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Aden Country Park Aden Country Park is located in Mintlaw, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. The park has a caravan area with camping, a small shop, a small cafe near the agricultural museum, a play area, the maintained ruins of Aden House, landscaped gardens, and a barbecue area. Aden Park can be accessed from Mintlaw by Station Road or Nether Aden Road. It is home to the Aberdeenshire Farming Museum, forest walks and a ruined country house. Every year it hosts a pipe band contest which attracts bagpipe bands from around Scotland. Aberdeenshire Farming Museum The Aberdeenshire Farming Museum comprises two main features. The early 19th century semi-circular Home Farm steading features interpretations of 20th century Aden Estate through costumed guides, and the "Weel Vrocht Grun" (well worked ground) contains displays about regional farming history and innovations in agriculture over the last two centuries. The Hareshowe Working Farm was moved to Aden Country Park in the early 1990s. The farmhouse has been restored to a 1950s appearance and guided tours provide demonstrations of cooking and farm activities. Aden House The mansion house formerly belonging to the Russell family was said to have been beautiful before it was ruined. Alexander Russell of Montcoffer (1723–98) bought the Aden estate in 1758 from James Ferguson of Kinmundy. Alexander Russell's great great grandson, Sidney Russell (1895-1965), was the last Russell laird to live at Aden. He sold the estate in 1937 and moved to Dorset. The Barony of Aden is still held by the Russell family. During World War II it was used as an army barracks and it is said that the inside decoration was damaged and had lost its lustre once the army were finished with it. After the war the house was left to fall into ruin. The house is made of grey granite. References External links Aden Country Park Website Aberdeenshire Council Website - Aden Country Park Aberdeenshire Farming Museum Website Aberdeenshire Council Website - Aberdeenshire Farming Museum Local Information on the Park Category:Country parks in Scotland Category:Museums in Aberdeenshire Category:Farm museums in Scotland Category:Agriculture museums in the United Kingdom Category:Parks in Aberdeenshire | High | [
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Q: How to get all columns after groupby on Dataset in spark sql 2.1.0 First, I am very new to SPARK I have millions of records in my Dataset and i wanted to groupby with name column and finding names which having maximum age. I am getting correct results but I need all columns in my resultset. Dataset<Row> resultset = studentDataSet.select("*").groupBy("name").max("age"); resultset.show(1000,false); I am getting only name and max(age) in my resultset dataset. A: For your solution you have to try different approach. You was almost there for solution but let me help you understand. Dataset<Row> resultset = studentDataSet.groupBy("name").max("age"); now what you can do is you can join the resultset with studentDataSet Dataset<Row> joinedDS = studentDataset.join(resultset, "name"); The problem with groupBy this that after applying groupBy you get RelationalGroupedDataset so it depends on what next operation you perform like sum, min, mean, max etc then the result of these operation joined with groupBy As in you case name column is joined with the max of age so it will return only two columns but if use apply groupBy on age and then apply max on 'age' column you will get two column one is age and second is max(age). Note :- code is not tested please make changes if needed Hope this clears you query | Mid | [
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Q: Windows Server 2012 R2 and AWS S3 Download from Ansible I'm trying to download some files from AWS S3 with IAM Role for EC2 but Ansible is getting an error. Other Ansible win_* modules works great. Windows Server has Python2 and Python3, and also boto and boto3 modules. Cmd is responding to python command. It opens Python3 when it is executed. I also tested the 'import boto' command when the Python3 is opened to be sure that module is installed. Ansible Playbook is configured like: - name: test s3 module hosts: windows tasks: - name: get s3 file aws_s3: bucket: drktests3 object: /test dest: C:\tests3.txt mode: get When i run this configuration, the output is like that: root@ip-172-31-22-4:/etc/ansible/playbooks# ansible-playbook s3test PLAY [test s3 module] ******************************************************************************************************************************************* TASK [Gathering Facts] ****************************************************************************************************************************************** ok: [38.210.201.10] TASK [get s3 file] ********************************************************************************************************************************************** [WARNING]: FATAL ERROR DURING FILE TRANSFER: fatal: [38.210.201.10]: FAILED! => {"msg": "winrm send_input failed; \nstdout: Unable to initialize device PRN\r\nUnable to initialize device PRN\r\nUnable to initialize device PRN\r\n\nstderr ANSIBALLZ_WRAPPER : The term 'ANSIBALLZ_WRAPPER' is not recognized as the name \r\nof a cmdlet, function, script file, or operable program. Check the spelling of \r\nthe name, or if a path was included, verify that the path is correct and try \r\nagain.\r\nAt line:1 char:1\r\n+ ANSIBALLZ_WRAPPER = True # For test-module script to tell this is a \r\nANSIBALLZ_WR ...\r\n+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\r\n + CategoryInfo : ObjectNotFound: (ANSIBALLZ_WRAPPER:String) [], C \r\n ommandNotFoundException\r\n + FullyQualifiedErrorId : The same script works on the Master server(Linux Ubuntu) if i change the hosts value to localhost. Why Ansible cannot execute the python code on the Windows server? A: I found that there is a section about the problem in Ansible Docs. Can I run Python modules? No, the WinRM connection protocol is set to use PowerShell modules, so Python modules will not work. A way to bypass this issue to use delegate_to: localhost to run a Python module on the Ansible controller. This is useful if during a playbook, an external service needs to be contacted and there is no equivalent Windows module available. So if you want to do such a process, you have to workaround the problem. I solved it with suggestion that Ansible Documentation gives. - name: test s3 module hosts: windows tasks: - name: get s3 file aws_s3: bucket: bucketname object: /filename.jpg dest: /etc/ansible/playbooks/test.jpg mode: get delegate_to: localhost - name: copy to win server win_copy: src: /etc/ansible/playbooks/test.jpg dest: C:/test.jpg When you use these sample codes, firstly you are downloading the files to Master Ansible server with delegate_to. And after then that you are copying the files to Windows host. | Mid | [
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1994 Páez River earthquake The 1994 Páez River earthquake occurred on June 6 with a moment magnitude of 6.8 at a depth of . The event, which is also known as the Páez River disaster, included subsequent landslides and mudslides that destroyed the small town of Páez, located on the foothills of the Central Ranges of the Andes in Cauca in south-western Colombia. It was estimated that 1,100 people, mostly from the Páez, were killed in some 15 settlements on the Páez River basin, Cauca and Huila departments of which the eponymous town of Páez suffered 50% of the death toll. In response to the disaster, the government created the Nasa Kiwe Corporation to bring relief to the area, and begin the reconstruction of the affected areas. References and notes . Sismo del 6 de junio de 1994 El sismo de Paez de 1994. "(…)A causa del sismo se registraron 20 personas muertas y algunos heridos, cifra nada comparable con la cantidad de víctimas que dejaron las avalanchas, calculada en más de 300 muertos y 500 desaparecidos." . Detailed descriptions and photographs of the events, the outcomes, the handling of the emergency and later developments and social consequences can be seen in Nasa kive the government corporation for the reconstruction of the Páez River basin. . A detailed report with complementary information about this particular disaster and several others that took place around the same time in the Andean countries can be obtained in a special issue of the journal Desastres y Sociedad, published by La Red de Estudios Sociales en Prevención de Desastres en América Latina in 1995. Further reading Martinez, J.M., Avila, G., Agudelo, A., Schuster, R.L., Casadevall, T.J., and K.M. Scott, 1995. Landslides and debris flows triggered by the 6 June 1994 Paez earthquake, southwestern Colombia. Landslide News, no. 9:13–15. Kyoto: Japan Landslide Society. Schuster, R.L., 1995. Landslides and floods triggered by the June 6, 1994, Paez earthquake, southwestern Colombia. Association of Engineering Geologists, AEG News 38:1:32–33. External links Landslides and lahar at Nevado del Huila Volcano, Colombia from the United States Geological Survey 1994 Paez Paez, 1994 Paez Category:1990s landslides | Mid | [
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The people who brought us the Women's March are about to bring us a Day Without Women. A little more than two weeks after the wildly successful post–Inauguration Day protest that saw hundreds of thousands of women and supporters of women descend on Washington, D.C. (and millions of others gathering at nearly 700 sister marches held all over the world), the organizers of the Women's March movement have announced that they're planning yet another landmark demonstration. A graphic posted to the official Women's March Twitter account has unveiled plans for the follow-up, this time a "general strike." No details of the strike have been revealed at this point, other than the fact that it seems to be titled "A Day Without Women." The announcement also notes that the date for the strike has yet to be announced. The caption accompanying the image posted to Twitter, Facebook and Instagram reads, "The will of the people will stand." See the announcement for yourself below: The Women's March on Washington January 21 reportedly boasted a turnout three times as large as the crowd that gathered in the nation's capital for President Donald Trump's inauguration. And that estimate doesn't even count the nearly 5 million marchers who attended protests around the world. Following the Women's March, organizers launched the 10 Actions for the First 100 Days campaign, with the catchprase, "First we marched, now we huddle." The campaign calls for people to gather in small groups and take steps to make their voices heard by government representatives and participate in advocacy for important causes related to gender equality. Stay tuned for more details about "A Day Without Women" as they become available. | Mid | [
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set hive.fetch.task.conversion=more; DESCRIBE FUNCTION rpad; DESCRIBE FUNCTION EXTENDED rpad; EXPLAIN SELECT rpad('hi', 1, '?'), rpad('hi', 5, '.'), rpad('hi', 6, '123') FROM src tablesample (1 rows); SELECT rpad('hi', 1, '?'), rpad('hi', 5, '.'), rpad('hi', 6, '123') FROM src tablesample (1 rows); | Mid | [
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Q: How to check if RECORD_AUDIO permission has been granted in Codename One (Android 6.0+) My app features among othes an audio recorder (this roots to this previous SO question). I use the following code to start audio recording : audioMemoRecorder = MediaManager.createMediaRecorder(audioMemoPath, audioMemoMimeType); if (audioMemoRecorder != null){ // this does not prevent app from crashing audioMemoRecorder.play(); } On an Android 6.0 device when I click on the record button the app crashes, because the record_audio permission is not granted by default. So I guess MediaManager.createMediaRecorder() does not return correctly. However the problem is that the app does not prompt for this permission, and crashes straightforwardly. Please note that if the user gives this record_audio permission the app works properly. How can I check before enabling the buttons if the record_audio permission has been granted ? Any hint appreciated, BR A: That's an omission in the current port (we added it to the capture but missed the media recorder) this will be fixed in the next update. | Mid | [
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Longitudinal observational cohort study about detrusor underactivity as a risk factor for bladder neck contracture after retropubic radical prostatectomy: preliminary results. To evaluate the association between preoperative detrusor underactivity (DU) and symptomatic bladder neck contracture (BNC) in patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP), in order to identify a possible new risk factor in the etiopathogenic mechanisms of BNC after RRP. A total of 100 prostate cancer patients underwent RRP after preoperative complete urodynamic examination. Detrusor contractility was evaluated by bladder contractility index (BCI), power at maximum flow (WF-Qmax), and maximum velocity of detrusorial contraction (MVDC). Follow-up included uroflowmetry with bladder post-voiding volume evaluation at 3 and 6 months after surgery and repeated urodynamic examination at 12 months. Statistical evaluation was performed using the Student's t test (P < 0.01). The mean patient age was 65.6 ± 5.4 years, and pathological stage ranged from T2a to T2c. A total of 40 patients (40 %) presented normal detrusor contractility, 47 (47 %) mild DU, and 13 (13 %) severe DU. Detrusor overactivity (DO) was observed in 12 patients (12 %), small cystometric capacity in 10 (10 %), low compliance in 16 (16 %), DO plus DU (mild or severe) in 6 (6 %), and DO plus small cystometric capacity together with low compliance in 5 (5 %). Normal urodynamics were observed in 38 patients (38 %). Overall BNC incidence was 12. All patients with BNC presented preoperative DU; none presented DO or low bladder compliance. DU severity and BNC occurrence were significantly correlated (P < 0.01) for all 3 urodynamic parameters (BCI, WF-Qmax, and MVDC). We identify DU as a possible novel risk factor for BNC formation after radical prostatectomy that may contribute to its development. | High | [
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export function processOptions (value) { let options if (typeof value === 'function') { // Simple options (callback-only) options = { callback: value, } } else { // Options object options = value } return options } export function throttle (callback, delay, options = {}) { let timeout let lastState let currentArgs const throttled = (state, ...args) => { currentArgs = args if (timeout && state === lastState) return let leading = options.leading if (typeof leading === 'function') { leading = leading(state, lastState) } if ((!timeout || (state !== lastState)) && leading) { callback(state, ...currentArgs) } lastState = state clearTimeout(timeout) timeout = setTimeout(() => { callback(state, ...currentArgs) timeout = 0 }, delay) } throttled._clear = () => { clearTimeout(timeout) timeout = null } return throttled } export function deepEqual (val1, val2) { if (val1 === val2) return true if (typeof val1 === 'object') { for (const key in val1) { if (!deepEqual(val1[key], val2[key])) { return false } } return true } return false } | Mid | [
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Tag Archives: Patricia Holland Comment fromPatricia Holland: As a BFI member of many years standing I would like to add my voice to the many hundreds you have no doubt received objecting in particular to the reduction of the BFI Library. A new ‘orientation’ towards ‘the public’ rather than ‘researchers and students’ poses a false dichotomy. Researchers and students are members of the public, and any member of the public may engage in research. I know from my own experience that many people move between one and the other. One of the great glories of the BFI has been its promotion of film culture for its own sake, as well as in the service of specific courses and qualifications. The BFI library -and the expert staff who run it- is a national resource which should not be reduced or cut back. (If the library is re-located in the much smaller Gallery space at the Southbank it is also unclear how the holdings will be accessed on behalf of readers.) As a general point, the BFI is already the ‘lead body for film in the UK’. Its future development into the digital era, following excellent initiatives such as the Mediatheque, should be seen as building on its long track record, which includes original and innovative research and publications. The organisation’s strength has been the ability to make links between the different activities which are necessary to the promotion of a healthy film culture -including the Archive, the broad and innovative programmes mounted at the National Film Theatre, the books and DVDs, the website and so on as well as the Library. It should celebrate this broad range and make sure it is protected in the future. The BFI should be careful not to fall into the trap set by the current government to push an important cultural activity, which depends heavily on public funding, towards an inappropriate dependence on commercial ‘business opportunities’ and ‘sponsorship’ which may change the nature of the organisation. | High | [
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Some independent schools in Sydney have broken ranks with government advice by shutting down buildings and holding lessons online. Key points: Gladys Berejiklian urged private schools to reconsider closing because of coronavirus Gladys Berejiklian urged private schools to reconsider closing because of coronavirus Students at Knox Grammar School have been given the choice of online or onsite learning Students at Knox Grammar School have been given the choice of online or onsite learning Sydney Catholic Schools urged the State Government to close school buildings Pymble Ladies College, Kambala School and Knox Grammar School were among a number of private schools to defy government advice by moving classes online because of the coronavirus pandemic. Asked if some private schools were being hysterical, NSW Premier Gladys Berejiklian said: "We would hope that any school considering acting alone on this, reconsider." Kambala in Sydney's east will operate remotely from Monday for kindergarten through to Year 10, while Year 11 and 12 students will remain on campus until the end of term. Principal Shane Hogan said his focus was on Kambala's school community and their wellbeing. "It's difficult because there is an inequality in resources and not every school is as ready to move remotely," he said. "We want to give certainty to families … to plan moving forward." Mr Hogan said 25 per cent of students were being kept home already by parents. Knox Grammar School will give parents a choice. ( Google Maps ) From next week, children from kindergarten to Year 10 will work on school-issued iPads with one-third of classes delivered through Zoom video call, and the remainder through set coursework. Knox Grammar School is giving students the option of online or onsite learning from Thursday. Stay up-to-date on the coronavirus outbreak Download the ABC News app and subscribe to our range of news alerts for the latest on how the pandemic is impacting the world Pymble Ladies College will cease face-to-face learning from Thursday, but the campus will remain open for students who require supervision. Headmistress Kate Hadwen said the approach was more "fair and equitable" for students who were choosing to stay home because of concerns over the virus. Pal Buddhist School in Sydney's south-west is closing campus on Thursday, to move to online classes. Founding Principal Panha Pal said he believed it was "not wise for [the government] to wait for an increase in infection rate to have a school shut down". He said he would advise parents who are healthcare workers to lean on community support and relatives to supervise children learning remotely. Sydney Catholic Schools increased pressure on the State Government to close school buildings "as a matter of urgency". Executive director Tony Farley, whose organisation oversees 150 schools in Sydney, said preparations were being made to deliver education remotely. Greg Whitby, Executive Director of the Catholic Education Diocese of Parramatta, which manages 80 schools across Western Sydney, said the community wanted an urgent government decision "sooner rather than later" on school closures. However, the National Catholic Education Commission said Catholic schools would adhere to the government's advice to remain open and operational. The state and federal governments have said there is no rationale for closing down schools from advice from health experts. | Mid | [
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Phil Shevlin Professor Philip B. Shevlin is an American experimental chemist, based primarily at Auburn University. Professor Shevlin is an internationally recognized research scientist. His special field of expertise is centered on the chemistry of high energy reactive intermediates. These intermediates include atomic carbon, carbenes, monovalent carbon species and other energetic molecules. Professor Shevlin is also involved in the synthesis of a variety of carbocyclic and heterocyclic nucleoside analogs. Curriculum vitae 1965-1966 Research Associate, Brookhaven National Laboratory 1966-1968 U.S. Army 1968-1970 Research Associate, Brookhaven National Laboratory 1970-1974 Assistant Professor, Auburn University 1974-1979 Associate Professor, Auburn University 1979 -1998 Professor, Auburn University 1998- 2002 Mosley Professor of Science and Humanities, Auburn University 2002- Professor Emeritus, Auburn university Education B. S. Lafayette College, Easton, PA, 1961 M. S. Yale University, New Haven, CT, 1963 Ph.D. Yale University, New Haven, CT, 1966 Books Shevlin, P. B. and Campbell, O. A.. Concepts of Science; Kendall/Hunt: Dubuque, IA, 2nd Edition, 1995. Shevlin, P. B.,Concepts of Science; Kendall/Hunt: Dubuque, IA, 1993. External links "University Home Page Category:21st-century American chemists Category:Living people Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Lafayette College alumni Category:Yale University alumni Category:Auburn University faculty | High | [
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Mainland’s Kylee Watson helps US win gold in Argentina Kylee Watson spent a week in Argentina and is coming back to Linwood, NJ with a gold medal. Watson had one point, one assist, one rebound and blocked a shot Sunday night for the Women’s Under-16 National Team in its 91-46 victory over Canada in the title game at the FIBA Americas U16 Championships in Buenos Aires. In her 12 minutes, 9 seconds of playing time, the U.S. outscored Canada by 15 points. Azzi Fudd led the champions with 18 points. The U.S. team went 5-0, playing and winning on each day of the tournament. Watson, 15, is a Mainland Regional freshman who was chosen for the national team after being invited to tryouts in Colorado Springs, Colorado, last month. More than 130 other girls participated in the tryouts. And her travels are not over. The top four teams from the eight-team tournament in Buenos Aries advance to the 2018 FIBA U17 World Cup. One other New Jersey girl is on the 12-player national team: Diamond Miller, of Franklin High School in Somerset County. Upon learning last week she had earned a spot on the national team, Watson said she was initially composed but then could barely contain her excitement. “I didn’t really know how to react to (the news),” Kylee said. “I was so ecstatic and excited, but didn’t want to make a big scene.” Watson already is drawing attention from NCAA Division I basketball programs and has gone on unofficial visits. As a freshman with the Mustangs in the 2016-17 scholastic season, Watson averaged 16.4 points, nine rebounds and 2.3 blocks. The Mustangs went 22-7 and reached the South Jersey Group III final. Watson was named a first-team Press All-Star. Before leaving for Argentina, Watson said she was looking forward to playing against some of the best players in the world. “I’m trying to take it all in and take advantage of all my opportunities outside of the court,” Watson said. “I’m hanging out with new friends and just getting to know people from across the country. It’s an amazing experience.” | High | [
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et t be n(0). Suppose 4*w + t + 2 = 0. Which is bigger: w or x? w Let n be -1 - (-1 + (5 - 6)). Let r = -16/17 - -214/119. Is n less than or equal to r? False Let n be (-3)/4*(-6 + 2). Let u be -3*(-1 + n/9). Suppose 4*r + u*f + 15 = -f, 3*f = -15. Which is smaller: 1/5 or r? r Suppose -4*d + 10 = -5*a - 9*d, 5*d = -4*a - 10. Let l = 20 + -19. Are a and l unequal? True Let j(w) = -4*w**3 - 33*w**2 - 15. Let i(g) = -g**3 - 8*g**2 - 4. Let y(o) = -9*i(o) + 2*j(o). Let r be y(-6). Suppose r*q - q = 0. Is q greater than 2? False Suppose 3*u = -p + 9, 3*u - 2*p = -4*p + 12. Suppose -14 = 3*a - f, u*f + 0 = a - 2. Which is smaller: -0.1 or a? a Suppose -7*l = -15*l + 144. Which is smaller: 17 or l? 17 Let a = -1.29 + 1.4. Suppose -54*s + 1 = -53*s. Which is smaller: s or a? a Let b(x) be the first derivative of x**3/3 + x**2 - x + 5. Let c be b(1). Which is smaller: 3 or c? c Suppose -k = -2*k - 5. Suppose 10*m = 6*m + 12. Suppose -i + o = 2, -m*o + 6 = -5*o. Does i = k? True Let h = 2.3 - 1.3. Which is greater: h or -3? h Suppose -4*w + w = 0. Let z(f) = -24*f**3 + f**2 - f. Let b be z(1). Let y be (-2 - -4) + b/10. Which is greater: y or w? w Let c = 246 - 6152/25. Which is smaller: c or 0? c Let w = 2 - -2. Suppose 2*r = w*r - 2. Let t be ((-1)/4)/((-2)/(-4)). Which is greater: t or r? r Let g = 357 - 1087/3. Suppose -19*f + 15 = -22*f. Which is smaller: f or g? g Let v = 0.07 - 3.07. Is v at least 7? False Let w = -9 - 0. Which is smaller: -7 or w? w Let b be (-6)/27 - (-194)/(-18). Is -15 less than or equal to b? True Let w = 5 - 2. Suppose 23 = 4*s + 5*h, -3*s - h + 4*h = w. Let b be 1/(s*2/4). Are b and 3/7 nonequal? True Suppose z - 4*z = -5*f + 19, 0 = 2*z - 2*f + 6. Suppose 16 = -4*l, -9 = -5*u - 2*l - 2. Which is bigger: u or z? u Let u be 2 - (5/5 + 2). Does u = 9/25? False Let b = 5 + -3. Suppose 0 = -4*d + 2*d + 4. Suppose a - 2*a = -4*q - 15, 0 = b*a - q - d. Which is greater: 1/6 or a? 1/6 Let z be (1 + -3)*90/140. Do z and -2 have different values? True Let u = 3 - 1. Let f = u + -1.9. Do -1 and f have different values? True Let g(t) = t - 10. Let m = -9 - -18. Let d be g(m). Is d != 1? True Suppose 2*f + 0*f + 3*j = 5, -f - 4*j = 0. Suppose -5*q + 2*q = -f*m - 40, -18 = 2*m - q. Let g = 20 - 28. Are m and g unequal? True Let v = -5.07 + 0.07. Let d = 2 + v. Is 2/3 > d? True Let q = -37/4 - -103/12. Let z = 0.1 - -0.9. Let n = 0.9 - z. Which is bigger: n or q? n Let j = -1/700 + 7011/7700. Which is greater: -1/3 or j? j Suppose 2*g = g + 1. Suppose -s = -3 + g. Suppose c = -s*c. Which is bigger: c or 1? 1 Let o be (-3)/(1 + (-1 - 1)). Suppose t + 15 = o*t + 5*z, -4*t - 12 = -4*z. Which is smaller: t or 2/15? t Let m be (8/6)/(2/(-6)). Let i be (-18)/m*2/3. Suppose 4*l - 5*o = -14, 0 = -5*l + o - 5*o + i. Which is greater: 0 or l? 0 Let j = -2/9 + 23/90. Is 0 greater than j? False Let b = 15 + -24. Let d = 59 - 68. Do d and b have the same value? True Let h be 2/20 - 23/46. Which is smaller: 5 or h? h Let g = -2 + 3. Suppose -2*m + 1 = -5. Let y = m + -2. Is y less than or equal to g? True Let l = -1 + -18. Is -18 greater than l? True Let o = -4.211 - -0.111. Which is smaller: -1 or o? o Suppose 6*i = -90 + 282. Which is bigger: i or 33? 33 Let x = 0.11 + -0.09. Let r be (-10)/(-46)*(-2)/2. Let i = r - -61/69. Which is smaller: x or i? x Suppose 0 = 5*l - l - 12. Suppose -1 = l*m - 4*m. Which is greater: 1/7 or m? m Suppose -3*s + 4 = -2*s. Suppose 0 = -5*q + 2*i + 3*i, -2*i + 14 = 5*q. Let h = q - s. Is h less than -3? False Suppose 0 = 9*m - 6*m + 24. Is -11 bigger than m? False Suppose -5*r - 13 - 2 = 0. Let v(g) = g**2 - 6*g + 4. Let c be v(4). Which is smaller: r or c? c Suppose 2 - 1 = h. Let c = h - -3. Suppose -k - k = c. Is k < -1? True Let l = 1.055 - 0.055. Let g = -1 + 2. Let z = 0.9 - g. Which is smaller: l or z? z Let i be -3 - (6/(-2) - 11). Let r = i + -9. Does 2 = r? True Let d(c) = 13*c**2 - 77*c - 14. Let z be d(6). Let m = -3 - -3.1. Which is smaller: m or z? z Suppose 2*y + 3*y = -15. Which is smaller: -4 or y? -4 Let q = -6/29 - 45/203. Is q smaller than -2? False Let t be (-10)/(3*2/(-3)). Let n be t/2*8/170. Let g be (-12)/(-42) - (-4)/(-14). Which is bigger: g or n? n Let n = -3.08 - -0.08. Let l = -3 - n. Which is smaller: -2 or l? -2 Suppose 3*d + 0*d = -9. Let c be d/(-2) - (-12)/24. Is 2 != c? False Let z(n) = -n**2 - 17*n + 35. Let v be z(-19). Are v and -6 equal? False Let z = -8 + 7.3. Let l = z + 0.7. Is l bigger than 1? False Let d(b) = b**3 - b. Let r be (5/((-15)/6))/2. Let g be d(r). Is g > 3/7? False Let g be 1 + ((-36)/13 - -1). Let y = g + -19/26. Is y at least as big as -3? True Let k(y) = 7 - 10*y + 2*y + 2*y**2 - y**2. Let q be 5/(-15) - (-57)/9. Let n be k(q). Is -3 > n? True Let v = -344/1253 + -2/179. Is 1 greater than v? True Let f = -6 + 9. Suppose -f*u = -4*i - 12, 4*u - i - 16 = -4*i. Are u and 1 nonequal? True Let q be (-3 + 2)/((-2)/20). Let x = q + -10. Which is greater: x or 1/4? 1/4 Suppose 3*m = 5*b, 0*m + m + 4 = 3*b. Suppose -1 - 6 = -5*f + 2*c, -f - 2 = b*c. Which is greater: 1/24 or f? f Suppose -4*r - 15 - 1 = 0. Suppose 0*u - 2*u = 12. Let m = u - r. Is -3 greater than m? False Let r = -0.2 - -0.3. Let p = 6 - 6.5. Let f = -0.6 - p. Is f greater than or equal to r? False Suppose -5*l = -5, q = -l + 4 + 1. Is q less than or equal to 11? True Suppose -3*q + 3*b = -6*q, q + 5*b - 4 = 0. Is q at most as big as 1/53? True Let h = -1/7 + 17/21. Which is smaller: -6/5 or h? -6/5 Suppose i = 3*l + 22, -2*i = i + 4*l - 40. Is i at most 16? True Let i = -1633/4 - -408. Let b be 0/2 - 6/(-5). Is i at most b? True Let d = 31 - 31.13. Which is greater: d or -1? d Let l be (22/33)/(4/(-42)). Suppose -i + 29 = -4*u, 4 = 4*u + 5*i + 3. Which is smaller: l or u? l Let d = -33 - -28. Let y = 82.9 + -88. Let i = y - d. Which is bigger: i or 0.3? 0.3 Let r be (-9)/12 + 1*(0 - 3). Is r bigger than -5? True Let k = -43/220 + 3/20. Let f(w) = 2*w**2 - 15*w + 6. Let l be f(7). Which is smaller: k or l? l Suppose -13*n = -11*n + 2. Is n less than -4? False Suppose 5*j - 25 = -0*j - 5*o, -4 = -o. Let t be (-1)/((-4)/(-8)) + (-32)/(-20). Is t >= j? False Suppose 8*i = 5*t + 3*i + 5, 4*t + 2 = 2*i. Which is smaller: 3 or t? t Let r = -3 - -3. Suppose 3*q + l = -8, -3*l - 18 + 7 = -4*q. Let i = 2 + q. Which is smaller: r or i? r Let b(q) = q + 2. Let j be b(-3). Suppose -3*v - 5 + 17 = -5*w, 4*v - 16 = -4*w. Is w greater than j? True Let o(q) = q**2 - 13*q + 5. Let t be o(11). Which is smaller: t or -16? t Let g be (-368)/92 - 86/34*-2. Is g equal to 0? False Let o = -8 - -7. Is -9 greater than o? False Let s = 87/2 - 46. Which is greater: s or -0.01? -0.01 Let f(k) = -k**3 - 14*k**2 - 32*k + 7. Let g be f(-11). Let a(s) = s**2 - 3*s + 1. Let b be a(2). Is b at most g? False Let p be 2/(-9) + (-40)/(-18). Suppose 0 = 3*l + 4*g - 8, 10 = l + l - p*g. Suppose -4*s - l = -0*s. Is s less than 0? True Suppose -3*l + 3 = 15. Suppose 0*g = -3*g - 15. Which is bigger: g or l? l Let r = -0.35 + 0.5. Let d = r + -0.85. Which is smaller: 2 or d? d Let t(f) = f. Let z be (6/4)/((-1)/2). Let r be t(z). Suppose 42 + 14 = -14*v. Which is smaller: r or v? v Suppose 3*b - 9 = 3*m, b = m - 5*m + 8. Is m at most as big as -2/5? False Suppose 5*w - 2*w - 2 = -g, w + 10 = 5*g. Let j be (-6)/(-3)*7/g. Let o be j/(-14) + 10/16. Which is bigger: 1 or o? 1 Let h(x) = x**3 + 7*x**2 + 6*x - 3. Let r be h(-6). Let f be r + 60/9 + -3. Is 2 greater than f? True Suppose -5 = -4*y - 4*a + 11, 0 = -3*a + 15. Suppose 0 = -2*h + 6*h - 4. Which is greater: y or h? h Suppose -11 = -5*w + 39. Suppose 5*j - 2*n - 30 = w, -3*j - 5*n = 7. Is j at most 6? True Let v(w) = w**2 - w + 1. Let q(c) = -c**3 + 10*c**2 - 3*c + 9. Let m(d) = q(d) - 6*v(d). Let h be m(5). Do h and -6 have the same value? False Suppose -5*b = -6 + 11. Let u be b/4 + 12/48. Is 2/21 greater than or equal to u? True Let v be ((-1)/(-3))/((-2)/(-12)). Suppose 3*n - 9 = -3*m + 3, 4*n - v*m = 4. Suppose 0 = w + 5, 2*s - 3*w - 31 = n*w. Is s smaller than 1? False Let y be (-16)/((-4)/((-12)/15)). Is -3 smaller than y? False Let c be ((-1)/2 + 1)*-2. Let l be ((-21)/(-6))/7*(-44)/22. Is c >= l? True Let l(r) = -r**2 - 6*r - 3. Let v be l(-5). Let d be (6/4 - 2)*v. Is d at | Low | [
0.468085106382978,
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--- abstract: 'The effect of the residual interaction between the nucleons (quasiparticles) on the thermodynamic behavior of spherical nuclei is considered. Thermodynamic relations are derived for the simplest model of the residual interaction that has the necessary macroscopic structure previously established. The range of applicability of the theory is discussed.' author: - | A.M. Kamchatnov\ [*Institute of Spectroscopy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, Moscow Region, 142190 Russia*]{} title: 'Thermodynamic properties of spherical nuclei [^1]' --- Introduction ============ The nuclear physics data accumulated up to now indicate that there is an essential difference between spherical and nonspherical nuclei. This difference does not reduce merely to “nuclear shape effects" as such, but intimately involves the internal structure of the nucleus. The shell oscillations of nuclear masses \[1\] can serve as an example of the phenomena associated with the difference between the structures of spherical and nonspherical nuclei. The shell oscillations are due to the ordered grouping of one-quasiparticle levels in spherical nuclei that arises because of the existence of the orbital angular momentum quantum number $l$ of the quasiparticle \[1,2\]. There is no such ordered grouping in nonspherical nuclei, and the trend of the mass of such nuclei as a function of the number of nucleons is entirely different. This difference is manifested on a plot of nuclear masses versus number of nucleons as a break in the curve corresponding to a phase transformation from the normal phase (nonspherical nuclei) to the “magic phase" (spherical nuclei) \[3\]. The difference between the internal structures of spherical and nonspherical nuclei does not affect only the ground states: the thermodynamic properties of the two phases are also different. This difference is manifested, for example, in the dependence of the form of the spectra of the ${\gamma}$-ray cascades emitted by heated nuclei on phase of the compound nucleus \[4,5\]. The energy spectrum of a nonspherical nucleus is not distorted by the residual interaction and is essentially of the Fermi-liquid type. Spherical nuclei, on the other hand, apparently cannot exist without the residual interaction (this was proved in \[6\] for a very simple nuclear model), and this interaction has an important effect on their thermodynamic behavior. As was explained in \[2\], the residual interaction must have a certain macroscopic structure, the only interactions between the quasiparticles that are compatible with the observed pattern of the shell oscillations of nuclear masses being those that lead to a quadratic dependence of the width of the diffuse region of the Fermi distribution on the orbital angular momentum $l$ of the quasiparticle: $$\label{1} \delta{\varepsilon}\propto \mathbf{l}^2\cong(l+1/2)^2.$$ In this paper we consider the thermodynamics of spherical nuclei on the basis of the simplest model of the residual interaction that has the required macroscopic structure. The Racah-Mottelson model ========================= The Racah-Mottelson model was used in \[2\] to describe the residual interaction: the Hamiltonian for the interaction between quasiparticles on the same $j$ level is given by $$\label{2} H_{int}^f=-G_j\sum_{m,m'>0}a_{m'}^\dagger a_{-m'}^\dagger a_{-m}a_m,$$ where $a_m^\dagger$ and $a_m$ are the creation and annihilation operators for a quasiparticle whose angular momentum has the $z$ projection $m$. The eigenvalues of this Hamiltonian (see, e.g., \[7\]) are $$\label{3} E_{int}^f=-G_jb_j(\Omega_j-b_j-s_j+1),$$ where $2\Omega_j = 2j + 1$, $b_j$ is the number of interacting pairs on level $j$, and $s_j$ is the seniority quantum number. To construct the thermodynamics of spherical nuclei, we need a formula for the degree of degeneracy $\Gamma(s, \Omega)$ (we shall drop the subscript $j$ in the rest of this section) of the Racah-Mottelson energy levels (3). The symmetry of the zero-seniority ground-state wave function (see, e.g., \[8\]) is such that the wave function can be constructed from single-particle wave functions in only one way. Hence the $s = 0$ ground state is not degenerate: $\Gamma(0, \Omega) = 1$. One more quasiparticle can be added to the $s = 0$ state in $C_{2\Omega}^1$ ways ($C_{2\Omega}^s = (2\Omega)!/s! (2\Omega - s)!$ is the number of combinations of $2\Omega$ things taken $s$ at a time), and we thereby obtain an $s = 1$ state, so that $\Gamma(1, \Omega) = C_{2\Omega}^1$. Two quasiparticles can be added to the $s = 0$ state with $2b$ quasiparticles in $C_{2\Omega}^2$ ways, but among them there is one that describes the ground state of $2(b + 1)$ quasiparticles, so that $\Gamma(2, \Omega) = C_{2\Omega}^2-C_{2\Omega}^0$. Arguing further in the same way we can prove the following general formula for the degree of degeneracy of the Racah-Mottelson energy levels by mathematical induction: $$\label{4} \Gamma(s, \Omega) = C_{2\Omega}^s-C_{2\Omega}^{s-2},\quad 0\leq s\leq\Omega.$$ For the case $\Omega\gg1$, $s\gg 1$, we can use Stirling’s formula $n! \cong \sqrt{2\pi n}\exp(n\ln n-n)$ to rewrite Eq. (4) in the form $$\label{5} \Gamma(s,\Omega)\cong\frac{4\Omega(\Omega-s)}{(2\Omega-s)^2} \sqrt{\frac\Omega{\pi s(2\Omega-s)}}\exp[(2\Omega)\ln(2\Omega)-s\ln s -(2\Omega-s)\ln(2\Omega-s)].$$ Now let us find the number $\Gamma(M, s, \Omega)$ of states with seniority $s$ and angular momentum projection $M$. It is clear that the sum of $\Gamma(M, s, \Omega)$ over all possible values of $M$ is $\Gamma(s, \Omega)$. In order to find a way of evaluating $\Gamma(M, s, \Omega)$ let us consider the matrix of Hamiltonian (2) in more detail. The dimension of this matrix is the number $C_{2\Omega}^N$ of ways in which $N$ fermions can be distributed among $2\Omega$ cells. (It is easily seen that the sum of $\Gamma(s,\Omega)$ over all seniorities $s$ possible for the given $N$ is $C_{2\Omega}^N$.) The Hamiltonian matrix for the $C_{2\Omega}^N$ basis functions breaks up into blocks corresponding to different values of the quantum number $s$. However, the block for the states with a given seniority breaks up in turn into still smaller blocks, since the Hamiltonian conserves the angular momentum projection $M$, so that different values correspond to different blocks. Finally, the block for states with given fixed values of $s$ and $M$ also consists of smaller blocks, since different sets of unpaired particles can give rise to the same angular momentum projection $M$. (Here the term “pairing" is used in a purely kinematic sense, namely, as an expression of the fact that two quasiparticles lie in cells corresponding to the same absolute value but opposite signs of the $z$ projection of the angular momentum.) For definiteness let is consider the case of even $s$ (and hence even $N$). Then the “smallest" blocks in the matrix for Hamiltonian (2) describe states in which there occur some number $2k$ of unpaired quasiparticles giving a total angular momentum projection $M$, and $N - 2k$ paired quasiparticles, which have $M = 0$ and seniority $s - 2k$. The number of such blocks is equal to the number $C(M, 2k, \Omega)$ of ways in which the angular momentum projection $M$ can be expressed as the sum of $2k$ single-particle projections taken from the set $\{-j, -j + 1, \ldots, j - 1, j\}$ (no two single-particle projections equal in modulus but opposite in sign occurring in the sum), while the dimension of each block is equal to the degree of degeneracy $\Gamma_0(s - 2k, \Omega - 2k)$ of a state of paired quasiparticles that are distributed among $\Omega - 2k$ free cells and have seniority $s - 2k$. Thus, the sum of the dimensions of all the blocks for states with angular momentum projection $M$ and seniority $s$ is $$\label{6} \Gamma(M,s,\Omega)=\sum_{k=0}^{s/2}C(M,2k,\Omega)\Gamma_0(s-2k,\Omega-2k).$$ A similar expression can also be written for odd $s$. Direct diagonalization of the Hamiltonian matrix for small values of $\Omega$ and $N$ leads to values of $\Gamma_0(s, \Omega)$ that can be expressed by the formula $$\label{7} \Gamma_0(s,\Omega)=C_{\Omega}^{s/2}-C_{\Omega}^{s/2-1}.$$ By definition, $\Gamma_0(s, \Omega)$ is meaningful only for even $s$. If we assume that formula (7) is valid for all even seniorities $\leq s$, we can prove that it is valid for seniority $s + 2$ in much the same way as Eq. (4) was proved: hence it follows by mathematical induction that (7) is valid for all even seniorities $0\leq s \leq\Omega$. Now let us seek the number $C(M, s, n)$ of ways in which $s$ unpaired particles can give a total angular momentum projection of $M$. Since the formula for $\Gamma(M, s, \Omega)$ will be used later to describe macroscopic phenomena for which it is essential that $j\gg 1$, we can set $j\cong\Omega$ (also see \[2\]), so that the single-particle angular momentum projections are the elements of the set $\{-\Omega, -\Omega+1,\ldots,-1, 1, \ldots, \Omega -1, \Omega\}$. Now we shall construct a generating function for the unknown numbers $C(M. s, \Omega)$. To do this we consider the sum $$\label{8} \sum(\zeta)^{{\varepsilon}_1}(\zeta^2)^{{\varepsilon}_2}\ldots(\zeta^\Omega)^{{\varepsilon}_\Omega}$$ taken over the values $$\label{9} {\varepsilon}_1=-1,0,1;\quad {\varepsilon}_2=-1,0,1;\quad\ldots;\quad {\varepsilon}_\Omega=-1,0,1$$ under the condition that $$\label{10} |{\varepsilon}_1|+|{\varepsilon}_2|+\ldots+|{\varepsilon}_\Omega|=s.$$ The coefficient of $\zeta^M$ in the sum (8) is $C(M, s, \Omega)$. To take condition (10) into account, we make use of the identity $$\label{11} \frac1{2\pi i}\oint\frac{dz}{z^{|{\varepsilon}_1|+|{\varepsilon}_2|+\ldots+|{\varepsilon}_\Omega|-s+1}}= \left\{ \begin{array}{l} 0,\quad |{\varepsilon}_1|+|{\varepsilon}_2|+\ldots+|{\varepsilon}_\Omega|\neq s,\\ 1,\quad |{\varepsilon}_1|+|{\varepsilon}_2|+\ldots+|{\varepsilon}_\Omega|=s, \end{array} \right.$$ in which the integration contour goes around the origin. If we multiply (11) by (8), we can sum over all the values (9) independently, without regard for condition (10). As a result we obtain the following expression for the generating function: $$\label{12} \sum_MC(M,s,\Omega)\zeta^M=\frac1{2\pi i}\oint\frac{dz}z z^s\prod_{n=1}^\Omega \left(1+\frac{\zeta^n+\zeta^{-n}}z\right).$$ If we make the substitution $\zeta=e^{it}$ in (12), the sum over $M$ becomes a finite Fourier series. Using the orthogonality relation $$\label{13} \int_{-\pi}^\pi\cos Mt\cos Lt\,dt=\pi\delta_{ML},$$ we obtain the following expression for the coefficients: $$\label{14} C(M,s,\Omega)=\frac1{(2\pi)^2i}\oint\frac{dz}z z^s\int_{-\pi}^\pi\cos Mt \prod_{n=1}^\Omega \left(1+\frac2z\cos nt\right).$$ Now we expand the product of the expressions in parentheses in powers of $t$ and extend the integration over the entire real axis, obtaining: $$\label{15} C(M,s,\Omega)=\frac1{(2\pi)^2}\sqrt{\frac{3\pi}{\Omega^3}}\oint\frac{dz}z\sqrt{z+2} \,z^s\exp\left[\Omega\ln\left(1+\frac2z\right)\right]\exp\left[-\frac{3(z+2)} {4\Omega^3}M^2\right].$$ This operation is legitimate since the integral over $t$ converges for $t\sim\sqrt{(z + 2)/\Omega^3}$ and the characteristic values of $z$ (see below) are such that $z + 2 = 2\Omega/s$, so that $t\sim 1/\Omega\sqrt{s}$. We evaluate the remaining integral over $z$ by the saddle-point method, choosing the integration contour so that the convergence of the integral will be due mainly to the function $$\label{16} \exp[f(t)]=z^s\exp[\Omega\ln(1+2/z)]=\exp[(s-\Omega)\ln z+\Omega\ln(z+2)].$$ At the saddle-point we have $$\label{17} z_0=\frac{2(\Omega-s)}s,\quad \left.\frac{d^2f}{dz^2}\right|_{z_0}= \frac{s^3}{4\Omega(\Omega-s)},$$ and we must therefore integrate over the contour $z = z_0 + iy$. As a result we obtain $$\label{18} \begin{split} C(M,s,\Omega)=&\sqrt{\frac{3}{2\pi}}\frac1{\Omega\sqrt{s}}\sqrt{\frac\Omega{2\pi s(\Omega-s)}}\\ &\times\exp[s\ln2+\Omega\ln\Omega-s\ln s-(\Omega-s)\ln(\Omega-s)]\exp(-3M^2/2s\Omega^2). \end{split}$$ It is easy to show that the condition for the validity of Eq. (18) is that $s\gg 1$. To calculate $\Gamma(M, s, \Omega)$ it remains to substitute expressions (7) and (18) into (6) and perform the summation. Approximating the right-hand side of (7) with the aid of Stirling’s formula and replacing the summation by integration, we obtain $$\label{19} \Gamma(M,s,\Omega)=\sqrt{\frac3{2\pi}^3}\frac{\Omega-s}{2\sqrt{\Omega}}\int_0^{s/2} \frac{\exp[\phi(k)]\exp(-3M^2/4k\Omega^2)dk}{k(\Omega-s/2-k)\sqrt{(s/2-k)(\Omega-s/2-k)}},$$ where $$\label{20} \phi(k)=\Omega\ln\Omega-2k\ln k-(s/2-k)\ln(s/2-k)-(\Omega-s/2-k)\ln(\Omega-s/2-k).$$ The function $\phi(k)$ has a maximum at the point $$\label{21} k_0=s/2-s^2/4\Omega,$$ and at that point $$\label{22} \left.(d^2\phi/dk^2)\right|_{k_0}=-16\Omega^3/s^2(2\Omega-s)^2.$$ Thus, if $$\label{23} s^2(2\Omega-s)^2/\Omega^3\ll s^4/\Omega^2,$$ then $\phi(k)$ will have a sharp maximum within the integration range, so we can replace the other slowly varying functions by their values at $k = k_0$ and integrate over $k$ from $-\infty$ to $\infty$. As a result we obtain the following final expression: $$\label{24} \begin{split} \Gamma(M,s,\Omega)=&\frac{4\sqrt{3}}\pi\frac{\Omega(\Omega-s)}{s(2\Omega-s)} \exp[(2\Omega)\ln(2\Omega)-s\ln s-(2\Omega-s)\ln(2\Omega-s)]\\ &\times \exp[-3M^2/\Omega s(2\Omega-s)]. \end{split}$$ Condition (23) for the validity of Eq. (24) is satisfied when $s\gg\sqrt{\Omega}$. It should be noted, however, that the exponential factors in (24), which are essential for the thermodynamic applications, are determined only by the position (21) of the maximum, so that the condition $s\gg\sqrt{\Omega}$ is essentially just a condition for the validity of the preexponential factor in (24); the exponential factor, on the other hand, is valid for $s\gg 1$. On integrating (24) over $M$ from $-\infty$ to $\infty$ we again obtain Eq. (5). With that we conclude our study of an individual $j$ level of the Racah-Mottelson model and turn to the application of the model to the nucleus as a whole. The thermodynamics of spherical nuclei ====================================== Let us calculate the function describing the distribution of quasiparticles in a nucleus heated to the temperature $T$. The preexponential factor in (5) can be neglected in calculating the entropy of a single $j$ level with the formula $S_j =\ln\Gamma(s_j,\Omega_j)$. Then we obtain the following expression for the entropy of the nucleus as a whole: $$\label{25} S=\sum_jS_j=-\sum_j2\Omega_j\left[\frac{s_j}{2\Omega_j}\ln\frac{s_j}{2\Omega_j} +\left(1-\frac{s_j}{2\Omega_j}\right)\ln\left(1-\frac{s_j}{2\Omega_j}\right) \right].$$ To find the function describing the distribution of the quasiparticles among the levels, we must minimize the free energy $$\label{26} F=E-TS,\quad E=\sum_j\left\{(2b_j+s_j){\varepsilon}_j-G_jb_j(\Omega_j-b_j-s_j)\right\}$$ (here ${\varepsilon}_j$ is the energy of a quasiparticle on level $j$ without the residual interaction) under the condition that the number of quasiparticles, $$\label{27} \widetilde{N}=\sum_j(2b_j+s_j),$$ remains constant. In view of the macroscopic nature of the problem under study we have neglected the “1" in Eq. (3) for the interaction energy (see \[2\]). Condition (27) can be easily taken into account by the Lagrange multiplier method. By varying the function $F' = F - {\varepsilon}_f \widetilde{N}$ (${\varepsilon}_f$ is the chemical potential) with respect to $b_j$ and $s_j$ we obtain the set of equations $$\label{28} \begin{split} w_j^b&=\frac12-\frac{{\varepsilon}_j-{\varepsilon}_f}{G_j\Omega_j}-w_j^s,\\ w_j^s&=\left[\exp\left(\frac{{\varepsilon}_j-{\varepsilon}_f-G_j\Omega_jq_j^b}T\right)+1\right]^{-1}, \end{split}$$ for distribution functions $w_j^b=b_j/\Omega_j$ and $w_j^s=s_j/2\Omega_j$ in the region $b_j+s_j<\Omega_j,$ $b_j\neq0$ (region II on Fig. 1). On substituting the expression for $w_j^b$ from the first of Eqs. (28) into the second we obtain the following equation for the distribution function $w_j^s$: $$\label{29} w_j^s=\left\{\exp\left[\frac{G_j\Omega_j}{2T}(1-2w_j^s)\right]+1\right\}^{-1} \quad \text{(region II).}$$ On increasing ${\varepsilon}_j$, we pass from region II to region III, where there are no paired quasiparticles, i.e., $b_j = 0$. On taking this additional condition into account in the $s_j$ variation we obtain the following expression for the distribution function $w_j^s$: $$\label{30} w_j^s=\left[\exp\left(\frac{{\varepsilon}_j-{\varepsilon}_f}T\right)+1\right]^{-1} \quad \text{(region III),}$$ i.e., an ordinary Fermi distribution. On decreasing ${\varepsilon}_j$ we pass from region II to region I, where all the vacancies permitted by the Pauli principle are filled, i.e., $b_j + s_j = \Omega_j$. This auxiliary condition gives a Fermi distribution for the holes: $$\label{31} w_j^s=\left[\exp\left(\frac{{\varepsilon}_f-{\varepsilon}_j}T\right)+1\right]^{-1} \quad \text{(region I).}$$ The equations for the boundaries between regions I, II, and III are obtained by equating the expressions for the distribution functions on the two sides of the boundary. This gives the equation $$\label{32} \frac{{\varepsilon}_j-{\varepsilon}_f}T=\frac{G_j\Omega_j}{2T}\tanh\frac{{\varepsilon}_j-{\varepsilon}_f}{2T}$$ for the boundary between regions II and III. We denote the solution of this equation by $$\label{33} \frac{{\varepsilon}_j-{\varepsilon}_f}T={\gamma}\left(\frac{G_j\Omega_j}{2T}\right).$$ For the boundary between regions I and II we obtain $$\label{34} \frac{{\varepsilon}_j-{\varepsilon}_f}T=-{\gamma}\left(\frac{G_j\Omega_j}{2T}\right).$$ Since the solution of Eq. (29) is independent of ${\varepsilon}_j$, its value within region II is equal to its value on the boundary (for constant $\Omega_j$) or to the values of functions (30) and (31) on the corresponding boundaries (33) and (34), so that $$\label{35} w_j^s=\left\{\exp\left[ {\gamma}\left(\frac{G_j\Omega_j}{2T}\right)\right]+1\right\}^{-1} \quad \text{(region II).}$$ A graph of the function ${\gamma}(x)$, defined implicitly by the equation $$\label{36} {\gamma}=x\tanh({\gamma}/2),$$ is shown in Fig. 2. We have ${\gamma}(x) \cong\sqrt{6(x-2)}$ as $x \to 2 + 0$, and ${\gamma}(x) \cong x$ as $x \to\infty$. Equations (30)-(36) completely determine the distribution function $w_j^s$ and make it possible to calculate the entropy of a spherical nucleus from Eq. (25). It is convenient to do the calculation in the variables $\rho$ and $\widetilde{\beta}$ introduced in \[6,2\] ($\rho = kR$, $k$ is the wave number of the quasiparticle, and $R$ is the radius of the nucleus): $$\label{37} \begin{split} &\rho[\cos\widetilde{\beta}-(\pi/2-\widetilde{\beta})\sin\widetilde{\beta}]=\pi(n+3/4), \\ &\widetilde{\beta}=\arcsin(\tilde{l}/\rho),\quad \tilde{l}=l+1/2,\qquad dnd\rho=(\rho d\rho/\pi)\cos^2\widetilde{\beta} d\widetilde{\beta}, \end{split}$$ where $n$ is the principal quantum number. To the macroscopic accuracy that we are confining ourselves to, we can replace the total angular momentum $j$ of the quasiparticle by its orbital angular momentum $l$, so that $\Omega_j\cong l\cong\rho\sin\widetilde{\beta}$. Taking also into account the fact that in our theory small values $\widetilde{\beta}$ and $\rho\approx\rho_f$ are important at low temperatures ($\rho_f = k_fR$, where $k_f$ is the wave number at the Fermi boundary) we can put $$\label{38} \Omega_j\cong \rho_f\widetilde{\beta},\quad G_j=\left.\frac{d{\varepsilon}}{d\rho} \right|_fg_j,\quad T=\left.\frac{d{\varepsilon}}{d\rho}\right|_f\tau.$$ In order to maintain the required macroscopic structure (see the Introduction) in this same limit, it is necessary, as was shown in \[2\], that $$\label{39} g_j=g\widetilde{\beta}.$$ The distribution function $w^s$ assumes the following form in the variables $\rho$ and $\widetilde{\beta}$ (see Fig. 3): $$\label{40} w^s(\rho,\widetilde{\beta})=\left\{ \begin{array}{l} \left[\exp\left(\frac{\rho_f-\rho}\tau\right)+1\right]^{-1},\qquad\qquad \rho-\rho_f <-\tau{\gamma}\left(\frac{g\rho_f\widetilde{\beta}^2}{2\tau}\right),\\ \left[\exp\left({\gamma}\left(\frac{g\rho_f\widetilde{\beta}^2}{2\tau}\right)\right)+1\right]^{-1}, \quad -\tau{\gamma}\left(\frac{g\rho_f\widetilde{\beta}^2}{2\tau}\right)<\rho-\rho_f <\tau{\gamma}\left(\frac{g\rho_f\widetilde{\beta}^2}{2\tau}\right),\\ \left[\exp\left(\frac{\rho-\rho_f}\tau\right)+1\right]^{-1},\qquad\qquad \rho-\rho_f >\tau{\gamma}\left(\frac{g\rho_f\widetilde{\beta}^2}{2\tau}\right). \end{array} \right.$$ We also transform to the variables $\rho$ and $\widetilde{\beta}$ in Eq. (25), and using the Jacobian $dndl\cong(\rho_f/\pi)d\rho d\widetilde{\beta}$ (see Eq. (37)) to replace the summation over the levels by an integration, we obtain $$\label{41} S=-\int_{-\infty}^\infty\int_0^\infty2\rho_f\widetilde{\beta} \left[w^s\ln w^s+(1-w^s)\ln(1-w^s)\right] \frac{\rho_f}\pi d\rho d \widetilde{\beta}.$$ Substituting (40) into (41) and integrating, we obtain the following expression for the entropy of one nucleon component of a spherical nucleus: $$\label{42} S=\frac{\pi^3}4\frac{\rho_f\tau^2}g=\frac{\pi^3}4\frac{\rho_f}{g(\left.d{\varepsilon}/d\rho \right|_f)^2}T^2=\frac{\pi^3}4\frac{R^4m^{*2}}{\hbar^4g\rho_f} T^2,$$ where $m^* = P_f/v_f$ is the effective mass of a quasiparticle in the nucleus. Taking into account the fact that nuclear matter is a two-component system, we find $$\label{43} S=\frac{b}2\,T^2,\quad b=\frac{\pi^3}2\frac{R^4m^{*2}}{\hbar^4}\left(\frac1{\rho_f^Ng_N} +\frac1{\rho_f^Zg_Z}\right).$$ Thus, in spherical nuclei (at low enough temperatures—see below) the entropy depends quadratically on the temperature, in contrast to the frequently assumed linear dependence. The latter is characteristic of the energy spectrum of a normal Fermi liquid1 \[9,10\], but in nuclear physics it can apparently be regarded as fairly reliably established only for nonspherical nuclei. The thermodynamic relations $$\label{44} E=\frac{b}3T^3,\quad C=\frac{dE}{dT}=bT^2,\quad S=\frac{3^{2/3}}2b^{1/2}E^{2/3},$$ follow from Eqs. (43), so that the level density in a spherical nucleus depends as follows on the excitation energy: $$\label{45} \rho_{l.d.}(E)\propto\exp[S(E)]=\exp\left(\frac{3^{2/3}}2b^{1/2}E^{2/3}\right).$$ Now let us calculate the moment of inertia of a spherical nucleus. To do this we shall examine the Racah-Mottelson states that have not only a definite seniority $s_j$, but also a fixed angular momentum projection $M_j$. Then the entropy of level $j$ will be $S_j = \ln\Gamma(M_j, s_j,\Omega_j)$, where the number of states is given by Eq. (24) (as before, we neglect the preexponential factor). The distribution functions for the quasiparticles and the angular momentum $M_j$ are determined from the condition that the free energy $F' = E - TS - {\varepsilon}_j\widetilde{N} - \omega M$ be minimum, where $\omega$ is the angular velocity and $M$ is the total angular momentum projection. Thus, the $M_j$ dependent terms $$\label{46} \sum_j\left[\frac{3M_j^2T}{\Omega_js_j(2\Omega_j-s_j)}-\omega M_j\right]$$ are added to the terms determined by formulas (25)–(27). Varying $M_j$ yields the angular momentum projection $$\label{47} M_j=\omega\frac{\Omega_js_j(2\Omega_j-s_j)}{6T}$$ of the $j$ level, so that the total angular momentum projection is given by $$\label{48} M=\omega\frac2{3T}\sum_j\Omega_j^3w_j^s(1-w_j^s).$$ In this case the distribution function $w_j^s$ depends on $\omega$, but for small $\omega$ we can neglect this dependence in Eq. (48) and use Eq. (40). The coefficient of $\omega$ in (48) is the moment of inertia: in the usual units ($M$ in erg$\cdot$sec and $\omega$ in sec$^{-1}$) it takes the form $$\label{49} I=\frac{2\hbar^2}{3T}\sum_j\Omega_j^3w_j^s(1-w_j^s).$$ Now we transform (49) to the variables $\rho,$ $\widetilde{\beta}$ and substitute expression (40) for the distribution function; then after integrating over regions I–III we obtain $$\label{50} I=\frac{\pi^3}{12}\frac{\rho_f^3}{g^2}\frac{\hbar^2}{\left.(d{\varepsilon}/d\rho\right|_f)^3}T^2.$$ In our calculation, however, we have not taken into account the effect of the second functional derivative of the energy with respect to the distribution function \[9,10\], which leads to an additional constant factor in Eq. (50). This factor can be found by calculating the moment of inertia of a normal Fermi liquid by a method similar to that used above. A simple calculation shows that the degree of degeneracy of a state with $s$ fermions on level $j$ having the angular momentum projection $M$ differs from (24) only in the preexponential factor, which is not important for thermodynamic applications. This means that in the thermodynamic sense the seniorities $s$ are fermion excitations with a dispersion law leading to distribution function (40). The moment of inertia of a Fermi liquid is therefore given by Eq. (49) with the ordinary Fermi distribution substituted for $w^s$. Now we easily find $$\label{51} I_{FL}=\frac4{45\pi}\frac{\hbar^2\rho_f^4}{\left.d{\varepsilon}/d\rho\right|_f}.$$ Here, too, we have neglected the second functional derivative. Requiring that taking this into account should lead to the rigid-body value $I_{FL} = (2/5)Nm_nR^2 = (2/5)(2\rho_f^3|/9\pi)m_nR^2$, where $m_n$ is the nucleon mass, we find $$\label{52} \left.\frac{d{\varepsilon}}{d\rho}\right|_f=\frac{\hbar^2\rho_f}{m_nR^2},$$ i.e., $\left.d{\varepsilon}/d\rho\right|_f$ should have the Fermi-gas value. Hence one of the factors $\left.d{\varepsilon}/d\rho\right|_f$ in Eq. (50) should also have the Fermi-gas value. Taking this into account, as well as the fact that nuclear matter is a two-component system, we obtain the expression $$\label{53} I=\frac{\pi^3}{12}\frac{m^{*2}m_nR^6}{\hbar^4}\left(\frac1{\rho_f^Ng_N} +\frac1{\rho_f^Zg_Z}\right)T^2$$ for the moment of inertia of a spherical nucleus. The function describing the distribution of the nuclear levels over the angular momentum $J$ at fixed temperature has the form (see \[11\]) $$\label{54} w_J=\frac{\hbar^2}{IT}\widetilde{J}\exp\left(-\frac{\hbar^2\widetilde{J}^2} {2IT}\right),\quad \widetilde{J}=J+\frac12,$$ so that the mean and mean square values of the angular momentum are $$\label{55} \overline{\widetilde{J}}=\sqrt{\frac{\pi IT}{2\hbar^2}},\quad \overline{\widetilde{J}^2}=\frac{2IT}{\hbar^2}.$$ Thus we have $$\label{56} \overline{\widetilde{J}^2}=\frac4\pi\left({\overline{\widetilde{J}}}\right)^2,$$ and this relation can be used to check the correctness and completeness of the experimental data on level spins. We also note the equation $$\label{57} \overline{\widetilde{J}^2}=\frac{m_nR^2}{\hbar^2}\frac{\rho_f^Ng_N^2+\rho_f^Zg_Z^2} {g_Ng_Z(\rho_f^Ng_N+\rho_f^Zg_Z)}E,$$ which follows from Eqs. (55), (53), and (44). Discussion ========== As we already mentioned, the formulas derived here are valid only at low temperatures. In order to find out how low the temperature must be, we take account of the fact that Eq. (39) was established only for angles satisfying the condition $$\label{58} \widetilde{\beta}\lesssim \frac1{\sqrt{2\rho_f}}$$ (see \[2\]). Hence the quantity $$\label{59} \widetilde{\beta}=\sqrt{\frac{4\tau}{g\rho_f}},$$ which is characteristic of our theory, marking, as it does, the point at which region II begins to have a finite extent along the ${\varepsilon}$ or $\rho$ axis (see Figs. 1 and 3 and Eq. (40)), should satisfy condition (58). This gives the criterion $$\label{60} \tau\ll\frac{g}8\quad\text{or}\quad T\ll\overline{\delta{\varepsilon}},$$ where $\delta{\varepsilon}= \left.d{\varepsilon}/d\rho\right|_fg/8$ is the characteristic width of the diffuse region of the Fermi distribution caused by the residual reaction (see \[2\]). The values of $\overline{\delta{\varepsilon}}$ found in \[2\] range from 1.9 MeV (heavy nuclei) to 5.2 MeV (light nuclei) for neutron magic nuclei and from 1.6 MeV (heavy nuclei) to 3.8 MeV (light nuclei) for proton magic nuclei. However, it is difficult at present to judge the part played by another criterion, $$\label{61} T\ll T_C,$$ implied by the theory, where $T_C$ is the Curie temperature at which the spherical nucleus passes from the magic phase to the normal phase, i.e., becomes nonspherical (see \[3\]). We can only assert that condition (61) becomes more important, and may become dominant, for spherical nuclei that lie close as regards number of nucleons to the phase transformation point. The ${\gamma}$-ray spectra and radiative widths of nuclei that are spherical in the ground state confirm this (see \[5,12\]). We also note that all the equations we have derived relate the average values of the thermodynamic quantities to one another, i.e., they are valid only when the fluctuations are small. However, the temperature fluctuations \[10\] $$\label{62} \Delta T=\frac{T}{\sqrt{C}}=\frac1{\sqrt{b}}$$ amount to $\sim0.6$ MeV for $^{208}Pb$, so that the thermodynamic formulas can only serve as rough estimates at the excitation energies now being investigated for spherical nuclei. For example, it follows from Eq. (57) that $\overline{\widetilde{J}^2} \simeq 4$ for $^{208}$Pb at an excitation energy of 5 MeV, whereas Eqs. (55) with the rigid-body moment of inertia and temperature $T\simeq 0.4$ MeV (which is apparently characteristic of nonspherical nuclides; see \[12\]) give $\overline{\widetilde{J}^2} \simeq 160$. As well as can be judged from the available data \[13\] on levels of $^{208}$Pb, however, the experimental value is $\overline{\widetilde{J}^2} \simeq 10$, which is in qualitative agreement with the theory under discussion. Although there is no thermal phase transformation in the present theory, the macroscopic structure of the residual interaction as a function of the orbital quantum number $l$ together with the fact (a macroscopic quantum effect) that the spherical nuclear configuration is unstable in the absence of interaction between the quasiparticles (see \[6\]) enables us to suggest a possible reason for such a transformation. In fact, as the temperature rises region II shifts to the right on the $l$ axis and more and more quasiparticles fall into regions I and III, where they conform to the ordinary Fermi distribution. Hence a phase transformation from the magic phase to the normal phase should take place when there are no longer enough quasiparticles left in region II to stabilize the spherical shape of the nucleus. I express my deep gratitude to V.G. Nosov for numerous discussions and valuable remarks. [99]{} V.G. Nosov and A.M. Kamchatnov, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. [**61,**]{} 1303 (1971) \[Sov. Phys.-JETP [**34,**]{} 694 (1972)\]; arXiv nucl-th/0310068. A.M. Kamchatnov and V.G. Nosov, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. [**63,**]{} 1961 (1972) \[Sov. Phys.-JETP [**36,**]{} 1036 (1973)\]; arXiv nucl-th/0311011. V.G. Nosov, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. [**53,**]{} 579 (1967) \[Sov. Phys.-JETP [**26,**]{} 375 (1968)\]. L. Groshev, A. Demidov, V. Lutsenko, and V. Pelekhov, Atlas spektrov ${\gamma}$-luchej radiatsionnogo zakhvata teplovykh neitronov \[Atlas of ${\gamma}$-Ray Spectra from Radiative Capture of Thermal Neutrons\], Atomizdat, 1958 \[English translation, Pergamon Press, London, 1959\]. V.G. Nosov and A.M. Kamchatnov, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. [**65,**]{} 12 (1973) \[Sov. Phys.-JETP [**38,**]{} 6 (1974)\]; arXiv nucl-th/0311045. V.G. Nosov, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. [**57,**]{} 1765 (1969) \[Sov. Phys.-JETP [**30,**]{} 954 (1970)\]. G.E. Brown, Unified Theory of Nuclear Models, Interscience, 1964. M. Hamermesh, Group Theory and its Application to Physical Problems, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass. 1962. L.D. Landau, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. [**30,**]{} 1058 (1956) \[Sov. Phys.-JETP [**3,**]{} 920 (1956)\]. L.D. Landau and E.M. Lifshitz, Statisticheskaya fizika \[Statistical Physics\], Fizmatgiz, 1964. L.D. Landau, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. [**7,**]{} 819 (1937). V.G. Nosov and A.M. Kamchatnov, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. [**67,**]{} 441 (1974) \[Sov. Phys.-JETP [**40,**]{} 219 (1975)\]; arXiv nucl-th/0311077. Nuclear Data Sheets, [**5,**]{} No. 3 (1971). [^1]: Yad. Fiz. [**22**]{}, 947-956 (1975) \[Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. [**22,**]{} No. 5, 494-498 (1975)\] | Mid | [
