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4305-4308
10 Table 4 10: Some Properties of Actinium and Actinoids Electronic conifigurations* Radii/pm Atomic Name Symbol M M 3+ M 4+ M 3+ M 4+ Number 89 Actinium Ac 6d 17s 2 5f 0 111 90 Thorium Th 6d 27s 2 5f 1 5f 0 99 91 Protactinium Pa 5f 26d 17s 2 5f 2 5f 1 96 92 Uranium U 5f 36d 17s 2 5f 3 5f 2 103 93 93 Neptunium Np 5f 46d 17s 2 5f 4 5f 3 101 92 94 Plutonium Pu 5f 67s 2 5f 5 5f 4 100 90 95 Americium Am 5f 77s 2 5f 6 5f 5 99 89 96 Curium Cm 5f 76d 17s 2 5f 7 5f 6 99 88 97 Berkelium Bk 5f 97s 2 5f 8 5f 7 98 87 98 Californium Cf 5f 107s 2 5f 9 5f 8 98 86 99 Einstenium Es 5f 117s 2 5f 10 5f 9 – – 100 Fermium Fm 5f 127s 2 5f 11 5f 10 – – 101 Mendelevium Md 5f 137s 2 5f 12 5f 11 – – 102 Nobelium No 5f 147s 2 5f 13 5f 12 – – 103 Lawrencium Lr 5f 146d 17s 2 5f 14 5f 13 – – Fig 4 7: Chemical reactions of the lanthanoids
1
4306-4309
Table 4 10: Some Properties of Actinium and Actinoids Electronic conifigurations* Radii/pm Atomic Name Symbol M M 3+ M 4+ M 3+ M 4+ Number 89 Actinium Ac 6d 17s 2 5f 0 111 90 Thorium Th 6d 27s 2 5f 1 5f 0 99 91 Protactinium Pa 5f 26d 17s 2 5f 2 5f 1 96 92 Uranium U 5f 36d 17s 2 5f 3 5f 2 103 93 93 Neptunium Np 5f 46d 17s 2 5f 4 5f 3 101 92 94 Plutonium Pu 5f 67s 2 5f 5 5f 4 100 90 95 Americium Am 5f 77s 2 5f 6 5f 5 99 89 96 Curium Cm 5f 76d 17s 2 5f 7 5f 6 99 88 97 Berkelium Bk 5f 97s 2 5f 8 5f 7 98 87 98 Californium Cf 5f 107s 2 5f 9 5f 8 98 86 99 Einstenium Es 5f 117s 2 5f 10 5f 9 – – 100 Fermium Fm 5f 127s 2 5f 11 5f 10 – – 101 Mendelevium Md 5f 137s 2 5f 12 5f 11 – – 102 Nobelium No 5f 147s 2 5f 13 5f 12 – – 103 Lawrencium Lr 5f 146d 17s 2 5f 14 5f 13 – – Fig 4 7: Chemical reactions of the lanthanoids Rationalised 2023-24 112 Chemistry The actinoids are radioactive elements and the earlier members have relatively long half-lives, the latter ones have half-life values ranging from a day to 3 minutes for lawrencium (Z =103)
1
4307-4310
10: Some Properties of Actinium and Actinoids Electronic conifigurations* Radii/pm Atomic Name Symbol M M 3+ M 4+ M 3+ M 4+ Number 89 Actinium Ac 6d 17s 2 5f 0 111 90 Thorium Th 6d 27s 2 5f 1 5f 0 99 91 Protactinium Pa 5f 26d 17s 2 5f 2 5f 1 96 92 Uranium U 5f 36d 17s 2 5f 3 5f 2 103 93 93 Neptunium Np 5f 46d 17s 2 5f 4 5f 3 101 92 94 Plutonium Pu 5f 67s 2 5f 5 5f 4 100 90 95 Americium Am 5f 77s 2 5f 6 5f 5 99 89 96 Curium Cm 5f 76d 17s 2 5f 7 5f 6 99 88 97 Berkelium Bk 5f 97s 2 5f 8 5f 7 98 87 98 Californium Cf 5f 107s 2 5f 9 5f 8 98 86 99 Einstenium Es 5f 117s 2 5f 10 5f 9 – – 100 Fermium Fm 5f 127s 2 5f 11 5f 10 – – 101 Mendelevium Md 5f 137s 2 5f 12 5f 11 – – 102 Nobelium No 5f 147s 2 5f 13 5f 12 – – 103 Lawrencium Lr 5f 146d 17s 2 5f 14 5f 13 – – Fig 4 7: Chemical reactions of the lanthanoids Rationalised 2023-24 112 Chemistry The actinoids are radioactive elements and the earlier members have relatively long half-lives, the latter ones have half-life values ranging from a day to 3 minutes for lawrencium (Z =103) The latter members could be prepared only in nanogram quantities
1
4308-4311
7: Chemical reactions of the lanthanoids Rationalised 2023-24 112 Chemistry The actinoids are radioactive elements and the earlier members have relatively long half-lives, the latter ones have half-life values ranging from a day to 3 minutes for lawrencium (Z =103) The latter members could be prepared only in nanogram quantities These facts render their study more difficult
1
4309-4312
Rationalised 2023-24 112 Chemistry The actinoids are radioactive elements and the earlier members have relatively long half-lives, the latter ones have half-life values ranging from a day to 3 minutes for lawrencium (Z =103) The latter members could be prepared only in nanogram quantities These facts render their study more difficult All the actinoids are believed to have the electronic configuration of 7s 2 and variable occupancy of the 5f and 6d subshells
1
4310-4313
The latter members could be prepared only in nanogram quantities These facts render their study more difficult All the actinoids are believed to have the electronic configuration of 7s 2 and variable occupancy of the 5f and 6d subshells The fourteen electrons are formally added to 5f, though not in thorium (Z = 90) but from Pa onwards the 5f orbitals are complete at element 103
1
4311-4314
These facts render their study more difficult All the actinoids are believed to have the electronic configuration of 7s 2 and variable occupancy of the 5f and 6d subshells The fourteen electrons are formally added to 5f, though not in thorium (Z = 90) but from Pa onwards the 5f orbitals are complete at element 103 The irregularities in the electronic configurations of the actinoids, like those in the lanthanoids are related to the stabilities of the f 0, f 7 and f 14 occupancies of the 5f orbitals
1
4312-4315
All the actinoids are believed to have the electronic configuration of 7s 2 and variable occupancy of the 5f and 6d subshells The fourteen electrons are formally added to 5f, though not in thorium (Z = 90) but from Pa onwards the 5f orbitals are complete at element 103 The irregularities in the electronic configurations of the actinoids, like those in the lanthanoids are related to the stabilities of the f 0, f 7 and f 14 occupancies of the 5f orbitals Thus, the configurations of Am and Cm are [Rn] 5f 77s 2 and [Rn] 5f 76d 17s 2
