v) 1-Bromobut-2-ene
(vi) 3-Bromo-2-methylpropene
Example 6 2
Example 6 2
Example 6 2
Example 6 |
1 | 5281-5284 | 2
Example 6 2
Example 6 2
Example 6 2
Example 6 |
1 | 5282-5285 | 2
Example 6 2
Example 6 2
Example 6 2
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Rationalised 2023-24
164
Chemistry
6 |
1 | 5283-5286 | 2
Example 6 2
Example 6 2
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Rationalised 2023-24
164
Chemistry
6 4 |
1 | 5284-5287 | 2
Example 6 2
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Rationalised 2023-24
164
Chemistry
6 4 2
From
Hydrocarbons
Bond
Bond length/pm
C-X Bond enthalpies/ kJmol-1
Dipole moment/Debye
CH3–F
139
452
1 |
1 | 5285-5288 | 2
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Rationalised 2023-24
164
Chemistry
6 4 2
From
Hydrocarbons
Bond
Bond length/pm
C-X Bond enthalpies/ kJmol-1
Dipole moment/Debye
CH3–F
139
452
1 847
CH3– Cl
178
351
1 |
1 | 5286-5289 | 4 2
From
Hydrocarbons
Bond
Bond length/pm
C-X Bond enthalpies/ kJmol-1
Dipole moment/Debye
CH3–F
139
452
1 847
CH3– Cl
178
351
1 860
CH3–Br
193
293
1 |
1 | 5287-5290 | 2
From
Hydrocarbons
Bond
Bond length/pm
C-X Bond enthalpies/ kJmol-1
Dipole moment/Debye
CH3–F
139
452
1 847
CH3– Cl
178
351
1 860
CH3–Br
193
293
1 830
CH3–I
214
234
1 |
1 | 5288-5291 | 847
CH3– Cl
178
351
1 860
CH3–Br
193
293
1 830
CH3–I
214
234
1 636
Table 6 |
1 | 5289-5292 | 860
CH3–Br
193
293
1 830
CH3–I
214
234
1 636
Table 6 2:
Carbon-Halogen (C—X) Bond Lengths, Bond
Enthalpies and Dipole Moments
The preparation of alkyl chloride is carried out either by passing
dry hydrogen chloride gas through a solution of alcohol or by heating
a mixture of alcohol and concentrated aqueous halogen acid |
1 | 5290-5293 | 830
CH3–I
214
234
1 636
Table 6 2:
Carbon-Halogen (C—X) Bond Lengths, Bond
Enthalpies and Dipole Moments
The preparation of alkyl chloride is carried out either by passing
dry hydrogen chloride gas through a solution of alcohol or by heating
a mixture of alcohol and concentrated aqueous halogen acid The above methods are not applicable for the preparation of aryl
halides because the carbon-oxygen bond in phenols has a partial double
bond character and is difficult to break being stronger than a single
bond |
1 | 5291-5294 | 636
Table 6 2:
Carbon-Halogen (C—X) Bond Lengths, Bond
Enthalpies and Dipole Moments
The preparation of alkyl chloride is carried out either by passing
dry hydrogen chloride gas through a solution of alcohol or by heating
a mixture of alcohol and concentrated aqueous halogen acid The above methods are not applicable for the preparation of aryl
halides because the carbon-oxygen bond in phenols has a partial double
bond character and is difficult to break being stronger than a single
bond (I) From alkanes by free radical halogenation
Free radical chlorination or bromination of alkanes gives a complex
mixture of isomeric mono- and polyhaloalkanes, which is difficult to
The hydroxyl group of an alcohol is replaced by halogen on reaction with
concentrated halogen acids, phosphorus halides or thionyl chloride |
1 | 5292-5295 | 2:
Carbon-Halogen (C—X) Bond Lengths, Bond
Enthalpies and Dipole Moments
The preparation of alkyl chloride is carried out either by passing
dry hydrogen chloride gas through a solution of alcohol or by heating
a mixture of alcohol and concentrated aqueous halogen acid The above methods are not applicable for the preparation of aryl
halides because the carbon-oxygen bond in phenols has a partial double
bond character and is difficult to break being stronger than a single
bond (I) From alkanes by free radical halogenation
Free radical chlorination or bromination of alkanes gives a complex
mixture of isomeric mono- and polyhaloalkanes, which is difficult to
The hydroxyl group of an alcohol is replaced by halogen on reaction with
concentrated halogen acids, phosphorus halides or thionyl chloride Thionyl chloride is preferred because in this reaction alkyl halide is formed
along with gases SO2 and HCl |
1 | 5293-5296 | The above methods are not applicable for the preparation of aryl
halides because the carbon-oxygen bond in phenols has a partial double
bond character and is difficult to break being stronger than a single