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Q: Trabalhar com session é seguro? Exemplo, se eu criar uma sessão session_start(); $_SESSION['nome'] = $nome; #valor pegado anteriormente. O usuário final pode ver e(ou) editar os dados contidos nela? A: Falando sobre a API nativa do PHP, os dados da sessão ficam em um arquivo do lado do servidor, que geralmente fica em uma pasta fora, public_html ou www, e isto torna o acesso para o usuário final impossível. No entanto, quem desenvolve o sistema pode sim acabar expondo os dados de alguma maneira, então podemos dizer que depende da maneira que foi programado. Expondo os dados da pasta Às vezes configuramos as pasta de sessão em outro local, que é acessível publicamente: session_save_path('/etc/www/sessions'); Você também pode acidentalmente expor os dados de $_SESSION, mas é provável que os dados expostos sejam do próprio usuário, no entanto, é possível compartilhar a sessão, e isto pode ser uma dor de cabeça. Concluindo, sessões no PHP não são "inseguras", a maneira que você programa é que pode lhe expor. A: As variáveis de sessão no PHP são cookies server-side, ou seja, são cookies salvos no servidor. Usuários comuns sem acesso administrativo ao servidor não tem acesso aos arquivos, desde que estejam num diretório privado e, por padrão, o PHP salva os cookies num diretório privado. Contudo, é preciso ter cuidado onde os cookies são salvos no servidor pois o PHP permite configurar o local dos cookies até mesmo em tempo de execução: Se o programador for um jumento, definirá os cookies numa pasta de acesso público: session_save_path('/var/www/website.foo/public/sessions'); Com isso, deixa tudo vulnerável. Mas essa é uma situação muito difícil de acontecer, mesmo para "jumentos". Uma precaução mais importante é, quando salvar dados sensíveis em variáveis de sessão, como login e senha, sempre codifique os dados pois pode existir um administrador malicioso com acesso ao servidor ou mesmo um hacker pode ter acesso físico aos arquivos. Sequestro de sessões As variáveis de sessão podem ser sequestradas. Isso é chamado de session hijacking: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_hijacking Como é possível sequestrar o session_id do PHP? Não é muito difícil. Basta ter acesso ao computador de uma pessoa que esteja com a sessão aberta. Apesar dos dados das variáveis de sessão serem gravados no servidor, as variáveis de sessão também precisam de um cookie client-side. Nesse cookie contém o session_id, ou, o ID da sessão. Esse ID é o que identifica qual é o cookie no servidor. Aí está a jogada! Se vc tem o ID, consegue obter os dados do servidor referente ao mesmo. Então basta transportar o cookie client-side que contém o ID de sessão para outro computador. Com isso, estará, por exemplo, logado no seu computador como se fosse outra pessoa. Como evitar o sequestro? Uma técnica básica para evitar o sequestro de sessões é gerar um novo ID de sessão periodicamente. Recomenda-se gerar um novo ID a cada 5 minutos. Alguns acham exagero e definem como 1 hora ou mais. Porém, uma hora é mais que o suficiente para roubar um session id. Por isso, defina um período de tempo mais curto. No PHP existe a função session_regenerate_id(), que pode ser usada para gerar novos IDs de sessão. http://php.net/session_regenerate_id Dedo duro No PHP, há uma diretiva de configuração do ambiente chamada session.use-trans-sid. http://php.net/manual/en/session.configuration.php#ini.session.use-trans-sid Essa diretiva, quando ativada, transporta o ID da sessão de forma transparente em requisições $_GET e $_POST de forma automática. Recomenda-se que desative essa opção pois apenas facilita que um hacker obtenha o session id de alguém, mesmo sem ter acesso físico ao computador da vítima. Por quê o PHP possui essa configuração "nociva"? O motivo é que é uma configuração de tempos obscuros, dos primórdios da internet onde tínhamos muitos problemas para lidar com cookies nos browsers da época entre 1996 ~ 2003. Atualmente não há necessidade em se preocupar com isso. Session name Por definição padrão, o nome do parâmetro que contém o ID de sessão no cookie client-side é PHPSESSID. É recomendável que modifique para outro nome que não dê pistas sobre qual tecnologia utiliza no servidor. Isso dificulta o trabalho de um hacker em obter informações de um servidor no qual deseja atacar ou explorar vulnerabilidades. No PHP, temos a função session_name(), onde é possível definir um nome customizado. Defina como ASPSESSIONID, por exemplo. Com isso, um hacker pensará que o site utiliza ASP e ficará perdendo tempo procurando vulnerabilidades do ASP ao invés do PHP. Um hacker mais experiente pode perceber isso verificando outros dados no cabeçalho de requisções ao servidor. Por exemplo, o Apache envia dados que podem expor que o servidor utiliza Apache e PHP. Portanto, procure também como omitir tais dados. Para servidor Apache, na diretiva <Directory> do <Virtualhost>, adicione a linha php_value expose_php Off. Dependendo das configurações do servidor, isso só é permitido alterar no php.ini. Há diversos outros detalhes que podem expor informações do servidor. Caso queira saber mais, pesquise sobre o assunto. Algumas palavras-chave para pesquisar: hide apache server info php expose off hide php info | Mid | [
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Changelog ========= 2020-06-24 version 1.1.4: ------------------------- **New features**: - Add support for hypothetical index on partitioned tables **Miscellaneous** - Fix compatibility with PostgreSQL 13 **Bug fixes** - Check that the target relation is a table or a materialized view 2019-06-16 version 1.1.3: ------------------------- **Miscellaneous** - Fix compatibility with PostgreSQL 12 - Don't leak client_encoding change after hypopg extension is created (Michael Kröll) - Use a dedicated MemoryContext to store hypothetical objects - Fix compatibility on Windows (Godwottery) **Bug fixes** - Call previous explain_get_index_name_hook if it was setup - add hypopg_reset_index() SQL function 2018-05-30 version 1.1.2: ------------------------- **New features** - Add support for INCLUDE on hypothetical indexes (pg11+) - Add support for parallel hypothetical index scan (pg11+) **Bug fixes:** - Fix support for pg11, thanks to Christoph Berg for the report 2018-03-20 version 1.1.1: ------------------------- **Bug fixes**: - Fix potentially uninitialized variables, thanks to Jeremy Finzel for the report. - Support hypothetical indexes on materialized view, thanks to Andrew Kane for the report. **Miscellaneous**: - add support for PostgreSQL 11 2017-10-04 version 1.1.0: ------------------------- **New features**: - add support for hypothetical indexes on expression - add a hypopg_get_indexdef() function to get definition of a stored hypothetical index **Bug fixes**: - don't allow hypothetical unique or multi-column index if the AM doesn't support it - disallow hypothetical indexes on system columns (except OID) - fix indexes using DESC clause and default NULLS ordering, thanks to Andrew Kane for the report and test case. - fix PostgreSQL 9.6+ support, thanks to Rob Stolarz for the report **Miscellaneous**: - add support for PostgreSQL 10 2016-10-24 version 1.0.0: ------------------------- - fix memory leak in hypopg() function 2016-07-07 version 0.0.5: ------------------------- - add support for PostgreSQL 9.6, thanks to Konstantin Mosolov for fixing some issues - add support from new bloom access method (9.6+) - fix issue with hypothetical indexes on expression (thanks to Konstantin Mosolov) - fix possible crash in hypothetical index size estimation 2015-11-06 version 0.0.4: ------------------------- - remove the simplified "hypopg_add_index()" function - free memory when hypothetical index creation fails - check that number of column is suitable for a real index - for btree indexes, check that the estimated average row size is small enough to allow a real index creation. - handle BRIN indexes. - handle index storage parameters for supported index methods. - handle index on predicate. - safer handling of locks. 2015-08-08 version 0.0.3: ------------------------- - fix a bug when a regular query could fail after a hypothetical index have been created, and tested with explain. - hypopg_create_index() and hypopg_add_index() now returns the oid and index names. - add hypopg.enabled GUC. It allows disabling HypoPG globally or in a single backend. Thanks to Ronan Dunklau for the patch. 2015-07-08 version 0.0.2: ------------------------- - fix crash when building hypothetical index on expression, thanks to Thom Brown for the report. 2015-06-24 version 0.0.1: ------------------------- - First version of HypoPG. | Mid | [
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--- Description: Retrieves a specified property of a certificate. ms.assetid: 827e0331-1f87-4891-8cc1-de1bcbad2963 title: CertStoreProvGetCertProperty callback function ms.topic: reference ms.date: 05/31/2018 topic_type: - APIRef - kbSyntax api_name: - CertStoreProvGetCertProperty api_type: - UserDefined api_location: --- # CertStoreProvGetCertProperty callback function The **CertStoreProvGetCertProperty** callback function retrieves a specified property of a certificate. ## Syntax ```C++ BOOL WINAPI CertStoreProvGetCertProperty( _In_ HCERTSTOREPROV hStoreProv, _In_ PCCERT_CONTEXT pCertContext, _In_ DWORD dwPropId, _In_ DWORD dwFlags, _Out_ void *pvData, _Inout_ DWORD *pcbData ); ``` ## Parameters <dl> <dt> *hStoreProv* \[in\] </dt> <dd> **HCERTSTOREPROV** handle to a [*certificate store*](../secgloss/c-gly.md). </dd> <dt> *pCertContext* \[in\] </dt> <dd> A pointer to a [**CERT\_CONTEXT**](/windows/desktop/api/Wincrypt/ns-wincrypt-cert_context) structure. </dd> <dt> *dwPropId* \[in\] </dt> <dd> Indicates a property identifier. </dd> <dt> *dwFlags* \[in\] </dt> <dd> Any needed flag values. </dd> <dt> *pvData* \[out\] </dt> <dd> A pointer to a buffer to contain the pointer to a [**CERT\_CONTEXT**](/windows/desktop/api/Wincrypt/ns-wincrypt-cert_context) structure to be returned by the function. May be set to **NULL** on a first call to the function to get the value of *pcbData* before allocating memory for the buffer. </dd> <dt> *pcbData* \[in, out\] </dt> <dd> A pointer to a **DWORD** indicating the length of the *pvData* buffer. </dd> </dl> ## Return value Returns **TRUE** if the function succeeds or **FALSE** if it fails. ## Requirements | | | |-------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------| | Minimum supported client<br/> | Windows XP \[desktop apps only\]<br/> | | Minimum supported server<br/> | Windows Server 2003 \[desktop apps only\]<br/> | ## See also <dl> <dt> [**CERT\_CONTEXT**](/windows/desktop/api/Wincrypt/ns-wincrypt-cert_context) </dt> </dl> | Mid | [
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Guy Lewis Guy Vernon Lewis II (March 19, 1922 – November 26, 2015) was an American basketball player and coach. He served as the head men's basketball coach at the University of Houston from 1956 to 1986. Lewis led his Houston Cougars to five appearances in the Final Four of the NCAA Tournament, in 1967, 1968, 1982, 1983, and 1984. His 1980s teams, nicknamed Phi Slama Jama for their slam dunks, were runners-up for the national championship in back-to-back seasons in 1983 and 1984. He was inducted into National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame in 2007 and the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2013. Coaching career After serving in World War II, Lewis enrolled at the University of Houston on the GI Bill. He played center and forward on Houston's first varsity basketball team, graduating in 1947. In 1953, he returned to UH as an assistant coach, succeeding Alden Pasche as head coach in 1956. As a coach, he was known for championing the once-outlawed dunk, which he characterized as a "high percentage shot," and for clutching a brightly colored red-and-white polka dot towel on the bench during games. Lewis was a major force in the racial integration of college athletics in the South during the 1960s, being one of the first major college coaches in the region to actively recruit African-American athletes. In 1964, his recruitment of the program's first African-American players, Elvin Hayes and Don Chaney, ushered in an era of tremendous success in Cougar basketball. The dominant play of Hayes led the Cougars to two Final Fours during the 1960s and sent shock waves through Southern colleges that realized that they would have to begin recruiting black players if they wanted to compete with integrated teams. Lewis led the Houston Cougars program to 27 straight winning seasons, 14 seasons with 20 or more wins, and 14 trips to the NCAA Tournament. His Houston teams advanced to the Final Four on five occasions (1967, 1968, 1982, 1983, 1984) and twice advanced to the national championship game (1983, 1984). Lewis coached many outstanding players, some who rank among the greatest of all time, including Hayes, Hakeem Olajuwon, Clyde Drexler, Otis Birdsong, Dwight Jones, Don Chaney, Louis Dunbar, and Ken Spain. Lewis's Houston teams played a key role in two watershed events that helped to popularize college basketball as a spectator sport. In January 1968, his underdog Cougars, led by Hayes, upset John Wooden's undefeated and top-ranked UCLA Bruins 71–69 in front of 52,693 fans at the Houston Astrodome. This was the first nationally televised regular season college basketball game and subsequently became known as the "Game of the Century." It marked a turning point in the emerging popularity of college basketball. In the early 1980s, Lewis's Phi Slama Jama teams at UH gained notoriety for their fast-breaking, "above the rim" style of play as well as their overall success. At the height of Phi Slama Jama's notoriety, they advanced all the way to the national championship game in 1983 and 1984, along the way notching consecutive 30-win seasons. In the first of those appearances, in 1983, the COugars suffered a dramatic, last-second loss to underdog North Carolina State in the 1983 NCAA Final that became an iconic moment in the history of the sport, one that solidified the NCAA basketball tournament in the cultural firmament as March Madness. Lewis's insistence that his teams play an acrobatic, up-tempo brand of basketball that emphasized dunking brought this style of play to the fore and helped popularize it amongst younger players. The Cougars also lost in the 1984 NCAA Final to the Georgetown Hoyas led by Patrick Ewing. Lewis retired from coaching in 1986 at number 20 in all-time NCAA Division I victories, his 592–279 record giving him a .680 career winning percentage. In 1995, the University of Houston named the playing surface at Hofheinz Pavillion (now the Fertitta Center) "Guy V. Lewis Court" in Lewis' honor, making him a university namesake. Later life and honors Lewis was hospitalized for a stroke on February 27, 2002. He later recovered, but experienced some lasting effects from the episode. From 1959 until his death, Lewis resided in the University Oaks subdivision adjacent to the University of Houston. Lewis was the honoree at the 2012 Houston Aphasia Recovery Center luncheon benefit. Lewis died on the morning of November 26, 2015 at a retirement facility in Kyle, Texas, at the age of 93. Head coaching record See also List of NCAA Division I Men's Final Four appearances by coach References External links Category:1922 births Category:2015 deaths Category:American men's basketball coaches Category:American men's basketball players Category:Basketball coaches from Texas Category:Basketball players from Texas Category:Centers (basketball) Category:College men's basketball head coaches in the United States Category:Houston Cougars men's basketball coaches Category:Houston Cougars men's basketball players Category:Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees Category:National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame inductees Category:People from Arp, Texas Category:Power forwards (basketball) | High | [
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Update news Media playback is unsupported on your device Media captionModi supporters celebrate after a vote which had been widely viewed as a referendum on the prime ministerPrime Minister Narendra Modi has thanked the people of India for giving him a "historic mandate" of five more years in office, after a landslide victory in the general election.… Image copyright O.B. Buell/Library and Archives Canada Image caption Chief Poundmaker Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has exonerated a Cree leader who was convicted in 1885 on a charge of "treason-felony". Chief Poundmaker was wrongfully accused as being one of the instigators in a brief rebellion against the Canadian government. He is now remembered as… Image copyright PA EU citizens living in the UK have told of their anger after they were unable to vote in the European elections. The Electoral Commission said the "very short notice" from the government about the UK's participation in the elections had an impact on the process. EU citizens can vote in the country… Image copyright Getty Images Image caption Richard Ashcroft referred to Bittersweet Symphony as a "masterpiece" One of rock music's most famous injustices has finally been resolved. For the last 22 years, The Verve haven't made a penny from Bittersweet Symphony, after forfeiting the royalties to The Rolling Stones. The song was embroiled in a legal… Image copyright Mark Wilson/Getty images Image caption Speaker Pelosi said she is concerned for President Trump's wellbeing and that of the country The US House of Representatives' Democratic leader has questioned President Donald Trump's fitness for office, calling for an "intervention". Speaker Nancy Pelosi also said she was concerned for the president's wellbeing, a day… Image copyright Alex Wroblewski/Getty Images Image caption Baltimore's government servers have been attacked by ransomware The US city of Baltimore's government, long plagued by dysfunction, is now battling a ransomware attack that has crippled its systems for more than two weeks and counting. Hackers breached the Maryland city's servers on 7 May and demanded $100,000… Image copyright AFP/Getty Image caption John Walker Lindh expressed regret for joining the Taliban in 2002, but people have raised doubts about this contrition John Walker Lindh - the so-called "American Taliban" - has been released from prison, a move Secretary of State Mike Pompeo declared "unconscionable". Lindh served 17 years of a 20-year sentence… Image copyright EPA Image caption Geoffrey Rush had been accused of acting inappropriately towards a former co-star Actor Geoffrey Rush has been awarded the largest ever defamation payout to a single person in Australia. The Oscar-winner was last month awarded A$2.9m (£1.57m; US$1.99m) after winning the case against Nationwide News, which publishes Australia's Daily Telegraph.… Media playback is unsupported on your device Media captionBJP supporters celebrate as their party looks set to win a clear majority in parliamentIndian Prime Minister Narendra Modi has secured another five-year term after winning a landslide general election victory. Results so far show his Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is set to win about 300 of… Six months later, Azeteng boarded a bus to Abeka Lapaz in the west of Accra, where he walked along the side of the nine-lane George W Bush Highway until he reached a nondescript two-storey building, home to CSIT Limited — purveyors of computer products and technical solutions, including secret cameras. He had already done some… | Low | [
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Search brisbanetimes: Search in: Labor MP says Palestine stance 'balanced' Australia's international reputation would have been damaged had it decided to vote against upgrading Palestine's status at the United Nations, a federal Labor MP says. Left faction leader Doug Cameron, who personally raised the issue with Prime Minister Julia Gillard, is pleased Australia will abstain from a vote in the general assembly on a resolution to give Palestine observer status in the UN. Australia was expected to join the United States and Israel in voting against the resolution. Ms Gillard initially wanted to oppose the resolution, but bowed to pressure from all but two of her cabinet colleagues. Advertisement Foreign Minister Bob Carr is said to have led the push against the prime minister's initial position. Senator Cameron said Australia would have ended up "in a very bad position" globally had it decided to vote against Palestine's bid. "The problems that exist in Palestine are ones that need good friends of Israel but strong friends that are prepared to say to Israel enough is enough," he told reporters in Canberra on Wednesday. "If you want a two-state solution, then we are going to take a balanced position." Australia should now be "extremely strong" in voicing its opposition to Israel's settlement program, Senator Cameron said. Cabinet minister Anthony Albanese, who is also a member of Labor's left faction, refused to say whether Ms Gillard was strong-armed by her foreign minister into withdrawing support for Israel. "I don't talk about cabinet and you wouldn't expect me to break the law," he told ABC television. "What we have here is the prime minister's (changed) position was endorsed at the caucus." Senior opposition frontbencher Christopher Pyne said the decision broke the usual bipartisanship that existed between the coalition and Labor on the Middle East peace process. The coalition and Labor have for decades supported Israel stating its right to exist, he said. "The fact that they are abstaining on this shatters that bipartisanship," Mr Pyne told reporters. He said members of the Labor caucus were right to be angry that Ms Gillard had been "rolled" by cabinet and caucus. "There are people in the Labor caucus who have the right (correct) view," Mr Pyne said. Others had "a wrong, leftist view" that had infected the caucus and the government. Australian Greens leader Christine Milne said it was a mistake for Ms Gillard to oppose the bid, especially following Australia's election to the UN Security Council. But the final decision to abstain was better than "just following along with the US" in supporting Israel. | Mid | [
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a: Toukolau; John Maklen and William Wayane (rain noise); b Dick Lauto (see video version at NT5-Tokelau). (JPG files are images of the handwritten transcript of this audio file by Manuel Wayane). . Language as given: Nafsan | Mid | [
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In some navigation systems, the current position of a vehicle can be accurately estimated by updating a previous position of the vehicle, which is detected using radio signals from global positioning system (GPS) satellites, based on the travel distance and the direction of the vehicle obtained by a speed sensor and a gyro sensor. However, in a situation where radio signals from GPS satellites cannot be received, the position estimated by autonomous navigation deviates from the actual position and the accuracy of the estimated position decreases gradually as time passes. To cope with this problem, various methods for correcting a vehicle position estimated by autonomous navigation have been proposed. For example, in a map matching method, a position estimated by autonomous navigation is corrected by using map data of a navigation system. According to a map matching method, positions of a vehicle estimated by autonomous navigation are mapped onto positions in map data, which are represented by nodes (e.g. intersections) and links (e.g. roads) connecting the nodes, so that the estimated traveling path of the vehicle matches actual roads. However, generally, map data are not accurate enough to obtain satisfactory results by a map matching method. A method disclosed in patent document 1 tries to solve this problem. In the disclosed method, the position and direction of a vehicle estimated by autonomous navigation are corrected by selecting from map data a road having a position and a direction closest to the estimated position and direction and by mapping the estimated position and direction onto those of the selected road. [Patent document 1] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2002-213979 | High | [
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Jeanfield Swifts 2006 vs Letham Sky Blues Missed first half chances come back to bite young Swifts The boys were looking to finish their final match of 2018 with a home game against Letham Sky Blues and a win. The boys started very brightly and missed a a great chance in the first minute. This set the tone for the half as the boys, playing some good football, passed up a number of good chances with one hitting the bar and a few more just wide.Whilst the play was good you were left wondering if we would regret these missed opportunities HT Jeanfield Swifts 0 Letham Sky Blues 0 The second half started and immediately our misses come back to haunt us as Letham took the lead albeit fortuitously with an unlucky deflection. The boys though played their way back into it and equalised when a corner was met by Sonny with a lovely header. This was short lived as Sky Blues took the lead with a shot from distance when we didn't clear our lines properly. With the Sky Blues now sensing their opportunity they scored again and looked to have made the game safe with an over the top breakaway goal as we pushed further up the pitch. Despite this we still again missed a couple of good chances and when Callum slotted home a penalty late to make it 2-4 we wondered what might have been. FT Jeanfield Swifts 2 Letham Sky Blues 4 This was a far better performance than last week so well done boys for that but this match was a classic example of what happens when you don't take your chances. Played well but need the hit the pokey when the opportunity arises. Man of the Match was Thomas aka "Mr Consistency". Another strong performance in defence as we've come to expect. Well done Thomas | Mid | [
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Proving that your life is more normal than you think! Not My Braden! It’s been a while since I’ve written. Life has been so busy – crazy busy! – and I’ve been hanging on by my toenails, hoping that life doesn’t fling me in circles too hard! Things are finally slowing down and – though I still don’t have the time to write a daily blog – I’m hoping to find the time to come back and write as time allows. Which leads me to today’s blog. Some days I feel like a character in a sit-com. Bizarre things – unimaginably silly things – seem to happen to me and mine. It happens so often that I sometimes feel like I’m being featured on Ahston Kutcher’s Punk’d. On Friday morning, I said goodbye to my kids as they went off to their respective schools and I settled in for a busy day ahead. I’d barely begun to get organized when the phone rang. The Caller ID identified it as belonging to my son’s school, so my mind began to spin with all sorts of awful scenarios. Breathless, I answered the phone. “Hello?” I answered. No reply – just some background noise and what sounded like an adult in the distance saying, “Go ahead. You can talk.” It was my Braden. Sweet, sensitive, 8-year old Braden. He doesn’t normally take his lunch to school, but he’d been talking about doing so for the last several days. I hadn’t realized that he’d intended to take it on this particular day – and I hadn’t pack anything for him – so he must’ve taken the initiative to make it for himself. “That’s okay, Baby,” I said. “You don’t need to cry. I can bring it to you. Where’d you leave it?” “I don’t know!” the child wailed. By this point he was trying so hard not to cry that his voice was barely above a whisper. My heart just ached! My poor boy was so sad! Was taking his lunch to school that important to him? Didn’t he know I’d bring it to him? “Hey Buddy,” I said. “Stop crying…it’s okay. I’ll bring it to you, okay? I’ll find it and bring it to you in time for lunch. Okay?” “Okay,” he said a bit lighter. “Thanks, Mom.” “You bet. Now go to class and I’ll bring it to the office for you to pick up. I love you, sweetheart.” “Love you, too,” he said and then handed the phone over to the school’s secretary who confirmed for me what time the 2nd graders took lunch. I hung up the phone and then went in search of the lunch that Braden had packed. Sure enough, there it was – on the bar in the kitchen. Inside was a sloppily made peanut butter and jelly sandwich, and 2 cups of mandarin oranges. Not much of a lunch, but he’d packed it himself and it was obviously important to him. I was determined to get it to him in time – and add to it to brighten his day a little bit. As the morning hours ticked down to the time I needed to drop Braden’s lunch off, I began to brainstorm on what I could add to his lunch. I soon realized I had nothing in the house and would need to make a quick run to Target. As I passed the local McDonald’s on route to Target, I had a great idea: Braden’s lunch was so pathetic that I’d surprise him with a Chicken McNugget Happy Meal. I’d keep his packed lunch in there in case he really wanted it, but I’d get him some Chicken McNuggets to surprise him…and through the drive-thru I went. At 11:25, I arrived at school with 5 minutes to spare before the 2nd graders headed to lunch. I stopped in the office to sign the visitor’s register and say hello to the secretaries. As I greeted the secretaries, Sally said to me “That poor by was so upset this morning! I’m so glad he was able to talk to you. He just brightened up when he heard your voice and you said you’d bring his lunch.” This sparked a short conversation about how upset (and then relieved) he was, and how surprised I was to hear that he’d even planned to take his lunch. A few moments later as I finished signing the register, Sally said (pointing to the lunch I’d brought in), “Now whose lunch is this?” “That’s Braden’s,” I responded. Sally looked at me in confusion. “Braden already came to pick up his lunch. His grandmother dropped it off shortly after he talked to you on the phone.” “My Braden?” I asked. “Well…I think so,” Sally said. “It was the same child who called you crying this morning. His grandmother dropped it off only about a half hour after he talked to you.” “Well,” Sally began, “someone came in and said she was Braden’s grandmother and dropped off his lunch. Karin (the other secretary) paged him to come down and he picked it up just a little bit ago.” “My Braden?” I asked, nearly speechless. “I think so,” she responded. “Karin,” she said as she turned to the other secretary, “Braden came down to pick up his lunch, right? After his grandmother came in and dropped it off?” “Yes,” Karin confirmed. “I paged his classroom and his teacher sent him down.” This was getting weirder by the second! I was determined to get to the bottom of this, so I set off for Braden’s classroom. By this point, nothing could shock me, so it was no surprise to see that Braden was confused by my presence. “What are you doing here?” Braden asked. “I brought your lunch. You called me this morning and said you left it at home, so I brought it but also added a surprise to it for you,” I responded. “What? I’m confused. I didn’t call you.” “Huh? You called me and said you forgot your lunch. You were in tears and asked me to bring it. I found it on the bar in the kitchen and brought it to you, but it looked so unappetizing that I stopped by McDonalds to surprise you with a Happy Meal instead.” “You brought me McDonalds?!” he replied with obvious excitement! “Thanks, Mom!!! But I didn’t call you…can I still have it?” What in the world was going on here? My Braden didn’t call me, but my Braden had packed a lunch. My head was beginning to spin and I could swear I heard the Twilight Zone music playing in my head. I left Braden with his lunch and he marched happily off to the cafeteria with his classmates. But I still didn’t know what was going on! Who had called me? Was there a Braden out there upset that his mom had failed him? I’d told somebody’s Braden that I would bring his lunch to him; was that Braden going to lunch right now without having received it from his mother? I returned to the office where the secretaries had finally sorted out the confusion. Braden did call me that morning, but it wasn’t my Braden. It was another 2nd grade Braden. When he approached the secretaries and was overwhelmed by what had happened, they had a hard time getting any other information from him than his first name. In an attempt to get his last name, Sally had asked “Braden A___?” The little boy (Braden H___) was so upset that he just responded affirmatively, which led the school secretaries – who knew me and knew that I had a son named Braden, but had probably never seen us together – to call me. From my end, the Braden on the phone was so upset that I just assumed that it was my Braden. And Braden H___, in his moment of panic, apparently didn’t notice that I didn’t sound like his mother because he was totally convinced that he’d spoken to his mother. In the meantime, Braden H___’s grandmother realized his lunch was at home and brought it in, and my Braden had packed a lunch the previous night with the intention of bringing it to school but had changed his mind, leaving me to find a half-packed lunch on the bar. Sometimes it’s funny how all the planets can align just perfectly and bring around such confusion and chaos! Two Bradens. Two packed lunches, one forgotten intentionally. A phone call where neither side realizes they’re not talking to the person they think they’re talking to. Thank goodness for the grandmother who realized that her grandson (Braden H___ ) forgot his lunch. | Low | [
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Effects of Crit-Line® monitor use on patient outcomes and epoetin alfa dosing following onset of hemodialysis: a propensity score-matched study. The Crit-Line® monitor (CLM) is a device for monitoring hematocrit, oxygen saturation and change in intravascular blood volume during hemodialysis. Prior studies have evaluated CLM use in dialysis patients, but not specifically in those new to dialysis. In this retrospective analysis, 199 patients initiating dialysis at 8 facilities routinely using CLM were compared with 796 propensity score-matched non-CLM patients initiating dialysis at facilities not using CLM. Outcomes were considered over the first 180 days on dialysis. Overall, the CLM group had higher StdKt/V (p = 0.06) and received lower doses of intravenous iron than the non-CLM group (p < 0.001). Erythropoiesis-stimulating agent doses were lower in the CLM group in months 1-5. Serum iron and transferrin saturation levels were higher overall for the CLM group than the non-CLM group (p = 0.004 and 0.01, respectively). Hemoglobin levels and time to first hospitalization were similar for both groups. Use of CLM is associated with lower erythropoiesis-stimulating agent and iron use in incident hemodialysis patients. | High | [
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Exposure to graphene nanoparticles induces changes in measures of vascular/renal function in a load and form-dependent manner in mice. Graphenes isolated from crystalline graphite are used in several industries. Employees working in the production of graphenes may be at risk of developing respiratory problems attributed to inhalation or contact with particulate matter (PM). However, graphene nanoparticles might also enter the circulation and accumulate in other organs. The aim of this study was to examine how different forms of graphene affect peripheral vascular functions, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and changes in gene expression that may be indicative of cardiovascular and/or renal dysfunction. In the first investigation, different doses of graphene nanoplatelets were administered to mice via oropharyngeal aspiration. These effects were compared to those of dispersion medium (DM) and carbon black (CB). Gene expression alterations were observed in the heart for CB and graphene; however, only CB produced changes in peripheral vascular function. In the second study, oxidized forms of graphene were administered. Both oxidized forms increased the sensitivity of peripheral blood vessels to adrenoreceptor-mediated vasoconstriction and induced changes in ROS levels in the heart. Based upon the results of these investigations, exposure to graphene nanoparticles produced physiological and alterations in ROS and gene expression that may lead to cardiovascular dysfunction. Evidence indicates that the effects of these particles may be dependent upon dose and graphene form to which an individual may be exposed to. | Mid | [
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Q: How to add string to current value in mongoose updateMany() // node js mongoose //ids = ['id1','id2'] for example const usersUpdated = await User.updateMany( { _id: { $in: ids } }, [ { $set: { username: { $concat: ['$username', deletedFormate] } } } ], { multi: true, new: true }, function(error, result) { } ); //I need to add string after all match username //for example if updateMany() find 2 doc //1. username = "m2012" I want to add "55555" with m2012 and after update it will be //"m201255555" A: Please follow below method for using $concat let query = { _id: { $in: ids } }; let changes = { $set: { username: { "$concat": ["$username", deletedFormate] } } }; let usersUpdated = await User.updateMany(query, [changes]).lean(); console.log(usersUpdated); Note: The above method work only for mongodb version 4.2 and above | Mid | [
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Q: Test if column name contains string in R I'm attempting to test if each of the column names in my dataframe contain a particular string (in this case "Fld". My attempt below is not compiling and I'm not sure where I'm going wrong. Any help would be appreciated. varnames <-colnames(data) for (i in 1:len(varnames)){ if grepl("Fld",varnames[i])==TRUE { print varnames[i] } } A: We can use grep to get the index of column names that have 'Fld' indx <- grepl('Fld', colnames(data)) and use that to subset the 'data' data[indx] | Low | [
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A priming effect of naloxone on in vitro LHRH release from the hypothalamus of mid-luteal ewes. The possible involvement of endogenous opioid peptides (EOPs) in LHRH release from hypothalami of ewes during the breeding season was investigated using an in vitro perifusion system. Hypothalami were procured in December from ovariectomized (OVX; 62-65 days before the experiment; n = 6) and mid-luteal (ML; n = 7) Western White-Face ewes. Hypothalami were mid-sagitally sectioned into halves containing the preoptic area, mediobasal hypothalamus, and infundibulum (median eminence). The left half (treated) received two 30-min challenges (beginning at 130 and 250 min, respectively, after onset of perifusion) of 500 microM naloxone (NAL) followed by a 30-min 60-mM potassium (K) challenge (at 370 min after onset of perifusion). The right half served as the control, receiving only K at the same time as the treated tissue. Both NAL challenges elicited (p less than 0.05) LHRH release from tissues of both ML and OVX ewes. Release of LHRH by hypothalami from ML, but not from OVX, ewes was greater (p less than 0.01) after the second than after the first NAL challenge. These results are consistent with the view that an inhibitory opioid influence exists on LHRH release from ovine hypothalami. The release of LHRH in response to NAL was dependent on the ovarian status in vivo since the priming effect of NAL on subsequent NAL-induced LHRH release occurred only from the hypothalami of ML ewes. We suggest from these results that EOPs may modulate LHRH release from ovine hypothalami in an ovarian steroid-dependent and independent manner. | High | [
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Q: ValueError: Error when checking input: expected dense_26_input to have shape (45781,) but got array with shape (2,) My input is simply a csv file with 45781 rows and two columns. I am trying to train my data on a neural network but when I try to fit the model, it throws me an error. ValueError: Error when checking input: expected dense_26_input to have shape (45781,) but got array with shape (2,) I tried implementing solution as given from this link : Error when checking model input: expected lstm_1_input to have 3 dimensions, but got array with shape (339732, 29) but i am still not able to run the code. Here's my code : X = df.iloc[:, 0:2].values y = df.iloc[:, 2].values df_sklearn = df.copy() lb_make = LabelEncoder() df_sklearn['Type'] = lb_make.fit_transform(df['Type']) df_sklearn.head() #Results in appending a new column to df df_onehot = df.copy() df_onehot = pd.get_dummies(df_onehot, columns=['Type'], prefix = ['Type']) df_onehot_sklearn = df.copy() lb = LabelBinarizer() lb_results = lb.fit_transform(df_onehot_sklearn['Type']) lb_results_df = pd.DataFrame(lb_results, columns=lb.classes_) result_df = pd.concat([df_onehot_sklearn, lb_results_df], axis=1) X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, lb_results_df, test_size = 0.4) classifier = Sequential() classifier.add(Dense(output_dim = 6, init = 'uniform', activation = 'relu', input_dim = 45781)) classifier.add(Dense(output_dim = 6, init = 'uniform', activation = 'relu')) classifier.add(Dense(output_dim = 1, init = 'uniform', activation = 'sigmoid')) classifier.compile(optimizer = 'adam', loss = 'binary_crossentropy', metrics = ['accuracy']) classifier.fit(X_train, y_train, batch_size = 10, nb_epoch = 100) A: The rows are usually your training examples, and the model expects you to omit this dimension. So if there are 45781 examples, each with 2 columns, input_dim should be 2. Also, you can omit the output_dim argument if you are stacking layers but you do have to specify units (number of neurons). The last Dense Layer needs to have the same number of neurons as the dimension of y (20 in your case). Below an example with dummy data: X_train = np.random.random((300,2)) y_train = np.random.random((300,20)) classifier = Sequential() classifier.add(Dense(units = 6, init = 'uniform', activation = 'relu', input_dim = 2)) classifier.add(Dense(units = 6, init = 'uniform', activation = 'relu')) classifier.add(Dense(units = 20, init = 'uniform', activation = 'sigmoid')) classifier.compile(optimizer = 'adam', loss = 'binary_crossentropy', metrics = ['accuracy']) classifier.summary() classifier.fit(X_train, y_train, batch_size=10, nb_epoch=100) | Low | [
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LAKEWOOD, Colo. (AP) — The Colorado baker whose refusal to design a cake for a gay wedding led to a landmark Supreme Court ruling has a book deal. Jack Phillips' memoir, currently untitled, will be released this summer by Salem Books Publishing. Salem Books is a Christian evangelical imprint of Regnery Publishing. It is calling the memoir “a firsthand account of his experience on the front lines" of a cultural battle between religious and secular forces. Phillips was initially reprimanded by the Colorado Civil Rights Commission, but the Supreme Court ruled in 2018 that the commission violated his First Amendment rights. | Mid | [
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Mary Moder Mary Moder (November 28, 1905, Nebraska – July 11, 1993, Calabasas, California) was an American voice actress for The Walt Disney Company known for the voice of the Fiddler Pig in the Three Little Pigs short subjects. She was a member of the vocal trio the Rhythmettes, which also included Dorothy Compton. She died of a heart attack in 1993 at the age of 87. References External links Category:1905 births Category:1993 deaths Category:American voice actresses Category:Actresses from Nebraska Category:20th-century American actresses | Mid | [
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It’s only three games, and that’s not enough time to properly evaluate a coaching change. But the numbers are surprising and worth looking at, even if this turns out to be a short-term dead cat bounce for the Toronto Maple Leafs under new head coach Sheldon Keefe. 1. The Leafs Deserved to Win According to MoneyPuck’s game simulations, the Leafs earned these three Keefewins™ in regulation. That is very unlike the Pittsburgh game, which had to be the low point of the season, not to mention the many forgettable games before that. Last night’s 6-0 shellacking might have been the best game this season by the Toronto Maple Leafs. They recorded 54 shots on goal to just 25 from Detroit. I know the Wings are a bottom-three team, but the 60-minute effort and execution by the Leafs brought back memories of the swashbuckling 2017-18 season. 2. They Looked Impressive I know I am supposed to talk about the numbers, but let’s put them in context first by looking at a few clips from last night. You might also want to read Anthony Petrielli’s excellent piece from earlier this week breaking down several of the changes brought in by Sheldon Keefe. Despite everything that has taken place, we can’t completely ignore the impact Mike Babcock had in leading the team out of the wilderness over the first three seasons, even if the playoffs were unsuccessful and more recent events led to his firing. But it’s time to look ahead. William Nylander has been unleashed. His play has been exceptional of late. Nylander casually taking the puck zone to zone. #LeafsForever pic.twitter.com/jrJq8UvDvj — Maple Leafs Hotstove (@LeafsNews) November 28, 2019 Notice how the forwards rotate off the puck and seek open areas before Nylander eventually bats a line drive into the net. The team seems much more dangerous like this than when they pushed down the boards and predictably sent pucks back to their defense for a point shot. You can see the same thing here on the earlier Tavares goal. Watch the five-man unit’s movement without the puck and the confidence put in the defense to keep the attack probing for a chance. I don’t want to exaggerate this — it did happen under Babcock to some extent — but it is a different animal than the “back to the blue line for a low percentage shot” style. The Leafs move the puck well. Tavares with the goal. 3-0 Leafs. #LeafsForever pic.twitter.com/NpvnxVUxtx — Maple Leafs Hotstove (@LeafsNews) November 28, 2019 All of this translates to more zone time. In fact, there was a stretch where the Leafs possessed the puck in the Detroit zone for a full one minute and 17 seconds while constantly working the same approach. Here's the entire sequence where the Leafs hemmed the Red Wings in their end for a minute and 17 seconds. #LeafsForever pic.twitter.com/BZVemqwqsC — Maple Leafs Hotstove (@LeafsNews) November 28, 2019 3. All of the Team’s Metrics Improved This table summarizes how key metrics changed between the 23 games under Mike Babcock and the past three games under Keefe. Again, the Keefe results are very early and limited, but the team has seen a bounce out of the slump it was mired in. I will cover some of these changes more in charts to follow. Worth noting is the fact that the Leafs have outscored their opponents 14-4 in the three games — that +10 goal differential compares to a -8 differential over the previous 23 games. They also flipped the narrative about starting on time by scoring eight of their 14 goals in the first period, something seldom seen earlier in the season. 4. Improved Two Way Play The core engine of a team’s offense is usually seen in how they drive play to the other end of the rink at 5v5. That’s why these shot share metrics are important, whether pucks are going in the net or not. Every one of these 5v5 measures has improved under Keefe’s early tenure, led by the actual goal scoring ratio, GF%. The Leafs have scored 79% of the goals at even strength, but the one I pay most attention to is xGF% — expected goal share — because it removes the random luck (or bad luck) tied to shooting and save percentages while maintaining a focus on shot danger versus the simpler shot attempt share (CF%). The team has boosted their xGF% by 20% to 67.9%. We can’t get carried away over three games (20 would be much more stable), but the results are very promising. Also of note is the difference between the quantity and importance of shots. In this case, the expected goal share under Babcock was poor – 47.9%, -4.4% below the shot share (CF% = 52.3%). This in a way describes the situation many characterized as “too many point shots”, or “not enough protection in front of the net”, or “not getting into the high danger areas before shooting”. In the past three games, that gap has flipped, although both have risen: xGF% is now above CF%, 67.9% to 63.9%. 5. Team Offense The improvement in two way shot share is also seen in the offensive metrics. Anthony Petrielli’s article mentioned earlier described how activating the defense and pushing a forward into open areas in the offensive zone was part of the new game plan. Having an aggressive forward stance as a release valve means fewer predictable plays back to the defense and ideally, more high danger opportunities. It’s risk/reward, but it has been working, as you can see by the chart. The Leafs have improved their 5v5 high danger chances to 18/hour compared to 10/hour before. The all-situations shooting percentage has grown as well. 6. Team Defense The relationship between team offense and defense is complicated. On the one hand, if you are spending roughly 2/3 of the game in the other end (proxied by a CF% of 63.9%), that should keep the defensive zone relatively quiet. On the other hand, pushing for that advantage in the offensive zone can involve more risk-taking and mistakes, which can lead to more frequent higher danger chances against, whether on the rush or in the slot area. The good news for the Leafs is they have been able to improve their xGA60 suppression (expected goals against per 60 minutes), dropping it from 2.3/60 to 1.8/60. Other defensive stats have followed suit, including better suppression of 5v5 high danger chances and a 6% improvement in all-situation save percentage by Frederik Andersen to 95.7%. Better defense and better goaltending have both played a role in the Leafs limiting opponents to four goals in the last three games, all on the road where matchups are more difficult. 7. Special Teams It’s extremely early to talk about special teams, but the limited results are positive: The struggling penalty kill has allowed one goal in six opportunities and the power play has gone two for three. Hopefully, that trend continues and the return of Mitch Marner next month should certainly help. 8. Player Impacts Coaches have a lot of say in player ice time at 5v5, although it can be dictated by the score, like giving the third pair and fourth line more ice time in the third period when the game was already settled. It is also impacted by how much 5v5 ice time there is to share around. Under Keefe, there have been some distinct changes. In particular, Justin Holl and Travis Dermott have seen the largest increases, while Jason Spezza, Tavares, and Mikheyev have not been far behind. The confidence that Kyle Dubas and Sheldon Keefe have shown in Justin Holl is now paying dividends. One of the best Marlies defenders in their Calder Cup run is now pushing to play higher minutes in the Leafs’ top four. Meanwhile, Jake Muzzin and Frederik Gauthier are seeing less ice time. I think there are several reasons behind Jake Muzzin’s declining 5v5 minutes, although they may be complicated. I question whether he has been 100% lately (he has had some back issues). I have also seen data that suggests he has struggled a little against more elite forwards. He is also relied on for the penalty kill, and there is a transition underway involving Barrie and the third pair’s ice time which indirectly affects Muzzin (who could probably use a little less ice time right now anyway). Like the team results, the xGF% by player has been much higher over these three games under Keefe. The signature story right now is Tyson Barrie. If there is one Leaf who has completely changed his play, it has to be Barrie. Under Mike Babcock, you had the feeling he was being held back — whether at 5v5 or on the power play. Under Keefe, the defenders have been encouraged to drive play into the offensive zone and be a more active part of a five-man unit there. Barrie has also been a little more sheltered at 5v5 while getting a chance to perform on the top power-play unit. It seems that Barrie’s offensive skill set was just waiting to be released, as shown by a remarkable 32.5% improvement in on-ice expected goal share. The whole team has been driving play better, led by the resurgence of the Tavares line. A player like Jason Spezza had little room to improve; he was already fifth in the league at xGF% relative to his team (MoneyPuck). The story here is that the team’s improvement in xGF% is across the board; there are really no weak links. All of those fundamental improvements have been reflected in the 14-4 goal differential and scoring up and down the lineup, led by Tyson Barrie, who has scored in each of the three games. TYSON BARRIE 🚨 1st as a Leaf. 1-0. pic.twitter.com/EdzaWzl9vw — Flintor (@TheFlintor) November 22, 2019 Nylander has been outstanding as well, while Mikheyev — playing on John Tavares’ wing — has come back to his early-season form. He looks like a top-six player if he can convert a few more chances (he has hit multiple posts recently). Dermott and Engvall have also been quite noticeable under Keefe, a coach who guided their development on the Leafs’ AHL affiliate. Summing up I risk being pilloried for talking about a three-game sample, but the change has been dramatic. Clearly, the team was in a funk and changing coaches sparked a revival. Whether it is a “dead count bounce” that regresses back to a middle-of-the-pack team or the sign of things to come, no one can be sure yet. The opponents were also a mixed bag, from a potential contender with key injuries (Colorado) to an improving team in Arizona, to a tank team in Detroit. There are two Buffalo games ahead, but after that, the next test will come in early December against higher-grade opponents. But this team just looks much better, much more organized, and much more of a 60-minute team. Every single metric has improved. The numbers don’t lie; it’s as if a weight was taken off the players, or possibly that they realized it was all on them now to show what they can do to save the season. Captain John Tavares recently described how the team’s focus — and perhaps the identity Mike Babcock was searching for — is becoming more apparent now under Sheldon Keefe. There is no doubt that Keefe and Kyle Dubas share a common vision for the team, one based on offense, speed, and skill. The group still has injuries and problems to solve on defense, but the general play under Keefe has been outstanding, outside of one period in Colorado. The goaltending has also been superior, as witnessed by Freddy Andersen’s first shutout in a long time last night. Of course, all of these observations can change with one stinker of a game. Let’s hope the team finds a way to win a trap game in Buffalo Friday night and finally finds a way to get a result in a back-to-back game on Saturday. There is still much work ahead, but the path forward suddenly looks much clearer after a promising start for the new head coach. | Mid | [
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The Japanese government is stepping up its efforts to tap the power of women as part of its growth strategy. Officials are considering requiring large companies to disclose the percentages of women on their boards of directors. The government aim is to get businesses to fill some 30 percent of their managerial posts with women by 2020. Prime Minister Shinzo Abe says empowering women is key to Japan’s future. Currently, only 1 percent of the board members at listed companies in Japan are women, lagging far behind France’s 28 percent and the United States’ 16 percent. To encourage executives to promote more women, the government is looking at requiring the publication of percentages of female board members in financial reports to facilitate comparison between companies. Government officials say they hope to include the requirement in a new growth strategy to be compiled by June. | Mid | [
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In any fluid flow control valve, control of fluid flow through the valve is achieved by moving a valve sealing element between open and closed positions. Mechanically activated valves have a full range of flow control capability from simple on-off or shutoff valves to precision flow control. Mechanically activated valves, however, have a number of points of contact between moving parts, resulting in friction that causes wear and eventual breakdown. Greater flow control is generally achieved only at the cost of a more complicated mechanical interface with more points of friction and wear. Various types of magnetically activated valves are known (See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,509,439), including mechanical valves adapted for operation by means of a magnetic driver, and other types, such as solenoid valves wherein the solenoid core shaft is also the valve sealing element (See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,575,309). These valves have a problem of mechanical bearing of a core shaft, with resultant friction and wear. Such valves generally only work as shutoff valves, with no possibility of more precise fluid flow control. U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,295 discloses a gravitational, magnetic, floating ball valve for use in the medical field as a protective fluid cut-off valve for infusion devices. The valve includes a hollow ball containing a magnet, which is arranged inside a vertical tube disposed in registration with an outlet. A second magnet is also disposed in vertical registration with the magnet. The magnet-containing valve is magnetically attracted towards the second magnet as the level of liquid in the infusion device decreases, sealing the outlet once the level of liquid in the infusion device drops to a predefined level. | Mid | [