1
4313-4316
The fourteen electrons are formally added to 5f, though not in thorium (Z = 90) but from Pa onwards the 5f orbitals are complete at element 103 The irregularities in the electronic configurations of the actinoids, like those in the lanthanoids are related to the stabilities of the f 0, f 7 and f 14 occupancies of the 5f orbitals Thus, the configurations of Am and Cm are [Rn] 5f 77s 2 and [Rn] 5f 76d 17s 2 Although the 5f orbitals resemble the 4f orbitals in their angular part of the wave-function, they are not as buried as 4f orbitals and hence 5f electrons can participate in bonding to a far greater extent
1
4314-4317
The irregularities in the electronic configurations of the actinoids, like those in the lanthanoids are related to the stabilities of the f 0, f 7 and f 14 occupancies of the 5f orbitals Thus, the configurations of Am and Cm are [Rn] 5f 77s 2 and [Rn] 5f 76d 17s 2 Although the 5f orbitals resemble the 4f orbitals in their angular part of the wave-function, they are not as buried as 4f orbitals and hence 5f electrons can participate in bonding to a far greater extent The general trend in lanthanoids is observable in the actinoids as well
1
4315-4318
Thus, the configurations of Am and Cm are [Rn] 5f 77s 2 and [Rn] 5f 76d 17s 2 Although the 5f orbitals resemble the 4f orbitals in their angular part of the wave-function, they are not as buried as 4f orbitals and hence 5f electrons can participate in bonding to a far greater extent The general trend in lanthanoids is observable in the actinoids as well There is a gradual decrease in the size of atoms or M 3+ ions across the series
1
4316-4319
Although the 5f orbitals resemble the 4f orbitals in their angular part of the wave-function, they are not as buried as 4f orbitals and hence 5f electrons can participate in bonding to a far greater extent The general trend in lanthanoids is observable in the actinoids as well There is a gradual decrease in the size of atoms or M 3+ ions across the series This may be referred to as the actinoid contraction (like lanthanoid contraction)
1
4317-4320
The general trend in lanthanoids is observable in the actinoids as well There is a gradual decrease in the size of atoms or M 3+ ions across the series This may be referred to as the actinoid contraction (like lanthanoid contraction) The contraction is, however, greater from element to element in this series resulting from poor shielding by 5f electrons
1
4318-4321
There is a gradual decrease in the size of atoms or M 3+ ions across the series This may be referred to as the actinoid contraction (like lanthanoid contraction) The contraction is, however, greater from element to element in this series resulting from poor shielding by 5f electrons There is a greater range of oxidation states, which is in part attributed to the fact that the 5f, 6d and 7s levels are of comparable energies
1
4319-4322
This may be referred to as the actinoid contraction (like lanthanoid contraction) The contraction is, however, greater from element to element in this series resulting from poor shielding by 5f electrons There is a greater range of oxidation states, which is in part attributed to the fact that the 5f, 6d and 7s levels are of comparable energies The known oxidation states of actinoids are listed in Table 4
1
4320-4323
The contraction is, however, greater from element to element in this series resulting from poor shielding by 5f electrons There is a greater range of oxidation states, which is in part attributed to the fact that the 5f, 6d and 7s levels are of comparable energies The known oxidation states of actinoids are listed in Table 4 11
1
4321-4324
There is a greater range of oxidation states, which is in part attributed to the fact that the 5f, 6d and 7s levels are of comparable energies The known oxidation states of actinoids are listed in Table 4 11 The actinoids show in general +3 oxidation state
1
4322-4325
The known oxidation states of actinoids are listed in Table 4 11 The actinoids show in general +3 oxidation state The elements, in the first half of the series frequently exhibit higher oxidation states
1
4323-4326
11 The actinoids show in general +3 oxidation state The elements, in the first half of the series frequently exhibit higher oxidation states For example, the maximum oxidation state increases from +4 in Th to +5, +6 and +7 respectively in Pa, U and Np but decreases in succeeding elements (Table 4
1
4324-4327
The actinoids show in general +3 oxidation state The elements, in the first half of the series frequently exhibit higher oxidation states For example, the maximum oxidation state increases from +4 in Th to +5, +6 and +7 respectively in Pa, U and Np but decreases in succeeding elements (Table 4 11)
1
4325-4328
The elements, in the first half of the series frequently exhibit higher oxidation states For example, the maximum oxidation state increases from +4 in Th to +5, +6 and +7 respectively in Pa, U and Np but decreases in succeeding elements (Table 4 11) The actinoids resemble the lanthanoids in having more compounds in +3 state than in the +4 state
1