bond (I) From alkanes by free radical halogenation
Free radical chlorination or bromination of alkanes gives a complex
mixture of isomeric mono- and polyhaloalkanes, which is difficult to
The hydroxyl group of an alcohol is replaced by halogen on reaction with
concentrated halogen acids, phosphorus halides or thionyl chloride Thionyl chloride is preferred because in this reaction alkyl halide is formed
along with gases SO2 and HCl The two gaseous products are escapable,
hence, the reaction gives pure alkyl halides |
1 | 5294-5297 | (I) From alkanes by free radical halogenation
Free radical chlorination or bromination of alkanes gives a complex
mixture of isomeric mono- and polyhaloalkanes, which is difficult to
The hydroxyl group of an alcohol is replaced by halogen on reaction with
concentrated halogen acids, phosphorus halides or thionyl chloride Thionyl chloride is preferred because in this reaction alkyl halide is formed
along with gases SO2 and HCl The two gaseous products are escapable,
hence, the reaction gives pure alkyl halides The reactions of primary and
secondary alcohols with HCl require the presence of a catalyst, ZnCl2 |
1 | 5295-5298 | Thionyl chloride is preferred because in this reaction alkyl halide is formed
along with gases SO2 and HCl The two gaseous products are escapable,
hence, the reaction gives pure alkyl halides The reactions of primary and
secondary alcohols with HCl require the presence of a catalyst, ZnCl2 With tertiary alcohols, the reaction is conducted by simply shaking the
alcohol with concentrated HCl at room temperature |
1 | 5296-5299 | The two gaseous products are escapable,
hence, the reaction gives pure alkyl halides The reactions of primary and
secondary alcohols with HCl require the presence of a catalyst, ZnCl2 With tertiary alcohols, the reaction is conducted by simply shaking the
alcohol with concentrated HCl at room temperature Constant boiling
with HBr (48%) is used for preparing alkyl bromide |
1 | 5297-5300 | The reactions of primary and
secondary alcohols with HCl require the presence of a catalyst, ZnCl2 With tertiary alcohols, the reaction is conducted by simply shaking the
alcohol with concentrated HCl at room temperature Constant boiling
with HBr (48%) is used for preparing alkyl bromide Good yields of
R—I may be obtained by heating alcohols with sodium or potassium
iodide in 95% orthophosphoric acid |
1 | 5298-5301 | With tertiary alcohols, the reaction is conducted by simply shaking the
alcohol with concentrated HCl at room temperature Constant boiling
with HBr (48%) is used for preparing alkyl bromide Good yields of
R—I may be obtained by heating alcohols with sodium or potassium
iodide in 95% orthophosphoric acid The order of reactivity of alcohols
with a given haloacid is 3°>2°>1° |
1 | 5299-5302 | Constant boiling
with HBr (48%) is used for preparing alkyl bromide Good yields of
R—I may be obtained by heating alcohols with sodium or potassium
iodide in 95% orthophosphoric acid The order of reactivity of alcohols
with a given haloacid is 3°>2°>1° Phosphorus tribromide and triiodide
are usually generated in situ (produced in the reaction mixture) by the
reaction of red phosphorus with bromine and iodine respectively |
1 | 5300-5303 | Good yields of
R—I may be obtained by heating alcohols with sodium or potassium
iodide in 95% orthophosphoric acid The order of reactivity of alcohols
with a given haloacid is 3°>2°>1° Phosphorus tribromide and triiodide
are usually generated in situ (produced in the reaction mixture) by the
reaction of red phosphorus with bromine and iodine respectively 6 |
1 | 5301-5304 | The order of reactivity of alcohols
with a given haloacid is 3°>2°>1° Phosphorus tribromide and triiodide
are usually generated in situ (produced in the reaction mixture) by the
reaction of red phosphorus with bromine and iodine respectively 6 4 |
1 | 5302-5305 | Phosphorus tribromide and triiodide
are usually generated in situ (produced in the reaction mixture) by the
reaction of red phosphorus with bromine and iodine respectively 6 4 1 From Alcohols
6 |
1 | 5303-5306 | 6 4 1 From Alcohols
6 4
6 |
1 | 5304-5307 | 4 1 From Alcohols
6 4
6 4
6 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.