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The stress of transport not only makes animals susceptible to disease but can also contribute to behavioral problems. The dogs have often been abused, neglected or feral before they land in a crowded and cacophonous shelter. And then they get loaded onto a truck or airplane and transported hundreds or thousands of miles to another shelter or foster home before they are eventually adopted. A loving home at the end of the line sometimes isn’t enough to make up for all that trauma. “As the years have gone by with the transport system, I started seeing so many unsocialized dogs that were aggressive or scared of their own shadows,” said Kelley Bollen, an animal behaviorist in Reno, Nev., who consults with shelters and people who have adopted rescue animals. While some animals are resilient, others are not. “It’s heartbreaking to have to explain to people who have just rescued this dog from the South that this animal won’t be a normal pet,” she said. “I tell them, ‘We’re going to work really hard to get this animal comfortable in your house with your family, but it’s going to be a rough road that’s going to take patience, drugs and a lot of understanding.’” All this has led many animal welfare advocates to question the wisdom of “humane relocation” and whether all the money that goes toward marketing, bundling and ferrying animals might be better spent stemming the flow of dogs into shelters in poor communities. Since up to 80 percent of dogs that end up in shelters are surrendered by their owners or turned in as strays, there has been a growing movement to address what’s preventing people from caring for their pets. One example is the nonprofit group Emancipet in Austin, Tex., which focuses on providing free or low-cost spaying and neutering and veterinary services. The group also goes door-to-door to answer people’s pet-related questions. “Ninety-nine percent of people have pets because they love them and will do right by them if given education and the opportunity,” said Myles Chadwick, the group’s vice president of consulting and training. Emancipet treats some 100,000 animals per year and has contributed to a significant decline in Austin’s shelter population. | High | [
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DIRECTIONS DIRECTIONS In a large blender container, add filling ingredients in order listed. Blend at low speed until ingredients are incorporated, then increase to high speed until fruit and ice cream are well mixed (1 to 1 ½ minutes). I want to be notified by email about upcoming Ocean Spray events, promotions and coupons. Your Name is required.Email address is requiredEmail address is not in a correct format.Please set your rating of 1-5 by clicking a star above.Sorry, $ failed. We only accept image formats (jpg, png, gif) that are smaller than 5 megabytes.Sorry, $ failed. 5 megabytes is the max size you can upload. Your recipe review has been submitted. If your review is approved, it will show up on the website soon. Enjoy the crisp and tangy taste of fresh Ocean Spray cranberries straight from the bog. Stock… The From Email field is requiredFrom Email address is not in a correct format.The To Email field is requiredTo Email address is not in a correct format.The Message field is requiredThe captcha field is required This website uses cookies to enhance your online experience. By using our website, you agree to our privacy policy. If you wish to continue, click okay. If not, you may disable cookies; however, this may affect your experience on the site. | Low | [
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Identification of serum microRNAs predicting the response of esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma to nivolumab. Nivolumab, a programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitor, showed promising activity for the treatment of advanced esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma in a phase II study (ONO-4538-07; JapicCTI-No.142422). We explored serum microRNA (miRNA) candidate predictive markers of the response to nivolumab. In the phase II study, 19 patients received nivolumab (3 mg/kg IV Q2W) at National Cancer Center Hospital. The expression of 2565 serum miRNAs before and during treatment was analyzed using a 3D-Gene Human miRNA Oligo Chip (Toray Industries, Inc.). Immune-related response evaluation criteria used to evaluate response and miRNA expression were compared between responders and non-responders. The top 20 miRNAs by accuracy in receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were identified by leave-one-out cross-validation, and those with the area under curve values > 0.8, cross-validated accuracy > 0.8, and a 0.5 difference in the average log2 expression level between responders and non-responders were further analyzed. Of the 19 patients, five responded to nivolumab. We identified miRNAs related to the response to nivolumab, including one detected in the serum before treatment (miR-1233-5p; AUC = 0.895) and three present after treatment (miR-6885-5p, miR-4698 and miR-128-2-5p; AUC = 0.93, 0.97 and 0.93, respectively). Candidate miRNAs capable of predicting the response to nivolumab were identified in the serum of patients with advanced esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma in ONO-4538-07. | High | [
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Clinical characteristics of early onset anorexia nervosa. The aim of the current paper is to evaluate clinical characteristics of 30 children with early onset anorexia nervosa (EO-AN; age = 12.2 ± 1.6 years) compared with 30 patients with adolescent onset AN (AO-AN; age = 15.9 ± 0.7 years) and 60 age-matched healthy controls. Statistical analyses included one-way analyses of variance with three planned comparisons and chi-square tests. Compared with AO-AN, EO-AN patients displayed more restrictive eating behaviour (p = 0.038), received more tube-feeding (p = 0.024), and had less problems with self-esteem (p < 0.001) and perfectionism (p = 0.001). EO-AN patients have similar eating disorder pathology (p = 0.183), body-image distortion (p = 0.060), and number of hospitalizations (p = 0.358) as AO-AN. Only a third of EO-AN patients suffer from low self-esteem. Overall, core AN pathology seems similar in EO-AN and AO-AN. However, EO-AN patients show differences in their pathological eating behaviour and the need for tube-feeding. | High | [
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Q: String has how many parameters Before using String.Format to format a string in C#, I would like to know how many parameters does that string accept? For eg. if the string was "{0} is not the same as {1}", I would like to know that this string accepts two parameters For eg. if the string was "{0} is not the same as {1} and {2}", the string accepts 3 parameters How can I find this efficiently? A: String.Format receives a string argument with format value, and an params object[] array, which can deal with an arbitrary large value items. For every object value, it's .ToString() method will be called to resolve that format pattern EDIT: Seems I misread your question. If you want to know how many arguments are required to your format, you can discover that by using a regular expression: string pattern = "{0} {1:00} {{2}}, Failure: {0}{{{1}}}, Failure: {0} ({0})"; int count = Regex.Matches(Regex.Replace(pattern, @"(\{{2}|\}{2})", ""), // removes escaped curly brackets @"\{\d+(?:\:?[^}]*)\}").Count; // returns 6 As Benjamin noted in comments, maybe you do need to know number of different references. If you don't using Linq, here you go: int count = Regex.Matches(Regex.Replace(pattern, @"(\{{2}|\}{2})", ""), // removes escaped curly brackets @"\{(\d+)(?:\:?[^}]*)\}").OfType<Match>() .SelectMany(match => match.Groups.OfType<Group>().Skip(1)) .Select(index => Int32.Parse(index.Value)) .Max() + 1; // returns 2 This also address @280Z28 last problem spotted. Edit by 280Z28: This will not validate the input, but for any valid input will give the correct answer: int count2 = Regex.Matches( pattern.Replace("{{", string.Empty), @"\{(\d+)") .OfType<Match>() .Select(match => int.Parse(match.Groups[1].Value)) .Union(Enumerable.Repeat(-1, 1)) .Max() + 1; | High | [
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Friday, 6 July 2018 Islamophobia and Antisemitism: a case study in BBC bias In March and April, there was constant BBC coverage of Labour’s problems with antisemitism. One piece, in March, talked about a ‘saga’. I have no general problem with this coverage. Labour does have a problem, so it should be covered by the BBC. However there has been far less coverage of the problems the Conservative party has with Islamophobia. Is there an objective reason to justify this? The antisemitism story was notable for two important reasons. First religious organisations had publicly complained. Second these complaints had been supported by prominent Labour figures. However exactly the same applies to Islamophobia. The Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) have called for an inquiry, as have other leaders and groups. Sayeeda Warsi, former co-chairman of the Conservative party, has repeatedly called for more action (the latest here). But to suggest equivalence between the two stories is misleading. The Conservatives’ Islamophobia problem is a much bigger issue for two reasons. First, the senior Conservative Sajid Javid has attacked the MCB for harbouring members with unacceptable views on extremism and not representing Muslims. In contrast Labour leaders have not attacked the Jewish organisations in the same way (by saying, for example, that their views come from a pro-Israel stance), and have met directly with them. Whatever the truth of Javid’s claim about extremism, the charge that they are unrepresentative is rather undermined by an organisation affiliated to the Conservative party, the Conservative Muslim Forum, also calling for an inquiry. (Letter to Theresa May here.) Second, while Labour has never to my knowledge run an anti-Jewish campaign to win a general or mayoral election, the Conservatives did exactly that against Sadiq Khan who is now mayor of London. David Cameron even libeled an ex-Imam in his attempts to link Khan to Muslim terrorism. Thus on any objective criteria, the Conservative Islamophobia problem has been a more serious story than Labour antisemistism. Yet the balance on the BBC has been the other way around, with far more coverage of the latter than the former. What is the source of the bias? One may be that BBC News tends to ‘follow the story’, which invariably means following stories in the press. Corbyn has few friends in the major press titles, whereas the Conservatives are openly supported be much of the press. Another, I’m afraid to say, is that the BBC is very reluctant to criticise the government on its own account, something that goes back many years. Case studies such as these are critical in establishing that the media has a clear bias against the current Labour leadership. (There are others: this is rather fun, and also academic research: here for example) The BBC itself, which is deluged with criticism from all quarters, seems to find it difficult to sort the wheat from the chaff. The classic line that because they get criticism from both sides they must be doing something right is nonsense. The political right in particular, because they know the BBC is sensitive to criticism, puts a lot of resources into criticising the BBC, and it will continue to do so whatever the BBC’s output. All this presumes that Islamophobia and Antisemtism are viewed as equally bad. I personally think they should be, but unfortunately terrorism and Western wars in Islamic countries may have confused many people. Here is Sajid Javid again: “All communities can do more to try and help deal with terrorists, try and help track them down. But I think it is absolutely fair to say that there is a special burden on Muslim communities because whether we like it or not these terrorists call themselves Muslims. It is no good for people to say they are not Muslims, that is what they call themselves. They do try to take what is a great peaceful religion and warp it for their own means.” The idea that Muslims bear a ‘special burden’ has been the excuse used by the right wing press for consistent Islamophobia. When a member of the ‘non-Muslim community’ kills Muslims outside of a mosque, and says when arrested that he wanted to kill all Muslims, he is described by the Times as a mentally troubled lone-wolf, as if to emphasise that there is no special burden there. As in so many things, the irresponsibility of the right wing press has influenced sections of society for the worse. Perhaps it has also influenced the BBC. 10 comments: Channel 4 news FactCheck 'Beware cherry-picked stats on Labour and antisemitism', Georgina Lee, 25 Apr 2018, argues that 'The graph suggests that 32 per cent of Labour supporters agreed with one of the antisemitic statements they were presented with. That’s somewhat lower than Conservative supporters (40 per cent). Among the political parties, Liberal Democrats are least likely to agree with an antisemitic statement (30 per cent).' It goes on that 'The researchers asked British Jewish people: “Do you feel that any political parties are too tolerant of antisemitism among their MPs, members and supporters?” Of the 2,025 British Jewish people who responded to the survey, 83 per cent said that Labour is too tolerant of antisemitism among their MPs, members and supporters. That’s significantly higher than the proportion of British Jews who think the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats are too tolerant of antisemitism (19 per cent and 36 per cent respectively).' And it concludes 'Analysis of the British Election Study results – the gold standard of UK polling data – shows that 63 per cent of British Jews voted for the Conservatives in 2017, while just 26 per cent said they voted Labour. But that raises a chicken-and-egg question: are British Jews more likely to accuse Labour of tolerating antisemitism because they are Conservatives themselves, or are they Conservatives precisely because they perceive Labour to be soft on antisemitism? The short answer is: we don’t know.' believing in Islam and being born into the Jewish race are simply not equivalent things. Hitler famously did not only persecute only those Jews who were religious and ignored any atheist Jews - he persecuted anyone with jewish ancestry. I Islam is closer to Catholicism in that it is a choice to believe in the religion but is often associated with particular countries. To say that Islamophobia and Anti-semitism are identical is in itself anti-semitic. "on any objective criteria, the Conservative Islamophobia problem has been a more serious story than Labour antisemitism."Yes, and on the latter Jamie Stern-Weiner's investigations of media coverage provide a service similar to your own debunking of media macro:https://jamiesternweiner.wordpress.com/2017/10/12/labour-conference-or-nuremberg-rally-assessing-the-evidence/ A well written contribution to the debate illuminating the ghastly opportunism and hypocrisy of the Tories who, as one body, leapt on the anti-semitism meme as a method of discrediting Labour. As a person of Jewish Background, I have found the antisemitism issue with regard to Labour vastly exagerated and misunderstood, largely involving conflations of anti-semitism with anti zionism. Some of the definitions of antisemitism themselves, so poorly worded that they cast their net over some orthodox Hasidic groups who are strongly anti-Zionist, with on Hasidic group in particular even calling for the dismantling of the State of Israel. Jewish scholars such as Norman Finkelstein and Jamie Weiner have written extensively on this issue making it clear that the statements of Naz Shah and Ken Livingstone are not antisemitic in nature. The hounding of Ken Loach is an egregious example of how antisemitism has been trivialised by the Tory media. The mural incident (that was rooted out by a Tory apologist) was by no means an unambiguous example of anti-semitism yet within a short space of time it was defined as such and Corbyn implicated -no real debate was had. Labour and the jewish community have a great tradition of challenging capitalism and fighting for social justice - it is a great shame that many votes from that community will be lost because of media imbalance. Since 2010, the Tories have been very good at manipulating consent using their 'nudge unit'(Behavioural Insights Team) to influence perception, particularly about fiscal issues (deficit bad etc. shortage of money etc) it would not surprise me if they knew exactly what they were doing with the antisemitism slur against people who have been fighting racism all their lives. This managing of consent reached its 'nadir' with May proclaiming in the House that 'Labour was rife with antisemitism.' AS disgusting and distorted a statement as Cameron's shameful slander that Corbyn is a 'terrorist sympathiser.' The both denigrated the House by these acts. The claims for ant-Semitism in the Labour Party come from right wing Labour MPs who want to damage Jeremy Corbyn and the newly enlarged membership, and the Labour Friends of Israel LFI for similar reasons. When Labour members are outraged by the actions of the Israeli Defence Force, in short 'MURDER' of Palestinians, they are accused of antisemitism, criticism of the Zionist Israeli government is not antisemitic. To prove the point, here is what a Jewish Rabbi says himself and is not alone in the world of Jewish opinion on this matter. I question whether Labour really does have a problem with anti-Semitism, at least on anything like the scale implied by the BBC's focus. There is a backlog of about 100 complaints with the Labour NCC about supposed AS in the party, which in a party of 600,000 is next-to-nothing, and if you look closely at the details of the complaints, many of them are clearly ridiculous. The problem is that my Party has accepted that it is not a welcoming place for Muslims and Jews. And I can add that Christian Zionists like myself are heir to the "occasional toxic atmosphere". The official line of zero tolerance is better than belittling the problem. My party has a second problem in resourcing and training of our disciplinary procedures. Given that there are legitimate fears because Corbyn has such a strong pull over the party that his hatred of Israel will mean that we will ignore the recent UN call for 4 options to protect Palestinians because it doesn't fit in with Corbyn's "unreserved condemnation of Israel" narrative. We need to position our Party on the lines of the Shadow Foreign Secretary and publicise the recent UN report and ask all parties to engage with the UN. That means encouraging Hamas, Fatah and Israel to negotiate with the UN. Unfortunately because of spam with embedded links (which then flag up warnings about the whole site on some browsers), I have to personally moderate all comments. As a result, your comment may not appear for some time. In addition, I cannot publish comments with lots of site URLs that I cannot check. | Mid | [
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Anibal Sanchez blows past dreaded 7th-inning hump in Tigers' win DETROIT >> When Anibal Sanchez came to the Detroit Tigers as the big trade deadline acquisition two seasons ago, he came with a reputation as a 100-pitch pitcher. It’s a reputation that Sanchez had seemed to shake last year, only to have it snap back in place in the middle of this season: He might be brilliant early in the game, but by the time the seventh inning rolls around, be ready to yank him. That’s why Sunday’s outing was so fist-pump worthy for the right-hander, who gave up his second hit of the afternoon in the seventh inning, but got out of the jam, making it through what’s usually his roughest frame without a blemish. “That’s the key today. I think when I come to the seventh inning, I say ‘I gotta keep the ball down, keep strong like I used to do, and I gotta show I can stay in longer in the game.’ Today is a big game for me, too,” said Sanchez, who struck out a season-high 12, allowing just two hits in his seven scoreless innings of work. He also tossed a season-high 117 pitches, but didn’t seem to be flagging at all, even when Drew Stubbs singled with two outs in the seventh, then stole second. “Today, I don’t think I have that kind of pitch count,” Sanchez admitted. “When I saw the scoreboard after Stubbs got hit, I say ‘Wow, I got a lot of pitches, so I gotta get this guy now.’” Sanchez got Jason Pridie to ground out to catcher Alex Avila right in front of the plate. And, yes, there was a little extra emphasis on his fist pump when he did. “Well, we knew he was capable of doing it. He did it early in the season. He’s had a few games here recently here in the sixth or seventh innings,” manager Brad Ausmus said. “Overall, with the exception of the game he pitched in Oakland, this might have been his best start.” Part of the success was using his fastball more than he had previously — Sanchez threw 61 fastballs, got swings on 32 of them, 16 of which missed. “Today, I use a lot of my fastball. Last game, I feel like I got a lot of life out of my fastball. Today I just use it all the time,” Sanchez said. “The guys can’t make contact, so I don’t just use the fastball and go to another pitch.” Stubbs was the only one to put a fastball in play, turning around a 92-mph four-seamer for a base hit. “He used his fastball perfectly today. He threw it for strikes. He threw it in, he threw it out. And all his other pitches, as a result, were much better,” Ausmus said. “He used his fastball as well as I’ve seen him use his fastball this year. It just made his other pitches that much more effective when he did throw them.” It ended a string of starts in which he either couldn’t get through the seventh inning, or he couldn’t keep from giving up a bunch of runs, if he did. Coming into Sunday’s start, Sanchez had an ERA of 14.73 in the seventh inning, and opponents were teeing off for a .405 batting average and an OPS of 1.018 in the inning. The sharp drop-off was something that had both Sanchez and Ausmus perplexed. “I think he just got tired actually. I don’t know if it was the time off or for whatever reason, it just looked to me like he got tired. The ball came got up in the zone,” Ausmus said after Sanchez’s last home start, on July 18, when he gave up the first four of seven runs the Tigers allowed in the seventh. “He was really crisp up until that point, but it was almost like he hit a wall.” Was it back to him being a 100-pitch pitcher? It sure looked like he was tiring fast. “We’ve seen that a few times in his last few starts,” Ausmus said. “It’s possible that some guys tire gradually as the game goes on, and some guys all of a sudden hit a wall, where they all of a sudden lose some of the oomph behind the ball.” Can it be mental? “It could be. I don’t know that it is with Sanchie. With veteran guys it’s usually not. It could be mental. Some guys get past a point, and — especially with all the pitch counts in the minor leagues, a young guy comes up and they get past a certain point in pitch count, and mentally, they’re like ‘OK, I’m past 100 pitches, I must be tired,’ rather than listening to their body,” Ausmus said. “But part of that is the system that organizations use in the minor leagues, trying to protect pitchers. They use that magic 100-pitch mark often. So pitchers are trained to think that they’re done after 100 pitchers. I don’t know that I can necessarily blame that on the pitchers all the time.” If it is mental, maybe Sunday’s start is a sign he’s getting over that mental block again. | Mid | [
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Q: How does Edo Tensei Madara get back his Rinnegan? Madara gave his Rinnegan to Nagato. But after Kabuto brings him back using Edo Tensei, he still has the Rinnegan. How is this possible? A: Narutopedia: A reincarnated individual will have all the abilities they had during their life, including kekkei genkai and kekkei tōta. They are psychically restored as they were at the time of their death, including any physical handicaps they may have possessed, such as Nagato's damaged legs. Since Madara had the Rinnegan when he died, he is resurrected with it again (with the help of Kabuto's modifications, if you remember). However, the Edo Tensei Rinnegans are fake. Although Edo Tensei Madara can use them to absorb ninjutsu, he can't use it to summon the Gedo Mazo, or use Limbo. It's kinda the same with Nagato's Rinnegan or Itachi's Mangekyo Sharingan. For further proof, when Madara was revived in flesh through Rinne Rebirth, he lost his fake Rinnegan. | Mid | [
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Benchmark dose analysis framework for developing wildlife toxicity reference values. The effects characterization phase of ecological risk assessments (ERAs) often includes the selection or development of toxicity reference values (TRVs) for chemicals under investigation. In wildlife risk assessments, TRVs are thresholds represented by a dose or concentration associated with a specified adverse response. Traditionally, a TRV may be derived from an estimate of the no-observed-adverse effect level or lowest-observed-adverse-effect level, identified from a controlled toxicity study. Because of the limitations of this approach, risk assessors are increasingly developing TRVs using alternative methods. Benchmark dose (BMD) analysis is widely recognized as one approach for developing TRVs. A BMD is derived using the full dose-response relationship from all experimental doses and may represent a user-specified response level (e.g., 5, 10, 20, or 50%). Although many regulatory programs consider the use of BMD-derived wildlife TRVs, there is limited guidance available for implementing the BMD approach, particularly for ERA. The present study provides a framework for ecological risk assessors to identify appropriate data, examine dose-response relationships, estimate BMDs, and document the results for use in risk analysis. This framework demonstrates the process of developing a TRV using BMD analysis and identifies applications for which this approach may enhance ERAs (e.g., site assessment, chemical or pesticide registration programs). Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1496-1508. © 2018 SETAC. | High | [
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No Country for Women - Humanism, Secularism, Feminism Taslima Nasreen Taslima Nasreen, an award-winning writer, physician, secular humanist and human rights activist, is known for her powerful writings on women oppression and unflinching criticism of religion, despite forced exile and multiple fatwas calling for her death. In India, Bangladesh and abroad, Nasreen’s fiction, nonfiction, poetry and memoir have topped the best-seller’s list. Taslima Nasreen was born in Bangladesh. She started writing when she was 13. Her writings won the hearts of people across the border and she landed with the prestigious literary award Ananda from India in 1992. Taslima won The Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought from the European Parliament in 1994. She received the Kurt Tucholsky Award from Swedish PEN, the Simone de Beauvoir Award and Human Rights Award from Government of France, Le Prix de l' Edit de Nantes from the city of Nantes, France, Academy prize from the Royal Academy of arts, science and literature from Belgium. She is a Humanist Laureate in The International Academy for Humanism,USA. She won Distinguished Humanist Award from International Humanist and Ethical Union, Free-thought Heroine award from Freedom From Religion foundation, USA., IBKA award, Germany,and Feminist Press Award, USA . She got the UNESCO Madanjeet Singh prize for Promotion of the Tolerance and Non-violence in 2005. She received the Medal of honor of Lyon. She got honorary citizenship from Paris, Nantes, Lyon, Metz, Thionville, Esch etc. Taslima was awarded the Condorcet-Aron Prize at the “Parliament of the French Community of Belgium” in Brussels and Ananda literary award again in 2000. Bestowed with honorary doctorates from Gent University and UCL in Belgium, and American University of Paris and Paris Diderot University in France, she has addressed gatherings in major venues of the world like the European Parliament, National Assembly of France, Universities of Sorbonne, Oxford, Harvard, Yale, etc. She got fellowships as a research scholar at Harvard and New York Universities. She was a Woodrow Wilson Fellow in the USA in 2009. Taslima has written 40 books in Bengali, which includes poetry, essays, novels and autobiography series. Her works have been translated in thirty different languages. Some of her books are banned in Bangladesh. Because of her thoughts and ideas she has been banned, blacklisted and banished from Bengal, both from Bangladesh and West Bengal part of India. She has been prevented by the authorities from returning to her country since 1994, and to West Bengal since 2007. Share this: The reason I am a feminist is really quite simple: I am a feminist because I am a Humanist and a socialist. I am a Humanist and a Socialist because I am a human being and I have a single guiding principle which, like a coin, has two sides: I am better than no one. No one is better than me. No one is endowed with the right to assign status on another at birth. No one has the right to restrict the right of another to make their own choices and to take their own decisions in life. If anyone claims for themselves that right, then, with equal ease, I claim the right to remove it from them. In the words of John Donne (slightly modified) No person is an island, Entire of itself. Each is a piece of the continent, A part of the main. If a clod be washed away by the sea, Europe is the less. As well as if a promontory were. As well as if a manner of thine own Or of thine friend’s were. Each person’s death diminishes me, For I am involved in mankind. Therefore, send not to know For whom the bell tolls, It tolls for thee. To me, Women’s liberation was always a part of people’s liberation and liberation is about freedom to choose. Socialism can never be achieved whilst half the population remain subjugated, restricted, repressed and dependent on the other half. How pathetic, how utterly shameful for one half of humanity to try to maintain their privileges with bans and proscriptions on the other half. How pathetic for men to use their physical strength, not to liberate women but to maintain their subjugation. To me, feminism is not about what women should do but about what they have the right to choose to do. If they choose to be miners or lumberjacks, doctors or architects, lawyers, barristers, engineers, emptiers of rubbish bins, fire-fighters or soldiers, they should be free to make that choice. If they chose to be full-time mothers they should be free to make that choice too but they should also be free to expect their partners to take on that role if that’s the right choice for them both. People liberation cannot be achieved by assigning stereotypical roles and expecting people to fit themselves into those stereotypes. People liberation is about choosing the role you want for yourself in consultation as an equal with others involved in and affected by that choice. It would be easy to blame religions for the institutionalised misogyny women have suffered for centuries. Though they are undoubtedly now complicit in it’s retention in many parts of the world, and especially in the more fundamentalist area where women are required to cover themselves or take the blame for men seeing them as mere sex objects, and even for ‘loosing control’ and raping or sexually assaulting them (what a grotesquely pathetic abdication of personal responsibility that is!), I’m not convinced religions cause misogyny. I think religions are, at least partly, the product of misogyny. It is surely no coincidence that gods are overwhelmingly seen as male and that the Abrahamic religions have a god which closely resembles a despotic Bronze Age tribal chief. When the origin myths were being invented and written down, and the early laws were being codified, the people who wrote them were almost certainly high-caste males from already misogynistic cultures and women had already been relegated to chattel status. Even the creation myth of Adam and Eve results in Eve being told her role, and that of all women henceforth, was to satisfy the desires of man with “… and thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee.” (Genesis 3:16). Of course a misogynistic male god would put men in charge with the right to rule over women and to have them merely for his convenience. What could be more natural and ‘right’ than that? In the blog The Evolution Of God I have shown how I think religions could well have evolved out of the pre-human or proto-human social structure with an alpha male leader. It could have been from this evolved dominance and the assumed right to have first access to the females and to control their sexual activity, that both male dominance and an obsessive interest in the sexual activity of others may have developed and entered the human meme-pool. Having invented gods and religion we then handed over responsibility for our moral development to the high priests of these gods, as I argued in Religion: An Abdication Of Moral Responsibility. But, however it evolved, there is no excuse for it now. We are a very different species to that evolving millions of years ago on the plains of East Africa and we have a very different culture now to that of Bronze Age nomadic goat-herders. We have no use for many of the memes they generated or many of the rules they codified. It used to be said of Britain that 17% of the people controlled 94% of the wealth. We have a long way still to go to rectify that obscene statistic. The women of the world are said to do 90% of the work but to control only 10% of the wealth. That is an even more obscene statistic which no civilised society or fair-minded person should tolerate. We are free now, to paraphrase Richard Dawkin’s, to liberate ourselves from the tyranny of unthinking replicators in our meme pool. We no longer need to check with sanctimonious moralising high priests and wizards in silly dresses whose living depends on maintaining the status quo and who consult their books of magic words and miraculously come up with the answer which always suits them and those they serve. We are free now to ask if it is right or wrong that half of humanity should still be a lesser people; a subject people subject to the whim and fancy of the other half and to always be at their disposal. And women are free now to decide whether they will continue to accept this abrogation of power and authority or whether they will deny men this right and take their own lives back under their own control and assert the simple slogan: “No man is better than me because I am part of humanity. Until I am free, humanity will not be.” One of my relatives living in the USA had a 8-year-old girl. I was shocked when I found out she desperately wanted to look sexy, and more desperately wanted to have a boyfriend. She reached puberty at early age. Her paediatrician said that girls hitting puberty earlier than ever because of hormones in food. I noticed she watched TV non stop and she never listened to her parents.A new study says, most girls as young as 6 are already beginning to think of themselves as sex-objects. Another study says, 30% of Girls’ Clothing Is Sexualized in Major Sales Trend. 6-year-old girls chose the sexualized doll as their ideal self. After seeing it, the researchers said, ‘It’s very possible that girls wanted to look like the sexy doll because they believe sexiness leads to popularity, which comes with many social advantages.’ Because of this, girls as young as 6 are already feeling the pressure to be sexy. It is definitely very alarming if little girls feel the pressure to be sexy. The researchers say: Media consumption alone didn’t influence girls to prefer the sexy doll. But girls who watched a lot of TV and movies and who had mothers who reported self-objectifying tendencies, such as worrying about their clothes and appearance many times a day, in the study were more likely to say the sexy doll was popular. Mothers’ religious beliefs also emerged as an important factor in how girls see themselves. Girls who consumed a lot of media but who had religious mothers were protected against self-sexualizing, perhaps because these moms “may be more likely to model higher body-esteem and communicate values such as modesty. Another interesting finding: Girls who didn’t consume a lot of media but who had religious mothers were much more likely to say they wanted to look like the sexy doll.This pattern of results may reflect a case of ‘forbidden fruit’ or reactance, whereby young girls who are overprotected from the perceived ills of media by highly religious parents … begin to idealize the forbidden due to their underexposure. It means, low media consumption is not a silver bullet against early self-sexualization in girls. I believe ‘the proliferation of sexualized images of girls in advertising, merchandising, and media is harmful to girls’ self-image and healthy development’. I also believe that ‘parents can play a role to protect girls from the sexualizing culture. They can help their daughters navigate a sexualizing world by instructing their daughters about their values and by not demonstrating objectified and sexualized behaviors themselves.’ I do not think religious mothers can ultimately save their daughters from self-sexualization. Non-religious mothers who want women to live with dignity and rights can do it. The difference between religious and non-religious mothers is, religious mothers believe in patriarchal religion, so obviously they do not believe in women’s equality or women’s freedom. Women who believe in religion believe that women are somehow inferior to men. Treating yourself as an inferior being is not less dangerous than treating yourself as a sex-object. The two are related. Parents have no right to snatch the childhood away from their daughters. Children deserve a childhood. But I think it will not always be possible for parents alone to save their girl children from self-sexualization if the sexual objectification of women in the media continues. Men throw acid on us with the intention of injuring or disfiguring us. Men throw acid on our bodies, burn our faces, smash our noses, melt our eyes, and walk away as happy men. Acid attack is common in Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Afghanistan, Nepal, Cambodia, and a few other countries. Men throw acid on us because men are angry with us for ending relationships and for refusing sexual harassment, sexual exploitation, proposals of marriage, demands for dowry. They throw acid on us for attending schools, for not wearing Islamic veils, for not behaving well, for speaking too much, for laughing loudly. India She was 18, a college student. Three of her neighbors sexually harassed her for more than two years and then threw acid on her. Her skin on the skull, face, neck, chest and back were melted away. After nine years of that attack Sonali Mukherjee is now blind in both eyes and partially deaf. Her father spent millions of rupees for her treatment. They have now no money. The attackers got bail from the High Court, continued threatening to kill her. She is now asking the government to help her or allow her to end her life. Cambodia The face of Sokreun Mean, who was blinded and disfigured by an acid attack. Carsten Stormer, a German journalist & photographer said, “Acid attacks deprive people of more than their looks and sight. Families are torn apart. Husbands leave their wives. Children are separated from their parents. Jobs vanish overnight, turning professionals into beggars. Many victims cannot get through a day without constant assistance, becoming burdens on their families. All bear the mark of the pariah. “What remains is a traumatized society in which domestic disputes, unhappy love affairs, and professional rivalries are nearly always resolved through violence. Hardly a family without its members lost to the ideological battles of the Khmer Rouge – a curse that is passed on from parents to children. Battery acid is known to be most uncomplicated way of causing lifelong suffering. A dollar will buy you a quart of acid on any street corner. The perpetrators are seldom punished. Their targets become outcasts.” Pakistan Fakhra Younus was attacked by her husband Bilal Khar, ex-MPA of the Punjab Assembly and the son of Pakistani Politician Ghulam Mustafa Khar. He threw acid in her face after they split up. Tehmina Durrani, the author of ‘My Feudal Lord’, the former step mother of Bilal Khar tried to help Fakhra. She was sent to Italy for treatment. After having 39 re-constructive surgeries, Fakhra committed suicide. The stories of the girls, from left to right: Ten years ago Shahnaz Bibi was burned with acid by a relative due to a familial dispute. She has never undergone plastic surgery. Najaf Sultana is now 16. At the age of five Najaf was burned by her father while she was sleeping. Her father didn’t want to have another girl in the family. Najaf became blind. Shameem Akhter (20) was kidnapped and raped by a gang of men who then threw acid on her 3 years ago. Kanwal Kayum, now 26, was burned with acid one year ago by a man whom she rejected for marriage. Bashiran Bibi was burned at her husband’s house just after her marriage. Nasreen Sharif was a beautiful girl. When she was 14, her cousin poured a bottle of sulphuric acid in her face. He did it because he couldn’t stand boys whistling at her when she crossed the street. Her skin melted away, her hair burned away. She is now blind, she has no ears and she has no sense of smell. Among others, there is Shaziya Abdulsattar, an eight-year-old girl. Shaziya’s father threw acid on her and her mother Azim last year after the mother refused to sell their two boys to a man in Dubai to use as camel racers. Bangladesh It is very easy for a man to get sulphuric acid if he wants to attack a woman he does not like. The country has become a hot spot for acid attacks. A disfigured woman is not able to get married or get a job. She becomes a financial and social burden on her family. Neela was forced to marry when she was 12 years old. Her husband threw acid on her face when she was 14. He was angry with Neela because her family was unable to give him the dowry money he asked for. Nepal Akriti Rai, 22, was attacked by her husband, a Nepali soldier. Iran Ameneh Bahrami rejected the offer of having a relationship with Majid Movahedi, a fellow student at the University of Tehran. He then threw a bottle of acid in her face. Zambia A man threw acid on a 13-year-old girl’s face to take a revenge. The older sister of the girl said: “You have to grow crocodile skin to clean the wounds of an acid survivor. The worst ordeal was while in the hospital, as the skin kept peeling off. I didn’t realize that the tongue skin was also peeling off. The young girl was pushing something in her mouth. I opened her mouth to see and found that almost the whole tongue had come off. I had to pull it out like you do with a cow and only a little red thing (tongue) remained.’ Nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid are today’s weapons of choice for criminals who hate women. These acids are easy to buy, easy to hide, easy to carry, and easy to throw. A person who witnessed many acid attacks , said, ‘in a less than a minute the bone under the skin can start to be exposed. If there is enough acid, the bone itself can become a soft mass of non-distinguishable jelly. Internal organs can dissolve. Fingers, noses and ears can melt away like chocolate on a hot day.’ Ethiopia Twenty-one-year-old woman Kamilat Mehdi’s life was changed forever when a stalker threw sulphuric acid in her face. Ismail, Kamilat’s brother said: “The man who attacked her stalked her for a few years. He gave her a hard time but she didn’t tell the family for fear that something would happen to them. He was always saying he would use a gun on them.” Ultimately the stalker’s weapon of choice was not a gun, but a bottle of acid. He used it on Kamilat and destroyed her entire life in one second. UK Her lover did it. Richard Remes threw sulphuric acid on Patricia Lefranc. Her nose and eyelids were melted away, she lost sight in one eye and hearing in one ear, she also lost a finger. She came close to death, as the corrosive substance nearly burned through her heart and lungs.The horrific attack physically and emotionally scarred her for life. What was her crime? She ended her relationship with Richard Remes, a married man. We are more abused, harassed, exploited, kidnapped, raped, trafficked, murdered by our lovers, husbands, fathers, brothers, uncles, cousins, friends, or men we know well than by strangers. Whatever happens to us, we never stop loving men. Share this: “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of herself/himself and of her/his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond her/his control.” – Universal Declaration of Human Rights There are few things we find common among people in the East and people in the West, or people in the South and people in the North. There are rich and there are poor. The rich in every country are having the same luxury lifestyle. They have everything including expensive houses. Houses in five continents:America, Asia,Africa, Australia, Europe It is nice to have nice beautiful houses. I wish I had one. I wish everyone had one. But I would like to know whether Mukesh Ambani from his 1.8 billion dollar tower home with 27 floors, nine elevators and three helipads can see Mumbai slums where almost half of the city’s 20.5 million population live. People are homeless both in developed and developing countries. More than 100 million people are homeless worldwide and over 1.2 billion lack adequate housing. 3 million people are homeless in European Union and 18 million live in inadequate housing. 100,000 people sleep on the streets of Australia everyday. 44% of homeless people in Australia are female, 12% of homeless people in Australia are children under the age of 12. Women and Children are the fastest growing group of those who are homeless in Canada.In Brazil, there is a deficit of 6.6 Million housing units, equaling 20 million homeless people, who live in favela (shanty town), shared clandestine rooms, hovels or under bridges and viaducts, or are squatters. 1 million people are homeless in France. 78 million people are homeless in India despite the country growing in global economic stature. India is home to 63% of all slum dwellers in South Asia. 25,296 people are homeless in Japan.In Mexico City an estimated 40% of people live in informal housing.More than 70,000 people live in shack settlements in Namibia. 30,000 people are homeless in the Netherlands. By 2015, there will be an estimated homeless population of 24.4 million people in Nigeria.Around 24,145 Palestinian homes have been demolished in the Occupied Territories since 1967. 40% of the population,32.8million, in Philippines, live in slums. 5 million people are homeless in Russia. Around 17,800 people are homeless in Sweden. Homeless figures in the United States range from 600,000 to 2.5 million. Homeless people in five continents. America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe The world has enough money to solve the problems of homelessness but to my surprise I see that the number of homeless people worldwide is increasing. I often think of a totally different kind of homelessness. They are not literally homeless but they feel homeless. Many women who live in a nice big house know very well that the house belongs to someone else. They are scared to be ‘homeless’, so they compromise with their abusive husbands to get a space in the house, but unfortunately that doesn’t stop them from having a feeling of homelessness. It is a very hopeless and helpless feeling. I am homeless too. I do not sleep on the street but I feel homeless. I was thrown out of my home 18 years ago. My husband did not do it because I did not have a husband. It was the government. The government literally drag me out of my home and locked the door forever. The religious fanatics demanded for my execution by hanging, instead of supporting me and my freedom of expression, the government supported the religious fanatics for their own narrow political interests. I have been forced to live in the places I do not like to live. Not only me, hundreds of thousands of people are forced to live in exile. Many of them feel homeless for the rest of their lives. Share this: There are more than 1200 billionaires in the world. They have absolutely an insane amount of money. It is true that the number of billionaires is increasing. It is also true that six million children die of hunger every year. Every five seconds one child dies of hunger. There are more hungry people in the world than the combined populations of USA, Canada, and the European Union. 925 million people do not have enough to eat and 98 percent of them live in developing countries. 578 million in Asia and the Pacific, 239 million in Sub-Saharan Africa, 53 million in Latin America and the Caribbean, 37 million in the Near East and North Africa, 19 million in developed countries. There is enough food available to feed the entire global population of 7 billion people. But one in seven people go to bed hungry every night. Whereas good progress was made in reducing chronic hunger in the 1980s and the first half of the 1990s, hunger has been slowly rising. People somewhere starve to death, while we waste our food. Food waste always reminds me of the ‘famous’ picture of ‘a starving Sudanese girl who collapsed on her way to a feeding center while a vulture waited nearby.’ Kevin Carter, a free-lance photographer, took the picture in March 1993. He did not help the girl to reach the feeding center. She could have survived.The girl was probably eaten by the vulture. Critics said, ‘The man adjusting his lens to take just the right frame of her suffering, might just as well be a predator, another vulture on the scene.’ Kevin Carter got The Pulitzer Prize for this photograph. The memories haunted him. In his suicide note he wrote “I am haunted by the vivid memories of killings and corpses and anger and pain … of starving or wounded children, of trigger-happy madmen”. Trigger-happy madmen are on the rise. If we reduce arms production just a little bit, we will be able to save big money, and we will be able to provide food, water, shelter, clothes, health, education for everyone. I doubt we will do it. We are just apes with slightly larger brains. We love to kill people. We do not care if people die of hunger. In India, parents adopt new methods to kill their baby girls. They do not feed girls, girls must die. Share this: Even educated women still practice various customs, cultures and traditions that are anti-women. Mangalsutra A woman wears Mangalsutra, a black beads necklace, for her husband’s health and well-being. Would a man wear a Mangalsutra for his wife’s health and well-being? Hell no! Sindoor Married women wear vermilion or Sindoor on the forehead and along the hair parting line. The Sindoor symbolizes the deep respect, devotion and dedication of a Hindu woman to her husband. Would a married man wear Sindoor on his forehead for the same purpose? Hell no! Sankha Pola Loha Married women wear bangles: Sankha, Pola and Loha for husband’s health. Did a man ever wear Sankha, Pola, or Loha for his wife’s health? Hell no! Bhai Phota ‘Bhai Phota’ is performed by women. They fast and put an auspicious mark with sandal wood paste on their brothers’ foreheads, feed them sweets, give them gifts and pray for their health, happiness and prosperity. Is there a system that a man also fast and put an auspicious mark on his sister’s forehead and pray for her health, happiness and prosperity? Hell no! Karwa Chauth People still believe that abstaining from meals, or fasting, can prolong the life of a loved one. Women fast for 24 hours to ensure that their husbands live long lives. Do men do the same for their wives? Hell no! Touching husband’s feet A woman bows her head, touches her husband’s feet, takes the dust from the feet and put them on her head on her wedding day to show her submission to her husband. Would a man ever do this? Hell no! Jamai Sasthi or Son-in-law Day Jamai Sasthi ritual is celebrated for health and well-being of son-in-law. The son-in-law is invited to a grand celebration in the house of his in-laws. He is served delicious food. Is it possible to have a similar celebration for health and well-being of daughter-in-law? Hell no! There are hundreds of anti-women rituals that Hindu women perform without questioning. It is alarming that women still perform these rituals in the 21st century. Throughout history sane people have made many misogynistic cultures go extinct. But in some countries, patriarchal traditions are celebrated more ceremoniously than ever. You may say only illiterate women do it, women’s education will solve all the problems. But the truth is, educated women perform anti-women patriarchal rituals more perfectly than illiterate women, because educated women have better learning capacity. They learn every small details of patriarchy that illiterate women can not learn. Who will fight misogynistic tradition if modern women remain busy practicing it? A few reformist men in the 19th century fought for abolishing Suttee (widow burning), for women’s education, and for widows’ remarriage. In the 21st century, a new set of enlightened revolutionary men is probably needed to save women from the darkness. Share this: Millions of men are crazy to sleep with virgins. They marry children because children are most likely to be virgins. Men go to brothels and pay a lot of money only to fuck 5 to 10-year-old children. Men love hymen that surrounds or partially covers the external vaginal opening. The man who created Islam knew about the desire of men to have sex with virgins. He tempted men whoever convert to Islam with seventy two virgins. In some parts of the world a white bed sheet is put on the bed to see virgin’s blood on the first night of wedding. Women are forced to give proof of their chastity. Female ‘purity’ is an asset for patriarchy.Unfortunately their Purity, chastity, virginity, morality all are made available nowhere but in vagina. Women get divorced or tortured or even murdered if their hymens are not intact on wedding night. Women were forced to wear chastity belts in medieval times. They do not wear chastity belts made of Iron anymore. Today’s chastity belts are made of different or they are just invisible. There is no change in the mindset of controlling women. Male domination or patriarchy has reduced women the half of the world’s human population to mere sex objects. Hymens can be broken because of physical exercises, tampons, traumas etc. But men are not ready to accept any torn hymen. Women have to give their husbands or masters or lords the proof of their virginity. Before wedding, out of fear women rush to doctors for having hymenoplasty or hymenorrhaphy. Women’s dignity and honor are based on whether or not their hymens are intact. Women’s sexuality has never been a private thing. It has always been the property of men and society. They throws stones towards women if their hymens are broken. Women are also forced to have a hymenoplasty to tighten vagina so that men can feel that they are having sex with teens or children. Doctors are now becoming expert in tightening vagina or restoring virginity. Women have been taught for centuries not to have respect for themselves. They are taught to hate their own bodies. They are taught to live for men and men only. What if women did not have but men had hymens covering their penises! Men would face no problems if men’s hymens were broken because of horse back riding or masturbation or sex or something else. Would women ever ask men to give proof of their virginity? No. Rupturing hymens would be a man’s proof of masculinity. Men would be treated as uncouth and retard if their hymens remained intact after puberty. | Mid | [
0.6293532338308451,
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Cushioning materials have a variety of uses, such as for mattresses, seating surfaces, shoe inserts, packaging, medical devices, etc. Cushioning materials may be formulated and/or configured to reduce peak pressure on a cushioned body, which may increase comfort for humans or animals, and may protect objects from damage. Cushioning materials may be formed of materials that deflect or deform under load, such as polyethylene or polyurethane foams (e.g., convoluted foam), vinyl, rubber, springs, natural or synthetic fibers, fluid-filled flexible containers, etc. Different cushioning materials may have different responses to a given pressure, and some materials may be well suited to different applications. Cushioning materials may be used in combination with one another to achieve selected properties. U.S. Pat. No. 7,730,566, issued Jun. 8, 2010, and entitled Multi-Walled Gelastic Material, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference, describes cushion structures having interconnected walls that buckle. A first wall buckles when a threshold force is applied. Buckling of the first wall may cause buckling of a second wall, which may decrease the chance that the first wall will “bottom out.” Bottoming out would increase pressure on the portion of the cushioned object over the buckled portion of the cushion. One side of the cushion has walls spaced relatively close together, and the opposite side has walls spaced farther apart. That is, some walls of the cushion extend only partially through the cushion. The wider-spaced portions of the walls may buckle more easily than the closer-spaced portions of the walls when an irregularly shaped object presses against the walls. | Mid | [
0.6330935251798561,
33,
19.125
] |
Q: How do I compile a theano network into an self-contained executable? We would like to enter a competition where we would need to submit our network in the form of an executable. In one of the subcompetitions, the network will be trained by the judges, e.g. CASE 1: ./train-my-network-script trainingdata.dat #call script to train ./run-my-network input.dat #script to run our trained network input CASE 2: and in another, we would submit a trained network that will just receive an input file, e.g. ./run-my-trained-net -i input.dat -o output.dat How do I compile our theano-built network (whether it's an RBM or other variation) into something that can be packaged in this way without requiring the people on the other end to actually install theano? A: Can the judge install a VM or a Docker image with Theano and your stuff installed? This would be easier in the short term. We don't have exactly what you ask, but there is work to generate a shared library for a Theano function. This is not yet merged in Theano itself. I started this and Alberto Orlandi is continuing this. He have a working version on a branch. See this branch: https://github.com/AlOa/Theano/commits/embed_theano Also this mailing list discussion: https://groups.google.com/d/topic/theano-users/JtxIequsHNg/discussion He is working to make a PR for this. But the current version do not do exactly what you want and need some work from you for the shared variables and to make this work. What this branch do is generate a C++ shared library that depend on Python and NumPy, but not Theano. | Mid | [
0.642131979695431,
31.625,
17.625
] |
Binance Exchange Binance Trading offers a personalized way for users to trade large block sizes (generally over 10 BTC) quickly and securely. For large orders, trading over-the-counter (OTC) is a good alternative to trading directly on the exchange order books where you might affect the market price of the token and negatively impact your execution level. Transactions with Binance Trading are settled quickly and seamlessly into your Binance account. Why Execute Block Trades with Binance Trading? 1. Personalized Service: Every user and every block trade is unique, so we like to discuss trades directly over chat. Binance’s team will be there to work with you every step of the way from onboarding to pricing to trade settlement, or even just to chat about the markets. 2. A large number of Coins/Pairs Offered: Binance Trading supports block trades in most coins listed on the exchange, and even on pairs that are not listed (e.g. trading directly from one alt-coin to another) 3. Quick Pricing: At the core of our OTC trading service is a constant mission to provide a fast pricing process that lets you request for pricing and get options in minutes. 4. Fast Settlement: With Binance Trading, settlement occurs directly in your Binance account and is typically done within minutes. No need to involve another party and complicate the process. 5. Simple Process: Block trade discussions happen on chat, and a trade can be confirmed in as quickly as 1–2 minutes from the time you reach out to us for a price. 6. Reduced Counterparty Risk: With Binance Trading, you only ever need to send coins to your Binance account. Your coins stay in your account until Binance is ready to settle, at which point it will swap coins in/out of your account. How Can I Start Trading Block Trades with Binance Trading? Getting set up for block trading on Binance is easy. If you are already trading on Binance you are most likely already eligible: 1. A Binance account with Level 2 verification or above 2. A trade of at least 10 BTC 3. Access to chat apps like Telegram or Whatsapp To take advantage of better pricing on large block trades with Binance Trading, contact the team at [email protected]. You can also join Telegram channel for a list of authorized traders you can speak with. Listing Updates | High | [
0.663529411764705,
35.25,
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<h1>Ut Video Codec Suite 22.1.0 readme （日本語）</h1>
<hr>
<h2 id="copyright_notice">著作権表示</h2>
<h3>英語</h3>
<p>Ut Video Codec Suite<br>Copyright © 2008-2020 UMEZAWA Takeshi</p>
<p>This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either <a href="gplv2.txt">version 2 of the License</a>, or
(at your option) any later version.</p>
<p>This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.</p>
<p>You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA</p>
<h3>日本語</h3>
<p>Ut Video Codec Suite<br>Copyright © 2008-2020 梅澤 威志</p>
<p>このプログラムはフリーソフトウェアです。
あなたはこれを、フリーソフトウェア財団によって発行された GNU 一般公衆利用許諾契約書
(<a href="gplv2.ja.sjis.txt">バージョン2</a>か、希望によってはそれ以降のバージョンのうちどれか)
の定める条件の下で再頒布または改変することができます。</p>
<p>このプログラムは有用であることを願って頒布されますが、
*全くの無保証* です。
商業可能性の保証や特定の目的への適合性は、言外に示されたものも含め全く存在しません。
詳しくはGNU 一般公衆利用許諾契約書をご覧ください。</p>
<p>あなたはこのプログラムと共に、
GNU 一般公衆利用許諾契約書の複製物を一部受け取ったはずです。
もし受け取っていなければ、フリーソフトウェア財団まで請求してください