4326-4329
For example, the maximum oxidation state increases from +4 in Th to +5, +6 and +7 respectively in Pa, U and Np but decreases in succeeding elements (Table 4 11) The actinoids resemble the lanthanoids in having more compounds in +3 state than in the +4 state However, +3 and +4 ions tend to hydrolyse
1
4327-4330
11) The actinoids resemble the lanthanoids in having more compounds in +3 state than in the +4 state However, +3 and +4 ions tend to hydrolyse Because the distribution of oxidation states among the actinoids is so uneven and so different for the former and later elements, it is unsatisfactory to review their chemistry in terms of oxidation states
1
4328-4331
The actinoids resemble the lanthanoids in having more compounds in +3 state than in the +4 state However, +3 and +4 ions tend to hydrolyse Because the distribution of oxidation states among the actinoids is so uneven and so different for the former and later elements, it is unsatisfactory to review their chemistry in terms of oxidation states 4
1
4329-4332
However, +3 and +4 ions tend to hydrolyse Because the distribution of oxidation states among the actinoids is so uneven and so different for the former and later elements, it is unsatisfactory to review their chemistry in terms of oxidation states 4 6
1
4330-4333
Because the distribution of oxidation states among the actinoids is so uneven and so different for the former and later elements, it is unsatisfactory to review their chemistry in terms of oxidation states 4 6 1 Electronic Configurations 4
1
4331-4334
4 6 1 Electronic Configurations 4 6
1
4332-4335
6 1 Electronic Configurations 4 6 2 Ionic Sizes 4
1
4333-4336
1 Electronic Configurations 4 6 2 Ionic Sizes 4 6
1
4334-4337
6 2 Ionic Sizes 4 6 3 Oxidation States The actinoid metals are all silvery in appearance but display a variety of structures
1
4335-4338
2 Ionic Sizes 4 6 3 Oxidation States The actinoid metals are all silvery in appearance but display a variety of structures The structural variability is obtained due to irregularities in metallic radii which are far greater than in lanthanoids
1
4336-4339
6 3 Oxidation States The actinoid metals are all silvery in appearance but display a variety of structures The structural variability is obtained due to irregularities in metallic radii which are far greater than in lanthanoids 4
1
4337-4340
3 Oxidation States The actinoid metals are all silvery in appearance but display a variety of structures The structural variability is obtained due to irregularities in metallic radii which are far greater than in lanthanoids 4 6
1
4338-4341
The structural variability is obtained due to irregularities in metallic radii which are far greater than in lanthanoids 4 6 4 General Characteristics and Comparison with Lanthanoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 Table 4
1
4339-4342
4 6 4 General Characteristics and Comparison with Lanthanoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 Table 4 11: Oxidation States of Actinium and Actinoids Rationalised 2023-24 113 The d- and f- Block Elements The actinoids are highly reactive metals, especially when finely divided
1
4340-4343
6 4 General Characteristics and Comparison with Lanthanoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 Table 4 11: Oxidation States of Actinium and Actinoids Rationalised 2023-24 113 The d- and f- Block Elements The actinoids are highly reactive metals, especially when finely divided The action of boiling water on them, for example, gives a mixture of oxide and hydride and combination with most non metals takes place at moderate temperatures
1
4341-4344
4 General Characteristics and Comparison with Lanthanoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 Table 4 11: Oxidation States of Actinium and Actinoids Rationalised 2023-24 113 The d- and f- Block Elements The actinoids are highly reactive metals, especially when finely divided The action of boiling water on them, for example, gives a mixture of oxide and hydride and combination with most non metals takes place at moderate temperatures Hydrochloric acid attacks all metals but most are slightly affected by nitric acid owing to the formation of protective oxide layers; alkalies have no action
1
4342-4345
11: Oxidation States of Actinium and Actinoids Rationalised 2023-24 113 The d- and f- Block Elements The actinoids are highly reactive metals, especially when finely divided The action of boiling water on them, for example, gives a mixture of oxide and hydride and combination with most non metals takes place at moderate temperatures Hydrochloric acid attacks all metals but most are slightly affected by nitric acid owing to the formation of protective oxide layers; alkalies have no action The magnetic properties of the actinoids are more complex than those of the lanthanoids
1
4343-4346
The action of boiling water on them, for example, gives a mixture of oxide and hydride and combination with most non metals takes place at moderate temperatures Hydrochloric acid attacks all metals but most are slightly affected by nitric acid owing to the formation of protective oxide layers; alkalies have no action The magnetic properties of the actinoids are more complex than those of the lanthanoids Although the variation in the magnetic susceptibility of the actinoids with the number of unpaired 5 f electrons is roughly parallel to the corresponding results for the lanthanoids, the latter have higher values