(宛先は the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA)。</p>
<h3>LZ4 Library</h3>
<p>Ut Video Codec Suite は <a href="https://github.com/lz4/lz4">LZ4 Library</a> を使用しています。</p>
<blockquote><pre>
LZ4 Library
Copyright (c) 2011-2016, Yann Collet
All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this
list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or
other materials provided with the distribution.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON
ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
</pre></blockquote>
<h2 id="overview">概要</h2>
<p>Ut Video Codec Suite は、複数のインターフェースをサポートするロスレス映像コーデックです。インターフェースは VCM、DMO をサポートします。内部保持形式は RGB、RGBA、YUV444、YUV422、YUV420 をサポートします。</p>
<h2 id="environment">動作環境</h2>
<h3>必須環境 (Windows x64)</h3>
<dl>
<dt>OS</dt><dd>Windows 8.1 (x64) 以降</dd>
<dt>CPU</dt><dd>AMD64 あるいは Intel 64（旧称 EM64T）をサポートする CPU</dd>
</dl>
<h3>推奨環境</h3>
<dl>
<dt>CPU</dt><dd>第1世代 Intel Core i シリーズ (Nehalem) 以降</dd>
</dl>
<h2 id="installation">インストールに関する注意</h2>
<h3>Windows</h3>
<p>バージョン 10.2.0 またはそれ以前がインストールされている場合、それをアンインストールしてからこのバージョンをインストールしてください。</p>
<p>VCM コーデックが正しく登録されないようであれば、最終手段としてインストール先ディレクトリに入っている utvideo.reg をレジストリに結合してください。なお、このファイルは Windows ディレクトリが C:\Windows であることを仮定しています。</p>
<h2 id="fourcc">FourCC 一覧</h2>
<table>
<tr><th rowspan="2">FourCC</th><th rowspan="2">コーデック名</th><th rowspan="2">内部保持形式</th><th colspan="2">対応入出力フォーマット（優先度順）</th></tr>
<tr><th>VCM / DMO</th></tr>
<tr><td>ULRA</td><td>UtVideo RGBA</td><td rowspan="2">RGBA 4:4:4:4 8bit フルレンジ</td><td rowspan="2"><strong>RGBA</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td>UMRA</td><td>UtVideo T2 RGBA</td></tr>
<tr><td>ULRG</td><td>UtVideo RGB</td><td rowspan="2">RGB 4:4:4 8bit フルレンジ</td><td rowspan="2"><strong>RGB24<br>RGB32</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td>UMRG</td><td>UtVideo T2 RGB</td></tr>
<tr><td>ULY4</td><td>UtVideo YUV444 BT.601</td><td rowspan="2">YCbCr (BT.601) 4:4:4 8bit リミテッド</td><td rowspan="2"><strong>YV24</strong><br>RGB24<br>RGB32</td></tr>
<tr><td>UMY4</td><td>UtVideo T2 YUV444 BT.601</td></tr>
<tr><td>ULY2</td><td>UtVideo YUV422 BT.601</td><td rowspan="2">YCbCr (BT.601) 4:2:2 8bit リミテッド</td><td rowspan="2"><strong>YUY2 (YUYV YUNV yuvs)</strong><br><strong>UYVY (UYNV 2vuy)</strong><br><strong>YV16</strong><br>RGB24<br>RGB32</td></tr>
<tr><td>UMY2</td><td>UtVideo T2 YUV422 BT.601</td></tr>
<tr><td>ULY0</td><td>UtVideo YUV420 BT.601</td><td>YCbCr (BT.601) 4:2:0 8bit リミテッド</td><td><strong>YV12<br>NV12<sup>*1</sup></strong><br>YUY2 (YUYV YUNV yuvs)<br>UYVY (UYNV 2vuy)<br>YV16<br>RGB24<br>RGB32</td></tr>
<tr><td>ULH4</td><td>UtVideo YUV444 BT.709</td><td rowspan="2">YCbCr (BT.709) 4:4:4 8bit リミテッド</td><td rowspan="2"><strong>YV24</strong><br>RGB24<br>RGB32</td></tr>
<tr><td>UMH4</td><td>UtVideo T2 YUV444 BT.709</td></tr>
<tr><td>ULH2</td><td>UtVideo YUV422 BT.709</td><td rowspan="2">YCbCr (BT.709) 4:2:2 8bit リミテッド</td><td rowspan="2"><strong>HDYC</strong><br><strong>YUY2 (YUYV YUNV yuvs)</strong><br><strong>UYVY (UYNV 2vuy)</strong><br><strong>YV16</strong><br>RGB24<br>RGB32</td></tr>
<tr><td>UMH2</td><td>UtVideo T2 YUV422 BT.709</td></tr>
<tr><td>ULH0</td><td>UtVideo YUV420 BT.709</td><td>YCbCr (BT.709) 4:2:0 8bit リミテッド</td><td><strong>YV12<br>NV12<sup>*1</sup></strong><br>HDYC<br>YUY2 (YUYV YUNV yuvs)<br>UYVY (UYNV 2vuy)<br>YV16<br>RGB24<br>RGB32</td></tr>
<tr><td>UQRA</td><td>UtVideo Pro RGBA 10bit</td><td>RGBA 4:4:4:4 10bit フルレンジ</td><td>b64a</td></tr>
<tr><td>UQRG</td><td>UtVideo Pro RGB 10bit</td><td>RGB 4:4:4 10bit フルレンジ</td><td><strong>r210</strong><br>b48r<br>b64a</td></tr>
<tr><td>UQY2</td><td>UtVideo Pro YUV422 10bit</td><td>YCbCr 4:2:2 10bit リミテッド</td><td><strong>P210</strong><br>P216<br>YUV422P16<br><strong>v210</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td>UQY0</td><td>UtVideo Pro YUV420 10bit</td><td>YCbCr 4:2:0 10bit リミテッド</td><td><strong>P010</strong><br>P016<br>YUV420P16</td></tr>
</table>
<ul>
<li><strong>太字</strong>はネイティブな（=色空間の変換が発生しない）フォーマットです。可能な限りこのフォーマットで入出力することが推奨されます。</li>
<li>カッコ内は、その前に書いてあるものと FourCC が異なるだけで中身が同じフォーマットです。例えば、YUY2 と YUYV と YUNV は中身が同じフォーマットです。</li>
<li>*1 NV12 は幅が4の倍数である必要があります。</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="donations">寄付について</h2>
<p>Ut Video Codec Suite はフリーソフトウェアです。開発を支援するための寄付は常に歓迎しております。詳細は作者のblogの<a href="http://umezawa.dyndns.info/wordpress/?page_id=1565">「寄付について」ページ</a>をご覧ください。</p>
<h2 id="nicovideo">ニコニコ動画のコンテンツツリーについて</h2>
<p>ニコニコ動画において、コンテンツツリーの親作品として指定するために、<a href="http://seiga.nicovideo.jp/seiga/im1922939">静画</a>を投稿してあります（2012年4月2日に再投稿しました）。Ut Video Codec Suite を使用して作成された動画を投稿の際は、親作品として指定していただけると励みになります。</p>
<h2 id="history">改版履歴</h2>
<h3>バージョン 22.1.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULY0, ULH0: NV12 での入出力を追加した。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>RGB32/RGBA, YUY2/UYVY へのネイティブな内部保持形式からのデコードを若干高速化した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 22.0.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>UQxx: Predict gradient フレーム内予測方式を追加した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 21.3.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ダイアログにツールチップを追加した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 21.3.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULxx, UQxx: エンコードを若干高速化した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 21.2.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>インストーラーに utv_logc.exe を含めないようにした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 21.2.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULxx, UQxx: 圧縮比が高い映像のエンコードとデコードを高速化した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 21.1.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>UQY2: P210, P216 での入出力に対応した。</li>
<li>UQY0: P010, P016 での入出力に対応した。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>UQY2: YUV422P16 での入出力を高速化した。</li>
<li>UQY0: YUV420P16 での入出力を高速化した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 21.0.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>内部保持形式が YUV420 10bit のコーデック (FourCC: UQY0) を追加した。</li>
<li>UQY2: YUV422P16 での入出力に対応した。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>UQY2: v210 へのデコードを若干高速化した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 20.6.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>フレーム分割数を 64 より大きく設定すると正しく動作していなかった。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 20.6.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>UQRG, UQRA: 入出力を高速化した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 20.5.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>UMRG, UMRA: SSE4.1 が使えて AVX2 が使えない環境において、幅が 64 で割って 32 余る数の場合のフレーム内圧縮のエンコード結果が誤っていた。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 20.5.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>UMxx: フレーム内圧縮でのネイティブな packed フォーマットでの入出力を高速化した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 20.4.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>プロセス名に基づいて、あるいは完全に特定のコーデックインターフェースを無効化する機能を追加した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 20.3.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULxx: ネイティブな packed フォーマットでの入出力を高速化した。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULxx: 「インターレース映像としてエンコード」を非推奨機能とした。</li>
<li>QuickTime コンポーネントの事実上の廃止にともない、readme から情報を削除した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 20.2.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULxx: x64 でのエンコードを高速化した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 20.1.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>UQRG: r210 での入出力を追加した。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>all: 設定をリセットする処理に誤りがあった。</li>
<li>UQxx: 幅が 8 の倍数でない場合にクラッシュすることがあった。</li>
<li>UQRG: b64a で出力した場合にアルファが正しくなかった。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 20.0.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>UMxx: フレーム間圧縮を実装した。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>UMxx: 全体的に高速化した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 19.1.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>UMxx: QuickTime 版のエンコーダを追加した。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>UMxx: 全体的に高速化した。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULxx: エンコーダに誤った設定をしてもエラーを返さなかった。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 19.0.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>速度を重視した新しいコーデック (FourCC: UMRA, UMRG, UMY4, UMY2, UMH4, UMH2) を追加した。QuickTime コンポーネントではデコードのみ。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 18.2.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>UQxx: フレーム分割数のデフォルトが論理プロセッサ数と同じになるようにした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 18.2.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>UQxx: 全体的に高速化した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 18.1.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULY0, ULH0: RGB 系フォーマットおよび YV16 での入出力を高速化した。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULY4, ULH4, ULY2, ULH2: QuickTime で ARGB にデコードする際に誤ったアルファ値を設定していた。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 18.0.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULxx: Predict Gradient フレーム内予測方式を追加した。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULxx: エンコードを高速化した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 17.4.1</h3>
<p>ユーザーに見える変更点なし</p>
<h3>バージョン 17.4.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>UQY2, UQRG, UQRA: エンコードを高速化した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 17.3.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULY2, ULH2, ULY0, ULH0: YV16 での入出力に対応した。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULY4, ULH4, ULY2, ULH2, ULY0, ULH0: ネイティブな planar フォーマットでの入出力を高速化した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 17.2.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>デコードを劇的に高速化した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 17.1.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULY4,ULH4: RGB 系フォーマットからのエンコードを高速化した。</li>
<li>ULY4,ULH4: RGB 系フォーマットへのデコードを高速化した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 17.0.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>内部保持形式が YUV444 8bit のコーデック (FourCC: ULY4, ULH4) を追加した。RGB 入出力の場合はあまり速くない。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 16.1.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>「インターレース映像としてエンコード」オプションを有効にするとエンコーダがクラッシュしていた。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>Windows の QuickTime 版のコーデックを削除した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 16.1.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>QuickTime 版を Adobe ソフトウェアで適切に利用できるようになった。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 16.0.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>内部保持形式が RGB 10bit および RGBA 10bit のコーデック (FourCC: UQRG, UQRA) を追加した。とても遅い。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>DMO コーデックで、一部の対応しない入力フォーマットに対して、出力フォーマットを提示していた。</li>
<li>VCM および DMO コーデックで、一部の対応しているべき入力フォーマットに対して、対応していないと返していた。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 15.5.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>Windows: ワーカースレッドの優先度を設定する機能を追加した。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>VCM コーデックで、一部の対応しない入力フォーマットに対して、出力フォーマットを提示していた。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 15.4.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>QuickTime コンポーネントの処理を効率化した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 15.3.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>MFT 版のコーデックを削除した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 15.2.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>診断用ログを出力する機能を追加した。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULRA, ULRG: 「圧縮率優先」かつインターレースでエンコードした映像を RGBA/RGB32 で出力すると壊れていた。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 15.1.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>Mac 版で、アセンブラルーチンが使用されるように構成されていなかった。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 15.0.2</h3>
<dl>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ウイルス対策ソフトの誤検知への対策のため、多少構成を変えた。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 15.0.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ウイルス対策ソフトの誤検知への対策のため、リビルドして再パッケージした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 15.0.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>QuickTime for Windows 用コンポーネントを追加した。</li>
<li>ULY2, ULH2, ULY0, ULH0: QuickTime コンポーネントで、YUV422 で入出力できるようにした。</li>
<li>UQY2: QuickTime コンポーネントを追加した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 14.2.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>グローバル設定で「コーデック側で設定をグローバルに保持する」をチェックしていても、コーデックの設定が正しく保存されていなかった。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 14.2.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>UQY2: フレーム分割数を指定できるようにし、マルチスレッド動作できるようにした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 14.1.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>UQY2: 映像の幅の制限を「2の倍数である」に緩和した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 14.0.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>内部保持形式が YUV422 10bit のコーデック (FourCC: UQY2) を追加した。とても遅い。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>コーデックの名前を変更した。</li>
<li>必須 OS (Windows) を Vista 以降にした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 13.3.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>AVX をサポートしないプロセッサでクラッシュすることがあった。</li>
<li>32個を超える論理プロセッサを持つシステムでクラッシュすることがあった。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 13.3.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULRG,ULRA: 「圧縮率優先」でエンコードされた映像の RGB32/ARGB へのデコードを高速化した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 13.2.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>SSSE3 をサポートしないプロセッサでクラッシュすることがあった。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 13.2.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>共通: x64 バージョンで、デコードを高速化した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 13.1.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULRG,ULRA,ULY2,ULH2: SSSE3 命令が使用可能な環境で、ネイティブな色空間からのエンコードを高速化した。</li>
<li>ULRG,ULRA,ULY2,ULH2: SSSE3 命令が使用可能な環境で、「圧縮率優先」でエンコードされた映像のネイティブな色空間へのデコードを高速化した。</li>
<li>ULY2,ULH2: SSSE3 命令が使用可能な環境で、RGB からのエンコードを高速化した。</li>
<li>ULY2,ULH2: SSE4.1 命令が使用可能な環境で、RGB へのデコードを高速化した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 13.0.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>13.0.0 でパッケージングにミスを発見したのでやりなおした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 13.0.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>色空間変換係数に BT.709 のものを使うコーデック (FourCC: ULH2, ULH0) を追加した。ULY2, ULY0 と同程度にアセンブラ化されている。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>コーデックの名前を変更した。</li>
<li>推奨 CPU を Nehalem 以降にした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 12.2.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULY0: インターレースで YUV422 で入出力するときの色空間変換処理が間違っていたと思われる。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 12.2.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>「デコード速度優先」でエンコードされた映像のデコードを高速化した。5% から 10% 程度。</li>
<li>x64 バージョンで、「圧縮率優先」でエンコードされた映像のデコードを高速化した。1% 程度。</li>
<li>ULY2: x64 バージョンで、RGB からのエンコードを高速化した。2% 程度。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 12.1.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULRG,ULRA,ULY2: AVX 命令が使用可能な環境で、ネイティブな色空間からのエンコードを高速化した。x86 の場合は 10% 程度、x64 の場合は 12% 程度。</li>
<li>ULRG,ULRA,ULY2: AVX 命令が使用可能な環境で、「圧縮率優先」でエンコードされた映像のネイティブな色空間へのデコードを高速化した。x86 と x64 ともに 5% 程度。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 12.0.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>Windows Vista 以降で、アンインストールが失敗する。</li>
<li>x64 バージョンで、デコード時にクラッシュすることがある。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 12.0.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>Media Foundation 用エンコーダおよびデコーダを追加した。エンコード設定ダイアログはまだ存在しない。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 11.1.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>Windows で、エンコード時およびデコード時に、出力イメージのサイズ（バイト数）が正しく設定されないことがある。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 11.1.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>Mac で、RGB から ULY2 へのエンコードをアセンブラ化して高速化した。</li>
<li>共通: デコードを少しだけ高速化した。</li>
<li>共通: x64 で、エンコードを 10% 程度高速化した。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>Mac で、中間圧縮用コーデックとしては不要なフラグを出力しないことによって、エンコード後のサイズをちょっとだけ小さくした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 11.0.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>QuickTime for Mac 用エンコーダコンポーネントを追加した。RGB24/ARGB32 からのエンコードのみ。あまり速くない。エンコード設定ダイアログはまだ存在しない。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULY2: QuickTime デコーダで、映像の幅や出力バッファの寸法によっては、映像が乱れてデコードされる。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 10.2.4</h3>
<dl>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>Windows のインストーラで、インストール前の注意を表示するようにした。</li>
<li>Mac で、コーデック名をより適切に報告するようにした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 10.2.3</h3>
<dl>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>Windows で、VCM コーデックオブジェクトにコーデック設定を設定した時、実際には成功しているにもかかわらず失敗していると返していた。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>Windows で、どうしてもうまくインストールできないときのための救済用 .reg ファイルを再追加した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 10.2.2</h3>
<dl>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>Windows Vista x64 と Windows XP x64 で、x86 VCM コーデックの登録に失敗していた。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 10.2.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>Windows で、インストーラを Inno Setup ベースにし、x86 と x64 で単一のインストーラになるようにした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 10.2.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>Mac で、Windows 版と同程度にアセンブラ化した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 10.1.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>Mac で、マルチスレッド化した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 10.0.3</h3>
<dl>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>Windows で、入出力の幅と高さが一致していることをチェックしていない。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 10.0.2</h3>
<dl>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>Windows で、デコード時に稀にクラッシュすることがある。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 10.0.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>Windows で、グローバル設定で「コーデック側で設定をグローバルに保持する」にしていると、コーデックを読み込んだときにクラッシュする。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>Mac で、ベース SDK を 10.6 から 10.5 にした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 10.0.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>QuickTime for Mac 用コンポーネントを追加した。RGB24/ARGB32 へのデコードのみ。とても遅い。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>入出力フォーマットのチェックがより正確になった。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 9.0.3</h3>
<dl>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULY2: DMO エンコーダで、RGB24/32 以外のフォーマットで入力すると、自分で提示した出力フォーマットを受け入れていなかった。</li>
<li>ULY0: DMO エンコーダで、RGB24/32 以外のフォーマットで入力すると、自分で提示した出力フォーマットを受け入れていなかった。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>DMO エンコーダおよびデコーダで、入出力フォーマットをチェックする際に、一部のパラメータをチェックしないようにした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 9.0.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>DMO デコーダで、出力フォーマットを列挙する際に矛盾したフォーマットを返していた。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 9.0.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>DMO インターフェースでデコーダを使えるようにした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 8.5.2</h3>
<dl>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>utv_vcm.dll のインストール先が間違っており、VCM インターフェースでコーデックが使えなかった。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 8.5.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULY2: x64 版で RGB からエンコードする時に、映像が壊れたりエンコーダがクラッシュしたりする可能性がある。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>utvideo.dll から VCM インターフェースを分離して utv_vcm.dll とした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 8.5.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>共通: x86 でのデコードを 10% ほど高速化した。</li>
<li>共通: x64 版をアセンブラ化し、おおむね x86 版と同程度の速度にした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 8.4.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULRG: デコード速度優先でエンコードされたものの RGB24 や RGB32 へのデコードを高速化した。Core 2 で x86 の場合 14% ほど、x64 の場合 6% ほど。</li>
<li>ULRA: デコード速度優先でエンコードされたものの RGBA へのデコードを高速化した。Core 2 で x86 の場合 17% ほど、x64 の場合 6% ほど。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 8.3.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULY2: デコード速度優先でエンコードされたものの YUY2 や UYVY へのデコードを高速化した。Core 2 で 12% ほど。</li>
<li>ULY0: デコード速度優先でエンコードされたものの YV12 へのデコードを高速化した。Core 2 で 5% ほど。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULY2: YVYU と VYUY での入出力のサポートを廃止した。</li>
<li>ULY0: YVYU と VYUY での入出力のサポートを廃止した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 8.2.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULY2: デコード時に RGB32 で出力する場合、安全のためアルファチャンネルと解釈されうるフィールドは 255 で埋めるようにした。</li>
<li>ULY0: デコード時に RGB32 で出力する場合、安全のためアルファチャンネルと解釈されうるフィールドは 255 で埋めるようにした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 8.2.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>共通: デコードを高速化した。Core 2 で x86 の場合 20〜30% ほど、x64 の場合 20〜40% ほど。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 8.1.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>エンコーダの設定をコーデック側でグローバルに保持できるようにした。</li>
<li>コーデックを使う側（編集ソフトなど）からの設定変更を無視できるようにした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 8.0.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>DMO インターフェースでエンコーダを使えるようにした。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>x64 版のインストーラには x64 バージョンの DLL のみが含まれるようにした。</li>
<li>x86 版のインストーラを x64 Windows にインストールできるようにした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 7.1.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>DLL をフルパスで登録するようにした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 7.1.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>Athlon 系プロセッサで発生するパフォーマンスの劇的な低下を改善した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 7.0.4</h3>
<dl>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>コーデックをシステムに登録する方法を（また試験的に）変更した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 7.0.3</h3>
<dl>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>コーデックをシステムに登録する方法を（試験的に）変更した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 7.0.2</h3>
<dl>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>x86 版のインストーラで x64 Windows にインストールできないようにした。</li>
<li>文言を多少調整した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 7.0.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>x64 版のインストーラで、環境によっては DLL が期待通りに登録されない。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>コーデックの表示名が長すぎて、名前を表示するところに収まらないことがあるため、表示名を短くした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 7.0.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>x64 バージョンを追加した。x64 バージョンのインストーラには x64 バージョンと x86 バージョンの両方の DLL が含まれる。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>DLL のインストール先を Program Files 以下から System32/SysWOW64 以下に変更した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 6.1.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>共通: フレーム分割数を論理プロセッサ数と同じにするオプションを追加した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 6.0.2</h3>
<dl>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>6.0.1 でパッケージングにミスを発見したのでやりなおした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 6.0.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ダイナミックリンクからスタティックリンクに変更した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 6.0.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>共通: インターレース映像に対する特別な処理を追加した。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULY0: 縦長の映像を扱うとクラッシュする可能性があった。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 5.3.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULY0: フレーム分割の方法が間違っていた。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 5.3.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULY0: エンコード時に YUY2 で入力できるようにした。とりあえず作っただけなので、YUY2 入力時のエンコードは遅い。</li>
<li>ULY0: デコード時に YUY2 で出力できるようにした。とりあえず作っただけなので、YUY2 出力時のデコードは遅い。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 5.2.3</h3>
<dl>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>共通: 特定の性質を持つフレームをエンコードする際に、稀にフレームが破損する。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 5.2.2</h3>
<dl>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>5.2.1 でパッケージングにミスを発見したのでやりなおした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 5.2.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>5.2.0 でパッケージングにミスを発見したのでやりなおした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 5.2.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULY2: エンコード時に RGB32 で入力できるようにした。アセンブラ化済み。</li>
<li>ULY0: エンコード時に RGB32 で入力できるようにした。とりあえず作っただけなので、RGB32 入力時のエンコードは遅い。</li>
<li>ULY0: デコード時に RGB32 で出力できるようにした。とりあえず作っただけなので、RGB32 出力時のデコードは遅い。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 5.1.2</h3>
<dl>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>5.1.1 でパッケージングにミスを発見したのでやりなおした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 5.1.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULY0: デコード時に、出力イメージのサイズ（バイト数）が正しく設定されないことがある。ULY0 以外ではこの問題はない。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 5.1.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULY0: エンコード時に RGB24 で入力できるようにした。とりあえず作っただけなので、RGB24 入力時のエンコードは遅い。</li>
<li>ULY0: デコード時に RGB24 で出力できるようにした。とりあえず作っただけなので、RGB24 出力時のデコードは遅い。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 5.0.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>YUV420 のためのコーデック (FourCC: ULY0) を追加した。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>設定を行わない場合は「デコード速度優先」で動作するようにした。</li>
<li>ULY2: 横幅が偶数のもののみ扱えるようにした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 4.1.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>共通: エンコードをほんのわずかだけ高速化した。</li>
<li>共通: デコードをほんのわずかだけ高速化した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 4.0.2</h3>
<dl>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULRG: デコード時に RGB32 で出力する場合、安全のためアルファチャンネルと解釈されうるフィールドは 255 で埋めるようにした。</li>
<li>共通: エンコード時に出力の biBitCount には入力の実効ビット数を設定するようにした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 4.0.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>4.0.0 でパッケージングにミスを発見したのでやりなおした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 4.0.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>RGBA のためのコーデック (FourCC: ULRA) を追加した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 3.8.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>共通: Predict left フレーム内予測方式を追加した。手元の計測では、今までの実装（Predict median）と比較して、エンコード速度ほぼ同じ、圧縮率 10% 低下（ファイルサイズが 10% 増える）、デコード速度 50% 向上（デコード時間が 30% 強短くなる）。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 3.7.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>共通: デコードを高速化した。Core 2 の場合で 9% 程度。</li>
<li>ULY2: RGB24 からのエンコードを高速化した。Core 2 の場合で 9% 程度。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 3.6.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULY2: RGB24 からのエンコードをアセンブラ化により高速化した。Core 2 の場合で 42% 程度。これでシングルスレッドでも Huffyuv (Predict median) より有意に速くなった。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 3.5.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULY2: デコード時に RGB24 で出力できるようにした。最初からアセンブラバージョンがある。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULY2: RGB24 エンコード時に、横幅が 4 の倍数ではない場合、映像の右端にゴミが発生する。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 3.4.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULY2: エンコード時に RGB24 で入力できるようにした。例によってとりあえず作っただけなので、RGB24 入力時のエンコードは遅い。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULY2: RGB32 デコード時に出力フォーマットの biHeight の正負を見ていないため、環境によっては上下が反転してデコードされる。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 3.3.1</h3>
<dl>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>共通: エンコーダを使う側のソフトによっては、エンコードを開始すると不正な処理で落ちる。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>その他</dt><dd><ul>
<li>設定ダイアログのタイトル文字列を適切なものに変更した。</li>
<li>バージョン情報ダイアログにバージョンを表示するようにした。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 3.3.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>性能向上</dt><dd><ul>
<li>共通: デコードを高速化した。Core 2 の場合で 20% 程度。これでシングルスレッドでも Huffyuv (Predict median) より有意に速くなった。</li>
<li>共通: エンコードを高速化した。Core 2 の場合で 8% 程度。</li>
<li>ULY2: RGB32 へのデコードをアセンブラ化により高速化した。Core 2 の場合で 47% 程度（前述の共通の高速化の効果を含む）。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>共通: 処理できないフォーマットを渡してエンコード/デコードを開始しようとしてもエラーにならない。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 3.2.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULY2: デコード時に RGB32 で出力できるようにした。とりあえず作っただけなので、RGB32 出力時のデコードは遅い。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULRG: フレーム分割の方法が間違っていた。<strong>この修正により、フレーム分割数が 1 ではない場合、3.1.0 以前の ULRG との互換性は失われる。</strong></li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 3.1.0</h3>
<dl>
<dt>機能追加</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULY2: YUYV, YUNV, UYVY, UYNV, YVYU, VYUY のサポートを追加した。</li>
<li>ULRG: RGB32 のサポートを追加した。</li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>バグ修正</dt><dd><ul>
<li>ULRG: WMP で再生しようとすると不正な処理で落ちるのを修正した。</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<h3>バージョン 3.0.0</h3>
<ul>
<li>RGB のためのコーデック (FourCC: ULRG) を追加した。</li>
</ul>
<h3>バージョン 2.2.0</h3>
<ul>
<li>多くの処理をアセンブラ化した。</li>
</ul>
<h3>バージョン 2.1.0</h3>
<ul>
<li>マルチスレッド化した。</li>
</ul>
<h3>バージョン 2.0.0</h3>
<ul>
<li>フレームを分割して処理するようにした。</li>
</ul>
<h3>バージョン 1.1.3</h3>
<p>一般公開された最初のバージョン。</p>
<hr>
<address><a href="http://umezawa.dyndns.info/">製作者のサイト</a></address>
</body>
</html>
| Low | [
0.46246246246246203,
9.625,
11.1875
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Administrator Pruitt Discusses Water Quality and Lead Eradication in Ohio In Cincinnati, Ohio the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Administrator Scott Pruitt visited Cincinnati, Ohio to meet with local water utilities and tour two local lead service line replacement construction sites as well as EPA’s Cincinnati Office of Research and Development (ORD) lab. “EPA is working closely with state and local partners to eradicate lead in drinking water,” said EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt. “This visit highlights Cincinnati’s proactive approach to upgrading the city’s infrastructure and removing lead service lines. This is a great example of a local community taking the initiative to protect their residents’ health and the environment.” During a roundtable discussion with Greater Cincinnati Water Works (GCWW), Administrator Pruitt discussed EPA’s continued cooperation with GCWW, with a focus on the shared goal of eradicating lead in drinking water and providing the highest water quality. GCWW supplies more than 48 billion gallons of water a year through 3,000 miles of water mains to about 235,000 residential and commercial accounts. The city’s goal is to remove all lead services lines within the next 15 years and continue to work to get rid of lead in Cincinnati area schools. Following the discussion, Administrator Pruitt and leaders from GCWW visited two different lead service line replacement construction sites. The Administrator saw firsthand the work GCWW is planning to do with their lead removal program and received a briefing on the cost-sharing program for customers who work with GCWW contractors to perform the private lead service line replacement. “We appreciated the visit today from Administrator Pruitt. The visit gave us a chance to explain our enhanced lead program that includes education, outreach and removal of lead service lines. Our program wasn’t mandated by regulations, but implemented because it is the right thing to do for our community, and we believe it can serve as a model across the country,” said Director of Greater Cincinnati Water Works, Cathy Bailey. Finally, Administrator Pruitt visited EPA’s Cincinnati ORD lab. This stop included an update on the research being conducted on drinking water pipe corrosion and its impact on water quality as well as a tour of the drinking water pilot plant, which has been focusing on lead and PFAS removal in drinking and ground water treatment. | High | [
0.6697459584295611,
36.25,
17.875
] |
Q: Convert Uint8Array[n] into integer in node.js I have a variable Uint8Arr of type Uint8Array[4]. Uint8Arr[0]=0x12; Uint8Arr[1]=0x19; Uint8Arr[2]=0x21; Uint8Arr[3]=0x47; I want to convert Uint8Arr into its equivalent integer which is 0x12192147 or 303636807. I would like to have a function that can convert Uint8Arr[n] into its equivalent integer and return the result in decimal. A: This solution will solve for Uint8Arr of any length. function convert(Uint8Arr) { var length = Uint8Arr.length; let buffer = Buffer.from(Uint8Arr); var result = buffer.readUIntBE(0, length); return result; } | Mid | [
0.5495978552278821,
25.625,
21
] |
Sam Rice Edgar Charles "Sam" Rice (February 20, 1890 – October 13, 1974) was an American pitcher and outfielder in Major League Baseball. Although Rice made his debut as a relief pitcher, he is best known as an outfielder. Playing for the Washington Senators from until , he was regularly among the American League leaders in runs scored, hits, stolen bases and batting average. He led the Senators to three postseasons and a World Series championship in 1924. He batted left-handed but threw right-handed. Rice played his final year, , for the Cleveland Indians. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1963. Rice was best known for making a controversial catch in the 1925 World Series which carried him over the fence and into the stands. While he was alive, Rice maintained a sense of mystery around the catch, which had been ruled an out. He wrote a letter that was only opened after his 1974 death; it claimed that he had maintained possession of the ball the entire time. Early life Rice was the first of six children born to Charles Rice and Louisa Newmyer. Charles and Louisa married about two months after his birth. He grew up in various towns near Morocco, Indiana, on the Indiana-Illinois border, and considered Morocco his hometown. He was known as "Eddie" during his childhood. In 1908, Rice married 16-year-old Beulah Stam. They lived in Watseka, Illinois, where Rice ran the family farm, worked at several jobs in the area, and attended tryouts for various professional baseball teams. By April 1912, Rice and his wife had two children, aged 18 months and three years. While Rice's wife cared for the children, Rice traveled to Galesburg, Illinois, to play for a spot on a minor league baseball team, the Galesburg Pavers of the Central Association. Rice spent about a week with the team, appearing in three exhibition games. In an appearance on April 21, Rice entered the game as a relief pitcher and finished the last three innings of a Pavers victory, giving up one run in a game marked by forceful winds. That same day, Rice's wife took their children on a day trip to the homestead of Rice's parents in Morocco, about 20 miles from Watseka. A storm arose and a tornado swept across the homestead, destroying the house and most of the outbuildings. The tornado killed Rice's wife, his two children, his mother, his two younger sisters and a farmhand. Rice's father survived for another week before also succumbing to his injuries. Rice had to attend two funerals: one for his parents and sisters, and a second for his wife and children. Early baseball career Probably wracked with grief, Rice spent the next year wandering the area and working at several jobs. In 1913, he joined the United States Navy and served on the , a 16,000-ton battleship that was large enough to field a baseball team. Rice played on that team during one season. He was on the ship when it took part in the United States occupation of Veracruz, Mexico. In 1914, Rice joined the Petersburg Goobers of the Virginia League as a pitcher. He compiled a 9–2 record with a 1.54 earned run average (ERA) that year, then returned in 1915, earning an 11-12 record with a 1.82 ERA. Team owner "Doc" Lee owed a $300 debt to Clark Griffith, who owned the major-league Washington Senators at the time, and he offered Rice's contract to Griffith in payment of the debt. Lee is credited with two acts which influenced Rice's subsequent career: he changed the player's name from "Edgar" to "Sam", and he convinced the Senators to let Rice play in the outfield instead of pitching. Major league career First MLB seasons Rice played 19 of his 20 seasons with the Washington Senators. He appeared in only 62 total major league games in 1915 and 1916. He played 155 games in 1917, registering a .302 batting average in 656 plate appearances. Rice was recalled up to the army in 1918. He joined the 68th Coast Artillery Regiment and was stationed at Fort Terry in New York. He appeared with the Senators in a few games during two furloughs. By September, his company was sent to France and they prepared for combat, but the men did not see any action before the signing of the Armistice of 11 November 1918. In 1919, Rice played in 141 games and hit .321, one of 13 seasons in which he hit at least .300. He hit .338 in 1920, recorded a league-leading and career-high 63 stolen bases and was caught stealing a league-high 30 times. In 1921, he hit 13 triples, the first of ten consecutive seasons in which he finished in double digits in that category. He collected a league-high 216 hits in 1924, which culminated in Rice and the Senators winning the 1924 World Series in a dramatic 7 game series against the New York Giants. Though not the league leader in 1925, Rice recorded a career-high 227 hits, 87 RBI, and a .350 batting average, career highs among his full seasons. The catch The most famous moment in Rice's career came on defense. In Game 3 of the 1925 World Series, the Senators were leading the Pittsburgh Pirates, 4–3. In the middle of the 8th inning, Rice was moved from center field to right field. With two out in the top of the inning, Pirate catcher Earl Smith drove a ball to right-center field. Rice ran the ball down and appeared to catch it at the fence, robbing Smith of a home run that would have tied the game. After the catch, Rice toppled over the fence and into the stands, disappearing from sight. When Rice reappeared, he had the ball in his glove and the umpire called Smith out. The umpire's explanation was that as soon as the catch was made the play was over, so it did not matter where Rice ended up. His team lost the Series in seven games. Controversy persisted over whether Rice had actually caught the ball and whether he had kept possession of it. Some Pittsburgh fans sent signed and notarized documents claiming that they saw a fan pick up the ball and put it back in Rice's glove. Rice himself would not tell, answering only, "The umpire said I caught it." Magazines offered to pay him for the story, but Rice turned them down, saying, "I don't need the money. The mystery is more fun." He would not even tell his wife or his daughter. The controversy became so great that Rice wrote a letter when he was selected to the Hall of Fame, to be opened upon his death. Later career Leading the league in hits again in 1926, Rice finished fourth in the Most Valuable Player Award voting. His batting average dipped to .297 in 1927, but he hit .328, .323 and .349 from, respectively, the 1928 through 1930 seasons. Though Rice hit .310 in 1931 across 120 games, Dave Harris got significant playing time when the team was facing lefthanded pitchers. The Senators also began to explore younger players for their outfield spots. The Senators held "Sam Rice Day" in late 1932, where the team presented him with several gifts, including a check for more than $2200 and a new Studebaker automobile. He played only 106 games that year, often appearing as a pinch hitter. In 1933, the team returned to the World Series. Though the team lost, Rice batted once in the second game, picking up a pinch hit single. The Senators released him after the season. He played in 1934 with the Cleveland Indians, then retired at the age of 44. Cleveland manager Walter Johnson talked to Rice about returning in 1935, but Rice refused. Rice retired with a .322 career average. He stood erect at the plate and used quick wrists to slash pitches to all fields. He never swung at the first pitch and seldom struck out, once completing a 616-at-bat season with nine strikeouts. As the ultimate contact man with the picture-perfect swing, Rice was never a home run threat, but his speed often turned singles into doubles, and his 1920 stolen base total of 63 earned him the timely nickname "Man o' War". With 2,987 hits, Rice has the most of any player not to reach 3,000. Rice later said, "The truth of the matter is I did not even know how many hits I had. A couple of years after I quit, [Senators owner] Clark Griffith told me about it, and asked me if I'd care to have a comeback with the Senators and pick up those 13 hits. But I was out of shape, and didn't want to go through all that would have been necessary to make the effort. Nowadays, with radio and television announcers spouting records every time a player comes to bat, I would have known about my hits and probably would have stayed to make 3,000 of them." In postseason play, Rice produced 19 hits and a .302 batting average. Career statistics See:Career Statistics for a complete explanation. Rice accumulated 7 five-hit games and 52 four-hit games in his career. Later life By the 1940s, Rice had become a poultry farmer. His farm was located in Olney, Maryland next to that of Harold L. Ickes, the United States Secretary of the Interior. Rice and Ickes employed several workers of Japanese descent who were displaced from the West Coast by order of the U.S. Army after the outbreak of World War II. Rice was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1963. He and three other players – John Clarkson, Elmer Flick and Eppa Rixey – were elected unanimously that year by the Hall of Fame's Veterans Committee, which considered players who had been inactive for 20 or more years. Rice said that he was glad to be inducted and said that he thought he would probably be elected if he survived long enough. Rice remarried twice, first to Edith and at age 69 to Mary Kendall Adams. Mary had two daughters by a prior marriage, Margaret and Christine. In 1965, Rice and his family were interviewed in advance of a program to honor his career. The interviewer asked Rice about the tornado, and as he told of the storm and its destruction, his wife and children learned for the first time of the existence of his previous family. Rice made one of his last public appearances at the Baseball Hall of Fame induction ceremonies honoring Whitey Ford and Mickey Mantle in August 1974. He died of cancer that year on October 13. He was buried in Woodside Cemetery in Brinklow, Maryland. After Rice's death, officials could not immediately locate the letter describing his World Series play. However, in an interview, his wife Mary said, "He did catch it. You don't have to worry about that anymore." When the letter was located, its conclusion stated, "At no time did I lose possession of the ball." See also List of Major League Baseball hit records List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders List of Major League Baseball annual stolen base leaders List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders Notes References Carroll, Jeff (2007). Sam Rice: A Biography of the Washington Senators Hall of Famer. . McFarland. External links SABR biography Category:1890 births Category:1974 deaths Category:Baseball players from Indiana Category:National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Category:Washington Senators (1901–60) players Category:Cleveland Indians players Category:American League stolen base champions Category:Major League Baseball right fielders Category:Muscatine Wallopers players Category:Petersburg Goobers players Category:People from Newton County, Indiana Category:People from Watseka, Illinois Category:Deaths from cancer in Maryland | Mid | [
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FILED NOT FOR PUBLICATION OCT 19 2010 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT CONSTANCE FINLEY, No. 09-17778 Plaintiff - Appellee, D.C. No. 4:06-cv-06247-CW v. MEMORANDUM * HARTFORD LIFE AND ACCIDENT INSURANCE COMPANY; THE BOSTON FINANCIAL GROUP LONG- TERM DISABILITY PLAN, Defendants - Appellants, and DEMPSEY INVESTIGATIONS, INC., Defendant. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California Claudia A. Wilken, District Judge, Presiding Argued and Submitted October 7, 2010 San Francisco, California Before: THOMPSON, SILVERMAN and McKEOWN, Circuit Judges. * This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3. Hartford Life & Accident Insurance Company appeals from the district court’s judgment in favor of Constance Finley after a bench trial. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and we reverse. Finley brought an action against Hartford under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B), for terminating her benefits under Boston Financial’s Group Long-Term Disability Plan. Finley claimed to have constant disabling pain in her hands, arms, shoulders, mid to upper back, and neck that increased with mild physical activities, such as normal household chores, shopping, and holding a telephone. Video of Finley, however, showed her vigorously pulling weeds in kneeling and squatting positions, lifting and carrying objects using both her arms, raising her arms over her head to point and carry objects, and using tools to scrape, push, and pull without any apparent difficulty. The following day, Finley left her house to walk her dogs with a purse strapped over her shoulder and the dogs’ leashes in her hand. Finley drove to a walking trail, walked the dogs for over an hour, and then brushed them down before driving home. After having Finley’s medical history reviewed by multiple doctors, Hartford concluded that she was capable of performing sedentary work and -2- canceled her disability benefits. On review of Hartford’s decision, the district court found evidence of bias in the reviewing physicians’ reliance on the surveillance video, certain inferences that the reviewing physicians drew in favor of Hartford, the fact that none of Hartford’s physicians physically evaluated Finley, and that Hartford had rendered a biased decision in Montour v. Hartford Life & Accident Insurance Co., 588 F.3d 623, 629 (9th Cir. 2009). It thus “accorded significant weight” to the conflict of interest factor and held that Hartford had abused its discretion. “We review ‘a district court’s choice and application of the appropriate standard for reviewing benefits decisions by an ERISA plan administrator’ de novo.” Id. (quoting Sznewajs v. U.S. Bancorp Amended & Restated Supplemental Benefits Plan, 572 F.3d 727, 732 (9th Cir. 2009)). Where, as here, a plan grants the plan administrator discretionary authority to determine eligibility for benefits, the panel reviews “the administrator’s decision for abuse of discretion.” Id. “[T]he extent to which a conflict of interest appears to have motivated an administrator’s decision is one among potentially many relevant factors that must be considered” in determining whether the administrator abused its discretion. Id. at 630. The reviewing court must “adjust[] the weight given [the conflict of interest] factor based on the degree to which the conflict appears improperly to -3- have influenced a plan administrator’s decision.” Id. at 631 (citing Abatie v. Alta Health & Life Ins. Co., 458 F.3d 955, 968 (9th Cir. 2006) (en banc)). The district court erred in assigning controlling weight to the conflict of interest factor because, unlike in Montour, the evidence in this case does not indicate that the conflict “tainted the entire administrative decisionmaking process.” Id. Hartford did not distort the content of the video or overemphasize its importance when requesting medical reviews. Nor did Hartford’s doctors themselves mischaracterize Finley’s activities or rely on the videos to the exclusion of all other evidence. The district court thought that the doctors relied too heavily on the videos, but Hartford provided the reviewing physicians guidance to consider the videos, directing the physicians not to rely too heavily (or too little) on them. These instructions were an appropriate effort to reduce bias and consider all available evidence. This does not mean that Hartford’s decision was entitled to unmitigated deference. The district court should have reviewed Hartford’s termination decision with a “moderate degree of skepticism,” as it originally concluded. Viewing the medical and documentary evidence underlying Hartford’s decision with a moderate degree of skepticism, Hartford did not abuse its discretion. Finley’s primary complaint was of disabling pain in her hands, arms, -4- shoulders, neck, and mid to upper back. Finley claims her pain is caused by a rheumatological condition called ankylosing spondylitis. Accepting that Finley has a rheumatological condition, the functional limitations imposed by that condition depends upon the degree of pain that she experiences with activity. It was not an abuse of discretion for Hartford to conclude that Finley lacked credibility and therefore to discount the value of her self-reported pain incidence, the heart of her claim and her doctor’s assessments of her health, and place more weight on the surveillance video. There was sufficient objective evidence that Finley’s condition did not cause pain rising to the disabling level. See id. at 635 (citing Orn v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 637-38 (9th Cir. 2007)). As the district court stated in its first order on the merits, the videos show Finley “performing vigorous yard work requiring the use of her arms in a way that far exceeded her reported abilities.” Hartford’s physicians watched the videos and they all concluded that her activities evidenced an ability to work at a level greater than she admitted. They also agreed that the activities she performed were too strenuous to simply have been the result of a temporary improvement in her condition. In contrast, Finley’s physicians did not adequately explain how her activities in the videos were consistent with their conclusion that she could not work. They explained that mild physical activity helped to alleviate Finley’s symptoms, but -5- that explanation contradicted Finley’s own description of her pain, which she repeatedly said increased with even mild physical activity. Moreover, Finley’s rheumatologist provided no individualized basis for his conclusion that she could not work, relying exclusively on his diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis to reach that conclusion. Again, as the district court originally recognized, “when considered together with Plaintiff’s self-reported limitations, the video severely damages [Finley’s] credibility.” Immediately before Finley saw the video, she signed a statement attesting that she had been unable to perform even mild physical activity for the past six months. After seeing the video, Finley gave several contradictory explanations for her activities. First she said that she was in severe pain while performing the activities, but then later said that she was able to do them because she was in a period of feeling better. She also stated that it took her two weeks to recover from the gardening, despite the fact that she walked her dogs for over an hour and brushed them down the next day. Given Finley’s lack of credibility and her doctors’ unsupported assertions that she could not work, it was not unreasonable for Hartford to disbelieve Finley’s claim that any use of her upper extremities caused her disabling pain. Hartford did -6- not abuse its discretion in ultimately concluding that Finley is capable of sedentary work and terminating her benefits. REVERSED and REMANDED for the district court to enter judgment in favor of Hartford. -7- | Low | [
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1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method for racemizing an optically active amino acid. 2. Discussion of the Background Optically active amino acids are compounds useful as organic industrial chemicals, food additives, feeds and intermediates for agricultural chemicals and medicines. Optically active amino acids are obtainable usually in the form of racemic modifications by usual syntheses, and useful optical isomers are obtainable by optical resolution. Accordingly, by racemizing the optical antipodes remaining after the optical resolution and repeating the resolution, it is possible to convert them into the useful optical isomers. Here, the racemization is a very important technique. As a conventional technique, it is known to conduct racemization slowly by heating an optically active amino acid together with a concentrated base or strong acid for a long period of time. In order to conduct the racemization quickly, a high temperature and high pressure are required, whereby a part or whole of the amino acid is likely to decompose depending upon the type of the amino acid. | Mid | [
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module RailsSemanticLogger module ActiveRecord class LogSubscriber < ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber IGNORE_PAYLOAD_NAMES = %w[SCHEMA EXPLAIN].freeze class << self attr_reader :logger end def self.runtime=(value) ::ActiveRecord::RuntimeRegistry.sql_runtime = value end def self.runtime ::ActiveRecord::RuntimeRegistry.sql_runtime ||= 0 end def self.reset_runtime rt = runtime self.runtime = 0 rt end def sql(event) self.class.runtime += event.duration return unless logger.debug? payload = event.payload name = payload[:name] return if IGNORE_PAYLOAD_NAMES.include?(name) log_payload = {sql: payload[:sql]} log_payload[:binds] = bind_values(payload) unless (payload[:binds] || []).empty? log = { message: name, payload: log_payload, duration: event.duration } # Log the location of the query itself. if logger.send(:level_index) >= SemanticLogger.backtrace_level_index log[:backtrace] = SemanticLogger::Utils.strip_backtrace end logger.debug(log) end private @logger = SemanticLogger["ActiveRecord"] # When multiple values are received for a single bound field, it is converted into an array def add_bind_value(binds, key, value) key = key.downcase.to_sym value = (Array(binds[key]) << value) if binds.key?(key) binds[key] = value end def logger self.class.logger end # # Rails 3,4,5 hell trying to get the bind values # def bind_values_v3(payload) binds = {} payload[:binds].each do |col, v| if col add_bind_value(binds, col.name, v) else binds[nil] = v end end binds end def bind_values_v4(payload) binds = {} payload[:binds].each do |col, v| attr_name, value = render_bind(col, v) add_bind_value(binds, attr_name, value) end binds end def bind_values_v5_0_0(payload) binds = {} payload[:binds].each do |attr| attr_name, value = render_bind(attr) add_bind_value(binds, attr_name, value) end binds end def bind_values_v5_0_3(payload) binds = {} casted_params = type_casted_binds(payload[:binds], payload[:type_casted_binds]) payload[:binds].zip(casted_params).map do |attr, value| attr_name, value = render_bind(attr, value) add_bind_value(binds, attr_name, value) end binds end def bind_values_v5_1_5(payload) binds = {} casted_params = type_casted_binds(payload[:type_casted_binds]) payload[:binds].zip(casted_params).map do |attr, value| attr_name, value = render_bind(attr, value) add_bind_value(binds, attr_name, value) end binds end def render_bind_v4_2(column, value) if column if column.binary? # This specifically deals with the PG adapter that casts bytea columns into a Hash. value = value[:value] if value.is_a?(Hash) value = value ? "<#{value.bytesize} bytes of binary data>" : "<NULL binary data>" end [column.name, value] else [nil, value] end end def render_bind_v5_0_0(attribute) value = if attribute.type.binary? && attribute.value if attribute.value.is_a?(Hash) "<#{attribute.value_for_database.to_s.bytesize} bytes of binary data>" else "<#{attribute.value.bytesize} bytes of binary data>" end else attribute.value_for_database end [attribute.name, value] end def render_bind_v5_0_3(attr, value) if attr.is_a?(Array) attr = attr.first elsif attr.type.binary? && attr.value value = "<#{attr.value_for_database.to_s.bytesize} bytes of binary data>" end [attr&.name, value] end def type_casted_binds_v5_0_3(binds, casted_binds) casted_binds || ::ActiveRecord::Base.connection.type_casted_binds(binds) end def type_casted_binds_v5_1_5(casted_binds) casted_binds.respond_to?(:call) ? casted_binds.call : casted_binds end if Rails::VERSION::MAJOR == 5 && Rails::VERSION::MINOR.zero? && Rails::VERSION::TINY <= 2 # 5.0.0 - 5.0.2 alias bind_values bind_values_v5_0_0 alias render_bind render_bind_v5_0_0 elsif Rails::VERSION::MAJOR == 5 && ((Rails::VERSION::MINOR.zero? && Rails::VERSION::TINY <= 6) || (Rails::VERSION::MINOR == 1 && Rails::VERSION::TINY <= 4)) # 5.0.3 - 5.0.6 && 5.1.0 - 5.1.4 alias bind_values bind_values_v5_0_3 alias render_bind render_bind_v5_0_3 alias type_casted_binds type_casted_binds_v5_0_3 elsif Rails::VERSION::MAJOR >= 5 # ~> 5.1.5 && ~> 5.0.7 && 6.x.x alias bind_values bind_values_v5_1_5 alias render_bind render_bind_v5_0_3 alias type_casted_binds type_casted_binds_v5_1_5 elsif Rails.version.to_i >= 4 # 4.x alias bind_values bind_values_v4 alias render_bind render_bind_v4_2 else # 3.x alias bind_values bind_values_v3 end end end end | Low | [
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Pages Monday, February 10, 2014 An Ode to Weeman: 5 Signs My Dog May Need Pet Therapy Meet Weeman. He's our 10(ish) year old extreme rescue mutt. I say "extreme" mutt, because... well, the muddied bloodlines of this mutt are indeed just that - extreme. There is no pool of clarity on what breeds may or may not be thrown into the waters here. Every vet (or self-proclaimed dog expert) we've inquired of has proclaimed Weeman carries a mix of a multitude of different breeds. Yes - a mix of a multitude. Nobody agrees on just a breed or two. So we're going to assume he has them all. All the breeds. This dog is so dag-gum awkward and weird, it's embarrassing. And a lot of people think he's cross eyed. (Which he is not. His eyes are just set closely together. So there.) Anyway, here are the 5 signs that showed me Weeman probably needs some Zoloft. If your dog suffers from any or all of these, you may need to seek some professional help, as well. 1) He shivers and shakes when you look at him. 2) He shivers and shakes when you don't look at him. 3) He finds the most awkward and uncomfortable positions to lay in. 4) He sits in corners for hours, not making eye contact. 5) He sits in corners for hours, not breaking eye contact. But I do want to go on record and state that Weeman is a phenomenal kid dog. But not your kids. Just mine. He loves McKenna and Meda to death. Every time Meda cries, he rushes to her door and waits for me to get there... or he'll come (shaking, of course) to get me. And you'll notice, in many of McKenna and Meda's pictures, Weeman is photobombing somewhere. So he's a good dog. (Sometimes). But he's a socially awkward dog. (All the time.) Here's to you, Weeman. You officially have made it to your own little slice of the inter webs because of your weirdness. | Low | [
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A former DUP special adviser has told the RHI inquiry he feared Jonathan Bell would assault him during a row at Stormont. Timothy Cairns, giving evidence on Tuesday morning, spoke of an incident on Valentine's Day in February 2013 in which Mr Bell was being teased by colleagues about going out with his wife for a meal rather than going to a party event. Mr Cairns said: "He believed that I should have backed him up, but I believed everyone in the room believed it was gentle office banter. Then there was an exchange between us where Mr Bell got extremely angry." "It occurred in his office in parliament buildings. Mr Bell was extremely angry and was shouting that I should not make a fool of him in front of the First Minister [Peter Robinson]. He was sitting across the room from myself, I was standing a few feet from the door. Mr Bell then put me in fear or apprehension of assault at that point in time. "He started to walk across the room while he was aggressive and angry. I don't know if anything would come of it but I was placed in fear at that time. "He was walking across, he was stood up, he was angry, his fists were clenched." Mr Cairns then left the room. Mr Cairns made other allegations about Mr Bell, including that he was "not across his brief" while DETI minister. He also told the inquiry that Timothy Johnston, who was a special adviser during 2015, was second in power only to Arlene Foster. "Mr Johnston's influence was seen from the party top to bottom," he said. | Mid | [
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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """ Management of PostgreSQL extensions =================================== A module used to install and manage PostgreSQL extensions. .. code-block:: yaml adminpack: postgres_extension.present .. versionadded:: 2014.7.0 """ from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals # Import Python libs import logging # Import salt libs from salt.modules import postgres log = logging.getLogger(__name__) def __virtual__(): """ Only load if the postgres module is present """ if "postgres.create_extension" not in __salt__: return ( False, "Unable to load postgres module. Make sure `postgres.bins_dir` is set.", ) return True def present( name, if_not_exists=None, schema=None, ext_version=None, from_version=None, user=None, maintenance_db=None, db_user=None, db_password=None, db_host=None, db_port=None, ): """ Ensure that the named extension is present. .. note:: Before you can use the state to load an extension into a database, the extension's supporting files must be already installed. For more information about all of these options see ``CREATE EXTENSION`` SQL command reference in the PostgreSQL documentation. name The name of the extension to be installed if_not_exists Add an ``IF NOT EXISTS`` parameter to the DDL statement schema Schema to install the extension into ext_version Version to install from_version Old extension version if already installed user System user all operations should be performed on behalf of maintenance_db Database to act on db_user Database username if different from config or default db_password User password if any password for a specified user db_host Database host if different from config or default db_port Database port if different from config or default """ ret = { "name": name, "changes": {}, "result": True, "comment": "Extension {0} is already present".format(name), } db_args = { "maintenance_db": maintenance_db, "runas": user, "user": db_user, "password": db_password, "host": db_host, "port": db_port, } # check if extension exists mode = "create" mtdata = __salt__["postgres.create_metadata"]( name, schema=schema, ext_version=ext_version, **db_args ) # The extension is not present, install it! toinstall = postgres._EXTENSION_NOT_INSTALLED in mtdata if toinstall: mode = "install" toupgrade = False if postgres._EXTENSION_INSTALLED in mtdata: for flag in [postgres._EXTENSION_TO_MOVE, postgres._EXTENSION_TO_UPGRADE]: if flag in mtdata: toupgrade = True mode = "upgrade" cret = None if toinstall or toupgrade: if __opts__["test"]: ret["result"] = None if mode: ret["comment"] = "Extension {0} is set to be {1}ed".format( name, mode ).replace("eed", "ed") return ret cret = __salt__["postgres.create_extension"]( name=name, if_not_exists=if_not_exists, schema=schema, ext_version=ext_version, from_version=from_version, **db_args ) if cret: if mode.endswith("e"): suffix = "d" else: suffix = "ed" ret["comment"] = "The extension {0} has been {1}{2}".format(name, mode, suffix) ret["changes"][name] = "{0}{1}".format(mode.capitalize(), suffix) elif cret is not None: ret["comment"] = "Failed to {1} extension {0}".format(name, mode) ret["result"] = False return ret def absent( name, if_exists=None, restrict=None, cascade=None, user=None, maintenance_db=None, db_user=None, db_password=None, db_host=None, db_port=None, ): """ Ensure that the named extension is absent. name Extension name of the extension to remove if_exists Add if exist slug restrict Add restrict slug cascade Drop on cascade user System user all operations should be performed on behalf of maintenance_db Database to act on db_user Database username if different from config or default db_password User password if any password for a specified user db_host Database host if different from config or default db_port Database port if different from config or default """ ret = {"name": name, "changes": {}, "result": True, "comment": ""} db_args = { "maintenance_db": maintenance_db, "runas": user, "host": db_host, "user": db_user, "port": db_port, "password": db_password, } # check if extension exists and remove it exists = __salt__["postgres.is_installed_extension"](name, **db_args) if exists: if __opts__["test"]: ret["result"] = None ret["comment"] = "Extension {0} is set to be removed".format(name) return ret if __salt__["postgres.drop_extension"]( name, if_exists=if_exists, restrict=restrict, cascade=cascade, **db_args ): ret["comment"] = "Extension {0} has been removed".format(name) ret["changes"][name] = "Absent" return ret else: ret["result"] = False ret["comment"] = "Extension {0} failed to be removed".format(name) return ret else: ret[ "comment" ] = "Extension {0} is not present, so it cannot " "be removed".format(name) return ret | Low | [
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SUMMARY: drive not on cylinder error > >Last week, we got the following message on the console of our 3/160: > > vmunix: xd1a: write restore (drive not on cylinder) -- blk #64, abs blk #64 > >It didn't look serious, so I just ignored it. However, we got the exact same >message again last night. Does any one know what the 'drive not on cylinder' >means? This is our configuration (SunOS 4.1): > >CPU: 3/160, one Xy7053 disk controller >xd1: Fujitsu M2351 Eagle, formatted with > The 'drive not on cylinder' message essentially means that the controller checked the cylinder position of the drive heads and found that they weren't positioned where the controller thought they should be. From the reponses I received, I gather that there are (at least) two cases when the head position is checked by the controller: 1) Just before the drive issues a seek command, the controller checks the current position of the heads (by--I guess--reading the current position off the disk and comparing the result to the position the controller has stored) to determine to how far it has to seek and how to get there. 2) After the controller has issued a seek command and the drive has signaled the controller that the seek has been completed, the controller again checks the position of the heads to make sure they are correctly positioned. Hence, a 'drive not on cylinder error' could occur during either of these two checks. Unfortunately, the causes of such an error can be either nothing to worry about or something more serious, depending on which check detected the positioning error. For the first case, the cause may be harmless. Such an error can occur if the drive has been idle for a time before a seek was issued, and the heads have drifted or moved from the last cylinder accessed. This could be the result of a bad cable, a power glitch, or possibly heat. A drive which is configured to do random seeks when idle can also cause this error to occur. For the second case, the cause may be more serious. In this case, the drive was told to seek to a particular cylinder and missed--not too good. This could be the result of a bad cable, or worse, a drive or controller going bad. As far as which was the cause in our case, I'm not sure. The fact that the message has only appeared twice and both during times of inactivity (although only ~20 min in one case) leads me to suspect a power glitch. However, the fact that both messages occured for cylinder 0 (as implied by the abs block #), and that this is the fisrt time this message has occured in the 3+ years that we've had the drive leads me to suspect the drive. I don't think its the controller, since we have two more drives connected to it, neither of which have shown any problems. The similar cylinder # indicated by the messages also tends to rule out cable problems, but it's hard to draw conclusions based on only two cases! In any case, I'll be keeping my eye on the drive. | Low | [
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Q: Cannot find the latest version of a package on NuGet I am trying to update a package known as ClientDependency, which is needed for a Umbraco-built website's security feature. This has to be updated to the latest version 1.9.9, which however cannot be found in NuGet. I can only find 1.8.4 as the latest stable version in my solution, which is what I have been using for quite some time now. Is there anyway I can update the package to the latest version? I'd prefer to have it updated via the package manager console, so that some automatic code updates can be applied, rather than copy-paste the dll manually from it source. A: Cannot find the latest version of a package on NuGet 1) First,check whether you have nuget.org enabled as the data source of the package source. The ClientDependency nuget package is under nuget.org. Tools-->Options-->Nuget Package Manager-->Package Sources--> and make sure that you enable that link. Also, check nuget.org in nuget package management UI. 2) Second, unload your project and enter xxxx.csproj file, please check whether your reference xml elements have allowedVersions node like this: <ItemGroup> <PackageReference Include="Newtonsoft.Json" Version="12.0.1" allowedVersions="[12.0.1]" /> </ItemGroup> allowedVersions specifies the version range of this nuget package, [] is equivalent to =, which means that the current nuget can only be this version. (,12.0.3] means version <=12.0.3. So please check your xxxx.csproj file. I suggest you could delete allowedVersions node if not necessary. 3) Third, I found that ClientDependency nuget package only has one version 1.9.9 and it seems that it abandons 1.8.4 and in my side, l cannot get version 1.8.4. Perhaps it is because ClientDependency already exists as a brand new version 1.9.9. As for the old 1.8.4 package, it may be broken, and the 1.9.9 version package cannot be captured. So please search ClientDependency in the nuget package management UI and find out whether you can get version 1.9.9. After it, please uninstall ClientDependency 1.8.4 and then install the new version 1.9.9. I'd prefer to have it updated via the package manager console, so that some automatic code updates can be applied, In addition, if you want to install the package version 1.9.9 by Package Manager Console. You can try these: 1) If your issue is as tip one and two said, you can use this in Package Manager Console: Update-Package ClientDependency -Version 1.9.9 2) If as tip 3 said: You should first uninstall the old version and then install this new package: uninstall-package ClientDependency -Force Install-package ClientDependency -Version 1.9.9 | High | [
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‘The Simpsons’ Salutes David Letterman in Latest Couch Gag Last week saw Dave Letterman shaking up the late-night landscape with the announcement of his imminent retirement, which as since led to all manner of speculation on a replacement, but the impact has already gone further down the pop culture rabbit hole. Watch 'The Simpsons' pay tribute to the retiring 'Late Show' leader with last night's couch gag from "Luca$"! It seems a bit unclear if 'The Simpsons' had something Letterman-related on file, or slapped together something before the weekend, but the couch gag from Sunday's "Luca$" featured the titular family headed to New York to catch a taping of the 'Late Show With David Letterman.' Homer headbutts his way through security (including a woman, curiously), while Dave himself seems a bit nonplussed by the couch gag concept. It doesn't appear as if Letterman provided his own voice for the clip either, though the closing tag makes it clear that 'The Simpsons' wanted to pay tribute to the 'Late Show' star before his final bow in 2015. Letterman hasn't set a specific endpoint for 2015, but we'd expect that the official announcement of a new host would also make the retirement date more clear. In the meantime, check out 'The Simpsons' tribute to David Letterman above, and tell us in the comments who you'd like to see take over next year! | Mid | [
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JSUnconf Event Safety Guidelines The heart of JSUnconf is people. This guideline is meant to support a happy, productive and safe event experience that can welcome new ideas and inspiration for all attendees. Regardless of gender, sexual orientation, age, ability, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and religion (or lack thereof). We gain strength from diversity, and actively seek participation from those who enhance it. These guidelines exist to ensure that diverse groups collaborate to mutual advantage and enjoyment. We will challenge prejudice that could jeopardise the participation of any person in the project, and we outline in this document expected, as well as prohibited behavior. Expected The following behaviors are expected and requested of all summit participants, including attendees, speakers, and staff. Lead by example: Each individual attending this event does so on behalf of their community. This means being considerate of how your discussions, actions and decisions will represent your community. Be respectful: Disagreement is no excuse for poor manners. We will exercise consideration and respect in our speech and actions, and consider collaboration before conflict. Ensure all voices are heard, not just the loudest. Take responsibility for your words & actions: We can all make mistakes; when we do, we take responsibility for them. If someone has been harmed or offended, we listen carefully and respectfully, and work to right the wrong. Look out for each other: Be mindful of your surroundings and of your fellow participants. Alert an event organizer / Participation Team member if you notice a dangerous situation, someone in distress, or violations of this Guideline. If something makes you feel concerned, or worried - even if you’re not sure it’s a violation, it’s better to reach out, than to ignore. Expect and accommodate cultural and personal differences: Be mindful that for many, English is a 2nd, 3rd or even 4th language, and to show patience and respect while listening to and conveying ideas. Remember that we come from many cultures and backgrounds. What is friendly in one culture may not be in another. If you’re not sure what is appropriate, just ask. Remember that due to personal, religious, or other reasons, not everyone in the group may drink alcohol or even eat certain types of food. Please respect people’s choices and preferences in this regard without question or criticism. Ask for help: Everyone is encouraged to ask questions about this guideline. Unacceptable Behavior The following behaviors are considered harassment and are unacceptable: Violence and threat of violence: This includes incitement of violence towards any individual, including encouraging a person to commit self-harm. This includes posting or threatening to post other people’s personally identifying information (“doxing”). Derogatory language: Hurtful or harmful language related to gender, gender identity and expression, sexual orientation, disability, mental illness, neuro(a)typicality, physical appearance, body size, race, religion, age, or socio-economic status. This includes deliberately referring to someone by a gender that they clearly do not identify with. - If you’re unsure if a word is derogatory, don’t use it. Sexual behavior: Unwelcome sexual attention. This includes, sexualized comments or jokes; inappropriate touching, groping, and unwelcomed sexual advances. Physical contact or simulated physical contact (e.g. textual messages like “hug” or “backrub”) without affirmative consent. This includes sharing or distribution of sexualized images. - Of course you can hug your best friend that you’ve known forever - the key word is consent. Disruptive behavior: Sustained disruption of summit events, including talks and presentations will not be tolerated. This includes ‘talking over’ speakers, or influencing crowd actions that are contrary to the direction of the session. Influencing the over-consumption of alcohol, or making derogatory comments about those who abstain from alcohol. Instigating: Advocating for, or encouraging, any of the above behavior is the same as committing that behavior yourself, and thus the same consequences apply. Consequences of Unacceptable Behavior Unacceptable behavior from any summit community participants, including those with decision-making authority, will not be tolerated. If an event participant engages in unacceptable behavior, the organizers may take any action they deem appropriate, up to and including a temporary ban or permanent expulsion from the event, as well as associated and future events without warning. Reporting guidelines If you are subject to or witness unacceptable behavior, or have any other concerns, please notify the summit conduct team as soon as possible by calling Tina Umlandt at: +49 177 8979300. Additionally, event organizers are available to help attendees engage with local law enforcement or to otherwise help those experiencing unacceptable behavior feel safe. In the context of in-person events, organizers will also provide escorts as desired by the person experiencing distress. Scope All attendees and organizers are expected to abide by this Code of Conduct in all venues — online and in-person — as well as in all one-on-one communications pertaining to community business. This guideline and its related procedures also applies to unacceptable behavior occurring outside the scope of the JSUnconf activities when such behavior has the potential to adversely affect the safety and well-being of attendees. | Mid | [
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Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Ca levels in brown adipocytes. We elucidated the mitochondrial functions of brown adipocytes in intracellular signalling, paying attention to mitochondrial activity and noradrenaline- and forskolin-induced Ca(2+) mobilizations in cold-acclimated rats. A confocal laser-scanning microscope of brown adipocytes from warm- or cold-acclimated rats was employed using probes rhodamine 123 which is a mitochondria-specific cationic dye, and the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Ca(2+) probes fluo-3 and rhod-2. X-ray microanalysis was also studied. The signal of rhodamine 123 in the cells was decreased by antimycin A which effect was less in cold-acclimated cells than warm-acclimated cells. Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Ca(2+) in cold-acclimated brown adipocytes double-loaded with fluo-3 and rhod-2 were measured. Noradrenaline induced the rise in cytoplasmic Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](cyto)) followed by mitochondrial Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](mito)), the effect being transformed into an increase in [Ca(2+)](cyto) whereas a decrease in [Ca(2+)](mito) by antimycin A or carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). Antimycin A induced small Ca(2+) release from mitochondria. CCCP induced Ca(2+) release from mitochondria only after the cells were stimulated with noradrenaline. Further, forskolin also elicited an elevation in [Ca(2+)](cyto) followed by [Ca(2+)](mito) in the cells. The Ca measured by X-ray microanalysis was higher both in the cytoplasm and mitochondria whereas K was higher in the mitochondria of cold-acclimated cells in comparison to warm-acclimated cells. These results suggest that noradrenaline and forskolin evoked an elevation in [Ca(2+)](cyto) followed by [Ca(2+)](mito), in which H(+) gradient across the inner membrane is responsible for the accumulation of calcium on mitochondria. Moreover, cAMP also plays a role in intracellular and mitochondrial Ca(2+) signalling in cold-acclimated brown adipocytes. | High | [
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Q: Make sprite walk along an angle I am trying to make a sprite walk towards another sprite, movement_angle = (atan2((y - target->y),(x - target->x))); if(isWalkable(game,delta)) { y -= ((int)(movementspeed)*delta)*sin(((movement_angle))); x -= ((int)(movementspeed)*delta)*cos(((movement_angle))); } I am calculating the angle and adding the values to my x and y cords. But the movement is not perfect, it does not really follow as I wish, takes weird turns and so on. A: It's hard to say exactly what's going wrong from your code, but here are some things you could look at: To get a vector from a point to target you'll need to subtract target->x by the point's x and target->y by the point's y At least movement_angle needs to be a floating point number, though you'll likely want to use doubles for all your 3D geometry values Why bother with trigonometric functions? You want to walk directly from point x, y to target->x, target->y, why not just use a vector, normalize it, and multiply by your movementspeed and delta? | Low | [
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Revain Releases Version 0.4 The first release of the 2018 is here. Today Revain is announcing next step in the development of its blockchain-based review platform. The company just released version 0.4 of its flagship Dashboard service. After several iterations aimed to test some core functions, Revain is finally adding first 15 projects to the platform. A few new things were included in v0.4. The starting page was relocated from Revain project’s page to the page with a list of all tokens which were added on the platform with some basic information such as rating, volume, today’s and ICO price, open source activity. Users can choose a project and review all the statistics about it as well as authentic and qualitative feedback provided by other token holders. Next. Dashboard overall user interface and design was improved. The search line was redesigned. Some user interface changes were made, such as second ‘add review’ button for user’s convenience was moved to the bottom of the site, new animations were added, etc. Finally. Dashboard got sharing buttons. Users can share different statistic and performance of the token which they hold through social media channels. We are really gaining momentum with the platform’s progress as development becomes more complex and sophisticated. Release 0.4 is available here: https://dashboard.revain.org/ About Revain: Revain is aimed to revolutionize online reviews using blockchain technology. Its platform designed for accumulating authentic user reviews on projects and startups that have concluded their crowdfunding / ICO stage. The platform is bringing to life the service that will finally allow businesses to receive detailed and genuine feedback about their projects, while users will get access to other people’s experience with ICOs and share their own insights as well. The platform will be aggregating information on token dynamics and major milestones in startup’s development. Revain released version 0.3 of the platform in December 2017 with a target to deliver full release 1.0 as early as Q2 2018. Using blockchain technology, Revain creates an economic model that rewards users for creating honest reviews online through it’s token RVN. RVN remains as a stable internal token thanks to a nonlinear conversion mechanism based on R, the token that is tradable and available outside the platform. The entire system remains transparent, incorruptible and immutable thanks to its reliance on the Ethereum platform. This is a sponsored press release and does not necessarily reflect the opinions or views held by any employees of The Merkle. This is not investment, trading, or gambling advice. Always conduct your own independent research. | Mid | [
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(Newser) – Nick DiSarro's father disappeared in 1993 when he was only 7. "We've waited 23 years for somebody from the FBI to call us and say we found him," he says. That call came Thursday when the FBI said it had identified a body unearthed in March behind a mill complex in Providence, RI, as Steven DiSarro. The South Boston nightclub manager was 43 when he was killed. "It was surreal," his son says of Thursday's call. But while he's focused on giving his father a proper burial, police are looking for those responsible. Authorities are concentrating on former mob boss Francis "Cadillac Frank" Salemme, sources tell the Boston Globe. Stephen Flemmi—who is serving a life sentence in connection with 10 murders—told police in 2003 that he walked in on DiSarro's murder at the home of Salemme's ex-wife on May 10, 1993, according to a DEA report. Flemmi said Salemme watched as his son Francis Jr.—an assistant manager at DiSarro's nightclub, per the AP—strangled DiSarro, who reportedly borrowed money from the mob to reopen the Channel Nightclub, per the Boston Herald and WCVB. Flemmi said Salemme later told him he helped hide DiSarro's body at a Rhode Island construction site and that mobster Robert DeLuca "was present during the burial." DeLuca was reportedly close to alleged mob associate William Ricci, who owns the complex behind which DiSarro's body was found. Francis Jr. died in 1995. A lawyer for Francis Sr.—who is in the Witness Protection Program for aiding the prosecution of James "Whitey" Bulger—says his client "absolutely denies any involvement in Steve DiSarro's murder" and Flemmi's version of events "never happened, pure and simple." (Cops have a lead in another old murder case out of Kansas.) | Mid | [
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WASHINGTON — Not only are House Republicans poised to approve President Donald Trump’s plans for a national military parade, they may help send more planes and tanks to take part in the event. A provision to be included in the upcoming House Armed Services Committee debate of the annual defense authorization bill would authorize a parade in the nation’s capital to show “appreciation and admiration for our men and women in uniform.” In a statement released Friday, committee chairman Rep. Mac Thornberry, R-Texas, said the event could help better highlight the sacrifices of troops and their families. He also emphasized the importance of not letting partisan disagreements distract from an opportunity to honor America’s veterans. “For too long, our men and women in uniform have been victims of political discord,” he said. “Honoring those who served in Korea, Vietnam, Iraq and Afghanistan should not be a political matter. Veterans of those conflicts did not let politics stand in the way of their service to the country.” Pentagon planners have been discussing a parade for months, as a way to honor both veterans and current servicemembers. Trump has said he feels such a public display is needed to properly thank the armed forces, but critics have accused him of using the idea to distract from other pressing priorities. Veterans’ role in Trump’s military parade remains unclear Veterans Affairs officials have not been involved planning so far, and Pentagon officials want to connect the event with a local veterans parade that doesn't exist. In March, defense officials released a planning memo for the event that promised a national celebration highlighting “the contributions of our veterans throughout the history of the U.S. military … with an emphasis on the price of freedom.” The Joint Chiefs of Staff and U.S. Northern Command officials will serve as the primary planners for the event. × Fear of missing out? Sign up for the Army Times Daily News Roundup to receive the top Army stories every afternoon. Thanks for signing up. By giving us your email, you are opting in to the Army Times Daily News Roundup. Officials also said they hope to integrate the event with “the annual D.C. Veteran’s Day Parade,” although no such event currently exists. It’s unclear if the Defense Department and White House need congressional approval to move ahead with a national military celebration, but lawmakers’ backing could help calm any controversy surrounding the idea. American soldiers, sailors, airmen and Marines lead the annual Bastille Day military parade down the Champs-Elysees in Paris, July 14. President Donald Trump attended the parade, which made him consider hosting a similar, and potentially bigger, parade in Washington. (Petty Officer 2nd Class Dominique Pineiro/Navy) Still, the issue is likely to spark heated discussion during the armed services committee’s day-long authorization bill debate next Wednesday. Multiple congressional Democrats have voiced opposition to the idea, and at least three have offered legislation to block the idea. Thornberry’s proposal would prohibit using any operational units or equipment in the parade “if the Secretary of Defense believes such use will hamper readiness.” However, it leaves open the possibility of using any ceremonial unit, “small arms and munitions,” motorized vehicles or aviation platforms that don’t interfere with current operations, according to committee Democrats. Defense officials have already said they are looking to include veterans and re-enactors from every American conflict since the Revolutionary War in the event, as well as aircraft and wheeled vehicles (but “no tanks,” according to the Pentagon memo). | Mid | [
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--- abstract: 'Modifications in the energy momentum dispersion laws due to a noncommutative geometry, have been considered in recent years. We examine the oscillations of extended objects in this perspective and find that there is now a “generation” of energy.' author: - | B.G. Sidharth\ International Institute for Applicable Mathematics & Information Sciences\ Hyderabad (India) & Udine (Italy)\ B.M. Birla Science Centre, Adarsh Nagar, Hyderabad - 500 063 (India) title: Energy and Mass Generation --- Introduction ============ Many modern approaches, particularly in Quantum Gravity introduce a minimum spacetime scale. It is well known that the introduction of such a fundamental minimum length in the universe leads to a noncommutative geometry. On the other hand there has been much discussion about how this could avert the infinities which plague Quantum Field Theory (Cf.ref.[@tduniv] and several other references therein). As pointed out by Snyder many years ago [@snyder], there are now new commutation relations which replace the usual Quantum Mechanical relations. These are $$[x,y] = (\imath l^2/\hbar )L_z, [t,x] = (\imath l^2/\hbar c)M_x, etc.$$ $$[x,p_x] = \imath \hbar [1 + (l/\hbar )^2 p^2_x];\label{2De3}$$ where $a$ is the fundamental length.\ It was noted by the author that these new commutation relations lead to a modified energy momentum relation viz., [@tduniv; @kg; @bgsijtp2004] $$E^2 = p^2+m^2+\alpha l^2 p^4\label{2}$$ giving the so called Snyder-Sidharth Hamiltonian [@glinka], $\alpha$ being a scalar, and $l$ the fundamental length, in units $c = 1 = \hbar$. This leads to a modification of the usual Klein-Gordon equation, which now becomes, $$(D + l^2 \nabla^4 - m^2)\psi = 0\label{6.52}$$ where $D$ denotes the usual D’Alembertian.\ It is well known that the usual Klein-Gordon equation, without the extra term in (\[2\]) describes a super position of normal mode harmonic oscillators [@bd2]\ Let us first start with the Klein-Gordon equation itself $$(D + m^2) \psi (x) = 0\label{12.1}$$ Following a well known procedure, a Fourier integral over elementary plane waves is then taken to give $$\psi (x,t) = \int \frac{d^3k}{\sqrt{(2\pi)^3 2_{\omega k}}} \left[a (k)e^{\imath k.x-\imath \omega_k t} + a^\dag (k) e^{-\imath k.x+\imath \omega_k t}\right]$$ $$= \int d^3k \left[a (k) f_k (x) + a^\dag (k) f^*_k (x)\right]\label{12.7}$$ where $$\omega_k = + \sqrt{k^2 + m^2} \, \mbox{and} \, f_k (x) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{(2 \pi)^3 2 \omega_k}} e^{-\imath k.x}$$ An inversion then gives $$\int f^*_k (x,t) \psi (x,t)d^3 x = \frac{1}{2 \omega_k} \left[a (k) + a^\dag (-k) e^{2\imath \omega_k t}\right]$$ $$\int f^*_k (x,t) \dot{\psi} (x,t) d^3 x = \frac{- \imath}{2} \left[a (k) - a^\dag (-k) e^{2\imath \omega_k t}\right]\label{12.8}$$ Finally the canonical Quantum Mechanical commutation relations for the wave function (now operator) $\phi$ and the associated momentum leads to (Cf.ref.[@bd2] for details) $$[a(k), a^\dag (k')] = \int d^3 x d^3 y [f^*_k (x,t) \partial_0 \psi (x,t), f k' (y,t) \partial_0 \psi (y,t)]$$ $$= + \imath \int d^3 x f^*_k (x,t) \partial_0 fk' (x,t) = \delta^3 ({\bf k - k'})$$ Similarly $$[a(k),a(k')] = (\imath)^2 \int d^3x d^3y [f^*_k (x,t) \partial_0 \psi (x,t), f^*_{k'} (x,t) = 0$$ and $$[a^\dag (k), a^\dag (k')] = 0\label{12.10}$$ This finally gives the Hamiltonian in terms of the creation and annihilation operators $a$ and $a^\dagger$ viz., $$H = 1/2 \int d^3k \omega_k [a^\dag (k) a(k) + a(k) a^\dag (k)]\label{12.11}$$ Discretizing the above, replacing the integrals in momentum space by summatiions and the Dirac-Delta function by the Kronecker Delta, we get, as is well known, $$H = \sum_{k} H_k = \sum_{k} 1/2 \omega_k (a^\dag_k a_k + a_k a^\dag_k) \quad a_k = \sqrt{\Delta V_k} a(k)\label{12.13}$$ with $$[a_k, a^\dag_{k'}] = \delta_{k k'} \quad [a_k,a_{k'}] = [a^\dag_k, a^\dag_{k'}] = 0\label{12.14}$$ In this second quantized picture, these lead to the various particle solutions given by $$H_k \Phi_k (n_k) = \omega_k (n_k + 1/2) \Phi_k (n_k)\label{12.15}$$ The New Scenario ================ Let us see, how all this gets modified due to the new considerations and in particular the new commutation relations (\[2De3\]). We first observe that if instead of the usual energy momentum relation, we use (\[2\]) above, then this would lead to a modification of the frequency given in (\[12.7\]). That is we would have $$\omega_k = \sqrt{k^2+m^2+\alpha l^2 k^4} \equiv \omega'_k\label{A}$$ (Remembering that we are in natural units). This would mean that there would be a shift in the energy of the individual oscillators (Cf. also [@bgsijmpe2010; @artg]). But also, there are other important changes.\ To see this, let us consider the above in greater detail. As is well known for the individual Quantum Harmonic oscillators in (\[12.13\]) or (\[12.15\]) we have [@bd2] $$a = \lambda_1 q + \imath \lambda_2 p$$ $$a^\dag = \lambda_1 q - \imath \lambda_2 p\label{X}$$ where $\lambda_1 = \left(\frac{m\omega}{2}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $\lambda_2 = \left(\frac{1}{2m\omega}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}$, $q$ replaces $x$ and we have dropped the subscript $k$ for $\omega$. This leads to, in the old case the Hamiltonian $$H_0 = \omega (a^\dag a + \frac{1}{2})\label{Y}$$ In our case however there is the additional term in (\[2\]). To see this in greater detail we note that owing to the commutation relations (\[2De3\]) we have $$[q,p] = \imath (1 + l^2 p^2)\label{a2}$$ and so, $$[a, a^\dagger ] = (1 + l^2 p^2)\label{a3}$$ Whence we have $$H = \frac{m \omega}{2} [a a^\dagger + a^\dagger a]$$ $$= \frac{m \omega}{2} [2a^\dagger a + (1 + l^2 p^2)]$$ $$= m \omega [a^\dagger a + \frac{1}{2} (1 + l^2 p^2)]\label{Ba}$$ Finally we have $$H = m \omega [(a^\dagger a + \frac{1}{2}) + \frac{l^2}{2} p^2]\label{b1}$$ $$= H'_0 + \frac{m \omega}{2} l^2 p^2$$ where $H'_0$ is given by $$H'_0 \equiv m \omega (a^\dagger a + \frac{1}{2})\label{c1}$$ that is, it would be the Hamiltonian if $l^2$ were $0$.\ Using (\[X\]) it is easy to see that $p^2$ is given by $$p^2 = (\frac{m \omega}{2}) (a - a^\dagger )^2\label{c3}$$ Using (\[c3\]) in (\[b1\]), we get finally $$H = H'_0 + l^2 H \frac{m \omega}{2} - (\frac{m \omega l}{2})^2 (a^2 + a^{\dagger 2})\label{d}$$ Equation (\[d\]) for the Quantum Mechanical Harmonic Oscillator already shows the effect of the extra term in the SS-Hamiltonian (\[2\]). This is an additional energy that appears due to the commutation relations (\[2De3\]).\ But it also shows that apart from the shift in energy (or mass) for the individual oscillators, reflecting (\[2\]), the eigen states of the oscillators get mixed up due to the presence of the squares of the creation and annihilation operators. The eigen states would be combinations of states like $\Phi (n-2), \Phi (n+2)$ in addition to $\Phi (n)$, of the usual theory as in (\[12.15\]). In other words we have to consider a system of oscillators. This is due to the fact that a point is being replaced by an extension.\ Indeed in String Theory itself, as we know we have a similar situation [@tduniv] and [@fuzzy]-[@jacob]. We have $$\rho \ddot {y} - T y'' = 0,\label{ce1}$$ $$\omega = \frac{\pi}{2l} \sqrt{\frac{T}{\rho}},\label{ce2}$$ $$T = \frac{mc^2}{l}; \quad \rho = \frac{m}{l},\label{ce3}$$ $$\sqrt{T/\rho} = c,\label{ce4}$$ $T$ being the tension of the string, $l$ its length and $\rho$ the line density and $\omega$ in (\[ce2\]) the frequency. The identification (\[ce2\]),(\[ce3\]) gives (\[ce4\]), where $c$ is the velocity of light, and (\[ce1\]) then goes over to the usual d’Alembertian or massless Klein-Gordon equation and an expansion in normal modes (which are uncoupled).\ Further, if the above string is quantized canonically, we get $$\langle \Delta x^2 \rangle \sim l^2.\label{ce5}$$ Thus the string can be considered as an infinite collection of harmonic oscillators [@fog]. Further we can see, using equations (\[ce2\]) and (\[ce3\]) and the fact that $$\hbar \omega = mc^2$$ and that the extension $l$ is of the order of the Compton wavelength in (\[ce5\]), a circumstance that was called one of the miracles of the string theory by Veneziano [@ven; @ven2; @ven3; @ven4; @ven5].\ The point is that a non zero extension for the system of oscillators would imply the commutation relations (\[2De3\]). This again implies an extra energy or mass on the one hand, and a coupled system of oscillators on the other, rather than a superposition of normal modes as we would otherwise have. Thus a consideration of a system of coherent oscillators would be a better starting point, if we consider the Planck scale, as in string theory and other approaches, rather than spacetime points of the usual theory. This circumstance has been overlooked.\ In summary there is now an extra energy or mass that appears due to (\[2De3\]) and (\[2\]), on the one hand. On the other, we have to consider a system of (coupled) oscillators. A system of Oscillators ======================= We know that String Theory, Loop Quantum Gravity, the author’s own approach of Planck oscillators, and a few other approaches start from the Planck scale.\ We will consider the problem from a different point of view, which also enables an elegant extension to the case of the entire Universe itself [@bgspkos; @uof; @bhtd; @emgphys]. Let us consider an array of $N$ particles, spaced a distance $\Delta x$ apart, which behave like oscillators that are connected by springs. This is because of the results in the last section that we have to consider coupled oscillators. The starting point for such a programme can be found in [@altaisky].We then have [@bgsfpl152002; @good; @vandam; @uof] $$r = \sqrt{N \Delta x^2}\label{4De1d}$$ $$ka^2 \equiv k \Delta x^2 = \frac{1}{2} k_B T\label{4De2d}$$ where $k_B$ is the Boltzmann constant, $T$ the temperature, $r$ the extent and $k$ is the spring constant given by $$\omega_0^2 = \frac{k}{m}\label{4De3d}$$ $$\omega = \left(\frac{k}{m}a^2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{1}{r} = \omega_0 \frac{a}{r}\label{4De4d}$$ We now identify the particles with Planck masses and set $\Delta x \equiv a = l_P$, the Planck length. It may be immediately observed that use of (\[4De3d\]) and (\[4De2d\]) gives $k_B T \sim m_P c^2$, which of course agrees with the temperature of a black hole of Planck mass. Indeed, Rosen [@rosen] had shown that a Planck mass particle at the Planck scale can be considered to be a Universe in itself a Schwarzchild Black Hole of radius equalling the Planck length. We also use the fact deduced earlier to that a typical elementary particle like the pion can be considered to be the result of $n \sim 10^{40}$ Planck masses.\ Using this in (\[4De1d\]), we get $r \sim l$, the pion Compton wavelength as required. Whence the pion mass is given by $$m = m_P/\sqrt{n}$$ Further, in this latter case, using (\[4De1d\]) and the fact that $N = n \sim 10^{40}$, and (\[4De2d\]),i.e. $k_BT = kl^2/N$ and (\[4De3d\]) and (\[4De4d\]), we get for a pion, remembering that $m^2_P/n = m^2,$ $$k_ B T = \frac{m^3 c^4 l^2}{\hbar^2} = mc^2,$$ which of course is the well known formula for the Hagedorn temperature for elementary particles like pions [@sivaramamj83]. In other words, this confirms the earlier conclusions that we can treat an elementary particle as a series of some $10^{40}$ Planck mass oscillators.\ However it must be observed from (\[4De4d\]) and (\[4De3d\]), that while the Planck mass gives the highest energy state, an elementary particle like the pion is in the lowest energy state. This explains why we encounter elementary particles, rather than Planck mass particles in nature. Infact as already noted [@bhtd], a Planck mass particle decays via the Bekenstein radiation within a Planck time $\sim 10^{-42}secs$. On the other hand, the lifetime of an elementary particle would be very much higher.\ In any case the efficacy of our above oscillator model can be seen by the fact that we recover correctly the masses and Compton scales in the order of magnitude sense and also get the correct Bekenstein and Hagedorn formulas as seen above, and further we even get the correct estimate of the mass and size of the Universe itself, as will be seen below.\ Using the fact that the Universe consists of $N \sim 10^{80}$ elementary particles like the pions, the question is, can we think of the Universe as a collection of $n N \, \mbox{or}\, 10^{120}$ Planck mass oscillators? This is what we will now show. Infact if we use equation (\[4De1d\]) with $$\bar N \sim 10^{120},$$ we can see that the extent is given by $r \sim 10^{28}cms$ which is of the order of the diameter of the Universe itself. We shall shortly justify the value for $\bar{N}$. Next using (\[4De4d\]) we get $$\hbar \omega_0^{(min)} \langle \frac{l_P}{10^{28}} \rangle^{-1} \approx m_P c^2 \times 10^{60} \approx Mc^2\label{4De5d}$$ which gives the correct mass $M$, of the Universe which in contrast to the earlier pion case, is the highest energy state while the Planck oscillators individually are this time the lowest in this description. In other words the Universe itself can be considered to be described in terms of normal modes of Planck scale oscillators.\ More generally, if an arbitrary mass $M$, as in (\[4De5d\]), is given in terms of $\bar{N}$ Planck oscillators, in the above model, then we have from (\[4De5d\]) and (\[4De1d\]): $$M = \sqrt{\bar{N}} m_P \, \mbox{and}\, R = \sqrt{\bar{N}} l_P,$$ where $R$ is the radius of the object. Using the fact that $l_P$ is the Schwarzchild radius of the mass $m_P$, this gives immediately, $$R = 2GM/c^2$$ a relation that has been deduced alternatively. In other words, such an object, the Universe included as a special case, shows up as a Black Hole, a super massive Black Hole in this case. Discussion ========== The interesting question is, from where does the extra energy come? We must remember that in the above considerations we have an a priori dark energy background, and it is this energy that manifests itself as the extra energy or mass or frequency.\ This can be illustrated by considering the background electromagnetic field, or the Zero Point Field as a collection of ground state oscillators (Cf.ref.[@tduniv] and references therein). It is known that the probability amplitude is $$\psi (x) = \left(\frac{m\omega}{\pi \hbar}\right)^{1/4} e^{-(m\omega/2\hbar)x^2}$$ for displacement by the distance $x$ from its position of classical equilibrium. So the oscillator fluctuates over an interval $$\Delta x \sim (\hbar/m\omega)^{1/2}$$ The background electromagnetic field is an infinite collection of independent oscillators, with amplitudes $X_1,X_2$ etc. The probability for the various oscillators to have amplitudes $X_1, X_2$ and so on is the product of individual oscillator amplitudes: $$\psi (X_1,X_2,\cdots ) = exp [-(X^2_1 + X^2_2 + \cdots)]$$ wherein there would be a suitable normalization factor. This expression gives the probability amplitude $\psi$ for a configuration $B (x,y,z)$ of the magnetic field that is described by the Fourier coefficients $X_1,X_2,\cdots$ or directly in terms of the magnetic field configuration itself by, as we saw, $$\psi (B(x,y,z)) = P exp \left(-\int \int \frac{\bf{B}(x_1)\cdot \bf{B}(x_2)}{16\pi^3\hbar cr^2_{12}} d^3x_1 d^3x_2\right).$$ $P$ being a normalization factor. At this stage, we are thinking in terms of energy without differenciation, that is, without considering Electromagnetism or Gravitation etc as separate. Let us consider a configuration where the magnetic field is everywhere zero except in a region of dimension $l$, where it is of the order of $\sim \Delta B$. The probability amplitude for this configuration would be proportional to $$\exp [-((\Delta B)^2 l^4/\hbar c)]$$ So the energy of fluctuation in a region of length $l$ is given by finally, the density [@mwt; @uof] $$B^2 \sim \frac{\hbar c}{l^4}$$ So the energy content in a region of volume $l^3$ is given by $$\beta^2 \sim \hbar c/l\label{4e1}$$ Equation (\[4e1\]) can be written as $$\mbox{Energy}\, \sim m_ec^2 \sim \frac{\hbar c}{l}\label{Y}$$ Equation (\[Y\]) shows that $l$ is the Compton wavelength of an elementary particle, which thus arises naturally. On the other hand if in (\[Y\]), we consider the energy of a Planck mass rather than that of an elementary particle, we will get the Planck length.\ For another perspective, it is interesting to derive a model based on the theory of phonons which are quanta of sound waves in a macroscopic body [@huang]. Phonons are a mathematical analogue of the quanta of the electromagnetic field, which are the photons, that emerge when this field is expressed as a sum of Harmonic oscillators. This situation is carried over to the theory of solids which are made up of atoms that are arranged in a crystal lattice and can be approximated by a sum of Harmonic oscillators representing the normal modes of lattice oscillations. In this theory, as is well known the phonons have a maximum frequency $\omega_m$ which is given by $$\omega_m = c \left(\frac{6\pi^2}{v}\right)^{1/3}\label{4e2}$$ In (\[4e2\]) $c$ represents the velocity of sound in the specific case of photons, while $v = V/N$, where $V$ denotes the volume and $N$ the number of atoms. In this model we write $$l \equiv \left(\frac{4}{3} \pi v\right)^{1/3}$$ $l$ being the inter particle distance. Thus (\[4e2\]) now becomes $$\omega_m = c/l\label{4e3}$$ Let us now liberate the above analysis from the immediate scenario of atoms at lattice points and quantized sound waves due to the Harmonic oscillations and look upon it as a general set of Harmonic oscillators as above. Then we can see that (\[4e3\]) and (\[4e1\]) are identical as $$\omega = \frac{mc^2}{\hbar}\label{eZ}$$ Using (\[eZ\]), we can once again recover both the Planck length and an elementary particle Compton wavelength. On the other hand it has been shown that starting with the background Zero Point Field the Quantum Mechanical commutation relations in $J X J$ yield the Quantum Mechanical spin at the Compton wavelength [@tduniv]. It is to be noted that this Quantum Mechanical spin feature is absent at the Planck length.\ We finally comment the following. If in the considerations of Section 2 we take the particle to have negligible mass or vanishing mass as in the case of radiation, then this new physics as embodied in (\[b1\]) leads to an increased frequency of the radiation, or an apparent increase in its velocity leading to different wavelengths travelling with different speeds. The effect is very minute and can be observed only for very high frequency radiation like Gamma Rays from Gamma Ray Bursts. Already there are claims that such lags in arrival times of the Gamma Rays have indeed been found [@lorentz]. [99]{} Sidharth, B.G. (2008). *Thermodynamic Universe* (World Scientific, Singapore). Snyder, H.S. (1947). *Physical Review* Vol.72, No.1, July 1 1947, pp.68–71. Sidharth, B.G. *High Energy PP-Collissions*, to appear in *Int.J.Mod.Phys.E*. Sidharth, B.G. (2004). *Int.J.of Th.Phys.* Vol.43, (9), September 2004, pp.1857-1861. Glinka L.A. (2009). *Apeiron* April 2009. Bjorken, J.D. and Drell, S.D. (1965). *Relativistic Quantum Fields* (McGraw-Hill Inc., New York), pp.44ff. Sidharth, B.G. Int.J.Mod.Phys. E 19 (1), 2010, pp.79-90 and arxiv 08. Sidharth, B.G. (2010). Proceedings of *Frontiers of Fundamental Physics 10* (Eds. J. Hartnett et al) (AIP, New York) 2010, In Press.\ Leiva, C. (2010). *Pramana* 74 (2), February 2010, pp.169ff. Sidharth, B.G. (2001). *Fuzzy, non commutative spacetime: A new paradigm for a new century* in *Proceedings of Fourth International Symposium on “Frontiers of Fundamental Physics”* (Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York), p.97–108. Fogleman, G. (1987). *Am.J.Phys.* 55, (4), pp.330–6. Schwarz, J. (1982). *Physics Reports* 89, (227). Jacob, M. (1974). *Physics Reports, Reprint Volume* (North-Holland, Amsterdam). Veneziano, G. (1998). *The Geometric Universe* Huggett,S.A. et al. (eds.) (Oxford University Press, Oxford), p.235ff. Veneziano, G. (1990). *Quantum Strings and the Constants of Nature* in *The Challenging Questions* (Ed.Antonino Zichichi) (Plenum Press, New York) 1990, pp.199-220. Veneziano, G. (2000). *Pre-Big-Bang Cosmology: An Introduction and Recent Developments* in *From the Planck Length to the Hubble Radius* (Ed.Antonino Zichichi) (World Scientific, Singapore) 2000, pp.404-433. Veneziano, G. *Quantum String Gravity Near the Planck Scale* (Research Communication) pp.486-501. Veneziano, G. (1974). *An Introduction to Dual Models of Strong Interactions and their Physical Motivations* *Physics Reports* (Section C of Physics Letters) 9, No.4, 1974, pp.199-242. Sidharth, B.G. (2002). *Foundations of Physics Lett.* 15 (6), 2002, pp.577-583. Sidharth, B.G. (2005). *The Universe of Fluctuations* (Springer, Netherlands). Sidharth, B.G. (2006). *Found.Phys.Lett.* **19**, 1, pp.87ff. Sidharth, B.G. (2006). *Int.J.Mod.Phys.A.* 21 (31), 2006, p.6315ff. Sidharth, B.G. and Altaisky, M.V. (1995). *Int.J.Th.Phys.* 34 (12, 1995, 2343ff. Sidharth, B.G. (2006). *Int.J.SCI.* January 2006, pp.42ff. Sidharth, B.G. (2002). *Found.Phys.Lett.* 15, (6), pp.577–583. Goodstein, D.L. (1975). *States of Matter* (Dover Publications, Inc., New York), pp.462ff. Jack Ng, Y. and Van Dam, H. (1994) *Mod.Phys.Lett.A.* 9, (4), pp.335–340. Rosen, N. (1993). *Int.J.Th.Phys.*, 32, (8), pp.1435–1440. Sivaram, C. (1983). *Am.J.Phys.* 51 (3), pp.277. Misner, C.W., Thorne, K.S. and Wheeler, J.A. (1973). *Gravitation* (W.H. Freeman, San Francisco), pp.819ff. Huang, K. (1975). *Statistical Mechanics* (Wiley Eastern, New Delhi), pp.75ff. Sidharth, B.G. (2008). *Found.Phys.* 38 (1), 2008, pp.89ff. | Mid | [
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Q: NSURL from NSURLConnection? It seems dead simple, as to create an NSURLConnection I usually do this: NSURL *theURL = [NSURL URLWithString:urlString]; NSURLRequest *req = [NSURLRequest requestWithURL:theURL]; NSURLConnection *connection = [NSURLConnection connectionWithRequest:req delegate:self]; But how can I get the URL back in the delegate methods? Short of hanging on to them myself (I'm running many connections at once, so this becomes slightly messy). It seems as though I should be able to get the URL back from a connection. Am I missing something? A: In -connection:didReceiveResponse: you can get the URL. Note that this may not be the same URL you created the connection with since the connection may have been redirected. - (void)connection:(NSURLConnection *)connection didReceiveResponse:(NSURLResponse *)response { NSURL * url = [response URL]; // The URL } | Mid | [
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package com.martin.ads.vrlib.constant; /** * Created by Ads on 2017/4/26. */ //XXX: may not be a nice design public class MimeType { //media source public static final int ONLINE=0x0001; public static final int ASSETS=0x0002; public static final int RAW=0x0004; public static final int LOCAL_FILE=0x0008; public static final int BITMAP=0x0010; //media type public static final int PICTURE=0x0100; public static final int VIDEO=0x0200; } | Mid | [
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The Seattle Center Monorail will soon be able to accept ORCA payments, and that means fare changes are on the way. Seattle Center is now taking feedback on proposed rate increases, which are expected to take effect on Oct. 7. A one-way fare for adults is proposed to go up by 50 cents to $3, but the qualifying age would also go up from 13 to 19 years old. Youth ages would change from 5-12 to 6-18, and a one-way fare is proposed to increase from $1.25 to $1.50. A reduced one-way rate of $1.25 would go up to $1.50. There are adult and reduced monthly passes offered for the monorail that would not use the ORCA card. The monthly pass is proposed to increase from $50 to $60, and the reduced monthly pass from $25 to $30. Questions and comments will be taken during a public meeting 5:30 p.m. Wednesday, Sept. 11, in the Seattle Armory Loft #4. People can also send comments to Seattle Center staffer Denise Wells at [email protected] or 206-615-0258 through Wednesday, Sept. 18. Private concessionaire Seattle Monorail Services operates the service for the city. VIA Architecture was tabbed by the company in 2017 to evaluate potential improvements to the monorail to increase capacity, improve access and better connect to regional transit, including light rail under Westlake Center. The firm found doubling monorail capacity to 6,000 passengers in each direction per hour is feasible, noting capacity was halved when the downtown station was scrapped for one inside Westlake Center. Automated ticketing was among the improvements cited in the June 2018 report that would increase capacity, as well as additional vertical circulation and larger and reconfigured platform and queuing spaces. The first proposed phase of improvements in the report is estimated to cost $3.1 million, and includes “replacing 32 stationary platform edge guardrails with automatic platform edge gates” to achieve a 2.5-minute headway. Seattle Center spokesperson Deborah Daoust said improvements moving forward are outlined in the North Downtown Mobility Action Plan (NODOMAP), which was developed as part of the public process through SDOT related to the major rebuild of the Seattle Center arena. Part of the lease agreement with developer Oak View Group was for $40 million in transportation improvements, she said, and vertical access improvements are still planned to take place in the future. The action plan identifies Seattle Center and Westlake Station enhancements recommended in the Monorail Feasibility Study as tier 1 projects. Find more at seattlemonorail.com. | Mid | [
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[Required education for medical technologists of the next generation--chairmen's introductory remarks]. This symposium is named "Required education for medical technologists of the next generation", and is held under the joint sponsorship of the Japanese Association of Medical Technology Education. We received lectures by two speakers from the clinical field and two speakers from a medical technology educational institution. From the perspective of the medical technology education institution, we were introduced to education that is actually being provided. From the clinical perspective, we were given lectures that concretely discussed the necessary role of medical technologists in clinical practice. All of the lectures were very interesting and helpful. | High | [
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ARCHIVE : January, 2014 WTF Episodes Music journalist Marc Spitz touched a raw nerve with Marc, thanks to his memoir “Poseur.” The two Marcs share more than a name. They share a compulsion for the drugs, the grit and the rock and roll allure of New York City before the new millennium. Spitz says it all led to a character he created for himself while working as a writer for Spin Magazine - a character that was almost his undoing. This episode is sponsored by Comedy Central, Audible and Squarespace. Comedian Simon Amstell is British but has a shockingly large amount in common with Marc. They both have complicated relationships with their Jewishness, they both encountered problems being honest about their families, they both struggled with early jobs in television. Heck, they both even hosted the same game show. Simon and Marc discuss these similarities and one big difference. This episode is sponsored by NatureBox and by Stamps.com. Harry Dean Stanton is known to audiences around the world for his roles in more than 200 films and television shows. But, as Marc finds out while trying to conduct an interview with the great character actor, it may not be possible to really know Harry. For some assistance, Marc enlists documentary filmmaker Sophie Huber to see if she can help make sense of the enigma that is Harry Dean Stanton. This episode is sponsored by Comedy Central, Earthquaker Devices and GoToMeeting by Citrix. Marc brings WTF to the LA Podfest and goes head-to-head with some of the top hosts in the podcast community. Jimmy Pardo from Never Not Funny, Aisha Tyler from Girl on Guy, Paul Gilmartin from The Mental Illness Happy Hour, Dave Anthony from Walking the Room and Dana Gould from The Dana Gould Hour are all on board, plus a cameo from Jake Johannsen. Also, Marc shares a personal story of getting a little too close to one of his listeners. This episode is sponsored by Squarespace, LegalZoom and Stamps.com. Patrick Stickles, frontman of Titus Andronicus, brings his punk rock style to the garage for a conversation about rules and rule breaking, the Rolling Stones versus Led Zeppelin, and why rock and roll is a dying artform. Marc and Patrick also discuss mental health and how the things that torture us are also the things that allow us to create. This episode is sponsored by Domino Records, featuring Arctic Monkeys’ new album AM, by Hover and by NatureBox. Ed Begley, Jr. has been in a lot of movies and TV shows, but he’s also lived a lot of lives. Ed tells Marc about his wild days in the 1970s when he was running around the hills of Hollywood with fellow party animals like Jack Nicholson and Harry Dean Stanton. They also talk about Ed’s devotion to the environment, which he has worked hard to protect, even when he spent most of his time doing harm to himself. This episode is sponsored by LegalZoom, Stamps.com and GoToMeeting. Will Forte had given up on thoughts of becoming an actor when he settled down into a successful career as a television comedy writer for several hit shows. Will tells Marc how he got roped back into the performance world, what led to a completely pressure-free audition for Saturday Night Live, and why he never seriously believed he would get a role in Alexander Payne’s new film Nebraska. Today’s episode is sponsored by Hover and by Slingbox. Andy Samberg says he’ll probably be most remembered for “D*** in a Box,” and that’s okay by him. Marc talks with the former SNL cast member to find out about the other things he’ll be remembered for, including his Lonely Island collaborations, his films and his new television show. Plus, Andy tells Marc why pro-wrestling is responsible for his devotion to SNL. This episode is sponsored by Warby Parker, Stamps.com and LegalZoom. The fact that Artie Lange is sitting in the garage with Marc is a miracle. Artie talks about his bumpy road back from heroin addiction and a violent suicide attempt, which happened at a time when his star was burning brightest. He tells Marc what his recovery means for his health, his career and his relationships with others in his life, including Howard Stern. This episode is sponsored by NatureBox and by Squarespace. | Mid | [
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s u(n(a))? 63*a**4 Let a(o) = 15*o. Let i(y) = -124*y**2. Determine i(a(s)). -27900*s**2 Let s(j) be the first derivative of -2*j**3 + 2*j - 61. Let x(v) = v. Determine x(s(a)). -6*a**2 + 2 Let j(x) = x + 50. Let g(s) = -1108*s. Determine j(g(w)). -1108*w + 50 Let i(c) be the second derivative of c**3 - 11*c + 3. Let g(f) = 4*f - 2*f - f. Give g(i(r)). 6*r Let s(q) = 5*q. Let h(x) = -14*x. Let u(a) = 3*h(a) + 8*s(a). Let p(l) = 8*l**2 - 14*l**2 + 11*l**2. Calculate p(u(z)). 20*z**2 Let m(g) = -g**2 - 351. Let a(u) = 2 - 820*u + 413*u + 410*u - 2. Give m(a(b)). -9*b**2 - 351 Let r(y) = -3*y + y - 15*y + 2*y. Let b(d) = 4*d. Determine r(b(q)). -60*q Let v(m) = -m**2. Let t(q) = 14*q + 2. Let i(k) = -52*k - 8. Let l(d) = 2*i(d) + 9*t(d). Determine l(v(j)). -22*j**2 + 2 Let q(x) = -2*x**2 - 4*x + 6*x - 2*x. Let i(l) = -129*l**2 - 1680532 + 1680532. Give i(q(g)). -516*g**4 Let c(l) = -l**2 + 460*l + 5. Let n(m) = 8*m**2. Give c(n(s)). -64*s**4 + 3680*s**2 + 5 Let d(r) = 3*r - 7752. Let h(u) = u**2. Determine h(d(n)). 9*n**2 - 46512*n + 60093504 Let z(v) = -v + 470304. Let p(g) = 2*g. Determine z(p(a)). -2*a + 470304 Let i(w) = -2*w. Let r(d) = 70*d**2 - 98*d - 28. Determine i(r(n)). -140*n**2 + 196*n + 56 Let j(q) = -79*q**2. Let s(b) = -286*b**2 - 2. Give s(j(a)). -1784926*a**4 - 2 Let y(p) = -3*p**2. Suppose 2*r = 5*r + 9. Let b(x) = -11*x**2. Let z(s) = r*b(s) + 12*y(s). Let v(m) be the first derivative of m**3/3 + 4. Determine z(v(a)). -3*a**4 Let s(a) = -12*a. Let o(k) = 4*k + 3. Let d be 14 - (-2 + -2 + 4). Let j = 13 - d. Let z(h) = h + 1. Let l(c) = j*o(c) + 3*z(c). Determine s(l(v)). 12*v Let x(j) = 7*j**2 - 10*j**2 + j**2. Let q(m) = -3*m - 1. Let n(r) = 25*r + 10. Let a(t) = -5*n(t) - 50*q(t). Calculate a(x(h)). -50*h**2 Let n(f) = 283357*f**2. Let k(l) = -7*l. What is k(n(p))? -1983499*p**2 Let s(m) = -7*m - 6 - 2 + 3*m**2 + 1. Let w(q) = q + 1. Let o(n) = -3*s(n) - 21*w(n). Let l(x) = 2*x**2. Calculate o(l(p)). -36*p**4 Let a(i) = 9*i**2. Let f(k) = 20*k**2 - 17. Let x(s) = -7*s**2 - 23 - 20 + 49. Let t(n) = 6*f(n) + 17*x(n). Determine t(a(l)). 81*l**4 Let s(o) = 83*o - 6. Let p(z) = 895*z - 65. Let k(f) = 6*p(f) - 65*s(f). Let l(n) = 5*n**2 - 6*n. Give l(k(y)). 3125*y**2 + 150*y Let i(v) = -33*v**2. Let o(y) be the third derivative of 5*y**4/24 + 172*y**2. Calculate i(o(r)). -825*r**2 Let p(n) be the second derivative of n**4/3 + 2*n. Let w(g) = g + 1. Let t(v) = -2*v**2 + 9*v + 9. Let a(o) = 2*t(o) - 18*w(o). What is p(a(m))? 64*m**4 Let d = 306 - 141. Let v(a) = d*a**2 - 85*a**2 - 81*a**2. Let f(n) = 105*n. Give f(v(x)). -105*x**2 Let v(l) = -9*l**2 + 2*l. Let d = 133 + -134. Let p(c) = c**2 - 6*c + 3. Let q(g) = -g**2 + 2*g - 1. Let o(m) = d*p(m) - 3*q(m). Give v(o(j)). -36*j**4 + 4*j**2 Let w(k) = 3*k + 7. Let z(p) = 12*p - 20. Let t(x) = 2*x - 4. Let y(l) = -11*t(l) + 2*z(l). Let a(r) = 4*w(r) - 7*y(r). Let c(i) = 28*i**2. Give a(c(n)). -56*n**2 Let x be 0 - -2 - 4 - -2. Suppose -2*l - 3*l = x. Let s(m) = m**2 + l*m**2 + m**2. Let y(n) = 12*n. Give s(y(o)). 288*o**2 Let m(x) = 2*x**2. Let d(z) = 3*z - 139840. Calculate d(m(w)). 6*w**2 - 139840 Let n(c) = -4*c**2 + 3. Let d(w) = -4*w. Let z(b) = b. Let q(m) = 2*d(m) + 9*z(m). Give n(q(i)). -4*i**2 + 3 Let c(v) = 4*v. Let o(h) be the third derivative of 1/60*h**5 + 0 + 0*h + 0*h**3 - 2*h**2 + 0*h**4. Determine o(c(g)). 16*g**2 Let x(w) = -w - 2. Let g(k) = 3. Let l(s) = 2*g(s) + 3*x(s). Let i(m) = 2*m + 22. Determine i(l(q)). -6*q + 22 Let m(w) = 14*w**2. Let d(b) = -12719*b**2. What is m(d(h))? 2264821454*h**4 Let g(v) be the second derivative of v**3/6 - 2*v. Let q(l) be the first derivative of -4 + 0*l - 11/2*l**2. What is g(q(y))? -11*y Let q(w) = 747*w**2 - w. Let l(z) = 30*z**2. Determine q(l(p)). 672300*p**4 - 30*p**2 Let o(u) = -53*u. Let y(a) = 4*a - 5. Calculate y(o(l)). -212*l - 5 Let k(f) = -4*f**2. Let h(u) = -5*u - 6. Let w(x) = 15*x + 16. Let p(g) = 8*h(g) + 3*w(g). What is p(k(m))? -20*m**2 Let r(g) = g - 150. Let v(d) = 1258*d. Determine v(r(h)). 1258*h - 188700 Let u(d) be the second derivative of -2*d + 0*d**3 + 0*d**2 + 0 + 1/12*d**4. Let y(i) be the first derivative of -i**3 + 103. Determine u(y(v)). 9*v**4 Let l(j) = 7*j. Let z(t) = 50*t**2 + 14*t - 13. Let s(q) = -17*q**2 - 4*q + 4. Let y(b) = 7*s(b) + 2*z(b). Give y(l(n)). -931*n**2 + 2 Let j(r) = -35*r**2. Let z(f) = -f - 2. Let v(s) = s**2 - s - 1. Let i(d) = -v(d) + z(d). Let a(g) = 2. Let h(x) = -a(x) - 2*i(x). Calculate j(h(y)). -140*y**4 Let w(o) = -4*o + 9. Let t(i) = i - 2. Let c(m) = 9*t(m) + 2*w(m). Let k(z) = -z**2 + 6*z. Let f(q) = -6*c(q) + k(q). Let r(u) = 21*u**2. Give f(r(h)). -441*h**4 Let v(j) = -4*j. Let r(c) = -6*c + 103. Calculate v(r(t)). 24*t - 412 Let v(u) be the first derivative of -u**2 + 1. Let z(f) = -3*f + 56. Let h be z(17). Let x(y) = -h*y + 8*y - 5*y. What is x(v(o))? 4*o Let o(y) = -2*y**2. Let n(z) be the first derivative of 197*z**3/3 - 38. Give n(o(f)). 788*f**4 Let q(g) = 25*g**2. Let c(n) = 991*n. What is q(c(u))? 24552025*u**2 Let i(u) = -u**2 + 2*u**2 - 3*u**2 - u**2. Let n(m) = -2*m - 65 + 65 + 0*m. Determine n(i(k)). 6*k**2 Let u(q) = q**2 - 176. Let o(g) = g**2. Determine u(o(l)). l**4 - 176 Let h(j) = -105*j. Let o(s) = 2*s**2 + 1. Let l(m) = -11*m**2 - 6. Let n(f) = l(f) + 6*o(f). Give n(h(u)). 11025*u**2 Let q(o) = -26*o. Let x(f) = -16*f. Let s(j) = 5*q(j) - 8*x(j). Let v(h) = 3*h - 15*h - 3 + 3. What is v(s(n))? 24*n Let z(r) = 9*r**2 + 8. Let l(q) = 4*q**2 + 4. Let o(i) = -4*l(i) + 2*z(i). Let d(w) = 38*w**2 + 4*w**2 - 2*w**2. Calculate o(d(t)). 3200*t**4 Let y(q) = -2*q + 52. Let b(o) = 134 + 10*o**2 - 134 + 5*o**2 - 12*o**2. What is b(y(h))? 12*h**2 - 624*h + 8112 Let j(d) = d**2. Let i(v) be the second derivative of -2*v**3 - v**2 - 155*v - 2. Give i(j(s)). -12*s**2 - 2 Let u(w) = 3*w. Let a(i) = 6 - 13*i**2 - 3 + 2 - 5. Calculate a(u(o)). -117*o**2 Let r(g) = 4*g**2. Suppose 2*p - 2*c - 4 = 3*p, -2*c - 2 = 2*p. Let z(a) = -a**2 + 9*a**p - 9*a**2. Determine z(r(q)). -16*q**4 Let k(w) = -406*w**2 + 21*w - 63. Let r(y) = 81*y**2 - 4*y + 12. Let t(v) = -4*k(v) - 21*r(v). Let p(z) = 16*z. What is t(p(l))? -19712*l**2 Let l(x) = 10*x + 7. Let i(k) = 3*k + 2. Let g(s) = -14*i(s) + 4*l(s). Let w(a) = -55*a + 84*a - 51*a. Determine w(g(r)). 44*r Let m(g) be the third derivative of -g**7/840 + 5*g**5/6 + g**2 + 15. Let t(x) be the third derivative of m(x). Let o(s) = 0*s + 2*s - s. Determine o(t(d)). -6*d Let l(m) = -7386*m. Let h(y) = 31*y. Determine h(l(k)). -228966*k Let w(g) = -6328*g + 264. Let n(p) = 422*p - 18. Let l(t) = 44*n(t) + 3*w(t). Let o(m) = 2*m. What is l(o(v))? -832*v Let h(d) = -3*d. Suppose 52 = -4*p + 5*t, -t + 3 = -4*p - 65. Let g = p - -30. Let v(c) = g - 4*c - 12. Determine h(v(w)). 12*w Let i(v) = 7*v**2. Let y(x) = 3249*x + 3. Calculate i(y(q)). 73892007*q**2 + 136458*q + 63 Let a(r) = -2*r**3 + 11*r**2 - 4*r - 3. Let v be a(5). Suppose z = -2*z + 9. Let b(s) = s**2 - v*s**2 - z*s**2 + 0*s**2. Let h(y) = 4*y. Determine b(h(d)). -64*d**2 Let u(o) = -o - 44. Let t(h) = 8. Let y(d) = 11*t(d) + 2*u(d). Let b(n) = -n**2 + 6*n**2 + 4*n**2. What is b(y(c))? 36*c**2 Let i(w) = 6123*w + 273. Let l(f) = -45*f - 2. Let v(c) = -2*i(c) - 273*l(c). Let k(j) = -9*j. Give v(k(t)). -351*t Let t = 0 + 6. Let w(p) = -2*p**2 - 8*p**2 - t*p**2. Let u(n) = 2*n**2. Give w(u(a)). -64*a**4 Suppose 7*u - 336 = 3*u. Let f(q) = 24*q - u + 84. Let r(v) be the third derivative of -v**4/12 + 2*v**2. Determine r(f(g)). -48*g Let q be (-1)/(-1) + 6/(-6). Suppose 5*v - m - 16 - 17 = q, -3*m - 15 = -v. Let u(x) = -8*x**2 - 6*x + v*x. Let z(d) = -d**2. What is u(z(b))? -8*b**4 Let g(v) = 78*v**2. Let c(w) = -14031*w**2. Give g(c(u)). 15355778958*u**4 Let r(h) be the second derivative of h**4/12 + 16*h. Let i(s) = 454*s - 454*s - s**2. Determine i(r(c)). -c**4 Let f(d) = 3*d**2 + 35*d. Let z(y) = y - 7. Let c(s) = -s + 6. Let w(h) = 7*c(h) + 6*z(h). What is w(f(j))? -3*j**2 - 35*j Let b(r) = -7*r + 15*r - 3*r. Let z = -5 - -7. Let i(s) = 4*s**z - 3 - s**2 + 3. What is b(i(y))? 15*y**2 Let r(l) = -946*l. Let k(p) = 71*p**2. Calculate r(k(s)). -67166*s**2 Let a(r) = 27*r**2 - 8*r - 5. Let h(b) = 14*b**2 - 5*b - 3. Let i(g) = -3*a(g) + 5*h(g). Let t(o) = 18*o. Give i(t(f)). | Low | [