1
4344-4347
Hydrochloric acid attacks all metals but most are slightly affected by nitric acid owing to the formation of protective oxide layers; alkalies have no action The magnetic properties of the actinoids are more complex than those of the lanthanoids Although the variation in the magnetic susceptibility of the actinoids with the number of unpaired 5 f electrons is roughly parallel to the corresponding results for the lanthanoids, the latter have higher values It is evident from the behaviour of the actinoids that the ionisation enthalpies of the early actinoids, though not accurately known, but are lower than for the early lanthanoids
1
4345-4348
The magnetic properties of the actinoids are more complex than those of the lanthanoids Although the variation in the magnetic susceptibility of the actinoids with the number of unpaired 5 f electrons is roughly parallel to the corresponding results for the lanthanoids, the latter have higher values It is evident from the behaviour of the actinoids that the ionisation enthalpies of the early actinoids, though not accurately known, but are lower than for the early lanthanoids This is quite reasonable since it is to be expected that when 5f orbitals are beginning to be occupied, they will penetrate less into the inner core of electrons
1
4346-4349
Although the variation in the magnetic susceptibility of the actinoids with the number of unpaired 5 f electrons is roughly parallel to the corresponding results for the lanthanoids, the latter have higher values It is evident from the behaviour of the actinoids that the ionisation enthalpies of the early actinoids, though not accurately known, but are lower than for the early lanthanoids This is quite reasonable since it is to be expected that when 5f orbitals are beginning to be occupied, they will penetrate less into the inner core of electrons The 5f electrons, will therefore, be more effectively shielded from the nuclear charge than the 4f electrons of the corresponding lanthanoids
1
4347-4350
It is evident from the behaviour of the actinoids that the ionisation enthalpies of the early actinoids, though not accurately known, but are lower than for the early lanthanoids This is quite reasonable since it is to be expected that when 5f orbitals are beginning to be occupied, they will penetrate less into the inner core of electrons The 5f electrons, will therefore, be more effectively shielded from the nuclear charge than the 4f electrons of the corresponding lanthanoids Because the outer electrons are less firmly held, they are available for bonding in the actinoids
1
4348-4351
This is quite reasonable since it is to be expected that when 5f orbitals are beginning to be occupied, they will penetrate less into the inner core of electrons The 5f electrons, will therefore, be more effectively shielded from the nuclear charge than the 4f electrons of the corresponding lanthanoids Because the outer electrons are less firmly held, they are available for bonding in the actinoids A comparison of the actinoids with the lanthanoids, with respect to different characteristics as discussed above, reveals that behaviour similar to that of the lanthanoids is not evident until the second half of the actinoid series
1
4349-4352
The 5f electrons, will therefore, be more effectively shielded from the nuclear charge than the 4f electrons of the corresponding lanthanoids Because the outer electrons are less firmly held, they are available for bonding in the actinoids A comparison of the actinoids with the lanthanoids, with respect to different characteristics as discussed above, reveals that behaviour similar to that of the lanthanoids is not evident until the second half of the actinoid series However, even the early actinoids resemble the lanthanoids in showing close similarities with each other and in gradual variation in properties which do not entail change in oxidation state
1
4350-4353
Because the outer electrons are less firmly held, they are available for bonding in the actinoids A comparison of the actinoids with the lanthanoids, with respect to different characteristics as discussed above, reveals that behaviour similar to that of the lanthanoids is not evident until the second half of the actinoid series However, even the early actinoids resemble the lanthanoids in showing close similarities with each other and in gradual variation in properties which do not entail change in oxidation state The lanthanoid and actinoid contractions, have extended effects on the sizes, and therefore, the properties of the elements succeeding them in their respective periods
1
4351-4354
A comparison of the actinoids with the lanthanoids, with respect to different characteristics as discussed above, reveals that behaviour similar to that of the lanthanoids is not evident until the second half of the actinoid series However, even the early actinoids resemble the lanthanoids in showing close similarities with each other and in gradual variation in properties which do not entail change in oxidation state The lanthanoid and actinoid contractions, have extended effects on the sizes, and therefore, the properties of the elements succeeding them in their respective periods The lanthanoid contraction is more important because the chemistry of elements succeeding the actinoids are much less known at the present time