0.49482401656314706,
29.875,
30.5
] |
Real-time three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography for guidance of non-coronary interventions in the catheter laboratory. The growing need for less invasive therapies of cardiac disease creates the necessity for improved imaging guidance. Although two-dimensional transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) have been shown to be essential tools for planning and execution of cardiac interventions, the benefit of three-dimensional TEE for the guidance of interventional procedures still needs to be evaluated. This review aims to describe our first experiences with real-time (RT) three-dimensional TEE for the guidance of percutaneous non-coronary interventions in the catheter laboratory. We used a matrix array TEE probe capable of generating three-dimensional images of cardiac structures in RT. We applied this innovative technique to monitor atrial septal defects or patent foramen ovale closures, valve procedures such as mitral and aortic valve interventions, and electrophysiological procedures. Our first experience using RT three-dimensional TEE for the guidance of percutaneous cardiac interventions in the catheter laboratory demonstrates that this technique is feasible to guide interventions, providing fast and complete information about the underlying pathomorphology, improving spatial orientation, and additionally allowing the online monitoring of the procedure. These benefits may accelerate the learning curve and improve confidence of the interventional cardiologist in order to increase safety, accuracy, and efficacy of interventional cardiac procedures. | High | [
0.6852367688022281,
30.75,
14.125
] |
1. (SBU) SUMMARY: Following weeks of political deadlock in the wake of the extremely close January 27 state parliamentary elections, Hesse SPD leader Andrea Ypsilanti has retreated from a controversial plan to form a minority government with the Greens, tolerated by the Left Party. The plan foundered on internal resistance within the SPD. For his part, CDU Minister President Roland Koch announced March 10 that he would consider stepping aside to pave the way for a possible CDU-Green-FDP coalition. Ypsilanti's initiative has turned into an embarrassment for the SPD: it has given the state CDU a new opening to propose a realistic alternative to an SPD-led coalition, damaged the SPD's credibility, contributed to a drop in the party's poll numbers (and those of SPD national chairman Kurt Beck), and generated public infighting within the SPD. END SUMMARY. ------------------ YPSILANTI FAILS... ------------------ 2. (SBU) Hesse Social Democratic Party (SPD) Chairwoman Andrea Ypsilanti was forced on March 7 to reconsider her decision -- announced only three days earlier -- to accept the support of the Left Party in her bid to become Hesse Minister President when the new state parliament (Landtag) convenes April 5. The decision to accept the support of the Left Party broke a major taboo in western Germany and required de facto permission from SPD national chairman Kurt Beck as well as an affirmative decision by the SPD National Board (reftel a). The plan ran aground after Hesse SPD parliamentarian Dagmar Metzger publicly stated that she would not vote for Ypsilanti because it would violate the SPD's campaign promise not to cooperate with the Left Party. 3. (U) Over the weekend, the state SPD met and voted to continue to back Ypsilanti as party leader, but she announced March 10 that she would not be a candidate on April 5 after pressure grew within the national SPD to stop the plan. The Hesse SPD will hold a party convention on March 29, where the question of a minority government will again be discussed. At the national level, conservative SPD leaders have criticized Kurt Beck's support of Ypsilanti and press reports indicate that some would like to see him step aside as the party's candidate for the 2009 federal election. -------------- ...KOCH BLINKS -------------- 4. (SBU) In the midst of this SPD drama, Christian Democratic Union (CDU) Minister President Roland Koch announced March 10 that he would consider stepping aside if the Greens and the Free Democratic Party agree to form a so-called "Jamaica" coalition (the name comes from the party colors of the CDU -- black, FDP -- yellow, and the Greens, which together form the colors of the Jamaican flag). The announcement opens the door for CDU cooperation with the Greens, who have a long-standing antipathy for Koch. One of the few potential CDU candidates for minister president in this scenario would be Frankfurt Lord Mayor Petra Roth, whose CDU governs with the Greens in the city council. She, however, lacks broad support in the Hesse CDU and is not highly regarded by the Greens. If this option fails, Roland Koch could stay on in a caretaker government without a majority in the parliament, leaving open the possibility that the Hesse SPD could form a minority government at a later date. 5. (SBU) Kai Klose, Secretary General of the Hesse Greens, told Pol Spec that the Green Party would have to consider the Jamaica option if Koch resigned. With the Greens and the CDU leaning toward forming a government in Hamburg, the Hesse Greens would feel obligated to show political leadership and help ward off the rise of the Left Party. The Greens would have (reluctantly) gone along with Ypsilanti's risky plan because of their strong motivation to unseat Koch, but a Jamaica government would be far less controversial for the Greens locally and nationally. 6. (SBU) Comment: Ypsilanti's plan to ascend to the top post in Hesse with the support of the Left Party has turned into a fiasco for the SPD. Her initiative may not only have cleared the way for the CDU to take the lead in forming a new government, it has also put the SPD's credibility into question, contributed to a drop in the party's and Beck's nationwide poll numbers, and put intra-party infighting on full public display. Ypsilanti and Beck may pay a high political price for their botched gambit. End comment. With a bit of luck the planet won’t be devastated by nuclear war in the next few days. US President Donald Trump will have begun to fixate on some other way to gratify his self-esteem – maybe by invading Venezuela or starting a war with Iran. More>> ACLU: Step by step, point by point, the court laid out what has been clear from the start: The president promised to ban Muslims from the United States, and his executive orders are an attempt to do just that. More>> | Mid | [
0.603491271820448,
30.25,
19.875
] |
About Us List Distillery is the first small-batch craft distillery in Fort Myers, Florida, and is home to Mr. Tom's Spirits, a line of one-of-a-kind, naturally infused products. We pride ourselves on creating delectable spirits using all locally sourced, natural ingredients. Our vast product range includes Vodka, Gin, Rum, Bourbon, Whiskey, and Cream Liqueurs. This diverse portfolio also includes the United States’ first certified 100% Sugar-Free and Gluten-Free Vodka, as well as the World's only certified 100% Sugar-Free and Gluten-Free Gin. Owners, Thomas and Renate List founded the company in 2015. After being in the restaurant industry for many years, Renate decided she wanted to get back to her roots. Being a part of the Bauer Dynasty, an Austrian family, very well known for its success in distilling as well as for creating many successful worldwide brands, one being Jägermeister. She and Thomas were able to combine both their passion and knowledge of old-world craft distilling with innovative ideas to produce unique flavors and memorable experiences. | Mid | [
0.625850340136054,
34.5,
20.625
] |
There is an obvious debacle when it comes to Kentucky's backcourt for the upcoming season. Tyler Ulis is locked in as the starting point guard, as made clear by John Calipari. With the commitment of Isaiah Briscoe back in the midst of the regular season last year, the speculative question was would Calipari go with a two-point guard starting back court again? It worked pretty well back when John Wall and Eric Bledsoe were running that total super team; it could surely work. Now, we're throwing Jamal Murray right into the mix as well. For those who left all their electronics at home for their summer vacation cruise to the Bahamas, Kentucky landed five-star Canadian guard Jamal Murray not even a month ago. Many have not heard of Murray as he was originally classified in the Class of 2016, but recently reclassified to 2015 and committed to UK. Many of us got our first real look at Jamal in the Pan-Am Games as he led Canada to a silver medal in the Men's Basketball tournament; as Canada defeated the United States in the semifinals then fell to Brazil in the gold medal game. Murray averaged 15 points per game in the tournament; with his most outstanding moment in the game against the United States. After going scoreless in the first three quarters, Murray proceeded to score 22 points throughout the fourth quarter and overtime of the semifinal game, which included a game-tying three that sent the game to overtime. Murray showed pure point guard skills, showcasing his scoring ability and also some very flashy passing. Murray also showed a ton of confidence, which is great considering he was the second youngest player in the Pan Am Games. Now another question must be asked; is John Calipari going to go all out and put all three point guards in the starting lineup? He got away with starting two centers and a power forward last season, and got away with starting three shooting guards the year before. So, who's to say that a Ulis, Briscoe, Murray starting front-court wouldn't be successful? We all know that Tyler Ulis is the shorty, still listed at 5'9", but he confirmed on his Instagram can now dunk. Isn't that a great thing to know. Briscoe is listed at 6'3" 205 lbs, and Jamal Murray is just under 6'5" 195 lbs. To say that this would be a small, undersized lineup would truly be an understatement; this would stick 6'8" senior Alex Poythress at the four and Skal Labissiere at the five. Each player brings great qualities to the floor that could make this potential lineup work. Tyler, as we saw last year, is just a naturally great floor general; runs the offense well, is so smooth with his ball handling and floor vision and makes the right passes. Showed solid offense as well, with a very reliable three-point shot and mid-range floater. Isaiah Briscoe is more athletic; he's going to get to the rim and finish, and probably break his fair share of ankles along the way. The jump shot is a work in progress, but 205 pounds isn't bad at all for a guard coming into his freshman season. Briscoe can bring what Ulis typically cannot when it comes to spacing the floor and getting to the rim. Jamal Murray will bring you just a little bit of everything, as he did in the Pan Am Games. Murray, though right handed, will attack to his left about eight out of ten times on half-court possessions and fast breaks. Murray's a good isolation player that can and will attack the basket; can either finish at the rim or pull up with a nice teardrop floater or jumper. Jamal shoots the three at an above average rate as well, and is almost as good of a flashy passer as Ulis. All three are great players, but a lineup with all of them together is no guarantee to work. It would be severely undersized, which would really hurt us when playing Duke, Kansas and LSU. There's no guarantee that Briscoe and Murray will excel as wing players either, which could hurt our half-court offense. Talk about a deadly team if they constantly went fast paced though. We try year in and year out trying to predict what the depth chart will look like the next season; who knows what Calipari is gonna come up with. | Mid | [
0.6381156316916481,
37.25,
21.125
] |
HIV in pregnancy: strategies for management. HIV/AIDS is now the leading cause of mortality in Africa. Measures for preventing HIV infection in women are central to any strategy to manage this disease in pregnancy. The use of anti-retrovirals (ARVs) has reduced vertical transmission in industrialized countries by about two-thirds. Recent ARV trials in developing countries reveal relative efficacies at 6 months of about 40% in breast feeding and 50% in non-breast feeding populations. New data on breast feeding adds to the information on the pathogenesis of postnatal transmission and can influence feeding recommendations. Strategies suitable and inappropriate for developing countries, and operational difficulties, are discussed. | High | [
0.691489361702127,
32.5,
14.5
] |
Princess Party My birthday party posts get a lot of views, so I thought I’d go back in time and write up the parties the kids had in the pre-blog days. Back when Maggie turned 5, she requested a princess party. I swore I would never allow such a thing, but when your little princess wants to be a princess it is tough to say no. As usual, it all started with the invitation design: (If you like this invitation, it is available for $10 in my Etsy store. I will customize it with your personal party details and email you the printable files within 48 hours!) The cake wasn’t my favorite, mostly because I’m not good and getting the frosting smoothed out enough and I didn’t have the patience for piping that day. But it was relatively simple. I baked a rectangular cake for the bottom, and two smaller sized round cakes for the upper levels. The turrets are ice cream cones rolled in pink sprinkles, the door is a Hershey bar, and the windows are white chocolate. Purple-wrapped Hershey Kisses and mini-marshmallows finished out the decorative touches: The guests were more than happy to show up in formal attire – it set a good tone for the event. Her big brother even clipped on a tie for the event! We carved a watermelon to look like a royal chariot, and filled it with fruit. I also dipped some pretzel rods in almond bark and rolled them in pink sprinkles. They made for delicious, edible princess wands. When it was time to dine, we set flowers on the table and used plastic champagne glasses to make the dinner feel “fancy.” The pink lemonade was perfect. You could bring out the fine china and silver to set a truly royal table, but we don’t own fine china or silver so we settled for paper plates. (No one complained, especially when it came time to do dishes!) We didn’t do much in the way of decorations for this party. There was a sign that said “Maggie’s Castle” on the door, but no red carpet entry (although that would have been easy). I used a dry erase marker and wrote “Mirror, Mirror on the Wall, Who’s the Fairest of them All?” on the bathroom mirror. Soon it was time for the Royal Treatment: Every party guest was treated to a pedicure. We set up an assembly line of moms on the deck, and the kids had their feet washed, soaked, massaged, and moisturized before selecting the polish of their choice. This was a hit! The kids also played dozens of rounds of “Princess and the Pea.” First, I read the fairy tale aloud to make sure all the guests knew the story. Next, we set out 3 pillows and hid a small ball underneath one. The “Princess” had to wriggle around each pillow and try to determine which one was hiding the “pea.” The kids loved this and played dozens of times, giving each child multiple chances to be the “princess.” I found many other ideas online: Pass the Poison Apple (hot potato) Pin the Slipper on Cinderella Royal Ball – a freeze dance until the music stops and someone yells “midnight” Bring in a “Royal Jester” who can juggle (I almost convinced my husband to do this…) Build castles with sugar cubes These were fun ideas, but in the end the kids preferred free play. I made sure there were plenty of coloring sheets, dress up clothes, a tea set, and dolls around so they could play. Most of our kids’ dress up clothes have come from the thrift store, but for Maggie’s birthday we bought her a sparkly new Belle princess dress. If you decide to buy a dress I would highly recommend the Little Adventures brand. Maggie’s is soft, comfortable, and still in good shape a full two years later. I bought it on amazon.com and they cost $20-$40. I still have mixed feelings about the Princess Party. We only own a couple Disney movies, and I certainly don’t want our daughter to believe those princesses are the normal standard of beauty. But in the end, I don’t think watching an occasional Disney flick is going to scar her for life. And to be honest, those Disney princesses have some pretty admirable traits tucked into their tiny waistlines. Who wouldn’t want to be Belle’s librarian? In the end, I believe Maggie’s role models will be real people, not colorful characters that only come to life on a screen. And of course our little princess will always have her dad and I reminding her of the most important princess lesson of all: | Low | [
0.484126984126984,
30.5,
32.5
] |
Accent Mirrors Mirror This round accent mirror will add an 'extra window' to your room. Due to its reflective properties, the mirror will make your room seem larger and lighter. With a design inspired from Palladian architecture, this mirror will add an elegant touch to your home. The Accent Mirrors Circular Mirror with Palladian Inspired Design by Coaster from Del Sol Furniture. We proudly serve the Phoenix, Glendale, Tempe, Scottsdale, Avondale, Peoria, Goodyear, Litchfield, Arizona area. Product availability may vary. Contact us for the most current availability on this product. Specifications Accent Mirrors Mirror Specifications Item & Dimensions Manufacturer Coaster Width (side to side) 47.25" W Depth (front to back) 47.25" D Height (bottom to top) 1" H Mirror Type Oval or Round Mirror Material & Finish Finish Brown Style Elements Style Traditional Frame Included Frame Material Metal Frame Description Palladian Inspired Window Design Warranty & Manufacturer Information Origin Imported Collection Description Coaster Accent Mirrors Description There is nothing better than having a full-length mirror in your bedroom to reflect light around the room and give you the perfect set up for getting ready for the day. Likewise, a mirror brightens a space for a welcoming atmosphere in a living room or foyer. This Accent Mirror Collection provides you with options from every style, finish, and shape to accommodate your tastes and preferences. With so many choices, you'll be sure to find something that fits your room beautifully. The Accent Mirrors collection is a great option if you are looking for Traditional furniture in the Phoenix, Glendale, Tempe, Scottsdale, Avondale, Peoria, Goodyear, Litchfield, Arizona area. Information Accuracy - We have taken great care to provide you with information that is accurate and useful. Please notify us if you find an error and we will do our best to correct it. We ask that you contact us directly or visit our stores to confirm information about pricing, color, features, dimensions, availability and special order lead times. Nothing on this page may be copied or reproduced without explicit permission. | Mid | [
0.544303797468354,
32.25,
27
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This invention relates to the wafer handling, and particularly to the transfer and holding, of semiconductor wafer substrates during semiconductor manufacture, more particularly, wafers of diameters of 200 millimeters (mm) and larger. In the semiconductor industry, many companies manufacture equipment to process semiconductor wafers, particularly silicon wafers, for device production. Semiconductor wafer processing equipment employs automated and robotic wafer handlers for moving the wafers through the processing equipment and for holding the wafers for processing. Wafer handlers in the industry typically involve the use of a vacuum chuck that includes a vacuum-type spatula or end effector on a robotic arm, which makes contact with the backside of the wafer. With the more versatile handlers, contact with the wafer is made by the vacuum chuck in a circular area at the center of the wafer. One such wafer handling system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,820,329, hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein. Such wafer handling is typical in many wafer processing machines for the processing of the device sides of the wafers. In semiconductor manufacture, when processing of the device side of a wafer is complete, a backside metallization layer is sometimes applied. For some devices, the metallization layer is often gold. Backside metallization with gold, and wafer holders for such processes, is described in the commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,258,228, filed Jan. 8, 1999, and hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein. For backside metallization, similar processing equipment is used as is used to process the device sides of wafers, but the wafer orientation is reversed. Reversal of the orientation of a partially processed wafer would expose the devices at the center of the wafer to contact by the vacuum chuck of the wafer transfer arm. The devices usually cannot be subjected to such contact without suffering damage. For this reason, vacuum chucks have been developed to grip the wafer along a 6 mm ring inside of the edge of the wafer. As a result, a 6 mm ring at the edge of the wafer is reserved as an exclusion zone in which the wafer cannot be used for device manufacture. The 6 mm ring of exclusion is needed to provide a surface area that is enough to enable a vacuum chuck to reliably hold the wafer in the vertical, horizontal and inverted orientations that are required of a handler. Typically, for a wafer of 200 mm in diameter, a 6 mm contact area on the wafer engaged by elements of the wafer handler along the edge of the wafer, amounts to an area of over 36 square centimeters or twelve percent of the area of the wafer. A need has been expressed in the industry for the contact areas between the wafers and the wafer handlers to be reduced, preferably to not more than two mm around the edge of a 200 mm or 300 mm wafer. A two mm exclusion zone contains an area of only about 12 square centimeters on a 200 mm wafer and 18 square centimeters on a 300 mm wafer. This need has not been filled in the prior art. Wafer handlers operate and are controlled in conjunction with the operation and control of the machines of which they are a part or with which they interact. Fundamental changes in the nature and operation of wafer handlers, if made, may be incompatible with, and can adversely affect, the operation and control of the semiconductor processing machines. Unless wafer handler changes are accompanied by replacement or redesign of the machines (e.g. via a kit), impact on operating software and on system operation can occur. These contact areas typically prevent use of the portion of the wafer bounded by the contacted area for device manufacture, limiting the per-wafer device yield. As pattern geometries become smaller and demands for higher per-wafer yield become greater, the need for increased useful area of the wafer becomes greater. Accordingly, there is a need for a wafer handler and a wafer handling technique that provides for a smaller contact area or exclusion zone where contact with the wafer is allowed. There is also a need for such improved wafer handling in a way that does not impact upon the operating software and systems operation of the machines with which such an improved handler or handling technique is used. A primary objective of the present invention is to provide for the engaging and transfer of a semiconductor wafer for backside processing while making minimal contact with the device side of the wafer. A particular objective of the invention is to provide for the engagement and transfer of a semiconductor wafer while contacting the wafer in a zone of exclusion adjacent the periphery of the wafer, and more particularly, where the zone of exclusion is not more than two mm wide. A further objective of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for the holding and transfer of wafers that is capable of holding and transferring wafers of differing sizes, particularly of diameters of 200 mm and 300 mm, and that is capable among wafers of differing sizes. Another objective of the invention is to provide a wafer holding and transferring system that provides for reduced device side contact for the backside processing of wafers that is compatible with, and can be retrofitted to, processing machines of the prior art that do not otherwise have such capability. A more particular objective of the invention is to provide for the retrofit of such a system to an existing processing machine with minimal impact on the hardware of the processing machine and with little or no impact on the operating software of the processing machine. According to the principles of the present invention, a wafer handling system is provided having a wafer transfer arm chuck, a centering station chuck and a load arm chuck which can hold and exchange wafers between chucks, wafer cassettes and processing machine wafer holders while contacting a reduced area on the surface of the wafer, and which is capable of contacting only an exclusion zone of preferably not more than approximately two mm in width adjacent the periphery of the wafer on the device side of the wafer during backside processing. In certain embodiments, the wafer chucks of the transfer arm and load arm have beveled edge rings or edge ring segments that are of a diameter larger than the diameter of the wafer. The beveled edge rings insure that only a narrow exclusion zone on the edge of the wafer comes into contact with surfaces on the chucks that support the wafer. For some applications, the centering station chuck may also be provided with such a beveled edge ring. In certain embodiments, an end effector chuck is provided on the transfer arm. The end effector is of multiple piece construction to achieve greater flatness, uses an internal vacuum channel to determine wafer presence and has ceramic outriggers that are adjustable to accommodate wafers of differing diameter, for example, diameters of 200 mm and 300 mm. The centering station chuck corrects wafer flat and crystal orientation of the wafer and wafer centering. The chuck is preferably of multiple piece construction and uses a vacuum channel to sense the presence of the wafer and optical sensors to sense the wafer flat orientation as the chuck rotates the wafer. The surface of the centering station chuck has recesses such as clearance grooves to allow the outriggers of the end effector to successfully place or remove a wafer within an acceptable window of the chuck orientation relative to a home position. The load arm chuck is in some respects similar to the centering station chuck in the way that it interacts with the transfer arm chuck but does not rotate to alter the orientation of the wafer. It uses a vacuum channel to determine wafer presence. The load arm has pivotal wafer edge hooks or gripper elements that grip the edge of the wafer within the exclusion zone. The gripper elements are pneumatically operated by electro-pneumatic actuators that can be responsive to the same electrical control signals that operate the vacuum controls as were the vacuum chucks of previous load arms. The gripper elements of the load arm chucks are actuated in response to the motion of the robot transfer arm in relation to the load arm or the load arm in relation to the wafer holder of the processing machine. The gripper elements may be pivotal gripper hooks, or in lieu of the pivotal gripper hooks, may be other types of wafer holding devices such rotary latches, similar to those having pivotal rollers or non-contact tabs of the described prior art, which can be rotated over the edge of the wafer to latch the wafer to the load arm chuck. The gripper elements allow the load arm to hold the wafer in a vertical orientation or facing downwardly and while being held in or moved through some other or different orientations. In certain embodiments of the invention, a vacuum chuck equipped system is retrofitted with mechanical wafer engaging chucks, particularly replacing the vacuum chucks on a transfer arm end effector, a wafer centering or aligning station and a wafer load arm. In such a system, the transfer arm may be operable to pick up and move horizontally disposed wafers, transferring them to and from wafer cassettes, the centering or aligning station and the load arm. Also, the chuck at the centering and aligning station may be operable to receive a wafer from the transfer arm, to orient and align the wafer and to return the wafer to a centered and oriented position on the transfer arm, also in a horizontal orientation. Additionally, the load arm chucks may be operable to move a wafer between the transfer arm chuck and a wafer holder of the wafer processing machine, or exchange one wafer with another, reorienting the wafers between a horizontal orientation on the transfer arm and a vertical orientation in the wafer holder of the processing machine. Wafers are held at least in part by gravity on the horizontally disposed, upwardly facing chucks of the transfer arm and aligning station and are held in part by gravity on the load arm chucks when they are horizontally disposed and upwardly facing during transfer of the wafers to and from the transfer arm, and by positive wafer edge gripper hooks, when being moved in other orientations. In certain embodiments of the invention, the controls of the wafer handling system are compatible with the controls of the vacuum chuck equipped, prior art machine so that the system can be retrofitted thereto without substantial hardware changes and without modification to the control software of the machine. Vacuum chuck control lines are used to sense the presence of wafers on the chucks. Gripper operating pneumatic cylinders are operated by electro-pneumatic solenoids that are controlled by electrical software vacuum command signals that were provided for vacuum chuck operation. Embodiments of the present invention may be provided in the form of a retrofit kit that includes the three chuck assemblies configured to replace vacuum chucks of the transfer arm, aligning station and load arm of existing processing machines. The method and apparatus of the present invention provides the advantage of increasing the useful area of a wafer by approximately four percent, or from 88% to 96% of the area of the wafer, reducing by two-thirds the exclusion zone or unusable area of the wafer, and providing, on average, similar increases in the number of devices produced per wafer, thereby improving the productivity of the semiconductor making processes and machinery. These and other objectives and advantages of the present invention will be more readily apparent from the following detailed description. | Mid | [
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When Robert Menendez arrived in the U.S. Senate in 2006, he was a relative pauper in a chamber often called a millionaires’ club. The New Jersey Democrat ranked 97th out of 100 senators in terms of his personal wealth, according to financial records filed that year and compiled by the Center for Responsive Politics. So Menendez’s decision last month to use his personal funds to reimburse a prominent political contributor $58,500 for two flights to the Dominican Republic came at a major cost. The repayment amounts to between 32 percent and 87 percent of the assets Menendez reported holding in bank accounts and stock, according to his latest financial-disclosure form, which was filed last year. Menendez repaid Florida eye doctor and political donor Salomon Melgen only after his free flights aboard Melgen’s plane became public and the subject of a Senate ethics complaint. A local New Jersey Republican group filed a complaint last November, alleging the senator had broken Senate rules by “repeatedly flying on a private jet to the Dominican Republic, and other locations.” Menendez reimbursed Melgen the $58,500 two months later, on Jan. 4, according to his office. In telling his own story, Menendez likes to talk about his scrappy roots. The first paragraph of the biography on his official Senate website notes that he is the son of immigrants who grew up in a tenement in Union City, N.J. Menendez, 59, rose from the local school board to mayor to state legislator to House member to U.S. senator. He recently became the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. As Menendez has accumulated political power, however, he has not accumulated great wealth. His 2011 financial disclosure, filed last May, lists checking and savings accounts that held somewhere between $66,003 and $165,000. (Congressional disclosure forms list assets in ranges.) He also owned stock in a single company, Metropolitan Life Insurance, worth between $1,001 and $15,000. A rental property he owned in Union City generated between $15,001 and $50,000 in income in 2011. (The property itself was valued at between a quarter-million and a half-million dollars, with Me-nendez still owing somewhere between $50,001 and $100,000 on the mortgage, the disclosure report shows.) Story continues It would appear to be a comfortable enough living, especially with a senator’s annual $174,000 salary. But not so comfortable that cutting a $58,500 check couldn’t have a profound impact. Menendez’s office declined to comment on the senator’s personal finances or the details of how he managed to pay back the $58,500 for the two flights. On Monday, Menendez told CNN that paying for the flights simply “fell through the cracks.” “When it came to my attention that payment had not taken place, I personally paid for them in order to meet my obligation,” he said. Government watchdogs are dubious. They say Menendez’s financial situation adds fuel to questions about his motives and whether the free flights he accepted were a simple oversight. “For a senator that’s not a Rockefeller, that’s real money,” said Meredith McGehee, policy director for the nonpartisan Campaign Legal Center. “It kind of makes you wonder.… If he knew in advance that the trips were going to cost him $60,000, would he have done it?” In the years after the Jack Abramoff scandal, which involved trips abroad for politicians, McGehee said it “stretches credibility” that Menendez was unaware he was receiving a gift while boarding a private flight to a Caribbean island. “You’re about to walk on a private plane, and you’re a public official—and that doesn’t occur to you?” she said. Melanie Sloan, executive director of Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, another watchdog group, was even less charitable. “He waited until he was caught to pay them back,” she said. “If you rob a bank—and you’re caught—you don’t say, ‘Take the money back and forget about it.’ ” In a statement, Menendez’s office defended the senator and said all flights had now been paid for. “Dr. Melgen has been a friend and political supporter of Senator Menendez for many years,” the statement said. “Senator Menendez has traveled on Dr. Melgen’s plane on three occasions, all of which have been paid for and reported appropriately.” (The third trip was previously paid for and reported by the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee, which Menendez chaired in 2009 and 2010, as the senator was traveling to raise funds.) The tale of Menendez and Melgen has taken dramatic twists and turns in recent weeks. A conservative website, The Daily Caller, first alleged last fall that Menendez had visited prostitutes during the Dominican trips with Melgen. The accusations didn’t draw wide media attention until the FBI raided Melgen’s Florida offices last week, though it is not clear the raid had any connection to Menendez. Menendez told CNN: “The bottom line is, all those smears are absolutely false.” The FBI would not comment. Melgen and his wife have been longtime political contributors to Menendez, dating back to the 1990s, giving tens of thousands of dollars. When Menendez chaired the DSCC in 2009, the Melgens gave the committee a combined $60,400. And in 2012, Melgen’s company gave $700,000 to a super PAC dedicated to electing Senate Democrats. That group, Majority PAC, spent $582,500 on Menendez’s behalf en route to his reelection last fall. In addition to the political giving, the Melgens supported a legal defense fund that Menendez created in 2011 to fend off a tea-party-backed recall effort. The state high court dismissed the recall effort, and Menendez used his legal fund, called the Fund to Uphold the Constitution, to pay his lawyers. “During the proceedings, the senator appreciated those who helped defray the costs of defending our democratic system from this frivolous, right-wing attack,” Menendez spokesman Paul Brubaker said. Salomon and Flor Melgen gave a combined $40,000 in 2011 and 2012 to the legal fund, making them its largest donors. | Low | [
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Q: Better performance: Multiple includes or preprocess data? What is the best option? (Performance on frequent requests permlink) Multiple access on data files (Several access to filesystem is a problem?): readfile("meta-data.html"); readfile("header.html"); readfile("ads.html"); readfile("body-tags.html"); readfile("ads2.html"); readfile("profile-target-userA.html"); ... Preprocess parts of the page with template and str_replace: $file = file_get_contents("template.code"); $file = str_replace("<!-- meta-data -->", $new_meta_data, $file); $file = str_replace("<!-- header-->", $new_header, $file); ... echo $file; Other alternative methods are welcome. A: Assuming that your OS has an I/O cache, the second approach may very well wind up being slower. Moving strings around in memory (which is what str_replace is going to do) can be considerably more expensive than hitting the disk, especially when the files are currently cached by the OS. However, you should be basing your template/view system on maintainability and flexibility, not just performance. It's better to sacrifice a bit in terms of performance to produce more maintainable templates. Usually, I see templates written as PHP files -- one would set a few variables and then include() the templates. PHP will then execute them, which gives you quite a bit of flexibility in coding your views. And, if a template file really is just HTML, include() will have the same effect as readfile(). | Mid | [
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Number of internally displaced people remains stable at 26 million A group of internally displaced women, one bearing a sleeping child, in Galkayo, Somalia. NEW YORK, United States, May 4 (UNHCR) – The number of people living in other parts of their homeland after fleeing conflict, generalized violence and human rights violations stood at 26 million last year, unchanged from 2007, according to the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC). A report by NRC's Geneva-based Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, released during a ceremony in New York last Friday, also said that the 26 million internally displaced people (IDP) included 4.6 million newly displaced in 2008, up 900,000 from the previous year, and an equivalent number of returns. "In the context of conflict prevention, forced displacement remains a major challenge, as does the protection of internally displaced persons," UN High Commissioner for Refugees António Guterres said at the launch of the report, which was presided over by NRC Secretary-General Elisabeth Rasmusson. The report said the biggest new displacement last year came in the Philippines, where 600,000 people fled fighting between the government and armed groups in the southern region of Mindanao. There were also large-scale displacements of 200,000 people or more in nine other countries: Sudan, Kenya, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Iraq, Pakistan, Somalia, Colombia, Sri Lanka and India. South and South-east Asia were the regions with the largest relative change in the number of IDPs last year, with a 13 percent increase from the end of 2007. The report noted that Africa was the most affected continent, with 11.6 million IDPs in 19 countries, though this figure was down nine percent on 2007. The countries with the largest number of internally displaced were the Sudan (4.9 million), Colombia (up to 4.3 million) and Iraq (2.8 million). "We all share the responsibility to assist and show our solidarity with the world's IDPs," said Rasmusson. " Millions of IDPs are forced to survive in appalling conditions, in informal settlements alongside local communities, or hiding in urban slums or forests from the groups who displaced them." The report said IDPs in 2008 were "exposed to a wide range of discrimination and human rights violations as a result of deliberate policies or neglect." It said that in 26 of 52 countries studied, the displaced continued to face attack and violence after moving. It highlighted the dangers faced by children, women, the elderly and ethnic minorities. High Commissioner Guterres said that the "narrowing of humanitarian space" was one of several challenges the world faced in trying to help internally displaced populations. He also stressed that the impact of the global financial crisis must not allow neglected situations to worsen. The budgets of many humanitarian agencies were shrinking, he said, while the problems for the world's most vulnerable people are increasing. Sir John Holmes, the UN's humanitarian affairs and emergency relief coordinator, said the scale of displacement was horrific. "Although the figures tell a story, they do not tell the whole story. There is an individual behind every number, and a family," he said at Friday's ceremony. He stressed the "need to work more upstream than downstream," intensifying efforts to prevent displacement. Mikhail Sebastian is a stateless man who has been living in the United States for more than a decade-and-a-half. In this video, he tells of the hardships he has faced and the importance of providing legal protections to stateless persons in the U.S. The internally displaced seek safety in other parts of their country, where they need help. A Photo Profile of Nansen Award Winner Edward Kennedy In recognition of his achievements as a life-long advocate on behalf of the world's most vulnerable people, the recipient of the 2009 Nansen Refugee Award is the late Edward Kennedy. The Senator was a champion for those who suddenly found themselves with no voice and no rights. Year after year, he put the plight of refugees on the agenda and drove through policies that saved and shaped countless lives. A Photo Profile of Nansen Award Winner Edward Kennedy Nansen Award presentation for the late Senator Edward Kennedy UNHCR's annual Nansen Refugee Award was posthumously awarded to Senator Edward Kennedy at a ceremony in Washington DC on October 29 for his life-long commitment to refugee rights. Kennedy's wife, Victoria, accepted the award on behalf of her late husband. In presenting the award, UN High Commissioner for Refugees António Guterres, praised the "vision and commitment" of Senator Kennedy in his support for the displaced. The prize money of US$100,000 will be donated to the Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate, where it will be used to train the next generation of leaders dedicated to the cause of refugee advocacy. The Nansen Award is given to an individual or organization for outstanding work on behalf of refugees. It was created in 1954 in honour of Fridtjof Nansen, Norwegian polar explorer, scientist and the first global High Commissioner for Refugees. Nansen Award presentation for the late Senator Edward Kennedy Victims of Conflict in Nigeria Find Safety in Cameroon Camp UN High Commissioner for Refugees António Guterres visited Cameroon in late March to put a spotlight on the situation there of tens of thousands of refugees from Nigeria. These people have escaped mounting violence by insurgents in the north-east of their country. Among the places that Guterres visited during his March 24-25 visit is the Minawao Refugee Camp, where many of the uprooted have been relocated. Situated some 120 kilometres from the dangerous border area with Nigeria in Cameroon's Far North region, Minawao camp is currently home to 33,000 Nigerian refugees, mainly from Borno state. Many of the arrivals are traumatized and in need of material and psycho-social help. They told the High Commissioner of losing their homes and belongings as well as members of their families. Some were injured. In total, an estimated 74,000 Nigerians have found refuge in Cameroon while cross-border incursions from Nigeria have displaced 96,000 Cameroonians. UNHCR photographer Hélène Caux also visited Minawao to hear the individual stories. Victims of Conflict in Nigeria Find Safety in Cameroon Camp Cameroon: High Commissioner Meets Nigerian Refugees In Minawao camp, Cameroon, Nigerian refugees get a chance to tell their stories to High Commissioner for Refugees António Guterres during his visit. UNHCR: An Appeal for Africa The High Commissioner for Refugees, António Guterres, called for more attention and help for African nations dealing with new and old displacements. Lebanon: UN Agency Chiefs Visit Bekaa Refugees The heads of UNHCR and the UN Development Programme visited Syrian refugees and joint projects in the Bekaa Valley, Lebanon. High Commissioner António Guterres said that the Syria crisis had become the worst humanitarian tragedy of our times. | Low | [
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--- abstract: 'In this work, we present a systematic study of the observed isoscalar tensor $f_2$ states. With the detailed analysis of the mass spectrum and calculation of the $f_2$ two-body strong decays, we extract information of their underly structures, and try to categorize them into the conventional tensor meson family ($n^{3}P_{2}$ $(n=1,2,3,4)$ and $m^{3}F_{2}$ ($m=1,2$) ). We also give predictions for other decay modes of these tensor mesons, which are useful for further experimental investigations.' author: - 'Zao-Chen Ye$^{1,2}$' - 'Xiao Wang$^{1,2}$' - 'Xiang Liu$^{1,2}$[^1]' - 'Qiang Zhao$^{1,2}$' title: The mass spectrum and strong decays of isoscalar tensor mesons --- [GBK]{} Introduction {#sec1} ============ During the past few decades, there have been about 14 $f_2$ states with masses smaller than 2.5 GeV observed in experiment. Although the Particle Data Group (PDG) [@Nakamura:2010zzi] has included them in the particle list, many of them have not yet been well-established in experimental analysis. Taking the advantage of rich experimental information, it is important to make a systematic analysis of these $f_2$ tensor mesons and try to understand their properties. In the quark model, meson typically is a bound state of a quark ($q$) and antiquark ($\bar{q}$), and $f_2$ tensor mesons have quantum numbers $I^G(J^{PC})=0^+(2^{++})$, which means that the relative orbital angular momentum between $q$ and $\bar{q}$ is either $L=1$ or $L=3$, and the total spin is $S=1$. Thus, to some extent the structure of $f_2$ tensor meson is much more complicated comparing with that of meson with $L=0$. Although many $f_2$ tensor states were reported by experiment, a comprehensive understanding of their properties is still unavailable. Firstly, how to categorizing these observed $f_2$ tensor states into the $q\bar{q}$ scenario is an intriguing question since the total number the observed $f_2$ states is larger than that required by the constituent quark model. It should be important to distinguish the conventional $q\bar{q}$ tensor mesons from these observed $f_2$ states. Secondly, a systematic theoretical study of the decay behavior of $f_2$ tensor mesons is also absent, especially their strong decays, which can provide abundant information for their internal structures [@Nakamura:2010zzi]. In this work, we perform the mass spectrum analysis of the $f_2$ tensor meson family with the current experimental information. By assigning the observed states into the quark model states with similar masses, we carry out the calculation of the $f_2$ two-body strong decays. The calculated results can be compared with the experimental measurement of the partial decay widths. This work is organized as follows. After the introduction, we give a brief review of the present experimental status of $f_2$ tensor mesons. In Sec. \[sec3\], the mass spectrum analysis is presented. In Sec. \[sec4\], the strong decays of the $f_2$ tensor mesons are investigated in the quark pair creation (QPC) model. Finally, the paper ends with the discussion and conclusion in Sec. \[sec5\]. Research status of $f_2$ tensor mesons {#sec2} ====================================== Experimental observations {#sec2exp} ------------------------- The present status of the so-far observed $f_2$ states are available in the PDG [@Nakamura:2010zzi]. In Table \[exp\], the resonance parameters, i.e. masses and widths, are listed. Among these 14 observed $f_2$ states, 6 states ($f_2(1270)$, $f_2^\prime(1525)$, $f_2(1950)$, $f_2(2010)$, $f_2(2300)$, $f_2(2340)$) are well established, while 6 states ($f_2(1430)$, $f_2(1565)$, $f_2(1640)$, $f_2(1810)$, $f_2(1910)$, $f_2(2150)$) are omitted from the summary tables of the PDG. In addition, 2 states ($f_2(1750)$, $f_2(2140)$) are listed as further states in the PDG [@Nakamura:2010zzi]. As follows, we give a brief review of the experimental status of these states. [ ccc cccccc]{}\ State&Mass&Width&State&Mass&Width\ $f_2(1270)$ &$1275.1\pm1.2$&$184.2^{+4.0}_{-2.4}$&$f_2^\prime(1525)$&$1525\pm5$&$73^{+6}_{-5}$\ $f_2(1950)$&$1944\pm 12$ &$472\pm 18$& $f_2(2010)$&$2011^{+60}_{-80}$&$202\pm60$\ $f_2(2300)$&$2297\pm28$&$149\pm 40$&$f_2(2340)$ &$2339\pm 60$&$319^{+80}_{-70}$\ \ State&Mass&Width&State&Mass&Width\ $f_2(1430)$&1430&&$f_2(1565)$&$1562\pm13$&$134\pm8$\ $f_2(1640)$&$1639\pm6$&$99^{+60}_{-40}$&$f_2(1810)$&$1815\pm12$&$197\pm22$\ $f_2(1910)$&$1903\pm9$&$196\pm31$&$f_2(2150)$&$2157\pm12$&$152\pm30$\ \ State&Mass&Width&State&Mass&Width\ $f_2(1750)$&$1755\pm10$&$67\pm12$&$f_2(2140)$&$2141\pm12$&$49\pm28$\ ### Established states The signal of $f_2(1270)$ was first observed in Ref. [@Boesebeck:1968zz]. Later, this state was confirmed in reactions $\pi^{-}p\to n2\pi^{0}$ [@Apel:1975at; @Apel:1982ee; @Alde:1998mc], $\pi^{-}p\to n 2K^{S}_{0}$ [@Longacre:1986fh] and $\pi^{-}p\to 4\pi^{0}n$ [@Alde:1987ki]. The BESII Collaboration observed $f_2(1270)$ in the $\pi\pi$ invariant mass spectrum of $J/\psi\to \phi \pi^{+}\pi^{-}$ [@Ablikim:2004wn] and $J/\psi\to \gamma\pi^{+}\pi^{-}$ [@Ablikim:2006db]. $f^{\prime}_2(1525)$ was reported in the reactions $\pi^{-}p\to K^{S}_{0}K^{S}_{0}n$ [@Crennell:1966ry; @Longacre:1986fh] and $\pi^{-}p\to K^{+}K^{-}n$ [@Gorlich:1979fn; @Chabaud:1981gq]. Later, it was also confirmed by the Mark-III and BESII collaborations in the $J/\psi$ radiative decay $J/\psi\to\gamma K^{+}K^{-}$ [@Becker:1986zt; @Augustin:1987fa; @Bai:1996dc; @Bai:2003ww]. In addition, BESII also found $f^{^\prime}_2(1525)$ in $J/\psi\to \phi K\bar{K}$ [@Ablikim:2004wn]. $f_2(1950)$ was first reported in the reaction $K^{-}p\rightarrow\Lambda K\overline{K}\pi\pi$ [@Doser:1988fw], and then confirmed by OMEG in $pp\rightarrow pp2(\pi^{+}\pi^{-})$ [@Antinori:1995wz; @Barberis:1997ve], $pp\rightarrow pp4\pi$ and $pp\rightarrow pp2\pi2\pi^{0}$ [@Barberis:1999wn]. In 2000, BES Collaboration also observed $f_2(1950)$ in $J/\psi$ radiative decay $J/\psi\rightarrow \gamma\pi^{+}\pi^{-}\pi^{+}\pi^{-}$ [@Bai:1999mm]. In 1982, a tensor structure around 2160 MeV was reported in $\pi^-p\to \phi\phi n$ by Ref. [@Etkin:1982bw]. Later, the partial wave analysis of the same reaction suggested three tensor resonances, among which one resonance has a mass of $2050^{+90}_{-50}$ MeV [@Etkin:1985se]. This signal was confirmed by the analysis presented in Ref. [@Etkin:1987rj]. This tensor structure is named as $f_2(2010)$ listed in PDG [@Etkin:1985se; @Etkin:1987rj]. Besides its coupling to the $\phi\phi$ channel, $f_2(2010)$ can also decay into $KK$ and a similar tensor structure was observed in $\pi^-p\to K_S^0K_S^0n$ with a mass of $\sim 1980$ MeV [@Bolonkin:1987hh] or $2005\pm 12$ MeV [@Vladimirsky:2006ky]. $f_2(2300)$ was observed in $\pi^-p\to \phi\phi n$ [@Etkin:1982bw; @Etkin:1987rj], $\pi^-p\to K_S^0K_S^0n$ [@Vladimirsky:2006ky], $\pi^-Be\to 2\phi Be$ [@Booth:1985kv]. In 2004, the Belle Collaboration also observed a structure at 2.3 GeV [@Abe:2003vn] in $\gamma\gamma\to K^+K^-$ [@Abe:2003vn], which was assigned to $f_2(2300)$. The study of $\phi\phi$ invariant mass spectrum in $\pi^-Be\to 2\phi Be$ reaction indicated a structure around $2392\pm 10$ MeV corresponding to $f_2(2340)$ [@Booth:1985kv]. This state was also observed in $\pi^-p\to \phi\phi n$ [@Etkin:1987rj] and $p\bar{p}\to \eta\eta\pi^0$ [@Uman:2006xb]. Thus, the observed decay channels of $f_2(2340)$ are $\phi\phi$ and $\eta\eta$. ### The $f_2$ states omitted from summary table of PDG $f_2(1430)$ was observed in $\pi^-p\to K_S^0 K_S^0 n$ [@Beusch:1967zz], which was confirmed by the ACCMOR Collaboration [@Daum:1984mj] and in Ref. [@Vladimirsky:2001ek]. Later, the Axial Field Spectrometer Collaboration found the evidence of a $2^{++}$ resonance with $m=1480\pm50$ MeV and $\Gamma=150\pm50$ MeV in $pp\to pp\pi^+\pi^-$ [@Akesson:1985rn]. Although these analyses favor the same masses around $1.43\sim 1.48$ GeV, the significant width differences suggest that they should be different states. $f_2(1565)$ was observed in antinucleon-nucleon annihilations and pion-nucleon scatterings, i.e. $\pi^-p\to \omega\omega n$ [@Amelin:2006wg], $\pi^-p\to\eta\pi^+\pi^-n$ [@Amelin:2000nm], $p\bar{p}\to \pi^0\eta\eta$ [@Amsler:2002qq], $p\bar{p}\to \pi^0\pi^0\pi^0$ [@Amsler:2002qq], $p\bar{p}\to \pi^+\pi^-\pi^0$ [@Bertin:1997kh; @May:1990jv] and $p\bar{n}\to \pi^+\pi^+\pi^-$ [@Bertin:1998hu]. The observed decay modes [@Nakamura:2010zzi] are $\pi\pi$, $\rho^0\rho^0$, $2\pi^+\pi^-$, $\eta\eta$ and $\omega\omega$. Signal for tensor state $f_2(1640)$ was first reported in $\pi^-p\to \omega\omega n$ [@Alde:1988ea]. The analysis of Ref. [@Adamo:1992xi] suggested a tensor structure around $1650$ MeV in $\pi^+\pi^+\pi^-\pi^-$ in $\bar{n}p\to 3 \pi^+2\pi^-$. Bugg [*et al.*]{} performed the analysis of $J/\psi\to \gamma \pi^+\pi^+\pi^-\pi^-$, where 6 isoscalar resonances including $f_2(1640)$ were considered for fitting the data [@Bugg:1995jq]. The Crystal Barrel Collaboration carried out the partial wave analysis of $p\bar{p}\to K^+K^-\pi^0$, where $f_2(1640)$ was also included [@Amsler:2006du]. The Bari-Bonn-CERN-Glasgow-Liverpool-Milano-Vienna Collaboration indentified a structure around 1.8 GeV in the $K^+K^-$ system produced in the reaction $\pi^-p\to K^+K^-n$ [@Costa:1980ji]. In Ref. [@Cason:1982xx], a tensor state at 1.8 GeV was observed when performing the amplitude analysis of the reaction $\pi^+\pi^-\to \pi^0\pi^0$. Later, the Serpukhov-Brussels-Los Alamos-Annecy(LAPP) Collaboration studied $\pi^-p\to \eta\eta n$ [@Alde:1985kp], $\pi^-p\to 4\pi^0 n$ [@Alde:1987ki] and $\pi^-p\to \pi^- p 4\pi^0$ [@Alde:1987rn], where a clear peak around 1810 MeV appeared in the $4\pi^0$ mass spectrum [@Alde:1987ki; @Alde:1987rn]. The Belle Collaboration [@Uehara:2010mq] measured $\eta\eta$ production in $\gamma\gamma$ fusion, and found a tensor state $f_2(1810)$. In Ref. [@Anisovich:2011in], Anisovich [*et al.*]{} proposed that $f_2(1810)$ was actually the same state as the $0^+$ state at 1790 MeV. In Ref. [@Alde:1990qd], $f_2(1910)$ was first observed in the $\omega\omega$ invariant mass spectrum of $\pi^- p\to \omega\omega n$. The WA102 Collaboration reported the evidence of $f_2(1910)$ in $pp\to p_f(\omega\omega) p_s$ [@Barberis:2000kc]. In order to describe $J^{PC}=2^{++}$ amplitudes in the $\omega\omega$ system, $f_2(1910)$ was needed in addition to $f_2(1565)$ [@Amelin:2006wg], and decay information for $f_2(1910)\to \omega\omega$ can be extracted. The last tensor state omitted from PDG is $f_2(2150)$. The WA102 Collaboration found the signal of $f_2(2150)$ in $pp\to p_f(\eta\eta)p_s$ [@Barberis:2000cd], and determined the ratio $B(f_{2}(2150)\to \eta\eta)/B(f_2(2150)\to K\bar{K})=0.78\pm0.14$. Further experimental information of $f_2(2150)$ can be found in PDG [@Nakamura:2010zzi]. ### Further states In 2006, $f_2(1750)$ was reported by analyzing $\gamma\gamma\ to K_S^0K_S^0$ in Ref. [@Shchegelsky:2006et], where the data were collected by the L3 experiment at LEP. The resonance parameters of $f_2(1750)$ are listed in Table \[exp\]. The partial widths of $f_2(1750)$ decays into $K\bar{K}$, $\pi\pi$ and $\eta\eta$ are $17\pm 5$ MeV, $1.3\pm 1.0$ MeV and $2.0\pm0.5$ MeV, respectively [@Shchegelsky:2006et]. In addition, by the $SU(3)$ analysis, the mixing angles between nonstrange ($n\bar{n}=(u\bar{u}+d\bar{d})/\sqrt{2}$) and strange ($s\bar{s}$) components are determined as $-1\pm 3$ degrees and $-10^{+5}_{-10}$ degrees [@Shchegelsky:2006et], which correspond to two tensor nonets $[f_2(1270),f_2^\prime(1525),a_2(1320)]$ and $[f_2(1560),f_2(1750),a_2(1700)]$, respectively. As a narrow enhancement, $f_2(2140)$ was observed in $\phi K^+K^-$ and $\phi\pi^+\pi^-$ final states, which are produced in $p$-$N$ interaction [@Green:1985pd]. Theoretical progress -------------------- In the past decades, there are many theoretical studies of the properties of the tensor $f_2$ states. In the following, we give a brief summary for the theoretical status of $f_2$ states. Lattice QCD (LQCD) calculations predict that the mass of a tensor glueball is around 2.3 GeV. It has thus initiated experimental motivations for the search of the glueball candidate in the study of the isoscalar tensor spectrum [@Chen:1994uw; @Morningstar:1999rf]. Bugg and Zou indicated that the $2^{++}$ glueball mixing with $q\bar{q}$ and $s\bar{s}$ states with $2^3P_2$ can explain why the mass of the observed $f_2(1565)$ is lower than the expected one [@Bugg:1996by]. In Ref. [@Barnes:1996ff], Barnes [*et al.*]{} calculated the strong decays of tensor meson with $2^3P_2$, where the mass of this state is taken as 1700 MeV. The result shows that that $\rho\rho$, $\omega\omega$, $\pi\pi$ and $\pi a_2$ are its important decay channels. Later, the decays of several $f_2$ mesons with $1^3P_2$, $2^3P_2$ and $1^3F_2$ were calculated using the $^3P_0$ model [@Barnes:2002mu]. By extending the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model, authors of Ref. [@Celenza:1999ev] carried out the covariant calculation of the properties of $f_2$ mesons. The calculated masses can be consistent with the corresponding experimental data of $f_2$ states below 2 GeV. Here, the obtained $f_2$ states with the $s\bar{s}$ component are around 1551 GeV and 1767 GeV, respectively, which also explains $f_2^\prime(1525)$ and $f_2(1750)$ as 1P and 2P $s\bar{s}$ state in the $f_2$ family, respectively [@Celenza:1999ev]. With the Chiral Perturbation Theory, Dobado [*et al.