1
4352-4355
However, even the early actinoids resemble the lanthanoids in showing close similarities with each other and in gradual variation in properties which do not entail change in oxidation state The lanthanoid and actinoid contractions, have extended effects on the sizes, and therefore, the properties of the elements succeeding them in their respective periods The lanthanoid contraction is more important because the chemistry of elements succeeding the actinoids are much less known at the present time 4
1
4353-4356
The lanthanoid and actinoid contractions, have extended effects on the sizes, and therefore, the properties of the elements succeeding them in their respective periods The lanthanoid contraction is more important because the chemistry of elements succeeding the actinoids are much less known at the present time 4 7 4
1
4354-4357
The lanthanoid contraction is more important because the chemistry of elements succeeding the actinoids are much less known at the present time 4 7 4 7 4
1
4355-4358
4 7 4 7 4 7 4
1
4356-4359
7 4 7 4 7 4 7 4
1
4357-4360
7 4 7 4 7 4 7 Some Some Some Some Some Applications Applications Applications Applications Applications of d- and of d- and of d- and of d- and of d- and f-Block f-Block f-Block f-Block f-Block Elements Elements Elements Elements Elements Iron and steels are the most important construction materials
1
4358-4361
7 4 7 4 7 Some Some Some Some Some Applications Applications Applications Applications Applications of d- and of d- and of d- and of d- and of d- and f-Block f-Block f-Block f-Block f-Block Elements Elements Elements Elements Elements Iron and steels are the most important construction materials Their production is based on the reduction of iron oxides, the removal of impurities and the addition of carbon and alloying metals such as Cr, Mn and Ni
1
4359-4362
7 4 7 Some Some Some Some Some Applications Applications Applications Applications Applications of d- and of d- and of d- and of d- and of d- and f-Block f-Block f-Block f-Block f-Block Elements Elements Elements Elements Elements Iron and steels are the most important construction materials Their production is based on the reduction of iron oxides, the removal of impurities and the addition of carbon and alloying metals such as Cr, Mn and Ni Some compounds are manufactured for special purposes such as TiO for the pigment industry and MnO2 for use in dry battery cells
1
4360-4363
7 Some Some Some Some Some Applications Applications Applications Applications Applications of d- and of d- and of d- and of d- and of d- and f-Block f-Block f-Block f-Block f-Block Elements Elements Elements Elements Elements Iron and steels are the most important construction materials Their production is based on the reduction of iron oxides, the removal of impurities and the addition of carbon and alloying metals such as Cr, Mn and Ni Some compounds are manufactured for special purposes such as TiO for the pigment industry and MnO2 for use in dry battery cells The battery industry also requires Zn and Ni/Cd
1
4361-4364
Their production is based on the reduction of iron oxides, the removal of impurities and the addition of carbon and alloying metals such as Cr, Mn and Ni Some compounds are manufactured for special purposes such as TiO for the pigment industry and MnO2 for use in dry battery cells The battery industry also requires Zn and Ni/Cd The elements of Group 11 are still worthy of being called the coinage metals, although Ag and Au Name a member of the lanthanoid series which is well known to exhibit +4 oxidation state
1
4362-4365
Some compounds are manufactured for special purposes such as TiO for the pigment industry and MnO2 for use in dry battery cells The battery industry also requires Zn and Ni/Cd The elements of Group 11 are still worthy of being called the coinage metals, although Ag and Au Name a member of the lanthanoid series which is well known to exhibit +4 oxidation state Cerium (Z = 58) Example 4
1
4363-4366
The battery industry also requires Zn and Ni/Cd The elements of Group 11 are still worthy of being called the coinage metals, although Ag and Au Name a member of the lanthanoid series which is well known to exhibit +4 oxidation state Cerium (Z = 58) Example 4 10 Example 4
1
4364-4367
The elements of Group 11 are still worthy of being called the coinage metals, although Ag and Au Name a member of the lanthanoid series which is well known to exhibit +4 oxidation state Cerium (Z = 58) Example 4 10 Example 4 10 Example 4
1
4365-4368
Cerium (Z = 58) Example 4 10 Example 4 10 Example 4 10 Example 4
1
4366-4369
10 Example 4 10 Example 4 10 Example 4 10 Example 4
1
4367-4370
10 Example 4 10 Example 4 10 Example 4 10 Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Intext Question Intext Question Intext Question Intext Question Intext Question 4
1
4368-4371