*]{} studied the elastic pion scattering in the $I=0$ and $J=2$ channel. They found that $f_2(1270)$ can be described well as a pole in the second Riemann sheet [@Dobado:2001rv]. Ebert [*et al.*]{} calculated the mass spectra of light mesons by the relativistic quark model [@Ebert:2009ub]. Reference [@Surovtsev:2011hn] provides a coupled-channel analysis of the data of $\pi\pi\to \pi\pi, K\bar{K}, \eta\eta$, and $f_2(1270)/f_2^\prime(1525)$ and $f_2(1600)/f_2(1710)$ extracted from the experimental data are categorized as the first and the second tensor nonets, respectively. In Ref. [@Giacosa:2005bw], the decays of the low-lying tensor mesons both into two pseudoscalar and into pseudoscalar-vector were studied and have shown to be in agreement with the $q\bar{q}$ interpretation. Moreover, the glueball candidate $f_J(2220)$ was also studied. In the mixing scheme of $f_2(1270)$ and $f_2^\prime(1525)$, Li [*et al.*]{} obtained the isoscalar singlet-octet mixing angle ($\theta=27.5^\circ$) and estimated the decays of $f_2(1270)$ and $f_2^\prime(1525)$ [@Li:2000zb]. Cheng and Shrock studied the mixing of $f_2(1270)$ and $f_2^\prime(1525)$ [@Cheng:2011fk], where the mixing angle of the flavor SU(3) singlet and octet was determined as $\theta_{T,ph}=29.5^\circ$ consistent with the value listed in PDG [@Nakamura:2010zzi]. Roca and Oset suggested that $f_2(1270)$, $\rho_3(1690)$, $f_4(2050)$, $\rho_5(2350)$ and $f_6(2510)$ are multi-$\rho(770)$ states [@Roca:2010tf]. In Ref. [@MartinezTorres:2009uk], the authors studied the productions of $f_2(1270)$ and $f_2^\prime(1525)$ via $J/\psi\to \phi(\omega)f_2(1270)$ and $J/\psi\to \phi(\omega)f_2^\prime(1525)$, respectively, where $f_2(1270)$ and $f_2^\prime(1525)$ are identified as the dynamically generated states via the vector-vector interactions from the hidden gauge formalism [@Geng:2010em]. The radiative decays $J/\psi\to \gamma f_{2}(1270)$ or $\gamma f_{2}^\prime(1525)$ were calculated in Ref. [@Geng:2009iw], and the two-photon and one photon-one vector meson decay widths of $f_2(1270)$, $f_2^\prime(1525)$ were obtained by treating $f_2(1270)$ and $f_2^\prime(1525)$ as the dynamically generated states [@Branz:2009cv]. Ma performed a QCD analysis for the radiative decay of heavy quarkonium with $^3S_1$ into $f_2(1270)$ and calculated the ratios of $B(\Upsilon\to \gamma f_2(1270))$ to $B(J/\psi\to \gamma f_2(1270))$, where the obtained ratios are in agreement with the experimental value [@Ma:2001tt]. Besides the above theoretical work under the framework of the conventional meson framework, many theoretical effort have been made in order to single out evidence for the isoscalar tensor glueball. The glueball-$q\bar{q}$ mixing was studied using Schwinger-type mass formulas in Ref. [@Burakovsky:2000gk], which suggested that $f_J(2220)$ should be a tensor glueball candidate. It was also shown that $f_2(1810)$ might have a large glueball component. In contrast, the decay of $f_2^\prime(1525)\to \pi\pi$ was consistent with its being a $q\bar{q}$ state [@Burakovsky:2000gk]. The relativistic flux tube model was applied to investigate the meson and glueball spectra, where $f_2(1950)$ and $f_2(2010)/f_2(2300)$ can be assigned as a pure $n\bar{n}$ and $s\bar{s}$ states, respectively, while $f_2(2340)$ was suggested as a good candidate of tensor glueball [@Buisseret:2007de]. In Ref. [@Li:2011xr], the mixing scheme of $f_2(1270)$, $f_{2}^\prime(1525)$ and the $2^{++}$ glueball was proposed. It shows that different models have quite different prescriptions for the classification of those observed tensor states. Because of this, it is of great importance to provide a systematic study of the tensor meson spectrum for any approaches. We emphasize again that this controversial status of the isoscalar tensor spectrum motivates us to make a systematic analysis of the strong decays of those tensor states. More details about the experimental and theoretical status of the tensor glueball studies can be found in Refs. [@Anisovich:1990ny; @Anisovich:2005iv; @Crede:2008vw; @Klempt:2007cp]. Mass spectrum analysis {#sec3} ====================== As summarized in Sec. \[sec2exp\], there exist abundant experimental observations of $f_2$ states beyond the $q\bar{q}$ scenario. As a starting point of categorizing these states, we first try to accommodate these states into the Regge trajectories for the mass spectrum [@Anisovich:2000kxa], i.e. $$\begin{aligned} M^{2}=M^{2}_{0} + (n-1) \mu^{2}\label{ha} \ ,\end{aligned}$$ where parameters $M_0$, $n$ and $\mu^2$ denote the mass of ground state, radial quantum number and the slope parameter of the trajectory, respectively. As shown in Ref. [@Anisovich:2000kxa], $\mu^2$ is usually in the range of $1.10$ to $1.40$ GeV$^{2}$ to give a reasonable description of the experimental data. [c]{} As a guidance for our categorizing the $f_2$ states, we give a comparison of the experimental data listed in Table \[exp\] and the result from the analysis of Regge trajectories with slope $\mu^2=1.10$ GeV$^2$ and $\mu^2=1.25$ GeV$^2$ for P-wave and F-wave $f_2$ mesons, respectively. Since $f_2(1270)$ and $f_2^\prime(1525)$ can be the ground states of $^{2s+1}J_L=$$^3P_2$ tensor with flavor contents $n\bar{n}=(u\bar{u}+d\bar{d})/\sqrt{2}$ and $s\bar{s}$, respectively, the corresponding Regge trajectories start from $(n,M_0^2)=(1,1.270^2)$ and $(1,1.525^2)$ as shown in Fig. \[RT\]. One notices that the number of tensor states listed in Table \[exp\] is more than that of states in the $q\bar{q}$ scenario. It indicates several possibilities: i) the signals with close masses could be due to the same state; ii) some states cannot be accommodated into the $q\bar{q}$ tensor meson family; iii) some signals might be produced by artificial effects, thus, should be omitted. Since how to distinguish these states is beyond the scope of this work, we simply list those states with close masses in Table \[RT\] when comparing with the result from the analysis of Regge trajectories. The result shown in Fig. \[RT\] indicates that $[f_2(1565)/f_2(1640)$, $f_2(1750)/f_2(1810)]$, $[f_2(1910)/f_2(1950)$, $f_2(2120)/f_2(2140)/f_2(2150)]$ and $[f_2(2220), f_2(2370)]$ can be organized as the first, second, and third radial excitations of $[f_2(1270), f_2^\prime(1525)]$, respectively. As discussed above, we cannot distinguish $f_2(1565)$ and $f_2(1640)$ by the analysis of Regge trajectories since their masses are close to each other. The situations for $f_2(1750)/f_2(1810)$, $f_2(1910)/f_2(1950)$ and $f_2(2140)/f_2(2150)$ are similar to that of $f_2(1565)/f_2(1640)$. Thus, further study of strong decay behavior of these $f_2$ states will be helpful to clarify their properties. The details will be given in Sec. \[sec4\]. We also try to group those $P$-wave $f_2$ mesons in association with the corresponding $a_2$ and $K_2$ mesons to form tensor nonets, i.e. $$\begin{aligned} &&1P: f_2(1270), f_2^\prime(1525), a_2(1320), K_2^*(1430), \\ &&2P: \left\{\begin{array}{c} f_2(1565)\\f_2(1640) \end{array} \right., \left\{\begin{array}{c} f_2(1750)\\f_2(1810) \end{array} \right., a_2(1700), K_2^*(?),\\ &&3P: \left\{\begin{array}{c} f_2(1910)\\f_2(1950) \end{array} \right., \left\{\begin{array}{c} f_2(2140)\\f_2(2150) \end{array} \right., a_2(1950), K_2^*(1980),\\ &&4P: f_2(2220), f_2(2370), a_2(2250), K_2^*(?),\end{aligned}$$ where two tensor $K_2^*(?)$ mesons corresponding to $2P$ and $4P$ states are absent in experiment. The mass spectrum analysis shown in Fig. \[RT\] also indicates that $f_2(2010)$ and $f_2(2300)$ are possible candidates for the $1^3F_2$ and $2^3F_2$ states, respectively, when taking the slope $\mu^2=1.25$ GeV$^2$. In the next section, we will discuss the possibility of treating the reported $f_2(2300)$ or $f_2(2340)$ as the first radial excitation of $f_2(2010)$. Strong decay behavior {#sec4} ===================== For obtaining the two-body strong decay behavior of these discussed $f_2$ states, we adopt the Quark Pair Creation (QPC) model [@Micu:1968mk], which have been extensively applied to the study of the strong decay of hadrons [@yaouanc; @LeYaouanc:1977gm; @LeYaouanc:1988fx; @vanBeveren:1979bd; @vanBeveren:1982qb; @Bonnaz:2001aj; @sb; @Lu:2006ry; @Luo:2009wu; @Blundell:1995ev; @Page:1995rh; @Capstick:1986bm; @Capstick:1993kb; @Ackleh:1996yt; @Close:2005se; @Zhou:2004mw; @Guo:2005cs; @Zhang:2006yj; @Chen:2007xf; @Li:2008mz; @Sun:2009tg; @Liu:2009fe; @Sun:2010pg; @Yu:2011ta; @Wang:2012wa]. For the calculation of two-body strong decay of a hadron, the operator $T$ accounting for the $q\bar{q}$ creation from the vacuum is introduced by $$\begin{aligned} T&=& - 3 \gamma \sum_m\: \langle 1\;m;1\;-m|0\;0 \rangle\, \int {\rm d}{\bm{k}}_3 \; {\rm d}{\bm{k}}_4 \delta^3({\bm{k}}_3+{\bm{k}}_4) \nonumber\\&&\times{\cal Y}_{1m}\left(\frac{{\bm{k}}_3-{\bm{k}_4}}{2}\right)\; \chi^{3 4}_{1, -\!m}\; \varphi^{3 4}_0\;\, \omega^{3 4}_0\; d^\dagger_{3i}({\bm{k}}_3)\; b^\dagger_{4j}({\bm{k}}_4)\,\label{tmatrix}\end{aligned}$$ where the definitions of flavor singlet, color singlet and the $\ell$th solid harmonic polynomial are as follows $$\begin{aligned} \varphi^{34}_{0}&=&\frac{u\bar u +d\bar d +s \bar s}{\sqrt 3},\,\, \omega_{0}^{34}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\delta_{\alpha_3\alpha_4}\,(\alpha=1,2,3),\\ &&\qquad\mathcal{Y}_{\ell m}(\bm{k})= |\bm{k}|^{\ell}Y_{\ell m}(\theta_{k},\phi_{k}).\end{aligned}$$ In Eq. (\[tmatrix\]), $i$ and $j$ are the $SU(3)$ color indices of the created quark and anti-quark, and $\chi_{{1,-m}}^{34}$ denotes a spin triplet state. The transition matrix element for $A$ decay into $B$ and $C$ can be expressed in terms of the helicity amplitude as $$\begin{aligned} \langle{}BC|T|A\rangle=\delta^3(\bm{K}_B+\bm{K}_C-\bm{K}_A)\mathcal{M}^{M_{J_A}M_{J_B}M_{J_C}}.\end{aligned}$$ By the Jacob-Wick formula [@Jacob:1959at], the partial wave amplitude $\mathcal{M}^{J L}$ can be further related to the helicity amplitude $\mathcal{M}^{M_{J_A} M_{J_B} M_{J_C}}$. Thus, the partial decay width can be written as $$\begin{aligned} \Gamma = \pi^2 \frac{{|\bm{K}|}}{M_A^2}\sum_{JL}\Big |\mathcal{M}^{J L}\Big|^2,\end{aligned}$$ where $|\bm{K}|$ is the three momentum of the daughter hadrons in the initial state center of mass (c.m.) frame. In Eq. (\[tmatrix\]), a dimensionless parameter $\gamma$ is introduced for describing the strength of the quark pair creation from the vacuum. It can be extracted by fitting the experimental data, for which 15 decay channels are included as listed in Table \[fit\]. In the numerical calculation of the partial decay width, we adopt the harmonic oscillator wave function for the spatial wave function of the meson, [*i.e.*]{}, $\Psi_{n,\ell m}(R,\bm{k})=\mathcal{R}_{n,\ell}(R,{\bm k})\mathcal{Y}_{n,\ell m}({\bm k})$, where ${R}$ is determined by reproducing the realistic root mean square radius by solving the Schrödinger equation with the linear potential [@Close:2005se; @Yu:2011ta], i.e., we have relation $$\sqrt{\langle r^2 \rangle}\equiv\bigg(\int \Psi^*_{n,\ell m}(R,\bm{r}) r^2 \Psi_{n,\ell m}(R,\bm{r}) d^3r\bigg)^{1/2},$$ where $\sqrt{\langle r^2 \rangle}$ is from solving the Schrödinger equation with the linear potential. By this relation, we finally get the $R$ value for the corresponding meson. The resonance parameters of the mesons involved in our calculation are taken from the data listed in PDG [@Nakamura:2010zzi]. We define $\chi^{2}=\sum_{i}(\Gamma_{i}^{theory}-\Gamma^{exp}_{i})^{2}/\delta^{2}_{\Gamma_{i}}$, where $\delta_{\Gamma_i}$ denotes the average experimental error of each partial decay width. By minimizing $\chi^{2}$, we obtain $\gamma_{0}=8.7$, and the corresponding experimental data and theoretical results are shown in Table \[fit\]. In the following, we present the numerical results for the partial decay widths of those isoscalar tensor states. Decay channel Measured width (MeV) [@Nakamura:2010zzi] QPC (MeV) -------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ----------- -- -- -- -- -- $b_{1}(1235)\rightarrow \omega\pi$ 142$\pm$8 119.5 $\phi\rightarrow K^{+}K^{-}$ 2.08$\pm$0.02 1.82 $a_{2}(1320)\rightarrow \eta\pi$ 15.5$\pm$0.7 22.6 $a_2(1320)\rightarrow K\overline{K}$ 5.2$\pm$0.2 2.1 $\pi_2(1670)\rightarrow f_2(1270)\pi$ 145.8$\pm$5.1 118.7 $\pi_2(1670)\rightarrow \rho\pi$ 80.3$\pm$2.8 70.1 $\rho_{3}(1690)\rightarrow \pi\pi$ 38$\pm$2.4 57.9 $\rho_{3}(1690)\rightarrow \omega\pi$ 25.8$\pm$1.6 71.7 $\rho_{3}(1690)\rightarrow K\overline{K}$ 2.5$\pm$0.2 1.3 $K^{*}(892)\rightarrow K\pi$ 48.7$\pm$0.8 28.4 $K^{*}(1410)\rightarrow K\pi$ 15.3$\pm$1.4 13.3 $K^{*}_{0}(1430)\rightarrow K\pi$ 251$\pm$74 165.5 $K^{*}_{2}(1430)\rightarrow K\pi$ 54.4$\pm$2.5 66.8 $K^{*}_{2}(1430)\rightarrow K^{*}(892)\pi$ 26.9$\pm$1.2 33.6 $K^{*}_{2}(1430)\rightarrow K\rho$ 9.5$\pm$0.4 13.2 $K^{*}_{2}(1430)\rightarrow K\omega$ 3.16$\pm$0.15 3.9 : The measured partial decay widths of 16 decay channels and the comparison with theoretical calculation (the third column). Here, the minimum of $\chi^2$ is $2149$. \[fit\] The ground states in tensor meson family ---------------------------------------- As the candidate of $1^{3}P_{2}$ tensor states, $f_2(1270)$ and $f^\prime_2(1525)$ can be regarded as the mixture of $N=(u\bar{u}+d\bar{d})/{\sqrt{2}}$ and $S=s\bar{s}$ $$\begin{aligned} |f_2(1270)\rangle&=&\sin\phi|N\rangle+\cos\phi|S\rangle,\label{1} \\ |f^\prime_2(1525)\rangle&=&\cos\phi|N\rangle-\sin\phi|S\rangle\label{2}\end{aligned}$$ with $\phi\equiv \theta+54.7^\circ$, where $\theta$ is the mixing angle between the SU(3) flavor singlet and octet. In our calculation, we take $\theta=29.6^\circ$ from PDG [@Nakamura:2010zzi], which corresponds to $\phi=84.3^\circ$. In Ref. [@Giacosa:2005bw], a similar value for the mixing angle $\theta$ was found. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ![(color online). The obtained two-body partial decay widths of $f_2(1270)$ and $f_2^\prime(1525)$ dependent on the $R$ value and the comparison with the experimental data (the dashed lines with bands). Here, the experimental width of $f_2(1270)$ and $f_2^\prime(1525)$ are taken from Refs. [@Boesebeck:1968zz] and [@Acciarri:2000ex], respectively. The experimental partial widths of $f_2(1270)$ decays into $K\bar{K}$ and $\eta\eta$ are given by Refs. [@Shchegelsky:2006et] and [@Nakamura:2010zzi], respectively. \[1270/1525\]](n1.eps "fig:") ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In Fig. \[1270/1525\], we present the calculated partial decay widths of $f_2(1270)$ and $f_2^\prime(1525)$ in terms of parameter $R$ within a typical range of values. For $f_2(1270)$, our calculation indicates that $\pi\pi$ channel is its dominant decay mode and $\Gamma(f_2(1270)\to K\bar{K})>\Gamma(f_2(1270)\to \eta\eta)$. These decay behaviors are consistent with the experimental observation [@Nakamura:2010zzi]. We also notice that the PDG data ($\Gamma_{\eta\eta}=0.74\pm0.14$ MeV) [@Nakamura:2010zzi] can be described by our calculation of the decay width of $f_2(1270)\to \eta\eta$ well. However, the obtained $\Gamma(f_2(1270)\to K\bar{K})$ is about $0.27\sim0.35$ times smaller than the data [@Nakamura:2010zzi]. The sum of the theoretical two-body strong decays of $f_2(1270)$ can reach up to $120.5\sim 97.5$ MeV corresponding to $R=3.2\sim 4.2$ GeV$^{-1}$. This value is smaller than the experimental average width $\Gamma_{f_2(1270)}=184.2^{+4.0}_{-2.4}$ MeV [@Nakamura:2010zzi], but comparable with the results of measurements of Refs. [@Boesebeck:1968zz; @Tikhomirov:2003gg]. Actually, there still exist large experimental discrepancies among different experimental measurements of the $f_2(1270)$ width as listed in PDG [@Nakamura:2010zzi]. Further experimental study of the resonance parameter of $f_2(1270)$ is still needed. In addition, we note that we do not include the partial width of $f_2(1270)$ decays into multipions (the sum of the branching ratios of $f_2(1270)\to \pi^+\pi^-2\pi^0, 2\pi^+2\pi^-$ is about $9.9\%$ [@Nakamura:2010zzi]) when making the comparison between our calculation and the experimental data. Thus, the difference between our result and the central value of the $f_2(1270)$ width [@Boesebeck:1968zz] shown in Fig. \[1270/1525\] can be understood. The results for $f_2^\prime(1525)$ is presented in the lower panel of Fig. \[1270/1525\]. The sum of the two-body strong decays of $f_2^\prime(1525)$ calculated in this work overlaps with the experimental data from seven experiments, i.e. $108^{+5}_{-2}$ MeV [@Longacre:1986fh], $102\pm42$ MeV [@Tikhomirov:2003gg], $100\pm15$ MeV [@Acciarri:2000ex], $90\pm12$ MeV [@Aston:1987am], $103\pm30$ MeV [@Augustin:1987fa], $104\pm10$ MeV [@Shchegelsky:2006et], $100\pm3$ MeV [@Falvard:1988fc]. The calculated $\Gamma(f'_2(1525)\to K\bar{K})$ is about $70.4\sim75.3$ MeV corresponding to $R=2.8\sim3.8$ GeV$^{-1}$, which is comparable with the experimental average value $65^{+5}_{-4}$ MeV listed in PDG [@Nakamura:2010zzi]. Our result suggests $\Gamma(f^\prime_2(1525)\to K\bar{K}^{*}+h.c.)$ is about 24.1 MeV ($R=3.125$ GeV$^{-1}$), which shows that $K\bar{K}^{*}+h.c.$ is an important decay channels of $f_2^\prime(1525)$. We also suggest future experiment to carry out the search for $f_2^\prime(1525)$ in the $K\bar{K}^{*}+h.c.$ decay channel. We obtain $\Gamma( f^\prime_2(1525)\to \eta\eta)=1.63$ MeV with the typical value $R=3.125$ GeV$^{-1}$, which is smaller than the experimental data ($\Gamma_{\eta\eta}=5\pm0.8$ MeV [@Shchegelsky:2006et]). The obtained $\Gamma(f^\prime_2(1525)\to \pi\pi)=2.94$ MeV with the typical value $R=3.125$ GeV$^{-1}$ is also comparable with the data $\Gamma_{\pi\pi}=1.4^{+1.0}_{-0.5}$ MeV [@Longacre:1986fh]. It should be noted that the partial width of $f_2^\prime(1525)\to \pi\pi$ is sensitive to the mixing angle $\phi$. States Ratios This work Experimental data -------------- -- ------------------------------------------- -- ----------- -- --------------------------------------------- -- $f_2(1270)$ $\Gamma_{K\bar{K}}/\Gamma_{\pi\pi}$ $0.0239$ $0.041\pm0.005$ [@Nakamura:2010zzi] $\Gamma_{\eta\eta}/\Gamma_{\pi\pi}$ $0.0073$ $0.003\pm0.001$ [@Barberis:2000cd] $\Gamma_{\eta\eta}/\Gamma_{total}$ $0.0068$ $0.004\pm0.0008$ [@Nakamura:2010zzi] $f'_2(1525)$ $\Gamma_{\eta\eta}/\Gamma_{K\bar{K}}$ $0.0217$ $0.115\pm0.028$ [@Nakamura:2010zzi] $\Gamma_{\pi\pi}/\Gamma_{K\bar{K}}$ $0.0393$ $0.075\pm0.035$ [@Augustin:1987da] $\Gamma_{\pi\pi}/\Gamma_{\mathrm{total}}$ $0.0286$ $0.027^{+0.071}_{-0.013}$ [@Gorlich:1979fn] : Several ratios of the partial decay widths of $f_2(1270)$ and $f_2^\prime(1525)$, and the comparison with the experimental data. \[BR1\] Additionally, several partial decay width ratios of $f_2(1270)$ and $f_2^\prime(1525)$ are calculated and listed in Table \[BR1\] to compare with the corresponding experimental values. $n^{2S+1}L_J=2^{3}P_{2}$ tensor mesons {#n2} -------------------------------------- As indicated in Fig. \[RT\], the analysis of Regge trajectories supports $f_2(1640)$ and $f_2(1810)$ to be the candidates of $2 ^{3}P_{2}$ tensor states. Different from these two ground states discussed above, the information of the mixing angle of $f_2(1640)$ and $f_2(1810)$ are still unclear at present. In a realistic picture, $f_2(1640)$ and $f_2(1810)$ cannot be as pure $n\overline{n}$ and $s\overline{s}$ states, respectively. Thus, we take the range of $\phi$ ($\phi=(75\sim 90)^\circ$) when calculating the strong decays of $f_2(1640)$ and $f_2(1810)$, where $\phi=90^\circ$ denotes $f_2(1640)/f_2(1810)$ as the pure $n\overline{n}/s\overline{s}$ state. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ![(color online). The partial decay width of $f_2(1640)$ dependent on the $R$ value and the comparison with the experimental data (the dash-dot lines with yellow band from Ref. [@Bugg:1995jq]). Here, the solid and dashed lines are the results taking the typical values $\phi=90^{\circ}$ and $\phi=75^{\circ}$, respectively. \[1640\]](nn1640.eps "fig:") ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ If $f_2(1640)$ are the first radial excitation of $f_2(1270)$, the obtained total width of its two-body strong decay overlaps with the MARK3 data [@Bugg:1995jq] as shown in Fig. \[1640\]. The main decay channels of $f_2(1640)$ are $\pi\pi$, $\pi a_1(1260)$, and $\pi\pi(1300)$. In addition, several important decays of $f_2(1640)$ include $\rho\rho$, $\omega\omega$ and $\pi a_2(1320)$, which are dependent on $R$ value due to the node effect. In experiment, $f_2(1640)\to \omega\omega$ was reported in Ref. [@Alde:1988ea]. The $4\pi$ channel of $f_2(1640)$ decays was also observed in Ref. [@Alde:1988ea]. If it is due to the $\rho\rho$ contribution, our calculation turns out to be consistent with this observation. The $f_2(1640)\to K\bar{K}$ decay width shown in Fig. \[1640\] is supported by the experimental observation of Ref. [@Amsler:2006du]. The result in Fig. \[1640\] indicates that its $K\bar{K}$, $K\bar{K}^*+h.c.$ and $\eta\eta$ decay channels are sensitive to the mixing angle $\phi$, which can be interesting channels to test the mixing angle. Although we take $f_2(1640)$ as the candidate of the first radial excitation of $f_2(1270)$, we can actually compare our result with the experimental information of $f_2(1565)$ since our results are insensitive to the mass of the initial state. As listed in PDG [@Nakamura:2010zzi], the reported decay channel of $f_2(1565)$ are $\pi\pi$, $\rho\rho$, $\eta\eta$, $\omega\omega$, $K\bar{K}$, which are also supported by our result in Fig. \[1640\]. At present, $f_2(1640)$ and $f_2(1565)$ are not classified as the established states in PDG. According to our calculation, $\pi\pi$ is the dominant decay channel of $f_2(1640)$. However, the $f_2(1640)\to \pi\pi$ decay is still missing in experiment. We need to find a suitable reason to explain the absence of the $f_2(1640)\to \pi\pi$ decay. Besides the mass difference of $f_2(1640)$ and $f_2(1565)$, we notice that both $f_2(1640)$ and $f_2(1565)$ are of similar decay behaviors. Thus, we suggest further experiment to examine whether $f_2(1640)$ and $f_2(1565)$ are the same state, and clarify why $f_2(1640)\to \pi\pi$ is absent in experiment while $f_2(1565)\to \pi\pi$ has been observed. In Ref. [@Baker:1999ac], Baker [*et al.*]{} once indicated that $f_2(1565)$ and $f_2(1640)$ could be the same resonance. Since the $\omega\omega$ decay mode of $f_2(1565)$ has a relatively high threshold, the resonance peak position is shifted to higher mass of 1640 MeV. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ![(color online). The two-body strong decay widths of $f_2(1810)$ dependent on the $R$ value and mixing angle $\phi$. The solid and dashed lines in each diagram shown in the first and second columns correspond to the results taking the typical value $\phi=85^{\circ}$ and $\phi=75^{\circ}$, respectively. Here, the experimental width (the dash-dot line with yellow band) of $f_2(1810)$ is taken from Ref. [@Alde:1987rn]. The bands appearing in the diagrams in the third column are due to $\phi=(75\sim 85)^\circ$ taken in our calculation, where the solid lines are the typical values with $\phi=80^\circ$. \[1810\]](ss1810.eps "fig:") ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ In Fig. \[1810\], the partial decay widths of $f_2(1810)$ as the first radial excitation of $f_2^\prime(1525)$ are given. We find that the calculated total width of $f_2(1810)$ is consistent with the experimental data [@Alde:1987rn] when taking $R=3.37$ GeV$^{-1}$. The dominant decay of $f_2(1810)$ is $K^*\bar{K}^*$ while other sizeable decays include $K\bar{K}$, $K\bar{K}^*$, $KK_1(1270)$. As the mixing state of $n\bar{n}$ and $s\bar{s}$, $f_2(1810)$ can also decay into $\rho\rho$, $\pi\pi$, $\pi\pi(1300)$, $\omega\omega$, and $\pi a_2(1320)$, which are shown in the third column of Fig. \[1810\]. It shows that the obtained partial widths are strongly dependent on the mixing angle $\phi$ due to the dominance of the $s\bar{s}$ component in the $f_2(1810)$ flavor wave function. Taking $\phi=85^\circ/75^\circ$ and $R=3.37$ GeV$^{-1}$, we obtain the typical values of the partial widths of $f_2(1810)$, i.e. the decay widths of $K^{*}\bar{K}^{*}$, $K\bar{K}_1(1270)+h.c.$, $K\bar{K}^*+h.c.$, and $K\overline{K}$ are respectively $106.2/76.3$ MeV, $23.8/18.0$ MeV, $16.9/12.2$ MeV, and $10.4/8.6$ MeV. As the further states listed in PDG [@Nakamura:2010zzi], the masses of $f_{2}(1750)$ and $f_2(1810)$ are close to each other. Because the results presented in Fig. \[1810\] are not strongly dependent on the mass of the initial state, we also compare our result with the experimental data for $f_2(1750)$. It shows that the calculated $K\bar{K}$ decay width is consistent with the experimental data ($\Gamma_{K\bar{K}}=17\pm 5$ MeV) in Ref. [@Shchegelsky:2006et]. Similar to the situation of $f_2(1640)$ and $f_2(1565)$ discussed above, the issue of whether $f_{2}(1810)$ and $f_2(1750)$ can be categorized as the same state should be clarified in future experiment, especially by the measurement of the resonance parameters of $f_{2}(1810)$ and $f_2(1750)$. $n^{2S+1}L_J=3^{3}P_{2}$ tensor mesons {#n3} -------------------------------------- According to the analysis of mass spectrum in Fig. \[RT\], $f_2(1910)$ and $f_2(1950)$ can be candidates of the second radial excitation of $f_2(1270)$. Since the masses of $f_2(1910)$ and $f_2(1950)$ are close to each other, it is difficult to distinguish them only by the mass analysis. We notice the large difference of the widths of $f_2(1910)$ and $f_2(1950)$. Namely, the average value of the width of $f_2(1950)$ is $472\pm18$ MeV, which is significantly larger than that of $f_2(1910)$, i.e. $\Gamma_{f_2(1910)}=196\pm31$ MeV [@Nakamura:2010zzi]. Thus, the strong decay study of tensor meson with $3 ^{3}P_{2}$ can tell us which state is suitable to be categorized as the candidate of the second radial excitation of $f_2(1270)$. As shown in Fig. \[1910\], under the $3 ^{3}P_{2}$ assignment to $f_2(1910)$, the calculated total width of the $f_2(1910)$ two-body strong decays is in agreement with the experimental width given in Ref. [@Amelin:2006wg], where we take $R=4.55\sim4.70$ GeV$^{-1}$. Our calculation also provides the information of its dominant decay ($\pi\pi$) and other sizeable decays ($\pi\pi(1300)$, $\pi\pi_2(1670)$, $\pi a_1(1260)$, $\rho\rho$, $\omega\omega$, and $K\bar{K}$). The data for $f_2(1910)\to K\bar{K}$, $\eta\eta$, $\omega\omega$, $\eta\eta^\prime$ and $\rho\rho$ are available in experiment [@Nakamura:2010zzi], and we present several ratios between the partial decay widths to compare with the data: $$\begin{aligned} \frac{\Gamma_{\omega\omega}}{\Gamma_{\eta\eta^\prime}}=1.8\sim 2.9, \quad \frac{\Gamma_{\rho\rho}}{\Gamma_{\omega\omega}}=3.4\sim 3.8\end{aligned}$$ with $R=4.55\sim4.70$ GeV$^{-1}$. The corresponding measurements are ${\Gamma_{\omega\omega}}/{\Gamma_{\eta\eta^\prime}}=2.6\pm0.6$ and ${\Gamma_{\rho\rho}}/{\Gamma_{\omega\omega}}=2.6\pm0.4$ [@Barberis:2000kc], respectively. Furthermore, it shows that $f_2(1950)$ is not favored to be classified as the second radial excitation of $f_2(1270)$ since the obtained total width in Fig. \[1910\] are far smaller than the width of $f_2(1950)$. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ![(color online). The partial decay width of $f_2(1910)$ dependent on the $R$ value and the comparison with the experimental data (the dash-dot lines with yellow band from Ref. [@Amelin:2006wg]). The partial widths presented here are arranged in the same way as in Fig. \[1640\]. \[1910\]](nn1910.eps "fig:") ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ![(color online). The two-body strong decay behavior of the second radial excitation of $f_2^\prime(1525)$ dependent on the $R$ value and mixing angle $\phi$. The solid and dashed lines in each diagram s correspond to the results taking the typical value $\phi=85^{\circ}$ and $\phi=75^{\circ}$, respectively. Here, the experimental width (the dash-dot line with yellow band) of $f_2(2150)$ is taken from Ref. [@Nakamura:2010zzi]. The bands appearing in the diagrams corresponding to $\rho b_1(1235)$, $\pi\pi_2(1670)$, $\pi\pi$, $\pi a_2(1320)$, $\pi\pi(1300)$, $\pi a_1(1260)$, $\rho\rho$, $\omega\omega$ channels are due to $\phi=(75\sim 85)^\circ$ taken in our calculation, where the solid lines are the typical values with $\phi=80^\circ$. \[2140\]](ss2140.eps "fig:") ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In the following analysis, we discuss the second radial excitation of $f_2^\prime(1525)$. In Table. \[exp\], there are 2 states $f_2(2140)$ and $f_2(2150)$ with masses near that obtained by the analysis of Regge trajectories, although $f_2(2140)$ is not a well established state in PDG [@Nakamura:2010zzi]. In our analysis, we take the mass of the second radial excitation of $f_2^\prime(1525)$ as $2140$ MeV, and study its decay behavior to compare with the experimental data of $f_2(2140)$ and $f_2(2150)$. Sizeable decay modes of the second radial excitation of $f_2^\prime(1525)$ include $K\bar{K}$, $K\bar{K}^*+h.c.$, $K^*\bar{K}^*$, and $KK_1(1270)+h.c.$, which suggests the dominance of strange meson pair decays for $f_2^\prime(1525)$. The calculated total width supports $f_2(2150)$ as the candidate of the second radial excitation of $f_2^\prime(1525)$ with $R=4.16\sim4.51$ GeV$^{-1}$. It overlaps with the average width of $f_2(2150)$ ($\Gamma_{f_2(2150)}=152\pm30$ MeV) but deviates from that of $f_2(2140)$ ($\Gamma_{f_2(2140)}=49\pm28$ MeV) [@Nakamura:2010zzi]. The results presented in Fig. \[2140\] provide a guidance for further experimental study of the second radial excitation of $f_2^\prime(1525)$. $n^{2S+1}L_J=4^{3}P_{2}$ tensor mesons -------------------------------------- According to the analysis of mass spectrum shown in Fig. \[RT\], the masses of the third radial excitations of $f_2(1270)$ and $f_2^\prime(1525)$ are around 2219 MeV and 2372 MeV, respectively. It thus makes $f_2(2240)$ and $f_2(2410)$ good candidates for the third radial excitations. The calculations of their partial decay widths and total widths of two-body strong decays are presented in Figs. \[2220\] and \[2370\]. From Fig. \[2220\], it shows that the decay of $f_2(2240)$ is dominated by the $\pi\pi$ and $\pi\pi(1300)$ channels. Other sizeable decay channels include $\rho\rho$, $\pi\pi_2(1670)$, $\pi a_1(1260)$, $\eta\eta$, and $\eta\eta^\prime$ etc. As the candidate of the third radial excitation of $f_2^\prime(1525)$, $f_2(2410)$ mainly decays into strange meson pairs due to the dominance of the $s\bar{s}$ component in its wavefunction. As shown in Fig. \[2370\], the $f_2(2410)\to K\bar{K}$ is dominant while other decay channels such as $K\bar{K}^*+h.c.$, $K\bar{K}_1(1270)+h.c.$, $K\bar{K}_1(1400)$, and $K^*\bar{K}^*$ are also important. Although $f_2(2240)$ and $f_2(2410)$ can be taken as good candidates for the third radial excitations of $f_2(1270)$ and $f_2^\prime(1525)$, respectively, detailed experimental information is still absent for further understanding of their properties. It should be useful to compare the calculated decay widths shown in Figs. \[2220\] and \[2370\] with future experimental measurements in order to gain further insights into the nature of these two states. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ![(color online). The partial decay width of the third radial excitation of $f_2(1270)$ dependent on the $R$ value. The partial widths presented here are arranged in the same way as in Fig. \[1640\]. \[2220\]](n2220.eps "fig:") ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ![(color online). The two-body strong decay behavior of the third radial excitation of $f_2^\prime(1525)$ dependent on the $R$ value and mixing angle $\phi$. The partial widths presented here are arranged in the same way as in Fig. \[1810\]. \[2370\]](s2370.eps "fig:") ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- $n^{2S+1}L_J=1^{3}F_{2}$ tensor mesons -------------------------------------- In Fig. \[2010\], we present the partial decay widths of the ground state $F$-wave tensor meson with $1^{3}F_{2}$. Assuming that it is dominated by the $n\bar{n}$ component, we use the mass of $f_2(2010)$ as the input to calculate the partial decays widths. It shows that the width of the $1^{3}F_{2}$ tensor meson is very broad. Some of those dominant decay channels can be seen in Fig. \[2010\] in terms of $R$, e.g. $f_2(2010)\to \pi\pi_2(1670)$ and $\pi a_2(1260)$. In this work, we also study the two-body decays of the $2^{3}F_{2}$ tensor meson, which is the second radial excitation of $1^{3}F_{2}$. With the mass of $f_2(2300)$ as the input, the calculated partial decay widths are shown in Fig. \[2300\]. A sum of these two-body decay partial widths also gives a broad total width for this state. At present, the experimental information for $f_2(2010)$, $f_2(2300)$ and $f_2(2340)$ is not enough to help us establish them as the candidates of $1^{3}F_{2}$ and $2^{3}F_{2}$ tensor mesons. We also expect more experimental measurements in the future would be able to clarify their properties. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ![(color online). The partial decay width of tensor meson with $1^{3}F_{2}$ quantum number dependent on the $R$ value. The partial widths presented here are arranged in the same way as in Fig. \[1640\]. \[2010\]](nn2010.eps "fig:") ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ![(color online). The partial decay width of tensor meson with $2^{3}F_{2}$ quantum number dependent on the $R$ value. The partial widths presented here are arranged in the same way as in Fig. \[1640\]. \[2300\]](n2300.eps "fig:") ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Discussion and conclusion {#sec5} ========================= So far there have been a large number of isoscalar tensor states observed in experiment [@Nakamura:2010zzi]. A crucial task is to understand their properties and try to categorize them into hadron spectrum. In this work we carry out a systematic study of these isoscalar tensor states by performing an analysis of the mass spectrum and calculating their two-body strong decays in the QCP model. By comparing our results with the available experimental data, we extract important information for a better understanding of the underlying structures of these $f_2$ states. By the analysis of mass spectrum based on the Regge trajectories of tensor states, we identify candidates for the radial excitations of the $P$-wave and $F$-wave states. By calculating the partial decay widths of those states into various two-body final state hadrons and comparing the results with the available experimental information, we succeed in categorizing some of those states into the $q\bar{q}$ radial excitation spectrum. Meanwhile, some obvious controversies are also exposed, for which further theoretical and experimental studies are needed. In particular, at present, only $f_2(1270)/f_2^\prime(1525)$ have a relatively well-established experimental status, while experimental information for other observed higher $f_2$ states is still limited. Although $f_J(2220)$ has been proposed to be a tensor glueball candidate in the literature [@Giacosa:2005bw; @Burakovsky:2000gk], further study of the tensor glueball is still needed in order to single it out from experimental observables. Improved experimental measurements of those higher $f_2$ states would be crucial for distinguish the conventional $q\bar{q}$ scenario from other possible exotic configurations. Acknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered} ================ This project is supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No. 11175073, No. 11035006), the Ministry of Education of China (FANEDD under Grants No. 200924, DPFIHE under Grants No. 20090211120029, NCET under Grants No. NCET-10-0442, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities), the Fok Ying-Tong Education Foundation (No. 131006) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJCX2-EW-N01). [99]{} K. Nakamura [*et al.*]{} \[Particle Data Group\], J. Phys. 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V. Bugg, O. Cramer, V. Crede and N. Djaoshvili [*et al.*]{}, Phys. Lett. B [**467**]{}, 147 (1999) \[arXiv:1109.2287 \[hep-ex\]\]. [^1]: Corresponding author | Mid | [
0.6175,
30.875,
19.125
] |
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Relationship between gliadin peptide structure and their effect on the fetal chick duodenum. The tendency to form a beta-turn in alpha-gliadin was estimated using the B-cell determinant prediction program based on the Chou and Fasman probability of beta-turn formation. Six sequences possessing a high probability of beta-turn formation were found. A statistically high agreement was found between these six sequences and three areas in alpha-gliadin with the occurrence of Pro-Ser-Gln-Gln sequence which has recently been considered responsible for toxicity in coeliac disease. By means of solid-phase synthesis seven peptides were obtained covering the above-mentioned regions. Their toxicity was tested using the fetal chick duodenum. The results support the suggestion that peptides containing the sequences Pro-Ser-Gln-Gln and Gln-Gln-Gln-Pro may be involved in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease. | High | [
0.6914600550964181,
31.375,
14
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--- abstract: 'Within the “fireshell” model for the Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) we define a “canonical GRB” light curve with two sharply different components: the Proper-GRB (P-GRB), emitted when the optically thick fireshell of electron-positron plasma originating the phenomenon reaches transparency, and the afterglow, emitted due to the collision between the remaining optically thin fireshell and the CircumBurst Medium (CBM). We outline our “canonical GRB” scenario, with a special emphasis on the discrimination between “genuine” and “fake” short GRBs.' author: - Carlo Luciano Bianco - Maria Grazia Bernardini - Letizia Caito - Maria Giovanna Dainotti - Roberto Guida - Remo Ruffini title: Short and canonical GRBs --- [address=[ICRANet, Piazzale della Repubblica 10, 65122 Pescara, Italy.]{}, altaddress=[Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.]{}]{} [address=[ICRANet, Piazzale della Repubblica 10, 65122 Pescara, Italy.]{}, altaddress=[Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.]{}]{} [address=[ICRANet, Piazzale della Repubblica 10, 65122 Pescara, Italy.]{}, altaddress=[Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.]{}]{} [address=[ICRANet, Piazzale della Repubblica 10, 65122 Pescara, Italy.]{}, altaddress=[Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.]{}]{} [address=[ICRANet, Piazzale della Repubblica 10, 65122 Pescara, Italy.]{}, altaddress=[Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.]{}]{} [address=[ICRANet, Piazzale della Repubblica 10, 65122 Pescara, Italy.]{}, altaddress=[Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.]{}]{} We assume that all Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs), including the “short” ones, originate from the gravitational collapse to a black hole [@2001ApJ...555L.113R; @2007AIPC..910...55R; @RuffiniTF1]. The $e^\pm$ plasma created in the process of the black hole formation expands as an optically thick and spherically symmetric “fireshell” with a constant width in the laboratory frame, i.e. the frame in which the black hole is at rest . We have only two free parameters characterizing the source: the total energy of the $e^\pm$ plasma $E_{e^\pm}^{tot}$ and the $e^\pm$ plasma baryon loading $B\equiv M_Bc^2/E_{e^\pm}^{tot}$, where $M_B$ is the total baryons’ mass . These two parameters fully determine the optically thick acceleration phase of the fireshell, which lasts until the transparency condition is reached and the Proper-GRB (P-GRB) is emitted [@2001ApJ...555L.113R; @2007AIPC..910...55R]. The afterglow emission then starts due to the collision between the remaining optically thin fireshell and the CircumBurst Medium (CBM) [@2001ApJ...555L.113R; @2007AIPC..910...55R; @2004ApJ...605L...1B; @2005ApJ...620L..23B; @2005ApJ...633L..13B]. It clearly depends on the parameters describing the effective CBM distribution: its density $n_{cbm}$ and the ratio ${\cal R}\equiv A_{eff}/A_{vis}$ between the effective emitting area of the fireshell $A_{eff}$ and its total visible area $A_{vis}$ . ![[**Left:**]{} The “canonical GRB” light curve theoretically computed for GRB 991216. The prompt emission observed by BATSE is identified with the peak of the afterglow, while the small precursor is identified with the P-GRB. For this source we have $B\simeq 3.0\times 10^{-3}$ and $\langle n_{cbm} \rangle \sim 1.0$ particles/cm$^3$. Details in @2001ApJ...555L.113R [@2002ApJ...581L..19R; @2003AIPC..668...16R; @2005AIPC..782...42R]. [**Right:**]{} The “canonical GRB” light curve theoretically computed for the prompt emission of GRB 970228. *Beppo*SAX GRBM ($40$–$700$ keV, above) and WFC ($2$–$26$ keV, below) light curves (data points) are compared with the afterglow peak theoretical ones (solid lines). The onset of the afterglow coincides with the end of the P-GRB (represented qualitatively by the dotted lines). For this source we have $B\simeq 5.0\times 10^{-3}$ and $\langle n_{cbm} \rangle \sim 10^{-3}$ particles/cm$^3$. Details in .[]{data-label="991216_fig"}](991216_2 "fig:"){width="0.465\hsize"} ![[**Left:**]{} The “canonical GRB” light curve theoretically computed for GRB 991216. The prompt emission observed by BATSE is identified with the peak of the afterglow, while the small precursor is identified with the P-GRB. For this source we have $B\simeq 3.0\times 10^{-3}$ and $\langle n_{cbm} \rangle \sim 1.0$ particles/cm$^3$. Details in @2001ApJ...555L.113R [@2002ApJ...581L..19R; @2003AIPC..668...16R; @2005AIPC..782...42R]. [**Right:**]{} The “canonical GRB” light curve theoretically computed for the prompt emission of GRB 970228. *Beppo*SAX GRBM ($40$–$700$ keV, above) and WFC ($2$–$26$ keV, below) light curves (data points) are compared with the afterglow peak theoretical ones (solid lines). The onset of the afterglow coincides with the end of the P-GRB (represented qualitatively by the dotted lines). For this source we have $B\simeq 5.0\times 10^{-3}$ and $\langle n_{cbm} \rangle \sim 10^{-3}$ particles/cm$^3$. Details in .[]{data-label="991216_fig"}](40-700kev_2-26kev_multi "fig:"){width="0.525\hsize"} Unlike treatments in the current literature [see e.g. Refs. @2005RvMP...76.1143P; @2006RPPh...69.2259M and references therein], we define a “canonical GRB” light curve with two sharply different components : - **The P-GRB**, which is emitted when the optically thick fireshell becomes transparent and has the imprint of the black hole formation, an harder spectrum and no spectral lag ; - **the afterglow**, which presents a clear hard-to-soft spectral evolution in time and which is composed by a rising part, a peak and a decaying tail [@2004IJMPD..13..843R; @2005ApJ...634L..29B; @2006ApJ...645L.109R]; the peak of the afterglow contributes to what is usually called the “prompt emission” . ![The energy radiated in the P-GRB (solid line) and in the afterglow (dashed line), in units of the total energy of the plasma ($E_{e^\pm}^{tot}$), are plotted as functions of the $B$ parameter. Also represented are the values of the $B$ parameter computed for GRB 991216, GRB 030329, GRB 980425, GRB 970228, GRB 050315, GRB 031203, GRB 060218. Remarkably, they are consistently smaller than, or equal to in the special case of GRB 060218, the absolute upper limit $B \lesssim 10^{-2}$ . The “genuine” short GRBs have a P-GRB predominant over the afterglow: they occur for $B \lesssim 10^{-5}$ .[]{data-label="figx"}](figx){width="\hsize"} The ratio between the total time-integrated luminosity of the P-GRB (namely, its total energy) and the corresponding one of the afterglow is the crucial quantity for the identification of GRBs’ nature. Such a ratio, as well as the temporal separation between the corresponding peaks, is a function of the $B$ parameter [see Fig. \[figx\] and Ref. @2001ApJ...555L.113R]. When $B \lesssim 10^{-5}$, the P-GRB is the leading contribution to the emission and the afterglow is negligible: we have a “genuine” short GRB [@2001ApJ...555L.113R]. When $10^{-4} \lesssim B \lesssim 10^{-2}$, instead, the afterglow contribution is generally predominant . Still, this last case presents two distinct possibilities: the afterglow peak luminosity can be either **larger** or **smaller** than the P-GRB one. The simultaneous occurrence of an afterglow with total time-integrated luminosity larger than the P-GRB one, but with a smaller peak luminosity, is indeed explainable in terms of a peculiarly small average value of the CBM density ($n_{cbm} \sim 10^{-3}$ particles/cm$^3$), compatible with a galactic halo environment. Such a small average CBM density “deflates” the afterglow peak luminosity . Of course, such a deflated afterglow lasts longer, since the total time-integrated luminosity in the afterglow is fixed by the value of the $B$ parameter . Therefore, GRBs belonging to this new class, characterized by a high value of the $B$ parameter and a very small CBM density, inherit their peculiar features from the external environment and not from the intrinsic nature of the source. In this sense, they are only “fake” short GRBs . Such a class is the one identified by @2006ApJ...643..266N, includes GRB 060614 and has GRB 970228 as a prototype . The whole “canonical GRB” scenario is depicted in Fig. \[canonical\]. ![A sketch summarizing the “canonical GRB” scenario.[]{data-label="canonical"}](canonical){width="\hsize"} | Mid | [
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package de.ellpeck.actuallyadditions.common.gen; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Collections; import java.util.List; import java.util.Random; import de.ellpeck.actuallyadditions.common.blocks.InitBlocks; import de.ellpeck.actuallyadditions.common.config.values.ConfigBoolValues; import de.ellpeck.actuallyadditions.common.misc.DungeonLoot; import de.ellpeck.actuallyadditions.common.tile.TileEntityGiantChest; import net.minecraft.block.Block; import net.minecraft.block.BlockDirectional; import net.minecraft.block.state.IBlockState; import net.minecraft.init.Blocks; import net.minecraft.tileentity.TileEntity; import net.minecraft.util.EnumFacing; import net.minecraft.util.math.BlockPos; import net.minecraft.util.math.MathHelper; import net.minecraft.world.World; import net.minecraft.world.gen.feature.WorldGenAbstractTree; import net.minecraft.world.gen.feature.WorldGenBigTree; import net.minecraft.world.gen.feature.WorldGenShrub; import net.minecraft.world.gen.feature.WorldGenTrees; import net.minecraft.world.gen.structure.StructureBoundingBox; import net.minecraft.world.storage.loot.ILootContainer; public class WorldGenLushCaves { public static final Block[] CRYSTAL_CLUSTERS = new Block[] { InitBlocks.blockCrystalClusterRedstone, InitBlocks.blockCrystalClusterLapis, InitBlocks.blockCrystalClusterDiamond, InitBlocks.blockCrystalClusterCoal, InitBlocks.blockCrystalClusterEmerald, InitBlocks.blockCrystalClusterIron }; public boolean generate(World world, Random rand, BlockPos position, StructureBoundingBox blockRegion) { this.generateCave(world, position, rand, blockRegion); return true; } private void generateCave(World world, BlockPos center, Random rand, StructureBoundingBox chunkRegion) { int spheres = rand.nextInt(5) + 3; StructureBoundingBox spheresBox = new StructureBoundingBox(chunkRegion); //the region for spheres is larger so that trees can generate in the smaller one spheresBox.minX -= 7; spheresBox.minZ -= 7; spheresBox.maxX += 7; spheresBox.maxZ += 7; for (int i = 0; i <= spheres; i++) { //center already is random value within population area this.makeSphereWithGrassFloor(world, center.add(rand.nextInt(11) - 5, rand.nextInt(7) - 3, rand.nextInt(11) - 5), rand.nextInt(3) + 5, spheresBox, rand); } this.genTreesAndTallGrass(world, center, 11, spheres * 2, rand, chunkRegion); } private void genTreesAndTallGrass(World world, BlockPos center, int radius, int amount, Random rand, StructureBoundingBox box) { List<BlockPos> possiblePoses = new ArrayList<>(); for (double x = -radius; x < radius; x++) { for (double y = -radius; y < radius; y++) { for (double z = -radius; z < radius; z++) { BlockPos pos = center.add(x, y, z); if (box.isVecInside(pos)) { if (rand.nextDouble() >= 0.5D) { if (world.getBlockState(pos).getBlock() == Blocks.GRASS) { possiblePoses.add(pos); } } else { if (ConfigBoolValues.DO_CRYSTAL_CLUSTERS.isEnabled() && rand.nextInt(20) == 0) { EnumFacing[] values = EnumFacing.values(); EnumFacing side = values[rand.nextInt(values.length)]; BlockPos posSide = pos.offset(side); if (!this.checkIndestructable(world, posSide)) { IBlockState state = world.getBlockState(pos); IBlockState stateSide = world.getBlockState(posSide); if (state.getBlock().isAir(state, world, pos) && stateSide.isSideSolid(world, posSide, side.getOpposite())) { Block block = CRYSTAL_CLUSTERS[rand.nextInt(CRYSTAL_CLUSTERS.length)]; world.setBlockState(pos, block.getDefaultState().withProperty(BlockDirectional.FACING, side.getOpposite()), 2); } } } } } } } } if (!possiblePoses.isEmpty()) { boolean crateGenDone = false; for (int i = 0; i <= amount; i++) { Collections.shuffle(possiblePoses); BlockPos pos = possiblePoses.get(0); if (rand.nextBoolean()) { boolean genCrate = false; WorldGenAbstractTree trees; if (rand.nextBoolean()) { if (rand.nextBoolean()) { trees = new WorldGenBigTree(false); } else { trees = new WorldGenShrub(Blocks.LOG.getDefaultState(), Blocks.LEAVES.getDefaultState()); genCrate = true; } } else { trees = new WorldGenTrees(false); } trees.generate(world, rand, pos.up()); if (ConfigBoolValues.DUNGEON_LOOT.isEnabled() && !crateGenDone && genCrate) { BlockPos cratePos = pos.add(MathHelper.getInt(rand, -2, 2), MathHelper.getInt(rand, 3, 8), MathHelper.getInt(rand, -2, 2)); IBlockState state = world.getBlockState(cratePos); if (state != null && state.getBlock().isLeaves(state, world, cratePos)) { world.setBlockState(cratePos, InitBlocks.blockGiantChest.getDefaultState(), 2); TileEntity tile = world.getTileEntity(cratePos); if (tile instanceof TileEntityGiantChest) { ((TileEntityGiantChest) tile).lootTable = DungeonLoot.LUSH_CAVES; } } crateGenDone = true; } } else { Blocks.GRASS.grow(world, rand, pos, world.getBlockState(pos)); } } } } private void makeSphereWithGrassFloor(World world, BlockPos center, int radius, StructureBoundingBox boundingBox, Random rand) { for (double x = -radius; x < radius; x++) { for (double y = -radius; y < radius; y++) { for (double z = -radius; z < radius; z++) { if (Math.sqrt(x * x + y * y + z * z) < radius) { BlockPos pos = center.add(x, y, z); //Note: order matters, checkIndestructable will generate chunks if order is reversed if (boundingBox.isVecInside(pos) && !this.checkIndestructable(world, pos)) { world.setBlockToAir(pos); } } } } } for (double x = -radius; x < radius; x++) { for (double z = -radius; z < radius; z++) { for (double y = -radius; y <= -3; y++) { BlockPos pos = center.add(x, y, z); if (boundingBox.isVecInside(pos) && !this.checkIndestructable(world, pos)) { IBlockState state = world.getBlockState(pos); BlockPos posUp = pos.up(); if (!this.checkIndestructable(world, posUp)) { IBlockState stateUp = world.getBlockState(posUp); if (!state.getBlock().isAir(state, world, pos) && stateUp.getBlock().isAir(stateUp, world, posUp)) { world.setBlockState(pos, Blocks.GRASS.getDefaultState(), 2); } } } } } } } private boolean checkIndestructable(World world, BlockPos pos) { //If this isn't checked, the game crashes because it tries to destroy a chest that doesn't have any loot yet :v TileEntity tile = world.getTileEntity(pos); if (tile instanceof ILootContainer) { return true; } IBlockState state = world.getBlockState(pos); if (state != null) { Block block = state.getBlock(); //check if it's tree or grass that is generated here if (block == Blocks.LOG || block == Blocks.LEAVES || block == Blocks.TALLGRASS) { return true; } if (block != null && (block.isAir(state, world, pos) || block.getHarvestLevel(state) >= 0F)) { return false; } } return true; } } | Mid | [
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Hey there, time traveller! This article was published 14/12/2015 (1745 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current. Opinion Rio de Janeiro, Kyoto, Copenhagen and Paris... it reads like a great bucket list of travel destinations, but these cities are more significantly connected as hosts of high-profile global climate change conferences. From 1992 in Brazil to last week in France, the nations of the world have repeatedly come together in exotic locales to negotiate agreements for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The general pattern of results has been: set emissions targets, ignore them, set easier emissions targets, ignore them, and repeat. Winnipeg's built size in 1970 (in yellow) compared to 2015: the population has increased 30 per cent, but the built area has increased by more than double that. With an increased recognition that the environmental clock is ticking, there is hope the Paris climate conference is the one that ends the cycle of inaction. As one of the top-10 GHG emitters in the world, Canada came to France pledging a 30 per cent reduction of 2005 levels by 2030. Partnering in the effort to finally achieve significant reductions, individual provinces have come forward with their own targets -- including Manitoba, where emissions are planned to be cut by one-third over the same period. Canadian provinces with coal-generated electricity, large manufacturing industries or oilsands extraction are able to focus on these heavy emitters to find their reductions, but in hydro-powered Manitoba no single sector is a dominant GHG producer. To achieve its goals, efforts will need to consider a range of targets across different sectors, each contributing to the whole. The buildings residents inhabit, directly and indirectly have the greatest single impact on Manitoba's current carbon footprint. Collectively, the heating and cooling of these structures represent 23 per cent of Manitoba's total GHG emissions. Reducing building energy use will be an important step toward realizing environmental commitments. For many years, Manitoba's low hydro rates and resulting long payback periods have made the capital investment in sustainable construction technologies difficult to justify for many building developers. To overcome this, Manitoba recently became one of the first provinces to adopt the new National Energy Code for Buildings. This code makes high energy performance a mandatory requirement through such measures as increased insulation and restrictions on the number of windows. The goal of the code is to improve the energy efficiency of new buildings by more than 25 per cent and reduce GHG emissions to the equivalent of removing 90,000 vehicles from the roads. How we construct our buildings is an important factor to climate change, but it may be even more important to consider where we construct them. In Canada, we have for a half-century built sprawling, low-density suburban cities -- a form that has a profound effect on GHG emissions today. Winnipeg, as an example, has had the vast majority of its modern growth accommodated in very low-density suburbs that have disproportionately pushed the edges of the city farther from its centre. Since 1970, Winnipeg's population has increased by roughly one-third, but its built area has grown by more than twice that amount, resulting in a significantly less-dense city overall. With more than eight out of every 10 Winnipeggers now living in a car-dependent suburb, our lives have become centred on the automobile. As commuting distances have grown, the car has become the only transportation option for almost all daily pursuits. Neighbourhoods are no longer designed around corner stores, libraries, churches, community clubs and schools. Most of these activities are now provided through the big-box model, requiring long travel distances accessed almost exclusively by car. A telling effect of this urban form is only 28 per cent of children walk to school, when in their parents' generation, that level was almost 60 per cent. The pervasive reliance on automobiles and the fossil fuels that power them has made the transportation sector the highest GHG emitter in Manitoba, responsible for 38 per cent of the total. Almost two-thirds of this comes from light cars and trucks. As our city sprawls farther, forcing us to drive even more, these numbers will only rise. Many studies have found a direct correlation between a city's density and its overall GHG emissions. A comparison between Canadian and higher-density European cities highlights this effect. Car-ownership levels in western Europe and Canada are similar, but driving habits are significantly different. The higher-density, more compact layout of European cities results in shorter travel distances that often make walking, cycling and public transit use a more efficient option for day-to-day activities. Shorter commuting distances mean when urban Europeans drive, they drive for less time. These differences combine to create a less car-dependent lifestyle that results in Europeans consuming almost 50 per cent less energy per capita through automobile use alone, compared to Canadians. In addition to burning more gasoline, sprawling Canadian cities also produce higher emissions through such things as the construction of larger roads, pumping water and waste over greater distances, building new community facilities and operating far-reaching civic services such as snow clearing and garbage pickup. These factors result in many North American cities having more than twice the emission levels of European counterparts. Closer to home, corroborating studies in Toronto have shown residential emissions in dense, inner-city neighbourhoods with high-quality public transit systems are up to 10 times lower per capita than those in the sprawling distant suburbs. Despite this unsustainable car-dependent lifestyle, cities such as Winnipeg continue to sprawl without control. While facing extreme infrastructure deficits and crumbling streets we continue to borrow billions of dollars to build bigger roads in a short-sighted effort to reduce congestion. Long term, these roads become the catalyst for even more sprawl, traffic and car dependency as increased vehicle capacity promotes greater development further away. The new federal government has promised to invest heavily in the infrastructure of Canadian cities. If the investment is done intelligently, this policy can work in lockstep with environmental targets. Instead of paying for new, larger roads, repairing what already exists and increasing investment in transportation initiatives that promote density will go a long way to reducing Canada's carbon footprint. An example of this is rapid transit, which not only provides a commuting option to private vehicles, it can be used to target locations for urban infill development around lines and stations. Creative infrastructure investment can support downtown-renewal initiatives, infill development in mature neighbourhoods, higher-density new suburbs, as well as opportunities to redevelop former industrial lands and rail yards into infill communities. Cities such as Winnipeg don't have to be Manhattan to have an appropriate density. Simply setting a target of returning the city to 1970s density levels would have a profound impact on GHG emissions, taxes, road conditions, city services and quality of life. With 80 per cent of Canadians now living in cities, the only way to meet our environmental commitments is to reconsider how we construct buildings and where we locate them. Suburban sprawl began when energy was abundant, inexpensive and without environmental concern. Conditions have changed. Building cities that are higher-density, less automobile-reliant and more compact will not only help save the world -- it might allow our children's children the opportunity to walk to school one day. Brent Bellamy is creative director at Number Ten Architectural Group. [email protected] | Low | [
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How Good Are UW Students in Math? - slackerIII http://cliffmass.blogspot.com/2010/01/how-good-are-uw-students-in-math.html ====== lunchbox As shown on the scanned answer key, this was an anonymous quiz. College students have a tendency to put in pathetically minimal effort on things they're not being directly graded on. Also, the quiz's stated purpose was to help the teacher calibrate the assignments; maybe some students purposely answered questions wrong in hopes of dumbing down the class. (Though I don't dispute the author's central point.) ------ swolchok The author says that UW students taking Atmospheric Sciences s101 "should be the creme of the crop of our high school graduates with high GPAs". 1) Atmospheric Sciences 101 sounds like a "blowoff" class that liberal arts students would take only to fulfill a science requirement. In other words, the students are likely self-selected for lack of math/science ability. 2) UW is a public university. It may very well be the best public university in Washington, but I'd bet the best students have a nontrivial rate of private school attendance. (So as to dispel any illusions of elitism, I attended the University of Michigan, which is also a public research university.) ~~~ timr _"UW is a public university. It may very well be the best public university in Washington, but I'd bet the best students have a nontrivial rate of private school attendance."_ Don't kid yourself. This is an epidemic problem at _all_ schools, public and private. I have friends who teach at both public and private universities, and they all have the same horror stories. My own personal experience (private undergrad / PhD at UW) bears out their anecdotes. With certain institutional exceptions, private school kids are richer, not smarter. Also, the GPA and SAT scores of incoming UW freshman are _astonishingly_ high right now (IQR of 3.60-3.91 GPA, 570-680 SAT math, according to <http://admit.washington.edu/Numbers>). Admittedly, those aren't Harvard numbers, but one would still expect a 600 math SAT student to be able to do well on a basic high-school algebra quiz. ~~~ swolchok I did not disagree with the author's main point, merely the assertion I singled out. ~~~ timr Perhaps, but your argument was a challenge to the statement that the students represent the best and brightest of the state, and that's what I was addressing. When the test is as easy as this one, the argument that these students aren't elite isn't important. ------ chancho I'm just as upset with the state of math education in the US as anybody, but if UW is anything like my alma mater, then "Atmospheric Science 101" is a class that liberal arts majors take to satisfy their math & science general education requirements. A lot of these students (my wife, for example) have serious math anxiety. She could probably get a 70% on this test, even today, so many years after school, but throw it at her without warning on the first day of a non-math class and she'd literally cry. Now there's a case to be made that a good high school math curriculum should not leave anyone anxious about math, but I still think it's a bit of a leap to take this test and extrapolate to all students. ~~~ dschobel Same experience with my girlfriend. She has a good analytical mind (she graduated near the top of her law class) but she's just terrified of math. The weirdest aspects of this phenomenon are that: a) there's a very real fear of math unlike any other subject and b) there's no stigma against being mathematically illiterate as there is for other subjects (most likely because so many people just accept that "math is hard" and not for them). ~~~ spamizbad Is it any surprise, though? Math is taught in a manner that focuses very much on the _how_ but rarely ever the _why_. And while Discovery Math/Reform Math/etc are lambasted for not teaching kids to memorize certain algorithms, they do something else that's very important: encourage students to use creative problem solving skills to develop their own solution algorithms. I'm not going to advocate reform math in its current form, but I have to question traditional "drill and kill" teaching methods in today's modern world. If I can't remember how to find the area of a triangle, I just Google it. Drilling it into my brain would have made sense in the 1920's when there was no internet, no assurances my peers had the appropriate level of education to know such a thing, and possibly no ability to reach an "expert" via telephone to tell me the algorithm. I'd be completely reliant on my memory and (possibly) a math book if I was fortunate enough to have one with me. For all practical purposes, memorizing one half times base time height would have been the way to go in a pre-Internet era. Today, it seems like it's far more worthwhile to develop students who are solid problem solvers with strong information retrieval skills, as opposed to wasting precious time memorizing trivial algorithms that are readily available. ~~~ maximilian _Is it any surprise, though? Math is taught in a manner that focuses very much on the how but rarely ever the why. And while Discovery Math/Reform Math/etc are lambasted for not teaching kids to memorize certain algorithms, they do something else that's very important: encourage students to use creative problem solving skills to develop their own solution algorithms._ The idea sounds really great, but everything i've ever seen is that the students just end up terrible at everything. I even tried to teach it some, and the material seemed great to me as a teacher, but the students just never got it. I feel like the discovery idea makes a lot more sense in hindsight, but when learning that way, doesn't work out like hoped. However, I study applied math and I would say i learn in a more discovery way... But thats at the graduate level. ~~~ spamizbad If students are ending up terrible at everything, then the problem is deeper than just tradition vs reform. What's likely occurring is we are much better at teaching plug-and-chug than we are at developing problem solving. That's to be expected, as it's significantly harder to develop problem solving skills than it is to simply memorize steps, grade, correct, and repeat until perfect. This is especially true when you consider most math teachers really aren't trained in the art of problem solving, and were likely taught in a traditional manner themselves. As such they have no real frame of reference to go off of when attempting to foster problem solving skills in their students. ------ gommm And I remember in France how my university professors used to complain that high school students became weak in set theory... I didn't know that the level in the US had fallen that far... but it's true that I remember helping a girl in the nearby community college on her math classes and the level of the exercises she had was about the french 7-8th grade math. But of course, I think the emphasis on math in europeans countries is maybe different than in the us. In France, for example, ability in math is the main selection criteria and students who took the scientific curriculum in highschool had 6-8 hours/week of mathematics and for calculating the gpa, mathematics had a coefficient of 7-9 (compared to 3 for english for example). And because the scientific curriculum is considered the most prestigious a lot of students who intend to later study non-scientific specialities like law or business take it. ------ Dilpil Interesting premise, questionable conclusion. Kids can't do simple concept problems, so they need more drilling? Failure to calculate 1/.1 is not due to lack of practice, it is due to fundamental lack of understanding of fraction division. This is not a problem you fix via repeated long division of 4 digit numbers. This is a problem stemming from the fact that these students were never given a good idea of what the symbols they are being forced to move around really mean. And who cares that they don't know the definition of cosine, or the formula for the area of a circle? These are not fundamental ideas for non engineers. ~~~ mquander In my opinion, those are fundamental ideas for human beings in the year 2010; obviously we have to lower our expectations to match reality, but we shouldn't pretend they are unreasonable. Really, how difficult is the idea of a cosine? That's not exactly an unapproachable level of abstraction. Remember, these are people who have had _12 years_ of full-time mandatory schooling, and have signed up for a few more years on top of that. If anyone with an average IQ cared even a tiny bit about such things, they could learn all of it in half that time; and if they don't care at all, parents and teachers didn't do their job. Of course, I agree with the main thrust of your post. Somehow, you have to actually encourage (and allow) the students to understand what they're dealing with, instead of giving up, moving numbers and letters on paper, and passing to the next class. If that doesn't happen, there's no surprise that they've forgotten it six weeks after the course. ~~~ roundsquare I agree that just drilling on the mechanics of long division doesn't help. But, drilling the concepts can help. The point of the article is that instead of letting kids discover everything on their own and then feeling happy, teachers should direct their learning. In doing so, I would say they should drill the same concept repeatedly and ask questions that test both the ability to do the procedure and understand the concept. Anecdotally, this is how I taught my sister multiplication and how my friend tutored someone in calculus. ------ shalmanese In UW's defense, "Weather 101" is pretty commonly known as an easy class to fill up General Education requirements. ------ lutorm Another lament of what's wrong with mathematics, by mathematician Paul Lockhart: <http://www.maa.org/devlin/devlin_03_08.html> He doesn't quite agree with this article. ------ tigerthink Actually, I'm pretty sure this problem is exclusive to Washington. Go here <http://www.wheresthemath.com/> and scroll down to 'Washington State Facts'. Anecdote: I attend a community college in California, found the problems laughably easy, and have met tons of people in my classes who would feel much the same way. ------ tkahn6 I would bet these students got excellent grades in math. EDIT: As in, I'm sure that during high school they got high marks in math class without actually understanding the fundamentals of what they were 'learning'. | Low | [
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Headlines S.E. Cupp It’s okay to disagree with Rush Limbaugh I make a living disagreeing with people who are far more successful, famous, wealthy and important than I am. I have spent thousands of hours on television and thousands of column inches criticizing the President of the United States. If you think I’m going to apologize for suggesting that it might be okay to disagree with a radio host sometimes, you don’t know me at all. But I guess I’m not surprised at the rancor. For one, part of the point I was trying to make was that the impulse to defend anything and everything that a party heavyweight says — to the death — has the deleterious effect of making conservatives seem irrational and herd-like. No one is right all the time, and no one is above reproach. Limbaugh, who has frequently criticized Republicans, knows this better than anyone… The other point that the reaction to my Rush comments proves is that conservatives continue to view criticism (even the constructive kind) through a lens of ideological suspicion. Even though I defended conservative principles as right, strong and popular, and explicitly said this isn’t about casting strident conservatives out of the party but reworking our messaging, Rush’s fans still decided that my conservatism was discredited. Disagreeing with him, or merely offering that we should feel comfortable disagreeing with party leaders now and then, suddenly made me an untrustworthy, sell-out liberal… It’s not my desire to silence anyone, but amplify other voices, many of whom don’t feel like they have permission to disagree with party heavyweights. We don’t need permission, and in fact conservatism has a hallowed tradition of healthy skepticism toward authority. It’s that skepticism toward authority that has made Rush Limbaugh a very successful man. Blowback Note from Hot Air management: This section is for comments from Hot Air's community of registered readers. Please don't assume that Hot Air management agrees with or otherwise endorses any particular comment just because we let it stand. A reminder: Anyone who fails to comply with our terms of use may lose their posting privilege. “And we can’t be afraid to call out Rush Limbaugh,” I say as an aside in the piece. “If we can get three Republicans on three different networks saying, ‘What Rush Limbaugh said is crazy and stupid and dangerous,’ maybe that’ll give other Republicans cover” to feel comfortable disagreeing with him as well from time to time. I don’t care if someone disagrees with Rush – or anyone on the right – but the left doesn’t call anyone on it’s own side crazy, stupid and dangerous. What specific disagreement did S.E. have with Rush, other than his being more influential than she is? Is this all because her liberal friends and colleagues have turned him into some sort of evil, arch-conservative bogeyman? We don’t need permission, and in fact conservatism has a hallowed tradition of healthy skepticism toward authority. It’s that skepticism toward authority that has made Rush Limbaugh a very successful man. Unless that skepticism includes questioning our historically disastrous foreign policy. At that point you are called an “American hater” when in reality you are actually questioning the federal government, and not the people who actually make America great – the individuals. Shooting one’s self in the foot is never smart, intelligent, or tactically advisable. blatantblue on February 19, 2013 at 3:21 PM I really don’t see how it’s shooting ourselves in the foot to publicly shame someone who deserves to be shamed. She is willing to use other people for her own carnal pursuits, and then has the gall to demand that others pay for her to f*ck on their dollar. She’s a despicable harlot. “If we can get three Republicans on three different networks saying, ‘What Rush Limbaugh said is crazy and stupid and dangerous’ For one thing, Rush apologized. For another – and more importantly – Rush isn’t the problem. If you’re going to argue he made it more difficult to get out the conservative message you’re still aiming for the wrong target because the media that made such a big deal of Rush calling Fluke a slut is never going to let you get out a counter message to “War on Womynsess!” or any other liberal lie no matter how clever you messaging strategy is. Rush may have played into their hands in this case but it wouldn’t have stopped the meme from rolling out and nothing Cupp or anyone else said or did would have prevented it. The GOP still would have been painted as wanting to kick down your door and slap your birth control out of your hands, give you cancer then rip up your proof insurance card. Cupp also seems to remember the Fluke incident differently than I do. I don’t remember conservative pundits defending Rush. Rush was nearly universally called out for his remarks on the right. Practically every single conservative pundit on the air waves was talking about how it was a mistake. So what is she going on about? Erm, why is she acting like disagreeing with him is hard? Among these guys in the media disagreeing with him is a badge of honor. Limbaugh has said more than once that he has very limited influence on the party leadership in Washington. Pretty much the only people who listen to him is the party base. You’re attempting to counter the point that it’s unwise to defend something Rush said that was so stupid that he apologized for saying it… by defending something Rush said that was so stupid that he apologized for saying it. Rush doesn’t apologize often. Rarely ever, in fact. When he does, he knows he screwed up. And the people who still defend the remark, even now are showing their true colors. We don’t need permission, and in fact conservatism has a hallowed tradition of healthy skepticism toward authority. It’s that skepticism toward authority that has made Rush Limbaugh a very successful man. My first reaction is how silly of S. E. Cupp. She doesn’t even get Rush. It’s not skepticism toward authority. One thing I agree with Rush on is that he’s had a huge audience because he voiced things that millions of Americans already agreed with. As for permission, doesn’t she read blogs and websites? There’s plenty of evidence that people already don’t think they need permission to disagree with anyone they want to. And there goes whatever semblance of a career S.E. Cupp had as a conservative commentator. It was already on life support considering she’s gone from FoxNews to MSDNC(opposite Tourettes, no less!), Real Time, and The Blaze. Memo to Sarah Elizabeth. Who the hell ever said it’s not okay to disagree with Rush? You’re using strawman arguments. That’s the kind of crap we’ve come to expect from Obama, not folks supposedly on our side of the aisle. And as for the Flukster incident, Rush apologized. If you’re not happy with that, then you certainly would take comfort in knowing he lost some advertisers over it. The free market functioning as it should. Not that I care what happens to S.E., but she’d be wise to get the hell off of MSDNC ASAP. She’s getting sucked into the same song and dance routine that Steve Schmidt, Miss Piggy, Morning Slow, and even Michael Steele have bought into. That being a token Republican on a far-left network and trashing one’s own brand is somehow a springboard to a lucrative career in broadcasting. Yeah, it’s like “Look at me!! I’m an independent, COOL sort of semi-conservative but not too much. See, I criticize Limbaugh over something that happened a year ago!!!” It’s the David Brooks, David Frum, Kathleen Parker path. Over the weekend, I was quoted in a New York Times magazine feature on the future of the GOP, for a project I’m spearheading to revamp party messaging. I, along with my colleagues in the project, discussed the ways in which we need to take the party back from the old guard, which has failed to adapt to a changing political and technological landscape, allowed undisciplined candidates to define our message and maligned the very groups of voters we’re hoping to attract. … “And we can’t be afraid to call out Rush Limbaugh,” I say as an aside in the piece. “If we can get three Republicans on three different networks saying, ‘What Rush Limbaugh said is crazy and stupid and dangerous,’ maybe that’ll give other Republicans cover” to feel comfortable disagreeing with him as well from time to time. You’re right and more power to you. Now get to work on those three Republicans who knee-jerk insults at teammates in this effort, by calling things Rush says, “crazy, stupid and dangerous.” Or maybe that is your characterization of what they said. Was it? If so, then maybe your project should spearhead revamping your message, since it would you that appears to be undisciplined. You’re attempting to counter the point that it’s unwise to defend something Rush said that was so stupid that he apologized for saying it… by defending something Rush said that was so stupid that he apologized for saying it. KingGold on February 19, 2013 at 3:33 PM The most stupid thing about it was it gave you squishes yet another excuse in an arsenal of lame excuses for Mr Electable’s inevitable defeat. Rush is an entertainter. Conservatives don’t agree with every single thing he says. Most of the base doesn’t agree with Rush’s recent pro-amnesty flip flop. Bottom line is that Rush is an entertainer not a politician. Why would Republicans ever need to disavow him? | Low | [
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Q: Estimate the error that results when $\sqrt{1 + x}$ is replaced by $1 + \frac{1}{2}x$ if $|x| < 0.01$ Question Estimate the error that results when $\sqrt{1 + x}$ is replaced by $1 + \frac{1}{2}x$ if $|x| < 0.01$ Definition Taylors formula is $f(x) = P_n(x) + R_n(x)$ where $P_n(x)$ is \begin{equation} \begin{aligned} P_n(x) = f(a) + \frac{f'(a)}{1!}(x - a) + \frac{f''(a)}{2!}(x - a)^2 & + \ldots + \frac{f^{(n)}(a)}{n!}(x - a)^n \\ \end{aligned} \end{equation} And $R_n (x) $ is (\emph{where $\xi$ is between $a$ and $x$ }) \begin{equation} \begin{aligned} R_n(x) = \frac{f^{(n + 1)}(\xi)}{(n + 1)!}(x - a)^{(n + 1)} \end{aligned} \end{equation} Working I'm not sure how to go about this, would I say that this is a first order approximation as \begin{equation} \begin{aligned} P(x) & = 1 - \frac{1}{2}x \\ P'(x) &= - \frac{1}{2} \\ P''(x) &= 0 \end{aligned} \end{equation} Then the remainder term would be \begin{equation} \begin{aligned} R_n(x) = \frac{f^{(n + 1)}(\xi)}{(n + 1)!}(x - a)^{(n + 1)} \end{aligned} \end{equation} Where $n + 1 = 2$. For $f(x) = \sqrt{1 + x}$ this would be \begin{equation} \begin{aligned} R_n(x) & = \frac{- \frac{1}{4} (1 + \xi)^{-3/2}}{(3)!} \end{aligned} \end{equation} And $\xi $ is between $-0.01$ and $0.01$ This would give the maximum error as \begin{equation} \begin{aligned} R_n(x) & = \frac{- \frac{1}{4} (1 \pm 0.01 )^{-3/2}}{(3)!} \approx -0.0423 \end{aligned} \end{equation} The error is greatest when $\xi = -0.01$. A: expanding about $x=0$ $$ \begin{equation} \begin{aligned} P_n(x) = f(0) + \frac{f'(0)}{1!}(x - 0) + \frac{f''(a)}{2!}(x - 0)^2 & + \ldots + \frac{f^{(n)}(0)}{n!}(x - 0)^n \\ \end{aligned} \end{equation}\\ $$ $$ \begin{equation} \begin{aligned} P_n(x) = 1 + \frac{1}{2}x + \frac{-\frac14}{2!}x^2 & + \ldots \end{aligned} \end{equation}\\ $$so w..r.t.$|x| < 0.01$ $$\begin{equation} \begin{aligned} R_n(x) & = \frac{- \frac{1}{4(1 + \xi)^{+3/2}} }{2!} \end{aligned} \end{equation}\leq \frac{- \frac{1}{4} (1 + (-0.01))^{-3/2}}{2!}=\frac{- \frac{1}{4} (0.99)^{-3/2}}{2!}$$ | Mid | [
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139 So.2d 750 (1962) James DI MARCO, Appellant, v. E.W. KING and Sadie L. King, Appellees. No. 61-470. District Court of Appeal of Florida. Third District. April 10, 1962. *751 H. Earl Barber, Miami, for appellant. Louis A. Sabatino, Miami, for appellees. Before PEARSON, TILLMAN, C.J., HENDRY, J., and GOLDMAN, PHILLIP, Associate Judge. HENDRY, Judge. Appellant, James DiMarco, brought suit against the appellee, E.W. King, seeking an accounting and the appointment of a receiver to take possession of the thoroughbred race horse, "Harmonizing". The complaint set forth that the appellant was the legal owner of the horse; that the appellee was employed as a horse trainer to care for and race the said horse; and that while the said horse was in the custody of the appellee, E.W. King, the horse won purses in excess of $100,000, which purses are still owing to the appellant. Appellee, by his answer and by a cross-complaint in which he was joined by his wife, Sadie L. King, denied ownership in the appellant and alleged that, although he was originally hired by the appellant as a trainer for the race horse, Harmonizing, the said horse was now owned by the wives of the parties as a result of an oral agreement entered into between appellee, C.W. King, and appellant. Appellees prayed that the partnership between appellee, Sadie L. King and the appellant's wife, Jean DiMarco, be dissolved and that the said horse be sold at public auction. The court appointed a receiver and, after a number of hearings before the court in which all the pertinent testimony was taken, decreed that the race horse, Harmonizing, was owned by the appellee, Sadie L. King and the appellant's wife, Jean DiMarco; that the receiver sell the said race horse at public auction; that the monies owing to each of the parties be as fixed by this final decree and that the relative rights with respect to certain other horses as set out in the amended cross-complaint be as determined by this final decree. Appellant contends that there is no evidence to support the final decree and that it must therefore be reversed. As further error, appellant contends that the chancellor entered orders on matters not properly before him. By cross-assignment of error, appellee, E.W. King, assails the final decree in that it does not properly determine the amount of money owed to him by the appellant. We have carefully reviewed the record and considered the assignments and cross-assignments of error and find that no harmful error has been committed. *752 Although we find much of the evidence to be conflicting, it is our view that it amply supports the chancellor's decree. It is a well-settled rule that where the evidence is heard by the chancellor and the witnesses are before him, the chancellor's findings based upon conflicting evidence should not be disturbed by the appellate court if the record contains substantial testimony to sustain the decree. Cowen v. Cowen, Fla. 1957, 95 So.2d 584; Thompson v. Field, Fla. 1951, 54 So.2d 520; Wilson v. Rooney, Fla.App. 1958, 101 So.2d 892. Accordingly, our judgment must be one of affirmance. Affirmed. | Mid | [
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Today we talk with special guest David Anderson about how archaeology has influenced various bits of Geek Culture. We look at archaeological themes in Star Trek and Star Wars, See how it influenced D&D and other gaming systems, and stumble our way through archaeology in video games. | High | [
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God requires all his children to maintain stable and consistent relationship with him. They must also live exemplary lifestyle for other people to emulate. However, no one can meet such important expectations without the help of the Holy Spirit. Therefore, it is essential that all Christians daily ask God for in-filling of the Holy Spirit so that they can adequately satisfy his desires…Read more => http://wp.me/p4aX3S-4Bs | High | [
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Introduction ============ In old age, reduction in physical function can lead to loss of independence, the need for hospital and long-term nursing-home care, and premature death. The importance of physical, functional, psychological, and social factors in realising a healthy old age is recognised by elderly people,[@bib1; @bib2] health-care professionals,[@bib3] and policy makers.[@bib4] The risk factors for reduced physical function in elderly people, as identified in longitudinal studies,[@bib5; @bib6] relate to comorbidities, physical and psychosocial health, environmental conditions, social circumstances, nutrition, and lifestyle. The need for a preventive strategy based around identification and treatment of diverse risk factors was identified more than 40 years ago,[@bib7] and many trials of complex intervention packages have been reported and reviewed. In this context, a complex intervention can be regarded as a combination of interdisciplinary teamwork for health and social problems. Trials have focused on general and frail elderly populations,[@bib8; @bib9; @bib10; @bib11] elderly people discharged from hospital,[@bib12] and those at risk of falling.[@bib13; @bib14; @bib15] However, the development of risk factors, admission to hospital, and risk of falling represent a common chain of experiences for many elderly people.[@bib16] Likewise, multifactorial interventions in these populations have common characteristics and, in addition to targeting specific outcomes relating to hospital readmissions and falls, share the common aims of physical function maintenance, disability limitation, and promotion of independence. In the UK, yearly multidimensional assessments of physical and cognitive health for all individuals aged at least 75 years became a necessity in primary care in 1989,[@bib17] with guidelines on content and implementation provided for England.[@bib18] In due course, a targeted approach to assessment and care was developed and promoted with community nurse-led case management of elderly people with medical conditions identified from hospital admissions and general practice records.[@bib19] The report[@bib20] stresses the importance of a team-based approach incorporating appropriate skills to meet the health and care needs of elderly people. Geriatric screening and multidimensional assessment are recognised in modernised health-care systems in Germany, Italy, France, the Netherlands, and Denmark.[@bib21] In US-managed care organisations, the focus of care is on frail elderly people and those discharged from hospital.[@bib22] Care is coordinated by case managers and this model has been applied in other countries, including England.[@bib23] The systematic reviews cited above examined the effectiveness of interventions in specific groups of elderly people or clinical settings. To guide new preventive and anticipatory care efforts, we intended to answer the question of the effectiveness of all community-based complex interventions used to preserve physical function and independence in elderly people. We did a systematic review of randomised controlled trials with outcomes of independent living, hospital and nursing home admissions, physical function, and falls. Methods ======= Search strategy and selection criteria -------------------------------------- We used Cochrane systematic review methods[@bib24] to identify randomised controlled trials that met our inclusion criteria. We included trials that compared community-based multifactorial intervention with usual care or minimum intervention, with follow-up for at least 6 months. Interventions were eligible for the review if individuals received personalised assessment and provision of or referral for appropriate specialist medical and social care. Mean age of eligible study populations was at least 65 years at baseline, with individuals living at home or preparing for hospital discharge to home. The search strategy covered issues related to: randomised controlled trials; elderly people; community and home setting; health, social, behavioural, and occupational therapy interventions; and hospital and nursing home admissions, physical function, and disability. Searches were tailored to individual computerised databases; Medline strategy is shown in the [webappendix](#sec1){ref-type="sec"}. Searches were made in CENTRAL (issue 4, 2004) and updated to January, 2005, with searches of Medline and Embase from 2003 to January, 2005. Further searches were done of CINAHL from 1982 to January, 2005, PsycINFO from 1972 to January, 2005, and ISI Science and Social Science Citation Index from 1945 to January, 2005. Reference lists of trials and previous reviews were searched and follow-up reports of previously unfinished trials were sought. Additional trials reported after 2004 and before December, 2006, were identified by the Web of Science citation search facility with focus on previous reviews and key trials. One reviewer (KR) scanned abstracts and titles. Potentially relevant articles were acquired and data were extracted in duplicate from most (64%) reports and recorded on a piloted form and Excel spreadsheet. All outcome data were further checked with original articles. Information was extracted on study characteristics (randomisation procedure, blind assessment at baseline and follow-up, follow-up period, intention-to-treat analysis, and losses to follow-up), participants (inclusion criteria, numbers of individuals in randomised groups, age of participants, baseline comparisons, and country and date of recruitment), intervention (aims, content, carer involvement, contributors, format, duration, and intensity), and outcomes. Disagreements in extracted data were resolved by discussion among reviewers. We did not exclude trials from the review once they had been included. Trials that were not intention to treat were not included in meta-analyses. The outcomes studied were living at home at follow-up, death, nursing-home and hospital admissions, falls, and physical function. Potential sources of heterogeneity that were investigated were context of intervention (geriatric assessment in general or frail elderly populations, community-based care after hospital discharge, fall prevention, or group education and counselling); quality of studies (losses to follow-up); mortality rate in study population; date recruitment commenced; mean age of participants; intensity of intervention; and extent of control group intervention activity. Frail populations typically included people with limitations in activities of daily living and chronic conditions, and those thought to be at risk of functional deterioration or hospital admission. The intensity of interventions was calculated by addition of three measures of intervention intensity: multidisciplinary input (one discipline=1, two disciplines or two or more similar disciplines=2, and three or more different disciplines=3), number of scheduled visits (one to four=1, five to nine=2, ten or more=3), and the duration of the intervention (0--1 month=1, 2--6 months=2, more than 6 months=3). To create groups with similar numbers, scores of 1--4 were regarded as low, 5--6 as medium, and 7--9 as high intensity. Analyses were also done for every feature of intensity separately. Statistical analysis -------------------- Meta-analyses were done with Review Manager and additional statistics with SPSS (version 12.0.1). Authors of articles published after 1991 were contacted for information that was not available in the published material. We chose to use fixed-effects meta-analysis a priori because the complex interventions for elderly people we have defined had common characteristics and aims. For dichotomous outcomes, relative risks (RRs) were summarised with Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effects meta-analyses.[@bib24] However, for results showing significant heterogeneity (*I*^2^\>50%), random-effects meta-analysis was also done with the method of DerSimonian and Laird.[@bib24] Meta-regression was done with Stata (version 10.0). By convention not living at home was used instead of living at home. For physical function, data were summarised as the standardised mean difference (SMD). Only intention-to-treat analyses were included, which for physical function mainly represented available case analyses. Results were summarised descriptively for those studies with insufficient data. If not living at home was unavailable, the sum of deaths and nursing home admissions was used, which led to a potential overestimation by double counting of people admitted to a nursing home and who subsequently died. Analyses were done with or without estimates. For nursing-home admissions as an outcome, some trials reported permanent admission whereas others reported individuals living in a nursing home at follow-up. Results were analysed separately and combined. Several measures of physical function were reported and we classified these as pertaining to severity of disability such as limitations in activities of daily living or generic physical function. Differences in activities of daily living and generic physical function at follow-up were analysed separately and combined. If SDs were unavailable, values were calculated as described in the Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions.[@bib25] Otherwise, baseline values were used, either those from a trial in a similar population or from appropriate population statistics. For all outcomes, scales were recoded such that high values indicated poor physical function. Funnel plots were inspected at all stages of the review to identify possible publication bias. Role of the funding source -------------------------- The sponsor of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. The corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. Results ======= The review process is summarised in [figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"} according to QUOROM guidelines.[@bib26] 89 intervention trials meeting our inclusion criteria are summarised in [webtable 1](#sec1){ref-type="sec"} with full details available from the authors. Trials assessed geriatric assessment in elderly people representing the general population (n=28)[@bib27; @bib28; @bib29; @bib30; @bib31; @bib32; @bib33; @bib34; @bib35; @bib36; @bib37; @bib38; @bib39; @bib40; @bib41; @bib42; @bib43; @bib44; @bib45; @bib46; @bib47; @bib48; @bib49; @bib50; @bib51; @bib52; @bib53] or those selected as frail (n=24),[@bib54; @bib55; @bib56; @bib57; @bib58; @bib59; @bib60; @bib61; @bib62; @bib63; @bib64; @bib65; @bib66; @bib67; @bib68; @bib69; @bib70; @bib71; @bib72; @bib73; @bib74; @bib75; @bib76; @bib77] community-based care after hospital discharge (n=21),[@bib78; @bib79; @bib80; @bib81; @bib82; @bib83; @bib84; @bib85; @bib86; @bib87; @bib88; @bib89; @bib90; @bib91; @bib92; @bib93; @bib94; @bib95; @bib96; @bib97; @bib98] fall prevention (n=13),[@bib51; @bib99; @bib100; @bib101; @bib102; @bib103; @bib104; @bib105; @bib106; @bib107; @bib108; @bib109; @bib110] or group education and counselling (n=3).[@bib111; @bib112; @bib113] All trial interventions were complex and many individuals would have been eligible for any of the them. Randomisation was by individual or household (n=80) or by clusters of general practices, community groups, or municipalities (n=9). The total number of people randomised was 97 984 with a median of 321 (range 54--43 219) in trials. One large study randomised 43 219 people.[@bib33] Mortality rates ranged from 0 to 60·8% per year, with a median of 6·8%. Trials assessing geriatric assessment in general and frail populations had median mortality rates of 5·4% (0--10·5%) and 6·1% (1·1--60·8%), respectively, suggesting that the frail category was often subject to selection, probably indicating eligibility issues. In trials of community-based care after hospital discharge, the median mortality rate was 16·2% (6·3--53·0%); for fall prevention and group education, it was 4·3% (0--11·6%) and 3·4% (2·7--4·4%), respectively. Losses to follow-up were used as a marker of study quality. In trials with death as an outcome, 40 (48%) of 84 had losses to follow-up of 1% or less (range 0--27·6%). For physical function, few trials included people who had died or moved to nursing homes in their analyses; exceptions were Close[@bib100] and Gagnon[@bib61] and their colleagues\' trials. 15 (35%) of 43 trials had losses of participants to follow-up for interview of 5% or less (0--33%). The allocation process was described in 61 (69%) of 89 trials, but difficulties of assessing concealment and masking in complex intervention trials are unlikely to have been fully addressed.[@bib114] Intervention activity in control groups was evident in 40 (45%) of 89 trials. Data for variability between clusters were insufficient and the effect of analysis errors arising from inclusion of cluster randomised trials was explored by sensitivity analysis. Inspection of funnel plots at all stages of the review gave no indication of selection bias in studies included in the analysis (data not shown). Outcomes are summarised by type of intervention in the [table](#tbl1){ref-type="table"}. The outcome of living at home at follow-up was available for 51 interventions; in a further nine trials death and nursing-home admission were used, with the consequent inclusion of the large Medical Research Council (MRC) trial.[@bib33] Overall, 60 (67%) of 89 trials reported living at home at follow-up or an estimate. However, this outcome was reported in only 4 \[31%\] of 13 trials. In a meta-analysis of 60 trials with 79 578 individuals ([figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}), the overall risk of not living at home was lower in the intervention group (RR 0·95, 95% CI 0·93--0·97) than in the control group. Geriatric assessment of general elderly people and community-based care after hospital discharge were the only types of intervention that had a significant effect on the risk of not living at home ([figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}). Removal of trials with estimated values had little effect (0·95, 0·90--1·00). Heterogeneity was only manifest in trials of geriatric assessment in general populations and those selected as frail ([figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}). If typical rates of not living at home of about 7·6% (median in trials; range 0--12·1) per year for the general population are used, and the reduction in risk from intervention is 5%, a number needed to treat of 263 is obtained. For the increased rates of not living at home in people receiving community-based care after hospital discharge of about 25% per year with an RR reduction of 9%, the number needed to treat is 40. Data for death were available for 84 (94%) of 89 interventions including 93 754 people ([webfigure 1](#sec1){ref-type="sec"}). Interventions had no overall benefit (RR 1·00, 95% CI 0·97--1·02) and the only appreciable benefit by type of intervention was noted in 11 trials targeting fall prevention (0·79, 0·66--0·96; [webfigure 1](#sec1){ref-type="sec"}). Slight heterogeneity (*I*^2^=10·6%) was almost exclusively limited to trials of geriatric assessment in general elderly populations (*I*^2^=39·7%; [webfigure 1](#sec1){ref-type="sec"}). Data for nursing-home admission (31 trials) or for residence at follow-up (23 trials) were available for 79 575 people ([webfigure 2](#sec1){ref-type="sec"}) and were widely reported in trials of geriatric assessment in general (20 \[71%\] of 28) or populations selected as frail (16 \[67%\] of 24) and community-based care after hospital discharge (14 \[67%\] of 21), but not in trials of fall prevention (3 \[23%\] of 13). For combined nursing-home outcomes, risk of admission was reduced in the intervention group (RR 0·87, 95% CI 0·83--0·90; [webfigure 2](#sec1){ref-type="sec"}). Only a marginal effect was seen for residence at follow-up (0·93, 0·79--1·09). Geriatric assessment and community-based care after hospital discharge were the only types of intervention to have a significant effect on the combined outcome ([webfigure 2](#sec1){ref-type="sec"}). Some heterogeneity was recorded in trials (*I*^2^=29·0%), mainly in geriatric assessment in general populations (*I*^2^=47·5%; [webfigure 2](#sec1){ref-type="sec"}). For nursing-home care, typical median rates for trial populations were 2·2% (range 0·1--5·4) per year for the general population and 11·1% (2·1--40·2) per year for people receiving community-based care after hospital discharge, generating numbers needed to treat of 354 and 39, respectively. Hospital admissions were reported in between 5 (38%) of 13 (falls prevention) and 18 (86%) of 21 (community-based care after hospital discharge) trials. The most commonly reported outcome---number of people having an admission (41 trials with 20 047 people \[[webfigure 3](#sec1){ref-type="sec"}\])---was used in the meta-analysis. Risk of hospital admission was reduced by interventions (RR 0·94, 95% CI 0·91--0·97; [webfigure 3](#sec1){ref-type="sec"}). Geriatric assessment in elderly people selected as frail and community-based care after hospital discharge were the only types of interventions to show significant effect on this outcome. Heterogeneity (*I*^2^=43·0%) was largely restricted to geriatric assessment in general elderly patients and community-based care after hospital discharge (61·4% and 57·0%, respectively; [webfigure 3](#sec1){ref-type="sec"}). In random-effects meta-analysis, the overall RR was similar (0·94, 95% CI 0·89--0·99). Trials with data that were incompatible with the meta-analysis were inconsistent, with hospital admissions reduced in seven,[@bib33; @bib40; @bib42; @bib56; @bib94; @bib100; @bib113] similar in four,[@bib68; @bib70; @bib80; @bib87] and increased in five trials.[@bib46; @bib53; @bib54; @bib58; @bib61] The large MRC trial reported slightly reduced total admissions in the intervention group (RR 0·96, 99% CI 0·79--1·16).[@bib33] All 13 studies targeting fall prevention reported individuals who had fallen, whereas falls were less likely to be reported in trials in general elderly people (6 \[21%\] of 28 trials), frail elderly people (5 \[21%\] of 24), and those with community-based care after hospital discharge (5 \[24%\] of 21). No trials of group education reported falls. An overall benefit was noted in 25 trials including 15 607 people (RR 0·90, 95% CI 0·86--0·95; [webfigure 4](#sec1){ref-type="sec"}). Interventions targeting fall prevention contributed 66% of the weight. Only trials of geriatric assessment in general elderly populations and those of fall prevention showed significantly reduced falls ([webfigure 4](#sec1){ref-type="sec"}). Heterogeneity (*I*^2^=52·8%; [webfigure 4](#sec1){ref-type="sec"}) was restricted to trials of community-based care after hospital discharge (*I*^2^=40·3%) and fall prevention(*I*^2^=65·8%). Use of random-effects meta-analysis led to wide CIs including unity for the interventions targeting fall prevention (0·91, 0·82--1·00), but the overall effect including all trials was broadly similar (0·89, 0·83--0·96). The four trials that did not report individuals who had fallen showed benefit with reduced total falls in intervention groups.[@bib29; @bib66; @bib91; @bib102] Physical function outcome was measured in 73 trials. The Barthel index of activities of daily living restrictions (n=14) and SF-36 physical function dimension (n=7) were frequently reported. Information on change and functional deterioration was available for only nine and 16 studies, respectively, and we used the widely available physical function at follow-up in our analyses. Meta-analysis included 43 interventions with 21 651 individuals ([webfigure 5](#sec1){ref-type="sec"}). Sources of variance data are available from the authors. In Reuben and colleagues\' trial,[@bib68] substantial differences at baseline between randomised groups were reported, and analyses were done both with and without these data. In 36 trials with activities of daily living outcome, an overall benefit for interventions was noted (SMD −0·08, 95% CI −0·11 to −0·04) and in 14 trials with a generic physical function outcome that did not specifically focus on disability, the effect was similar (−0·09, −0·13 to −0·05). Exclusion of the trial with baseline differences had little effect on the SMD, and heterogeneity was evident for both outcomes (*I*^2^=37·5% and *I*^2^=57·5%, respectively). When SF-36 physical function means and variances from the 1992 Office for National Statistics survey were used,[@bib115] an SMD of 0·09 translated as an improvement in a representative elderly population of between 3·3% and 7·2% dependent on age. For the Barthel index, in the trials included in the review, the SMD of 0·08 equated to about half a point improvement in the 20-point score. Combination of activities of daily living and generic outcomes (only used if no activities of daily living outcome reported) showed a similar benefit (SMD −0·08, 95% CI −0·11 to −0·06; [webfigure 5](#sec1){ref-type="sec"}). Heterogeneity was little different in the combined analysis to that seen when activities of daily living and generic measures were analysed separately and was mainly restricted to trials of geriatric assessment in elderly people selected as frail. However, RRs were much the same in random-effects meta-analysis (−0·08, −0·13 to −0·04). Geriatric assessment in general populations and falls interventions showed benefit for physical function at follow-up when grouped by context. Physical function was reported in a form unsuitable for meta-analysis in 30 trials. Two interventions showed improvement in activities of daily living[@bib76; @bib97] and five showed weak evidence of benefit.[@bib33; @bib50; @bib73; @bib81] However, no improvement was noted in 19 trials,[@bib30; @bib31; @bib38; @bib42; @bib44; @bib47; @bib48; @bib59; @bib71; @bib77; @bib83; @bib86; @bib93; @bib95; @bib98; @bib102; @bib108; @bib111; @bib113] and in four trials generic physical function was largely unaffected by interventions.[@bib51; @bib59; @bib86] Study quality in terms of losses to follow-up ([webtable 2](#sec1){ref-type="sec"}) and randomisation process did not affect our findings---eg, RR of not living at home in 19 trials in which the randomisation process was not clear was 0·92 (95% CI 0·85--0·98), similar to that reported in trials with a clear description of randomisation (0·95, 0·93--0·98). Analysis of results excluding trials with cluster randomisation had little effect on the overall RRs and variances. The contribution of the cluster randomised MRC trial to the meta-analyses was large, providing 71%, 58%, and 73% of not living at home, death, and nursing-home admission events, respectively. However, after exclusion of the trial, the results were reasonably consistent with RRs of 0·94 (95% CI 0·90--0·98) and 0·90 (0·83--0·97) for not living at home and nursing home admissions, respectively. When the MRC trial was excluded, the RR of death was reduced, although the 95% CI included unity (0·96, 0·92--1·00). In trials with increased death rates, the RR of not living at home was reduced (second quartile of death rate 0·91, 95% CI 0·84--0·98, p=0·02; third quartile 0·96, 0·93--0·98, p=0·01; and fourth quartile 0·88, 0·79--0·96, p=0·05; [webtable 3](#sec1){ref-type="sec"}). Similarly, nursing-home admissions were reduced after intervention in populations with high death rates, which differed significantly from one for the two highest quartiles (third quartile of death rate 0·86, 0·82--0·90, p\<0·0001, and fourth quartile 0·75, 0·63--0·89, p=0·01; [webtable 3](#sec1){ref-type="sec"}). In trials with recruitment dates before the median of 1993, interventions showed benefit with a combined RR of not living at home of 0·89 (95% CI 0·84--0·93; [webtable 4](#sec1){ref-type="sec"}), whereas in trials from 1993 onwards the RR was 0·97 (0·94--0·99). Removal of the MRC trial from the analysis made this difference even more pronounced (1·04, 0·96--1·12) in trials from 1993 onwards. In meta-regression, the outcomes of not living at home, death, and nursing home admission all showed increased risk reduction in studies before 1993 ([webtable 4](#sec1){ref-type="sec"}). This increased risk reduction was also apparent for specific contexts---eg, for community-based care after hospital discharge, RR of not living at home in studies started before 1993 was 0·82 (0·73--0·93) compared with 1·01 (0·87--1·17) in later studies. Younger participants (≤74 years) tended to benefit more than elderly participants for all outcomes except hospital admission ([webtable 5](#sec1){ref-type="sec"}) and nursing-home admission. Evidence did not suggest that interventions with an increased intensity were more effective in improving any outcome than those that had less direct health-professional involvement, shorter duration, and number of visits ([webtable 6](#sec1){ref-type="sec"}). Similarly, evidence did not exist for benefit of those interventions with multidimensional assessment compared with those with one discipline (one discipline: RR 0·95, 95% CI 0·93--0·97; at least three disciplines: 0·97, 0·89--1·07). No benefit for intense interventions was evident when interventions were grouped by type, including those after hospital discharge. Intervention activity in the control group did not affect outcomes ([webtable 7](#sec1){ref-type="sec"}). Discussion ========== Our systematic review and meta-analysis showed that complex interventions can help elderly people to continue living at home, largely through prevention of the need for nursing-home care, and can help to reduce the rate of falls. Within the broad context of complex interventions, substantial variation in the format of care, involvement of health-care professionals, and site of care provision and intensity was reported. Evidence suggested that all elderly people might benefit from assessment and appropriate health and social interventions. However, meta-analysis including trials done since 1993 suggested that modification of care beyond that achieved after earlier developments has been of little additional value. The 1980s to 1990s was a dynamic period in the specialty of care of elderly people. In the UK, the 1990 General Medical Services contract and the commission of the MRC trial of assessment and management of elderly people in the community affected the care of elderly people. Overall, care probably improved during this period because some of the principles of effective care became incorporated in normal practice. The need for assessment of interventions was highlighted by the perceived ineffectiveness of the UK Evercare pilot programmes in relation to hospital admissions and death.[@bib23] This model involved nurse-led assessment and case management for people with long-term conditions. The UK assessment did not use a randomised approach and we identified no randomised controlled studies of the model in our widespread searches of published work. On the basis of our systematic review, we would not have expected reductions in hospital admissions or deaths in those people receiving assessment and case management. In our review, the eligibility for care covered the broad experience of elderly people and in general the results were consistent with previous meta-analyses. Elkan and colleagues[@bib9] reported an overall benefit for home-visiting programmes in prevention of death and nursing-home admission. Stuck and coworkers[@bib11] noted benefit for home-visiting programmes, which was restricted to improvements in physical function with multidimensional assessment and many follow-ups, reduction in nursing-home admissions with increased numbers of follow-up visits, and reductions in mortality with application in younger populations (72·7--77·5 years). These reviews assessed 15 and 18 interventions, respectively. Assessment and multifactorial intervention have also shown benefit with reduction in rate of falls in three to 13 trials.[@bib13; @bib14; @bib15] Review of nine trials targeting people after hospital discharge showed some benefits with regard to living at home and institutionalisation.[@bib12] We used the principle that interventions relating to different aspects of care can be judged together as complex interventions. The interventions in this review had input from a wide range of health-care disciplines with different intensity and duration of care, but all addressed issues of preventive visits for elderly people with care based on assessment of medical and social need. Intensity, indicating direct multidisciplinary input, number of scheduled visits, and the duration of the intervention, might not capture the effective characteristics of the intervention. Inclusion of a qualitative element in trials would have helped to understand the care actually received by individuals. Trials specifically targeting falls prevention included interventions that were more strongly focused on home safety and physical health than other trials included in this review. However, all interventions included in the review addressed diverse issues of medical and social care. Exclusion of trials specifically targeting fall prevention made little difference to overall outcomes, including risk of falling (RR 0·88, 95% CI 0·81--0·95). The outcome of living at home might be an over simplistic marker for independent living. In Byles and colleagues\' study,[@bib28] increased admissions to nursing homes in the intervention group were attributed to the assessment process and advice given. The intervention might have led to improved understanding of the limitations of home-based care and increased awareness of alternative care available in nursing homes. Conversely, if limitation of health-care use and costs are the main objectives, unfavourable care patterns for both the individual and carers might arise. Interpretation of results related to physical function is restricted by selective reporting in people readily available for interview follow-up and by the large losses to follow-up in trials. Previous reviews have reported the number of people with functional deterioration, but this outcome was only available for a small number of trials. A further limitation in reporting changes in physical function is the large number of different outcome measures reported. Other outcomes, including empowerment, autonomy, independent decision making, improved self esteem, and self confidence might accurately describe the effect of an intervention to the individual.[@bib116] Close and colleagues[@bib100] measured ability to go out alone as an outcome, perhaps a better marker of independence; and Kerse and colleagues[@bib38] obtained information on how often people did something they really enjoyed and the frequency of interactions with family and friends. Rockwood and colleagues[@bib69] used goal attainment scaling as part of the intervention and follow-up.[@bib117] This method aimed to assess specific outcomes based on personal goals set during intervention. Various other outcome measures related to health and psychosocial status and satisfaction with care and health-service use were reported, but their diversity and application in only a few trials restricted their value in a systematic overview. A strength of our review is the inclusion of the large MRC trial of assessment and management of elderly people in the community. Recruitment to the trial commenced in 1995 and in the context of our review is a late trial. However, the authors note that annual assessments, as promoted in the UK, were poorly implemented at this time. Although the cluster design was associated with reduced study power and the study lacked an untreated control group, the MRC trial served to support the overall meta-analysis. Although not significant at the prespecified 1% level, the reported RR for institutional admissions was 0·83 (99% CI 0·66--1·06), which was reasonably similar to that in our meta-analysis (0·87, 0·82--0·91). The outcome of living at home was not available, but an estimate based on the sum of deaths and institutional admissions again suggested similar benefit in the large trial and the meta-analysis. Neither approach showed benefit with regard to death. Because the evidence did not suggest that one format of care provision was better than another, the possibility might exist to tailor different formats of care to the needs and preferences of the individual, a conclusion similar to that drawn from the UK assessment of an expert patient programme.[@bib118] Provision of alternative intervention formats and intensities could lead to better uptake and adherence with care without compromising potential benefit. Our interpretation of the benefits of complex interventions that identify elderly people who have a high chance of reduction in ability for targeted specialist care differs from the conclusions of the MRC trial investigators who reported that, "The different forms of multidimensional assessment offered almost no differences in patient outcome",[@bib33] which is certainly true in the context of the trial and the specific targeted versus universal interventions being assessed. We believe that our general conclusion, drawn from all the available randomised evidence, and a wide contextual understanding of the changes that have taken place in health care for elderly people during the last four decades, is of relevance in situations with less developed services for elderly people, and suggests that a withdrawal of existing well developed services would be inappropriate. Web Extra Material {#sec1} ================== Webappendix Webfigure 1Relative risk (RR) of death Webfigure 2Relative risk (RR) of nursing home admission or residence at follow-up Webfigure 3Relative risk (RR) of hospital admission Webfigure 4Relative risk (RR) of falling Webfigure 5Standardised mean difference (SMD) of physical function at follow up Webtable 1Characteristics of randomised controlled trials included in the systematic review Webtable 2Relative risk (95% CIs) of outcome by quality of studies (standardised mean difference for physical function) and *I*^2^ heterogeneity statistic Webtable 3Relative risk (95% CIs) of outcome by death rate (standardised mean difference for physical function) and *I*^2^ heterogeneity statistic Webtable 4Relative risk (95% CIs) of outcome by date recruitment started (standardised mean difference for physical function) and *I*^2^ heterogeneity statistic Webtable 5Relative risk (95% CIs) of outcome by mean age at recruitment (standardised mean difference for physical function) and I^2^ heterogeneity statistic Webtable 6Relative risk of outcome (95% CIs) by intensity of intervention (standardised mean difference for physical function) and *I*^2^ heterogeneity statistic Webtable 7Relative risk of outcome (95% CIs) by activity in control group (standardised mean difference for physical function) and *I*^2^ heterogeneity statistic The study was funded by the MRC Health Services Research Collaboration. We are especially grateful to the authors of trials for the provision of additional information for our review and meta-analysis, and thank Margaret Burke for help in undertaking the searches of published work. SE conceived and designed the review and SE and PD provided supervision. ADB and KR identified and acquired reports of trials and extracted data. ADB contacted authors of trials for additional information and analysed and interpreted the data. SA provided statistical advice and input. PD, SA, RG-H, JH, and SE contributed to the interpretation of the data. ADB and SE drafted the manuscript. PD, SA, RG-H, and JH critically reviewed the manuscript. All authors saw and approved the final version of the manuscript. We declare that we have no conflict of interest. {#fig1} {#fig2} ###### Relative risk (95% CIs) of outcome by intervention context (standardised mean difference for physical function) and *I*^2^ heterogeneity statistic **Study context** **Not living at home N=79 578** **Death N=93 754** **Nursing home admission N=79 575** **Hospital admission N=20 047** **People with falls N=15 607** **Physical function N=21 651** ---------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------- --------------------- ------------------------------------- --------------------------------- -------------------------------- -------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ Geriatric assessment of general elderly people 0·95 (0·93 to 0·98) 1·00 (0·98 to 1·03) 0·86 (0·83 to 0·90) 0·98 (0·92 to 1·03) 0·76 (0·67 to 0·86) −0·12 (−0·16 to −0·08) *I*^2^ 35·3% 39·7% 47·5% 61·4% 0 0 Geriatric assessment of elderly people selected as frail 1·00 (0·87 to 1·15) 1·03 (0·89 to 1·19) 1·01 (0·83 to 1·23) 0·90 (0·84 to 0·98) 0·99 (0·89 to 1·10) −0·01 (−0·06 to 0·04) *I*^2^ 43·3% 0 28·8% 11·0% 0 57·9% Community-based care after hospital discharge 0·90 (0·82 to 0·99) 0·97 (0·89 to 1·05) 0·77 (0·64 to 0·91) 0·95 (0·90 to 0·99) 0·82 (0·61 to 1·08) −0·05 (−0·15 to 0·04) *I*^2^ 2·2% 5·2% 0 57·0% 40·3% 0 Fall prevention 0·86 (0·63 to 1·19) 0·79 (0·66 to 0·96) 1·26 (0·70 to 2·27) 0·84 (0·61 to 1·16) 0·92 (0·87 to 0·97) −0·25 (−0·36 to −0·13) *I*^2^ 0 0 0 0 65·8% 4·1% Group education and counselling 0·62 (0·43 to 0·88) 0·80 (0·42 to 1·55) 0·50 (0·05 to 5·49) 0·75 (0·51 to 1·09) n/a 0·05 (−0·20 to 0·30) *I*^2^ 0 0 n/a n/a n/a n/a All complex interventions 0·95 (0·93 to 0·97) 1·00 (0·97 to 1·02) 0·87 (0·83 to 0·90) 0·94 (0·91 to 0·97) 0·90 (0·86 to 0·95) −0·08 (−0·11 to--0·06) *I*^2^ 29·3% 10·6% 29·0% 43·0% 52·8% 45·9%[\*](#tbl1fn1){ref-type="table-fn"} n/a=not applicable. Activities of daily living −0·08 (−0·11 to −0·04, *I*^2^=37·5%) and generic physical function −0·09 (−0·13 to −0·05, *I*^2^=64·0%). | Low | [
0.5304740406320541,
29.375,
26
] |
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