10 Example 4 10 Example 4 10 Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Intext Question Intext Question Intext Question Intext Question Intext Question 4 10 Actinoid contraction is greater from element to element than lanthanoid contraction
1
4369-4372
10 Example 4 10 Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Intext Question Intext Question Intext Question Intext Question Intext Question 4 10 Actinoid contraction is greater from element to element than lanthanoid contraction Why
1
4370-4373
10 Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Intext Question Intext Question Intext Question Intext Question Intext Question 4 10 Actinoid contraction is greater from element to element than lanthanoid contraction Why Rationalised 2023-24 114 Chemistry are restricted to collection items and the contemporary UK ‘copper’ coins are copper-coated steel
1
4371-4374
10 Actinoid contraction is greater from element to element than lanthanoid contraction Why Rationalised 2023-24 114 Chemistry are restricted to collection items and the contemporary UK ‘copper’ coins are copper-coated steel The ‘silver’ UK coins are a Cu/Ni alloy
1
4372-4375
Why Rationalised 2023-24 114 Chemistry are restricted to collection items and the contemporary UK ‘copper’ coins are copper-coated steel The ‘silver’ UK coins are a Cu/Ni alloy Many of the metals and/or their compounds are essential catalysts in the chemical industry
1
4373-4376
Rationalised 2023-24 114 Chemistry are restricted to collection items and the contemporary UK ‘copper’ coins are copper-coated steel The ‘silver’ UK coins are a Cu/Ni alloy Many of the metals and/or their compounds are essential catalysts in the chemical industry V2O5 catalyses the oxidation of SO2 in the manufacture of sulphuric acid
1
4374-4377
The ‘silver’ UK coins are a Cu/Ni alloy Many of the metals and/or their compounds are essential catalysts in the chemical industry V2O5 catalyses the oxidation of SO2 in the manufacture of sulphuric acid TiCl4 with A1(CH3)3 forms the basis of the Ziegler catalysts used to manufacture polyethylene (polythene)
1
4375-4378
Many of the metals and/or their compounds are essential catalysts in the chemical industry V2O5 catalyses the oxidation of SO2 in the manufacture of sulphuric acid TiCl4 with A1(CH3)3 forms the basis of the Ziegler catalysts used to manufacture polyethylene (polythene) Iron catalysts are used in the Haber process for the production of ammonia from N2/H2 mixtures
1
4376-4379
V2O5 catalyses the oxidation of SO2 in the manufacture of sulphuric acid TiCl4 with A1(CH3)3 forms the basis of the Ziegler catalysts used to manufacture polyethylene (polythene) Iron catalysts are used in the Haber process for the production of ammonia from N2/H2 mixtures Nickel catalysts enable the hydrogenation of fats to proceed
1
4377-4380
TiCl4 with A1(CH3)3 forms the basis of the Ziegler catalysts used to manufacture polyethylene (polythene) Iron catalysts are used in the Haber process for the production of ammonia from N2/H2 mixtures Nickel catalysts enable the hydrogenation of fats to proceed In the Wacker process the oxidation of ethyne to ethanal is catalysed by PdCl2
1
4378-4381
Iron catalysts are used in the Haber process for the production of ammonia from N2/H2 mixtures Nickel catalysts enable the hydrogenation of fats to proceed In the Wacker process the oxidation of ethyne to ethanal is catalysed by PdCl2 Nickel complexes are useful in the polymerisation of alkynes and other organic compounds such as benzene
1
4379-4382
Nickel catalysts enable the hydrogenation of fats to proceed In the Wacker process the oxidation of ethyne to ethanal is catalysed by PdCl2 Nickel complexes are useful in the polymerisation of alkynes and other organic compounds such as benzene The photographic industry relies on the special light-sensitive properties of AgBr
1
4380-4383
In the Wacker process the oxidation of ethyne to ethanal is catalysed by PdCl2 Nickel complexes are useful in the polymerisation of alkynes and other organic compounds such as benzene The photographic industry relies on the special light-sensitive properties of AgBr The d-block consisting of Groups 3-12 occupies the large middle section of the periodic table
1
4381-4384
Nickel complexes are useful in the polymerisation of alkynes and other organic compounds such as benzene The photographic industry relies on the special light-sensitive properties of AgBr The d-block consisting of Groups 3-12 occupies the large middle section of the periodic table In these elements the inner d orbitals are progressively filled
1
4382-4385
The photographic industry relies on the special light-sensitive properties of AgBr The d-block consisting of Groups 3-12 occupies the large middle section of the periodic table In these elements the inner d orbitals are progressively filled The f-block is placed outside at the bottom of the periodic table and in the elements of this block, 4f and 5f orbitals are progressively filled
1
4383-4386
The d-block consisting of Groups 3-12 occupies the large middle section of the periodic table In these elements the inner d orbitals are progressively filled The f-block is placed outside at the bottom of the periodic table and in the elements of this block, 4f and 5f orbitals are progressively filled Corresponding to the filling of 3d, 4d and 5d orbitals, three series of transition elements are well recognised
1
4384-4387
In these elements the inner d orbitals are progressively filled The f-block is placed outside at the bottom of the periodic table and in the elements of this block, 4f and 5f orbitals are progressively filled Corresponding to the filling of 3d, 4d and 5d orbitals, three series of transition elements are well recognised All the transition elements exhibit typical metallic properties such as –high tensile strength, ductility, malleability, thermal and electrical conductivity and metallic character
1
4385-4388
The f-block is placed outside at the bottom of the periodic table and in the elements of this block, 4f and 5f orbitals are progressively filled Corresponding to the filling of 3d, 4d and 5d orbitals, three series of transition elements are well recognised All the transition elements exhibit typical metallic properties such as –high tensile strength, ductility, malleability, thermal and electrical conductivity and metallic character Their melting and boiling points are high which are attributed to the involvement of (n –1) d electrons resulting into strong interatomic bonding
1
4386-4389
Corresponding to the filling of 3d, 4d and 5d orbitals, three series of transition elements are well recognised All the transition elements exhibit typical metallic properties such as –high tensile strength, ductility, malleability, thermal and electrical conductivity and metallic character Their melting and boiling points are high which are attributed to the involvement of (n –1) d electrons resulting into strong interatomic bonding In many of these properties, the maxima occur at about the middle of each series which indicates that one unpaired electron per d orbital is particularly a favourable configuration for strong interatomic interaction
1
4387-4390
All the transition elements exhibit typical metallic properties such as –high tensile strength, ductility, malleability, thermal and electrical conductivity and metallic character Their melting and boiling points are high which are attributed to the involvement of (n –1) d electrons resulting into strong interatomic bonding In many of these properties, the maxima occur at about the middle of each series which indicates that one unpaired electron per d orbital is particularly a favourable configuration for strong interatomic interaction Successive ionisation enthalpies do not increase as steeply as in the main group elements with increasing atomic number
1
4388-4391
Their melting and boiling points are high which are attributed to the involvement of (n –1) d electrons resulting into strong interatomic bonding In many of these properties, the maxima occur at about the middle of each series which indicates that one unpaired electron per d orbital is particularly a favourable configuration for strong interatomic interaction Successive ionisation enthalpies do not increase as steeply as in the main group elements with increasing atomic number Hence, the loss of variable number of electrons from (n –1) d orbitals is not energetically unfavourable
1
4389-4392
In many of these properties, the maxima occur at about the middle of each series which indicates that one unpaired electron per d orbital is particularly a favourable configuration for strong interatomic interaction Successive ionisation enthalpies do not increase as steeply as in the main group elements with increasing atomic number Hence, the loss of variable number of electrons from (n –1) d orbitals is not energetically unfavourable The involvement of (n–1) d electrons in the behaviour of transition elements impart certain distinct characteristics to these elements
1
4390-4393
Successive ionisation enthalpies do not increase as steeply as in the main group elements with increasing atomic number Hence, the loss of variable number of electrons from (n –1) d orbitals is not energetically unfavourable The involvement of (n–1) d electrons in the behaviour of transition elements impart certain distinct characteristics to these elements Thus, in addition to variable oxidation states, they exhibit paramagnetic behaviour, catalytic properties and tendency for the formation of coloured ions, interstitial compounds and complexes
1
4391-4394
Hence, the loss of variable number of electrons from (n –1) d orbitals is not energetically unfavourable The involvement of (n–1) d electrons in the behaviour of transition elements impart certain distinct characteristics to these elements Thus, in addition to variable oxidation states, they exhibit paramagnetic behaviour, catalytic properties and tendency for the formation of coloured ions, interstitial compounds and complexes The transition elements vary widely in their chemical behaviour
1
4392-4395
The involvement of (n–1) d electrons in the behaviour of transition elements impart certain distinct characteristics to these elements Thus, in addition to variable oxidation states, they exhibit paramagnetic behaviour, catalytic properties and tendency for the formation of coloured ions, interstitial compounds and complexes The transition elements vary widely in their chemical behaviour Many of them are sufficiently electropositive to dissolve in mineral acids, although a few are ‘noble’
1
4393-4396
Thus, in addition to variable oxidation states, they exhibit paramagnetic behaviour, catalytic properties and tendency for the formation of coloured ions, interstitial compounds and complexes The transition elements vary widely in their chemical behaviour Many of them are sufficiently electropositive to dissolve in mineral acids, although a few are ‘noble’ Of the first series, with the exception of copper, all the metals are relatively reactive
1
4394-4397
The transition elements vary widely in their chemical behaviour Many of them are sufficiently electropositive to dissolve in mineral acids, although a few are ‘noble’ Of the first series, with the exception of copper, all the metals are relatively reactive The transition metals react with a number of non-metals like oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and halogens to form binary compounds
1
4395-4398
Many of them are sufficiently electropositive to dissolve in mineral acids, although a few are ‘noble’ Of the first series, with the exception of copper, all the metals are relatively reactive The transition metals react with a number of non-metals like oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and halogens to form binary compounds The first series transition metal oxides are generally formed from the reaction of metals with oxygen at high temperatures
1
4396-4399
Of the first series, with the exception of copper, all the metals are relatively reactive The transition metals react with a number of non-metals like oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and halogens to form binary compounds The first series transition metal oxides are generally formed from the reaction of metals with oxygen at high temperatures These oxides dissolve in acids and bases to form oxometallic salts
1
4397-4400
The transition metals react with a number of non-metals like oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and halogens to form binary compounds The first series transition metal oxides are generally formed from the reaction of metals with oxygen at high temperatures These oxides dissolve in acids and bases to form oxometallic salts Potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate are common examples
1
4398-4401
The first series transition metal oxides are generally formed from the reaction of metals with oxygen at high temperatures These oxides dissolve in acids and bases to form oxometallic salts Potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate are common examples Potassium dichromate is prepared from the chromite ore by fusion with alkali in presence of air and acidifying the extract
1
4399-4402
These oxides dissolve in acids and bases to form oxometallic salts Potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate are common examples Potassium dichromate is prepared from the chromite ore by fusion with alkali in presence of air and acidifying the extract Pyrolusite ore (MnO2) is used for the preparation of potassium permanganate
1
4400-4403
Potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate are common examples Potassium dichromate is prepared from the chromite ore by fusion with alkali in presence of air and acidifying the extract Pyrolusite ore (MnO2) is used for the preparation of potassium permanganate Both the dichromate and the permanganate ions are strong oxidising agents
1
4401-4404
Potassium dichromate is prepared from the chromite ore by fusion with alkali in presence of air and acidifying the extract Pyrolusite ore (MnO2) is used for the preparation of potassium permanganate Both the dichromate and the permanganate ions are strong oxidising agents The two series of inner transition elements, lanthanoids and actinoids constitute the f-block of the periodic table
1
4402-4405
Pyrolusite ore (MnO2) is used for the preparation of potassium permanganate Both the dichromate and the permanganate ions are strong oxidising agents The two series of inner transition elements, lanthanoids and actinoids constitute the f-block of the periodic table With the successive filling of the inner orbitals, 4f, there is a gradual decrease in the atomic and ionic sizes of these metals along the series (lanthanoid contraction)
1
4403-4406
Both the dichromate and the permanganate ions are strong oxidising agents The two series of inner transition elements, lanthanoids and actinoids constitute the f-block of the periodic table With the successive filling of the inner orbitals, 4f, there is a gradual decrease in the atomic and ionic sizes of these metals along the series (lanthanoid contraction) This has far reaching consequences in the chemistry of the elements succeeding them
1
4404-4407
The two series of inner transition elements, lanthanoids and actinoids constitute the f-block of the periodic table With the successive filling of the inner orbitals, 4f, there is a gradual decrease in the atomic and ionic sizes of these metals along the series (lanthanoid contraction) This has far reaching consequences in the chemistry of the elements succeeding them Lanthanum and all the lanthanoids are rather soft white metals